Portfolio of Stills - Canada`s Siberian Expedition

Transcription

Canada’s Siberian Expedition
A Documentary Film by
Benjamin Isitt and Chris Kruger
PORTFOLIO OF STILL IMAGES
Topics
I. Why Siberia?
/2
II. Mobilization and Mutiny
/ 21
III. Life In Vladivostok
/ 43
IV. Up Country
/ 101
V. Evacuation
/ 135
VI. Location Scouting
/ 162
I. Why Siberia?
What brought 4,200 Canadians to Vladivostok during one of the
darkest moments in the city’s history? How did the social and
geopolitical impulses of the First World War and the Russian
Revolution culminate in the deployment of soldiers from Canada
and a dozen other Allied countries to the Russian Far East?
Credit: Sidney Rodger Collection, Beamsville, Ontario
Vladivostok’s Golden Horn Bay, 1918. The picturesque harbour filled with foreign
warships in the months following the November revolution. They lay at anchor
until the Vladivostok Soviet was toppled by Allied forces in June 1918.
2
I. Why Siberia?
Credit: Boris I. Mukhachev Collection, Vladivostok, Russia
Demonstration in support of overthrow of the Czar, Vladivostok, March 1917.
3
I. Why Siberia?
International Workers' Day demonstration, Vladivostok, 1 May 1917. The social
upheaval that had uprooted Czarism spread rapidly from Petrograd to the
Russian Far East over the course of 1917.
4
I. Why Siberia?
S.M. Goldbreicht, a Bolshevik military officer and first president of the Vladivostok
Soviet, c. March 1917.
5
I. Why Siberia?
Credit: Albert Rhys Williams, Through the Russian Revolution (New York: Boni and Liveright,
1921)
Vladimir Ilich Lenin, Bolshevik Party leader and Premier of Russia after the
November 1917 Revolution. An intellectual who had spent years in exile, Lenin
and his Marxist colleagues "studied revolution their whole lives," according to
professor Boris Kolonitskii of the St-Petersburg Institute of History. They won
over sections of the Russian masses with the slogans “Peace, Land, and Bread”
and “All Power to the Soviets.
6
I. Why Siberia?
1921)
White troops moving forward in Siberia. In the attempt to strangle the Soviets a
steel ring of bayonets, thousands of versts long, was thrown around Russia. The
White Russian armies emerged first in the Don River Valley in European Russia
and rapidly spread eastward through Siberia toward Vladivostok. An array of
former Czarist officials, backed by the Allies, formed local administrations that
they hoped would replace the renegade Bolshevik regime.
7
I. Why Siberia?
1921)
As American journalist Albert Rhys Williams wrote: "Chaos is necessary to the
birth of a new star, said Nietzche. Out of Russian chaos rose the powerful Red
Army — its emblem the five-pointed star, its commander Trotsky." Leon Trotsky,
an intellectual like Lenin who had been living in exile in New York prior to the
Revolution, was detained by British officials at Halifax in April 1917 and interned
for one month at a prison camp at Amherst, Nova Scotia. Six months later, after
sailing back to Russia, Trotsky served as chairman of the Military Revolutionary
Committee of the Petrograd Soviet when it toppled the Provisional Government
and capitulated the Bolsheviks into power.
8
I. Why Siberia?
Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Department of National Defence Collection
Pile of dead bodies with civilians looking on, after the Bolshevik seizure of
Irkutsk, Siberia, Russia, 18 December 1918. Photographs such as these were
widely circulated among the Allies as proof of Bolshevik atrocities and
justification for foreign intervention.
9
I. Why Siberia?
Credit: V.K. Arseniev State Museum of Primorsky Region, Vladivostok, Russia
Konstantin (Kostya) Sukhanov, future president of the Vladivostok Soviet (191718), then a university student in Petrograd where he joined the revolutionary
movement. Photo taken in St. Petersburg, c. 1911-1916.
10
I. Why Siberia?
Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection
Railway sorting yard, packed with ordnance and supplies, Vladivostok, c. 1918.
11
I. Why Siberia?
Credit: Eric Elkington Collection, Ladysmith, British Columbia
A Japanese warship moored on the wharf at Golden Horn Bay, Vladivostok, c.
1918.
12
I. Why Siberia?
Credit: Robert McNay Collection, Katrine, Ontario
British warship HMS Kent moored on the wharf at Golden Horn Bay, Vladivostok,
c. 1918.
13
I. Why Siberia?
1921), p. 256
The “Red Funeral” of Vladivostok, 4 July 1918. Coffins of longshore workers
(gruzshchiki), killed during the Allied-Czech coup that toppled the local Soviet
days earlier, are paraded through a crowd of 20,000 citizens.
14
I. Why Siberia?
Credit: United States Library of Congress
Painting depicting the landing of Japanese troops at Vladivostok, c. August 1918.
