Answer Key Basics of Biblical Aramaic

Transcription

Answer Key Basics of Biblical Aramaic
Answer Key
Basics of Biblical Aramaic
Miles V. Van Pelt
compiled by
Jonathan Kiel
edited by
Young Bok Kim
Chapter 2: Vowels
2.16
2
Exercises. In the following exercises, some of the Aramaic vocabulary presented above appears with corresponding vocabulary from biblical Hebrew.
Using the information presented in 1.5 and 2.13, identify the type of variation
appearing in the Aramaic vocabulary.
Hebrew
Word
Aramaic
Word
Type of
Variation
1.
‫ֱאנוֹשׁ‬
‫ֱאנָ שׁ‬
2.
‫ֵעץ‬
‫ָאע‬
3.
‫ֶ֫א ֶרץ‬
‫ֲא ַרע‬
Hebrew ‫ צ‬may be represented in
Aramaic by ‫( ע‬see 1.5.3)
4.
‫זָ ָהב‬
‫ְדּ ַהב‬
Hebrew ‫ ז‬may be represented in
Aramaic by ‫( ד‬see 1.5.1)
5.
‫דּוֹר‬
‫ָדּר‬
No Canaanite Shift (see 2.13.3)
6.
‫ָלשׁוֹן‬
‫ִל ָשּׁן‬
No Canaanite Shift (see 2.13.3)
7.
‫ַמ ָדּע‬
‫ִמנְ ַדּע‬
Nasalization (see 2.13.4)
8.
‫ַבּ ְרזֶ ל‬
‫ַפּ ְרזֶ ל‬
Hebrew ‫ ב‬may be represented in
Aramaic by ‫( פ‬not listed)
9.
‫קוֹל‬
‫ָקל‬
10.
‫שׁוֹר‬
‫תּוֹר‬
No Canaanite Shift (see 2.13.3)
Hebrew ‫ צ‬may be represented in
Aramaic by ‫( ע‬see 1.5.3, footnote 2)
No Canaanite Shift (see 2.13.3)
Hebrew ‫ שׁ‬may be represented in
Aramaic by ‫( ת‬see 1.5.4)
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
Chapter 3–Syllabification
3.12
Vocabulary and Exercises. The following vocabulary list contains all proper
nouns that occur four or more times in the biblical Aramaic text. Before memorizing this list, cover the English translation column and try to identify each
proper noun by pronouncing the names in Aramaic. Next, syllabify each
word.
Proper Nouns
‫ַא ְריוְֹך‬
‫ַא ְר ַתּ ְח ַשׁ ְשׂ ָתּא‬
‫ָבּ ֶבל‬
‫ְשׁ ַתר בּוֹזְ נַ י‬
‫אצּר‬
ַ ‫ֵבּ ְל ְט ַשׁ‬
‫אצּר‬
ַ ‫ֵבּ ְל ַשׁ‬
‫ָדּנִ יֵּ אל‬
‫ָדּ ְריָ וֶ שׁ‬
‫יְ הוּד‬
‫רוּשׁ ֶלם‬
ְ ְ‫י‬
‫יִ ְשׂ ָר ֵאל‬
‫כּוֹרשׁ‬
ֶ
‫ישְׁך‬
ַ ‫ֵמ‬
‫בוּכ ְדנֶ ַצּר‬
ַ ְ‫נ‬
‫ֲע ֵבד נְ גוֹ‬
‫ָפּ ָרס‬
‫ְרחוּם‬
‫ַשׁ ְד ַרְך‬
‫ִשׁ ְמ ַשׁי‬
‫ַתּ ְתּנַ י‬
Syllabification
Arioch
Artaxerxes
Babylon
Shethar Bozenai
Belteshazzar
Belshazzar
Daniel
Darius
Judah, Judea
Jerusalem
Israel
Cyrus
Meshak
Nebuchadnezzar
Abed Nego
Persia, the Persians
Rehum
Shadrak
Shimshai
Tatnai
Gentilic Nouns
‫‏ ַכּ ְשׂ ָדּי‬
Syllabification
Chaldean; (noun) astrologer; ‫|דּי‬
ָ ‫ַכּ ְשׂ‬
also spelled ‫ַכּ ְס ָדּי‬
‫הוּדי‬
ָ ְ‫י‬
‫ָמ ַדי‬
‫ֵלוָ י‬
‫ַא ְר|יוְֹך‬
‫|תּא‬
ָ ‫|שׁ ְשׂ‬
ַ ‫|תּ ְח‬
ַ ‫ַא ְר‬
‫|בל‬
ֶ ‫ָבּ‬
‫|תר בּוֹזְ |נַ י‬
ַ ‫ְשׁ‬
‫אצ|צר‬
ַ
‫|שׁ‬
ַ ‫|ט‬
ְ ‫ֵבּ ְל‬
‫אצ|צר‬
ַ
‫|שׁ‬
ַ ‫ֵבּ ְל‬
‫ָדּ|נִ י|יֵ אל‬
‫ָדּ ְר|יָ |וֶ שׁ‬
‫יְ |הוּד‬
‫|לם‬
ֶ ‫|רוּ|שׁ‬
ְ
ְ‫י‬
‫|אל‬
ֵ ‫יִ ְשׂ ָ|ר‬
‫כּוֹ|רשׁ‬
ֶ
‫י|שְׁך‬
ַ ‫ֵמ‬
‫צ|צר‬
ַ ֶ‫|בוּ|כ ְד|נ‬
ַ
ְ‫נ‬
‫|בד נְ |גוֹ‬
ֵ ‫ֲע‬
‫ָפּ ָ|רס‬
‫ְר|חוּם‬
‫ַשׁ ְד ַ|רְך‬
‫|שׁי‬
ַ ‫ִשׁ ְמ‬
‫|תּ|נַ י‬
ְ ‫( ַתּ ְתּ‬Note the daghesh forte.)
someone from Judea, a Jew
Media, the Medes
Levite
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
‫ַכּ ְס ָ|דּי‬
‫|הוּ|די‬
ָ
ְ‫י‬
‫ָמ ַ|די‬
‫ֵל|וָ י‬
3
Chapter 4–Nouns: Absolute State
4.9
4
Exercises. Parse the following absolute nouns by identifying the gender,
number, and lexical form of each. Translation is also required.
Gender
Number
Lexical
Translation
1.
‫‏זְ ַמן‬
Masculine
Singular
‫זְ ַמן‬
time
2.
‫‏זִ ְמנִ ין‬
Masculine
Plural
‫זְ ַמן‬
times
3.
‫‏ ֵחיוָ ה‬
Feminine
Singular
‫ֵחיוָ ה‬
animal
4.
‫‏ ֵחיוָ ן‬
Feminine
Plural
‫ֵחיוָ ה‬
animals
5.
‫‏ ִע ָדּן‬
Masculine
Singular
‫ִע ָדּן‬
time, moment
6.
‫‏ ִע ָדּנִ ין‬
Masculine
Plural
‫ִע ָדּן‬
times, moments
7.
‫‏ ְפּ ַשׁר‬
Masculine
Singular
‫ְפּ ַשׁר‬
interpretation
8.
‫‏ ִפּ ְשׁ ִרין‬
Masculine
Plural
‫ְפּ ַשׁר‬
interpretation
9.
‫‏ ֱא ָלהּ‬
Masculine
Singular
‫ֱא ָלהּ‬
God, a god
10. ‫‏ ֱא ָל ִהין‬
Masculine
Plural
‫ֱא ָלהּ‬
gods
11.
‫‏ ַא ָמּה‬
Feminine
Singular
‫ַא ָמּה‬
cubit
12.
‫‏ ַא ִמּין‬
Feminine
Plural
‫ַא ָמּה‬
cubits
13.
‫‏גְּ ַבר‬
Masculine
Singular
‫גְּ ַבר‬
man
14.
‫‏גֻּ ְב ִרין‬
Masculine
Plural
‫גְּ ַבר‬
men
15.
‫‏ ֵ֫ח ֶלם‬
Masculine
Singular
‫ֵ֫ח ֶלם‬
dream
16. ‫‏ ֶח ְל ִמין‬
Masculine
Plural
‫ֵ֫ח ֶלם‬
dreams
17.
‫‏יוֹם‬
Masculine
Singular
‫יוֹם‬
day
18.
‫יוֹמין‬
ִ ‫‏‬
Masculine
Plural
‫יוֹם‬
days
19.
‫‏ ֶ֫מ ֶלְך‬
Masculine
Singular
‫ֶ֫מ ֶלְך‬
king
20. ‫‏ ַמ ְל ִכין‬
Masculine
Plural
‫ֶ֫מ ֶלְך‬
kings
21.
‫‏ ִמ ָלּה‬
Feminine
Singular
‫ִמ ָלּה‬
word
22.
‫‏ ִמ ִלּין‬
Feminine
Plural
‫ִמ ָלּה‬
words
23.
‫‏ ְשׁנָ ה‬
Feminine
Singular
‫ְשׁנָ ה‬
year
24.
‫‏ ְשׁנִ ין‬
Feminine
Plural
‫ְשׁנָ ה‬
years
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
Chapter 5–Nouns: Determined State
5.10
Exercises. Parse the following nouns by identifying the gender, number, state,
and lexical form of each. Translation is also required.
Gender
Number
State
Lexical Translation
1.
‫‏ ִא ָילן‬
Masculine
Singular
Absolute
‫ִא ָילן‬
tree
2.
‫‏ ִא ָילנָ א‬
Masculine
singular
Determined
‫ִא ָילן‬
the tree
3.
‫‏ ֻא ָמּה‬
Feminine
Singular
Absolute
‫ֻא ָמּה‬
nation
4.
‫‏ ֻא ַמּיָּ א‬
Feminine
Plural
Determined
‫ֻא ָמּה‬
the nations
5.
‫‏ ֱא ָסר‬
Masculine
Singular
Absolute
‫ֱא ָסר‬
injunction
6.
‫‏ ֱא ָס ָרא‬
Masculine
Singular
Determined
‫ֱא ָסר‬
the injunction
7.
‫‏ ַה ְמנִ יְך‬
Masculine
Singular
Absolute
‫ַה ְמנִ יך‬
chain
8. ‫יכא‬
ָ ִ‫‏ ַה ְמנ‬
Masculine
Singular
Determined
‫ַה ְמנִ יך‬
the chain
‫‏זְ ָמר‬
Masculine
Singular
Absolute
‫זְ ָמר‬
musical instrument
10. ‫‏זְ ָמ ָרא‬
Masculine
Singular
Determined
‫זְ ָמר‬
the musical instrument
‫‏ ֲח ַמר‬
Masculine
Singular
Absolute
‫ֲח ַמר‬
wine
12. ‫‏ ַח ְמ ָרא‬
Masculine
Singular
Determined
‫ֲח ַמר‬
the wine
13.
‫‏יְ ָקר‬
Masculine
Singular
Absolute
‫יְ ָקר‬
honor
14.
‫‏יְ ָק ָרא‬
Masculine
Singular
Determined
‫יְ ָקר‬
the honor
15.
‫‏ ָמאן‬
Masculine
Singular
Absolute
‫ָמאן‬
vessel
16. ‫‏ ָמאנַ יָּ א‬
Masculine
Plural
Determined
‫ָמאן‬
the vessels
17.
‫‏נוּר‬
Masculine
Singular
Absolute
‫נוּר‬
fire
18.
‫נוּרא‬
ָ ‫‏‬
Masculine
Singular
Determined
‫נוּר‬
the fire
19.
‫‏זְ ָמן‬
Masculine
Singular
Absolute
‫זְ ָמן‬
time
20.
‫‏זִ ְמנָ א‬
Masculine
Singular
Determined
‫זְ ָמן‬
the time
21. ‫‏זִ ְמנַ יָּ א‬
Masculine
Plural
Determined
‫זְ ָמן‬
the times
‫‏ ֵחיוָ ה‬
Feminine
Singular
Absolute
‫ֵחיוָ ה‬
animal
23. ‫‏ ֵחיוְ ָתא‬
Feminine
Singular
Determined
‫ֵחיוָ ה‬
the animal
24. ‫‏ ֵחיוָ ָתא‬
Feminine
Plural
Determined
‫ֵחיוָ ה‬
the animals
9.
11.
22.
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
5
Chapter 6–Nouns: Construct State
6.8
Exercises. Parse the following nouns by identifying the gender, number, state,
and lexical form of each. Translation is also required.
Number
State
Lexical
Translation
1.
‫‏‏ ַר ְעיוֹן‬
Singular
Absolute
‫ַר ְעיוֹן‬
thought
2.
‫‏‬
Masculine
‫‏‏ ַר ְעיוֹנֵ י‬
Masculine
Plural
Construct
‫ַר ְעיוֹן‬
thoughts of
3.
‫‏‏ ֱא ָלהּ‬
Singular
Absolute
‫ֱא ָלהּ‬
God
4.
‫‏‬
Masculine
‫‏‏ ֱא ָל ֵהי‬
Masculine
Plural
Construct
‫ֱא ָלהּ‬
gods of
5.
‫‏‏ ַבּיִ ת‬
Singular
Absolute
‫ַבּיִ ת‬
house
6.
‫‏‬
Masculine
‫‏‏ ֵבּית‬
Masculine
Singular
Construct
‫ַבּיִ ת‬
house of
7.
‫‏‏ ַבּר‬
Singular
Absolute
‫ַבּר‬
son
8.
‫‏‏ ְבּנֵ י‬
‫‏‬
Masculine
Masculine
Plural
Construct
‫ַבּר‬
sons of
9.
‫‏‏ ַח ִכּים‬
Singular
Absolute
‫ַח ִכּים‬
wise man
10. ‫ימי‬
ֵ ‫‏‏ ַח ִכּ‬
Masculine
Plural
Construct
‫ַח ִכּים‬
wise men of
11. ‫‏‏ ְמ ִדינָ ה‬
‫‏‬
Masculine
‫‏‬
Feminine
Singular
Absolute
‫ְמ ִדינָ ה‬
province
12. ‫‏‏ ְמ ִדינַ ת‬
Feminine
Singular
Construct
‫ְמ ִדינָ ה‬
province of
13.
‫‏‏ ִמ ָלּה‬
Singular
Absolute
‫ִמ ָלּה‬
word
14.
‫‏‬
Feminine
‫‏‏ ִמ ַלּת‬
Feminine
Singular
Construct
‫ִמ ָלּה‬
word of
15.
‫‏‏ ִמ ֵלּי‬
Plural
Construct
‫ִמ ָלּה‬
words of
16.
‫‏‏ ַעיִ ן‬
Feminine
Dual
Absolute
‫ַעיִ ן‬
eye
17.
‫‏‏ ֵעין‬
‫‏‬
Feminine
Dual
Construct
‫ַעיִ ן‬
eye of
18.
