[email protected]

[email protected]
Presentation at PSI, Villigen
December 16, 2013
Largely drawn from the plenary given at MT23
The frontiers
• 
Physics at high energy
HL-LHC
•  The next step ?
• 
• 
• 
• 
Nuclear physics
Light sources and FEL
Thanks to those that allowed me to “steal”
their material, apologies to those whose
work I did not borrow from
Sources and acknowledgements as we go
Is it “the”
Higgs ?
Physics at high energy - 1
The LHC production so far
H-Day
The LHC production to come
Int.3lumi
1000.0
Halving3time
15
≈ 300 fb-1 by 2020
Shutdown
Shutdown
LS2
1.0
LS1
10.0
9
6
Halving3time3(years)
12
100.0
delive
re d
plann
ed
Integrated3Luminosity3[fbD1]
LS1: fix magets
interconnects and
overcome energy
limitation (LHC
incident of Sept
2008) as well as
R2E actions
LHC target is
3000 fb-1
LS2: overcome
intensity limitatios
in the injector
complex and LHC
collimators
3
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
0
2010
0.1
Upgrade needed by the 2020’s: HL-LHC
Luminosity forecast by courtesy of M. Lamont (CERN)
Dipoles D1 &
D2 in IP1/IP5
IR quadrupoles
in IP1 and IP5
MBW/MQW shields
and spares
Matching
section Q4
in IP1/IP5
SC links
Collimation units (11 T MB)
in IP2, possibly IP7/IP1/IP5
At 50, LTS’s have reached maturity
splendor
US-CDP
ITER
wires
HL-LHC
wires
Data by courtesy of J. Parrell (OST)
IR-quadrupoles: MQXF
Aperture
(mm)
150
Gradient
(T/m)
140
Current
(A)
17500
Temperature
(K)
1.9
Peak field
(T)
12.1
Shell-based support structure
(aka bladder-and-keys)
developed at LBNL for strain
sensitive material
HQ image by courtesy of H. Felice (LBNL)
Ten years of intense R&D
Subscale)
Quadrupole))
SQ)
0.3$m$long$
110$mm$bore$
200402006$
SQ02
TQS01
Technology)
Quadrupole))
TQS)4)TQC)
1$m$long$
90$mm$bore$
200602010$
Long)Quadrupole)LQS)
3.7$m$long$
90$mm$bore$
200702012$
High)Field)Quadrupole)HQ)
1$m$long$
120$mm$bore$
200802014$
Long)
Racetrack)
LRS)
3.6$m$long$
No$bore$
200602008$
LQS01
HQ01b-c
LRS01
LQS03
HQ01d-e
HQ02
Summary graphics by courtesy of G. Sabbi and H. Felice (LBNL)
HQ performance (120 mm, 170 T/m)
Apr 2013
Jul 2011
Jul 2012
1.9 K
4.2 K
Apr 2011
Oct 2010
Jun 2010
May 2010
170 T/m
Performance from G. Chlachidze, J. Di Marco (FNAL), X. Wang (LBNL)
LHC 11 T dipoles for collimators
11 T dipole twin aperture magnet
Cryo-unit design principle
5.5 m cryoma
gnet
5.5 m cryoma
11 T Nb3Sn
gnet
collimator
MB.B8R/L
MB.B11R
5.5 m Nb3Sn
1m
Collimator
5.5 m Nb3Sn
∫BdL = 119.2 Tm @ Inom = 11.85 kA
in series with MB with 20 % margin
/L
Four units to be
ready for installation
in LHC-LS2 (≈ 2018)
Most recent brainstorming…
11 T dipole design(s)
Aperture
Removable
pole loading
(mm)
60
Field
(T)
10.8
Current
(A)
11850
Temperature
(K)
1.9
Peak field
(T)
11.3
Integrated
pole loading
By courtesy of A. Zlobin (FNAL) and M. Karppinen (CERN)
11 T model program
• 
• 
• 
• 
Demonstrate the required performance (11.25 T at 11850 A)
Achieve accelerator field quality
Study in depth mechanics and manufacturing Next 2 years
Address specific issues such as quench protection
!
