Pilotage - 逢甲大學

逢甲大學飛航實務概論
基礎航行學
中華航空航務處A330機隊 地面學科教師 吳宗翰 Ryan 2015 04/08 1
About My Self Department of Electrical Engineer,
NTU
2002.09~2006.06
Graduate Institute of Photonics and 2006.09~2008.06
Optoelectronics, NTU
Patent Engineer, FT Attorneys at
Law
2009.09~2010.12
Cadet Pilot, China Airlines
2011.01~2012.12
A330 First Officer, Flight Operation 2012.12~
Div.
Ground Training Instructor, Flight
Operation Div.
2013.08~
2
Outline
Basic Knowledge
Pilotage and Dead Reckoning
Instrument Navigation
Summary
3
Why We Need Know about
Navigation?
4
Navigation Introduction
Q NAVIS: ship
AGERE: to direct or move
Q Navigation means finding your way
Q Navigation is the art and science of
getting from point "A" to point "B" in
the least possible time without losing
your way
5
Basic Knowledge
Q Know about your planet
ü  Its not a sphere
ü  Four seasons
Q How to locate your position
ü  Lattitude and Longitude
ü  The equator is an imaginary circle
equidistant from the poles of the Earth
6
Lattitude and Longitude
Q Circles parallel to the equator (lines
running east and west) are parallels of
latitude. They are used to measure
degrees of latitude north (N) or south
(S) of the equator.
Q The angular distance from the equator
to the pole is one-fourth of a circle or
90°
7
Lattitude and Longitude
Q Greenwich, England, is used as the zero
line from which measurements are made
in degrees east (E) and west (W) to 180°
8
Time Zones
Q The meridians are also useful for
designating time zones
Q Since the day is divided into 24 hours,
the Earth revolves at the rate of 15º
an hour.
Q The standard practice is to establish a
time zone for each 15º of longitude.
This makes a difference of exactly 1
hour between each zone.
9
Zulu TIme
Q ZULU tome
•  Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) or
Zulu time
•  UTC is the time at the 0° line of
longit ude which passes t hrough
Greenwich, England. All of the time
zones around the world are based on
this reference.
10
Zulu TIme
Q ZULU tome
•  Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) or
Zulu time
•  UTC is the time at the 0° line of
longit ude which passes t hrough
Greenwich, England. All of the time
zones around the world are based on
this reference.
11
MEASUREMENT OF DIRECTION
Q  By using the meridians,
direction from one point to
another can be measured in
degrees, in a clockwise
direction from true north.
Q  To indicate a course to be
followed in flight, draw a line
on the chart from the point of
departure to the destination
and measure the angle which
this line forms with a
meridian
12
Runway Direction
RCTP/TPE
108'
A
20-9
27 MAR 15
ATIS
Ground
121.8
2
1
71
118.7
71
4
121-13.3
703
121-13.1
121-13.2
701A
702A
702B
703A
703B
703C
71
5
701 702
121-15
BUSINESS AVIATION APRON
PARKING BAY COORDINATES
BAY NO.
COORDINATES
701/A
N25 04.1 E121 13.0
702 thru 703C N25 04.1 E121 13.1
711
N25 04.3 E121 13.3
712 thru 715 N25 04.2 E121 13.2
FOR PARKING POSITIONS
SEE CHART 20-9B/C
BUSINESS
AVIATION
APRON
25-06
ND
ND
Restricted view from control tower, use
caution while operating in the following areas:
- Taxiways EC & WC
- Parking bays A1, B1, C10, 501 to 508
N9
NC
Runway 23R/23L right traffic pattern.
