Niger - SSIG ZSL Survey 2004

Transcription

ZSL Conservation Report No.5
Sahelo-Saharan Interest Group (SSIG)
Wildlife surveys
Part 3: Termit & Tin Toumma, Niger
(February-March 2004)
Tim Wacher
John Newby
Bill Houston
Ed Spevak
Moussa Salaou Barmou
Abdou Malam Issa
Copyright:
© Zoological Society of London and contributors 2004
Published by:
The Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, NW1 4RY
Copyright:
© Zoological Society of London and contributors 2004.
All rights reserved. The use and reproduction of any part of this
publication is welcomed for non-commercial purposes only,
provided that the source is acknowledged.
ISSN:
1744-3997
Citation:
Wacher, T., Newby, J., Houston, W., Spevak, E., Barmou, M. & Issa
A. (2004). Sahelo–Saharan Interest Group Wildlife Surveys.
Tin Toumma & Termit (February–March 2004). ZSL Conservation
Report No. 5. London: The Zoological Society of London. iii + 70pp.
Key Words:
Niger, Termit, Addax, Dama gazelle, Scimitar-horned oryx,
Dorcas gazelle, bustards, Barbary Sheep, Cheetah, Sahelo-Saharan
Interest Group
Front cover:
Dama gazelle tracks in the Termit Massif. John Newby
Page layout:
Candice Chitolie
The Zoological Society of London (ZSL) was founded in 1826, and is an
international scientific, conservation and educational organisation. Our mission is
to achieve and promote the worldwide conservation of animals and their habitats.
ZSL runs London Zoo and Whipsnade Wild Animal Park, carries out scientific
research through the Institute of Zoology, and is actively involved in field
conservation through our international field conservation programmes.
The aim of this Conservation Report series is to inform people of the work that ZSL
and its partners do in field conservation. Results of work carried out in field projects
are often only reported in unpublished technical reports. This series seeks to bring
this grey literature into a more accessible form to help guide conservation
management and inform policy. The main intention is to report on particular
achievements, especially where lessons learnt form the field can benefit other
conservation professionals. The results of field surveys will also be disseminated
through this series.
The primary audience for these reports is ZSL's conservation partners. These
include government departments, private sector actors and conservation
organisations. In some cases this type of report will also be useful for local
communities. This series will be published in English and other languages as
appropriate. Because only a limited number of hard copies will be produced,
electronic versions of all these reports will be available through the ZSL library.
(https://library.zsl.org)
Sahelo-Saharan Interest Group (SSIG)
Wildlife surveys
Part 3: Tin Toumma and Termit
(February-March 2002)
Tim Wacher
John Newby
Bill Houston
Ed Spevak
Moussa Salaou Barmou
Abdou Malam Issa
The Sahelo-Saharan Interest Group (SSIG) is a network of individuals and
organisations committed to conserving wildlife and habitat in the Sahelian
grasslands and Sahara desert of Africa.
Sahara Conservation Fund
The Sahara Conservation Fund (SCF) is an international, nonMission
governmental organization committed to conserving the wildlife of the Sahara and
bordering Sahelian grasslands.
Vision A Sahelo-Saharan region that is well conserved and managed, where
ecological processes function naturally, species exist in self-supporting numbers
across their historical range, and support for conservation is derived from
stakeholders across all sectors of society.
What SCF Does SCF forges partnerships between governments, the world zoo
community, non-governmental organizations, foundations and aid agencies. These
partnerships form a powerful network with a common goal—the conservation of
deserts and their unique natural and cultural heritage. People working together to
share their commitment, skills, knowledge, experience and resources can conserve
intact and productive desert ecosystems. Working with specialists and agencies
worldwide, SCF uses sound science to address conservation problems and to
develop public policies designed to protect and manage desert ecosystems. SCF
focuses on training the next generation of wildlife managers, with the ultimate aim
of sustaining desert wildlife and the critical habitats they require.
SPONSORS AND CONTRIBUTORS
■
The Saint Louis Zoological Park
■
The Zoological Society of London
■
The Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Gardens
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The Hanover Zoo
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The Living Desert
■
The Smithsonian Institution
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Disney’s Animal Kingdom
Nigerien Collaborators
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Ministère de l’Hydraulique, de l’Environnement et de la Lutte contre la
Désertification
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Direction de la Faune, de la Pêche et de la Pisciculture (DFPP)
Expedition Outfitter
■
Piero Ràva, Société de Voyages Sahariens (SVS)
SSIG Wildlife Survey, Termit & Tin Toumma 2004
i
SSIG TERMIT SURVEY TEAM 2004
© Bill Houston
SSIG/DFPP Termit and
Tin Toumma Survey Team,
February 2004.
Back row left to right:
Ed Spevak, Ichaou Saleh
Mohammed, Bill Houston,
Abdou Malam Issa, Wan
Tadjikoutt, Tim Wacher,
Fiorenzo Lo Giusto;
Front row left to right:
Piero Rava, Yaou Zakari
Gountou, Moussa Salaou
Barmou, John Newby
Scientific team
■
Tim Wacher, Conservation Programmes, Zoological Society of London,
Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY
■
John Newby, Sahara Conservation Fund, c/o CRC, Front Royal, Virginia, USA
■
Bill Houston, Assistant General Curator, Saint Louis Zoo, St Louis, USA.
■
Ed Spevak, Mammal Conservation Program Manager, Cincinnati Zoo &
Botanical Garden, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinatti, OH 45220, USA.
■
Abdou Malam Issa, Coordinateur National pour la CMS.
■
Moussa Salaou Barmou, Coordinateur National du Projet Antilopes SahéloSahariens (ASS)
Logistics Team
■
ii
Piero Ràva, Yaou Zakari Gountou, Ichaou Saleh Mohammed, Wan Tadjikoutt,
Fiorenzo Lo Giusto
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Sponsors and Contributors
Nigerien Collaborators
Expedition Outfitter
SSIG Termit Survey Team 2004
Contents
Summary
1. Introduction and Background
1.1 Special importance of Termit and Tin Toumma
1.2 Mission context and objectives
2. Methods
2.1 Transect survey planning
2.2 Organisation of results and sample effort
2.3 Training and data management
3. Meteorology
3.1 Results
3.2 Weather conditions and wildlife observations
4. Vegetation
4.1 Comparison of survey sectors in 2004
4.2 Comparison of 2002 & 2004
4.3 Vegetation distribution in Tin Toumma
5. Mammals
5.1 Scimitar-horned oryx
5.2 Addax
5.3 Dorcas
5.4 Dama gazelle
5.5 Barbary sheep
5.6 Cheetah
5.7 Smaller predators
6. Other wildlife
6.1 Sudan bustard
6.2 Nubian bustard
6.3 Lappet-faced vulture
6.4 Ostrich
6.5 Other birds
6.6 African Spurred Tortoise
7. Human activities and livestock
7.1 Resident population
7.2 Livestock
7.3 Hunting
8. Recommendations
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9. References
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I Termit wildlife: IUCN Red Data List conservation assessments
Annex
Annex II Acronyms used in this report
Annex III SSIG contacts in Niger during the field survey
Annex IV SSIG Itinerary in Niger
Annex V Survey field protocol for data collection
Annex VI Maps and Gazetteer
Annex VII Meteorological records
Annex VIII Addax and camel population estimates, Tin Toumma
Annex IX Barbary sheep samples
Annex X Camera trap data
Annex XI Bird observations, Termit and Tin Toumma survey
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SUMMARY
1
■
In support of renewed interest in conservation of Sahelo-Saharan landscapes
and fauna (UNEP/CMS 1998, 1999) and identification of the Termit/Tin Toumma
region in eastern Niger as an area of critical importance to this objective
(DFPP/WWF 2001,SSIG 2002, IRD/MNHN/SZP, CMS/FFEM/ASS with SOS Faune
du Niger 2003), SSIG conducted a systematic ground survey to map addax,
resource distribution and wildlife conservation status in this zone in
February–March 2004.
■
The purpose of this report is to present objectives and results of the survey;
provide a practical baseline and reference document to aid future assessment of
changes in the conservation status of an array of threatened Sahelo-Saharan
species associated with the region, and simultaneously provide documentation
supporting the unique importance of Termit/Tin Toumma to Sahelo-Saharan
conservation.
■
Objectives of the survey, conducted at the invitation of DFPP and in support of
the CMS/FFEM/ASS project, were to carry out the first systematic ground
survey of Tin Toumma (for addax), assess the conservation status of other
threatened species in Termit (dama, Barbary sheep, cheetah) and provide
practical on-site training to DFPP participants.
■
The methods of the survey were based on previous SSIG experience in the
Sahelo-Saharan region, using systematic transect and reconnaissance
components, and nocturnal camera trapping. Field meteorological data is used
to investigate effect of wind on visibility; visual assessment of vegetation is
used to map major plant species distribution and investigate relationship to
wildlife distribution and dune structure.
■
Wildlife observations are presented in detail for the principle species
encountered. Addax, cheetah, dama, dorcas, Barbary sheep, pale fox, spurred
tortoise and lappet-faced vulture are among the Red Data List species
documented. Baseline indices of relative abundance (sightings / km, tracks and
signs / km, mapped by half degree square and 0.1 degree square grid units), are
emphasised for future comparison. A limited number of addax sightings is
used to suggest a minimum population estimate of at least 90-100 animals in
the Tin Toumma sands, based on analysis of a systematic transect survey.
■
All human activity and land use encountered is documented. Although socioeconomic assessment was not a focus of this survey, the critical dependence
of the small resident Tubu population in the Termit Massif on a healthy natural
resource base is noted. Relatively high livestock grazing rates in the Sahelian
zones south of Termit are compared with low-density camel grazing in the
addax habitats. Relatively low human and livestock use indices in the northern
half of the Termit Massif are compared with higher rates in the south,
providing a point for management options and further investigation in
urgently required socio-economic studies. All observations of hunting activity
recorded over two SSIG surveys (2002 & 2004) are collated, indicating that
hunting continues to take place in all parts of the Termit/Tin Toumma system
and continues to pose a threat.
Recommendations are given for a conservation strategy for Termit/Tin Toumma
and for specific areas of follow up field work in support of this: 1) establish a
Termit/Tin Toumma protected area; 2) improve integration and management of
wildlife protection and hunting, in particular 3) clarify the currently ambiguous
delimitation of ecologically appropriate hunting areas; 4) investigate options for
wildlife reintroduction 5) integrate conservation activity with development of the
local population. Further field work on the socio-economic status and
aspirations of the resident population, and a full stakeholder analysis for all
users of the region are priority actions on the ground. A capacity building
programme for assessing the impact of policy development by monitoring the
wildlife resource using simple repeatable fixed effort sampling developed from
the work initiated here, will also be needed.
© Bill Houston
■
2
1. INTRODUCTION
AND
BACKGROUND
The conservation status of Sahelo-Saharan wildlife, and north Africa’s arid–land
adapted antelopes in particular, is a subject of significant international conservation
concern (UNEP/CMS 1998, Ankouz et al. 2003, and see Annex I). The rapid
disappearance of Sahelo-Saharan fauna in modern times has been consistently flagged
by conservationists since the 1970s and 1980s (Merz. in litt. 1974, Newby, 1978, Newby
& Jones 1979, Newby 1980, 1981, 1988, Dragesco-Joffe 1993). Efforts to reverse the
trend have included detailed field studies (IUCN 1986, 1989, 1992) and establishment of
large protected areas (Giazzi 1996). Options for in situ captive breeding and
reintroduction have also been investigated (Dixon and Newby 1989, Sausman & Correll
1994, Newby 1998). In support, the captive breeding community continues to sustain
and expand efforts to manage significant representative populations of these species
ex situ (Engel & Brunsing 1999, Gilbert 2004, Gilbert & Woodfine 2004, Gilbert in prep.).
But in the field progress in conserving these valuable species has been hampered by a
complex mix of logistical, financial and political developments. Sadly the Scimitar-horned
oryx, largest of all the species involved, has been declared extinct in the wild within the
previous ten years (Mallon and Kingswood 2001) and the other large species have all
edged closer to that fate (see Appendix I). But interest has remained undiminished, most
importantly expressed in the draft action plan for Sahelo-Saharan antelopes supported by
a full meeting of range state representatives under the umbrella of the UNEP/CMS at
Djerba, Tunisia in 1998 and subsequent documents (UNEP/CMS 1998, Beudels-Jamar,
Devilliers et al. 1999, Beudels-Jamar and Devilliers 1999, 'Ankouz, Müller-Helmbrecht et al. 2003).
In part under the renewed impetus generated by these developments, the SaheloSaharan Interest Group (SSIG), a network of experts and institutions committed to the
conservation of aridlands wildlife and the implementation of the Djerba Action Plan,
has been active in updating current information about the actual status of Saharan
wildlife (Montfort, Newby et al. 2004, Newby, Wacher et al, 2004, Wacher, Newby et al.
2004). In further support of the ongoing CMS/FFEM Antilopes Sahélo-Sahariens (ASS)
project, the SSIG, in collaboration with the Direction de la Faune, de la Pêche et de la
Pisciculture (DFPP) of Niger, undertook new survey work in the area of Termit and Tin
Toumma from the 13th February to the 9th of March, 2004.
