Book of Abstracts

Safe Cities Conference 2015
Pullman Melbourne on the Park
8th July 2015
www.safecities.net.au
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Miss Deanna Davy
Research Officer
Australian Institute of Criminology
Lessons from the field - community development approaches to crime and
safety issues in social housing estates
It is well established that social housing estates often experience significant social
disadvantage and high rates of crime and disorder. Traditionally, strategies for addressing
these crime and safety issues have focused on situational and environmental approaches, in
particular Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design.
However, recent research has indicated that situational responses delivered in isolation may
be less effective in reducing crime and improving residents’ safety in social housing estates
than ‘bottom up’ approaches, such as community development strategies. Over the last
decade a number of crime prevention projects underpinned by community development
principles have been implemented in social housing estates throughout Australia. Despite
this, there has been limited research into community development approaches to reducing
crime in social housing estates, which has impeded efforts to understand how best to apply
these models in practice.
In order to address this knowledge gap and to explore how community development
approaches work to reduce crime in social housing estates, the Australian Institute of
Criminology recently conducted research involving semi-structured interviews with
community development practitioners.
This paper will present the findings from this study. Community development initiatives and
activities implemented in social housing estates will be described, and the paper will
highlight the role that community development approaches may play in addressing crime
and safety issues in social housing estates. In particular this paper will explore the
importance of interagency partnerships and investment in long term strategies to address
the drivers of crime and the complex needs of social housing residents.
Key lessons from the practical experience of those individuals working in the area will be
discussed and recommendations on what interested agencies may do to increase public
safety and reduce crime on social housing estates will be offered.
Mr David Black
Senior Analyst / Manager
Gripsystems
Shutting down graffiti and anti social behaviour
Graffiti vandalism is ever present in the majority of cities and Shires and is an ongoing
burden to City managers and reduces the aesthetic appeal of their City in an ongoing
struggle to patch over, repair and keep up with the onslaught. Many become resigned to the
fact that graffiti is simply an ongoing battle that can’t be won even though best practise
models are in place. The graffiti issue is here to stay given the social media support vandals
provide each other and the additional negative elements this activity can bring to a City is
also reason for serious concern and decisive action.
Councils are realising that switching their focus on after the fact solutions of rapid removal,
graffiti kits and media exposure is doing little to reduce costs, reduce damage, and return
the aesthetic appeal to their cities. We will focus on a recent example of a city devastated
by graffiti damage at the highest level who determined to focus on the root cause of the
issue, the offenders.
This Council dropped the preconceived notion that “its a Police problem”, and brought to
the table ,for their Police, the intelligence, the equipment and the data to allow an
accelerated, decisive ability to stop offenders at street level, live on site. The combination of
detailed focus, social media investigations, live apprehension surveillance and solid analysed
graffiti intelligence data from the field witnessed 60% of the core offenders worth a
combined amount of $260,000, halt their behaviour in the first 6 months. Police interaction
models with graffiti offenders were modified to ensure that those caught were discouraged
from ever offending again. Although the graffiti issue is ongoing in this City, it has achieved
an 83% reduction in new offences and seen over 40 core offenders stop their negative
impact on that City. The positive aesthetic has been returned with complete appreciation
from the ratepayers.
The model designed saw Council break away from the removal treadmill and focus on the
offenders. With no drain on Police or City resources the model is seen as the best option to
shut down entire graffiti networks with upward damage trajectories and also focus on those
youths who may benefit from interaction with a cities youth services department.
This paper will demonstrate in detail, how this was achieved from all parties perspectives,
and within existing budgets and resources.
Ms Kath Brackett
Manager Community Planning & Development
Brimbank City Council
Safety in numbers: crime prevention through partnerships
Crime prevention has long been recognised as a key priority for community safety, health
and wellbeing. The impact of well-designed public places on crime prevention is also highly
recognised. Building community capacity to participate in action towards crime prevention
is a strategy that has been given less attention but is a vital factor that contributes to an
engaged, happy and safe community.
Over the past two years, Brimbank has implemented a new Community Safety Partnership
Model to actively engage with its diverse community and safety stakeholders. The goal of
the Model is to improve actual and perceived safety within the municipality through
strengthening partnerships. The Model considers a holistic definition of community safety
that encompasses crime prevention as well as injury prevention, reducing alcohol and other
drug harms and improving perceptions of safety.
The Model features four placed-based committees known as ‘Safety Working Groups’
(SWG’s) that are made up of representatives from the local community, Brimbank City
Council, Victoria Police and community agencies.
Linked to the SWG’s is a strategic, regional ‘Safety Roundtable’ comprising of
representatives from various State Government departments, Victoria Police, Crime
Stoppers Victoria, Women’s Health West and Brimbank City Council. The
core function of the group is to provide leadership, strategic oversight and support to the
SWG’s in their development and implementation of key initiatives.
A key factor to the Model’s success is that it was established in collaboration with Victoria
Police and the membership is reflective of Brimbank’s diverse community. The Model
facilitates a link between the community and crime prevention agencies
and builds capacity of local communities to participate in safety actions. Whilst still
relatively new, the Model has been effective in maintaining engagement with community
and stakeholders and has led to the implementation of a range of crime prevention and
community safety initiatives.
Miss Maggie Coughlan
Research Officer
Australian Institute of Criminology
The use and impact of CCTV on the detection of offending
Research on the impact of CCTV on crime has traditionally focused on determining its
effectiveness as a deterrence measure; however, emerging literature has hinted at the
broader usefulness of CCTV systems in detecting and investigating crime. Recent studies
have pointed to the fact that CCTV footage is frequently requested and used by police for
the purpose of identifying and prosecuting offenders.
However, despite recent studies on the use of CCTV there remains a lack of understanding
around the value of CCTV for police in detecting and responding to crime. To bridge the gap
in knowledge and understanding on the use of CCTV by police and its usefulness, the
Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC) has recently conducted a study on police use of
CCTV footage. This paper presents the methodology and key findings of the study.
The first part of the study involved an exploration of a dataset of logged CCTV footage
requests owned by Sydney Trains, while the second part of the study involved interviews
with police personnel in order to understand the reasons for which police request CCTV
footage and their views on the usefulness of the footage requested and the impact of CCTV
footage on investigations.
The paper presents a critical discussion of the contribution that CCTV may make to criminal
investigations, as reported by police officers.