N8
NC
N7
L
05053^
25-04
TERMINAL 1
Control
Tower
Q3
245'
S9
S8
S7
TERMINAL 2
WC
Q1
R4
S6
S5
S
7'
6
4
,
12
m
00
38
HS3
165'
FIRE
STATION
S
R
230'
Q2
Q
225'
TERMINAL
S
Q
WC
NP
S10
177'
Q4
ARP
NN
N2
N1
N2
BUSINESS
AVIATION
APRON
EC
163'
NP
NC
N1
Elev 95'
N7
3^
23
N4
N6
EC
NP
L
23
8'
0
0
,
12
N5
FIRE
STATION
CARGO
APRON
HS2
VOR
N6
Elev 62'
N10
N12
Intersection take-off from Taxiways N2, N9,
N10, N12, S2, S3, S8, S9 may be initiated by
tower controllers, or requested by pilots.
m
60
36
NC
N11
3^
23
N13
HS1
25-05
R
23
CARGO APRON
Elev 73'
04^W
71
3
71
121-13.0
Tower
121.7
121-14
N1
25-04.2
25-04.1
-TAOYUAN INTL
*TAIPEI Delivery
127.6
25-04.3
TAIPEI, TAIWAN
JEPPESEN
Apt Elev
N25 04.8 E121 13.9
S4
25-04
S
R3
R2
S3
R1 S2
S1
13
Elev 106'
05
Effect of Wind
Q  The airplane will fly faster with a tailwind or
slower with a headwind, or to drift right or left
with a crosswind.
14
Jet Stream
Q A high-velocity narrow
stream of winds,
usually found near the
upper limit of the
troposphere, which
flows generally from
west to east
15
Definitions
Q  COURSE is the intended path
of an airplane over the ground;
or the direction of a line drawn
on a chart. (Desired Course)
Q  HEADING is the direction in
which the nose of the airplane
points during flight.
Q  TRACK is the actual path
made over the ground in flight.
(If proper correction has been
made for the wind, track and
course will be identical.)
Q  DRIFT ANGLE is the angle
between heading and track.
16
How to Compensate Wind Effect
Q  WIND CORRECTION ANGLE is correction applied to the
course to establish a heading so that track will coincide
with course.
Q  True course correct for the wind = True heading
Q 
TC – WCA = TH
17
EFFECT OF WIND TO A/S
Q  Assuming no correction is made for wind effect, if the
airplane is heading eastward at 120 knots, and the air
mass moving southward at 20 knots
Q  In this situation, the A/S remains 120 knots, but the G/S
which is computed by the time required to fly between two
points of a known distance apart is not 120 knots.
Q  The G/S can be determined by constructing a wind
triangle.
18
The Wind Triangle or Vector Analysis
Q  The wind triangle is a graphic explanation of the effect
of wind upon flight. Groundspeed, heading, and time
for any flight can be determined by using the wind
triangle.
19
The Wind Triangle or Vector Analysis
Example : Flight from E to P at A/S of 120 kias, TC =
090º wind from 045º.
Find : G/S, TH and WCA
20
The Wind Triangle or Vector Analysis
Finding True heading (TH) by direct measurement
21
The Wind Triangle or Vector Analysis
Finding True heading (TH) by the wind correction angle (WCA)
If the wind blows from the right of true course, the angle will be
added; if from the left, it will be subtracted. ( -L +R WCA )
22
Variation
Q Because courses are measured in reference to true
north, but these courses are maintained by reference
to the compass which points to magnetic north.
Q So the true direction must be converted into magnetic
direction for the purpose of flight.
23
Variation
Q  The angular difference between true north and
magnetic north from any given position on the
earth’s surface is Variation.
Q  You can find the actual value of the variation angle
on the chart. It is marked by a dashed magenta line.
24
Isogonic and Agonic Line
•  The amount and the direction of variation, which change slightly from
time to time, are shown on most aeronautical charts as broken
magenta lines, called isogonic lines(等磁偏線), which connect points of
equal magnetic variation.
•  The line connecting points at which there is no variation between true
north and magnetic north is the agonic line(無偏線).
25
Effect of Variation on the compass
26
Deviation
Q  Compass deviation is unique to each individual airplane
and is the result of compass interference caused by
metals and electrons in the vicinity of the wet compass.
Q  Magnetic heading correct for Deviation = Compass
Heading
Q  A compass deviation card is located very near the wet
compass so that pilots may correct their magnetic
heading for that error.