1.1 Special importance of Termit and Tin Toumma
Recent surveys carried out by DFPP, SSIG, IRD/SZP/MNHN, SOS Faune du Niger and
CMS/FFEM of the Termit Massif and the neighbouring Tin Toumma desert have
established that this area is probably the most important remaining refuge for wildlife
in the entire southern Sahara (Ama, Mouddour et al. 1988, Seydou 2001, Claro &
Sissler 2002, Newby, Wacher et al. 2004, Ascani pers. comm., Greth & Chardonnet
2004a, 2004b) (see Annex II for a full list of acronyms). The location of Termit/Tin
Toumma, together with some of the region’s key features are presented in Fig. 1.1.
The surveys have shown that a core group of the Sahara’s largest and most charismatic
mammals, birds and reptiles are still present at Termit. They are listed along with their
IUCN 2004 Red Data List conservation status assessments in Annex I, confirming that
all the largest species of this system are at known risk. The presence of so many
severely threatened and uniquely adapted desert species together at one place is
exceptional. The specialist desert biodiversity represented at Termit constitutes a
resource critical to maintaining the future ecological well-being of a harsh but very
large region. The endangered Sahelo-Saharan mega-fauna deserves conservation in
its own right. It also offers options to enhance economic activity in an environment
where options of any kind are naturally few. In the long term, Termit, with its existing
indigenous fauna and flora well protected and managed, could offer spectacular desert
scenery and wildlife tourism, sustainable subsistence hunting in support of traditional
communities locally, and perhaps include managed tourist hunting in the vicinity. This
would represent a unique achievement for Niger in the Sahelo-Saharan region. If this
fauna is lost, however, these potential benefits, which are not believed to be competing
with any urgent or persuasive economic alternative, would simply disappear.
3
Termit Location
Fig. 1.1a The Termit and Tin Toumma survey area is located in eastern Niger at the
interface of the Saharan and Sahelian ecosystems. It is remote, lying over 1000 km from
the capital, Niamey. The route of the SSIG/DFPP survey to the Termit Massif and Tin Toumma,
February–March 2004, is indicated.
Human Population
© Tim Wacher
Fig. 1.1b The Termit area currently supports a small
community of semi-nomadic Tubu, who lead a
lifestyle heavily dependent on the well-being of
natural resources. Local land use focuses on
livestock grazing with some subsistence hunting.
The area also attracts interest from recreational
hunters from outside Niger (see section 7). In the
past, the few hand-drawn wells have been important
stops for large camel caravans trading salt and other
goods across the Sahara. Intermittent trading activity
across the Sahara, utilising various forms of
transport, persists in the region to this day.
VULNERABLE
ENDANGERED
© DM Jones/ZSL
VULNERABLE
EXTINCT
IN THE WILD
© John Newby
CRITICALLY
ENDANGERED
© ZSL
© DM Jones/ZSL
© John Newby
© John Newby
Threatened Natural Resources
Fig. 1.1c Termit/Tin Toumma is also a last refuge for some of Africa's most threatened and
important large desert animals, supports important tree and plant communities and is one
of the richest places known for endangered Sahelo-Saharan wildlife anywhere. See Annex I
for a summary of Red Listed Termit wildlife and IUCN conservation status assessments.
4
1.2
Mission Context and Objectives
The SSIG mission took place in the context of an invitation from DFPP and in full coordination with the CMS/FFEM/ASS project.
■
A pre-mission meeting was held with the Director of DFPP, Mr. Ali Harouna, and
his staff in Niamey.
■
The two Nigerien DFPP staff members participating in the field survey,
Mr. Abdou Malam Issa and Mr. Moussa Salaou Barmou, were at the time
respectively the national point persons and coordinators for the CMS and the
CMS/FFEM/ASS project in Niger.
Other contacts in Niger
■
SSIG is particularly grateful to Mr. John Davison, DCM of the US Embassy in
Niger, for hosting a very well attended reception to mark the occasion of the
SSIG mission. This provided an excellent environment to present the objectives
of the mission to a wide range of contacts, including government, diplomatic,
aid agency, NGO and business interests. A full list of SSIG contacts in Niger is
supplied in Annex III.
■
On return from the field the team held further de-briefing meetings with the
Director of DFPP and his staff, as well as a larger session organised by DFPP that
included a variety of interested parties (US Embassy, Honorary British Consul,
EU, SOS Faune du Niger) and the local press.
■
The Director of DFPP also facilitated a debriefing meeting with Mr. Chaïbou
Mamane, Secretary of State for the Environment.
■
The SSIG team appreciated an invitation to dinner with representatives of
ROSELT and ‘SOS Faune du Niger’, the local NGO most actively concerned with
promotion of conservation in Termit.
The main objectives of the mission were three-fold
1.
To carry out the first systematic survey of some 8,000 km2 of addax habitat in the
Tin Toumma region lying to the immediate east of the Termit massif;
2.
To survey a selection of mountain wadis and watersheds to assess the conservation
status of relict dama gazelle, cheetah and Barbary sheep populations;
3.
To provide practical, on site training to DFPP scientists in wildlife survey and
censusing techniques.
Itinerary
The itinerary of the mission is supplied in Annex IV.
5
2. METHODS
The general methodology used for this survey is based on a combination of the
reconnaissance methods used by SSIG in Chad 2001 and Niger 2002 (Montfort, Newby
et al. 2004, Newby, Wacher et al. 2004), and in the Tamesna area of Mali 2002
(Lamarque & Stahl 2002). The protocol document prepared from these sources in
advance of the present survey is given in Annex V. All observations are collected on
GPS locations in pre-determined categories of interest (habitat, human activity,
livestock, wildlife). A fixed c. 5km interval was used throughout the survey, to set the
‘unpredictable’ categories of wildlife and human related activities within a framework
of systematically recorded information about habitat and vegetation condition. An
additional feature introduced on the current survey was systematic recording of
meteorological data in the field, covered in detail in Section 3.
Unlike SSIG 2001 & 2002 reconnaissance surveys, the current survey was organised
into both reconnaissance and systematic components, with a series of transects
planned to cover the focal area of interest for addax. The Tin Toumma sands were
identified on the basis of recent addax sightings made during the previous
reconnaissance surveys (particularly SSIG February 2002, IRD/MNHN/SZP, November
2002, CMS/FFEM/ASS/SOS Faune du Niger November 2003). Recent addax sightings
predominantly originate from a rectangular zone between N16o to N17o, out to a
distance of some 80km to the east of the Termit massif. Completion of a systematic
coverage out to and beyond this zone (100-150km east of the massif) was identified as
the priority task, with more opportunistic reconnaissance of the mountains taking
place between completion of successive transects. The purpose of the systematic
coverage was to map the extent of occurrence of addax in the Tin Toumma system
and, depending on distribution and encounter rate, provide an improved estimate of
addax abundance.
Fig. 2.1 Composite of four ING 1:200,000 scale maps used in planning SSIG/DFPP
survey of Termit &Tin Toumma, 2004. Showing SSIG 2002 reconnaissance route (yellow)
in relation to navigation waypoints planned for Tin Toumma survey 2004 and actual
routes covered in 2004 (red).
6
A summary of planning decisions for the systematic transect sector of the survey is
given below.
2.1 Transect Survey Planning: Tin Toumma
Inspection of Institut National Géographique 1:200,000 scale printed maps (see Annex
VI for details of maps consulted and a general gazetteer for the survey), combined with
SSIG experience in 2002 (Newby, Wacher et al. 2004) suggested that the zone of
interest is characterised primarily by large linear dunes oriented along a bearing of c.
63o. These are interrupted by significant areas where the primary dune alignment is
indicated to be generally north–south (Fig. 2.1).
Transect number and alignment
A series of shorter north–south transects were originally preferred as a means to
maximise the number of sample units and orient across the perceived major trends in
landscape. But logistic considerations (especially access to water from Termit West
well), together with previous experience travelling along the main axis of the dunes,
dictated that the latter was the most practical direction to plan for a survey seeking to
reach from the Termit Massif eastward to E12o 30’ under the existing constraints of
time and resources. Consequently, a set of waypoint locations was prepared as
navigation routes in advance (Garmin Mapsource) creating 6 transects each 120km in
length, separated by c. 12km (Fig. 2.1), intended to take approximately one day each
to complete.
Positioning of navigation and fixed sample points
Navigation points were set up in advance at c. 5.6 km intervals along each transect.
Because the transects were offset on a compass bearing of 63o, this preserves a 5km
spacing along the horizontal axis. The points also functioned as pre-selected
systematic vegetation recording points. Each sample/navigation point was located at
the midpoint of successive 5.6 km sample units, facilitating grouping of wildlife and
livestock observations detected 2.8 km either side of each vegetation record.
Accuracy of navigation
© Tim Wacher /ZSL
The nature of the terrain meant that it was not certain in advance that all points could
be reached. The pre-set goal was to pass within 1km (either north or south) of each
point, using the nearest approach north or south of the selected point as an easily
located substitute. In practice the survey team was able to locate sample points
almost exactly (to the limits of the the GPS sytem) on nearly 97% of occasions. Four
points were missed by slightly more than a kilometre. Two of these were due to
complex sand dunes; two of them due to deliberate manoeuvres attempting to
minimise disturbance to addax that had not detected the vehicles (Fig. 2.2).
Fig. 2.2 SSIG/DFPP team observing addax feeding in fine weather, 15:45 hrs.
23rd February 2004.
7
© John Newby
Fig. 2.3 SSIG/DFPP survey route, Feb.–Mar. 2004, showing survey sector divisions with
superimposed distances in km for each of the principal half degree grid units traversed.
Fig. 2.3a Typical Tin Toumma landscape with tussocks of Stipagrostis vulnerans on
parallel, whale-back dunes.
8
© John Newby
Fig. 2.4 Detail of
survey route and walking
reconnaissance locations,
Termit Massif;
Place names in grey after
Quéchon and Roset, 1974.
Fig. 2.4a Diffuse wadi system with low shrubs and trees typical of the central part of the
Termit Massif.
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2.2 Organization of Results and Sample Effort
The geographic analysis of survey results in this report has been organised on
varying scales and over four major sectors of the survey; namely the approach from
Gouré–Tasker, reconnaissance activity at Termit Massif, the transect survey of Tin
Toumma, and finally the departure route from Termit to Talras and Tanout.
The position of these four sectors relative to the Termit Massif, Tin Toumma and the
half-degree grid squares visited is illustrated in Fig. 2.3. Distances covered within each
half degree grid and used to provide a general index of encounter rate (observations
/ km) by half degree square, are also indicated. Reconnaissance activity in the
mountain range, including major sectors covered on foot, is shown in Fig. 2.4. Total
distances within each sector, including total distance on walking reconnaissance in the
Termit Massif are summarised in Table 2.1 and total distances covered on each
transect in Tin Toumma are given in Table 2.2.
For some analyses, notably within the transect survey sector of Tin Toumma, a 5km
unit of distance has also been used to assess encounter rate indices at a finer scale
and make comparisons with the 2002 survey results.
Table. 2.1 Summary of distances covered during each sector of the
SSIG survey of Termit and Tin Toumma, 18th February- 2nd March 2004.
Sector
km
Approach from Tasker
153.6
Exploration of Termit Massif (vehicle)
445.6
Exploration of Termit on foot (n=13 locations)
(35.7)
Tin Toumma transect survey
763.3
Departure towards Tanout
162.8
Total Driven
1525.4
Table 2.2 Summary of distances covered over individual transects;
SSIG survey of Tin Toumma, February-March 2004.
Tin Toumma Transect Survey
km
Transect 1 (West-East)
119.8
Transfer 1-2
13.9
Transect 2 (East-West)
122.4
121.0
Transfer 3-4
13.8
121.1
116.7
Transfer 5-6
14.2
120.5
10
Fig. 2.5 Distribution of field survey time by survey sector,
SSIG/DFPP survey of Termit and Tin Toumma, February–March 2004.
The daily routine of breaking camp typically a couple of hours after sunrise, with a
break of c. one hour in the middle of the day before locating a new camp before
sunset, resulted in a bimodal pattern of observation effort for all parts of the survey,
with reduced observation activity in the middle hours of the day (Fig. 2.5).
2.3 Training and Data Management
© Bill Houston
In the field, navigation and data collection functions were conducted using GPS and
voice tapes as indicated in the protocol, with twice daily download of voice tape to
notebook and nightly download of GPS units to laptop computer to create data
spreadsheets. Final merging of notebook records with GPS data sheets was
undertaken at Niamey on return from the field.
Training: These activities provided an
excellent framework for participation
and on the job experience for the
Nigerien DFPP team members (Fig.
2.6). In addition to maintaining
personal waypoint records from
individual GPS units, Nigerien team
members obtained first hand
experience with use of the route
navigation functions, conducting
data uploading and downloading
between GPS and laptop computer,
and creation of a spreadsheet
record
of observations. A specific
Fig. 2.6 Use of GPS as a combined navigation and
list
of
techniques discussed and
data recording instrument were part of the daily
conducted by all team members is
routine, SSIG/DFPP survey team, Termit 2004.
identified within the protocol
(Annex V). SSIG was able to donate personal Garmin ETrex units to both our DFPP
colleagues, assisting them to use this experience gained with SSIG to enhance their
own recording and survey work in future.