FNAL MBHSP02 ready for test
FNAL short model
CERN coil
CERN 54/61 practice coil
NOTE: virtual reality models
By courtesy of D. Mitchell, F. Nobrega (FNAL) and M. Karppinen (CERN)
11 T Performance
• 
Encouraging results !
• 
• 
• 
Bmax= 11.7 T (78% of expected
SSL at 1.9 K)
Improving field quality (reduced
sub-element diameter, cored
cable)
And there is more work to do:
• 
• 
• 
11850 A
4.2 K
MBHSP01
1.9 K
MBHSP02
Ramp-rate quench dependence
Holding current quenches
Geometric harmonics
Performance from G. Chlachidze, J. Di Marco, images E. Barzi (FNAL)
Much ado about wires …
PIT 192
Performance
JC (kA/mm2) Peak field
Cost
RRP 108/127
Practical wire
JC > 2.5 kA/mm2
Dfil < 30…40 µm
RRR > 150
2.5
PIT
3
3.5
4
50
100
1.5
2
RRP
Dfil (µm)
Magnetization
Field Quality
Stability
1
RRP 150/169
10
20
target
200
Dream wire
target performance:
JC > 3 kA/mm2
Dfil < 20 µm
RRR > 150
150
100
50
RRR (-)
Stability
Protection
… and cables !
QXF cables
Good cable
Bad cable ?
Roping
Local shearing
of sub-elements
Popped strands
What is a good cable ?
By courtesy of D. Dietderich (LBNL), A. Bonasia, L. Oberli, P. Ferracin (CERN)
Is “a” Higgs
the end of the
story ?
Physics at high energy – 2 (Hadrons)
From Rutherford …
E. Rutherford, called for “… a copious
supply of projectiles more energetic
than natural alpha and beta particles”
Address to the Royal Society, London, 1927
A.Brasch, F.Lange
F.Lang
What we require is an apparatus to give us a potential of the order
of 10 million volts which can be safely accommodated in a
reasonably sized room and operated by a few kilowatts of power […]
I see no reason why such a requirement cannot be made practical.
E. Rutherford, Opening of the High Tension Laboratory, 1927
… to Fermi
The Globatron
Energy: 5000 TeV
Cost: 170 BUSD(1954)
E. Fermi, Address to the American Physical Society January 29, 1954
The next step – hadron colliders
Geneva
PS
SPS
LHC
LHC
27 km, 8.33 T
14 TeV (c.o.m.)
HE-LHC
27 km, 20 T
33 TeV (c.o.m.)
VHE-LHC
80 km, 20 T
100 TeV (c.o.m.)
VHE-LHC
100 km, 16 T
100 TeV (c.o.m.)
High field dipoles
Record fields
US magnets
Practical
magnets
EU magnets
16 T
Flat racetracks
no bore
Data by courtesy of L. Rossi (CERN) and S. Caspi (LBNL)
The champagne bet
• 
The scotch bet, Tanenbaum
vs. Kunzler (1961):
• 
• 
• 
T would pay a bottle of scotch
to K for every 3 kG (0.3 T)
above 25 kG (2.5 T)
In exchange K would pay a
Beefeater martini to T for
every week the paper on …
was delayed
The first 10 T solenoid was
built by Kunzler’s group using
Nb3Sn (PIT), 25 bottles of
scotch, and 50 Beefeater
martinis later
• 
The champagne bet:
• 
A box of champagne (6
bottles) for every 0.5 T
above 10 T
16 T
A 16 T dipole (with two bores)
Camouflaged record magnets
McIntyre, 2005
D20: cos θ"
Van Oort, Scanlan, 1994
13.5 T
HD2: block"
13.5 T
J. van Nugteren, 2013
Todesco, 2013
Time for a genetic mutation !