Ms Karoline Curtis
Senior Health and Social Planner
Maribyrnong City Council
A shared approach to safety in Maribyrnong
In line with the World Health Organisation (WHO) Manifesto for Safe Communities,
Maribyrnong City Council believes that everyone living, working or visiting the City has an
equal right to health and safety. A Shared Approach to Safety is Maribyrnong City Council’s
brand new community safety strategy. The strategy builds on work already undertaken by
Council, Victoria Police and other local partners and provides a clear picture for integrated,
local action to improve community perceptions of and actual safety to 2017 and beyond.
The strategy highlights not only in its name but also throughout its development, the value
of the ‘shared approach’. Professional stakeholder and community consultations were held
to inform the development of the plan. Importantly, consultations held with the community
were held in the community through the use of ‘speak out tents’.
There were a variety of ways the community could participate in the consultations, which is
particularly important for the Maribyrnong community where the languages spoken vary
considerably. Consultations were task oriented and participants were responsible for more
than expressing their opinions and desires for their community. Participants were asked to
contribute not just their problems and concerns but their solutions and to identify how they
could contribute to creating a safer community.
This presentation shares results of the community consultations and explores the
communities’ perspectives on their role in creating a safer place to live, work and play.
Ms Donnell Davis
UN Habitat Partners
Pro-Feminist Urban Design (Presented to UNODC Femicide Report Launch in
May 2014 Vienna with UN Habitat)
Making cities safer relates to how women contribute to the vitality and security of healthy
futures at all scales, from the personal, to the neighbourhood, to the cities, regionally and
globally. This paper links the legal understandings of safer cities mapped across these scales.
A matrix of triggers and tools provides a positive path forward for urban design.
Mr Rick Draper
Principal Advisor & Managing Director
Amtac Professional Services Pty Ltd
Community Safety Open Data Initiative
Knowing where you are is fundamental to feeling safe and confident in any environment. As
users become more familiar with an environment, certain features become spatial cues that
enable them to estimate distance and time from other locations. Most people have had a
moment where they are not quite sure where they are; and then they see a particular
landmark, tree or change in landscape and inwardly say to themselves, ‘Oh, I know where I
am!’. Users who are unfamiliar with an area rely on signage and other formal way-finding
support strategies to assist them.
Being able to share accurate location information with others is both a part of feeling safe
and of enjoying public space. Telling friends or family where to meet is made easier by clear
signage and location information. And if you are anxious, injured, scared or otherwise in
need of assistance, being able to direct a third party to your precise location is a
fundamental consideration.
This paper discusses an Open Data project that facilitates access to a consolidated dataset,
based on unique identifiers that cross what might otherwise be problematic jurisdictional
boundaries. The dataset is available in a range of different formats to suit a variety of GIS
applications, with the data associated with each identifier also being publicly accessible
through a simple web interface.
The paper will use a case study based on a detailed review of a shared use bikeway /
pedestrian pathway to illustrate the challenges of communicating precise location, even
within heavily urbanised areas. It will also present a range of opportunities to use location
identifiers to not only improve community safety, but also enhance the user experience
within the space.
Mr Ollencio D'Souza
Director
TechnologyCare
Physical Security Information Management, Harnessing "big" data from
Audio & Video Analytics, Optical Character Recognition, Access Control,
Intruder and Biometrics to Enhance City Safety& security
The security & safety of citizens is very dependent on the detection of a threat. A simple
flowchart will demonstrate how a risky scenario and its response can be documented to
help in the understanding of the process. The ever growing plethora of sensors deliver
opportunity to detect and capture activity related to risk laden scenarios. The industry
usually places these sensory devices into "technology categories" such as "intruder Alarms",
Access Control, CCTV, etc. each with its own “management system”.
Vast amounts of "sensory" data is sent to each of these systems for example a card reader
will send information to an Access Control System,Licence plate to a LPR system, detection
of wrong direction detected by a camera will be sent to the CCTV system, etc. How would a
security operative make sense of all the data across different systems and draw relevance to
a single risk laden event occurring at that moment in time?
This presentation will take the audience through what each of these sensory devices
delivers, the relevance to the "threat" and the opportunity to quickly "analyse" this "data"
and how important it is to the outcomes.
This presentation will present a few fundamentals on the wide range of sensor devices in
use today and explore how the "Data" is analysed to infer its relevance to the risks or threat.
Lastly it will bring together workflow examples to show how harnessing "data" from
disparate technology managed events across disparate system at site, such as an alarm from
a Building Management System(BMS), Intruder alarm, disallowed access, biometric
confirmation, etc could deliver credible information on the level of risk generated when
these events are juxtaposed.
Dr Fiona Gray
Postdoctoral Research Fellow
Deakin University
Unlawful acts, unkind architecture and unhelpful perceptions: A case study of
Market Square mall, Geelong
On a quiet Sunday afternoon in January 2015, a 12 year old girl was assaulted in Geelong’s
Market Square mall. The attack sparked a media furore over what should be done to
address the ongoing safety and amenity issues of this intractable public space. The city’s
mayor, Cr Darryn Lyons, responded to the situation by declaring the mall a ‘haunt for
bogans and scumbags’ and renewed calls for its demolition. Such rhetoric highlights the
exclusionary mindset that casts certain types of people as undesirable inhabitants of public
spaces. It also bolsters negative public perceptions of the mall. Once formed, such attitudes
are difficult to shift, despite an overall improvement in the area’s crime rates over recent
years.
Poor perceptions are further reinforced by the soulless nature of mall’s built fabric and
weak urban interfaces. Its formal language is one of hostility, not only towards would-be
delinquents, but to all people. The space is furnished with cold stainless steel seats, CCTV
cameras and limp, pavement water spouts, while its inactive edges consist of loading bays,
security grilles and neglected facades.
This paper considers how a more inclusive architecture might be utilised to create a kinder,
more generous physical environment that reflects the public nature of the space. While not
a quick fix, fostering an architecture that encourages a more equitable use of the mall may
diminish the sense of fear, anxiety and suspicion that the space currently elicits, tackling the
problem at both a structural and social level.
Mr Chris Green
Senior Planner
WA Local Government Association
Local Government Town Planning Guideline for Alcohol Outlets
Vibrant and diverse urban environments are desirable and often the objective of Local
Governments. In a planning sense, alcohol outlets are often perceived as bringing vibrancy,
however, Local Governments are increasingly seeking to reduce alcohol-related harm and
problems in their community. Considerations of vibrancy, therefore, need to be balanced
with providing safe and community orientated places where there is a structured approach
to alcohol management and mitigating alcohol-related harms
Why was this Local Government Town Planning Guideline prepared?