Data management : Field observations were consolidated into a single master
spreadsheet format in Niamey at the end of field work. All observations were
simultaneously encoded for sorting according to pre-selected categories and a
preliminary field report prepared. Throughout the survey GPS data were transferred
using Garmin Mapsource software. Maps were prepared in Surfer 6 (Golden Software
Inc., Colorado, USA). Non-parametric statistical tests (Siegel 1956) were used for a
preliminary exploration of vegetation data ranked by visual assessment.
11
3. METEOROLOGY & WILDLIFE
OBSERVATIONS
Data on weather conditions were systematically recorded throughout the survey.
It was recognised that a transect-based survey of addax might be affected and/or
biased by weather conditions and it is useful to relate the actual survey conditions to
past and future records. Prevailing conditions that might impact animal behaviour
and affect recording efficiency include: time of day; daily temperature changes; the
impact of wind direction and wind speed on flight distance (noise of approaching
vehicles) and visibility (sand storms and dust burden); changes in angle of incident
sunlight relative to viewing direction through the day.
Methods
Measurements in the field were taken using
a hand-held Kestrel 3000 Environmental
Meter (Fig. 3.1). Parameters recorded were;
temperature (°C); Relative Humidity (%);
Dewpoint (°C); Wind Speed (m/s) and Wind
Direction (cardinal points). To assess and record
visibility, a relative and subjective scale was
adopted: 1 = poor visibility; 2 = fair visibility; 3 =
good visibility; 4 = best visibility. ‘Poor visibility’
might correspond to as little as 200 m, whereas
‘best visibility’ would be in the order of several
kilometres. Data are summarised in Annex VII.
Although the systematic sampling method
adopted calls for a fixed 500m strip-width on
which to calculate population density, addax can
because of their brilliant white pelage be visible
at distances of well over a kilometre. In poor
weather, however, during sandstorms or when
Fig. 3.1
the
atmosphere is heavily laden with dust
Kestrel 3000 Environmental Meter
Richard Paul Russell (www.r-p-r.co.uk) particles, nearby wildlife can be overlooked very
easily. A second significant effect of high wind is
the obliteration of wildlife tracks, something that can happen within minutes on exposed
sandy surfaces. In general, it can be assumed that weather conditions dominated by
high winds, sandstorms and heavy dust loads will lead to under-counting of wildlife.
Each day, meteorological data was taken at 06.30, 12.00, 15.00 and 18.30.
3.1 Results
Temperature: Temperature ranged from a minimum of 13.1°C at 06.30 on the 27th
February to a maximum of 37°C at 15.00 on 2nd March. During the fourteen consecutive
days of the field mission, average daily temperature gradually increased (Fig. 3.2). In the
course of the day, temperatures peaked at around 14.00 (Fig. 3.3). Comparison with the
30 year average temperatures at Bilma and Gouré for February and March suggests
conditions were fractionally warmer than the long term averages for the region (Fig. 3.2).
Fig. 3.2 Temperature: daily readings for
the period 18/02/04 to 03/03/04, Termit/Tin
Toumma, Niger showing minimum (blue),
maximum (red) and average (orange).
Shaded zone locates 30-year averages at
towns of Bilma (to the north of Termit and
cooler) and Gouré (to the south and
warmer) for the months of February and
March (see Annex VII).
12
Daily temperature, Relative humidity and dew point: As could be expected,
atmospheric humidity was very low and only peaked slightly with the passage of a
more humid front (south-westerly monsoon) towards the end of the mission. The
relationship between air temperature, relative humidity and dew point (Fig. 3.3) is an
important one in desert environments, where dew and fog can provide a muchneeded source of moisture to plants and animals. Average dew point figures were
especially low, reaching below minus 16°C.
Fig. 3.3 Temperature, relative humidity and dewpoint:
average daily fluctuations based on readings at 06:30,
12:00.15:00 and 18:30 for the period 18/02/04 to
03/03/04. Termit/Tin Toumma (Niger).
Wind direction and visibility: For a large part of the mission, windy conditions
dominated. Comparison of wind speed measurements with estimated visibility scores
and dates of individual transects shows that the first two transects were conducted in
higher wind speeds and lower visibility than the remaining four (Fig. 3.4).
Significantly the direction of the prevailing winds was predominantly north-easterly
(Fig. 3.5). This had the consequence that the three west to east transects (1, 3 & 5)
were all conducted upwind while the returning transects (2, 4, & 6) ran downwind with
sounds carried forward (cf. Fig. 2.1 & 2.3).
Fig. 3.4 Comparison of daily visibility index and
wind speed records at 12:00 & 15:00 hrs. in relation
to dates of six Tin Toumma transects (shown as
shaded columns 1–6). SSIG/DFPP survey of Termit
and Tin Toumma, Feb. – Mar. 2004.
13
Fig. 3.5 Frequency distribution
of wind direction, SSIG/DFPP
survey of Termit & Tin Toumma,
18th Feb.–3rd Mar. 2004.
© NASA/GSFC
© John Newby
During the mission the wind was associated with sandstorms and atmospheric dust
(Fig. 3.6). Thanks to satellite imagery, the sandstorm and dust that affected the earlier
part of the mission can be seen in Fig. 3.7. The image shows the sandstorm’s origin
in Western Chad and its extent on 11 February 2004. It has been argued (Goudie 2004)
that increased 4x4 traffic in the Sahara is contributing to the destabilisation of desert
soils and the generation of dust. Although the Bodélé Depression in Chad has been
identified as an important origin for dust storms, there is in fact very little motorized
traffic in the area and the observed dust may simply come from the diatomaceous
deposits characteristic of the Paleo-Chad Basin.
Fig. 3.6 Example of ‘Poor Visibility’ due
to dust burden following a sandstorm
(see Fig. 3.7). South Termit Massif,
18 February 2004.
Fig. 3.7 Dust storm blowing from Chad
towards the Termit Massif,
11 February, 2004.
3.2 Weather Conditions and Wildlife Observations
Effect of wind direction and visibility on wildlife recording. Tin Toumma transects:
Poor visibility could lead to undercounting of wildlife, especially to the south of Termit,
where gazelles and smaller fauna were more likely to be encountered. However, given
the general openness of the terrain and the relatively good visibility in Tin Toumma, it
is unlikely that addax visibility suffered in spite of the very blustery conditions (see
below). Of greater impact, potentially, is the effect of wind in obliterating the tracks of
addax and other animals and in masking or carrying the sounds of vehicle noise.
Comparison of wildlife observation rates on upwind and downwind transects of the Tin
Toumma survey shows that upwind transects were very much more productive for
wildlife observations (Fig. 3.8). The only addax group encountered going downwind
was a group considered to have been seen for a second time after being displaced from
the upwind transect on the previous day (see Fig. 5.3). Animal tracks were also recorded
more frequently on upwind legs (because most records were associated with sightings)
but records of antelope dung was not affected in the same way by transect direction.
Fig. 3.8 Effect of transect direction on counts of wildlife,
Tin Toumma, Feb.–Mar. 2004. [Addax group contacts:
5 upwind, 1 downwind.]
14
Effect of wind speed and visibility on wildlife recording rates in Tin Toumma have been
compared by grouping observations from the two windy transects (1 & 2) with the four
subsequent ‘clear weather’ transects Fig. 3.9. This comparison is probably distorted
by the early sector of Transect 1, which passed through a local green patch at the
northern margin of the sahel, inhabited by dorcas and some Nubian bustard, so data
from the dustiest transect, transect 2, is shown separately. The relatively high rates on
transect 1 are associated with local conditions as stated. Otherwise sample size is low,
but there is some indication that sightings of live animals may have been depressed
on transect 2 relative to subsequent transects, while dung records were unaffected, as
would be expected.
Fig. 3.9 Effect of wind speed and visibility on counts
of wildlife, Tin Toumma, Feb.–Mar. 2004.
15
4. VEGETATION
Introduction
Vegetation condition and cover by plant growth form was scored visually at c. 5km
intervals throughout the survey. The objective was to provide a qualitative general
description of pasture availability and distribution for ungulates during the period
of the survey.
Results of vegetation recording are presented below comparing different geographic
sectors of the survey in 2004, observations in 2002 and 2004 in Tin Toumma, and
comparison between zones of differing sand dune orientation in Tin Toumma. For this
study dune orientation has been determined indirectly only from interpretation of
1:200,000 scale topographic maps (see Fig. 2.1 and Annex VI for the list of maps
consulted during the 2002 and 2004 surveys).
It is emphasised that because all vegetation data necessarily depend on rapid visual
assessment, interpretation must be conservative. Because of this the simple
comparative tests of observations between years and in relation to perceived dune
orientation given below are not considered definitive and represent only an exploration
of possible points of interest. More rigorous sampling techniques, measurement and
analysis are needed to verify or refute these preliminary indications.
4.1 Vegetation Condition: Comparison of Survey Sectors in 2004
The active stages of the survey were completed between 18th February and 2nd March
2004, comprising approach to Termit via Gouré and Tasker, a reconnaissance of the
Termit Massif, and a systematic survey of Tin Toumma. Departure from Termit
towards Talras and Tanout, ran parallel to the original approach route, but some 6070km further north (Fig. 2.3).
© Tim Wacher
Approach to Termit via Tasker: Vegetation status scored at 26 locations. Landscape a
gently undulating mix of low rolling fixed sand dunes and gravel plain, with
widespread presence of trees (Acacia raddiana, Balanites aegyptiaca ) and ‘shrubs’
such as Giant Milkweed or Sodom Apple Calotropis procera and extensive stands of
the green stemmed Leptadenia pyrotechnica. Grasses and herbs drying to dry at 75%
of locations or more (Fig. 4.1). Modal combined vegetation cover value 25%, but
skewed towards greater values (Fig. 4.5).
Fig. 4.1 Landscape and vegetation on the south-western approach route to Termit, showing
plant growth forms and condition scores from 26 sample points. Trees present at all
locations and regular shrubs supporting green leaves; frequent tussock grasses and small
unidentified herbs largely drying or dry, Niger, February 2004.
16
© Tim Wacher
Reconnaissance of Termit Massif: Vegetation status scored at 46 locations. Landscape
dominated by flat-topped emergent rock massifs, intersected by vegetated drainage
wadis. Extensive mountain plateaux stony and little vegetated; drainage lines narrow
and stony on upper slopes, widening quickly to a bed of mixed sand, gravel and
alluvial deposits supporting diverse vegetation. In some places larger wadis open to
important local outwash fans in basins and plains beside the hills, supporting
extensive stands of trees (Maerua crassifolia, Acacia raddiana) and shrubs (Capparis
decidua, some Salvadora persica). Note that vegetation recording points within
Termit are representative only of habitats actually visited. They are therefore biased
towards the wadi and outwash plain areas, do not take into account the poorly
vegetated mountain top and plateau habitats and are not representative of Termit as
a whole. Within this constraint trees were recorded at 80% of locations, including
freshly flowering Maerua crassifolia. Shrubs were present at 25% of locations, with
tussock grasses and smaller plants appearing greener in the water collecting wadi
systems than observed in the more exposed habitats of the approach (Fig. 4.2). Modal
cover value in vegetated habitats 25%, but skewed towards lower values (Fig. 4.5).
Fig. 4.2 Landscape and vegetation, Termit Massif. Showing plant growth forms and
condition scoring at 46 sample points. Trees present at most locations and some shrubs;
grasses and smaller plants showing a range of phenological conditions; Termit, Niger,
February 2004.
Transect Survey of Tin Toumma: Vegetation recorded at 135 pre-determined,
systematically spaced sample points providing a comparatively representative
description of the zone. Landscape dominated by large linear dunes (1-2km between
crests), mainly whale-backed and fixed, but with local low slip-faced mobile ridges
and patches of more complex structure. Primary dune axis WSW–ENE (bearing 63o),
but with significant zones where main axis runs north–south (see Fig. 2.1 and below).
Extensive zone to the immediate east of Termit Massif characterised by a flattened
windblown basin of sandy plains. Trees and shrubs effectively absent, although very
occasional and atypical isolated individuals or small clumps of Salvadora persica,
Capparis decidua or Maerua crassifolia may be encountered, probably aligned with
underlying pattern of geology (most Maerua are associated with rocky outcrops).
Vegetation principally comprises local patches of perennial pastures dominated by the
spiny, succulent, dwarf shrub Cornulaca monacantha and the tough tussock-forming
grass Stipagrostis vulnerans, which also has sharply spiked leaf tips. Smaller annual
grasses and herbs locally and very thinly scattered according to distribution of
medium term past rainfall. Typical species include Cyperus conglomeratus,
Moltkiopisis ciliata and Aristida adcensionis (Fig. 4.3). Modal cover values are in the
region of only 5-15%, often less (Fig. 4.5). Large areas without any significant
vegetation also exist. A more detailed examination of vegetation observations
relative to dune structure is given below.