D20 and HD2 “maquillage” by E. Todesco (CERN)
20 T: again a matter of conductors !
Je≈ 600 A/mm2
20+ T
16T
10 T
Data compilation and graphics by courtesy of P. Lee (ASC-NHMFL)
Ideas for 20 T
A 24 T LHC Tripler
P. McIntyre (TAMU)
A 20 T HE-LHC dipole
Stress managed
winding
E. Todesco, L. Rossi (CERN)
Nb3Sn
HTS
All options are based on an
LTS winding (outsert), and an
HTS field booster (insert)
Nb-Ti
Cost optimized, graded winding
Outserts for a 20 T dipole
LD1
FReSCa2
Edipo
Assembled structure
HD2
Tested March 2013
144 x 94 mm bore
12.5 T
Nb3Sn CICC
LD1
Al shell
Winding tests
140 x 100 mm bore
13…15 T
Nb3Sn Rutherford cable
100 mm bore, 13 T
By courtesy of P. Bruzzone (EPFL) G. de Rijk (CERN), G. Sabbi (LBNL)
Inserts for a 20 T dipole – present…
6 T HTS (YBCO) insert for
test in FReSCa2
(no bore)
BSCCO-2212 sub-scale coil program
5 T HTS magnet with
accelerator features
(40 mm bore)
5T
Roebel cable (YBCO)
19 T
Rutherford (BSCCO-2212)
By courtesy of A. Godeke (LBNL), J.M. Rey (CEA) G. de Rijk (CERN)
… and ideas for the future…
D.I. Meyer and R. Flasck, Nucl. Instr. Meth., 80, 339, 1970
CCT concept:
Superposition of two current layers whose
solenoid contribution cancels
Spare and ribs for a two
layer dipole
Ribs support for
the conductor
(e.g. fragile HTS)
Modest stress
range (80 MPa for 18 T)
Bend-able dipole
By courtesy of S. Caspi (LBNL)
… and more ideas for the future !
Crystallized blocks concept:
HTS cables are wound to orient with
the field and maximize operating
current density
Roebel cable winding
5 T dipole (insert) with 40 mm aperture
Crystallized blocks, by courtesy of J. van Nugteren (CERN)
There are
more things
in heaven
and earth,
Horatio…
Physics at high energy – 2 (Leptons)
A Muon collider (MAP of US-DOE)
From: R.B. Palmer, R. Fernow and J. Lederman, PAC, NY, 2011
• 
Muon collider parameters:
• 
• 
• 
• 
c.o.m. Energy: 1.5…3 TeV
Luminosity: 1…4 1034 1/cm2s
Max bending field: 10 T…14 T
Repetition rate: 12 Hz…15 Hz
Scale comparison at FNAL
Very significant
magnet challenges !
Graphics by FNAL
Capture and cooling solenoids
15 T
20 T
ITER CSMC outsert
Cooling field 30…50 T
90 mm bore
A case for HTS !
Capture field 20 T
15 T, ≈ 1.6 m SC outsert
5 T, ≈ 0.8 m NC insert
A case for HTS ?
By courtesy of H.G. Kirk (BNL) K. McDonald (Princeton University)
On high-field solenoids
High Magnetic Field Science and Its
Application in the United States:
Current Status and Future Directions
• 
Recommendations (selected)
• 
to provide support […] for the development of the nextgeneration of high-field magnets
planning for the next generation [NMR] instruments, likely
a 1.5 or 1.6 GHz [30 T] class system, should be
under way
a 40 T all superconducting magnet […] building
on recent advances in high temperature superconducting
magnet technology
a 60 T DC hybrid magnet should be designed and built
• 
• 
• 
• 
The 4.4 T REBCO
insert that reached
35.4 T at NHMFL 2012
• 
a wider bore 40 T superconducting DC magnet […] for
use in conjunction with neutron scattering facilities
a 20 T, wide bore (65 cm diameter) [MRI]
magnet suitable for large animal and human subject
research
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=18355
HEP magnets – a partial summary
• 
76 mm, 85 T/m
Two main missions for the
next 5 to 10 years
The 11 … 13 T range: build
and operate the first Nb3Sn
magnet in a running
accelerator
•  The 15 … 20 T range: break
the barrier and establish the
magnet concept for the next
generation colliders
• 
1966: Nb3Sn quadrupole
courtesy W.B. Sampson (BNL)
Block or cos-θ ?