It was in response to increasing calls from Local Government for assistance and guidance on
dealing with alcohol outlets. Further, there was no specific policy or guidance provided by
the WA Planning Commission in relation to alcohol-related development in Western
Australia. There are a number of State planning documents which have some relationship
with this subject and could be considered, for example references in development control
policies, planning bulletins and guidelines for designing out crime/anti-social behaviour, but
no resource to specifically guide a local government in managing these land uses.
What is the objective of the Guideline?
To provide Local Government with advice on the potential use of town planning instruments
and processes to help control and manage alcohol-related development through
appropriate strategic planning processes and more specific development mechanisms.
How is the Guideline going to assist?
The Guideline will assist those Local Governments seeking assistance to work towards the
management of alcohol-related harm. The Guideline outlines a number of existing town
planning tools that are available that may be employed more effectively through strategic
and statutory planning processes and presents models for consideration to assist in the
strengthening or ‘firming up’ of existing Local Government town planning framework to
ensure that alcohol-related development is part of the policy agenda.
The Local Government Town Planning Guideline for Alcohol Outlets was finalised in
February 2015 and is available as an online tool at http://walgapip.ning.com/
Ms Jessica Christiansen-Franks
Principal
CoDesign Studio
Urban Tactics for Safer Spaces: How placemaking can transform unsafe
spaces into valued community assets in just days.
In every neighbourhood there are underutilised spaces that are run down and isolated,
which present challenges for urban safety. Redefining unsafe spaces through crime
prevention through environmental design (CPTED) is an important first step. However this
approach tends to over-emphasise physical improvements over social processes. And
without community ownership and involvement in the use and management of public
spaces, problems persist (Reynald, 2011).
What if we could flip the equation: Begin with the community, mobilise local city-makers
and use this latent community capacity to drive physcial improvements to underutilised
spaces. The result is improved places that are physically safer, but that also have the
community support and activation to ensure the project is sustainable.
Tactical Urbanism (Lydon, 2015) provides a framework to do this. A type of placemaking,
tactical urbanism is an international movement that focuses on creating low-cost, shortterm and scaleable interventions that catalyse long-term change. For community safety this
works by undertaking a rapid place improvement or ‘blitz’, together with local residents.
Through the process the community builds the skills and confidence to achieve long term,
sustained change.
This paper will unpack these principles through two local case studies: The Chook Lane
Revitalisation project in Brunswick (ABC, 2014), which used placemaking to transform an
inner urban, underutilised laneway into a community event space; and West Park in
Hastings, which focused on working with local youth-at-risk to design and implement
improvements to a local park in an outer metropolitan area.
While tactical urbanism is not a silver bullet, it offers an adaptable new tool of urban
activists, urban planners, and policy-makers seeking to drive lasting improvements to
community safety.
Mr Nathan Islip
Team Leader Urban Design
City of Casey
Designing a White Ribbon World
In the early hours of Saturday 22 September 2012, on her way home from an inner
suburban Brunswick pub in Melbourne, 29-year-old Jill Meagher was raped and then
murdered by Adrian Bayley. Amidst the distress and outcry at the closeness of this event to
our own lives, a sub-plot of causal discussions emerged. Where did this happen? Who
heard her cries? What CCTV was there? Was the area dark? Was anyone nearby?
While there remain strong cultural issues that lead to gendered violence in society,
government has a role in inhibiting these incidents through the built environment, and
making our cities and suburbs safe for women.
Dark alleys, isolated corners, dead ends, unpopulated streets: how much did these elements
contribute to the event? To what extent does the perception of safety correlate with actual
safety? It is now more than two years since this tragic loss yet more disturbing stories
continue to pass through the pages of our media. This paper seeks to unpack what effective
strategies are available for designers to respond to the fears this story has conjured, while
understanding the limitations of physical interventions in what is a more fundamental
cultural and social issue.
Building on our previous research which highlighted the direct relationship between growth
area density patterns and the incidence of family violence , we now drill down into the
detail of the urban environment.
Drawing on interviews with Victoria Police, lawyers and counsellors, and under the banner
of White Ribbon we outline a quick snapshot of deliverable design and development
solutions that can assist in the cause of preventing men’s violence against women. Looking
at gender issues in planning is central to the success of economic regeneration and social
inclusion . While not always immediately evident, everyone has a role to play in preventing
men’s violence against women, through our conversations and attitudes, the influence we
yield in our workplace, and the places we deliver to our community.
Ms Betty MacLaren
Programme Manager Community Safety
Auckland Council
The Safer Henderson Town Centre Plan
In June 2014 Henderson Town Centre experienced a spate of violent incidents that resulted
in the death of a shop keeper. The safety team used a user centred design approach to
research how the local community perceived safety in the town centre and how they
wanted safety issues resolved. This was the first time that this approach had been used by
the team. It was an amazing learning journey and many insights were gained that produced
a dynamic community safety plan that is now being implemented.
Our purpose was to design specifically for the Henderson community. To produce a safety
plan for community implementation that was built on the local community voice. This voice
was integrated into the design process. Empathetic interviews allowed local people to talk
of their broader experiences of being part or not part of the community. The immersion into
the feelings and experiences of a broad range of users provided an understanding of their
journeys and how they used the town centre. This data was rich in insights and informed the
development of a user experience map and identified opportunity areas that could act as
levers for change. A collaborative framework with stakeholders also influenced our plan.
The design has identified where shifts have to occur to increase safety. 24 new initiatives
are being implemented by locals and stakeholders that will increase the vibrancy and
participation of the community and families as well as the business sector and the physical
environment.
This particular design approach has allowed local people and professionals within
Henderson to move from fear to responsiveness and empowerment. It has allowed for
simple solutions to be implemented for strong safety outcomes.
Ms Patty Kinnersly
Policy and Projects Manager, Children and Young People
Our Watch
Ms Liz Murphy
Senior Project Officer
VicHealth
Mr Dean Griggs
Manager, Community Safety & Wellbeing
City of Melbourne
A partnership approach to creating safe, equitable and respectful workplaces
and cities
Local government has been the site of ground breaking work in the primary prevention of
violence against women over recent years. Increasingly, councils understand the impact that
violence against women and gender inequality has on the communities that they serve and
the importance of leading by example through developing respectful and equitable
workplace cultures.