15
I. Why Siberia?
1921)
In the words of American journalist Albert Rhys Williams -- who was in
Vladivostok at the time: "Intervention in Russia begins -- the Allied armies crush
the Vladivostok Soviet. The Stars and Stripes, the French Tricolor, the Union
Jack, and the Rising Sun of Japan flying from the Czech Building."
16
I. Why Siberia?
Landing of Japanese General Otani Kikuzo, commander of Allied forces in the
Russian Far East, at Vladivostok, 11 August 1918.
17
I. Why Siberia?
Postcard of American Expeditionary Force marching down Svetlanskaya Street
the day of their landing at Vladivostok, August 1918.
18
I. Why Siberia?
Postcard of British troops landing at Vladivostok, August 1918.
19
I. Why Siberia?
Credit: Department of National Defence, Canadian Military Journal Collection
Canadian prime minister Sir Robert Borden joined by a young Sir Winston
Churchill, London, July 1918. It was at meetings of the Imperial War Cabinet in
the summer of 1918 where Canadian, British and other imperial leaders decided
to send troops to Siberia to intervene in Russia’s civil war.
20
The Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force was mobilized from every
province. Formed by federal Order-in-Council in August 1918, it consisted
of two infantry battalions in the 16th Canadian Infantry Brigade, as well as
machine gun, artillery, and engineering companies and smaller units of
bakers, butchers, medics, and other supporting troops. Two hundred
Mounties from the Royal North West Mounted Police deployed to
Vladivostok, along with 300 horses. One-third of Canada’s Siberian troops
were conscripts, compelled to serve under the Military Service Act 1917.
Their mobilization coincided with the Armistice that ended fighting on the
Western Front, as well as the Spanish Flu that ravaged civilian and soldier
populations across Canada and the globe. As the troops converged on
barracks at Victoria, New Westminster, and Coquitlam, BC, dissent
encouraged by local labour radicals erupted into mutiny.
Five riflemen from 'A' Company 259th Battalion, bayonets drawn, at the Niagara
Camp, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, c. October 1918.
21
Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Imperial Oil Collection, 1972-026, IC-31
"Troops at Petawawa: Canadian Troops Marching Off to Siberia,” original
drawing by C.W. Jefferys, 1918.
22
View from the Canadian Pacific Railway in the Rocky Mountains, October 1918.
It was on these Siberia-bound troop trains that the Spanish Flu reached
Canada’s west coast.
23
II. Mobilization and Mutiny and Mutiny
A Canadian soldier outside some wooden buildings in the mountains, British
Columbia, October 1918.
24
Credit: John Skuce, CSEF: Canada's Soldiers in Siberia 1918-1919 (Ottawa: Access to Historical
Publications, 1990)
Under canvas at Coquitlam, British Columbia, c. November 1918.
25
Canadian Signal Unit (CEFS), in Coquitlam, British Columbia before deploying to
Vladivostok, c. November 1918.
26
Canadian soldiers in their bunkroom, Queens Park, New Westminster, BC, c.
October 1918.
27
Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Dorothy I. Perrin Collection, e010752824
Major-Gen. C.W. Leckie inspects soldiers of the 259th Battalion at the Willows
Camp, Victoria, December 1918. As the Daily Times reported, “It may not have
been the best time of year for troops to have been quartered in VictoriaI The
latter part of their stay has been marked by an unusual amount of rain with an
attendant sea of mud at the Willows."
28
Major-Gen. C.W. Leckie inspects soldiers of the 259th Battalion at the Willows
Camp, Victoria, December 1918. As the Daily Times reported, “It may not have
been the best time of year for troops to have been quartered in VictoriaI The
latter part of their stay has been marked by an unusual amount of rain with an
attendant sea of mud at the Willows."
29
Credit :Viateur Beaulieu Family Collection, Cacouna, Quebec
“D” Company of the 259th Battalion (Canadian Rifles) at the Willows Camp,
Victoria, prior to their departure for Vladivostok, December 1918. This unit had
been mobilized from the Quebec City military district and emerged as the locus of
dissent. Several soldiers were later court-martialed in relation to the Victoria
mutiny of 21 December 1918.
30
Soldiers from the 259th Battalion on day leave in downtown Victoria, December
1918. Public gatherings had been banned by the city's health committee, in an
attempt to curb the influenza epidemic. Once the ban was lifted, soldiers make
full use of their leisure time.
31
French-Canadian conscripts of the 259th Battalion at a “Hands Off Russia” mass
meeting, Columbia Theatre, Victoria, 13 December 1918. Organized by the
Victoria Trades and Labor Counci, this unique dialogue between Quebecois
soldiers and British Columbia workers contributed to the mutiny of 21 December
1918.
32
Credit: British Columbia Archives, I-78248 / HP018921
Soldiers marching toward the SS Protesilaus at Victoria's Rithet's Wharf, 26
December 1918.
