the industrial vernacular La industria vernacular

Miles Lewis
the industrial vernacular
La industria vernacular
Universidad de Chile
November 2007
GLASS AND ARCHITECTURE
Vidrio y Arquitectura
crown glass / vidrio corona
sheet (or cylinder glass) /
vidrio laminado o de cilindro
plate glass / vidrio plano pulido
Crown glass: (left) a pane or table from Jerash, (centre) a plaster frame with the
edges of two panes, and (right) modern glass from Hebron, c 1930
Vidrio corona: (izq.) un cristal o mesa de Jerash, (centro), un soporte de yeso con los
bordes de dos cristales y, (der.) un vidrio moderno de Hebrón, c. 1930
D B Harden, 'Domestic Window Glass: Roman, Saxon and Medieval', in E M Jope [ed], Studies in Building
History (London 1961), plate V
crown glass from Jerash, Hebron, and (right) Sudan, C12th
Vidrio corona de Jerash, Hebron y, (der.) Sudán, s. XII
Harden, 'Domestic Window Glass', p 40
crown glass manufacture, C18th France: step A
fábrica de vidrio corona, S. XVIII, Francia: paso A
Diderot, Encyclopédie, sv 'Verrerie', pl 13
crown glass manufacture, C18th France: step B / Paso B
Diderot, Encyclopédie, sv 'Verrerie', pl 13
crown glass manufacture, C18th
France: step C / Paso C
Diderot, Encyclopédie, sv 'Verrerie', pl 13
manufacture of
crown glass:
Elaboración del vidrio corona
the table on
the end of the punty
La mesa al final del puntel
Raymond McGrath & A C Frost,
Glass in Architecture and
Decoration (2nd ed, London 1961
[1937]), p 75
the manufacture of sheet glass by Chance Brothers, c 1850
Elaboración de vidrio laminado por Chance Brothers, c. 1850
Jackdaw no 43, The Great Exhibition 1851
sheet glass
being reheated
and flattened
Vidrio laminado
siendo recalentado y
aplanado
Harden, 'Domestic Window
Glass', pp 41, 42
'In the Totomi Mountains', Japan, by K Hokusai
National Gallery of Victoria, NGV60160D
pit sawing
aserrado en
foso
E R K Harding
State Library of Victoria
Pit sawing
demonstration
Queensland
Demostración de
aserrado en foso
Queensland
Miles Lewis
pit sawing with a
frame saw,
Wiltshire, England
Aserrado en foso
con una sierra de
bastidor, Wiltshire,
Inglaterra
Creasey, Victorian and
Edwardian Country Life, pl
95
rip sawing with a frame saw or oga in Japan,
Calado con una sierra de bastidor u oga, en Japón
by Sanjuniban Shokudin Uta Awase, c 1500
Suntory Museum of Art
eighteenth century timber yard with frame saw
Aserradero de maderas, del s. XVIII con sierra de bastidor
Diderot, Encyclopédie, 'Menuiserie'
water-powered
sawmill, early
C13th, illustrated
by Villard de
Honnecourt
Sierra impulsada
por agua, de
comienzos del s.
XIII
Robert Mark [ed],
Architectural Technology up
to the Scientific Revolution
(Cambridge [Massachusetts]
1993), p 3
Crump & Grant's Bass River Saw Mills, Queensferry,
Westernport, Victoria
Aserraderos sobre el Río Bass, de Crump & Grant
Illustrated Australian News, 21 February 1877
Egan's Steam Saw Mills, Church Street and Bridge Road,
Richmond, Melbourne, 1859
C Mayes, The Victorian Contractors’ and Builders’ Price-Book (Melbourne
1859), p xliii
Nails / Clavos
trenails (wooden nails) / Estacas o espigas (clavos de
madera)
handmade or forged nails / clavos forjados o hechos a
mano
cut brads / clavos cortos o puntillas
patent pressed (Ewbank) nails / clavos a presión
patentados (Ewbank)
wire nails / clavos alambre de cabeza redonda
steel wire nails / clavos de acero
trenails at 'Old Wesleydale', Tasmania, c 1835
Estacas o Espigas en “Old Wesleydale”, Tasmania, c. 1835
Miles Lewis
various nails
Varios clavos
(A) rose with sharp point
de roseta con punta diamante
(B) rose with flat point
de roseta con punta plana
(C) clasp
(D) brad / puntilla
(E) clout
G L Sutcliffe, The Modern Carpenter,
Joiner and Cabinet-Maker
(8 vols, London, nd), IV, p 403
cut brads
puntillas
Modified version of Robert
Varman, 'The Nail as a Criterion
for the Dating of Building and
Building Sites', Papers in
Australian Historical
Archaeology
(Sydney 1987), p 37
two Ewbank nails