Local government has also recently focused on testing innovative new bystander action
initiatives as part of broader gender equity and violence prevention efforts. In partnership
with VicHealth and Our Watch, over the past three years the City of Melbourne has been
focusing on embedding gender equity and bystander action into the everyday business of
council and across their capital city.
Research points to the need for bystanders to play a more significant role in preventing
violence against women, and identifies the potential for bystanders to make a difference to
the social conditions that lead to violence against women (VicHealth, 2012). Current
research also identifies the role that workplace systems and structures can play in
preventing violence against women by promoting gender equality and respectful
relationships (VicHealth, 2012).
Our Watch’s Capital Cities Lighthouse Project will draw on this research and practice
experience from past prevention initiatives in local government to develop, implement and
evaluate the effectiveness of a violence prevention resource kit as part of a tailored
organisation wide approach to preventing violence against women.
The City of Melbourne, Our Watch and VicHealth will engage in a panel discussion to
provide an overview of the current research around violence prevention and bystander
action, including initiatives in local councils, present the history and trajectory of this work
at the City of Melbourne and discuss Our Watch’s new Capital Cities Lighthouse Project and
its relevance to local government across Australia.
Mr John Maynard
Senior Project Manager
City of Sydney
"Who belongs here anyway?" Striving for Equality in a crowded City
In 1900, 150 million people lived in cities. Since 2008 that figure has grown to over half the
world’s population, more than 3.5 billion people, meaning that for the first time in history
human beings can be described as an urban species. While much of the literature around
urban development has focused on economic and environmental sustainability, the human
dimension or our understanding of what makes for a successful social city has arguably been
left behind.
In this regard social connections between our fellow social animals are critical to our
collective sense of well-being, resilience, safety and security. Almost one quarter of
households in Australia consist of people living alone and as an aging society older people
are at greater risk of isolation.
Sole parents and people with limited English skills are also at risk of social alienation
particularly where there is growing pressure on cities to provide decent and affordable
private and social housing in communities that are economically, environmentally and
socially sustainable.
At the same time the challenge for local authorities lies in shaping and managing public
spaces that connect us with other people and places in our streets, open spaces, footpaths,
parks and plazas while absorbing larger populations and addressing long standing social
problems.
The presentation will highlight and explore some of the complex issues facing the City of
Sydney in influencing, supporting and addressing people’s feelings of attachment and
belonging, perceptions of safety and neighbourliness in striving to create a safer city and
improve quality of life for all.
Mr Malcolm McCall
Coordinator Social Policy
City of Yarra
Pedestrian safety at night: A mixed-methods investigation into urban
environs and their impacts on perceptions of safety and incidence of
personal and property crime
The City of Yarra is renowned for its dynamic night life spread across several precincts,
principally Collingwood and Fitzroy (Smith, Gertrude, Brunswick and Johnston Streets) and
Richmond (Victoria, Church and Swan Streets and Bridge Road). Yarra’s Night Time Economy
(NTE) contributes 8.4% of jobs to Yarra, with the economic benefits of the NTE estimated to
outweigh costs at a ratio of 2:1. There are, however, matters of crime and perceptions
safety principally associated with night time and night time activities.
In 2014, the City of Yarra adopted the Night Time Economy Strategy, committing Council to
work with residents, traders and other partners to deliver its vision of a safe and enjoyable
Yarra at night, attractive to all ages and interests.
As part of this strategy, Yarra officers with consultants from Public Place Ltd, investigated
whether the current urban environment enables or impedes the safe movement of
pedestrians in night across the municipality and what interventions, particularly public
realm improvements, are required to promote community safety.
Strategic options were informed by a three stage program of research: Phase one was a
geospatial analysis of the physical environment for the movement of pedestrians at night
considering late night venues, land use and open space, roads, footpaths and bike paths,
public transport and car parks, lighting assets, population density, and quantitative
perceptions of safety data, from the last four waves of the Annual Customer Service Survey
(ACSS).
In Phase 2, text searches were performed on open-ended responses from the ACSS as well
as data from Council’s customer relation management system (CRM) including subcontractor data, with results analysed thematically and integrated spatially; In phase 3,
further informed by Crime Statistics Victoria data, key informant interviews were held with
both VicPol local area command and select Council officers to identify known trouble spots.
Informed by this information, intercept interviews were held in situ in areas where safety
issues are prominent so as to ascertain the actual experience of residents, visitors and
traders.
The findings from this research were presented to an inter-disciplinary, cross organisation
group of stakeholders to inform strategic efforts to promote community safety.
Mr Alan Myall
General Manager - Electronic Services
SECUREcorp Pty Ltd
Safe City CCTV Patrol Vehicle
Melbourne has long been recognised as an internationally safe community, so in 2010,
when rising street violence, assaults and assorted street crime within the City of Melbourne
became a constant source of main stream news media, SECUREcorp management
formulated a proposal (out of scope of contract and function) aimed at reducing and
reversing this trend.
This proposal was innovative and proposed a world first service type, Mobile 360 degree
CCTV Patrol vehicle staffed by professional security staff equipped with head cameras and
non-physical intervention strategies.
At the end of each shift, the recorded CCTV footage would be manually removed from the
vehicle and stored in the City of Melbourne Safe City control room as per the requirement
of the street surveillance act.
Stage 2 of the program was to be able to provide the passenger of the vehicle with the
ability to be able to control a pan tilt zoom camera within the vehicle. A high resolution
camera was mounted on the roof of the vehicle providing the ability to be able to zoom in
on incidents and capture more detail about any offence being committed.
Stage 3 of the program was to provide a seamless interface of the recordings from the
vehicle with the Safe City control room. SECUREcorp, with close cooperation of council,
upgraded their mobile CCTV vehicle with IP camera and recording technology. Footage is
now seamlessly downloaded at the end of each shift and stored for access as required by
authorities.
The clarity and detail provided by the CCTV vehicle camera network is now regarded as one
of the best forms of street crime prevention and detection systems within Australia. The
quality of CCTV reproduction for identifying offenders has been proven by Police and highly
regarded as a significant tool in the apprehension and prosecution of offenders.
Mr Shane Boris Pointing
Senior Research Officer
The Cairns Institute, James Cook University
Realistic Problems in CCTV use: complicated and complex
The Victorian Department of Justice and Attorney General have a logic diagram for CCTV
project installation and operational management. Using this, two levels of theory regarding
CCTV as a crime reduction tool are illustrated.