‫‏‏ ַעיְ נֵ י‬
‫‏‬
Feminine
Feminine
Dual
Construct
‫ַעיִ ן‬
eyes of
19.
‫‏ ֵחיוָ ה‬
Feminine
Singular
Absolute
‫ֵחיוָ ה‬
animal
20.
‫‏ ֵחיוַ ת‬
Feminine
Singular
Construct
‫ֵחיוָ ה‬
animal of
21. ‫ֵחיוָ ת ‏‬
Feminine
Plural
Construct
‫ֵחיוָ ה‬
animals of
‫‏ ַמ ְלכוּ‬
Feminine
Singular
Absolute
‫ַמ ְלכוּ‬
kingdom
23. ‫‏‏ ַמ ְלכוּת‬
Feminine
Singular
Construct
‫ַמ ְלכוּ‬
kingdom of
23. ‫‏‏ ַמ ְל ְכוָ ת‬
Feminine
Plural
Construct
‫ַמ ְלכוּ‬
kingdoms of
22.
‫‏‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
6
Gender
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
6.9
Exercises. Translate the following Aramaic construct chains into English.
‫‏‬
‫ל־עם‬
ַ ‫ָכּ‬
(1)
every people
‫‏‬
‫ר־א ָל ִהין‬
ֱ ‫ַבּ‬
(2)
a son of gods
‫‏‬
(3)
‫‏‬
(4)
‫‏‬
(5)
‫‏‬
(6)
‫‏‬
(7)
‫‏‬
(8)
‫‏‬
(9)
‫ַמ ְלכוּת ָע ַלם‬
a kingdom of eternity (i.e., “An eternal kingdom”)
‫־א ָל ִהין‬
ֱ ‫רוּח‬
ַ
the spirit of God (or, “a spirit of gods”)
‫ְל ַבב ֵחיוָ ה‬
a heart of an animal
‫ֵבּית ַמ ְלכוּ‬
a house of a kingdom (i.e, “a palace”)
‫ד־אנָ שׁ‬
ֱ ַ‫י‬
a hand of a man
‫ת־א ָל ִהין‬
ֱ ‫ָח ְכ ַמ‬
the wisdom of God (or, “wisdom of gods”)
‫תוֹרין‬
ִ ‫ְבּנֵ י‬
sons of (young) bulls
‫‏‬
(10)
‫‏‬
(11)
‫‏‬
(12)
‫וּמ ֵרא ַמ ְל ִכין‬
ָ ‫ֱא ָלהּ ֱא ָל ִהין‬
God of gods and Lord of kings
‫ִמ ַלּת ַמ ְל ָכּא‬
the word of the king
‫ֱא ָלהּ ְשׁ ַמיָּ א‬
the God of the heavens
‫‏‬
‫ל־א ְר ָעא‬
ַ ‫ָכּ‬
(13)
all of the earth
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
7
‫‏‬
‫ֶ֫מ ֶלְך ַמ ְל ַכיָּ א‬
(14)
(the) king of kings
‫‏‬
(15)
‫‏‬
(16)
‫‏‬
(17)
‫‏‬
(18)
‫‏‬
(19)
‫‏‬
(20)
‫נוּרא‬
ָ ‫ַאתּוּן‬
the furnace of the fire (or, “the furnace of fire”)
‫ימי ָב ֶבל‬
ֵ ‫ַח ִכּ‬
the wise men of Babylon
‫ֶ֫צ ֶלם ַדּ ֲה ָבא‬
the image of the gold (i.e., “the golden image”)
‫ְמ ִדינַ ת ָבּ ֶבל‬
the province of Babylon
‫ֶא ְצ ְבּ ָעת ַרגְ ַליָּ א‬
the toes of the feet
‫עוֹף־שׁ ַמיָּ א‬
ְ
ְ‫י־אנָ ָשׁא ֵחיוַ ת ָבּ ָרא ו‬
ֲ ֵ‫ְבּנ‬
the sons of (the) man, the beast of the field, and the bird(s) of the heavens
8
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
Chapter 7–Conjunctions and Prepositions
7.12
Exercises. Translate the following Aramaic phrases into English.
‫‏‬
(1)
‫‏‬
(2)
‫‏‬
(3)
‫‏‬
(4)
‫‏‬
(5)
‫‏‬
(6)
‫‏‬
(7)
‫‏‬
(8)
‫‏‬
(9)
‫‏‬
(10)
‫‏‬
(11)
‫‏‬
(12)
‫כוֹרשׁ ַמ ְל ָכּא ִדּי ָב ֶבל‬
ֶ ‫ְבּ ַרם ִבּ ְשׁנַ ת ֲח ָדה ְל‬
but in the first year of Cyrus the king of Babylon
‫ית־א ָל ָהא ִדּי ַד ֲה ָבה וְ ַכ ְס ָפּא‬
ֱ ‫י־ב‬
ֵ ‫וְ ַאף ָמאנַ יָּ א ִד‬
And also the vessels of the house of God, of gold and silver (i.e., “And also the gold and silver vessels of the temple”)
‫וּפ ְשׁ ֵרהּ‬
ִ ‫וְ ֵהן ֶח ְל ָמא‬
and if the dream and its interpretation
‫ן־ק ָדם ַמ ְל ָכּא‬
ֳ ‫ִמ‬
from (before) the king
‫ימי ָב ֶבל‬
ֵ ‫ם־שׁ ָאר ַח ִכּ‬
ְ ‫ִע‬
with the rest of the wise men of Babylon
‫ד־ע ְל ָמא‬
ָ ‫ן־ע ְל ָמא וְ ַע‬
ָ ‫ִמ‬
from eternity and until eternity (i.e., “forever and ever”)
‫ָל ֵהן ֱא ָל ִהין‬
except God / therefore God (or, “gods”)
‫ל־מ ְלכוּת ַמ ְל ָכּא‬
ַ ‫ַע‬
against the kingdom (or, realm) of the king
‫רוּשׁ ֶלם‬
ְ ְ‫ֳק ָדם ֱא ָלהּ י‬
before the God of Jerusalem
‫ל־פּם גֻּ ָבּא‬
ֻ ‫ַע‬
upon the mouth of the pit
‫וּב ַא ְר ָעא‬
ְ ‫ִבּ ְשׁ ַמיָּ א‬
in the heavens and on the earth
‫כּוֹרשׁ‬
ֶ ‫וּב ַמ ְלכוּת‬
ְ ‫ְבּ ַמ ְלכוּת ָדּ ְריָ וֶ שׁ‬
in the kingdom of Darius and in the kingdom of Cyrus
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
9
‫‏‬
(13)
‫‏‬
(14)
‫‏‬
(15)
‫‏‬
(16)
‫‏‬
(17)
‫‏‬
(18)
‫‏‬
(19)
‫‏‬
(20)
‫וּכ ַפ ְרזְ ָלא‬
ְ
and like (the) iron
‫וּל ָדנִ יֵּ אל‬
ְ
and to Daniel
‫וּל ֶצ ֶלם ַדּ ֲה ָבא‬
ְ
and to the golden image
‫וּלגֻ ְב ִרין‬
ְ
and men
‫וּב ַטל ְשׁ ַמיָּ א‬
ְ
and with the dew of the heavens
‫יוֹמי ֲאבוְּך‬
ֵ ‫וּב‬
ְ
and in the days of your father
‫אל ֵהי ַכ ְס ָפּא־וְ ַד ֲה ָבא נְ ָח ָשׁא ַפ ְרזְ ָלא ָא ָעא וְ ַא ְבנָ א‬
ָ ‫וְ ֵל‬
and to the gods of the silver and the gold, the bronze, the iron, the wood, and the stone
‫הוּדיֵ א‬
ָ ְ‫ל־שׂ ֵבי י‬
ָ ‫ַע‬
upon the elders of the Jews
10
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
Chapter 8–Pronominal Suffixes
8.10
Exercises. Translate the following Aramaic text into English.
‫‏‬
‫ְכּ ֻשׁם ֱא ָל ִהי‬
(1)
like the name of my god
‫‏‬
‫ְבּ ָדת ֱא ָל ֵההּ‬
(2)
with the law of his God
‫‏‬
‫וְ ֵעין ֱא ָל ֲההֹם‬
(3)
and the eye of their God
‫‏‬
(4)
‫‏‬
(5)
‫‏‬
(6)
‫ם־מ ְל ָכּא‬
ַ ‫ ֳק ָד‬1‫אמר‬
ַ ֵ‫וּפ ְשׁ ֵרהּ נ‬
ִ
And we will say its interpretation before the king.
‫כוּתהּ ַמ ְלכוּת ָע ַלם‬
ֵ ‫ַמ ְל‬
His kingdom (is) an eternal kingdom.
‫כוּתי‬
ִ ‫ימי ַמ ְל‬
ֵ ‫ל־ח ִכּ‬
ַ ‫ָכּ‬
all the wise men of my kingdom
‫‏‬
‫כוּתְך‬
ָ ‫גְּ ַבר ְבּ ַמ ְל‬
(7)
a man in your kingdom
‫‏‬
(8)
‫‏‬
(9)
‫ל־מ ְשׁ ְכּ ָבְך‬
ִ ‫אשְׁך ַע‬
ָ ‫וְ ֶחזְ וֵ י ֵר‬
and the visions of your head upon your bed
‫י־ד ַהב‬
ְ ‫אשׁהּ ִדּ‬
ֵ ‫ֵר‬
his head of gold
‫‏‬
(10)
‫‏‬
(11)
‫‏‬
(12)
‫אשׁהוֹן‬
ְ ‫וּשׂ ַער ֵר‬
ְ
and the hair of their head(s)
‫אשׁהּ‬
ַ ‫ל־ק ְרנַ יָּ א ֲע ַשׂר ִדּי ְב ֵר‬
ַ ‫וְ ַע‬
and upon the ten horns that were on its head
‫ְבּ ָדת ֱא ָל ָהְך ִדּי ִב ָידְך‬
according to the law of your God, which is in your hand
1.
The verb ‫ אמר‬translated “we will say.”
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
11
‫‏‬
(13)
‫‏‬
(14)
‫‏‬
(15)
‫נוֹהי‬
ִ ‫ַמ ְל ָכּא וְ ַר ְב ְר ָב‬
the king and his nobles
‫ן־בּיְ ֵתהּ‬
ַ ‫ָאע ִמ‬
a tree (or, “beam”) from his house
2
‫ֱא ָלהּ ֲא ָב ָה ִתי‬
the God of my fathers
‫‏‬
(16)
‫‏‬
(17)
‫‏‬
(18)
‫‏‬
(19)
‫‏‬
(20)
‫בוּהי‬
ִ ‫בוּכ ְדנֶ ַצּר ֲא‬
ַ ְ‫נ‬
Nebuchadnezzar, my father
‫וּמ ְל ָכּא נְ ֻב ַכ ְדנֶ ַצּר ֲאבוְּך‬
ַ
and the king, Nebuchadnezzar, your father
‫יוֹמי ֲאבוְּך‬
ֵ ‫וּב‬
ְ
and in the days of your father
‫סוּמפֹּנְ יָ ה וְ כֹל זְ נֵ י זְ ָמ ָרא‬
ְ ‫]ק ְתרוֹס[ ַס ְבּ ָכא ְפּ ַסנְ ֵתּ ִרין‬
ַ ‫יתרוֹס‬
ָ ‫יתא ִק‬
ָ ‫רוֹק‬
ִ ‫ָקל ַק ְרנָ א ַמ ְשׁ‬
the sound of the horn, the pipe, lyre, trigon, harp, pipe, and all kinds of music
‫ל־ח ְרטֹּם וְ ָא ַשׁף וְ ַכ ְשׂ ָדּי‬
ַ ‫ְל ָכ‬
to every magician and conjurer and Chaldean
2.
12
Before a pronominal suffix, the noun ‫( ַאב‬father) is spelled ‫ ֲאבוּ‬in the singular or ‫ ֲא ָב ָהת‬in the
plural. See exercises (15) through (18).
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
Chapter 9–Pronouns
9.10
Exercises. Translate the following Aramaic text into English.
‫‏‬
(1)
‫‏‬
(2)
‫‏‬
(3)
‫‏‬
(4)
‫‏‬
(5)
‫‏‬
(6)
‫‏‏‬
(7)
‫‏‏‬
(8)
‫‏‏‬
(9)
‫‏‏‬
(10)
‫‏‏‬
(11)
‫בוּכ ְדנֶ ַצּר‬
ַ ְ‫ְכּ ַען ֲאנָ ה נ‬
now I, Nebuchadnezzar
‫אצּר‬
ַ ‫בוּכ ְדנֶ ַצּר וְ ַאנְ ָתּה ]וְ ַאנְ ְתּ[ ֵבּ ְל ְט ַשׁ‬
ַ ְ‫ֲאנָ ה ַמ ְל ָכּא נ‬
I, King Nebuchadnezzar, and you, Belteshazzar
‫י־א ָלהּ ְשׁ ַמיָּ א וְ ַא ְר ָעא‬
ֱ ‫דוֹהי ִד‬
ִ ‫ֲאנַ ְחנָ א ִהמּוֹ ַע ְב‬
We are the servants of the God of the heavens and the earth. (literally, “We are his
servants”)
‫אשׁה ִדּי ַד ֲה ָבא‬
ָ ‫]אנְ ְתּ[־הוּא ֵר‬
ַ ‫ַאנְ ָתּה‬
You are the head of gold.
‫י־ד ַהב‬
ְ ‫אשׁהּ ִדּ‬
ֵ ‫הוּא ַצ ְל ָמא ֵר‬
the head of that image is [made] of gold. (i.e., “The statue’s head is [made of] gold”)
‫יוֹמיהוֹן ִדּי ַמ ְל ַכיָּ א ִאנּוּן‬
ֵ ‫וּב‬
ְ
and in those days of those kings (or, “the days of those kings”)
‫וּמ ֵרא ַמ ְל ִכין‬
ָ ‫ֱא ָל ֲהכוֹן הוּא ֱא ָלהּ ֱא ָל ִהין‬
Your God is God of gods and Lord of Kings
‫וּמן־הוּא ֱא ָלהּ‬
ַ
And who is (the) god?
3
‫ל־ק ֵבל ְדּנָ ה ַמ ְל ָכּא ְבּנַ ס‬
ֳ ‫ָכּ‬
Therefore, the king became angry.
‫ל־רזָ ה ְדּנָ ה‬
ָ ‫ַע‬
concerning this mystery
‫וּפ ְשׁ ֵרהּ‬
ִ ‫ְדּנָ ה ֶח ְל ָמא‬
this dream and its interpretation (or, “This is the dream”)
3.