from 'Captain Bacchus's
Hut', Bacchus Marsh
Dos clavos Ewbank de la
“Cabaña del Capitán
Bacchus”
David Callow 1997
examples of
Ewbank nails
Ejemplos de
Clavos
Ewbank
Chris How collection
star brand
heads of Ewbank nails / cabezas de clavos Ewbank
Chris How collection
characteristics of the
Ewbank nail
Características del Clavo
Ewbank
rectangular shank
Vástago rectangular
sharp raised edge
Borde filoso en aumento
curved chisel point
Punta tallada en curva
pyramidal head
Cabeza piramidal
J J Cordes star brand from
1868
Marca de estrella J. J. Cordes
desde 1868
'American wire nails‘ / “Clavos alfiler de Estados Unidos” (1) 8d common / común; (2) 8d common
brad / puntilla común; (3) 8d flooring brad / puntilla para pisos; (4) 8d casing / puntilla o de
cajonero; (5) 8d finishing / agujuela; (6) 6d shingle / para tejas;
(7) 8d clinch / para remache; (8) 3d fine / fino; (9) 3d slating / para listones; (10) one-inch barbed
roofing nail / clavo estriado de una pulgada para cubiertas
Sutcliffe Modern Carpenter IV p 404
Bricks / bloques de ladrillo
Adobe / Adobe
handmade bricks / ladrillos hechos a mano
extruded bricks / ladrillos extruidos
pressed bricks / ladrillos prensados
downdraft kilns / hornos de corriente descendente
Hoffman kilns / hornos Hoffman
domed mud brick houses
at Abu Ghal Ghal, northern
Syria
casas con forma de domo,
hechas en ladrillo de barro,
norte de Siria
Miles Lewis.
domed houses at Harran,
southern Turkey
From South-Eastern Anatolia and the Gap
Region, no date.
flat plate adobes drying at Uragli, Turkey
adobes lisos secándose en Uragli, Turquía
Miles Lewis
the Arab village of Balaban, southern Turkey
Miles Lewis
block-shaped adobe of the Urartu culture, Tesheban citadel,
Armenia, 732 BC / Adobe con forma de ladrillo, cultura Urartu,
ciudadela de Tesheban, Armenia, 732 AC
Miles Lewis
the adobe-making ground at Ozbag, south-west Turkey,
showing equipment and raw materials
Lugar de elaboración de adobe en Ozbag, suroeste de Turquía,
mostrando equipamiento y materias primas
Miles Lewis
adobe making at Ozbag: mixing the mud and straw
Mezclando el barro y la paja
Miles Lewis
adobe making at
Ozbag
the mould
El molde
Miles Lewis
adobe-making at Ozbag: cleaning and moistening the mould
Limpiando y humedeciendo el molde
Miles Lewis
adobe making at Ozbag: filling the mould
Llenando el molde
Miles Lewis
adobe making at Ozbag: the filled moulds
Los moldes llenos
Miles Lewis
adobe making at Ozbag: discharging the mould
Vaciando el molde
Miles Lewis
adobe making at Ozbag: the formed bricks
Los ladrillos formados
Miles Lewis
adobe making at Ozbag: the drying ground
La superficie de secado
Miles Lewis
the Kurdish compromise / el compromiso Kurdo
Kurdish mud bricks at
Çavustepe village
Ladrillos de barro de
origen kurdo en el
pueblo de Çavustepe
Miles Lewis
Kurdish mud brick mould
at Yalindamlar
Ladrillo de barro kurdo,
moldeado en Yalindamlar
Miles Lewis
Kurdish wall construction at Uragli / Construcción kurda de un muro, en Uragli
Miles Lewis
baked brick
Ladrillos horneados
hand moulding
Moldeado a mano
tempering pits and pugmills
Fosos de templado y mezcladoras
Lake Cellat brickworks, Turkey / Fábrica de ladrillos en el Lago Cellat, Turquía
Miles Lewis
Lake Cellat brickworks: tempering pit & pugmill
Foso de templado y mezcladora
Miles Lewis
above: late nineteenth century
pugmill from Sheffield
Arriba: Mezcladora de fines del s. XIX
right: early nineteenth century
pugmill, Britain
derecha: mezcladora de inicios del s. XIX
John Woodforde, Bricks to Build a House
(London 1976), p 61
Edward Dobson, The Art of Making Bricks
and Tiles (2 parts, London 1850), I, p 15
Grinding / Molido
Chilean Mill / Molino Chileno, Cessnock
Brick & Pipe Works, NSW
Chilean mill / Molino Chileno, Four Mile
brickworks, Thornton, NSW
Wet Pan, style F / recipiente húmedo,
estilo F, by the American Clay Working
Machinery Co
Miles Lewis
American Clay Working Machinery Co (Bucyrus [Ohio]
no date [c1896]), p 157