Bologna city center
as pointed out to me by E. Todesco (CERN)"
ILC (International Linear Collider)
A bet from Japan
TDR June 2013
l
Main
Accelerator Test Facility
lin
Main
tron
c
e
l
e
ac
inac
s
tron
i
s
o
p
ping
m
a
D
rings
m
31 k
s
Advanced
studies
ILC Technical Design Report – May 2013
CLIC (Compact Linear Collider)
CTF3
The real challenge !
CLIC Conceptual Design Report – October 2012
Linear colliders demands
• 
500 GeV (c.o.m.) e--e+
collider
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
Sources of e- and e+
Damping rings (DR)
Transport lines (RTML)
11 km SCRF main linacs (ML)
Beam delivery system (BDS)
A few 1000’s dipoles and
quadrupoles in the DR’s and
and RTML systems
Some ≈ 570 SC quadrupoles
in the ML’s
636 magnets in the BDS,
alignment and positional
stability to the level of few
tens of nm
3 TeV (c.o.m.) e--e+ collider
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
Main beam and drive beam sources
Main beam damping rings (PDR,
DR)
Drive beam combiner rings (CR1,
CR2)
Transport lines (RTML)
21 km linacs (ML)
Beam delivery system (BDS)
About 70000 NC and PM
magnets
Final focus in the BDS
aligned to few tens of nm,
actively stabilized to the
level of 1 nm
Extreme accuracy and stability
G
(T/m)
200
Leff
(mm)
350…1850
aperture
(mm)
10
4020 CLIC MB quadrupoles
10 µm tolerance on pole faces
Dimensional tolerances and
alignment stability are
comparable to those of modern
synchrotron light sources
CLIC MB quadrupole prototype
Iron yoke quadrant
machined from a
single piece
Max-IV unit cell
CNC-milled to 20 µm
out of a single low-C
magnetic steel block
By courtesy of M. Modena (CERN)
Low power consumption
41848 CLIC DB quadrupoles
Adjustable SmCo PM
max heat load 150 W/m of tunnel
G
(T/m)
15…60
Leff
(mm)
241
aperture
(mm)
27.2
Interesting solution for
light sources
Maximum
gradient
60 T/m
Minimum
gradient
15 T/m
Prototype
magnet
Sirius, 3 GeV light source
adjustable 2 T dipole
By courtesy of B.J.A. Shepherd (STFC - Daresbury)
Compact final focus (QD0)
The high-gradient final focus must
leave space for the traversing beam
Hybrid compact magnets
G
(T/m)
460…575
Leff
(mm)
2730
aperture
(mm)
8
Short QD0 prototype magnet
8 mm bore
By courtesy of M. Modena and D. Tommasini (CERN)
A quadrupole hall-of-fame
Nb3Sn
Nb-Ti
Based on an initial compilation of J. Chavanne (ESRF)
LC magnets – a partial summary
• 
Main challenges for linear collider magnets:
Economic production of large series of very high
accuracy magnets (10 µm)
•  Low power consumption (temperature stability),
compact geometries (limited space available at the
final focus), reliability (power converters)
•  Very high alignment stability (1…10 nm)
• 
• 
These challenged are all shared with
synchrotron light sources, in order to achieve:
• 
• 
• 
Minimum beam emittance
Maximum orbit stability
Favourable economics
Luminosity/Brilliance
Nuclear Structure and Nuclear Astrophysics
Compressed Barionic Matter
Hadron Physics (QCD)
Fundamental Symmetries and Neutrinos
From
stars to
nuclei
Nuclear physics
0
SIS10
Demands from nuclear physics
• 
• 
Experiments on Nuclear Physics need beams of
primary and secondary particles consisting of
heavy, radioactive ions
The ions decay
rapidly, and are
often lost in the
accelerator
Rapid cycling
•  Radiation dose
•  Heat load
• 
FCM’s precursors
• 
Heavy Ion Storage
Ring at BNL (1985)
• 
• 
• 
No training
Excellent field quality, no
magnetization effects
Unprotected (?!?)