“he became angry”
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
13
‫‏‏‬
(12)
‫‏‏‬
(13)
‫‏‏‬
(14)
‫‏‏‬
(15)
‫ ְבּגַ וֵּ הּ ְל ָד ְריָ וֶ שׁ ַמ ְל ָכּא ְשׁ ָל ָמא כ ָֹלּא‬4‫וְ ִכ ְדנָ ה ְכּ ִתיב‬
And thus it is written in its midst, “To Darius the king, All peace!”
‫א־היא ָבּ ֶבל‬
ִ ‫ָד‬
This is Babylon. (or, “This is she, Babylon”)
‫וְ ַק ְרנָ א ִד ֵכּן וְ ַעיְ נִ ין ַלהּ‬
and that horn and eyes to it (i.e., “and that horn had eyes”)
‫ן־יוֹמת ָע ְל ָמא‬
ָ ‫ִק ְריְ ָתא ָדְך ִמ‬
that city from the days of old
‫‏‬
‫ ַא ֲח ֵרי ְדנָ ה‬5‫‏ ָמה ִדּי ֶל ֱהוֵ א‬
(16)
what will be after this
‫‏‬
(17)
‫‏‬
(18)
‫‏‬
(19)
‫‏‬
(20)
‫נוֹהי‬
ִ ‫וּב‬
ְ ‫ל־מ ְלכוּת ַמ ְל ָכּא‬
ַ ‫ְל ָמה ֶל ֱהוֵ א ְק ַצף ַע‬
Why will (should) fury be upon the kingdom of the king and his sons
(or, “the realm of the king”)
‫ן־אנּוּן ְשׁ ָמ ָהת גֻּ ְב ַריָּ א‬
ִ ‫‏ ַמ‬
What are the names of the men?
‫סוּמפֹּנְ יָ ה וְ כֹל זְ נֵ י זְ ָמ ָרא‬
ְ ‫]ק ְתרוֹס[ ַס ְבּ ָכא ְפּ ַסנְ ֵתּ ִרין‬
ַ ‫יתרוֹס‬
ָ ‫יתא ִק‬
ָ ‫רוֹק‬
ִ ‫ָקל ַק ְרנָ א ַמ ְשׁ‬
the sound of the horn, the pipe, zither, trigon, harp, bagpipe, and all kinds of music
‫ל־ח ְרטֹּם וְ ָא ַשׁף וְ ַכ ְשׂ ָדּי‬
ַ ‫ְל ָכ‬
to every magician and sorcerer and astrologer
4.
5.
14
“it is written”
“it will be”
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
Chapter 10–Adjectives and Numbers
10.7
Exercises. Translate the following Aramaic text into English.
‫‏‬
(1)
‫‏‬
(2)
‫‏‬
(3)
‫‏‬
(4)
‫‏‬
(5)
‫‏‬
(6)
‫ל־מ ֶלְך ַרב וְ ַשׁ ִלּיט‬
ֶ ‫‏ ָכּ‬
every great and powerful king
‫ב־ט ָבּ ַחיָּ א ִדּי ַמ ְל ָכּא‬
ַ ‫‏ ְל ַא ְריוְֹך ַר‬
to Arioch, great one of the guard of the king
‫ל־מה ָד ָתא‬
ָ ‫י־מ ְל ָכּא ַע‬
ַ ‫יטא ִד‬
ָ ‫‏ ְל ַא ְריוְֹך ַשׁ ִלּ‬
to Arioch, the captain of the king, why is the law
‫יַתּיר‬
ִ ‫‏ ְצ ֵלם ַחד ַשׂגִּ יא ַצ ְל ָמא ִדּ ֵכּן ַרב וְ זִ יוֵ הּ‬
One great image, this image was mighty, and its brightness was exceeding.
‫כוּתה ְל ַעם ָא ֳח ָרן‬
ָ ‫וּמ ְל‬
ַ ‫‏‬
And the kingdom, to another people
‫יאן‬
ָ ִ‫וּמ ְתּנָ ן ַר ְב ְר ָבן ַשׂגּ‬
ַ ‫‏‬
And many great gifts
‫‏‏‬
(7)
‫‏‏‬
(8)
‫‏‏‬
(9)
‫‏‏‬
(10)
‫‏‏‬
(11)
‫‏‏‬
(12)
‫‏‏‬
(13)
‫‏ ְכּ ַבר ְשׁנִ ין ִשׁ ִתּין וְ ַת ְר ֵתּין‬
as a son of 62 years (i.e., “being 62 years old”)
‫ישׁין ֵבּהּ‬
ִ ‫־א ָל ִהין ַק ִדּ‬
ֱ ‫רוּח‬
ַ ‫‏וְ ִדי‬
and in whom is a spirit of the holy gods
‫רוּמהּ ַשׂגִּ יא‬
ֵ ְ‫‏ ִא ָילן ְבּגוֹא ַא ְר ָעא ו‬
A tree in the midst of the land, and its height was great.
‫]ע ָלּ ָאה[ ְבּ ַמ ְלכוּת ֲאנָ ָשׁא‬
ִ ‫‏ ַשׁ ִלּיט ִע ָלּיָ א‬
The most high is ruler over the kingdom of man.
‫יַתּ ָירא ֵבּהּ‬
ִ ‫רוּח‬
ַ ‫ל־ק ֵבל ִדּי‬
ֳ ‫‏ ָכּ‬
Because an extraordinary spirit is in him
‫ישׁי ֶע ְליוֹנִ ין‬
ֵ ‫‏ ְל ַק ִדּ‬
to the holy ones of the Most High
‫‏ ָדּנִ יֵּ אל ֲע ֵבד ֱא ָל ָהא ַחיָּ א‬
Daniel, servant of the living God
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
15
‫‏‏‬
(14)
‫‏‏‬
(15)
‫יפה ְכּ ַפ ְרזְ ָלא‬
ָ ‫ ַת ִקּ‬6‫יע ָאה[ ֶתּ ֱהוֵ א‬
ָ ‫יעיָ ה ְ]ר ִב‬
ָ ‫וּמ ְלכוּ ְר ִב‬
ַ
And the fourth kingdom will be strong like iron.
‫וְ ַא ְר ַבּע ֵחיוָ ן ַר ְב ְר ָבן‬
and four great beasts
‫‏‬
(16)
‫‏‬
(17)
‫‏‬
(18)
‫‏‬
(19)
‫‏‬
(20)
‫נוֹהי ֲא ַלף‬
ִ ‫‏ ְל ַר ְב ְר ָב‬
and to his one thousand nobles
‫רוּשׁ ֶלם‬
ְ ְ‫ִאגְּ ָרה ֲח ָדה ַעל־י‬
one letter to Jerusalem (or, “a letter to Jerusalem”)
‫רוּמהּ ַא ִמּין ִשׁ ִתּין ְפּ ָתיֵ הּ ַא ִמּין ִשׁת‬
ֵ ‫י־ד ַהב‬
ְ ‫‏ ֲע ַבד ְצ ֵלם ִדּ‬
He made a statue of gold. Its height was sixty cubits, (and) its width was six cubits.
‫ישְׁך וַ ֲע ֵבד נְ גוֹ‬
ַ ‫וְ גֻ ְב ַריָּ א ִא ֵלְּך ְתּ ָל ֵתּהוֹן ַשׁ ְד ַרְך ֵמ‬
These three men were Shadrach, Meeshach, and Abednego.
‫י־ע ַשׂר‬
ֲ ‫ִל ְק ָצת יַ ְר ִחין ְתּ ֵר‬
at the end of twelve months (literally, “ten and two months”)
6.
16
“it will be”
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
Chapter 11–Adverbs and Particles
11.6
Exercises. Translate the following Aramaic text into English.
‫‏‬
(1)
‫‏‬
(2)
‫‏‬
(3)
‫‏‬
(4)
‫‏‬
(5)
‫ישׁין ֵבּהּ‬
ִ ‫רוּח ֱא ָל ִהין ַק ִדּ‬
ַ ‫כוּתְך ִדּי‬
ָ ‫יתי גְּ ַבר ְבּ ַמ ְל‬
ַ ‫‏ ִא‬
There is a man in your kingdom in whom is the spirit of the holy gods.
‫ל־יַבּ ְשׁ ָתּא‬
ֶ ‫יתי ֲאנָ שׁ ַע‬
ַ ‫א־א‬
ִ ‫‏ ָל‬
there is not a man upon the dry land
‫ ִלי‬7‫ל־חיַּ יָּ א ָרזָ א ְדנָ ה גֱּ ִלי‬
ַ ‫ן־כּ‬
ָ ‫יתי ִבּי ִמ‬
ַ ‫י־א‬
ִ ‫‏ ָלא ְב ָח ְכ ָמה ִדּ‬
Not with wisdom that is in me which is greater than all living things has this mystery been
revealed to me. (or, “This mystery was not revealed to me because I have a greater wisdom
than all living things.)
‫‏ ֲה ָלא גֻ ְב ִרין ְתּ ָל ָתא‬
Are there not three men?
‫א־היא ָבּ ֶבל ַר ְבּ ָתא‬
ִ ‫‏ ֲה ָלא ָד‬
Is this not the great Babylon?
‫‏‬
(6)
‫‏‏‬
(7)
‫‏‏‬
(8)
‫‏‏‬
(9)
‫‏‏‬
(10)
‫א־דא‬
ָ ָ‫‏וַ ֲאלוּ ַעיְ נִ ין ְכּ ַעיְ נֵ י ֲאנָ ָשׁא ְבּ ַק ְרנ‬
And behold, eyes like the eyes of man were in this horn.
‫ם־ענָ נֵ י ְשׁ ַמיָּ א ְכּ ַבר ֱאנָ שׁ‬
ֲ ‫‏וַ ֲארוּ ִע‬
And behold, with clouds of the heaven like a son of man
‫פּוֹהי‬
ִ ְ‫ל־אנ‬
ַ ‫ ַע‬8‫בוּכ ְדנֶ ַצּר נְ ַפל‬
ַ ְ‫אדיִ ן ַמ ְל ָכּא נ‬
ַ ‫‏ ֵבּ‬
Then, the king, Nebuchadnezzar, fell upon his face.
‫ ֶל ֱא ָלהּ ְשׁ ַמיָּ א‬9‫‏ ֱא ַדיִ ן ָדּנִ יֵּ אל ָבּ ִרְך‬
Then Daniel blessed the God of the heavens.
‫תּוֹרין‬
ִ ‫ ְבּ ַכ ְס ָפּא ְדנָ ה‬10‫ל־ק ֵבל ְדּנָ ה ָא ְס ַפּ ְרנָ א ִת ְקנֵ א‬
ֳ ‫‏ ָכּ‬
Therefore, you will diligently buy bulls with this silver
7.
“it was revealed”
8.
“he fell”
9.
“he blessed”
10. “you will buy”
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
17
‫‏‏‬
(11)
‫‏‏‬
(12)
‫ ְבּגַ וַּ הּ ִדּ ְכרוֹנָ ה‬11‫ן־כּ ִתיב‬
ְ ‫‏וְ ֵכ‬
And thus, it is written in its midst, a record.
‫רוּשׁ ֶלם ְל ַא ְר ַתּ ְח ַשׁ ְשׂ ְתּא ַמ ְל ָכּא ְכּנֵ ָמא‬
ְ ְ‫ ִאגְּ ָרה ֲח ָדה ַעל־י‬12‫‏ ְכּ ַתבוּ‬
They wrote one letter against Jerusalem to Artaxerxes, the king, thus
‫‏‏‬
(13)
‫‏‏‬
(14)
‫‏‏‬
(15)
‫יתיכוֹן ֲע ִת ִידין‬
ֵ ‫‏ ְכּ ַען ֵהן ִא‬
Now, if you are ready
‫ל־מ ְל ָכּא ָטב‬
ַ ‫וּכ ַען ֵהן ַע‬
ְ
And now, if it is good to the king (or, “if it pleases the king”)
‫וּכנָ וָ ְתהוֹן‬
ְ ‫ְכּ ַען ַתּ ְתּנַ י ַפּ ַחת ֲע ַבר־נַ ֲה ָרה ְשׁ ַתר בּוֹזְ נַ י‬
Now, Tatnai, the governor of (the region) beyond the river, Shethar Bozenai, and their
colleagues
‫‏‬
(16)
‫‏‬
(17)
‫‏‬
(18)
‫‏‬
(19)
‫‏‬
(20)
‫וּכ ֶענֶ ת׃ ְדּנָ ה ַפּ ְר ֶשׁגֶ ן ִאגַּ ְר ָתּא‬
ְ ‫וּשׁ ָאר ֲע ַבר־נַ ֲה ָרה‬
ְ ‫‏‬
and the rest (of those) beyond the river. And now, this is a copy of the letter.
‫וּכ ֶענֶ ת‬
ְ ‫ַע ְב ֶדיְך ֱאנָ שׁ ֲע ַבר־נַ ֲה ָרה‬
your servants, men from beyond the river, and now
‫וּכ ֶעת‬
ְ ‫וּשׁ ָאר ֲע ַבר־נַ ֲה ָרה ְשׁ ָלם‬
ְ ‫‏‬
and the rest (of those) beyond the river, peace, and now
‫י־מ ְל ָכּא ַת ָמּה ִדּי ְבּ ָב ֶבל‬
ַ ‫ְבּ ֵבית גִּ נְ זַ יָּ א ִדּ‬
in the house of the treasury of the king there in Babylon.
‫ל־מ ְל ָכּא‬
ַ ‫ ַע‬13‫אדיִ ן גֻּ ְב ַריָּ א ִא ֵלְּך ַה ְרגִּ שׁוּ‬
ַ ‫ֵבּ‬
Then, these men rushed to the king.
11. “it is written”
12. “they wrote”
13. “they rushed”
18
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
Chapter 13–Peal Perfect
13.10 Parsing. Parse the following verbs by identifying the stem, conjugation, person, gender, number, and lexical form of each. Translation is also required.
Stem
Conjugation
PGN
Lexical
Translation
1.
‫‏ ֲא ַמר‬
Peal
Perfect
3ms
‫אמר‬
he (it) said
2.
‫‏ ֲא ַמרוּ‬
Peal
Perfect
3mp
‫אמר‬
they said
3. ‫‏ ֲא ַמ ְרנָ א‬
Peal
Perfect
1cp
‫אמר‬
we said
4.
‫‏ ַא ְמ ֵרת‬
Peal
Perfect
1cs
‫אמר‬
I said
5.
‫‏ ֲהוָ ה‬
Peal
Perfect
3ms
‫הוה‬
he (it) was
6.
‫‏ ֲהוֵ ית‬
Peal
Perfect
1cs
‫הוה‬
I was
7.
‫‏ ֲהוַ יְ ָת‬
Peal
Perfect
2ms
‫הוה‬
you were
8.