brickmaker’s stool, 1850 / Herramientas del fabricante de ladrillos
(a) brick earth; (b) moulder’sand; (c) clot-moulder’s sand; (d) stock; (e) water tub;
(f) page; (g) pallets; (h) brick on pallet; (k) moulder’s place; (m) clot-moulder’s
place; (o) cuckold – for cutting off the ground earth as it comes from the pugmill
Dobson, Bricks and Tiles, II, p 16
brickmakers at work: lithograph of 1821
Woodforde, Bricks to Build a House, p 175
Lake Cellat brickworks, Turkey: moulding bench
Banco de moldeado
Miles Lewis
EXTRUSION / EXTRUSIÓN
'Archimidean Pipe, Brick and Tile Machine', patented by Alfred Cornwell of Brunswick, 1863, and a
similar machine published in 1872 / ”Tornillo de Arquímedes, Máquina para ladrillos y losetas”,
patentada por Alfred Cornwell de Brunswick 1863 y una similar, publicada en 1872
Victorian patent V646 (from the Commonwealth prints)
Town and Country Journal, 20 April 1872, p 492
Bulmer & Sharp's
extrusion brickmaking
machine, 1861
Máquina de extrusión
para hacer ladrillos, 1861
wire cutters at Gulson's
brickworks, Goulburn,
NSW
Cortadoras de alambres
en la fábrica de ladrillos
Gulson, Gouldburn, NSW
Woodforde, Bricks to Build a House, p 113
Miles Lewis
PRESSING / PRENSADO
second brickmaking machine by Edward Jones of Birmingham, patented 1835
Andrew Ure, Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures and Mines (London 1839), p 189
detail of a brick press at Gulson's Brickworks, Goulburn NSW
Detalle de un prensado de ladrillos
Miles Lewis
the roofing tile A
La teja A
hand made types / tipos hechos a mano
the crown or shingle tile / la teja plana
tegula & imbrex
the Flemish or pantile / la Flamenca o teja canalón
the Spanish or Cordoba tile / teja española o cordobesa
the tegula – [pl tegulae] - the flat or concave tile which covers the roof surface
Teja cóncava o plana que cubre la superficie del techo
the imbrex [pl imbrices] - the concave tile which protects the joint
Teja cóncava que proteje el encuentro de dos aguas
classical Greek roof tile types / Tipos clásicos de tejas griegas
J J Coulton, Greek Architects at Work (London 1977), p 56
Roman temple, Caravaca de la Cruz, Murcia, Spain, C2nd BC:
reconstruction of the terracotta tile roof and revetment
Reconstrucción del tejado de terracota y revestimiento
F B Yagüe, El Santuario Ibero-Romano de la Encarnacion, Caravaca de la Cruz, Murcia
[leaflet] (Caravaca de la Cruz [Murcia] 1995), no page
tile roof in Prague, Czech Republic / Tejado en Praga, Rep. Checa
Miles Lewis
roof tiles from the Forbidden City, Beijing, China
Tejas de la Ciudad Prohibida, Beijing, China
Miles Lewis
the pantile or
Flemish tile
Teja Flamenca o
canalón
roof at / techo en
Hinxton, England
generic drawings
Dibujos genéricos
Miles Lewis
R W Brunskill, Illustrated
Handbook of Vernacular
Architecture (London
1970), p 89
Spanish tiles / Tejas españolas
El Tajar tileworks, Guatemala: mould & forme
Fábrica de tejas El Tajar, Guatemala: molde y horma
Miles Lewis
El Tajar tileworks, Guatemala: filling the mould
Llenando el molde o gradilla
Miles Lewis
El Tajar tileworks, Guatemala: the filled mould
El molde lleno
Miles Lewis
El Tajar tileworks, Guatemala: transferrin the tile to the fourme
Transfiriendo la teja a la horma (corbeta o Galápago) que le da su forma curva
Miles Lewis
El Tajar tileworks, Guatemala: the drying ground
La superficie de secado
Miles Lewis
Chinese tile making
on a tub, Tiangono
Kaiway, 1637
Fabricación de tejas
en China mediante
un tubo, Tiangono
Kaiway, 1637
Guo Qinghua, 'Tile and Brick
Making in China: a Study of
the Yingzao Fashi',
Construction History, XVI
(2000), p 4
the roofing tile B
La teja B
pressed types / tipos prensados
Gilardoni
Muller
Martin Frères
SA des Tuileries, Marseille
Gilardoni roofing tiles
(Montchanin type,
bottom)
Tejas Gilardoni
(tipo Montchanin,
abajo)
Pierre Chabat, Dictionnaire des
Termes Employés dans la
Construction (Paris 1875), p 1423
tile with vent by Muller
Frères, Alsace, 1855