33
A Canadian soldier with two Russian women outside a shed, Rithet's Wharf,
Victoria, c. December 1918.
34
Credit: L.S.W. Cockburn Collection, Victoria, British Columbia
Major L.S.W. Cockburn and an unidentified woman and officer, preparing to
embark on the ship Protesilaus at Victoria's Rithet's Wharf, 26 December 1918.
35
Credit: British Columbia Archives, I-78247 / HP018920
Troopship SS Protesilaus prepares to leave Victoria, 26 December 1918. There
is no record of a disturbance along the lines of the Teesta's departure days
earlier. However, at sea, a soldier and a crewmember died in accidents and the
ship lost its port propeller after getting stuck in ice in the north Pacific.
36
Canadian soldiers on the deck of the SS Protesilaus, January 1919.
37
Japanese island of Hokkaido as seen from the deck of the SS Protesilaus,
January 1919.
38
A Canadian troopship, aided by a tugboat, pulls into Vladivostok's Golden Horn
Bay, c. January 1919.
39
A ship in the ice, Golden Horn Bay, Vladivostok, January 1919. The SS
Protesilaus had lost its port propeller in the frozen approaches to Vladivostok,
and had to be towed to Golden Horn Bay by a Japanese warship.
40
Canadian troops on board the SS Protesilaus, preparing to land at Vladivostok,
15 January 1919.
41
Most of the 4,200 Canadians never left Vladivostok, an unruly port city that
a Canadian Mountie described as “about 90 percent Bolshevik.” Lacking
authorization to proceed “Up Country” to the Siberian interior, the
Canadian troops “did nothing,” trying to keep busy with guard duty and
routine drill at their barracks, as well as an array of recreational pursuits –
hockey and soccer games, boxing matches, a large sports day, theatrical
shows, hikes on the seashore and surrounding forest, and the publication of
two brigade newspapers. The recollections and photographs of many of the
soldiers offer rich insight into the social life of the military force and
relations with Vladivostok’s civilian population, including a large number of
Manchurian and Korean residents and refugees from the interior. Soldiers’
recollections also reveal the dark side of military interventions in diverse
theatres of war – human suffering and the sex trade.
Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Raymond Gibson Collection, 1977-157, C-91766
Brigadier-General H.C. Bickford, second-in-command of the Siberian force,
disembarks with members of the 259th Battalion at Egersheld, Vladivostok, 15
January 1919.
42
Credit: Canadian War Museum, Beaverbrook Collection of War Art, 19710261-0325
Unloading Stores, Eggerscheld, original oil painting by Louis Keene, 1919.
43
Canadians Outside the Depot, Siberia, Russia, oil painting by Louis Keene, 1919.
War artists Louis Keene and A.Y. Jackson were attached to the CSEF, a
common practice in the day. Only Keene reached Vladivostok, as Jackson was
awaiting transport in Vancouver when further sailings were cancelled by the
Canadian government in February 1919.
44
Credit: Bryant Family Collection, Nanton, Alberta
View of the Canadian Ordnance shed at Egersheld, Vladivostok, as seen from
the deck of the SS Monteagle, 5 June 1919. As W.H. Byrant of RNWMP "B"
Squadron wrote: "All the munitions are now in charge of the British Mission who
are equipping the new Russian Army."
45
Credit: Neis Family Collection, Didsbury, Alberta
Postcard of Vladivistok, c. 1918. "Birds Eye View of Vladivostok" taken from
Tiger Hill. Showing view looking south toward Egersheld Wharf, with Russian
Island in background, Golden Horn Bay to the left, and Amursky Bay to the right.
46
Credit: Library and Archives Canada, War Diaries of the Force Headquarters (CEFS)
Vladivostok map, October 1918.
47
Vladivostok map, c. 1919.
48
Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection, 19980027-020 #10
Pushkinsky Theatre, Canadian force headquarters from 27 October 1918 to 5
June 1919. The eviction of the Vladivostok Cultural-Enlightenment Society, which
had occupied the stately building, fueled resentment among Vladivostok
businessmen, who organized a large protest meeting. The Canadians refused to
vacate the premises.
49
Canadian officers and a medical truck in front of the Pushkinsky Threatre,
Canadian force headquarters in Vladivostok, 1919.
50
Postcard of the street scene on Svetlanskaya Street, Vladivostok, c. 1919.
51
Svetlanskaya Street adorned with national flags and motor cars, Vladivostok, c.
spring 1919.
52
View of downtown Vladivostok, looking to the east, head of Golden Horn Bay in
right rear, c. summer 1918.
53
Gornostai Bay barracks, east of Vladivostok, 1919. The main body of the
Siberian force was quartered in these modern, Czarist-era quarters, build less
than a decade earlier in the wake of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.
54
Canadian barracks at Gornostai Bay, east of Vladivostok, 1919.