‫‏ ֲהווֹ‬
Peal
Perfect
3mp
‫הוה‬
they were
9.
‫‏יְ ַהב‬
Peal
Perfect
3ms
‫יהב‬
he (it) gave
10.
‫‏יְ ַהבוּ‬
Peal
Perfect
3mp
‫יהב‬
they gave
11. ‫‏יְ ַה ְב ְתּ‬
Peal
Perfect
2ms
‫יהב‬
you gave
‫‏נְ ַפק‬
Peal
Perfect
3ms
‫נפק‬
he (it) went out
13. ‫‏נְ ַפ ָקה‬
Peal
Perfect
3fp
‫נפק‬
they went out
14.
‫‏נְ ַפקוּ‬
Peal
Perfect
3mp
‫נפק‬
they went out
15.
‫‏ ְבּ ָעה‬
Peal
Perfect
3ms
‫בּעא‬
he (it) sought
16.
‫‏ ְבּעוֹ‬
Peal
Perfect
3mp
‫בּעא‬
they sought
17. ‫‏ ְבּ ֵעינָ א‬
Peal
Perfect
1cp
‫בּעא‬
We sought
18.
‫‏ ַעל‬
Peal
Perfect
3ms
‫עלל‬
he (it) entered
19.
‫‏ ָקם‬
Peal
Perfect
3ms
‫קום‬
he (it) arose
20.
‫‏ ָקמוּ‬
Peal
Perfect
3mp
‫קום‬
they arose
21.
‫‏ ָשׂם‬
Peal
Perfect
3ms
‫שׂים‬
he (it) set
22.
‫‏ ָשׂמוּ‬
Peal
Perfect
3mp
‫שׂים‬
they put
23.
‫‏ ָשׂ ֶמת‬
Peal
Perfect
1cs
‫שׂים‬
I placed
24.
‫‏ ָשׂ ְמ ָתּ‬
Peal
Perfect
2ms
‫שׂים‬
you set
12.
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
19
13.11 Translation. Translate the following Aramaic text into English.
‫‏‏‬
(1)
‫‏‏‬
(2)
‫‏‏‬
(3)
‫‏‏‬
(4)
‫‏‏‬
(5)
‫‏‏‬
(6)
‫‏‏‬
(7)
‫‏‏‬
(8)
‫‏‏‬
(9)
‫‏‏‬
(10)
‫‏‏‬
(11)
‫‏ ְשׁ ַמיָּ א וְ ַא ְר ָקא ָלא ֲע ַבדוּ‬
They did not make the heavens and the earth.
‫ן־מ ְל ָכּא‬
ַ ‫וּב ָעה ִמ‬
ְ ‫‏וְ ָדנִ יֵּ אל ַעל‬
And Daniel went in and called upon the king.
‫‏ ֱא ַדיִ ן ָדּנִ יֵּ אל ְל ַביְ ֵתהּ ֲאזַ ל‬
Then, Daniel went to his house.
‫וּל ָדנִ יֵּ אל ְסגִ ד‬
ְ ‫פּוֹהי‬
ִ ְ‫ל־אנ‬
ַ ‫בוּכ ְדנֶ ַצּר נְ ַפל ַע‬
ַ ְ‫אדיִ ן ַמ ְל ָכּא נ‬
ַ ‫‏ ֵבּ‬
Then, the king, Nebuchadnezzar, fell upon his face and payed homage to Daniel.
‫]אנְ ְתּ[ ַמ ְל ָכּא ָשׂ ְמ ָתּ ְטּ ֵעם‬
ַ ‫‏ ַאנְ ָתּה‬
You, O King, set a decree.
‫גוֹא־נוּרא‬
ָ
‫‏ ֲה ָלא גֻ ְב ִרין ְתּ ָל ָתא ְר ֵמינָ א ְל‬
Did we not throw three men into the midst of the fire?
‫בוּכ ְדנֶ ַצּר ִל ְת ַרע ַאתּוּן‬
ַ ְ‫אדיִ ן ְק ֵרב נ‬
ַ ‫‏ ֵבּ‬
Then, Nebuchadnezzar approached the door of the furnace.
‫וּת ִקף‬
ְ ‫‏ ִא ָילנָ א ִדּי ֲחזַ יְ ָת ִדּי ְר ָבה‬
The tree that you saw which grew tall and grew strong
‫וּסגַ ר ֻפּם ַא ְריָ וָ ָתא‬
ֲ ‫‏ ֱא ָל ִהי ְשׁ ַלח ַמ ְל ֲא ֵכהּ‬
My God sent his angel, and he shut the mouth of the lions.
‫אדיִ ן ָדּ ְריָ וֶ שׁ ַמ ְל ָכּא ָשׂם ְט ֵעם‬
ַ ‫‏ ֵבּ‬
Then Darius, the king, set a decree.
‫ירוּשׁ ֶלם‬
ְ ‫י־בית ֱא ָל ָהא ִדּי ִב‬
ֵ ‫‏ ֱא ַדיִ ן ֵשׁ ְשׁ ַבּ ַצּר ֵדְּך ֲא ָתא יְ ַהב ֻא ַשּׁיָּ א ִדּ‬
Then, that Sheshbazzar came. He gave (or, “laid”) the foundations of the house of God which
is in Jerusalem.
20
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
‫‏‏‬
(12)
‫‏‏‬
(13)
‫‏‏‬
(14)
‫‏‏‬
(15)
‫ן־שׂם ְלכֹם ְט ֵעם ַבּיְ ָתא ְדנָ ה‬
ָ ‫‏ ְכּנֵ ָמא ֲא ַמ ְרנָ א ְלּהֹם ַמ‬
Thus we said to them, “Who gave you a decree (concerning) this house?”
‫‏ ֵבּהּ־זִ ְמנָ א ֲא ָתא ֲע ֵליהוֹן ַתּ ְתּנַ י ַפּ ַחת ֲע ַבר־נַ ֲה ָרה‬
At that time, Tatnai, the governor (of the region) beyond the river, came to them.
‫ל־רחוּם‬
ְ ‫ִפּ ְתגָ ָמא ְשׁ ַלח ַמ ְל ָכּא ַע‬
The king sent the answer to Rehum.
‫רוּשׁ ֶלם ְל ַא ְר ַתּ ְח ַשׁ ְשׂ ְתּא ַמ ְל ָכּא‬
ְ ְ‫ל־ט ֵעם וְ ִשׁ ְמ ַשׁי ָס ְפ ָרא ְכּ ַתבוּ ִאגְּ ָרה ֲח ָדה ַעל־י‬
ְ ‫ְרחוּם ְבּ ֵע‬
‫ְכּנֵ ָמא‬
Rehum, commander of the decree, and Shimshai, the scribe, wrote a letter against Jerusalem
to Artaxerxes, the king, thus: (or, “to Artaxerxes as follows:”)
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
21
Chapter 14–Peal Imperfect
14.10 Parsing. Parse the following verbs by identifying the stem, conjugation, person, gender, number, and lexical form of each. Translation is also required.
22
Stem
Conjugation
PGN
Lexical
Translation
1.
‫‏יִ ְמ ֵטא‬
Peal
Imperfect
3ms
‫מטא‬
he (it) will reach
2.
‫‏נִ ְכ ֻתּב‬
Peal
Imperfect
1cp
‫כּתב‬
we will write
3.
‫‏ ִתּ ְל ַבּשׁ‬
Peal
Imperfect
3fs/2ms
‫לבשׁ‬
she (it)/you will be clothed
4.
‫‏יִ ְסגֻּ ד‬
Peal
Imperfect
3ms
‫סגד‬
he (it) will pay homage
5.
‫‏יִ ְסגְּ דוּן‬
Peal
Imperfect
3mp
‫סגד‬
they will pay homage
6.
‫‏ ִתּ ְסגְּ דוּן‬
Peal
Imperfect
2mp
‫סגד‬
you will pay homage
7.
‫‏יְ קוּם‬
Peal
Imperfect
3ms
‫קום‬
he (it) will rise
8.
‫‏יְ קוּמוּן‬
Peal
Imperfect
3mp
‫קום‬
they will rise
9.
‫‏יְ תוּב‬
Peal
Imperfect
3ms
‫תּוב‬
he (it) will return
10.
‫‏ ֶל ֱהוֵ א‬
Peal
Imperfect
3ms
‫הוה‬
he (it) will be
11.
‫‏ ֶתּ ֱהוֵ א‬
Peal
Imperfect
3fs
‫הוה‬
she (it) will be
12.
‫‏ ֶל ֱהוֹן‬
Peal
Imperfect
3mp
‫הוה‬
they will be
13.
‫‏ ִאנְ ַדּע‬
Peal
Imperfect
1cs
‫ידע‬
I will know
14.
‫‏ ִתּנְ ַדּע‬
Peal
Imperfect
3fs/2ms
‫ידע‬
she (it)/you will know
15.
‫‏יְ ָהְך‬
Peal
Imperfect
3ms
‫הלְך‬
he (it) will walk (about)
16.
‫‏יִ נְ ֵתּן‬
Peal
Imperfect
3ms
‫נתן‬
he (it) will give
17.
‫אמר‬
ַ ֵ‫‏י‬
Peal
Imperfect
3ms
‫אמר‬
he (it) will say
18.
‫אמר‬
ַ ֵ‫‏נ‬
Peal
Imperfect
1cp
‫אמר‬
we will say
19.
‫יהְך‬
ָ ִ‫‏ו‬
Peal
Imperfect
3ms
‫הלְך‬
and he (it) will walk
20.
‫יוּכל‬
ַ ‫‏‬
Peal
Imperfect
3ms
‫יכל‬
he (it) will be able
21.
‫תּוּכל‬
ַ ‫‏‬
Peal
Imperfect
3fs/2ms
‫יכל‬
she (it)/you will be able
22.
‫‏יִ ֵפּל‬
Peal
Imperfect
3ms
‫נפל‬
he (it) will fall
23.
‫‏יִ ְשׁתּוֹן‬
Peal
Imperfect
3mp
‫שׁתה‬
they will drink
24.
‫‏יִ ְקרוֹן‬
Peal
Imperfect
3mp
‫קרא‬
they will call/read
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
14.11 Translation. Translate the following Aramaic text into English.
‫‏‏‬
(1)
‫‏‏‬
(2)
‫‏‏‬
(3)
‫‏‏‬
(4)
‫‏‏‬
(5)
‫‏‏‬
(6)
‫‏‏‬
(7)
‫‏‏‬
(8)
‫‏‏‬
(9)
‫‏‬
(10)
‫י־שׁ ַמיָּ א וְ ַא ְר ָקא ָלא ֲע ַבדוּ‬
ְ ‫אמרוּן ְלהוֹם ֱא ָל ַהיָּ א ִדּ‬
ְ ‫‏ ִכּ ְדנָ ה ֵתּ‬
Thus you will say to them, “The gods who did not make the heavens and earth.”
‫אל ֲההוֹן‬
ָ ‫ל־א ָלהּ ָל ֵהן ֵל‬
ֱ ‫‏ ָלא־יִ ְפ ְלחוּן וְ ָלא־יִ ְסגְּ דוּן ְל ָכ‬
They will not serve, and they will not worship any god except their (own) God.
‫ל־א ְר ָעא‬
ַ ‫זוֹתהּ ְלסוֹף ָכּ‬
ֵ ‫רוּמהּ יִ ְמ ֵטא ִל ְשׁ ַמיָּ א וַ ֲח‬
ֵ ְ‫‏ו‬
And its head will reach to the sky, and its appearance (will reach) to the end of all the earth.
‫ן־דּי יִ ְצ ֵבּא יִ ְתּנִ נַּ הּ‬
ִ ‫וּל ַמ‬
ְ ‫‏‬
And to whoever he desires, he will give it.
‫י־לא יֶ ְע ֵדּה‬
ָ ‫‏ ָשׁ ְל ָטנֵ הּ ָשׁ ְל ָטן ָע ַלם ִדּ‬
Its dominion (will be) a dominion forever, which will not pass away.
‫יוֹמיָּ א‬
ַ ‫‏ ָמה ִדּי ֶל ֱהוֵ א ְבּ ַא ֲח ִרית‬
What will be in the latter days.
‫יפה ְכּ ַפ ְרזְ ָלא‬
ָ ‫יע ָאה[ ֶתּ ֱהוֵ א ַת ִקּ‬
ָ ‫יעיָ ה ְ]ר ִב‬
ָ ‫וּמ ְלכוּ ְר ִב‬
ַ ‫‏‬
And the fourth kingdom will be strong as iron.
‫ם־חיוַ ת ָבּ ָרא ֶל ֱהוֵ ה ְמד ָֹרְך‬
ֵ ‫‏וְ ִע‬
And with the beast of the field will be your dwelling.
(Or, “You will dwell with the beast of the field.”)
‫‏וְ ַר ְעיוֹנֵ י ִל ְב ָבְך ִתּנְ ַדּע‬
And you will know the thoughts of your heart.
14
‫ָל ֵהן ֶח ְל ָמא ֱא ַמרוּ ִלי וְ ִאנְ ַדּע ִדּי ִפ ְשׁ ֵרהּ ְתּ ַה ֲחוֻ נַּ נִ י‬
Therefore, speak the dream to me that I may know that
you can make known its interpretation to me.
14. “you (2mp) can make known to me”
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
23
‫‏‏‬
(11)
‫‏‏‬
(12)
‫‏‏‬
(13)
‫‏‏‬
(14)
‫נוֹהי‬
ִ ‫וּב‬
ְ ‫ל־מ ְלכוּת ַמ ְל ָכּא‬
ַ ‫ְל ָמה ֶל ֱהוֵ א ְק ַצף ַע‬
(15)
‫יע ָאה[ ֶתּ ֱהוֵ א ְב ַא ְר ָעא‬
ָ ‫יעיָ א ְ]ר ִב‬
ָ ‫יעיְ ָתא ַמ ְלכוּ ְר ִב‬
ָ ‫‏ ֵכּן ֲא ַמר ֵחיוְ ָתא ְר ִב‬
Thus he said, “The fourth animal will be a fourth kingdom on the land.”
‫ן־בּית גִּ נְ זֵ י ַמ ְל ָכּא‬
ֵ ‫‏ ִתּנְ ֵתּן ִמ‬
You will give from the house of the treasures of the king.
(Or, “You will provide from the king’s treasury.”)
‫ירוּשׁ ֶלם ְל ַא ְת ֵרהּ‬
ְ ‫י־ב‬
ִ ‫יכ ָלא ִד‬
ְ ‫יהְך ְל ֵה‬
ָ ִ‫‏ו‬
And let it go to the temple which is in Jerusalem, to its place.