The technology and many uses of it are merely complicated and effectiveness, can be
optimised by following a simple recipe. The psycho-social concept of deterrence, as well as
what types of aggregate data to collect and analyse is, however, complex. For example,
how does the fact of being monitored by CCTV affect women and men differently, and what
types of questions need to be asked to frame effective communication strategies?
The International Safe City framework recognises the importance of understanding holistic
responses to complexity. Two case studies in Realist Evaluation applied to CCTV, from the
northern cities of Cairns and Townsville (each having been an accredited International Safe
City) demonstrate the difference between complicated and complex. Lessons learned point
to future practical actions and research directions using Realist Science.
Mr Harry Polydorou
Principal Strategic Planner
City of Kingston
The Mentone Renaissance
Since Mentone’s birth in the 1880’s this once quiet seaside holiday town has become a
sought after bayside suburb and education hub for primary and secondary education. The
current street network follows that of the same pattern since formed in the early 20th
century.
Mentone provides employment for approximately 1000 people and offers the highest
concentrations of schools anywhere in Melbourne with around 6,000 students. At peak
times pedestrian traffic rivals that of Melbourne CBD with almost 1000 students crossing
Como Parade in less than one hour. The area is known to be congested with high levels of
pedestrians, cyclists, vehicles and buses.
In partnership with VicRoads, VicTrack and Public Transport Victoria, Council is pursuing a
major project called ‘The Mentone Renaissance’ to support a new vibrant community space
in line with the community’s long term vision for the Mentone Activity Centre.
A redesigned road network will see the transformation of a historic triangle site in the
‘urban heart’ of the Activity Centre to create a safer, reinvigorated, vibrant space that will
attract new forms of investment/leisure and improve all modes of transport.
This project will involve the creation of a new piazza and meeting space that complements
the Mediterranean heritage of the area and reconnects the historic train station to the
iconic Kilbreda Tower. This will involve diverting traffic to more efficient routes, creating
new school drop off zones, relocating key bus stops to improve safety/connectivity and
improving pedestrian links. The project will capitalise on a burgeoning, vibrant café’ culture
to activate spaces and create a more attractive retail core.
This presentation will discuss designing and planning for safe communities, public transport,
road and pedestrian safety, identify the role of streets in urban safety projects whilst
creating new and exciting public spaces that address safety, particularly for school children.
Ms Gabriela Quintana Vigiola
Lecturer
University of Technology Sydney
Cultural and community programs to prevent the increase of criminality in
Caracas' barrios
Caracas, the capital of Venezuela, is among the five most dangerous cities on the world. In a
city where kidnappings, murders and criminal gang’s shootouts are a huge part of people’s
everyday live, finding innovative strategies to prevent criminality rates from rising even
further becomes an important matter to address. In this vein, even though several policies
to decrease crime are needed and should be developed and implemented by the
government, other small scale actions are also required to tackle this significant urban
problem.
Criminality affects all the different areas of the city. Notwithstanding, a large part of it is
generated in barrios. There, most criminal gangs are settled, being the members a paucity of
the barrios residents. These residents are usually teenagers and young adults that are part
of the community. However, fear has made most community members to isolate these
thugs. In parallel to this, the segregated teens claim community spaces to themselves,
preventing residents to use them.
By applying a qualitative approach to understand the participants’ perspectives on the
interaction between religiosity as a cultural construct and the barrios’ urban space, a crime
prevention strategy applied by the community arose. Gang members highly respect shared
cultural events such as catholic processions. During these events there are no criminal
activities in the barrio because the gang members are usually involved in these.
By acknowledging this fact and integrating them as part of the community, the urban spaces
where these cultural events take place belong at that moment to the whole community, not
only to the thugs. Also, through collaborative programs between the Catholic Church and
community leaders and other community members, religiosity as the most important
Venezuelan cultural construct can be used to reach out to young kids and teenagers to
prevent them joining the criminal gangs.
Mrs Bonnie Rosen
Principal
Symplan
The built environment professional’s role in preventing and minimising
alcohol related harms
Alcohol consumption is an intrinsic part of Australia culture and plays an important social,
physical and economic role in many communities. However, the abuse and misuse of
alcohol is directly associated with a number of harms at the individual, family and
community level and has therefore has become a significant public health issue.
The design and management of the physical point of both purchase and consumption, and
the public places around licensed premises, have been acknowledged as having a key role in
preventing and minimising the extent of this harm. As a result, there is broad recognition,
including within the health sector, of the role that built environment professionals play in
enhancing the amenity and safety at the community level, including the public and private
realm in entertainment precincts.
This paper explores the best practice principles being implemented by built environment
professionals, city managers, and regulators to enhance the level of real and perceived
safety in the public realm surrounding licensed premises in entertainment precincts. These
best practice principles will be discussed in the context of international, national and
Victorian case studies and case law. The paper will also discuss particular specific
recommendations which address the various challenges built environment professionals
face when seeking to create safe, supportive and sustainable environments within which
alcohol is purchase and consumed.
Ms Jessica Setu
Community Development Consultant
The Power and Impact of Safe City Accreditation Amongst Organisations and
Community
Community-led safety initiatives that are supported by inter-agency collaboration are
effective, sustainable and advantageous to all involved. Communities with International Safe
City Accreditation aim to work cohesively in order to reduce crime and prevent injury. The
elephant in the room is often the political climate among those sitting around the table. This
can hinder your productivity and cripple those who want to make positive change. Avoid
distraction and open the gates to the community, collaboration should be inclusive and
powerful. By doing this, you place ownership of your accreditation into the hands of the
community, breaking down silos and political agendas.
It’s more than just ‘impressive data’ that your inter-agency group should be aiming for. It’s
sustainable change that will enhance the lives of those living in your community for years to
come. It’s breaking cycles of crime, generational gang culture and increasing perceptions,
and realities, of safety.
Placing leadership and decision making opportunities into the hands of residents, business
owners and community groups will build stronger foundations for long lasting change. We
know that community-led safety initiatives, with the support of inter-agency groups, will
demonstrate united trust. The psychological effects this has on individuals and community
groups, particularly in high deprivation areas, indicate a significant increase in social
connectedness, healthier relationships, increase in community pride and ultimately, a
reduction in overall crime.