17
© John Newby
Fig. 4.3 Landscape and vegetation, Tin Toumma sands. Showing plant growth forms and
condition scoring at 135 sample points. Trees and shrubs effectively absent (but see text
above). Cornulaca monacantha and Stipagrostis vulnerans dominate, retaining green
structures, but no fresh pastures with extensive germination of green annuals following rainfall
encountered in February 2004. [Note whitened fossil lake deposits in inter-dunal depression,
north-south oriented dune field, central Tin Toumma].
© Bill Houston
Departure route, Termit to Talras. Vegetation status assessed at 30 sample points.
Landscape of low undulating fixed dunes near Termit, flattening to undulating sand
and gravel plains with patches of light sandy soil further west. Trees and shrubs
increase towards the south. Overall vegetation profile and composition similar to the
approach route, though marginally less dense in terms of frequency and cover at the
more northerly latitudes. Some small zones of relatively fresh annual growth resulted
in scoring small herbs and grasses as green at 4 locations (Fig. 4.4). Modal cover
value of combined growth forms around 25% (Fig. 4.5).
Fig. 4.4 Landscape and vegetation, Termit to Talras. Showing summary of plant growth form
and condition scoring over 30 sample points. Trees present at most locations and some
shrubs; grasses and smaller plants showing a range of phenological conditions; Termit, Niger,
February 2004.
Fig. 4.5 Frequency distributions of visually
assessed vegetation cover values (all
categories combined) by survey sector,
SSIG/DFPP survey of Termit & Tin Toumma,
18
4.2 Vegetation Condition: Comparison of Tin Toumma
2002 and 2004
SSIG traversed the Tin Toumma zone once in 2002, recording vegetation at 42
locations between E11o 30’ & E12o 30’ in a general reconnaissance prior to the
systematic survey in 2004 (Newby, Wacher et al. 2004 and Fig. 2.1). Comparison of
visual vegetation assessments from the two surveys suggests that the general
vegetation profile is very similar in terms of the proportion of locations supporting
C. monacantha and S. vulnerans, with the former perhaps perceived as greener in
2002 (Fig. 4.3 vs. 4.6).
Cover
values
suggests
that
C.
monacantha cover was perceived in a
similar way in each survey (Fig. 4.7), as
might be expected for this slow growing
perennial.S. vulnerans was more often
scored at denser values in 2002 (Fig. 4.8).
Smaller plants were also scored slightly
denser in 2002, but not significantly so
(Fig. 4.9). The visual assessments do not
guarantee
accurate
comparability,
Fig. 4.6 Vegetation presence and condition by
however,
so
these
results
provide only a
growth form at 42 visual sample sites,
limited
guide.
The
main
conclusion is
Tin Toumma Feb-Mar 2002 (compare Fig. 4.3).
that general vegetation availability in the
two surveys was seen as broadly similar.
Such differences as have been detected happen to be consistent with marginally
greener conditions in 2002. More importantly, the assessments indicate clearly that
neither survey encountered rich green pastures of the type that can develop
following local rainfall, and conditions are probably typical of average dry seasons
on both occasions.
Fig. 4.7 Frequency of visually estimated
cover values for Cornulaca monacantha,
Tin Toumma, 2002 (n=42 locations) & 2004
(n=131 locations). Similar between years
(Mann-Whitney U-test, z=0.09, p=0.72).
cover values for Stipagrostis vulnerans,
Tin Toumma, 2002 (n=42 locations) & 2004
(n=131 locations). Different between years
cover values for small herbs and
unidentified small plants, Tin Toumma,
2002 (n=42 locations) & 2004 (n=131
locations). Similar between years
19
4.3 Comparison of Dune Systems, Tin Toumma Survey
The division of major dune structures to the east of Termit into areas dominated by
linear dunes running on a bearing of c. 63o and areas dominated by dunes running on
a north–south axis is discussed in the introduction. Mapped representation of the
principle blocks of north-south dunes derived from printed maps (Fig.2.1) is shown in
all Tin Toumma maps of this report. In 2002 field reconnaissance suggested that some
of the best patches of Cornulaca monacantha were noted in zones of north–south
dune orientation. In order to test the possibility that dune orientation may effect
vegetation and wildlife distribution, all sample/navigation points prepared before the
survey were classified in advance according to local dune orientation by direct
inspection of the map (Fig. 4.10). Where sample points fell on areas of uncertainty at
the interface in dune orientation, these locations were distinguished in a third
category: ‘transitional zone’. No systematic attempt to note, verify or record dune
orientation at each point was made in the field, although the existence of the general
pattern indicated by the map was apparent.
Fig. 4.10 Classification of fixed vegetation observation points determined before the survey
by inspection of dune orientation as indicated in IGN 1:200,000 scale maps (see Fig. 2.1).
Results
Frequency distributions of visual cover assessments showed that cover values were
more frequently perceived as higher in the 31 sites falling within north–south dune
patterns than within the 76 sites in east–west dunes for Cornulaca monacantha (Fig.
4.11) and Stipagrostis vulnerans (Fig. 4.12). Records for the mix of smaller plants
indicate the reverse trend (Fig. 4.13), but this may be unduly influenced by an area of
relatively abundant (but mainly dry) small annual plants encountered only in the
western third of the southern-most transect.
20
Small plant cover was not significantly different between the two dune systems in the
5 northern transects (Mann-Whitney U-test, n1=31, n2=55, z=1.3, p=0.19).
For the tussock grass and dwarf shrub categories, these provisional results suggest
that dune structure may affect vegetation cover, but more rigorous sample design and
data collection is required to verify this.
Fig. 4.11 Frequency of visually estimated cover
values for Cornulaca monacantha on east-west
dunes compared to north-south dunes and
transitional areas, Tin Toumma, 2004 (n=76 east-west
locations, n=31 NS locations). Cover greater on northsouth dunes; (Mann-Whitney U-test, z=4.29, p<0.001).
values for Stipagrostis vulnerans on east-west
dunes compared to north-south dunes, Tin
Toumma, 2004 (n=76 east-west locations, n=31
north-south locations). Cover greater on NS dunes;
values for small herbs & grasses on East-West
dunes compared to north-south dunes, Tin
Toumma, 2004 (n=76 east-west locations, n=31
north-south locations). Cover greater on east-west
dunes; (Mann-Whitney U-test, z=2.6, p(onetailed)=0.0047). [But effect lost if southern-most
transect removed from data set].
21
5. MAMMALS
The survey recorded all large wildlife encountered, with emphasis on Sahelo-Saharan
antelopes and other large species, following the methods described in the survey
protocol. This section summarises results on numbers and distribution of antelopes,
small carnivores and other species seen on the survey. The emphasis is to provide
indices of relative abundance and distribution for comparison with future survey work.
5.1 SCIMITAR-HORNED ORYX Oryx Dammah Red Data List status - Extinct In The Wild
No evidence of scimitar-horned oryx was found in the field. This mirrors the results
of SSIG’s 2002 survey (Newby, Wacher et al. 2004, Wacher, Newby et al. 2004),
reinforcing the assessment that this species is extinct in the wild (IUCN 2004). In
Niamey, the team were shown the skull and horns of an adult female scimitar-horned
oryx, collected by SOS Faune du Niger, and thought to be 10 or more years old.
A small, dry skin sample was collected from it for genetic analysis.
5.2 ADDAX Addax nasomaculatus Red Data List status - Critically Endangered
© Bill Houston
A total of 22 live addax were seen in 5 groups, with all sightings occurring on transects
of the Tin Toumma survey (Fig. 5.1, 5.2). Distance and bearing measurements showed
that although some groups were first seen at considerable range, all the first sighting
points fell within 500m of the projected line of travel. All sightings took place between
the hours of 09.00-10.00 and 15.00-17.00. All groups were considered to be sightings
of different animals except one group of four, which was judged to have been seen
twice on consecutive days. This was based on group structure, timing and direction
of movement and meant that the survey made 6 contacts with the 5 groups (see Fig.
5.2). Sightings of addax were combined with recording of addax sign (principally
faecal pellet piles) to provide indices of encounter rates (Fig. 5.3). Remains of dead
animals (horns, skeletons and skulls) were also found, including probable hunting
remains (i.e. old horns from at least 8 individuals collected together with old rifle shell
casings). The condition of the complete skeleton of an adult female found in Tin
Toumma indicated the animal had been dead at least a year. Addax remains found in
the Termit mountains and to the south-west of Termit, indicated the recently wider
distribution of this species (Fig. 5.3).
Fig. 5.1 Addax among Stipagrostis vulnerans tussocks, Tin Toumma sands, 23rd February 2004.
Observations of live addax resulted in an overall sighting rate index of 0.03 addax per
km on the six transects in Tin Toumma (equivalent to a crude density of 0.03 addax
/km2 assuming no animals less than 500m from the vehicle were overlooked). Addax
dung piles were seen at rates varying from 0 to 10 piles per fixed sample interval
(5.6km) to give an overall encounter rate of 0.15 dung piles / km over the sample zone
(Fig. 5.2 & Fig. 5.3). Dispersion of these observations show maximum rates to the
immediate east of Termit, with evidence of recent addax activity on all but the
southernmost transect (Fig.5.2 and 5.8).
22
Fig. 5.2 Distribution of all observations indicating live addax; Tin Toumma, February 2004.
Fig. 5.3 Distribution of addax observations displayed as encounter rate indices for live
addax, dung and addax remains, SSIG/DFPP survey Tin Toumma, Feb. – Mar. 2004.
23
Distribution relative to habitat
A possible association between higher cover of dominant perennial plant species
(Stipagrostis vulnerans and Cornulaca monacantha) and north–south dune orientation
was suggested in section 3, and examples of addax feeding on both these species
were noted on the survey (Fig. 5.4 & 5.5). It is therefore of interest to test whether the
distribution of addax is also influenced by habitat structure.
In the event all addax groups were observed on sample sectors considered to be
dominated by east–west linear dunes according to prior assessment by map
inspection. But when comparing distribution of addax dung as a longer term indicator
of addax habitat use across the 129 sample locations, no disproportionate selection or
avoidance of sectors according to pre-assigned dune orientation (east–west dunes,
north–south dunes, or transitional zones) was detected ( 2=0.32, df=2, n.s.). Among
sample units where addax dung was found, rate of dung encounter did not correlate
with the centrally located estimate of overall vegetation cover (rs=0.17, t=1.08,p>0.1).
Results from dung observations imply that addax range widely over various dune and
vegetation formations of the Tin Toumma survey area, at least on the northern five
transects. Although the number of addax groups seen was few, the direct
observations were consistent with this. The largest assembly (six and four addax close
together) were feeding in one of the areas of highest Stipagrostis vulnerans cover
seen (Fig. 5.1 & 5.6), but the other three groups, comprising a similar total number of
animals, were encountered in comparatively sparsely vegetated areas (Fig. 5.7).
Comparison with 2002
© Bill Houston
© Tim Wacher /ZSL
In 2002, addax dung piles were counted over 42 vegetation sample units (5km
intervals) between E11o 30’ and E12o 30’; an area corresponding to the zone covered
by 43 sample units along Transects 3 and 4 in 2004 (see Fig. 2.1). Dung pile encounter
rates in the two samples are very similar, with dung reported on almost the same
proportion of sample units (33% and 34% respectively) and no difference in the
frequency distributions of observed encounter rates (Mann-Whitney U-test n1=42,
n2=43, z=0.05, n.s.).
Fig. 5.4 Addax dung and tracks indicate
feeding on Stipagrostis vulnerans, SSIG/DFPP
survey Tin Toumma February 2004.
Fig. 5.5 Addax tracks indicate feeding on a
small Cornulaca monacantha plant, SSIG/DFPP
survey Tin Toumma February 2004.
Group size and minimum numbers
Two calves and two yearlings were seen among the 22 animals observed. Full group
composition information is summarised in Table. 5.1. Track sets indicated two further
groups of 2 and one animal, giving an overall mean group size of 3–4 based on 5
groups seen and 2 groups inferred from tracks.
24
Table 5.1 Addax group composition data; SSIG survey of Tin Toumma, February–March 2004.
Group
Adult male
Adult female
Adult unsexed
1
2
Yearling
5
1
3
1
Calf
Total
1
6
1
6
3
3
4
1
1
5
5
5
6*
2
Tracks
7
1
Tracks
1
4
*Seen while crossing between transects 5 to 6.
© Bill Houston
© Bill Houston
Addax population size: The small sample size of addax groups seen (5 groups totalling
22 animals on 6 transects) is an inevitable consequence of a low population size
dispersed in a very large area. Note also that the results comparing sighting rates by
wind direction (Fig. 3.8) suggest a reason why addax may have been under-detected
over 50% of the survey. Nevertheless the survey method has added value in
establishing the sample fraction in which this total was seen, ie. the 22 addax (plus 3
more indicated by tracks) were found in c. 8% of the study area. At face value this
simple ratio might imply a population in the low hundreds. But because the sample
size is small it is not adequate to assume that the sample is representative of the whole
area. Although indirect sign of addax was spread through a reasonably coherent
block comprising c. 38% of the survey zone sample units, there are good reasons to
suspect undetected patterns of clustering, perhaps for social reasons, or reasons of
food distribution. While it is very unlikely that we saw all the addax in Tin Toumma in
an 8% sample, the small sample size demands a highly conservative interpretation.