‫ירוּשׁ ֶלם ִע ָמְּך יְ ָהְך‬
ְ ‫ִל‬
He may go to Jerusalem with you.
Why should wrath be upon the king’s kingdom and his son?
24
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
Chapter 15–Peal Imperative
15.10 Parsing. Parse the following verbs by identifying the stem, conjugation, person, gender, number, and lexical form of each. Translation is also required.
‫‏‬
Stem
Conjugation
PGN
Lexical
Translation
1.
‫‏‏ ֱא ַמר‬
Peal
Imperative
2ms
‫אמר‬
(you) say!
2.
‫‏‏ ֱא ַמרוּ‬
Peal
Imperative
2mp
‫אמר‬
(you) say!
3.
‫‏‏ ֱחיִ י‬
Peal
Imperative
2ms
‫חיה‬
(you) live!
4.
‫‏‏ ֻפּקוּ‬
Peal
Imperative
2mp
‫נפק‬
(you) go out!
5.
‫‏‏ ֱאתוֹ‬
Peal
Imperative
2mp
‫אתה‬
(you) come!
6.
‫‏‏גֹּדּוּ‬
Peal
Imperative
2mp
‫גּדד‬
7.
‫‏‏ ְשׁ ֻבקוּ‬
Peal
Imperative
2mp
‫שׁבק‬
(you) leave!
8.
‫‏‏ ְפ ֻרק‬
Peal
Imperative
2ms
‫פּרק‬
(you) break off!
9.
‫‏‏ ַהב‬
Peal
Imperative
2ms
‫יהב‬
(you) give!
10.
‫‏‏ ַדּע‬
Peal
Imperative
2ms
‫ידע‬
(you) know!
11.
‫קוּמי‬
ִ ‫‏‏‬
Peal
Imperative
2fs
‫קום‬
(you) rise!
12.
‫‏‏ ֲא ֻכ ִלי‬
Peal
Imperative
2fs
‫אכל‬
(you) consume!
13.
‫‏‏ ִשׂימוּ‬
Peal
Imperative
2mp
‫שׂים‬
(you) set!
14.
‫‏ ֱהווֹ‬
Peal
Imperative
2mp
‫הוה‬
(you) be!
15.
‫‏‏ ֵשׂא‬
Peal
Imperative
2ms
‫נשׂא‬
(you) take up!
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
(you) cut down!
25
15.11 Translation. Translate the following Aramaic text into English.
‫‏‏‬
(1)
‫‏‏‬
(2)
‫‏‏‬
(3)
‫‏‏‬
(4)
‫‏‏‬
(5)
‫‏‏‬
(6)
‫‏‬
(7)
‫‏‏‬
(8)
‫‏‏‬
(9)
‫‏‏‬
(10)
[‫]ל ַע ְב ָדְך‬
ְ ‫‏ ַמ ְל ָכּא ְל ָע ְל ִמין ֱחיִ י ֱא ַמר ֶח ְל ָמא ְל ַע ְב ַדּיִ ְך‬
O king, live forever! Tell your servants the dream.
‫‏ ָל ֵהן ֶח ְל ָמא ֱא ַמרוּ ִלי‬
Therefore, tell me the dream.
‫]ע ָלּ ָאה[ ֻפּקוּ וֶ ֱאתוֹ‬
ִ ‫י־א ָל ָהא ִע ָלּיָ א‬
ֱ ‫דוֹהי ִדּ‬
ִ ‫‏ ַע ְב‬
O servants of the most high God, come out, and come (here).
‫שׁוֹהי ְבּ ַא ְר ָעא ְשׁ ֻבקוּ‬
ִ ‫‏ ְבּ ַרם ִע ַקּר ָשׁ ְר‬
But, leave behind the stump of its root in the earth.
‫‏גֹּדּוּ ִא ָילנָ א‬
Cut down the tree.
‫‏ ֲענָ ת ַמ ְל ְכּ ָתא וַ ֲא ֶמ ֶרת ַמ ְל ָכּא ְל ָע ְל ִמין ֱחיִ י‬
The queen answered and said, “O king, live forever!”
‫קוּמי ֲא ֻכ ִלי ְבּ ַשׂר ַשׂגִּ יא‬
ִ
Arise! Consume much flesh.
‫‏ ְכּ ַען ִשׂימוּ ְטּ ֵעם‬
Now, set a decree.
‫ירוּשׁ ֶלם‬
ְ ‫יכ ָלא ִדּי ִב‬
ְ ‫]אל[ ָמאנַ יָּ א ֵשׂא ֵאזֶ ל ִהמּוֹ ְבּ ֵה‬
ֵ ‫ר־להּ ֵא ֶלּה‬
ֵ ‫‏וַ ֲא ַמ‬
And he said to him, “Take these vessels. Bring them to the temple in Jerusalem.”
‫ן־תּ ָמּה‬
ַ ‫יקין ֲהווֹ ִמ‬
ִ ‫‏ ַר ִח‬
Go far from there. (or, “Keep away from there.”)
26
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
Chapter 16–Peal Infinitive Construct
16.10 Parsing. Parse the following verbs by identifying the stem, conjugation, person, gender, number, and lexical form of each. Translation is also required.
‫‏‬
Stem
Conjugation
PGN
Lexical
Translation
1.
‫‏‏ ִמ ְבנֵ א‬
Peal
Infinitive
‫בּנא‬
to build
2.
‫‏‏ ִמגְ ֵלא‬
Peal
Infinitive
‫גּלה‬
to reveal
3. ‫‏‏ ִמ ְשׁ ֵרא‬
Peal
Infinitive
‫שׁרה‬
to dwell, to loosen
4.
‫‏‏ ִמ ְשׁ ַבּק‬
Peal
Infinitive
‫שׁבק‬
to leave behind
5.
‫‏‏ ִמ ְק ֵרא‬
Peal
Infinitive
‫קרא‬
to call, to read
6.
‫‏‏ ִמ ְפ ַשׁר‬
Peal
Infinitive
‫פּשׁר‬
to interpret
7.
‫‏‏ ֶמ ְע ַבּד‬
Peal
Infinitive
‫עבד‬
to make, to do
8.
‫‏‏ ִמנְ ַתּן‬
Peal
Infinitive
‫נתן‬
9.
‫‏‏ ִמ ְכנַ שׁ‬
Peal
Infinitive
‫כּנשׁ‬
to assemble
10.
‫‏‏ ֵמ ַמר‬
Peal
Infinitive
‫אמר‬
to say
11. ‫אמר‬
ַ ‫‏‏ ֵמ‬
Peal
Infinitive
‫אמר‬
to say
12. ‫ֵמ ֵתא ‏‏‬
Peal
Infinitive
‫אתה‬
to come
13. ‫ְמ ָהְך ‏‏‬
Peal
Infinitive
‫הלְך‬
to walk
14.
‫ִמ ַחן ‏‬
Peal
Infinitive
‫חנן‬
15.
‫‏‏ ְבּנֵ א‬
Peal
Infinitive
‫בּנא‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
to give
to be gracious
to build
27
16.11 Translation. Translate the following Aramaic text into English.
‫‏‏‬
(1)
‫‏‏‬
(2)
‫‏‏‬
(3)
‫‏‏‬
(4)
‫‏‏‬
(5)
‫‏‏‬
(6)
‫‏‬
(7)
‫‏‏‬
(8)
‫‏‏‬
(9)
‫‏‏‬
(10)
‫ל־רזָ ה ְדּנָ ה‬
ָ ‫ן־ק ָדם ֱא ָלהּ ְשׁ ַמיָּ א ַע‬
ֳ ‫‏וְ ַר ֲח ִמין ְל ִמ ְב ֵעא ִמ‬
And to seek compassion from the God of the heavens concerning this mystery
‫‏יְ ֵכ ְל ָתּ ְל ִמגְ ֵלא ָרזָ ה ְדנָ ה‬
You were able to reveal this mystery.
‫בוּכ ְדנֶ ַצּר ַמ ְל ָכּא ְשׁ ַלח ְל ִמ ְכנַ שׁ ַל ֲא ַח ְשׁ ַדּ ְר ְפּנַ יָּ א‬
ַ ְ‫‏וּנ‬
And Nebuchadnezzar, the king, sent (a summons) to assemble the satraps.
‫‏ ִבּ ְשׁ ָאר ַכּ ְס ָפּא וְ ַד ֲה ָבה ְל ֶמ ְע ַבּד ִכּ ְרעוּת ֱא ָל ֲהכֹם ַתּ ַע ְבדוּן‬
With the rest of the silver and the gold to do, according to the will of your God, you may do.
‫ן־בּית גִּ נְ זֵ י ַמ ְל ָכּא‬
ֵ ‫ל־לְך ְל ִמנְ ַתּן ִתּנְ ֵתּן ִמ‬
ָ ‫וּשׁ ָאר ַח ְשׁחוּת ֵבּית ֱא ָל ָהְך ִדּי יִ ֶפּ‬
ְ ‫‏‬
And the rest of the needs for the house of your God, which may fall to you to give, you may
give from the king’s treasury.
‫]תיכּוּל[ ִפּ ְשׁ ִרין ְל ִמ ְפ ַשׁר וְ ִק ְט ִרין ְל ִמ ְשׁ ֵרא‬
ִ ‫י־תוּכל‬
ַ
‫]ע ָלְך[ ִדּ‬
ֲ ‫‏וַ ֲאנָ ה ִשׁ ְמ ֵעת ֲע ַליִ ְך‬
But I have heard about you, that you are able to give interpretations and solve problems.
(literally, “interpret interpretations and loosen/untie knots”)
‫]תּכוּל[ ְכּ ָת ָבא ְל ִמ ְק ֵרא‬
ִ ‫תּוּכל‬
ַ ‫ְכּ ַען ֵהן‬
Now, if you are able to read the writing.
‫וּכ ִמ ְק ְר ֵבהּ ְלגֻ ָבּא ְל ָדנִ יֵּ אל ְבּ ָקל ֲע ִציב זְ ִעק‬
ְ ‫‏‬
And when he approached the den, he cried out to Daniel with a troubled voice.
‫ר־יוֹצ ָדק וְ ָשׁ ִריו ְל ִמ ְבנֵ א ֵבּית ֱא ָל ָהא ִדּי‬
ָ
‫שׁוּע ַבּ‬
ַ ֵ‫יאל וְ י‬
ֵ ‫ר־שׁ ַא ְל ִתּ‬
ְ ‫אדיִ ן ָקמוּ זְ ֻר ָבּ ֶבל ַבּ‬
ַ ‫‏ ֵבּ‬
‫ירוּשׁ ֶלם‬
ְ ‫ִב‬
Then Zerubbabel, son of Shealtiel, and Jeshua, son of Jozadak arose, and they began to build
the house of God which is in Jerusalem.
‫ית־א ָל ָהא ְדנָ ה ִל ְבּנֵ א׃‬
ֱ ‫כּוֹרשׁ ַמ ְל ָכּא ָשׂם ְט ֵעם ֵבּ‬
ֶ ‫כוֹרשׁ ַמ ְל ָכּא ִדּי ָב ֶבל‬
ֶ ‫‏ ְבּ ַרם ִבּ ְשׁנַ ת ֲח ָדה ְל‬
However, in the first year of Cyrus, the king of Babylon, Cyrus the kind set a decree to rebuild this house of God.
28
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
Chapter 17–Peal Participle
17.15 Parsing. Parse the following verbs by identifying the stem, conjugation, person, gender, number, and lexical form of each. Translation is also required.
Stem
Conjugation
PGN
Lexical
Translation
1.
‫‏‏ ָא ַמר‬
Peal
Participle
ms
‫אמר‬
saying
2.
‫‏‏ ָא ְמ ִרין‬
Peal
Participle
mp
‫אמר‬
saying Infinitive
3.
‫‏‏ ָחזֵ ה‬
Peal
Participle
ms
‫חזה‬
seeing
4.
‫‏‏ ָחזַ יִ ן‬
Peal
Participle
mp
‫חזה‬
seeing
5.
‫יָכל‬
ִ ‫‏‏‬
Peal
Participle
ms
‫יכל‬
being able
6.
‫‏‏יָ ְכ ָלה‬
Peal
Participle
fs
‫יכל‬
being able
7.
‫יָכ ִלין‬
ְ ‫‏‏‬
Peal
Participle
mp
‫יכל‬
being able
8.
‫‏‏ ָע ֵבד‬
Peal
Participle
ms
‫עבד‬
doing
9.
‫‏‏ ָע ְב ָדה‬
Peal
Participle
fs
‫עבד‬
doing
10. ‫‏‏ ָע ְב ִדין‬
Peal
Participle
ms
‫עבד‬
doing
‫‏‏ ָענֵ ה‬
Peal
Participle
ms
‫ענה‬
answering
12. ‫‏‏ ָא ְכ ָלה‬
Peal
Participle
fs
‫אכל‬
feeding
13.
‫‏‏ ָא ֵתה‬
Peal
Participle
ms
‫אתה‬
coming
14.
‫‏‏ ָבּ ֵעא‬
Peal
Participle
ms
‫בּעא‬
seeking
15.
‫‏‏ ָבּ ַעיִ ן‬
Peal
Participle
mp
‫בּעא‬
seeking
16.
‫‏‏ ָסגְ ִדין‬
Peal
Participle
mp
‫סגד‬
paying homage
17. ‫יתה‬
ָ ‫‏‏ ְשׁ ִח‬
Peal
Pass. Part.
fs
‫יָ ַדע ‏‏‬
Peal
Participle
ms
‫ידע‬
knowing
19. ‫יָ ְד ֵעי ‏‏‬
Peal
Participle
mp
‫ידע‬
knowing
20. ‫יָ ְד ִעין ‏‏‬
Peal
Participle
mp
‫ידע‬
knowing
‫יע‬
ַ ‫‏‏יְ ִד‬
Peal
Pass. Part.
ms
‫ידע‬
being known
22. ‫ָד ֲח ִלין ‏‏‬
Peal
Participle
mp
‫דחל‬
fearing
‫‏‏ ְדּ ִחיל‬
Peal
Pass. Part.
ms
‫דחל‬
being feared
24. ‫ילה‬
ָ ‫‏‏ ְדּ ִח‬
Peal
Pass. Part.
fs
‫דחל‬
being feared
11.
18.
21.
23.
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
‫שׁחת‬
being corrupt
29
17.16 Translation. Translate the following Aramaic text into English.
‫‏‏‬
(1)
‫‏‏‬
(2)
‫‏‏‬
(3)
‫‏‏‬
(4)
‫‏‏‬
(5)
‫‏‏‬
(6)
‫‏‏‬
(7)
‫‏‏‬
(8)
‫‏‏‬
(9)
‫‏‬
(10)
‫י־הוָ ה ָצ ֵבא ֲהוָ א ָק ֵטל‬
ֲ ‫‏ ִדּ‬
(The one) whom he was desiring, he was killing. (Or, “Whoever he desired, he killed.”)