55
Credit: Hertzberg Family Collection, Ottawa, Ontario
"Gornostai Bay," drawing by C.S.L. Hertzberg, 15 April 1919.
56
Canadian barracks at Vtoraya Ryechka (Second River), north of Vladivostok,
1919. The officers of the RNWMP were quartered here, as well as White Russian
civilians displaced by the revolution in the Siberian interior.
57
Credit: Stephenson Family Collection, Burlington, Ontario
Canadian soldiers in Vladivostok's extensive military tunnel network, c. 1919.
58
RNWMP 16th Inf. Bdge. CEFS, showing a corporal in Vladivostok, c. 1919.
Charcoal drawing by Louis Keene.
59
Canadian soldiers at Gornostai barracks, 1919. According to one soldier, the
modern Czarist-era buildings were "better than anything we had in Canada."
60
A Canadian soldier outside the Gornostai Bay barracks, Vladivostok, c. 1919.
61
Canadian ordnance officers moving stores at Gornostai, outside Vladivostok, in
spring 1919.
62
Canadian supply officer and Manchurian labourers transporting firewood,
Gornostai Road, c. 1919.
63
Canadian officers in their quarters at Gornostai Bay, east of Vladivostok, 1919.
64
Canadian officers play cards in their mass at Gornostai Bay barracks, 1919.
65
Credit: L.S.W. Cockburn Collection, Victoria, British Columbia
Canadian and White Russian officers and civilians, Vladivostok, 1919. Major
L.S.W. Cockburn, of the Base Training Depot, is seated second from right.
66
Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Dorothy I. Perrin Collection
Allied soldiers and Russian civilians in a park, with gazebo in rear, Vladivostok,
Russia, February 1919.
67
Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection, Thomas Tubman album
Three women, probably White Russian, pose for the camera, Vladivostok, c.
1919.
68
Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection, 2005110-009 p3
A rare photograph of Nursing Matron Grace Eldrida Potter, the lone women in
Canada’s Siberian Expeditionary Force, taken in Vladivostok, c. 1919. Potter
sailed from Vancouver in November 1918 aboard the SS Monteagle, along with
her husband, Col. Jacob Leslie Potter. She served with the Canadian Red Cross
Mission in Siberia.
69
Credit: Hertzberg Family Collection, Ottawa, Ontario
"What No. 11 needs to make it a real Hospital," drawing by C.S.L. Hertzberg, c.
1919.
70
Canadian soldiers and Manchurian fishers at Gornostai Bay, 1919. The
Canadians seemed to interact more with Vladivostok's Manchurian and Korean
population (which totalled one-third of local inhabitants at the time) than with
European Russian, who were suspected of Bolshevik sympathies.
71
Manchurian men and a Canadian officer in a hut, Gornostai Bay, 1919.
72
Manchurian children outside their sod home, near Gornostai Bay barracks,
Vladivostok, c. 1919.
73
Manchurian man hauls large bundle on his back, Vladivostok, c. 1919.
74
Canadian soldiers and a Manchurian man outside a barrack building, probably
Gornostai, 1919.
75
Korean fishers near Gornostai Bay, outside Vladivostok, c. 1919.
76
Canadian soldiers and a child, at Gornostai Bay, near Vladivostok, c. 1919.
77
Russian boy with a guitar on a streetcorner, location unknown, c. 1919.
78
Two unidentified Russian girls, outside a building, location unknown, c. 1919.
79
Russian boys, note the one on right smoking a cigarette, Vladivostok, c. 1919.
80
Siberian Sapper newspaper, published by the 16th Field Company (Canadian
Engineers). One of two Canadian newspapers in Vladivostok in 1919.
81
Program for "Instrumental Concert" by Austrian-Hungarian Prisoners of War, First
River YMCA Hut, Vladivostok, 30 March 1919.
82
Baseball team organized by the Canadians in Vladivostok, 1919. Other
recreational pursuits included soccer, boxing, and hockey on frozen ponds.
83
Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection, 2005110-009 p23
Gymkhana sports day, Vladivostok, 1 May 1919. Organized by the Canadians for
the Allied contingents and White Russian dignitaries, the event concluded with a
Bolshevik assassination attempt on General Horvath's car.
84
Polo competition at the Gymkhana sport day, Vladivostok Exhibition grounds, 1
May 1919.
85
View of Gornostai Bay, near the Canadian barracks, about 15 kilometres east of
Vladivostok, 1919.
86
Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Collection, C-55396
Canadian soldiers, members of the RNWMP, relax in the woods, c. 1919.
87
Sidney Rodger and another soldier sitting on a horse-drawn cart (droshky) on a
Vladivostok lane, c. 1919.
88
A droshky (horse-drawn cart) carries Allied officers along Svetlanskaya,
Vladivostok’s main street, 1919. Both officers and enlisted men travelled
regularly from their barracks to the city centre.