G. Danby, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol.
NS-32, No. 5, October 1985
• 
Nuclotron (1992)
• 
• 
• 
• 
Built from 1987 to 1992
Designed for acceleration of heavy
ion beams, up to 238U
Dipole magnets designed for 2 T at
4T/s (1 Hz repetition rate)
Achieved 2 T at ≈ 0.2 Hz in
operation
A. Sidorin, Status of the NUCLOTRON, Proceedings of RUPAC2012,
117, 2012
FAIR at GSI – SIS 100
• 
• 
• 
• 
Synchrotron for the acceleration of intense 238U28+ beams
up to 2.7 GeV/u and p+ beams up to 29 GeV
Fast pulsed dipoles, 2 T, 4 T/s (i.e. 1 Hz repetition rate)
based on an improved Nuclotron concept
Several prototypes tested
Pre-series started, construction in approximately 1 year
Cross section of first industrial prototype
Pre-series full-scale dipole
By courtesy of E. Fischer (GSI) and BNG
NICA at JINR (Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility)
NICA booster:
Dipole field 1.8 T
Ramp-rate 1.2 T/s
NICA collider:
Dipole field 1.8 T
Ramp-rate < 0.5 T/s
H. Khodzhibagiyan, Status of the Design and test of Superconducting Magnets for the NICA Project, Proceedings of RUPAC2012, 149, 2012
By courtesy of H. Khodzhibagiyan (JINR)
FAIR at GSI – SIS 300
• 
• 
• 
• 
Synchrotron for fully stripped 238U92+ beams up to 34 GeV/u
Planned for a later stage of the FAIR facility
Fast pulsed dipoles, 4.5 T, 1 T/s (≈0.1 Hz repetition rate)
based on a low-loss cos-θ design
Two prototypes tested
Disco_Rap full size prototype
UNK dipole
SIS-300 prototype
6.5 T
Train of ramps at 0.5 T/s
Single ramps to
6.5 T up to 1.2 T/s
By courtesy of P. Fabbricatore (INFN), S. Kozub (IHEP)
A FCM’s hall-of-fame
NOTE: latest achievements
(1PoCO-03) by H. Piekarz
(FNAL) not in the plot
superferric
1-layer" 2-layers"
cosθ"
Π=B
x dB/
dt
= 5…
8 T 2/s
The range of 2 T
to 3 T (hyperferric
magnets ?) is
uncharted
Competitive SC cycled magnets ?
SC magnet
h!
Resistive magnet
ρ=1.6 10-8 Ω m
B=2 T
dB/dt=4 T/s
Irms=Ipeak/√3
A superconducting, iron-dominated
magnet is competitive if the power
required per unit magnet length is
much less than 2…4 kW/m (at warm)
This corresponds to a heat load of 8 to
16 W/m at 4.2 K of (for a COP of 250)
Target 5 W/m at 4.2 K
Losses in FCM’s
All losses normalized
to an operating point
of 2 T and 4 T/s
5 W/m
target
Warm iron: higher efficiency
Flat-top field
(T)
1.8
Field ramp-rate
(T/s)
1.6
Good field region (mm2)
AC loss
(W/m)
Warm
iron
42 x 30
<2
Example of trains of nominal cycles
Nb-Ti coil
FCM demonstrator at CERN
Warm iron brings much improved energy-efficiency
Fast cycled magnets - summary
• 
Superconducting cycled magnets in the
range of 2 T bore field have the potential to
displace resistive magnet technology
• 
• 
• 
• 
Improved operational flexibility
better wall-plug efficiency (< 10 W/m)
Warm-iron/cold-coil, or the use of HTS could
give an unfair competitive advantage (< 5 W/m)
While the technology above 4 T is
established, the region of 3 T is uncharted
• 
• 
Hyper-ferric magnets ? Compact cos θ ?