‫‏ ָענֵ ה ַמ ְל ָכּא וְ ָא ַמר ִמן־יַ ִצּיב יָ ַדע ֲאנָ ה ִדּי ִע ָדּנָ א ַאנְ תּוּן זָ ְבנִ ין‬
The king answered and said, “Certainly, I know that you are buying time!”
‫י־מ ְל ָכּה ָשׁ ֵאל יַ ִקּ ָירה‬
ַ ‫וּמ ְלּ ָתא ִד‬
ִ ‫‏‬
And the matter/thing which the king asks is difficult.
‫וּמנְ ְדּ ָעא ְליָ ְד ֵעי ִבינָ ה‬
ַ ‫ימין‬
ִ ‫‏יָ ֵהב ָח ְכ ְמ ָתא ְל ַח ִכּ‬
He gives wisdom to the wise and knowledge to those who know/have understanding.
‫יתי ֱא ָלהּ ִבּ ְשׁ ַמיָּ א גָּ ֵלא ָרזִ ין‬
ַ ‫‏ ְבּ ַרם ִא‬
But there is a God in the heavens who reveals mysteries.
‫נוּרא יָ ִק ְד ָתּא‬
ָ ‫גוֹא־אתּוּן‬
ַ
‫ ְל‬15‫י־לא יִ ֵפּל וְ יִ ְסגֻּ ד יִ ְת ְר ֵמא‬
ָ ‫ן־דּ‬
ִ ‫וּמ‬
ַ ‫‏‬
And whoever does not fall down and worship will be thrown into the midst of the furnace of
blazing fire.
‫רוּחי ְשׁ ַמיָּ א‬
ֵ ‫ם־ל ְיליָ א וַ ֲארוּ ַא ְר ַבּע‬
ֵ ‫‏ ָענֵ ה ָדנִ יֵּ אל וְ ָא ַמר ָחזֵ ה ֲהוֵ ית ְבּ ֶחזְ וִ י ִע‬
Daniel answered and said, “I saw in my vision at night, and behold the winds of heaven.”
‫ירוּשׁ ֶלם וַ ֲהוָ ת ָבּ ְט ָלא ַעד ְשׁנַ ת ַתּ ְר ֵתּין ְל ַמ ְלכוּת‬
ְ ‫ית־א ָל ָהא ִדּי ִבּ‬
ֱ ‫אדיִ ן ְבּ ֵט ַלת ֲע ִב ַידת ֵבּ‬
ַ ‫‏ ֵבּ‬
‫ְך־פּ ָרס‬
ָ ‫ָדּ ְריָ וֶ שׁ ֶמ ֶל‬
Then, the work of the house of God which is in Jerusalem ceased. And it was ceased until the
second year of the reign of Darius, king of Persia.
‫ן־יַמּא‬
ָ ‫‏וְ ַא ְר ַבּע ֵחיוָ ן ַר ְב ְר ָבן ָס ְל ָקן ִמ‬
And four great beasts (were) coming up from the sea.
‫יוֹמיָּ א‬
ַ ‫ד־ע ִתּיק‬
ַ ‫ם־ענָ נֵ י ְשׁ ַמיָּ א ְכּ ַבר ֱאנָ שׁ ָא ֵתה ֲהוָ ה וְ ַע‬
ֲ ‫ָחזֵ ה ֲהוֵ ית ְבּ ֶחזְ וֵ י ֵל ְיליָ א וַ ֲארוּ ִע‬
‫ְמ ָטה‬
I saw in the visions of the night, and behold, with the clouds of the heavens, like a son of
man, he was coming. And he reached/attained to the Ancient of Days.
15. “he will be thrown”
30
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
‫‏‏‬
(11)
‫‏‏‬
(12)
‫‏‏‬
(13)
‫‏‏‬
(14)
‫‏‏‬
(15)
‫ישׁין וְ יָ ְכ ָלה ְלהוֹן‬
ִ ‫ם־ק ִדּ‬
ַ ‫‏ ָחזֵ ה ֲהוֵ ית וְ ַק ְרנָ א ִד ֵכּן ָע ְב ָדה ְק ָרב ִע‬
I was looking and this horn made war with holy ones and prevailed over them.
‫וּמ ֵרא ַמ ְל ִכין וְ גָ ֵלה ָרזִ ין‬
ָ ‫ן־קשׁ ֹט ִדּי ֱא ָל ֲהכוֹן הוּא ֱא ָלהּ ֱא ָל ִהין‬
ְ ‫‏ ָענֵ ה ַמ ְל ָכּא ְל ָדנִ יֵּ אל וְ ָא ַמר ִמ‬
‫ִדּי יְ ֵכ ְל ָתּ ְל ִמגְ ֵלא ָרזָ ה ְדנָ ה‬
The king answered and said to Daniel, “It is true that your God is God of gods and lord of
kings and a revealer of mysteries, for you are able to reveal this mystery.”
‫א־בהּ‬
ַ ֵ‫וּמן־נִ ְצ ְבּ ָתא ִדי ַפ ְרזְ ָלא ֶל ֱהו‬
ִ ‫‏ ַמ ְלכוּ ְפ ִליגָ ה ֶתּ ֱהוֵ ה‬
It will be a divided kingdom. But some of the firmness of iron will be in it.
‫י־שׁ ַלח ַמ ְל ֲא ֵכהּ‬
ְ ‫ישְׁך וַ ֲע ֵבד נְ גוֹ ִדּ‬
ַ ‫י־שׁ ְד ַרְך ֵמ‬
ַ ‫בוּכ ְדנֶ ַצּר וְ ָא ַמר ְבּ ִריְך ֱא ָל ֲההוֹן ִדּ‬
ַ ְ‫ָענֵ ה נ‬
Nebuchadnezzar answered and said, “Blessed is the God of Shadrak, Meshak, and Abed
Nego, who sent his angel.”
‫]דּיְ ֵרי[ ַא ְר ָעא ְכּ ָלה ֲח ִשׁ ִיבין‬
ָ ‫ל־דּ ֲא ֵרי‬
ָ ‫וְ ָכ‬
And all those dwelling (in) the land are considered as nothing.
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
31
Chapter 18–Peil, Hithpeel, and Ithpeel Stems
18.8
Parsing. Parse the following verbs by identifying the stem, conjugation, person, gender, number, and lexical form of each. Translation is also required.
1.
2.
3.
4.
‫‏‏יְ ִהיב‬
‫‏‏יְ ִה ַיבת‬
‫‏‏יְ ִהיבוּ‬
‫‏‏ ְכּ ִתיב‬
5. ‫‏‏ ְתּ ִק ְיל ָתּה‬
6.
7.
8.
9.
‫‏‏ ְר ִמיו‬
‫‏‏ ֱק ִרי‬
‫‏‏יִ ְת ְבּנֵ א‬
‫‏‏ ִתּ ְת ְבּנֵ א‬
10. ‫‏‏ ִמ ְת ְבּנֵ א‬
11.
‫‏‏יִ ְתיְ ִהב‬
12. ‫‏‏יִ ְתיַ ֲהבוּן‬
13. ‫‏‏ ִמ ְתיְ ֵהב‬
14. ‫‏‏ ִמ ְתיַ ֲה ִבין‬
15. ‫‏‏ ִה ְת ְמ ִלי‬
16. ‫‏‏ ִה ְשׁ ְתּ ַכח‬
17.‫‏‏ ִה ְשׁ ְתּ ַכ ַח ְתּ‬
18.‫‏‏ ִה ְת ְק ָט ָלה‬
19. ‫יִ ְתּ ָשׂם ‏‏‬
20. ‫‏‏יִ ְתּ ָשׂמוּן‬
21. ‫ִמ ְתּ ָשׂם ‏‏‬
22. ‫‏‏ ִה ְתגְּ זֶ ֶרת‬
‫‏‬
23. ‫‏‏ ִא ְתגְּ זֶ ֶרת‬
‫‏‬
24. ‫‏‏ ֶא ְת ְכּ ִריַּ ת‬
Stem
Conjugation PGN
Peil
Perfect
3ms
‫יהב‬
he (it) was given
Peil
Perfect
3fs
‫יהב‬
she (it) was given
Peil
Perfect
3mp
‫יהב‬
they were given
Peil
Perfect
3ms
‫כּתב‬
it was written
Peil
Perfect
2ms
‫תקל‬
you were weighed
Peil
Perfect
3mp
‫רמא‬
they were placed/thrown
Peil
Perfect
3ms
‫קרא‬
it was read
Hithpeel
Imperfect
3ms
‫בּנה‬
he (it) will be built
Hithpeel
Imperfect
3fs/2ms
‫בּנה‬
she (it), you will be built
Hithpeel
Participle
ms
‫בּנה‬
being built
Hithpeel
Imperfect
3ms
‫יהב‬
he will be given
Hithpeel
Imperfect
3mp
‫יהב‬
they will be given
Hithpeel
Participle
ms
‫יהב‬
being given
Hithpeel
Participle
mp
‫יהב‬
being given
Hithpeel
Perfect
3ms
‫מלא‬
he (it) was filled
Hithpeel
Perfect
3ms
‫שׁכח‬
he (it) was found
Hithpeel
Perfect
2ms
‫שׁכח‬
you were found
Hithpeel
Infinitive
2ms
‫קטל‬
to be killed
Hithpeel
Imperfect
3ms
‫שׂים‬
he (it) will be placed/made
Hithpeel
Imperfect
3mp
‫שׂים‬
they will be made/placed
Hithpeel
Participle
ms
‫שׂים‬
being set
Hithpeel
Perfect
3fs
‫גּזר‬
she (it) was cut
Ithpeel
Perfect
3fs
‫גּזר‬
she (it) was cut
Ithpeel
Perfect
3fs
‫כּרא‬
16
Lexical
Translation
she (it) is distressed
16. The Peil Perfect 3ms forms in exercises 1 and 4 could also be Peal Passive Participle Masculine
Singular forms.
32
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
18.9
Translation. Translate the following Aramaic text into English.
‫‏‏‬
(1)
‫‏‏‬
(2)
‫‏‏‬
(3)
‫‏‏‬
(4)
‫‏‏‬
(5)
‫‏‏‬
(6)
‫‏‏‬
(7)
‫‏‏‬
(8)
‫‏‏‬
(9)
‫‏‬
(10)
‫י־ל ְיליָ א ָרזָ ה גֲ ִלי‬
ֵ ‫‏ ֱא ַדיִ ן ְל ָדנִ יֵּ אל ְבּ ֶחזְ וָ א ִד‬
Then the mystery was revealed to Daniel in the vision of the night.
‫נוּרא יָ ִק ְד ָתּא‬
ָ ‫גוֹא־אתּוּן‬
ַ
‫‏ ְוּר ִמיו ְל‬
And they were thrown down into the midst of the furnace of blazing fire.
‫י־שׁ ְד ַרְך‬
ַ ‫]שׁלוּ[ ַעל ֱא ָל ֲההוֹן ִדּ‬
ָ ‫אמר ֵשׁ ָלה‬
ַ ֵ‫ל־עם ֻא ָמּה וְ ִל ָשּׁן ִדּי־י‬
ַ ‫וּמנִּ י ִשׂים ְט ֵעם ִדּי ָכ‬
ִ ‫‏‬
‫ישְׁך וַ ֲע ֵבד נְ גוֹא ַה ָדּ ִמין יִ ְת ֲע ֵבד‬
ַ ‫ֵמ‬
And from me, a decree is set that any people, nation, and language who speaks negligence
against the God of Shadrak, Meshak, and Abed Nego, they will be made into limbs.
(i.e, “They will be torn limb from limb.”)
‫וּכ ָת ָבא ְדנָ ה ְר ִשׁים‬
ְ ‫מוֹהי ְשׁ ִליַ ַח ַפּ ָסּא ִדי־יְ ָדא‬
ִ ‫ן־ק ָד‬
ֳ ‫אדיִ ן ִמ‬
ַ ‫‏ ֵבּ‬
Then, from his presence, the palm of the hand was sent, and this writing was inscribed.
‫אשׁ ַצּר ַמ ְל ָכּא‬
ַ ‫‏ ֵבּהּ ְבּ ֵל ְיליָ א ְק ִטיל ֵבּ ְל‬
On that night, Belshazzar, the king, was killed.
‫וּל ַבב ֱאנָ שׁ יְ ִהיב ַלהּ‬
ְ ‫‏‬
And a heart of a man was given to her (it).
‫לוֹהי‬
ִ ‫וּל ַבב ֵחיוָ ה יִ ְתיְ ִהב ֵלהּ וְ ִשׁ ְב ָעה ִע ָדּנִ ין יַ ְח ְלפוּן ֲע‬
ְ ‫‏‬
And a heart of a beast will be given to him, and seven (periods of) time will pass over him.
‫וּב ֵתּיכוֹן נְ וָ ִלי יִ ְתּ ָשׂמוּן‬
ָ ‫‏ ַה ָדּ ִמין ִתּ ְת ַע ְבדוּן‬
You will be made into limbs, and your houses will be made into a pile of dung.
(or, “You will be torn limb from limb”)
‫רוֹהי ְל ִה ְת ְק ָט ָלה‬
ִ ‫וּבעוֹ ָדּנִ יֵּ אל וְ ַח ְב‬
ְ ‫‏‬
And they sought to kill Daniel and his companions.
‫בוּכ ְדנֶ ַצּר ִה ְת ְמ ִלי ֱח ָמא‬
ַ ְ‫אדיִ ן נ‬
ַ ‫ֵבּ‬
Then, Nebuchadnezzar was filled with fury.
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
33
‫‏‏‬
(11)
‫‏‏‬
(12)
‫‏‏‬
(13)
‫‏‏‬
(14)
‫‏‏‬
(15)
‫‏ ְתּ ִק ְיל ָתּה ְבמֹאזַ נְ יָ א וְ ִה ְשׁ ְתּ ַכ ַח ְתּ ַח ִסּיר‬
You were weighed in the scales, and you were found wanting.
‫י־מ ְתיַ ֲה ִבין ָלְך ְל ָפ ְל ָחן ֵבּית ֱא ָל ָהְך‬
ִ ‫וּמאנַ יָּ א ִדּ‬
ָ ‫‏‬
And the vessels which were given to you for the service of the house of your God.
‫ל־דּנָ ה‬
ְ ‫וּביְ ֵתהּ נְ וָ לוּ יִ ְת ֲע ֵבד ַע‬
ַ ‫ֹלהי‬
ִ ‫ן־בּיְ ֵתהּ וּזְ ִקיף יִ ְת ְמ ֵחא ֲע‬
ַ ‫‏יִ ְתנְ ַסח ָאע ִמ‬
Timber will be pulled out from his house, and, being raised, he will be impaled upon it.