Recognising these limitations, we suggest that the lower 95% confidence limit of an
analysis based on deliberately conservative assumptions (Annex VIII) provides a
reasonable and replicable estimate of minimum population size, in this case 90-100
animals. The exercise has been valuable in mapping distribution of addax, and has
given an improved idea of likely minimum population size, but a more intensive
sampling strategy will be needed to verify the minimum population estimate
suggested here.
Fig. 5.6 Addax in tussock grass with sand
hillock formation, central Tin Toumma,
23rd February 2004.
Fig. 5.7 Addax on open sands east of Termit,
23rd February 2004, note darker young
animal in centre.
Summary
The survey confirmed the presence of addax on 5 of the 6 transects and in 38/122
(38%) of the 5.6 km survey sample units along the transects. The systematic transect
design has allowed simultaneous recording of the extent of plant resources and addax
distribution (Fig. 5.8a-c). The results have confirmed the presence of a small but very
significant population of addax, with new information about the extent of distribution
of this population and preliminary insights into patterns of habitat and plant
community variation within their range.
25
26
Twenty-two animals were seen, including two yearlings and two calves. The latter
were of a size that calving must have occurred in their case around
November–December, but note that calving dates in general are likely to be highly
flexible and responsive to changing conditions in this species. Two sets of fresh
tracks at the extreme north–east of the survey indicate that the zone of addax
occupancy continues further east than the area surveyed here (note that one addax
was seen east of the sample zone by SSIG in 2002). Group size ranged from 1-6.
Encounter rate indices for observations and signs of addax in Tin Toumma are
summarised in the text and figures above, providing a baseline for comparison in
future ground monitoring work.
Addax were seen feeding in widely separate areas of relatively high and relatively low
vegetation cover. No associations between frequency of addax sign and a visual
estimate of local variation in vegetation cover, or with a simple measure of dune
orientation, were detected, although these are provisional indications only. No addax
sign was recorded on sectors fully devoid of vegetation. Records of addax horn and
bone remains in the Termit Massif and to the south-west of Termit indicate that addax
were more widespread throughout the region in recent times than they are now. The
quantity of addax sign observed on the sands of Tin Toumma was similar in 2002 and
2004, and as noted in 2002, reminiscent of what is seen when travelling through a
dune area used by a known population of 150–200 Arabian Oryx (Oryx leucoryx) in the
Rub al Khali of Saudi Arabia (TJW pers. obs.).
27
5.3 DORCAS Gazella dorcas - Red Data List status - Vulnerable
‘Throughout the period of our visit dorcas gazelles were usually to be seen in groups of up to 30 animals
& they took little notice of us despite our 2 dogs. We must have seen several hundred and many had
young.’ [Anna Merz, reporting a week long visit to Termit in 1974, in litt. to IUCN].
© Bill Houston
As in 2002, the Dorcas Gazelle was the most frequently seen wild ungulate in the
survey zone, (Fig. 5.9). In total 662 individuals were counted in 183 groups, of which
404 individuals in 103 groups were seen in the Termit area (where maximum group
size seen was 15). Dorcas were seen throughout the day, but most frequently in the
mornings (Fig. 5.10). Consistent measurement of distance and bearing to dorcas
groups was only maintained during the transect sectors of Tin Toumma (perpendicular
distances from transect line 0-350m, mean 205m, n=17 groups); no density estimates
have been made.
Fig. 5.9 Dorcas female in northern sector
of Termit, 2004.
Fig. 5.10 Dorcas gazelles were observed primarily
between 09.00–12.00, SSIG/DFPP survey Termit
and Tin Toumma 2004, all sectors combined.
Distribution
Dorcas were encountered primarily around the Termit Massif and along the northerly
route of departure from Termit towards Talras (Fig. 5.11). None were seen on the
approach from Tasker until north of N15o 30’. The encounter rate index by each half
degree square crossed indicates dorcas to be widely distributed between N15o 30’ and
N16o (Fig. 5.12), and north to N16o 30’ in association with the Termit Massif itself. No
dorcas were observed directly on the five northerly transects in Tin Toumma, where
records of sign refer only to observations of old dung pellets and the set of tracks of a
single gazelle crossing the route in the extreme north-east on Transect 6. It is assumed
that these signs of gazelle were all indicative of dorcas since this species was observed
in central Tin Toumma on the 2002 survey. The apparent suitability of Tin Toumma
habitat for Slender-horned Gazelle G. leptoceros is noted, but no evidence that this
species occurs in central/southern Niger is known to SSIG. Highest dorcas encounter
rates were associated with the Sahelian habitats to the west and south–west of Termit,
where some very local patches of greener annual growth were encountered.
Group size by sector in 2004
Mean group size for dorcas increased west to east (Fig. 5.13). Average group size in
Termit was very close to 4 in both half degree squares covering this zone, close to 3
along the departure route to Talras and around 6 among the smaller number of
sightings in very open habitat of rolling dunes along the first transect in Tin Toumma.
Dorcas mortality
Twenty-seven dorcas carcasses were recorded. No systematic attempt was made to
ascribe a cause of death to each carcass, since circumstances of each situation and
material at hand were variable. Nevertheless the highest rate of dorcas gazelle skull
encounter occurred in the same grid square as the most recently recorded large scale
hunting camp near Termit Kaoboul, consistent with hunting being a significant factor
(Fig. 5.12).
28
Comparison with 2002
Encounter rate index and group size at Termit in 2002 and 2004 was compared for
routes traversing the half degree square centred on northern Termit between N16o and
N16o 30’ only (Fig. 2.1 & 5.12). Dorcas were seen at 1.2 /km in 2002 (193 in 160km) and
0.86 dorcas /km in 2004 (263 in 316 km). This may suggest a reduction in dorcas
presence in the northern half of Termit compared to the same season in 2002, but
since the routes and search effort are not standardised, this cannot be a firm
conclusion. There was no difference in group sizes between dorcas seen in this grid
square in the two years (Fig. 5.14).
Summary
The survey confirmed the presence of a good population of dorcas gazelles in the
Sahelian latitudes of southern Termit, with a continuous distribution detected over
four contiguous half degree squares between latitude N15o 30’ and N16o. The species
was not present in the sands of Tin Toumma in significant numbers during this survey,
but it is probable that local migrations in response to rainfall events could change this
in other seasons. The relatively reduced observation rate in northern Termit during
the current survey compared to 2002 might also be a reflection of local migration and
the lack of suitable grazing relative to other areas. Systematic use of standard sample
sectors within the Termit system is recommended for future assessment. The
distribution of dorcas carcasses provided circumstantial evidence that hunting
continues to impact this species, and potentially all the rare large ungulates.
Fig. 5.11 Location of all Dorcas Gazelle Gazella dorcas observations, SSIG/DFPP survey of
Termit, February–March 2004.
29
Fig. 5.12 Indices of encounter rate for total Dorcas gazelles Gazella dorcas seen / km and
dorcas skulls counted / km for each half degree square crossed. SSIG/DFPP survey of
Termit, February–March 2004.
Fig. 5.13 Dorcas group size frequency by
survey sector; SSIG/DFPP survey,
Termit & Tin Toumma, 2004.
Fig. 5.14 Dorcas gazelle group size frequency
distributions, northern Termit, 2002 & 2004.
30
5.4 DAMA GAZELLE Gazella dama Red Data List status - Endangered
‘We also saw at least 60 dama gazelle. The largest group was of 16 including 5 young. They seemed to
prefer the high valleys in the mountains while the dorcas favour the outside desert areas. I saw them eat
grass, thorn leaves & the very bitter wild pumpkin which have a very high water content. They were easy
to observe & not shy.’ [Anna Merz, reporting a week long visit to Termit in 1974, in litt. to IUCN].
Only one live Dama Gazelle was seen on the survey, an adult male disturbed in the
approaches to the central system of wadis encircled by low mountains at the heart of
Termit (Fig. 5.15 & Fig. 5.16). This animal was running from the vehicle when first
seen. Scanning a large area from a high point afterwards, close to where it
disappeared from view, it could not be relocated. Additional sign was also recorded
close to where a group of 5 dama was encountered in 2002. Tracks (8cm x 4.5cm) of
dama gazelle were also recorded in the central and northern sectors of the massif.
One fresh skull of an adult male separated from the body was found in the northern massif,
close to the location where a lone dama was sighted by the ASS/CMS/FFEM survey with SOS
Faune du Niger in November 2003 (Fig. 5.17). Older horns of two individuals, one pair laid out
neatly alongside several sets of addax, Barbary sheep and dorcas horns, were also located.
© Bill Houston
All Dama gazelle sign was restricted to the northern half-degree grid square covering
the Termit range. Of the ten 6’ grid squares visited on the survey in Termit, signs of
living dama (sightings or tracks) were found in four. These observations reinforce the
assessment that this important species continues to be critically threatened in Termit;
its future must be considered doubtful under current trends.
© Tim Wacher /ZSL
Fig. 5.15 Only one dama gazelle, a solitary
male (red-backed, see inset of same animal),
was seen on the survey, Termit 2004.
Fig. 5.16 Distribution of all sightings of dama
gazelle Gazella dama. One live gazelle, 4 sets of
tracks and three sets of horns over 446 km; Termit,
February 2004.
Fig. 5.17 Skull of adult male dama gazelle,
which must have died in previous few
months; northern Termit, February 2004.
31
5.5 BARBARY SHEEP or AOUDAD Ammotragus lervia Red Data List status - Vulnerable
‘In the rocky area to the north in one day we saw
7 Barbary sheep in 2 groups of 3 & 1 ram. Judging
from the large number of tracks, droppings &
sitting places throughout the area there must be a
very fair population of these superb creatures but
they are more shy & difficult to observe.’
[Anna Merz, reporting a week long visit to Termit
in 1974, in litt. to IUCN].
A single sub-adult male Barbary sheep
was observed while walking on
mountain plateau habitat in southern
Termit (Fig. 5.18). Fresh tracks and dung
were also located in central and northern
Termit.
Tracks, paths and scrape
depressions associated with Barbary
sheep sign on flat gravel in plateau areas
were locally prominent (Fig. 5.19). Use
of these scrapes by dorcas gazelles as
midden sites was also noted.
Fig. 5.18 Barbary sheep distribution and
observations, Termit, February 2004.
Barbary sheep remains, principally skulls
and horns, were found at eight locations
in the field, in numbers representing at
least 11 individuals (Fig. 5.20). Six dead
individuals were found in circumstances
indicating human activity or involvement
at some point (a skull set up on a stone,
horns found in collections). In only one
case could evidence pointing to natural
death be found, the carcass of an adult
female found in a narrow wadi showing
old signs of a flash flood.
Dry skin samples from Barbary sheep carcasses were collected from eight specimens,
including skulls from an adult male and an adult female held at the office of the Chef de Poste
Administratif in Tasker (details Annex IX) and have been submitted for genetic analysis.
Fig. 5.19 Scrape marks associated with Barbary sheep
tracks were prominent on some sheltered plateau
areas; Termit February 2004.
© Tim Wacher /ZSL
© John Newby
Signs of living Barbary sheep were detected in seven of the ten 6’ grid squares visited.
In all cases fresh tracks and sightings indicated small groups of one or two animals.
Indications are that this species is also subject to heavy hunting pressure.
Fig. 5.20 Skulls and horns of Barbary
sheep corresponding to at least 11
individuals were recorded.
32
5.6 CHEETAH Acinonyx jubatus Red Data List status - Vulnerable
The presence of a small population of cheetah at Termit has been known for some time
(Merz in litt. 1974, Dragesco-Joffe 1993, Ascani pers. comm.) and was again confirmed
by direct observation and photographs during the survey by IRD/MNHN/SZP, in
November 2002 (Claro & Sissler 2002, Claro pers. comm. SSIG Agadir, 2003).
During the SSIG mission, cheetah tracks were found at two locations in the north of
Termit, indicating presence in two adjacent 6’ grid squares (Fig. 5.21).
The first animal was glimpsed very briefly while walking in the late evening. The
position was on raised ground overlooking the line of one of the larger wadis running
out of the northern part of Termit. The tracks were relocated the following morning
and followed for some 2.5km (1.7km in a straight line) indicating that it had made its
way south from the point of disturbance, mainly walking and intermittently running
over more open patches. It had also climbed over the shoulders of low hillocks,
providing excellent vantage points as it traveled.
Tracks of at least two adult cheetahs were found the next day at a second location 7.5
km west of the first sighting. The habitat was a well-vegetated wadi running westward
to feed a large vegetated terminal floodplain dominated by scattered Maerua
crassifolia and Capparis decidua trees. Observation of these tracks over a 1.5 km
sector indicated a resting place used by two cheetahs together near a large Acacia
raddiana growing on the incised wadi bank.
© Tim Wacher /ZSL x3
Movements in both observations suggested cheetahs make use of the generally flat and
easily traversable central plateau zones to move efficiently between hunting vantage points
overlooking the radiating vegetated drainage lines where prey may be concentrated.