Interesting for compact cycled machines/
cyclotrons
Ultimate
microscopes
Light sources and X-FELs
1st Generation
bending magnets
parasitic operation
2000
2010
EU X-FEL 17.5 GeV
FLASH
FERMI
SACLA
LCLS 14 GeV
ESRF 6 GeV
APS 7 GeV
Spring8 8 GeV
1990
ALS 1.9 GeV
Elettra 2 GeV
NSLS 2.5 GeV
BESSY 0.8 GeV
1980
Aladdin 1 GeV
KEK PF
LURE 800 MeV
SURF-II 250 MeV
ACO 540 MeV
NINA 5GeV
1970
Tantalus-I
F.R.Elder, et al.,
Radiation from
Electrons in a
Synchrotron, Phys.
Rev., 71(11),
829-830, 1947
1960
NBS-SURF
180 MeV
1950
Frascati 1.2 GeV
INS-SOR
DESY 6 GeV
Generations of light
2020
2nd Generation
3rd Generation
bending magnets
dedicated rings
insertion devices free electron lasers
wigglers/undulators
4th Generation
Demands from light sources
• 
• 
• 
• 
Decrease wavelength
(0.1 nm)
Increase brilliance
Produce fast pulses
(100 fs)
Limit emitted power
Requires small beam
emittance (pm x rad )
and stable orbit (< 1 µm)
•  Use insertion devices to
stimulate coherent
emission and lasing
• 
Image from DESY Photon Science archives
Insertion devices (undulators and wigglers)
K<<1 undulator
K>>1 wiggler
p!
Coherence and interference
Critical
energy
• 
• 
• 
• 
Broad spectrum
Emission
peaks
High energy rings: modest field B, short period p
Low energy rings: high field B, medium period p
Large number of periods to reinforce emission
peak, stimulate lasing: short period p
Accurate field and geometry
A brief course on insertion devices by Y. Papaphilippou (CERN)
LCLS (Linac Coherent Light Source) undulator
132 m long undulator (33 modules)
6 mm gap, 30 mm period (g/p=0.2)
NbFeB permanent magnets
Graphics and images property of SLAC
Superconducting options
Prototype ANKA wiggler
ANL SCU0 undulator
B=3 T, g=18 mm, p=51 mm
Nb-Ti coils
B=0.65 T, g=9.5 mm, p=16 mm
Nb-Ti coils
Prototype ANKA wiggler
B=4 T, g=18 mm, p=51 mm
Nb3Sn coils
YBCO etched stacked tapes
Prestemon, LBNL
Undulators/wigglers hall-of-fame
B≈A e-b g/p!
So, where
is the
frontier ?
Undulators and
wigglers
Dipoles
precision
and stability
Quadrupoles
The frontiers
Cycled
magnets
Acknowledgements:
P. Ferracin and A. Milanese (CERN) for the research work behind this summary
G. Chlachidze, J. Di Marco (FNAL), G. Sabbi, X. Wang (LBNL) for US-LARP material
L. Rossi (CERN) and S. Caspi (LBNL) for the high field dipole history and data
E. Todesco (CERN) for wisdom and J. van Nugteren (CERN) for impudence in the range of 15 o 20 T
K. McDonald (PU) R. Weggel (Particle Beam Lasers) for muon collider capture solenoid design details
P. Fabbricatore, G. Volpini (INFN) for DISCORAP test results
D. Larbalestier (ASC-NHMFL) for the implicarions of the NSF high-field program
D. Tommasini, M. Modena (CERN) for resistive and permanent magnet advances
Y. Papaphilippou (CERN) for an accelerated course on synchrotron radiation
F. Zimmermann (CERN) an inexhaustible source of ideas
The last frontier !