Community-led safety initiatives have been successful in reducing crime and injury and
increasing community resilience in a small patch of New Zealand - an area which has
pockets of social housing, gang presence, increasing family violence statistics and excessive
alcohol supply and use. My experience of working smarter, more proficiently and
collaboratively has had positive impacts on the community and illustrates the need for us to
continue to strive towards our shared vision for a safer city together.
Mr Sean Simpson
Senior Community Development Officer Community Safety/Social Programs
City of Subiaco
The Pitstop event - positive displacement of youth alcohol consumption
This presentation will use quantitative and qualitative data to examine the impact of the
Pitstop positive displacement event series on harm associated with youth late night alcohol
and drug consumption.
As with many cities, Subiaco's town centre hosts the densest concentration of assaults,
burglaries, damage to property and antisocial behaviour in the local government area. Many
of these behaviours, particularly violent crimes, occur on Wednesday, Friday and Saturday
nights and are associated with alcohol and youth. In order to address these issues, the City
of Subiaco created Pitstop.
Pitstop aims to positively displace crime and antisocial behaviour associated with Subiaco
CBD's nightlife on a Wednesday, when patronage of bars and clubs is dominated by
university students and other youth. It includes entertainment for youth in the laneways
near clubs and bars, supported by a peer-to-peer safe partying message.
From October 2014 to March 2015, youth in Subiaco were greeted by fake lawn, seating,
non-alcoholic beverages and entertainment such as a DJ, silent disco, photo booth or
similar. While enjoying themselves youth would be approached by event partners Red Cross
Save-A-Mate to engage attendees in peer-to-peer discussions of harms associated with
drugs and alcohol, framed as fun conversations rather than lectures. Volunteers were also
able to rove nearby streets in teams, engaging youth waiting in lines with the same
conversations and inviting them to attend Pitstop.
A major aspect of the project has been data collection in an attempt to determine the
effectiveness of a positive displacement approach. This has included data on alcohol
consumption, intended consumption, likelihood of taking illicit drugs, perception of risk and
crime statistics. Although the series is incomplete at time of writing this abstract, results are
promising with attendees likely to consume less drugs and alcohol and to have an increased
perception of risk than non-attendees.
Prof Richard Sinnott
Director, eResearch
University of Melbourne
Infrastructures Supporting the Utilisation of Sensitive Data Sets to Better
Understand Safety and Wellbeing in the Cities of Australia
The Australian Urban Research Infrastructure Network (AURIN - www.aurin.org.au ) is a
large-scale, federally funded project to establish a data-rich research environment offering
seamless and secure access to extensive, distributed data from the definitive data providers
across Australia related to the urban and built environment.
This platforms also offers an extensive range of accompanying tools for the analysis of these
data sets in a user-targeted research environment. At present the system provides access to
over 1,100 data sets and over 100 tools from major data agencies (including government,
industry and research).
This includes capabilities for security-oriented access to unit level data sets from
organisations such as the Department of Health in Victoria (amongst others). This
presentation will present the breadth and depth of the urban research data sets available
through AURIN; provide a case study in the utilisation of these data sets focusing on safety
and well-being of individual members of the Victorian population and show the
relationships between a range of information including street-lighting information, alcohol
outlets and crime-related information.
This talk will provide an overview of AURIN but more importantly it will focus on how next
generation security systems allow extremely rich analysis environments that harness the
power of big data for research that has hitherto been impossible.
Associate Professor Veronica Soebarto
Associate Professor
School of Architecture and Built Environment
The University of Adelaide
Investigation of the relationship between CPTED principles and people’s
feeling of safety:
A Pilot study in the City of Adelaide
Since 2010 the Property Council of Australia has commissioned an annual survey of people’s
views about the importance of liveability attributes that make Australian cities good places
in which to live. In 2013, as in previous years, topping the list of 17 attributes is “a safe place
for people and their property”.
The concern about liveability is reflected at local government level where much of the work
of translating broad principles into on-the-ground solutions occurs. In South Australia, for
example, creating a ‘liveable city’ is one of six desired outcomes listed in the City of Adelaide
Strategic Plan. The Safer City Policy suggests that “places will be made more welcoming and
safe through the application of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)
principles in development planning and place activation”.
While CPTED concepts and principles have been incorporated into urban design policy from
the federal level to that of local council, there is little research in Australia, or elsewhere,
that evaluates and critiques CPTED principles in relation to urban design particularly in
exploring the link between CPTED principles and people’s feelings of safety and comfort in
an urban precinct.
This paper will discuss a pilot study undertaken by an inter-disciplinary team from social
science (with an interest in urban geography), law (an interest in property and planning) and
architecture (sustainability and the built environment) to explore this issue in a mix-use
(mostly commercial) precinct within the Adelaide City Council.
The research combines a micro-scale analysis of the built environment and a series of
interviews. This paper will focus on the built environment survey, the methods
implemented and the results found, and briefly relate them with the results from the
interviews.
The research found that while some of the CPTED principles have been implemented in the
urban design of this precinct, what make people feel safe are not necessarily and foremost
directly relating to the built environment design.
The main factors that contribute positively to people’s feeling of safety and comfort are
1.
2.
3.
4.
Activity
Familiarity Of The Surroundings
Maintenance Of The Area, Building, Or Space
Some Urban Design Related Factors.
Of the latter factors, the most prevalent ones are:
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connectivity both in terms of infrastructure and activities
variety of small shopfronts
clear line of sight
good scale or proportion between the street/footpath with buildings on either
side
clear mental map though walkable distance and unobstructed path and end
active use of exterior space.
Mr David Turner
CEO
David Turner
CPTED 'Reborn' (crime prevention through environmental design)
Cities are made more liveable through security awareness and technique.
CPTED has been around for over 50 years globally and incorporates the assessment, skill and
planning required when creating new infrastructure, also while maintaining and improving
existing towns, parks and suburbs to decrease security incidents and liabilities associated
with high and low density living.
However; sparked from a large shire in Western Australia requesting to learn this skill for
their 100 key staff, we found CPTED is surprisingly something that is not used widely or
effectively because of lack of understanding.
My team and I started thinking, how can we teach CPTED easily, empower people, make it
interactive and fun, and add value immediately thus decreasing security risk and threat
while increasing safety to a community?