27
Deviation
The deviation card will typically read something like this:
Using this example, to fly a magnetic heading of 301 degrees,
we would need to fly a compass heading of 304 degrees.
28
True and Magnetic Values
Q  Course and Heading
Course is always the line draw on the
chart.
Heading is always a direction
measured relative to the
longitudinal axis of the air plane.
Q  True course correct for the wind =
True heading
Q  Magnetic course correct for the
wind = Magnetic heading
29
What’s Your Heading
30
Let’s Take a Break
31
Equipment
Q Visual flight rule
•  Map
•  Compass
•  Clock and computer
Q Instrument flight rule
•  VHF omnidirectional range (VOR)
•  Nondirectional radio beacon (NDB)
•  Distance measuring equipment (DME)
32
Pilotage and Dead Reckoning
Q  The two most fundamental methods of
finding your way in an airplane are
Pilotage(領航) and Dead Reckoning(推測飛
行).
Q  These two methods normally are used
together, each acting as a cross-check of the
other.
33
Pilotage
Q  Is the identification of present position and
direction of flight by seeing features on the
ground.
Q  Pilotage is mainly used by pilots of small, low
speed aircraft who compare symbols on
aeronautical charts with surface features on
the ground in order to navigate.
34
Pilotage disadvantages
Q  Poor visibility caused by inclement weather
can prevent a pilot from seeing the needed
landmarks and cause the pilot to become
disoriented and navigate off course.
Q  A lack of landmarks when flying over the
more remote areas can also cause a pilot to
get lost.
35
Q  Using pilotage for navigation can be as easy
as following a highway or a railroad.
36
Pilotage
37
Three basic tasks of
pilotage navigation are
Create
a
course
Fly on
course
Make
position
check
38
Pilotage procedures
Q  before take-off, pilot will making pre-flight
planning by drawing a line on the
aeronautical map to indicate the desired
course.
Q  Then notes various landmarks , such as
highways , railroad tracks, rivers , bridges.
Q  As the pilot flies over each of landmark ,
he will checks it off on the chart or map.
Q  If the plane does not pass directly over the
landmark, he will know that he has to
correct the course.
39
Aeronautical map
Q  https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/flight_info/aeronav/
digital_products/aero_guide/media/
Chart_Users_Guide_12thEd.pdf
40
Pilotage
Things To Consider
Q Line of Position (LOP)
•  LOP is the simple concept that the airplane
is locate somewhere along a specific line.
•  LOP doesn’t establish the exact position,
but rather a line of possible positions.
•  The intersection of two different LOP is a
FIX
41
Pilotage
Things To Consider
Q Line of Position
I just crossed fix 3.
Fix 1
A
Fix 2
Fix 3
B
I am someplace
between point A and B.
42
Pilotage
Things To Consider
Q Course Considerations
B
A
43
Pilotage
Things To Consider
Q Checkpoints
B
A
44
Checkpoints Note
Q  The checkpoints selected should be
prominent features common to the area of the
flight.
Q  Choose checkpoints that can be readily
identified by other features such as roads,
rivers, railroad tracks, lakes, and power lines.
Q  If possible, select features that will make
useful boundaries or brackets on each side of
the course, such as highways, rivers,
railroads, and mountains.
45
Pilotage Tip
Q  Never place complete reliance on any single
checkpoint. Choose ample checkpoints. If one is
missed, look for the next one while maintaining the
heading.
Q  If confused, hold the heading. If a turn is made away
from the heading, it will be easy to become lost.
Q  Aeronautical charts display the best information
available at the time of printing, but a pilot should
be cautious for new structures or changes that have
occurred since the chart was printed.
46
Dead reckoning (DR)
Q  DR is the navigation procedure to plot and fly
a course based solely on mathematical
calculations .
Q  "You're Dead if you don't Reckon properly."
47
Dead reckoning
Q  DR is the process of estimating your
position by advancing a known position
using course, speed, time and distance to
be traveled.
Q  In other words figuring out where you will
be at a certain time if you hold the speed,
time and course you plan to travel.
48
Dead reckoning Procedures
1.  Open air navigation chart and select departure airport
and destination airport.