Beyond LHC, HE-LHC, VLHC,…
• 
The OLHC collaboration is proposing the
1 Mm = 1,000 km
next step:
1EeV = 1,000,000 TeV
How the heck do you bend that beam ?
Spoof, 2009
Plasmas and crystals
SLAC FFTB experiments on
plasma-beam interaction
Channeling in crystals
Crystal bending strength
equivalent to bending
field of 2000 T
S.A. Bogacz and D.B. Cline (1997)
Reported bending fields 5 … 100 T
and focusing strength 5 MT/m
S. Wang et al, Phys. Rev. Letters, 88, 13 (2002)
C, Joshi et al., Phys Plasmas, 9, 1845 (2002)
Effective field 16 T
W. Scandale et al, Phys.Rev.Lett. 102 (2009) 084801
I am indebted to F. Zimmermann (CERN) for finding these figures
Evolution of IR optics
LHC
Q1
20
30
MCBX
Q: 200 T/m
MCBX: 3.3 T 1.5 T m
D1: 1.8 T
26 T m
40
50
distance to IP (m)
20
30
Q3
Q2b
D1: 4.4 T
MCXB
MCXB
Q2a
70
40
80
33 T m
CP
Q1
60
Q: 120 T/m
Upgrade – Phase I
MQXC
120 T/m
120 mm
D1
DFB
MCBX
MCBX
The present IR
Q3
Q2b
Q2a
50
distance to IP (m)
60
D1
DFB
70
80
Upgrade – HL-LHC
1.2
6.8
20
30
Q2b
6.8
Q3
1.2
4.0
CP
4.0
MCBX
MQXF
140 T/m
150 mm
4.0
MCBX
4.0
Q2a
40
50
distance to IP (m)
60
D1
SM
6.7
2.2
MCBX
Q1
Q: 140 T/m
MCBX: 2.1 T 2.5/4.5 T m
D1: 5.2 T
35 T m
70
80
Final goal: 3000 fb-1 by 2030
levelled luminosity: 5 x 1034
virtual peak luminosity: 25 x 1034
pile up (average): 140
3 fb-1 per day
300 fb-1/year as «ultimate»
Full HL-LHC project
Improve performance
through consolidation
HL-LHC (main) magnet demands
Type
Q1,Q3
Single aperture
Q2
Material
Field/Gradient Aperture Length
(T)/(T/m)
(mm)
(m)
Nb3Sn
(12.1) 140
150
8
6.7
D1
Single aperture
Nb-Ti
5.2
150
6.7
D2
Twin aperture
Nb-Ti
3.5…5.0
95…105
7…10
Q4
Twin aperture
Nb-Ti
(5.9) 120
90
4.2
DS
11T
Twin aperture
Nb3Sn
10.8
60
11
Correctors and other (resistive) magnets not listed
Design and technology evolution
70
Aperture (optics)
A 10 mm W screen
reduces radiation
heat load and dose
to the SC magnets
90
120
150
Summary graphics by courtesy of P. Ferracin (CERN)
Nb-Ti – the workhorse
Many Nb-Ti magnets for HL-LHC !