89
Canadian soldiers ride the tram into Vladivostok, 1919. Lacking authorization to
proceed into the Siberian interior, most troops occupied themselves on routine
drill, guard duty, athletic pursuits, and day-leave in the city.
90
Russian Orthodox funeral procession on a street in Vladivostok, c. spring 1919.
91
Chinese Market, Vladivostok, c. 1919.
92
Horvath government "Kopek," White Russian currency, Vladivostok, 1919. A
dozen variations of scrip circulated in Vladivostok and the Russian Far East
during the Allied occupation and civil war. Trade in rubles had been banned in all
countries, in the effort to suffocate Bolshevism, with the exception of Russia,
China, and Japan.
93
Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection, 19980027-012 #25
A sex trade worker at Kopek Hill, Vladivostok, 1919. This seamy side of
Vladivostok, a feature of all theatres of war, contributed to one-quarter of all
hospital cases among the Canadians in 1918-1919.
94
Credit: Bryant Family Collection, Nanton, Alberta.
Sex trade workers at "Kopek Hill", Vladivostok, c. 1919. As RNWMP member
W.H. Bryant wrote: "There are girls who love anyone with the price."
95
Canadian hospital in Vladivostok, c. 1919.
96
Civilians and horses mingle in front of the Vladivostok central train station, c.
1919.
97
Dead bodies piled in "The Morgue," Vladivostok, c. spring 1919. Canadian and
other Allies soldiers would visit the building on a hill in a morbid form of
entertainment.
98
Credit: Canadian War Museum, George Metcalf Archival Collection, 2005110-009 p17
The Canadian ordnance shed at Egerscheld, Vladivostok, lay in ruins after a fire
in February 1919. Sixteen motor-lorries, shipped from Canada to Russia, were
destroyed.
99
Infantryman in Full Kit, Vladivostok, c. 1919, painting by Louis Keene.
100
IV. Up Country
Few of the Canadians ventured “Up Country,” to the Siberian interior,
where the White Russian forces of Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak battled the
Red Army in the Ural Mountains. Divisions amongst the Allies, political
tensions on the Canadian home front, and a growing “partisan” guerrilla
movement convinced the Canadian government against a troop movement
inland. In December 1918, an advance party of 55 Canadians had travelled
along the Trans-Siberian Railroad to Kolchak’s capital city, Omsk, serving
as administrative staff for 1500 British troops and preparing for the arrival
of the main body of the Canadian force. Smaller groups of Canadians
travelled the same route bringing supplies and munitions for Kolchak’s
armies. Closer to Vladivostok, 200 Canadians participated in the closest
thing to combat – the short-lived deployment to the town of Shkotovo to
repel a partisan advance that threatened the Allies’ coal supply. “Up
County” was an elusive place, a site of danger and mystery for the problemplagued Siberian Expedition.
Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Collection
View of train and passengers at Vladivostok railroad station, spring 1919.
101
IV. Up Country
Map showing disposition of forces as for October 31, 1918.
102
IV. Up Country
Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Raymond Gibson Collection, C-091761
Canadian soldiers boarding a train, Vladivostok, 1919.
103
IV. Up Country
Source: Stephenson Family Collection, Burlington, Ontario
Members of the Canadian Advance Party proceed “Up Country” to Omsk. The
promised reinforcements never arrived, as the Allies' failed to secure their line of
communication: the Trans-Siberian Railroad.
104
IV. Up Country
A train rounds the rugged shore of Lake Baikal, the world's deepest lake, eastern
Siberia, c. 1919.
105
IV. Up Country
View of Lake Baikal from the Trans-Siberian Railroad, 1919.
106
IV. Up Country
Town and hills as seen from a train in eastern Siberia, c. December 1918.
107
IV. Up Country
Labourers dig out the railway tracks after a heavy snowfall, Siberia, c. 1919.
108
IV. Up Country
Women and children clearing the snowy tracks, Primorsky Krai, 1919.
109
IV. Up Country
Two Russian children standing in front of a railway car adorned with the Union
Jack, Vladivostok, c. 1919.
110
IV. Up Country
Credit: Library and Archives Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Collection
View of railcar being derailed by partisan bomb, Trans-Siberian Railroad, spring
1919.
111
IV. Up Country
Bridge destroyed by Bolsheviks in the Siberian interior. Dozens of attacks like
this one in early 1919 paralyzed the Allies' line of communication and contributed
to the evacuation of Siberia. This photograph was taken by Pte. Edwin
Stephenson en route to Omsk.
112
IV. Up Country
Bridge destroyed by Bolsheviks in the Siberian interior. Dozens of attacks like
this one in early 1919 paralyzed the Allies' line of communication and contibuted
to the evacuation of Siberia. This photograph was taken by Pte. Edwin
Stephenson en route to Omsk.
113
IV. Up Country
Map of Europe & Northern Asia, 1918, showing movement and strength of Red,
White and Partisan forces.