And, his house will be made into a dunghill on account of this.
‫רוּחי ֲאנָ ה ָדנִ יֵּ אל ְבּגוֹא נִ ְדנֶ ה‬
ִ ‫ֶא ְת ְכּ ִריַּ ת‬
As for me, Daniel, my spirit was distressed in the midst of (my) body.
‫י־לא ִב ַידיִ ן‬
ָ ‫טּוּרא ִא ְתגְּ זֶ ֶרת ֶא ֶבן ִדּ‬
ָ ‫י־חזַ יְ ָת ִדּי ִמ‬
ֲ ‫ל־ק ֵבל ִדּ‬
ֳ ‫ָכּ‬
Therefore, you have seen that a stone was cut from a mountain,
which (was done) not by hands.
34
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
Chapter 19–Pael Stem
19.7
Parsing. Parse the following verbs by identifying the stem, conjugation, person, gender, number, and lexical form of each. Translation is also required.
Stem
Conjugation PGN
Lexical Translation
1.
‫‏‏ ַבּ ַקּרוּ‬
Pael
Perfect
3mp
‫בּקר‬
they searched
2.
‫‏‏ ַה ַדּ ְר ָתּ‬
Pael
Perfect
2ms
‫הדר‬
you glorified
3.
‫ית‬
ָ ִ‫‏‏ ַמנּ‬
Pael
Perfect
2ms
‫מנה‬
you appointed
4.
‫‏‏ ָבּ ְר ֵכת‬
Pael
Perfect
1cs
‫בּרְך‬
I blessed
5.
‫‏‏ ַיְב ַקּר‬
Pael
Imperfect
3ms
‫בּקר‬
he will search
6.
‫‏‏ ַיְב ֲהלוּ‬
Pael
Imperfect
3mp
‫בּהל‬
they are frightened
7.
‫‏‏ ֲא ַחוֵּ א‬
Pael
Imperfect
1cs
‫חוה‬
I will make known
8.
‫‏‏נְ ַחוֵּ א‬
Pael
Imperfect
1cp
‫חוה‬
we will make known
9.
‫‏‏יְ ַק ְבּלוּן‬
Pael
Imperfect
3mp
‫קבל‬
they will receive
10. ‫‏‏ ְתּ ַק ְבּלוּן‬
Pael
Imperfect
2mp
‫קבל‬
you will receive
11.
‫‏‏יְ ַשׁנּוֹן‬
Pael
Imperfect
3mp
‫שׁנה‬
they will change
12.
‫‏‏ ַח ִבּלוּ‬
Pael
Pael
Perfect
Imperative
3mp
2mp
‫חבל‬
‫חבל‬
they destroyed
Destroy!
13. ‫‏‏ ְל ַח ָבּ ָלה‬
Pael
Infinitive
‫חבל‬
to destroy plus ‫ְל‬
14.‫‏‏ ְל ַח ָטּ ָאה‬
Pael
Infinitive
‫חטא‬
to sin plus ‫ְל‬
15. ‫‏‏ ְל ַקיָּ ָמה‬
Pael
Infinitive
‫קוּם‬
to raise plus ‫ְל‬
16. ‫‏‏ ְמ ַה ֵלְּך‬
Pael
Participle
ms
‫הלְך‬
walking
17. ‫‏‏ ְמ ַמ ִלּל‬
Pael
Participle
ms
‫מלל‬
speaking
18. ‫‏‏ ְמ ַמ ֱלּ ָלה‬
Pael
Participle
fs
‫מלל‬
speaking
19. ‫‏‏ ְמ ָס ֲע ִדין‬
Pael
Participle
mp
‫סעד‬
supporting
20. ‫‏‏ ְמ ַפ ַשּׁר‬
Pael
Participle
ms
‫פשׁר‬
interpreting
21. ‫‏‏ ְמ ַצ ֵלּא‬
Pael
Participle
ms
‫צלה‬
praying
22. ‫‏‏ ְמ ַצ ַלּיִ ן‬
Pael
Participle
mp
‫צלה‬
praying
23. ‫‏‏ ְמ ָב ַרְך‬
Pael
Pass Part.
ms
‫בּרְך‬
blessed
24. ‫‏‏ ְמ ַשׁנְּ יָ ה‬
Pael
Pass Part
fs
‫שׁנה‬
being changed
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
35
19.8
Translation. Translate the following Aramaic text into English.
‫‏‏‬
(1)
‫‏‏‬
(2)
‫‏‏‬
(3)
‫‏‏‬
(4)
‫‏‏‬
(5)
‫‏‏‬
(6)
‫‏‏‬
(7)
‫‏‏‬
(8)
‫‏‏‬
(9)
‫וּפ ְשׁ ָרא נְ ַחוֵּ א‬
ִ [‫]ל ַע ְב ָדְך‬
ְ ‫‏ ַמ ְל ָכּא ְל ָע ְל ִמין ֱחיִ י ֱא ַמר ֶח ְל ָמא ְל ַע ְב ַדּיִ ְך‬
O king, live forever! Speak the dream to your servant(s) and we will make known the
interpretation.
‫ימי ָבּ ֶבל‬
ֵ ‫‏נְ ַפק ְל ַק ָטּ ָלה ְל ַח ִכּ‬
He went out to kill the wise men of Babylon.
‫‏ ֱא ַדיִ ן ָדּנִ יֵּ אל ָבּ ִרְך ֶל ֱא ָלהּ ְשׁ ַמיָּ א‬
Then, Daniel blessed the God of the heavens.
‫ישְׁך וַ ֲע ֵבד נְ גוֹ‬
ַ ‫וּמנִּ י ַעל ֲע ִב ְיד ָתּא ִדּי ְמ ִדינַ ת ָבּ ֶבל ְל ַשׁ ְד ַרְך ֵמ‬
ַ ‫ן־מ ְל ָכּא‬
ַ ‫‏וְ ָדנִ יֵּ אל ְבּ ָעא ִמ‬
But Daniel made a request of the king, and he appointed Shadrach, Meshak, and Abed Nego
over the service of the province of Babylon.
‫גוֹא־נוּרא ְמ ַכ ְפּ ִתין‬
ָ
‫‏ ֲה ָלא גֻ ְב ִרין ְתּ ָל ָתא ְר ֵמינָ א ְל‬
Did we not throw three men (who were) bound into the midst of the fire?
‫אשׁי ַיְב ֲה ֻלנַּ נִ י‬
ִ ‫ל־מ ְשׁ ְכּ ִבי וְ ֶחזְ וֵ י ֵר‬
ִ ‫‏ ֵח ֶלם ֲחזֵ ית וִ ַיד ֲח ִלנַּ נִ י וְ ַה ְרה ִֹרין ַע‬
I saw a dream that frightened me. The thoughts upon my bed and the visions of my head
alarmed me.
‫ירוּשׁ ֶלם ְבּ ָדת ֱא ָל ָהְך ִדּי ִב ָידְך‬
ְ ‫יח ְל ַב ָקּ ָרא ַעל־יְ הוּד וְ ִל‬
ַ ‫‏ ְשׁ ִל‬
He was sent to search Judah and Jerusalem according to the law of your God, which is in
your hand.
‫וּב ַקּרוּ ְבּ ֵבית ִס ְפ ַריָּ א ִדּי גִ נְ זַ יָּ א‬
ַ ‫אדיִ ן ָדּ ְריָ וֶ שׁ ַמ ְל ָכּא ָשׂם ְט ֵעם‬
ַ ‫‏ ֵבּ‬
Then Darius, the king, made a decree, and they searched in the house of the books of the
treasures.
‫ד־ט ְע ָמא ְל ָד ְריָ וֶ שׁ יְ ָהְך‬
ַ ‫א־ב ִטּלוּ ִהמּוֹ ַע‬
ַ ‫הוּדיֵ א וְ ָל‬
ָ ְ‫ל־שׂ ֵבי י‬
ָ ‫‏וְ ֵעין ֱא ָל ֲההֹם ֲהוָ ת ַע‬
But the eye of their God was upon the elders of the Jews, and they did not stop them until the
decree reached Darius.
36
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
‫‏‬
(10)
‫‏‏‬
(11)
‫‏‏‬
(12)
‫‏‏‬
(13)
‫‏‏‬
(14)
‫‏‏‬
(15)
‫וּב ִטּלוּ ִהמּוֹ ְבּ ֶא ְד ָרע וְ ָחיִ ל‬
ַ ‫הוּדיֵ א‬
ָ ְ‫ירוּשׁ ֶלם ַעל־י‬
ְ ‫ֲאזַ לוּ ִב ְב ִהילוּ ִל‬
They went in haste to Jerusalem against the Jews, and they stopped them with force and
strength.
‫‏ ְכּ ַען ִשׂימוּ ְטּ ֵעם ְל ַב ָטּ ָלא גֻּ ְב ַריָּ א ִא ֵלְּך וְ ִק ְריְ ָתא ָדְך ָלא ִת ְת ְבּנֵ א‬
Now, set a decree to make these men stop, that this city may not be built.
‫‏נִ ְשׁ ְתּוָ נָ א ִדּי ְשׁ ַל ְחתּוּן ֲע ֶלינָ א ְמ ָפ ַרשׁ ֱק ִרי ָק ָד ָמי‬
The letter that you sent to us, having been translated, was read before me.
‫ן־ח ְב ָר ַתהּ‬
ַ ‫‏וְ ֻפם ְמ ַמ ִלּל ַר ְב ְר ָבן וְ ֶחזְ וַ הּ ַרב ִמ‬
And a mouth speaking great (things), and her appearance was larger than her companion.
(or, “a greater vision than the rest.”)
‫אשׁי ַיְב ֲה ֻלנַּ נִ י‬
ִ ‫רוּחי ֲאנָ ה ָדנִ יֵּ אל ְבּגוֹא נִ ְדנֶ ה וְ ֶחזְ וֵ י ֵר‬
ִ ‫ֶא ְת ְכּ ִריַּ ת‬
As for me, Daniel, my spirit was distressed in the midst of my body, and the visions of my
head frightened me.
‫ם־מ ְל ָכּא ַמ ִלּל ַמ ְל ָכּא ְל ָע ְל ִמין ֱחיִ י‬
ַ ‫ֱא ַדיִ ן ָדּנִ יֶּ אל ִע‬
Then Daniel spoke with (to) the king, “O king, live forever!”
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
37
Chapter 20–Hithpaal and Ithpaal Stems
20.6
Parsing. Parse the following verbs by identifying the stem, conjugation, person, gender, number, and lexical form of each. Translation is also required.
Stem
Conjugation PGN
Lexical Translation
1.
‫‏‏ ִה ְתנַ ִבּי‬
Hithpaal
Perfect
3ms
‫נבא‬
he (it) prophesied
2.
‫‏‏ ִה ְתנַ ַדּבוּ‬
Hithpaal
Perfect
3mp
‫נדב‬
they offered freely
3.
‫‏‏ ִתּ ְת ַח ַבּל‬
Hithpaal
Imperfect
3fs/2ms
‫חבל‬
she (it)/you will perish
4.
‫‏‏יִ ְצ ַט ַבּע‬
Hithpaal
Imperfect
3ms
‫צבע‬
he (it) will be drenched17
5.
‫‏‏יִ ְשׁ ַתּ ְמּעוּן‬
Hithpaal
Imperfect
3mp
‫שׁמע‬
they will obey
6.
‫‏‏יִ ְשׁ ַתּנּוֹ‬
Hithpaal
Imperfect
3mp
‫שׁנה‬
he (it) will be changed
7.
‫‏‏ ִמ ְת ַכּנְּ ִשׁין‬
Hithpaal
Participle
mp
‫כּנשׁ‬
being gathered together
8.
‫‏‏ ִמ ְת ָבּ ַהל‬
Hithpaal
Participle
ms
‫בּהל‬
being terrified
9.
‫‏‏ ֶא ְשׁ ַתּנִּ י‬
Ithpaal
Perfect
3ms
‫שׁנה‬
he (it) was changed
10.
‫‏‏ ֶא ְשׁ ַתּנּוּ‬
Ithpaal
Perfect
3mp
‫שׁנה‬
they were changed
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
17. Notice the consonantal metathesis and prefix change from ‫ ת‬to ‫ט‬. See BBA 20.2.2 (footnote 2)
and BBH 34.12 (footnote 4).
38
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
20.7
Translation. Translate the following Aramaic text into English.
‫‏‏‬
(1)
‫‏‏‬
(2)
‫‏‏‬
(3)
‫‏‏‬
(4)
‫‏‏‬
(5)
‫‏‏‬
(6)
‫‏‏‬
(7)
‫‏‏‬
(8)
‫‏‏‬
(9)
‫‏‬
(10)
‫הוּדיֵ א‬
ָ ְ‫יאיָּ א ]נְ ִביַּ יָּ א[ ַעל־י‬
ַ ‫ר־עדּוֹא נְ ִב‬
ִ ‫יאה ]נְ ִביָּ א[ וּזְ ַכ ְריָ ה ַב‬
ָ ‫‏ ִה ְתנַ ִבּי ַחגַּ י נְ ִב‬
Haggai the prophet and Zachariah son of Iddo, the prophets, prophesied concerning (to) the
Jews.
‫רוֹהי ְל ִה ְת ְק ָט ָלה‬
ִ ‫וּבעוֹ ָדּנִ יֵּ אל וְ ַח ְב‬
ְ ‫ימיָּ א ִמ ְת ַק ְטּ ִלין‬
ַ ‫‏וְ ָד ָתא נֶ ְפ ַקת וְ ַח ִכּ‬
And the law went out that the wise men were to be killed, so they sought to kill Daniel and
his companions.
‫ם־ח ְס ָפּא‬
ַ ‫‏ ָלא ִמ ְת ָע ַרב ִע‬
Not mingled with the clay.
‫אשׁהוֹן ָלא ִה ְת ָח ַרְך‬
ְ ‫וּשׂ ַער ֵר‬
ְ ‫‏‬
And the hair of their head(s) was not burned.
‫וּביְ ֵתהּ נְ וָ ִלי יִ ְשׁ ַתּוֵּ ה‬
ַ ‫‏‬
And his house will be turned into a pile of rubbish.
‫וּב ַטל ְשׁ ַמיָּ א יִ ְצ ַט ַבּע‬
ְ ‫‏‬
And he will be drenched with the dew of the heavens.
‫לוֹהי‬
ִ ‫יוֹהי ָשׁנַ יִ ן ֲע‬
ִ ִ‫אצּר ַשׂגִּ יא ִמ ְת ָבּ ַהל וְ ז‬
ַ ‫‏ ֱא ַדיִ ן ַמ ְל ָכּא ֵב ְל ַשׁ‬
Then the king Belshazzar was greatly alarmed, and his countenance was changed.