D1
D2
D1
Aperture
(mm)
D2
Q4
150 ≈100
90
Field/Gradient (T)/(T/m)
5.2
≈5
120
Current
(kA)
11.0
≈10
16.2
Temperature
(K)
1.9
1.9
1.9
Peak field
(T)
6.1
≈6
5.9
Q4
Nested B1/A1
B3/A3
B4/A4
Muon collider magnets
Ring magnets
Bmax = 13 T
10 T collider dipole
0.5 kW/m heat load
Q1 Q2 Q3-Q5
B1
Open mid-plane, block design
Bmax
13.5 T
absorber
IR magnets
Magnet
type
Magnetic
length
(m)
Aperture Gop/Bop
(mm)
(T/m)/(T)
Bmax
(T)
Q1
1.5
80
250
12.8
Q2
1.7
110
187
13.2
Q3-Q5
1.7
160
130
13.5
B1
6
160
8
13.0
The same ball-park as HL-LHC Nb3Sn magnets
By courtesy of A. Zlobin (FNAL), 2011
More Advanced collider magnets
Open mid-plane 3TeV
Large bore 3TeV
Bmax = 13 T
Bmax = 15.8 T
IR magnets for a high energy µ collider (3 TeV c.o.m.) with
large aperture and a W shield in the magnet bore to shield
the coils and absorb the power due to muon decay
By courtesy of V. Kashikin (FNAL), 2012
Really Advanced collider magnets
Open mid-plane 3TeV
Bmax = 13 T
Large bore 3TeV
Bmax = 15.8 T
IR magnets for a µ Higgs factory (125 GeV c.o.m.) with very large W shields
6 layers design
Bmax = 16.3 T
Somehow, this seems a bit far in the future…
By courtesy of V. Kashikin (FNAL), 2012
What are role and properties
of the neutrino ?
Neutrino physics and the intensity frontier
Neutrino factories
A. Bross
Target (horn)
This
is the simplest
implementation
of the NF
And
DOES NOT
Require the
Development of
ANY
New Technology
Neutrino factories demands
• 
• 
• 
1 to 4 MW proton source
Target/capture/cooling/acceleration of muons to 1.5 GeV
NuFACT: Recirculating Linac (RL) and/or Fixed Field
Alternating Gradient (FFAG) for fast acceleration in the range
4 to 20 GeV
• 
• 
Muon mean lifetime is 2 µs
Large aperture combined FFAG arcs matched to FODO
lattice straight in a storage ring with muon decay leg(s)
200m straight section
50m arc
π
Large aperture FFAG magnets
B = 2.6 T
G = 18.6 T/m
Aperture = 173 mm
Combined functions
nested magnet
B = 2.7…4 T
G = 15.5…25 T/m
Aperture = 220…400 mm
Existing and future facilities
Fixed target:
L-limited by
detectors
Expected phase transition
20??
SIS-300 (FAIR)
2018
1027
SIS-100 (FAIR)
2017
1025
NICA (JINR)
2015
Colliders:
scale of L,
in cm-2s-1
Booster (JINR)
1023
ALICE
Nuclotron-M (JINR)
SPS (NA-49/61, CERN)
RHIC
(BNL)
AGS (BNL)
√SNN, GeV
SIS-18 (GSI)
1
2
4
6
8
10
10 декабря 2012(
20
40
60
80
102
for Au+Au
I сессия Совета по
(
By courtesy
ofТИ ФО
B.РАНSharkov
(FAIR)
81(
Other superferric magnets
Large gap S-FRS
spectrometer
1.6 T, 140x380 mm
4.3 K
A focussed Ramesh
Prototype S-FRS test
HTS-tape coil
Triplet quadrupole for FRIB
15 T/m, 220 mm
30… 50 K (HTS), 5 kW/m3
MRI
Isotopes
Compact
Compact
Reliable
Reliable
Reliable
SR light
and FEL’s
Science
Summary matrix
Compact
Ecpnomic
Reliable
Low-loss
conductors
NMR
Compact
Economic
Reliable
Compact
Reliable
Highfield
science
2…6 T, 4…1 T/s
Low-loss
conductors
20 T
Compact
machine
Gantriey
Fast cycled
magnets
High-field
High field
solenoids
2…4 T
Highfield
Large bore
FFAG
Advanced
undulators
High pole accuracy
(10 µm), alignment
and stability (1 nm)
Wigglers,
undulators
Electromagnet
technology
Stable
source
Compact, energy
efficient and stable
magnets
High-field
Permanent
magnet
technology
Highfield
15…20 T
High-field
HTS SC
magnet
technology
Highfield
10…15 T
Highfield
Particle physics
Neutrino
physics
Nuclear
physics
Nb3Sn SC
magnet
technology
Industry
Energy
therapy
Medicine