Fig. 5.21 Location of two sites in northern Termit where cheetah tracks were observed running,
walking and resting. Stride length of running cheetah (below left) measured 2m 60cm.
33
5.7 SMALL PREDATORS
Fig. 5.22
Striped Hyaena Hyaena hyaena: No evidence of
hyaenas was detected on the survey.
© Tim Wacher /ZSL
Sand Cat Felis margarita: No evidence of sand cats
was detected on the survey.
Wild Cat Felis sylvestris lybica: (Fig. 5.22, 5.27). A single
wild cat was photographed on 25th Feb. at a camera
trap baited with sardines in northern Termit eight
times over a 20-minute interval at 22:00 hours, when
the moon was very low in the sky (Fig. 5.29 & 5.30).
Golden Jackal Canis aureus: (Fig.5.23, 5.27).
A golden jackal was photographed once on 19th Feb.
at a baited camera trap at 21:00 hours in southern
Termit. Jackal tracks were noted at six other
locations while walking in northern Termit and
jackals were heard at night near where fresh cheetah
tracks were found. Overall they were detected in six
of ten 6’ grid squares visited in Termit. None were
noted in Tin Toumma; two were seen together by
day in the Sahelian grasslands and they were
reported present by herdsmen at the well at Dena.
Fig. 5.24
Pale Fox Vulpes pallida: (Fig.5.24, 5.27). A den
containing at least a pair of pale foxes was found in
Sahelian habitat just west of Talras on 2nd March.
The den was situated in the centre of an open,
sandy space and large numbers of dried scats were
dispersed in the immediate vicinity. The damaged
carcass of a fennec fox V. zerda was found c. 40m
from the den. Samples of pale fox scat and the eartip of the dead fennec were both collected. Ten
camera trap images were obtained between 01:00
and 05:00 hrs (moon setting at 04:11hrs, Fig. 5.30).
No other observations of pale fox were obtained.
Red Data List status: Data deficient.
© John Newby
© Tim Wacher /ZSL
Fig. 5.23
Fig. 5.25
© Tim Wacher /ZSL
Rüppell’s Fox Vulpes rueppelli : (Fig.5.25, 5.28).
Rüppell’s fox was detected by camera trap at four
sites in the northern sector of Termit, where 39
photographs were obtained. On all four nights the
first pictures of this species occurred while the
moon still shone and activity continued after the
moon had gone (Fig 5.31). Red data list status:
Data deficient.
© John Newby
Fig. 5.26
Fennec Fox Vulpes zerda: (Fig.5.26, 5.28). Fennecs
were encountered in daylight 16 times and at six of 13
camera trap sites (once by tracks only). Sightings were
distributed through all sectors, but daytime
observation and camera trapping rates were reduced
in the Massif area, where range is shared with
Rüppell’s fox, compared to Tin Toumma. The damaged
carcass of a fennec was found lying near the pale fox
den. Over five nights pictures of fennec were only
obtained an hour or more after the moon had sunk
below the horizon (Fig. 5.32). Red data list status:
Data deficient.
34
Fig. 5.27 Location of pale Fox, jackal and wild cat observations, SSIG/DFPP survey of
Termit & Tin Toumma, Feb.–Mar. 2004.
Fig. 5.28 Location of all observations of fennec and Rüppell's fox, SSIG/DFPP survey of
Termit and Tin Toumma, Feb.–Mar. 2004.
35
Fig. 5.29 Time of sunset and moon sinking below horizon (moonset) by date during
camera trapping period, SSIG/DFPP survey of Termit & Tin Toumma, Feb.–Mar. 2004.
Fig. 5.30 Distribution of jackal, wild cat and pale fox images by time of night and date,
SSIG/DFPP survey of Termit & Tin Toumma, Feb.–Mar. 2004. (See Annex X for
summary of camera trap results and locations.)
Fig. 5.31 Distribution of all Rüppell's fox images by time of night and date, SSIG/DFPP
survey of Termit & Tin Toumma, Feb.–Mar. 2004.
Fig. 5.32 Distribution of all fennec fox images by time of night and date, SSIG/DFPP survey
of Termit & Tin Toumma, Feb.–Mar. 2004.
36
6. OTHER WILDLIFE
6.1 Sudan Bustard Ardeotis arabs
© Bill Houston
A total of 15 Sudan bustards were seen on the survey, all to the south-west of Termit Massif
(Fig. 6.1-6.3). All except one pair were scored as single individuals. These observations
were associated with Sahelian habitats, amongst a light mix of trees and shrubs, with
scattered smaller grasses and herbs providing evidence of past rain (Section 4.1.4).
Fig. 6.1 Sudan bustard Ardeotis arabs in Sahelian
landscape at the edge of fixed dunes, south-west of
Termit, 2nd March 2004.
Fig. 6.2 Frequency distribution of
group size among 15 Sudan bustards,
vicinity of Termit 2004.
Fig. 6.3 Distribution of all observations of Sudan (Arabian) Bustard Ardeotis arabs, and
encounter rate index by half degree grid square, during SSIG/DFPP survey of Termit and
Tin Toumma, 2004.
6.2 Nubian Bustard Neotis nuba Red Data List status - ‘Near threatened’
A total of 90 birds was recorded in 57 groups; group size varying from 1–6 (Figs.
6.4–6.6). A concentration of Nubian bustards was located in the vegetated Sahelian
habitats south–west of Termit where they were found to be 6–7 times more common
than more solitary Sudan bustards.
37
© Bill Houston
Nubian bustards were also located in or near all parts of the Termit massif visited, where 10
of the groups were encountered, comprising 16 individuals; a local encounter rate of c. 0.03
birds /km. This is similar to the rate observed in the same season in 2002, 0.02 birds/km (3
birds in 162km). These rates may be lower than those reported from a circumnavigation of
Termit in November 2002 (IRD/MNHN/SZP), when some 48 groups totalling 75 individuals
(including chicks) were recorded over what was probably around double the distance
(Claro, pers. comm., SSIG Agadir, 2003). This implies a 2-3 fold difference in Nubian bustard
encounter rates at Termit between surveys in different seasons. It is important to know
whether this relates to nomadic movement in response to random environmental
fluctuations, use of Termit as an important breeding site, or perhaps impacts of hunting
activity in the vicinity. Such questions are typical for a range of Sahelo-Saharan flagship
species and systematically organised monitoring is required to resolve them.
Fig. 6.4 Group size frequency
distribution, 90 Nubian bustards in 57
groups, Feb.–March 2004.
Fig. 6.5 Nubian bustard Neotis nuba in Termit,
February 2004.
Fig. 6.6 Distribution of all observations of Nubian Bustard Neotis nuba, and encounter
rate index by half-degree grid square, during SSIG/DFPP survey of Termit and Tin
Toumma, Feb.–Mar. 2004.
38
© Bill Houston
6.3 Lappet-faced Vultures Torgos tracheliotus Red Data List status - ‘Vulnerable’
Single lappet-faced vultures were
recorded on five occasions during the
survey, including a cluster of three
observations in central Termit, near
where an active nest was found in
February 2002 (Fig. 6.7, 6.8). A new
nest site with sitting adult was found
on this survey some 100km westsouth-west of Termit. The timing of
Fig. 6.7 Lappet-faced vulture in central Termit, Feb. 2004. these nesting observations at Termit
accord with nesting data from the Aïr
Mountains (JEN pers. obs.) and southern Saudi Arabia (TJW pers. obs.). Three active
nests have now been located during the two SSIG February surveys to Termit.
Fig. 6.8 Distribution of all lappet-faced vulture and ostrich related observations,
SSIG/DFPP survey of Termit & Tin Toumma, Feb.–Mar 2004.
© Bill Houston
6.4 Ostrich Struthio camelus Critically endangered in the Sahelo-Saharan zone
Fig. 6.9 Whole ostrich egg of unknown age,
Tin Toumma, February 2004.
39
The ostrich is verging on extinction in
desert habitats of Niger (Ostrowski et
al. 2001, Newby et al. 2004). No
evidence of living ostriches was
noted on the survey (Fig. 6.8).
Ostrich eggshell fragments were
recorded at three sites, but these are
generally frequent and in most cases
likely to be relatively ancient. We did
not record all that we saw. More
notable was the observation of a single battered ostrich feather, and separately, an entire
ostrich egg (Fig. 6.9), both preserved in the sands of Tin Toumma. It is possible that both
of these are relatively old. Their presence in the Tin Toumma sands could be natural, or
equally the outcome of previous human activity.
6.5 Other bird observations
A list of the 34 bird species recorded during the survey is supplied in Annex XI. Only
14 of these species were detected in the two half degree squares overlying the Termit
Massif itself, of which three were additional to the 17 species detected in the Massif in
2002. These low numbers reflect dry season conditions, and represent a relatively
high proportion of arid adapted residents. The probable significance of Termit to
migrants and more seasonal users of the Massif (see section on Nubian bustard
above) is unlikely to be reflected in these results.
Among residents, in addition to nesting by lappet-faced vultures, the old nest site of a
white-crowned black wheatear Oenanthe leucopyga was discovered in a cliff side in
central Termit. Single eagle owls Bubo b. ascalaphus were encountered on two
occasions (Fig. 6.10). Notable observations of migrants included a lone female red-footed
falcon Falco vespertinus and several kestrels. A single desert warbler Sylvia nana was
spotted in a clump of Cornulaca monacantha in Tin Toumma, characteristically close to a
desert wheatear Oenanthe deserti perched on a nearby shrub. Several harrier-like
raptors were seen in poor conditions on the early transects, but not fully identified.
The only species genuinely widespread and relatively frequent in Tin Toumma was the
hoopoe lark Alaemon alaudipes. Hoopoe lark locations and encounter rate are
indicated in Fig. 6.10. Although this may have been particularly affected by dusty
observation conditions in the earlier transects, hoopoe lark distribution may provide
an independent indicator of local productivity for future comparisons.
Brown-necked ravens Corvus ruficollis were moderately frequent in the Sahelian zone and
around the Termit Massif, but were not seen in Tin Toumma on the current survey (Fig. 6.10).
Fig. 6.10 Distribution of eagle owl, brown-necked raven and hoopoe lark observations;
SSIG/DFPP survey of Termit &Tin Toumma, Feb.–Mar. 2004.
40
© Tim Wacher /ZSL
6.6 SPURRED TORTOISE Geochelone sulcata Red Data List status - Vulnerable
African spurred tortoises were located
in 3 of 10 6’ squares visited in the
Termit Massif, confirming a population
distributed through both northern and
southern sectors of the range (Fig. 6.11
& 6.12). Burrow systems were located
at 5 sites with 2,3,1,1,and 2 burrow
entrances recorded respectively.
Three of the burrow sites were
confirmed active by recent tracks and
droppings of adults (Fig. 6.13). One
appeared empty and one may have
Fig. 6.11 Live tortoise sheltering under
been occupied by foxes. A camera
Grewia tenax, northern Termit, February 2004.
trap set from before sunset to after
sunrise on 28th–29th February at the mouth of one burrow with fresh tracks did not
produce any photographs or record any activity.
© John Newby
The shell and bones of a long dead adult could be seen wedged at an angle within this
burrow, with fresh adult tortoise tracks leading past. The remains of a single dead
hatchling were found near eggshell remains in central Termit, and two dead hatchlings
were found in the north, confirming breeding. The latter were near a single live adult
that was located after following tracks to a refuge in a shallow depression under a
dense Grewia tenax bush on the northern plateau of Termit. In the same general area
tracks of an adult tortoise were found travelling over an exposed flat stony surface of
un-vegetated plateau several hundred metres across, showing individuals make
substantial movements between vegetated feeding areas. The observations confirm
that Termit supports an important northerly breeding population of this typically
Sahelian species.
Fig. 6.12 Distribution map of all Geochelone
sulcata information, SSIG/DFPP survey of
Termit, Feb.–Mar. 2004.
41
Fig. 6.13 Tortoise tracks (fresh and older)
leading to a burrow entrance, southern Termit,
and detail of burrow entrance in northern
Termit (inset). SSIG/DFPP, Feb. 2004.
7. HUMAN ACTIVITIES
AND
LIVESTOCK
Throughout the SSIG surveys all observations of human activity and livestock
management are recorded systematically in order to build up information on existing
human land use needs and practices in the zone frequented by threatened SaheloSaharan wildlife. To date SSIG has not incorporated socio-economic expertise into its
survey teams in Niger. But the organisation recognises the urgent need for improved
information and development of this aspect if wildlife conservation is to become
possible in areas such as Termit (see also CMS/FFEM/ASS 2003). The brief notes
below provide a record of what has been seen on SSIG surveys as an aid to planning
essential work in future.
7.1 Resident Population
The activities of the human population in the Termit area are focused on a limited number of
wells, particularly the major well sites at Termit Kaoboul, Termit West and Termit North (Fig.
7.1). The only permanent buildings seen by SSIG on two surveys to Termit were at Termit
Kaoboul, where some tin-roofed breeze-block storage buildings and a now semi-derelict
airstrip were built and used for locust control operations (OCLALAV). SOS Faune du Niger
is also active in developing school buildings and the rehabilitation of the existing wells.