114
IV. Up Country
V.K. Arseniev State Museum of Primorsky Region, Vladivostok, Russia
Admiral Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak, head of the White "All-Russian"
Government based at Omsk, ally of Canada, and former commander of the
Czar's Black Sea Fleet. Kolchak's government collapsed in autumn 1919 as the
Red Army swept across Siberia and he was captured, tried, and executed by the
pro-Bolshevik Political Centre at Irkutsk in February 1920. Photo taken in the Far
East of Russia, c. 1918-1919.
115
IV. Up Country
View down a main street in Omsk, capital city of Admiral Kolchak's White
Russian government, c. 1919.
116
IV. Up Country
Credit: John Ward, With the "Die-Hards" in Siberia (London: Cassell, 1920)
British troops stand for inspection before the Russian Orthodox Cathedral in
Omsk, c. February 1919.
117
IV. Up Country
British soldiers in the 1/9th "Hants" Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, on a route
march in 40-degree-below weather, Omsk, Siberia, 1919.
118
IV. Up Country
Credit: John Ward, With the "Die-Hards" in Siberia (London: Cassell, 1920)
British soldiers in front of the headquarters of Kolchak's Omsk Duma, c. February
1919.
119
IV. Up Country
Credit: Bryant Family Collection, Nanton, Alberta
Canadian soldiers, members of "B" Squadron RNWMP, stand with Russian
children in a shanty-town of dug-out homes, Omsk, Siberia, Russia, c. 1919.
120
IV. Up Country
Credit: www.transsib.ru
Damaged span of the Irtysh River bridge stuck in the ice, Omsk, c. January 1919.
121
IV. Up Country
Albert Rhys Williams, Through the Russian Revolution (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1921)
"One of the terrible Red Guards," wrote American journalist Albert Rhys Williams,
who was in Vladivostok when the Allies toppled the local Soviet. "I spent several
days with this band of 700 peasants fighting against the Whites 'For Land and
Freedom.'"
122
IV. Up Country
Sergey Lazo, partizan leader in Vladivostok and Primorsky Krai, c. 1919
123
IV. Up Country
Kim Pen Ha, commander of a company Korean partisans, operating around
Shkotovo, Primorski Territory, c. 1921-1922.
124
IV. Up Country
Do Lin Tsoy, commander of the Chinese partisan group. Passport photo taken in
Vladivostok, c. 1922.
125
IV. Up Country
Barracks and surrounding countryside at Shkotovo, looking south toward
Ussuriiski Bay, April 1919.
126
IV. Up Country
Allied officers and enlisted men prepare to depart for Shkotovo, from the
Vladivostok central railway station, 12 April 1919.
127
IV. Up Country
The inter-Allied force deployed to Shkotovo, April 1919. Two hundred
Canadians joined Japanese, Czechoslovak, Italian, and French troops to
repel a partisan attack that threatened the coal supply for Vladivostok and the
Trans-Siberian Railroad. When they reached the town, the partisans had
retreated and the Canadians were recalled to Vladivostok.
128
IV. Up Country
Canadian soldiers in a railway boxcar near Shkotovo, Russia, c. 12 April 1919.
129
IV. Up Country
Canadian soldiers unloading gear at Shkotovo, April 1919.
130
IV. Up Country
Canadian “Lewis Gun” team from "A" Company, 259th Btn, at Shkotovo, April
1919. Rfn. Sidney Rodger is in the centre of the photograph holding the gun.
131
IV. Up Country
Sidney Rodger in his infantryman's gear, 1919.
132
IV. Up Country
Sidney Rodger's diary from Shkotovo, recording a Proclamation issued by the
Partizan Detachments under the command of Gavrila Shevchenko, April 1919.
The proclamation declared "war to death" on the Allies, conveying the confidence
of the partizan forces and the vulnerability of the Allies in Vladivostok and the
countryside of Primorsky Krai.
133
IV. Up Country
Gavrila Matveevich Shevchenko, commander of partisan detachments in
Primorsky Krai (Russia's Maritime Province), c. 1920. Shevchenko commanded
the partisan operations against the Allies and White Russians in and around
Shotovo in April 1919.
134
V. Evacuation
The Canadians evacuated Vladivostok on four ships between May
and June 1919. Before leaving, a memorial stone was
commemorated at the Marine Cemetery, beside the graves of
fourteen soldiers who died in Vladivostok. One of these soldiers
was Private Edwin Stephenson, an Anglican priest in peacetime
who served as a medic with the advance party to Omsk.
Stephenson contracted small pox on his return to Vladivostok,
dying at the Second River Hospital a week before his ship was
scheduled to sail home. Back in British Columbia, two more
soldiers died while in quarantine at the William Head Quarantine
Station near Victoria. The Canadians returned to a country divided
along the lines of social class, as general strikes paralyzed
production from Victoria to Winnipeg to Amherst, Nova Scotia.