‫וּמ ְת ַחנַּ ן ֳק ָדם ֱא ָל ֵההּ‬
ִ ‫‏וְ ַה ְשׁ ַכּחוּ ְל ָדנִ יֵּ אל ָבּ ֵעא‬
And they found Daniel beseeching and imploring before his God.
‫‏ ִמ ְשׂ ַתּ ַכּל ֲהוֵ ית ְבּ ַק ְרנַ יָּ א‬
I considered the horns.
‫י־מ ְל ָכּא ַת ָמּה ִדּי ְבּ ָב ֶבל‬
ַ ‫ל־מ ְל ָכּא ָטב יִ ְת ַבּ ַקּר ְבּ ֵבית גִּ נְ זַ יָּ א ִדּ‬
ַ ‫וּכ ַען ֵהן ַע‬
ְ
And, therefore, if it is good before the king, let it be investigated in the house of the treasures
(records) of the king there in Babylon.
(Therefore, if it pleases the king, let a search be made in the royal records there in Babylon.)
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
39
Chapter 21–Haphel Stem
21.7
Parsing. Parse the following verbs by identifying the stem, conjugation, person, gender, number, and lexical form of each. Translation is also required.
Stem
Conjugation
PGN
1.‫‏‏ ַה ְשׁ ַכּ ְחנָ ה‬
Haphel
Perfect
1cp
2.‫‏‏ ְל ַה ְשׁ ָכּ ָחה‬
Haphel
Infinitive
3. ‫‏‏נְ ַה ְשׁ ַכּח‬
Haphel
Imperfect
4. ‫‏‏ ְת ַה ְשׁ ַכּח‬
Haphel
‫הוֹדע‬
ַ ‫‏‏‬
Translation
‫שׁכח‬
we found
‫שׁכח‬
to find
1cp
‫שׁכח‬
we will find
Imperfect
2ms/3fs
‫שׁכח‬
she (it)/you will find
Haphel
Perfect
3ms
‫ידע‬
he made known
6. ‫הוֹד ְענָ א‬
ַ ‫‏‏‬
Haphel
Perfect
1cp
‫ידע‬
we made known
‫הוֹדע‬
ַ ְ‫‏‏י‬
Haphel
Imperfect
3ms
‫ידע‬
he will make known
8. ‫הוֹדעוּן‬
ְ ְ‫‏‏י‬
Haphel
Imperfect
3mp
‫ידע‬
they will make known
9. ‫הוֹדעוּן‬
ְ ‫‏‏ ְתּ‬
Haphel
Imperfect
2mp
‫ידע‬
you will make known
10. ‫הוֹד ָעה‬
ָ ‫‏‏‬
Haphel
Infinitive
‫ידע‬
to make known
11.‫הוֹד ִעין‬
ְ ‫‏‏ ְמ‬
Haphel
Participle
mp
‫ידע‬
making known
‫‏‏ ֲה ִקים‬
Haphel
Perfect
3ms
‫קום‬
he set up
13. ‫‏‏ ֲה ִקימוּ‬
Haphel
Perfect
3mp
‫קום‬
they set up
14. ‫ימ ָתּ‬
ְ ‫‏‏ ֲה ֵק‬
Haphel
Perfect
2ms
‫קום‬
you set up
15. ‫‏‏יְ ָה ֵקים‬
Haphel
Imperfect
3ms
‫קום‬
he will set up
16. ‫‏‏ ְמ ָה ֵקים‬
Haphel
Participle
ms
‫קום‬
setting up
17. ‫‏‏יְ ַה ֲחוֵ ה‬
Haphel
Imperfect
3ms
‫חוה‬
he will declare
18. ‫‏‏נְ ַה ֲחוֵ ה‬
Haphel
Imperfect
1cp
‫חוה‬
we will declare
19. ‫‏‏ ְל ַה ֲחוָ יָ ה‬
Haphel
Infinitive
‫חוה‬
to declare plus ‫ְל‬
20.‫הוֹב ָדה‬
ָ ‫‏‏ ְל‬
Haphel
Infinitive
‫אבד‬
to destroy plus ‫ְל‬
21. ‫‏‏ ְל ַהיְ ָתיָ ה‬
Haphel
Infinitive
‫אתה‬
to bring plus ‫ְל‬
Haphel
Perfect
‫אתה‬
they brought
23.‫‏‏ ְל ַה ְשׁנָ יָ ה‬
Haphel
Infinitive
‫שׁנה‬
to change plus ‫ְל‬
24. ‫‏‏יְ ַה ְשׁנֵ א‬
Haphel
Imperfect
‫שׁנה‬
he will change
5.
7.
‫‏‬
12.
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
22.
‫‏‬
‫‏‏ ַהיְ ִתיו‬
‫‏‬
40
Lexical
‫‏‬
3mp
3ms
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
21.8
Translation. Translate the following Aramaic text into English.
‫‏‏‬
(1)
‫‏‏‬
(2)
‫‏‏‬
(3)
‫‏‏‬
(4)
‫ימי ָב ֶבל‬
ֵ ‫הוֹב ָדה ְלכֹל ַח ִכּ‬
ָ ‫‏וַ ֲא ַמר ְל‬
And he said to kill all the wise men of Babylon.
‫ירוּשׁ ֶלם‬
ְ ‫י־בית ֱא ָל ָהא ִדּי ִב‬
ֵ ‫יכ ָלא ִדּ‬
ְ ‫ן־ה‬
ֵ ‫אדיִ ן ַהיְ ִתיו ָמאנֵ י ַד ֲה ָבא ִדּי ַהנְ ִפּקוּ ִמ‬
ַ ‫‏ ֵבּ‬
Then they brought the vessels of gold that they had taken out of the temple, the house of God
(which was) in Jerusalem.
‫‏וְ ִת ְר ֻשׁם ְכּ ָת ָבא ִדּי ָלא ְל ַה ְשׁנָ יָ ה‬
And you will sign the document so that it may not be changed.
‫יכ ָלא‬
ְ ‫ן־ה‬
ֵ ‫בוּכ ְדנֶ ַצּר ַהנְ ֵפּק ִמ‬
ַ ְ‫ית־א ָל ָהא ִדּי ַד ֲה ָבה וְ ַכ ְס ָפּא ִדּי נ‬
ֱ ‫י־ב‬
ֵ ‫‏ ָמאנַ יָּ א ִד‬
The gold and silver vessels of the house of God that Nebuchadnezzar brought out from the
temple.
‫‏‏‬
(5)
‫‏‏‬
(6)
‫‏‏‬
(7)
‫וּפ ְשׁ ָרה נְ ַה ֲחוֵ ה‬
ִ ‫דוֹהי‬
ִ ‫אמר ְל ַע ְב‬
ַ ֵ‫‏ ַמ ְל ָכּא ֶח ְל ָמא י‬
Let the king tell the dream to his servants, and we will declare the interpretation.
‫‏וְ ִאנְ ַדּע ִדּי ִפ ְשׁ ֵרהּ ְתּ ַה ֲחוֻ נַּ נִ י‬
And I will know that you can make its interpretation known to me.
‫וּפ ְשׁ ָרא ְל ַה ֲחוָ יָ ה ְל ַמ ְל ָכּא‬
ִ ‫ן־להּ‬
ֵ ‫ן־מ ְל ָכּא ִדּי זְ ָמן יִ נְ ֵתּ‬
ַ ‫וּב ָעה ִמ‬
ְ ‫‏וְ ָדנִ יֵּ אל ַעל‬
And Daniel went up and requested of the king that he would grant him a time, that he might
make the interpretation known to the king.
‫‏‏‬
(8)
‫‏‏‬
(9)
‫‏‬
(10)
‫ר־מ ְלּ ָתא ְל ַה ֲחוָ יָ ה‬
ִ ‫א־כ ֲה ִלין ְפּ ַשׁ‬
ָ ‫‏וְ ָל‬
And they were unable to declare the interpretation of the matter.
‫הוֹדע ַא ְריוְֹך ְל ָדנִ יֵּ אל‬
ַ ‫‏ ֱא ַדיִ ן ִמ ְלּ ָתא‬
Then Arioch made the matter known to Daniel.
‫הוֹד ְענָ א ְל ַמ ְל ָכּא‬
ַ ְ‫ל־דּנָ ה ְשׁ ַל ְחנָ א ו‬
ְ ‫ַע‬
Therefore, we have sent and informed the king.
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
41
‫‏‏‬
(11)
‫‏‏‬
(12)
‫‏‏‬
(13)
‫‏‏‬
(14)
‫‏‏‬
(15)
‫הוֹד ִענֵּ הּ‬
ְ ‫וּפ ְשׁ ָרא ֲא‬
ִ ‫‏ ְכּ ָת ָבא ֶא ְק ֵרא ְל ַמ ְל ָכּא‬
I will read the writing to the king, and I will make known to him the interpretation.
‫הוֹד ֻע ַתנִ י‬
ָ ‫כוּתי ָלא־יָ ְכ ִלין ִפּ ְשׁ ָרא ְל‬
ִ ‫ימי ַמ ְל‬
ֵ ‫ל־ח ִכּ‬
ַ ‫‏ ָכּ‬
All the wise men of my kingdom are not able to make known to me the interpretation.
‫וּמ ָה ֵקים ַמ ְל ִכין‬
ְ ‫‏וְ הוּא ְמ ַה ְשׁנֵ א ִע ָדּנַ יָּ א וְ זִ ְמנַ יָּ א ְמ ַה ְע ֵדּה ַמ ְל ִכין‬
And he changes times and seasons, taking away (revoking) kings and setting up kings.
‫בוּכ ְדנֶ ַצּר ַמ ְל ָכּא‬
ַ ְ‫ַצ ְל ָמא ִדּי ֲה ֵקים נ‬
the image that Nebuchadnezzar, the king, set up
‫לוֹהי ְבּ ָדת ֱא ָל ֵההּ‬
ִ ‫ל־ע ָלּא ָל ֵהן ַה ְשׁ ַכּ ְחנָ ה ֲע‬
ִ ‫ָלא נְ ַה ְשׁ ַכּח ְל ָדנִ יֵּ אל ְדּנָ ה ָכּ‬
We will not find with regard to this Daniel any complaint unless we find (it) against him
concerning the law of his God.
42
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
Chapter 22–Aphel, Shaphel, and Hophal Stems
22.7
Parsing. Parse the following verbs by identifying the stem, conjugation, person, gender, number, and lexical form of each. Translation is also required.
Stem
Conjugation
PGN Lexical Translation
1.
‫‏‏ ֲא ִקים‬
Aphel
Perfect
3ms
‫קום‬
he (it) set up
2.
‫‏‏ ְתּ ִקים‬
Aphel
Imperfect
3fs/2ms
‫קום‬
she (it/you) will set up
3. ‫‏‏ ַמ ְה ְל ִכין‬
Aphel
Participle
mp
‫הלְך‬
walking around
4. ‫‏‏ ְל ַשׁ ְכ ָל ָלה‬
Shaphel
Infinitive
‫כּלל‬
to finish
5. ‫‏‏ ַשׁ ְכ ִללוּ‬
Shaphel
Perfect
3mp
‫כּלל‬
they finished
‫‏‏יְ ֵשׁיזִ ב‬
Shaphel
Imperfect
3ms
‫ֵשׁיזִ ב‬
he (it) will deliver
Shaphel
Infinitive
‫ֵשׁיזִ ב‬
to deliver him plus 3ms
‫‏‬
‫‏‬
6.
‫‏‬
7.‫בוּתהּ ‏‏‏‬
ֵ ָ‫ְל ֵשׁיז‬
suffix and ‫) ְל‬
8.
‫יציא‬
ִ ‫‏‏ ֵשׁ‬
Shaphel
Perfect
3ms
‫שׁצא‬
he (it) finished
9.
‫הוּבד‬
ַ ‫‏‏‬
Hophal
Perfect
3ms
‫אבד‬
he (it) was destroyed
10.
‫‏‏ ֻה ַעל‬
Hophal
Perfect
3ms
‫עלל‬
he (it) was brought in
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic
43
22.8
Translation. Translate the following Aramaic text into English.
‫‏‏‬
(1)
‫‏‏‬
(2)
‫‏‏‬
(3)
‫‏‏‬
(4)
‫‏‏‬
(5)
‫‏‏‬
(6)
‫‏‏‬
(7)
‫‏ ַמ ְה ְל ִכין ְבּגֵ וָ ה יָ ִכל ְל ַה ְשׁ ָפּ ָלה‬
Those walking around in pride, he is able to humble.
‫אדיִ ן ָדּנִ יֵּ אל ֻה ַעל ֳק ָדם ַמ ְל ָכּא‬
ַ ‫‏ ֵבּ‬
Then Daniel was brought before the king.
‫י־הוָ ה ָצ ֵבא ֲהוָ ה ַמ ְשׁ ִפּיל‬
ֲ ‫י־הוָ ה ָצ ֵבא ֲהוָ ה ָמ ִרים וְ ִד‬
ֲ ‫י־הוָ ה ָצ ֵבא ֲהוָ ה ַמ ֵחא וְ ִד‬
ֲ ‫‏וְ ִד‬
And whomever he desired, he kept alive. And whomever he desired, he exalted. And
whomever he desired, he humbled.
‫‏ ְכּ ַען ַמ ְל ָכּא ְתּ ִקים ֱא ָס ָרא וְ ִת ְר ֻשׁם ְכּ ָת ָבא‬
Now, O King, set up a prohibition, and sign the writing.
‫ן־א ְריָ וָ ָתא‬
ַ ‫בוּתְך ִמ‬
ָ ָ‫‏ ַהיְ ִכל ְל ֵשׁיז‬
Is/Was he able to save you from the lions?
‫וּב ַא ְר ָעא ִדּי ֵשׁיזִ יב ְל ָדנִ יֵּ אל ִמן־יַ ד ַא ְריָ וָ ָתא‬
ְ ‫וּמ ִצּל וְ ָע ֵבד ָא ִתין וְ ִת ְמ ִהין ִבּ ְשׁ ַמיָּ א‬
ַ ‫‏ ְמ ֵשׁיזִ ב‬
He saves and delivers and performs signs and wonders in the heavens and on the earth, who
saved Daniel from the power of the lions.
‫יציא ַבּיְ ָתה ְדנָ ה ַעד יוֹם ְתּ ָל ָתה ִל ַירח ֲא ָדר‬
ִ ‫‏וְ ֵשׁ‬
And he (they) finished this house on the third day of the month of Adar.
44
Answer Key: Basics of Biblical Aramaic