Otherwise the nearest permanent settlement seen is at Tasker, 106km to the south-west and
several Tubu encampments noted along the track approaching Termit Kaoboul from there.
© Bill Houston
The great majority of the population are Tubu nomads who rely for survival primarily on
pastoral camel herding and small stock management. During the SSIG survey of 2002,
Tubu encampments of no more than 5-10 shelters were noted at Termit West and Termit
North and both these wells were active. A man was also encountered hunting on foot with
an automatic weapon in central-eastern Termit, where dama, Barbary sheep and dorcas
gazelle were all present. In 2004, 7 Tubu shelters were noted at Termit West and only one,
possibly recently abandoned, at Termit North, where the well had run dry. A cluster of at
least 9 shelters was seen some 18km north
of Termit West and a second isolated camp
of 2 shelters was seen in the central part of
the Termit massif, also almost exactly 18km
from the well at Termit West (Fig. 7.1). The
womenfolk and children present at the latter
site came forward offering to barter stone
age arrowheads, as people had done at
Termit North in 2002. By contrast a man
seen alone on foot near grazing camels at a
remote spot, hid from the vehicles. Typical
Tubu camp sites suggest that these
communities lead a harsh existence in
which availability of all natural resources
must be at a premium for survival (Fig. 7.2).
Fig. 7.1 Locations of all human settlements
encountered in the vicinity of Termit Massif,
SSIG/DFPP survey, Feb.–Mar. 2004.
Fig. 7.2 Tubu camp 18km east of the well at
Termit West, February 2004.
42
7.2 Livestock
Livestock records are divided among small stock (sheep and goats, combined as
“shoats”), camels and donkeys. The relative abundance of these species compared to
antelopes along the major sectors of the survey is summarised in Table 7.1 and Fig. 7.3.
Livestock distribution: The distribution of livestock encounter rate indices indicate that
while small stock and donkeys are spread throughout the Sahelian band and Termit,
only camels were observed in the Tin Toumma zone shared with the critically
endangered addax.
Table. 7.1 Total number of livestock counted by survey sector compared to counts of dorcas
and addax in the same sectors, SSIG survey of Termit and Tin Toumma, Feb.–Mar. 2004.
Sector
Camels
Shoats
Donkeys
Dorcas
Addax
Km
Termit - Talras
166
235
66
168
0
162.8
Termit North*
94
47
3
273
0
316.2
Tin Toumma
114
0
0
110
22
763.3
Termit South*
239
72
27
131
0
129.4
Tasker - Termit
424
40
22
0
0
153.6
1037
394
22
1525.3
Totals
118
682
* Defined as 0.5 grid squares between N15 30’–N16 30’ & E11 –E11 30’
o
o
o
o
o
Fig. 7.3 Distribution of domestic livestock through the survey area, based on encounter rate
index by 0.5o grid squares; SSIG/DFPP survey of Termit and Tin Toumma, Feb.–Mar. 2004.
43
Fig. 7.4 Relative abundance of livestock
(encounter rate index) by survey sector,
Termit & Tin Toumma; SSIG/DFPP survey of
Termit and Tin Toumma, Feb.–Mar. 2004.
Relative abundance of livestock and
wildlife: Encounters with livestock
substantially outnumber observations of
antelopes in all sectors except Tin
Toumma and the northern half of the
Termit Massif (Fig. 7.4). But it should be
noted that these were also the only
sectors where no time was spent
following trails between human
settlements, as was predominantly the
case on all other sectors. The relative
balance of wildlife and livestock
presence, favouring wildlife in Termit
north compared to Termit south (as
defined in Table 7.1), may have
significant implications for conservation
management if found to be general over
seasons.
Comparison between 2002 and 2004:
Comparison of livestock indices for
northern Termit and Tin Toumma in 2002
and 2004 shows broadly similar results
between the two years (Fig. 7.5). The
Fig. 7.5 Comparative encounter rates with
encounter rate with small stock and
livestock and Dorcas at Termit North and
Tin Toumma, SSIG/DFPP surveys 2002 and 2004. donkeys is reversed in Termit north
between 2002 and 2004, but this is
associated primarily with gatherings
around water points, which may arise from chance encounter day to day. The need
for standardised survey routes to distinguish changes in relative abundance is already
discussed for dorcas observations in section 5.3.
Relative abundance of camels in Tin Toumma: Scattered groups of camels were
encountered between longitude E11.5o and E12.5 o at a similar rate in 2002 and 2004
(Fig. 7.5). Although the encounter rate with camels during the 2004 transect survey of
Tin Toumma was the lowest of any sector of the survey, camel observations still
outnumbered addax by more than 5 to 1 in Tin Toumma. The transect observations
suggest a population possibly in excess of 1000 camels in Tin Toumma during
February 2004 (lower confidence interval ~500, see Annex VIII). SSIG is not aware of
whose camels these are, and finding out more about this land use is an important
priority. In the majority of (all?) cases, the camels were free ranging, without human
accompaniment. At this time of the year, cooler season, this is normal and the camels
will gradually head back towards a water point when and if thirst demands.
It is also noted that further east near Agadem, in 2002, the SSIG observed large herds
of 150-200 camels transiting northward for trading. Information is provisional, but it
seems likely that this is a separate economic activity relative to the camel grazing
described above. The frequency, routing and influence of camel trading caravans (and
potentially more damaging vehicle based trading operations) crossing north–south
across the Tin Toumma addax habitat needs further investigation and monitoring.
44
7.3 Hunting Observations
Hunting pressure in the vicinity of Termit has been the subject of extensive publicity
in Niger and is of major international concern. This section documents what has been
observed of hunting activity in the Termit area by SSIG. All locations where hunting
activity is known to have taken place or wild ungulate carcasses from unmistakable
hunting activity have been found are mapped. The observations show that hunting in
the area falls into two major categories, and the whole area, including the Tin Toumma
sands, has been affected.
Local hunting: The large mammals of Termit are currently impacted by local
subsistence hunting, and cases of hunting for Barbary sheep, dorcas gazelle and
almost certainly dama gazelle have been observed. Evidence includes fresh skins of
dorcas gazelles found hanging in bushes, remains of Barbary sheep showing signs of
burns from roasting over fires near abandoned temporary camp sites, and discarded
fresh remains of gazelles in circumstances where cheetah predation is unlikely. SSIG
has not as yet attempted to obtain information from local people on the role of hunting
in the local economy, although it is possibly an important contributor.
Recreational hunting: In addition and better publicised, the area has also been subject
to repeated waves of large-scale recreational desert tourism, involving a strong
hunting element, conducted by wealthy outsiders. The deserted campsite of the most
recent such expedition prior to this survey, in January 2004, was visited. Inspection of
only a small part of the large area occupied revealed remnants of numerous goats and
a severed Nubian bustard head still lying around the site several weeks after the event.
A couple of dorcas skulls were also found, but in these cases had clearly died much
earlier than other remains found.
The brief survey periods have not been sufficient to measure the impact of either form
of hunting on wildlife populations, especially those of the rare Sahelo-Saharan
species, directly. The fact that so few individuals have been recorded and that more
dead than live individuals were encountered for addax, dama and Barbary sheep (Fig.
7.6), is nevertheless a strong indicator that the situation is grave. We have not
encountered direct evidence of very recent hunting for addax, but discovery of e.g. up
to 15 addax horns at one location alongside shell cartridges (Fig.7.7) suggests this
critically endangered species probably has been hunted at unsustainable levels in the
not too distant past in this habitat. Repetition of this activity is thus a constant threat.
In these circumstances uncontrolled hunting could be catastrophic to prospects of
continued survival or recovery of rare species. It is clear that a critical impact
associated with these issues is the economic distortion created by the large sums of
money committed to recreational hunting. This means recreational hunters from
other countries are effectively controlling the national economic value of these natural
resources but without an apparent mechanism in place to ensure sustainability or
long-term benefit to Niger. Establishment of a sustainable conservation regime for
these highly endangered species, as well as for those less threatened for the moment,
is a key area of interest to SSIG.
Fig. 7.6 Proportion of living to dead
individuals of key Sahelo-Saharan species
recorded during SSIG/DFPP survey of Termit
& Tin Toumma, Feb.– Mar. 2004.
[Note: exact cause of death
not identified, and therefore not necessarily
attributable to hunting, in majority of these
cases].
45
© Tim Wacher /ZSL
Fig. 7.7a left Dama, addax and Barbary
sheep horns as found; northern Termit (all at
map site 3), February 2004.
© Bill Houston
Fig. 7.7b below Horns of at least 7 addax,
10 dorcas (area of detail inset) and old .303
shell cases were scattered under an isolated
Capparis decidua where the Dilia drains
from Tin Toumma. Events of several years
ago, (map site 2), February 2004.
Fig. 7.7 Circumstantial and direct evidence of
both local subsistence hunting and large-scale
recreational hunting has been located
throughout the Termit area during SSIG surveys.
© Bill Houston
Fig. 7.7c left Partially buried rubbish, with
numerous slaughtered goats and remains of
Nubian bustard. Small part of a very
extensive recreational hunting camp (map
site 1); events of a few weeks previously;
February 2004.
46
8. RECOMMENDATIONS
On the strength of the results obtained by SSIG and DFPP during its mission
undertaken to Termit and Tin Toumma in 2004, a number of pertinent
recommendations can be made. These are not simply based on what was observed
and achieved during this relatively short survey but are complemented by previous
fieldwork undertaken by SSIG and other key players, including DFPP, SOS Faune du
Niger, ZSP, CMS/FFEM, etc., as well as through discussions both formal and informal
with people familiar with the area and the issues related to its conservation.
© Bill Houston
The
purpose
of
the
following
recommendations is to advance not only
the conservation and protection of one of
Africa’s
most
unique
biodiversity
“hotspots” – Termit/Tin Toumma — but in
general to promote the conservation of
wildlife and its sustainable use and
development within a Nigerien context of
socio-economic development. SSIG and
its partners are fully committed to assist
Niger in any way they can to bring about
the effective conservation of Termit/Tin
Toumma and its wildlife.
1.
Establishment of a Termit/Tin Toumma protected area
It is absolutely vital and of extreme urgency that a protected area of suitable size be
defined and legally gazetted to conserve the wildlife, natural habitats and other
components of the natural and cultural heritage of the Termit and Tin Toumma
regions. There are many reasons for this, including the following:
47
a)
The Termit/Tin Toumma region harbours the only known viable, wild population
of addax on earth. This tiny population of around one hundred animals is already
under threat from poachers. This small population is, however, healthy and
continues to breed and produce offspring. Its sole protection, currently, is its
relative inaccessibility but this is no guarantee whatsoever of its survival. Only
full legal protection within an adequately sized protected area, combined with
active and permanent surveillance can ensure this. Whilst it is a great credit and
an honour to Niger to harbour this truly unique population of addax, it is also an
enormous responsibility for which the country deserves all the help it can get;
b)
Apart from the addax, the Termit/Tin Toumma region is an incredible biodiversity
“hotspot”, containing a wide variety of aridlands fauna and flora. Lying between
Saharan and Sahelian ecosystems, the area combines the best of both, a
characteristic further enhanced by the great diversity of habitats present, from
mountain to open desert. Diversity apart, the area’s value rises many-fold
because of its increasing uniqueness. Elsewhere in the Sahelo-Saharan region,
similar habitats and ecosystems have been totally destroyed. Termit is a
veritable Noah’s Ark for the fauna and flora of the entire Sahelo-Saharan region
– if it ‘sinks’, the loss will be of worldwide significance;
c)
Many elements of the area’s wildlife are under increasing threat from poaching.
Dramatic declines have been recorded in two especially important species, the
dama gazelle and the Barbary sheep. Worldwide, the dama gazelle is as rare as
the addax but unlike it, doesn’t have the Sahara desert as protection. One by
one, Termit’s dama gazelles have been shot out until today there are virtually
none left. A similar situation exists with the Barbary sheep but here, at least, the
mountain offers some protection. The decline of these species, in Termit, can
without doubt be blamed mostly on local hunters armed with automatic
weapons and operating in an area totally devoid of any meaningful control.
The establishment of an effective protected area for desert wildlife is not an easy
undertaking and requires good science, strong commitment, support politically and from
the local population, and an ability to integrate social, socio-economic and conservation
concerns under one roof. Even when established, a reserve will only be as effective as
the management given to it and the full implementation of the legal measures embodied
in its decree and by-laws.
© John Newby
Neither should alternative forms of
protection that are best suited to the site
and its peculiarities be overlooked. The
establishment of a traditional protected
area may take a long time and may not
respond fully to the ecological realities
imposed by climate, distribution of
suitable habitat, annual fluctuations,
animal movements, etc. Protection needs
to follow the animals wherever they are
and not simply when they happen to be
inside a well-managed area with legally
defined boundaries.
Exploring the possibilities offered by the local people – knowledgeable, mobile,
present – in the area’s surveillance and protection should be a top priority and may
well lead to early deployment of an on-the-ground protection force pending the
development of other complementary measures.
2.