The story of the Siberian Expedition was quietly forgotten.
Canadian troopship at Egerscheld wharf, Vladivostok, 1919. A few kilometres
south of the city centre, near the mouth of Golden Horn Bay, Egerscheld was the
main docking facility and the site of the Canadian ordnance shed.
135
V. Evacuation
Canadian Pacific ocean liner SS Empress of Russia in Golden Horn Bay,
Vladivostok, May 1919.
136
V. Evacuation
Canadian chaplains Harold McClausland and Jacques Oliviere, joined by other
Canadian officers, at the dedication of the Canadian Memorial, Marine Cemetery,
Vladivostok, Russia, 1 June 1919. Fourteen Canadians are buried at the site.
137
V. Evacuation
Two Canadian officers stand beside recently prepared graves at the Canadian
and British plot in the Marine Cemetery outside of Vladivostok, 1 June 1919.
138
V. Evacuation
Edwin Stephenson, the day he was ordained as an Anglican Priest, Desboro,
Ontario, 26 May 1918.
139
V. Evacuation
Private Edwin Stephenson, Canadian Army Medical Corps, c. autumn 1918.
140
V. Evacuation
Private Edwin Stephenson at the Vladivostok Chinese market, prior to his death
from small pox.
141
V. Evacuation
Private Edwin Stephenson and an unidentified Canadian comrade, in Russia,
possibly Omsk, c. 1919.
142
V. Evacuation
Private Edwin Stephenson’s grave, Vladivostok Marine Cemetery, 1919.
143
V. Evacuation
Canadian and British graves at the Vladivostok Marine Cemetery, 1 June 1919.
144
V. Evacuation
Chaplan Harold McCausland dedicates the Canadian memorial at Vladivostok
Marine Cemetery, on the hilly Churkin peninsula outside the city, 1 June 1919.
Fourteen Canadians are buried at the site.
145
V. Evacuation
Canadian officers at the dedication of the Canadian Memorial, Vladivostok
Marine Cemetery, 1 June 1919. Brig-Gen H.C. Bickford, second in command of
the Canadian force, is standing in front of the group on the right.
146
V. Evacuation
Canadian officers at the dedication of the Canadian Memorial, Vladivostok
Marine Cemetery, 1 June 1919.
147
V. Evacuation
French soldiers stand at attention during the commemoration of the Allied plot at
the Vladivostok Marine Cemetery, 1 June 1919.
148
V. Evacuation
Canadian soldiers boarding the SS Empress of Russia for the journey home from
Vladivostok, 19 May 1919.
149
V. Evacuation
Canadian soldiers, officers and dignitaries embarking on the SS Monteagle,
Vladivostok, 5 June 1919.
150
V. Evacuation
Canadian soldiers aboard the SS Monteagle, leaving Vladivostok for Victoria, 5
June 1919.
151
V. Evacuation
Canadian soldiers aboard a ship, north Pacific ocean, c. May 1919.
152
V. Evacuation
Sidney Rodger (standing in back) and another Canadian soldier from the 259th
Battalion aboard a boat, North Pacific ocean, c. May 1919.
153
V. Evacuation
Captain Aleksandr Ragosin and Canadian officers on the deck of the SS
Empress of Russia, en route from Vladivostok to Victoria, May 1919.
154
V. Evacuation
Credit: Canada's Visual History
The Canadians returned to a country divided along the lines of social class, with
city’s from Victoria to Winnipeg to Amherst, Nova Scotia tied up in general strike.
Here we see a speaker addressing a working-class crowd at Victoria Park,
Winnipeg, c. May 1919. Every day during the city’s famous general strike,
workers would gather for a midday rally. According to many contemporary
observers, the city was atypically quiet and peaceful, as the strikers observed the
credo "do nothing."
155
V. Evacuation
Strike permit card, Winnipeg, May 1919. The appearance of these cards on
bread and milk trucks, and on the uniforms of city police, inflamed businessmen
and political leaders, fuelling accusations that the strike leaders were usurping
constituted authority and installing a Soviet form of government in Winnipeg.
156
V. Evacuation
Anti-OBU advertisement, published in the midst of the Winnipeg General Strike
as the OBU sunk roots among Canadian workers and sympathy strikes erupted
from Victoria to Amherst, Nova Scotia. c. May 1919.
157
V. Evacuation
An anti-strike rally organized by the Citizens Committee of 1000, linking the
general strike with Bolshevism and the "enemy alien." Winnipeg, c. May 1919.
158
V. Evacuation
Members of the RNWMP charge down Main Street in Winnipeg on horseback,
opening fire. Joined by regular Canadian soldiers in khaki, the authorities shot 50
strikers and killed two, breaking the back of the Winnipeg General Strike. "Bloody
Saturday," 21 June 1919.