We discovered the key to this problem, and this was to correctly weave the most effective
risk management principles into CPTED and create short six hour workshops that in turn
create ‘mini risk managers’ throughout any organisation. Combined with exciting and high
energy communication and interaction activities within a class room of 10 -, 25, we found
that we could empower anyone from rangers, all managers, contractors, grounds persons
and business owners to understand and effectively mitigate their communities risk with
outstanding results.
One activity within this six hour workshop broke the class into four teams where they each
designed a town, a recreation ground, a building, and a large car park based on their newly
acquired CPTED risk management principles to successfully manage risk.
The results were exceptional. If not delivered correctly CPTED may remain a large document
which does not achieve its full potential to the community. This paper will outline the
importance of this vital skill and how to implement CPTED appropriately.
Ms Eriko Watanabe
Urban Designer / Architect
Elenberg Fraser
The Dutch way (How the Dutch street and the city works)
The Netherlands has the largest number of cyclists and has the safest bicycle roads in the
world. More than 60% of trips are made by bike in the inner city and 38% of total
commuters use bikes daily in its Capital, Amsterdam. Despite the large number of bike
commuters (and even without the helmet!) the fatal bike-related accidents are very law, 6
people annually. Furthermore, overall traffic safety in the Netherlands is the best in Europe,
with 32 deaths per million inhabitants in 2012, 60% of the average in Europe. How did they
succeed to make such a safe city?
The safe road networks haven't been there since the beginning. The improvement of the
road safety only started after mid-1970’s when the Dutch government and policy makers
were alerted by the protesters and demonstrators against the motorization of the city. It
was the National decision to make the Dutch city safer. The Dutch planners have been
experimenting and improving the infrastructure ever since.
The presentation will be composed of three sections; 1. Brief history of Dutch planning
culture including the safer and livable city movement in 70’s, 2. Reference of various road
profiles (wide to narrow, national road to local street) and solutions for the pedestrian
safety, inclusion of public transportation and the bicycle roads, 3. Process of street and
neighborhood upgrade by showing the most recent project, Wibautstraat, once called as a
sewage of Amsterdam.
Mr Wayne Williams
Trust Coordinator
Safer North Community Trust
Ms Fleur Knight
Teacher & Trustee
Murray's Bay School
Safer Cities for Children
This presentation provides solutions to many schools that experience safety issues around
roads and entrances within the school zones. When discussions were held with School
Principals and Board of Trustee members, we learnt that many schools felt that their school
safety zones were often very unsafe.
When schools were originally built, they experienced a much less population, less passing
traffic, less parental drop-offs and pick-ups, less pupils and staff and less service vehicles.
Now we find that all of the above have mostly increased over time but that the roadway
may not have. The congestion is worse. A typical school often has a main gate, a pedestrian
crossing very close by, footpath traffic and motor vehicle traffic in a common space, bus
stop with multiple buses at the two busy times of the day. In short it is a nightmare of
congestion and with that, higher risks in spite of the attempts to mitigate those risks.
Finding a solution can be a common sense solution but being able to affect change is the
most difficult part as it may well involve other agencies like Council, Local Transport
Authority, Police, Traffic Authority, Board of Governors and Ministry of Education. Each may
view the situation in a different light so nothing changes until a severe incident occurs.
We have developed a platform for conducting a safety audit of the zone and incorporates
the gathering of data on all users especially in the two busy periods daily Monday to Friday,
determining all the potential risks to the safety of children and provide solutions for
eliminating those risks so that safety is greatly enhanced by the coalition sharing
responsibility. This makes the process accessible to all schools that identify issues but fil to
obtain traction for change. Agencies are more receptive to receiving a detailed analysis and
proposal of solutions that there is more likelihood of achieving goals and objectives for
Safety at the School Gate.
When we first started on this pathway we soon discovered many other schools had similar
issues with some variances but the pathway to get some action was much the same. The
saving of time and energy using the model is substantial but not just to the school involved
but also to the agencies above who are spared the task of doing multiple safety audits. This
process is aligned to the principles of CPTED (Crime Prevention through Environmental
Design)
POSTER PRESENTATIONS
Ms Anna Svensdotter
PhD student
Queensland University of Technology
City Smarts - 21th Century smart citizenry
Smart cities is a concept today commonly discussed in different contexts, from planning to space
management, from design to social science, addressing issues of the contemporary world, including
its safety and security. Smart cities as Safe Cities are intended as digitally connected environments
where technology allows improved protection of city systems and recognised user groups from
external threats, where crime, vice and inefficiencies can be eradicated through the implementation
of technological systems.
This novel version of modernist sanitized environment replicates common issues of modern and
postmodern cities, such as exclusion or segregation. A controllable inside can only be created by
determining a border and an outside, this makes such design inevitably exclusive and segregatory.
Crime is not eradicated, but simply displaced into area of physical or technological darkness. In the
digital age, an age of globalisation, and urbanisation, this approach to safety is no longer sufficient as
the connectedness of less safe places to safer places is often unavoidable. This paper reviews
alternative approaches to current practices in designing, building and planning safer urban
environments which innovates traditional use of technology as a mean of control and surveillance.
Critical analysis highlights the potential for designing crime out initiatives to erode the dynamic
multilayered sub-groups of people who simultaneously occupy and transit through the safe zones.
Will this result in a new generation of ‘non-users’ of safe spaces relegated to the technologically dark
peripheries of the city?
The paper argues that designing crime out may only serve to encourage its congregation elsewhere,
and how empowering communities and individuals could be an innovative strategy to improve the
idea of City Smarts, developing more culturally flexible, long term solution to the challenges faced by
urban reality in the digital, globalised, and urbanised age.
Ms Andrea Rowe
Senior Consultant
Safety Action Pty Ltd
Safe City Taxi Ranks- A review of safe design and systems
Andrea was involved in a review of the Melbourne City Council's Safe City Taxi Rank Scheme. This
presentation shares the findings of the review in 2007 and safe design initiatives implemented in
Melbourne and Australia since then.
The findings included, Exploring the effectiveness of the SCTR Scheme (i.e. location, usage, and
future directions for the program); Alcohol related anti-social behaviour and violence in and around
the City’s late night entertainment precincts particularly at weekends, known to have contributed to
lack of perceived safety in the CBD; The ability to assist in creating a safer environment for
passengers and taxi drivers; The ability to reduce anti-social behaviours by providing well lit and
monitored zones, on site supervision and immediate contact with emergency services;Encouraging
taxis to service the City’s late entertainment precincts by transporting patrons to and from the City,
in particular after 1am.