(shown at the Paris
Exposition)
Teja con ventilación,
por Muller Frères,
Alsacia, 1855
(mostrada en la
Exposición de París)
Civil Engineer and Architect's
Journal, XX, 277 (April 1857), p
112
the Marseille tile mystery
El misterio de la teja de Marsella
a roofing tile little known in France, outside Marseille
Un tipo de teja poco conocido en Francia, fuera de Marsella
hardly known in Britain or the United States
Fuertemente conocido en Gran Bretaña y Estados Unidos
extensively used in Turkey, India, Argentina, Australia
ampliamente usado en Turquía, India, Argentina, Australia
tiles exported from Marseille, 1860 (manufacturer not stated)
Tejas exportadas de Marsella, 1860 (fabricante no establecido)
Colonial Mining Journal, 4, September 1860, p 15
the first Marseille tile
roof in Australia
‘North Park’,
Melbourne, 1888-9
El primer techo con
tejas Marsella en
Australia
Miles Lewis
Guichard, Carvin & Cie tile / teja, from Marseille, ‘North Park’, 1889
David Callow
bee brand on the nose of a Guichard, Carvin & Cie tile
Marca de abeja en la nariz de una teja de la fábrica Guichard, Carvin & Cie
David Callow
turtle brand on Tuileries de la Méditerranée tiles, 1908 (‘Warra’), Victoria
Marca de tortuga en tejas de la Tuilleries de la Méditerranée
Miles Lewis
corrugation & galvanizing
Corrugado y galvanizado
the galvanizing patent wars of 1839-43
Las disputas por las patentes de galvanizado, de 1849-43
the galvanized tinned iron of Morewood & Rogers
El hierro galvanizado de Morewood y Rogers
the Morewood & Rogers tile
La teja Morewood y Rogers
the invention of structural corrugated iron
Richard Walker, patentee, 1830-1843
La invención del acero corrugado estructural. Patente de Richard Walker
1830-43
the combination with galvanizing / la combinación con galvanizado
gauge and pitch / calibre (espesor) y ancho de onda (paso)
the hook bolt / el tornillo de gancho
structural corrugation / corrugado estructural
roofing of galvanized iron sheeting with standing seams on wood rolls
Techado en planchas de hierro galvanizado, con juntas salientes en
troncos de madera
from Marshall Lefferts & Brother catalogue, New York, 1854
Diana Waite, 'Roofing Early America' in C E Peterson [ed], Building Early America
(Radnor [Pennsylvania] 1976), p 144
'Clarendon', Nile, Tasmania, 1838: roof of outbuildings, probably 1850s
Techo de edificios anexos, “Clarendon”, Nile, Tasmania, probablemente de los años 1850
Miles Lewis
brand of a Morewood & Rogers tile, on a house near Beechworth, Australia
Marca de una teja Morewood & Rogers, en una casa cerca a Beechworth
Miles Lewis
'Coryule' near Drysdale, by Charles Laing, 1849-50: the south elevation /
elevación sur
State Library of Victoria
‘Coryule’, north view / vista norte
Miles Lewis
Morewood &
Rogers's
corrugated
curving
machine
Máquina de
corrugado
Victorian patent no
77 to John Carter,
31 December 1857
physical characteristics of corrugated iron
Características físicas del hierro corrugado
Thomas's patent fittings for corrugated iron roofs, using hook bolts
Ensamble patentado por Thomas para techos de hierro, usando tornillos de
gancho
J E Sears [ed], The Architects Compendium and Catalogue (London 1907), p 289
Corrugated iron arched ceiling as
advertised in the Philadelphia
Architectural Iron Company's
catalogue, 1872, fig 7
Cielorraso con forma arqueada, en
hierro corrugado, como se aprecia en
el catálogo de la Architectural Iron
Co., 1872
Samuel Nickerson house, 40 East
Erie St, Chicago, by Burlington &
White house, 1883: iron vaulting in
rear corridor / bóveda de hierro en
pasillo trasero
D S Waite, Architectural Elements
(New York, no date [1972]), no page
Miles Lewis
the vernacular fights back
Las protecciones vernaculares
the Roussillon vault / la bóveda Roussillon
the Comte d’Espie
Rafael Guastavino
[Félix François] d'Espie, Maniere de Rendre Toutes Sortes d'Edifices
Incombustibles, &c (2nd ed, Paris 1776), plate 2, detail / plancha 2, detalle