2.  Draw a straight line from the center of the runway
symbol at the departure airport to the destination
airport. Avoid Prohibit and Restrict Area and note
others special used airspace.
3.  Find the nearest north-south running tick marked
line. This is a line of longitude.
4.  Measure the angle between the north-south line of
longitude and the direction of flight. This angle is
called the TRUE COURSE (TC).
49
Dead reckoning Procedure
5.
Measure distance by using distance bar on the map.
Or using minutes and second scale on latitude (1
minute of latitude = one nautical mile)
6.
Mark distance along course line.
7.  Mark any check point with circle.
8.  Mark alternate airfield with triangle.
9.  Note safety height along the routes.
10.  Draw Information boxes and fill in necessary data.
50
Map Preparation
Q TURNING POINT
40
30
20
Q INFORMATION BLOCK
Magnetic Heading
10
350
0:45
3500
Estimate Time Interval
Safety Height (RED)
22
23
Calculated Fuel Remaining
Actual Fuel Remaining
51
Magnetic Heading
Estimate Time Interval
Safety Height
Calculated Fuel Remaining
Actual Fuel Remaining
10
5
52
ATA
ETA
Magnetic Heading
15 ATA
ETA
Estimate Time Interval
Safety Height
10
Calculated Fuel Remaining
5
Actual Fuel Remaining
Check Point
ATA
ETA
10
Magnetic Heading
Estimate Time Interval
Safety Height
Calculated Fuel Remaining
Actual Fuel Remaining
5
53
Dead reckoning Procedure
6. Collect other necessary data such as wind &
temperature forecast
7. Begin transferring data to the navigation log (Nav.
Log).
54
NAVIGATION LOG
VTBT
D
Ko Lan
VTBU
D
a. Under "Check Points" list the departure airport first
followed by the next checkpoints until destination airport on
the last line.
b. Under "Course" write the symbol D which means we are
flying directly.
55
NAVIGATION LOG
VTBT
D
Ko Lan
VTBU
D
090 15
100
1500 27
090 15
100
1500 27
c. Place cruise altitude in the altitude block.
d. Place forecast wind in the wind dir./vel. block and place
forecast temp.
e. Write the TAS in the next block.
56
NAVIGATION LOG
VTBT
D
Ko Lan
VTBU
f. 
D
090 15
206 198
100
1500 27
-8
090 15
137 131
100
1500 27
-6
In the top block under the symbol "TC" write in the true
course which measured on the chart.
g.  Calculate TH or WCA using wind triangle (vector analysis)
method.
57
NAVIGATION LOG
VTBT
D
Ko Lan
VTBU
D
090 15
206 198 196
197
100
1500 27
-8 -2
1
090 15
137 131 129
100
130
1500 27
1
-6 -2
X
X
X
X
h. Get Compass Heading (CH) by correcting True Heading
(TH) with Var & Dev
i.
Insert Distance (Dist) and calculate Est. Ground Speed
(GS), Estimate Time Enroute (ETE) and Estimate Time
Arrival (ETA)
58
VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR)
Q  “ o m n i - ” m e a n s a l l , a n d a n
omnidirectional range is a VHF radio
transmitting ground station that
projects straight line courses
(radials) from the station in all
directions
Q The course or radials projected
from the station are referenced to
magnetic north
59
VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR)
60
VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR)
61
Nondirectional Radio Beacon (NDB)
Q The signals follow the curvature of
the Earth; therefore, if the aircraft is
within the range of the station, the
signals can be received regardless of
altitude
Q  Lowfrequency signals are very
susceptible to electrical disturbances,
such as lightning
62
Nondirectional Radio Beacon (NDB)
Q The signals follow the curvature of
the Earth; therefore, if the aircraft is
within the range of the station, the
signals can be received regardless of
altitude
Q  Lowfrequency signals are very
susceptible to electrical disturbances,
such as lightning
63
Nondirectional Radio Beacon (NDB)
64
Summary
Q Basic Knowledge
Q Pilotage
Q DR
Q Instrument Flight
65
The End
66