159
V. Evacuation
The Canadian military occupies Winnipeg, Canada's third largest city, bringing an
end to one of the most forceful working-class challenges to the legitimacy of
employers and the state in Canadian history. "Bloody Saturday," 21 June 1919.
160
V. Evacuation
Credit: Saint-Épiphane 1870-1995 (Saint-Épiphane: Le Conseil de Pastorale, 1995)
Léonce Roy being recognized for his military service by Brigadier-General Paul
Triquet, Quebec, 1970. A fellow soldier in the 259th Battalion, Edgar Lebel, is
standing to Roy's right.
161
In preparation for on-location filming, detailed scouting has been
completed in Vladivostok and elsewhere in the Russian Far East
and Siberia. The following stills provide a feel for the locations
where new footage will be shot in the production phase.
Credit: Photograph by Benjamin Isitt
Canadian monument at the Vladivostok Marine Cemetery, 2008. Fourteen
Canadians are buried on this quiet hillside outside the city.
162
Allied war graves at the Marine Cemetery, Vladivostok, Russia. The Canadians
are buried alongside the graves of British, French, Czechoslovak, and Japanese
troops
163
Former Canadian barracks at Gornostai Bay (Shtovaya), east of Vladivostok.
164
Former Canadian quarters at the East Barracks, near the head of Golden Horn
Bay, Vladivostok.
165
Former Canadian barracks near Second River (Vtoraya Reitchka), Vladivostok.
166
Pushkinsky Theatre, headquarters of the Canadians in Vladivostok from 27
October 1918 to 5 June 1919. Today, the ornate building houses a music hall
and a museum dedicated to the Russian poet (and the building's namesake)
Pushkin.
167
Golden Horn Bay with Vladivostok's furnicular railroad in the foreground. The
bustling industrial and military harbour is surrounded by rugged hillsides. In the
words of the New York Times bureau chief, the port city has "the geography of
San Francisco and the mood of Dodge City."
168
View of Golden Horn Bay from Tiger Hill, Vladivostok.
169
Egersheld Wharf, where the Canadians landed in 1919 and their principal wharf
while stationed in Vladivostok.
170
Vladivostok central railway station, terminus of the world's longest railroad —
the Trans-Siberian.
171
Town of Shkotovo, fifty kilometres northeast of Vladivostok, where 200
Canadians were stationed in April 1919 as part of an inter-Allied force.
172
Coal train at Shkotovo, where Canadians participated in an the inter-Allied force
deployed to repel a partisan advance that threatened the Allies' coal supply on
the nearby Suchan River.
173
Former Canadian barracks at Shkotovo, 50 kilometres northeast of Vladivostok.
174
View up the valley from Shkotovo toward the village of Novorossiskaya, route of
the march of the 259th Battalion on 19 April 1919. The 200 soldiers marched 14
miles, only to find that the partisans had disappeared into the hills, sympomatic of
the irregular guerrilla tactics of the insurgents during the Russian Civil War. The
Canadians marched back to Shkotovo, all in one way, and soon returned to
Vladivostok and Canada.
175
Interpreter Vladimir Urasov makes an inquiry at the gates to the prison where
White Russian leader Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak was detained prior to his
execution in 1920. Irkutsk, Siberia.
176
Siberian town on the banks of the Selenga River near Lake Baikal. Roughly two
dozen Canadian trains travelled the 6000-kilometre distance from "Vlady" to
Omsk, relaying munitions and supplies for Kolchak's White Russian forces.
177
Former headquarters of Admiral Kolchak's White Russian government, Omsk,
Siberia. An advance party of 55 Canadians had travelled to Omsk, anticipating
that the main body of the force would follow, but the Canadian government
refused to permit a troop movement "up country."
178
Statue commemorating the red partisans in Novosibirsk, Siberia, Russia’s third
largest city.
179
Maxim Yakovenko, historian, in Vladivostok.
180
Historian Boris Mukhachev at the Institute of History, Russian Academy of
Science, Vladivostok.
181
Current resident of former Canadian barracks (officers' quarters #6) at Gornostai
Bay (Shtovaya), east of Vladivostok.
182
Students learning about the Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force at the Centre
for Canadian-American Studies, Institute of History and Philosophy, Far Eastern
National University, Vladivostok.
183
Historian Boris Kolonitskii at the St Petersburg Institute of History, Russian
Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russia.
184
Canadian war grave at William Head, outside Victoria, British Columbia. Two
soldiers, Pte. Richard Massey and Pte. Peter McMillan, fell ill with small pox on
the return crossing from Vladivostok and died at the Pacific Coast quarantine
station at William Head in early June 1919.
185
Credit: Photograph by Maxim Yakovenko
Historian Benjamin Isitt at the Canadian Memorial at the Marine Cemetery,
Vladivostok, Russia, 1 October 2009.
186

Portfolio of Stills - Canada`s Siberian Expedition

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