Mr Ollencio D'Souza
Director
TechnologyCare
Case Studies on Improving situational awareness in safe city projects by
extracting actionable intelligence from integrated system environments using
a physical security information management (PSIM) system
Technology based solutions are rapidly being introduced producing a lot of "data" ("big data") of
varying significance and priority. Cities use CCTV and "integrated technology" so that one
technology, say access control or video analytics, triggers another technology to deliver an alarm
and/or event related images. The event based "response" is too narrowly based on the event which
may not be "significant" enough when looked at in isolation but when juxtaposed with other events
from other "sensors" or system alerts imbibe relevance that far outweighs the importance of the
event on its own.
Why is this so? Examples abound on how human frailty (distraction, emotion, fatigue, short
attention span, etc) contribute to poor judgement and "missed" clues on recognising potential
threats. Often the technology solutions put forward are often inadequate to generate relevant
linkage between events. This workshop will use real life case studies to provide a hands on exercise
on the use of a physical security information system (PSIM) as a "knowledge" integrator to deliver
the tools to establish linkages and relevance so signs of potential threats are presented
comprehensively.
The workshop will delve into "workflow" which is a non technical but logical process of mapping
"operational" resources, activity and costs. The workshop will also explore why introducing
"technology" does not always enhance operational functionality and why at times could impede it.
This workshop will show how a PSIM will deliver better knowledge management by extracting data
from legacy and new hardware systems introduced into any security environment to improve the
credibility of the "alarm/alert" and improve the opportunity to tailor responses to suit the event. A
PSIM also delivers tools to "automate" operational tasks to ensure "compliance" with organisation /
community guidelines or workflow.
A/Prof Seng Loke
Reader and Associate Professor
La Trobe University
Pervasive On-Demand Safety Services in the Future: Mobile Apps, Wearable
Devices, Robots, and Drones
A concept of technology-aided safety services is presented in which users can use a mobile app to
report when and where they feel unsafe. This will allow accumulation of data that can be used to
assess the times and places (and situations) where people feel unsafe within the city, possibly useful
for the relevant authorities and town planners.
The mobile app can also be used to conveniently share their feelings and locations with trusted
parties or to request the company of friends, relatives or paid private security officers. Via the
mobile app, one can also request remote monitoring via the user’s own wearable devices (e.g.,
streaming real-time video feeds from a Google-Glass like device to a control centre or to selected
friends), or to request monitoring via service drones (unmanned aerial vehicles with equipped
cameras) along specified regions (e.g., certain walking paths), where the drones can stream videos of
temporarily monitored areas to a control centre.
Such a mobile app can be senior-friendly so that seniors living alone might consider using such
safety services at certain times. Drone services might also be employed for people who want their
homes temporarily monitored while they are away for short and long durations (e.g., on vacation).
Ms Jade Alexander
Clinical Director
Rape & Domestic Services Australia
Vicarious Trauma: Managing the Inevitable
The term vicarious trauma is often associated with the ‘cost of caring’• for others. It refers to the
detrimental impacts suffered by people who are indirectly exposed to traumatic material, in
particular workers in ‘helping professions’ such as Sexual Assault Counselling, Police, Emergency
Services, Health and Social Work. Vicarious trauma can have deleterious, cumulative and prolonged
effects on individual’s mental and physical well-being and can seriously undermine their ability to
work in a role that includes responding to traumatised clients.
According to research the risk of vicarious traumatisation for professionals who work in trauma
context cannot be fully eliminated. It presents a serious work, health and safety risk for employers,
and can produce significant human and financial costs in the following areas: employee physical and
mental well-being, work performance, unplanned absences, attrition rates, compensation claims,
and workplace culture.
The effects of vicarious trauma can be however ameliorated if they are made conscious and
addressed proactively by organisations and individuals. Drawing upon experience with developing a
successful award winning Rape & Domestic Violence Services Australia Vicarious Trauma
Management Program, this workshop is designed to build capacity of wide-range of professionals
who work in a trauma context to identify and respond effectively to vicarious trauma on both
individual and organisational levels.
The workshop will balance informative and interactive modes of delivery - it will provide the
participants with theoretical background, but also opportunities to engage in a facilitated group
discussions and group exercises, and to learn through case examples.
Outcomes:
Understand of the construct of ‘vicarious trauma’, i.e. recognise its symptoms and impacts, and to
differentiate it from other types of work-related psychological hazards
Obtain an overview of strategies that individuals and organisations can adopt to manage vicarious
trauma effectively, as well as ideas about how to prevent poor organisational outcomes due to
maximal vicarious trauma.
Structure:
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Construct of vicarious trauma
Risk factors
Symptoms
Management strategies: risk reduction, early intervention, monitoring, offsetting symptoms
Case study of successful vicarious trauma management program
Ms Agnieszka Gontarz
Ph.D. student
Warsaw University of Technology
Immunologic city sensitivity: the life forces of innovation and mobility in
smarter safe city organism against crime.
In contemporary urban environment, urban lifestyle creation transfigures the impulse to introducing
new ideas. The purpose of urban innovation is to stimulate understanding and broaden the
horizons of its inhabitants and users, yet many urban governments nowadays appear to neglect this
responsibility in attempt to ignore the problem rather provide the most suitable tools to lift urban
surroundings more than built physical environment.
Thinking about the meaning of the spatial code conditioned by user's mental processes, intuition,
and instincts, especially in the context of cultural criminology approaches. It has been seen that big
data could be turned into any media signature. Beyond and above, scaling laws may be configured
in the way of abstract thinking in new understanding of digital mental maps and visual information.
It reflects on processes in which scale, in some that senses could be analogous. Living laws and
visual codes are bringing a new clarity of the understanding of innovation and creative classes in
urban planning through crime prevention.
Fitting creation of all urban elements as a collective practice in which have become a pattern with
emergency environmental processes and cultural codes through planning by parameter, open
source platform, holographic visualization, and good graphic design. Where mobile lifestyle of
contemporary cities includes all activities that are based on urban sensitivity of various type of
sensors.
The visual research has uncovered evidence of how the closed loop areas could be captured in
maps, photos, and short films. Through analytic computer method of the coverage visibility of city
structure and 3d virtual diagrams, which could be helpful in the process of proper formulating
planning directions of protection. By means of how the city organisms provide protection for its
structure against threats and prevent them from destructive effects and influences.