Better integration and planning of wildlife protection and hunting
An effective and sustainable Termit/Tin Toumma protected area will only be possible
if its boundaries are established on ecological principles. The current boundaries, as
vaguely described in sketch maps, fail to recognize the fact that much of Termit’s
wildlife will require access to prime, sub-desert habitat if it is to prosper or survive
during periods of drought. The currently defined buffer zones, gazelle resting areas
and bustard breeding sites have little or no known scientific or ecological basis. And
whilst it is possible for hunting activities to coexist with more formal protection,
zoning, management and control are extremely import.
© John Newby
To ensure an effective protected area, it
will be necessary to review and revise the
current location of hunting blocks to allow
Termit an adequate dispersion zone for its
wildlife. The role that Termit will play in
the long-term supply of healthy wildlife to
the neighbouring hunting zones must not
be overlooked. The work undertaken by
SSIG and others in Niger will go a long
way to providing the technical authorities
with the data and information they require
to establish meaningful boundaries to
protected areas. Similar techniques can
also be used to better define the location
and boundaries of hunting zones.
3.
Hunting
Although research into hunting was not a major objective of the SSIG/DFPP Niger
2004 mission, it was recognized that it would have an important impact on wildlife
conservation and protection. It was also recognized to be one way in which Niger
could exploit and benefit from its natural resources if carried out sustainably.
Unfortunately, lack of transparency and integration of hunting and protection activities
48
has led to confusion and misgivings, both nationally and internationally. It is vital that
this mixed message be clarified because it undermines efforts to obtain external
support, especially for areas like Termit, where significant work of international
importance is urgently required, but where competing demands from the hunting
and the more protectionist lobbies may exist.
SSIG fully recognizes the sovereign rights of Niger to allow hunting but strongly urges
the authorities to put in place unambiguous legislation and policies, and provide the
means that allow for i) the delimitation of hunting blocks that take into account the
broader range of wildlife conservation and utilization issues, ii) the full protection of
endangered species and the setting of science-based quotas for non-endangered
species, iii) the control of hunting practices, the respect of quotas, target species, and
hunting block limits, iv) the regular
monitoring and evaluation of wildlife
stocks and subsequent quota-setting, and
v) the adhesion to national, regional and
international laws and conventions
governing wildlife trade and conservation.
© John Newby
Apart from the sustainability and legality
aspects, SSIG also calls upon the hunters
themselves, and hunting associations, to
examine the ethical and code of conduct
issues relating to the hunting methods
used and to the role of both hunters and
hunting in the conservation of wildlife,
especially that of endangered species.
4.
Wildlife reintroduction/restoration
The reproduction in captivity and the reintroduction/reinforcement of certain
species/populations of aridland wildlife is a key objective for Niger. SSIG is willing to
assist in any way it can, including a specific mission to Niger and assistance with
recognized population and habitat viability assessments (PHVA). In the interim,
however, it is important to point out that the success of such programmes will require
substantial long-term support and resources. It will also require access to prime
wildlife habitat for the species concerned. Captive-breeding can, technicallyspeaking, take place almost anywhere but for reintroduction or restoration to be
successful, it must take place with access to an adequate area of prime habitat in
which the factors that caused the original extinction are controlled or no longer
prevail. For species such as the scimitar-horned oryx, the dama gazelle or the ostrich,
this means large expanses of Sahelian and sub-Saharan grasslands. Currently, there
is very little of this type of habitat under protection or management and in fact, much
of it in Niger has been allocated for hunting activities. Whilst Gadabeji Game Reserve
may well be an admirable site for a captive-breeding programme, its role as a nucleus
for the repopulation of neighbouring areas requires serious assessment. It should
also be noted that although the majority of remaining dama gazelle and ostrich are
to be found in mountainous or Saharan habitats, these are in fact relatively marginal
to their original ranges, from which they have now almost entirely disappeared.
5.
Integrating conservation and development
The conservation processes and measures implemented for Termit/Tin Toumma,
including the gazettement and management of any protected areas, must take into
consideration the roles, rights and responsibilities of the local population and of other
stakeholders with an interest in the area’s well being and development. The support
and active involvement of the local population, administration, technical services,
military, etc. is fundamentally important and clearly defining the roles and
responsibilities of each actor essential. The local population, especially, needs to be
fully integrated and not simply treated as a passive observer in a largely external
process. Methods need to be explored that do not create unrealistic expectations but
49
that at the same time create incentives for all to contribute actively to the area’s
conservation in a sustainable manner, i.e. one that will live beyond any short-term
peaks in the availability of external support and funding.
© John Newby
6.
Scientific research
The SSIG surveys of Termit, together with the work of other agencies, are laying down
an important but as yet fragmentary understanding of and basis for the management
and protection of the Termit/Tin Toumma region. Given its uniqueness and precarious
conservation status, appropriate emphasis must be given to further and longer term
scientific
research
and
ecological
monitoring. This should not only focus on
biological diversity but also on the
important socio-economic and socioecological context governing the area, its
use and potential. Establishing formal
links between academic institutions in
Niger and elsewhere for cooperative,
multi-disciplinary research programmes is
a useful avenue to explore. Given the
uniqueness of the area and its great
diversity of life forms, there should be no
lack of interest. Areas of interest include:
■
socio-anthropological and socio-economic work leading to a full stakeholder
analysis for the region;
■
survey of the ecology, land use patterns, and their linkages between Termit and
the Sahelian lands to the south;
■
further monitoring of addax and other key species in Tin Toumma using
replicable and defined survey effort; development of fixed effort survey routes
within the Termit Massif to improve understanding of human land use and
wildlife distribution;
■
baseline surveys of as yet unstudied aspects of the region’s fauna and flora;
50
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53
ANNEX I
Termit Wildlife: Conservation Status Assessments
Species
Scimitar-horned Oryx
Oryx dammah (Cretzschmar 1826)
IUCN Red list
EW
Addax
Addax nasomaculatus
(de Blainville 1816)
CR
A2d
Dama gazelle
Gazella dama (Pallas 1766)
EN
C2a(i)
Dorcas
Gazella dorcas (Linnaeus 1758)
Vu
A2 c+d
Barbary Sheep
Ammotragus lervia (Pallas 1777)
Vu
A2 c+d
Cheetah
Acinonyx jubatus (Schreber 1775)
Vu
C2a(i)
Wild cat
Felis sylvestris lybica (Forster 1770)
Sand cat
Felis margarita (Loche 1858)
Golden Jackal
Canis aureus (Linnaeus 1758)
Pale fox
Vulpes pallida (Cretzschmar 1826)
Comment
EXTINCT IN THE WILD [IUCN Red List 2004]
CITES Appendix I
CMS
Appendix I/II
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED [IUCN Red List 2005, in prep.]
A2) Estimated decline of >80% continuing, based on d) actual or potential
levels of exploitation.
CITES Appendix I
CMS Appendix I
ENDANGERED [IUCN Red List 2005, in prep.]
C2) Population <2500 mature individuals, decline continuing and
a(i) no subpopulation >250. (Note: implied decline of >80% at Termit in
last 30 years documented, see section 5.4).
CITES Appendix I
CMS Appendix I
VULNERABLE [IUCN Red List 2005, in prep.]
A2) Estimated decline >30% continuing, based on c) decline in area of
occupancy/habitat quality plus d) actual or potential levels of exploitation.
CITES Appendix III
CMS Appendix I
VULNERABLE [IUCN/SSC Caprinae Specialist Group 1999]
A2) Estimated decline >30% continuing, based on c) decline in area of
occupancy/habitat quality plus d) actual or potential levels of exploitation.
CITES Appendix II
VULNERABLE [IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group 2001]
C) Population size estimated to number fewer than 10,000 mature
individuals and
2) A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of
mature individuals AND
a(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 1000 mature
individuals.
CITES Appendix I
IUCN not listed.
Cat Specialist Group Category 5.
NEAR THREATENED [IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group 2001]
NT
IUCN not listed
(CITES III - India only).
DATA DEFICIENT [IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group 2004]
A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a
direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its
distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category may be well
studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance
and/or distribution are lacking.
CITES Appendix II
DD
Fennec
Vulpes zerda (Zimmerman 1780)
Rüppell's fox
Vulpes rueppelli (Schinz 1825)
Striped Hyaena
Hyaena hyaena (Linnaeus 1758)
DD
DD
LR/nt
NEAR THREATENED [IUCN/SSC Hyaena Specialist Group 1999]
A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the
criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or
Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a
threatened category in the near future.
African Spurred Tortoise
Geochelone sulcata (Miller 1779)
Vu
VULNERABLE [IUCN/SSC Tortoise & freshwater Turtle Specialist Group
1996]
A1) An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size
reduction of 50% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is
the longer, where the causes of the reduction are: clearly reversible AND
understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following:
(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of
habitat (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation.
CITES Appendix II (and zero annual export quota from the wild agreed).
Ostrich
Struthio camelus (Linnaeus 1758)
Sudan bustard
Ardeotis arabs (Linnaeus 1758)
Nubian bustard
Neotis nuba (Cretzschmar 1826)
Lappet-faced Vulture
Torgos tracheliotus (Forster 1799)
LR/lc
LEAST CONCERN [Birdlife International 2004]
CITES Appendix I (Sahelo-saharan countries including Niger).
LR/lc
LR/nt
NEAR THREATENED [Birdlife International 2004]
CITES Appendix II
Vu
VULNERABLE [Birdlife International 2004]
CITES Appendix II,
CMS Appendix II (Estimated 500 pairs in West Africa).
CITES Appendix II
Egyptian Vulture
Neophron percnopterus (Linnaeus 1758)
LR/lc
A1cd
54
ANNEX II
Acronyms Used In The Report
ASS
CMS
CRC
DFPP
FFEM
GPS
IRD
MNHN
ROSELT
SOS
SSA
SSIG
SCF
SZP
ZSL
55
- Antelopes Sahélo-Sahariens.
- Convention on Migratory Species (a.k.a. the Bonn Convention).
- Conservation Research Centre, Smithsonian Institution, Washington.
- Direction de la Faune, de la Pêche et de la Pisciculture, Niamey, Niger.
- Fond Français pour l’Environnement Mondiale, Paris.
- Global Positioning System.
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris.
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. Paris.
- Réseau d’Observatoires de Surveillance Ecologique à Long Terme.
- SOS Faune du Niger, Niamey, Niger.
- Sahelo-Saharan Antelopes.
- Sahelo-Saharan Interest Group.
- Sahara Conservation Fund.
- Société Zoologique de Paris, Paris.
- Zoological Society of London, London.
ANNEX III
SSIG Contacts in Niger during the field survey:
February & March 2004.
The following people were met with by the SSIG team in a combination of formal
individual meetings, and at a reception held by Mr. John Davison, DCM of the US
Embassy in Niger.
Name
Mr. Ali Harouna
Mr. Moussa Salao Barmou
Mr. Abdou Malam Issa
Mr. Moussa Alou
Mr. John Davison
Ambassador Matiheu
Mr. Erick Mathieu
Mr. Philippe Gineste
Mr. Rol Reiland
Mme. Julie Ascani
Mr. Maurice Ascani
Mr. Mamane Oussëïni
Mr. Haladou Mamane
Mr. Boubacar Adamou
Mr. Boulama Abarri
Mr. Garba Laminou
Mr. Issofou Wata
Mr. Adamou Bouhari
Mr. et Mme. Peterson
Mr. et Mme. Aboubacar
Mme. Sue Brown
Mr. Don Cunningham
Mr. & Mrs. Sidi Ahmed
Mr. Kelly Bishop
Mr. Aminou Boukary
Ms. Susan Rosenfeldt
Mme. Noura Fatchima
Mr. David McNally
Mr. Hamado Moumouni
Mr. Gorel Harouna
Mr. Ibrahim Mohamed
Mr. Moussa Iro Morphy
Mr. Souleymane Agouma
Mr. Djibril Nasser
?
Dr. Carlo Paolini
Dr. Hubert Boulet
Mme. Susan Jarrett
Ms. Sharon Sperry
S.E. Chaibou Mamane
Function
Directeur DFPP
Chef Division Aires Protégées DFPP
Chef Division Protection Nature DFPP
Directeur-Adjoint DFPP
DCM US Embassy
CM US Embassy
Technical Assistant ROSELT
Chargé de Programme Union Européenne
Trésorière SOS Faune du Niger
Chargé de Comminucations SOS Faune du Niger
Président SOS Faune du Niger
Directeur-Adjoint Musée National du Niger
Americas Desk MFA
REDD
Association UNESCO
Coordinator ROSELT
GEF/UNDP Niger
DEV US Embassy
DEV US Embassy
JAO US Embassy
FMS US Embassy
PD US Embassy
US Peace Corps
Petronas/Cargali Niger
International Programs Boston University
Ass. Nigérienne des Scouts de l’Environnement
US Peace Corps
Journaliste Radio Anfani
Journaliste Le Républicain
Président REDD/Niger
Directeur DDE Zinder
DDE Zinder
Service Environnement Gouré
Chef de Poste Administratif Tasker
Conseiller Technique Principal ECOPAS
Assistant Technique ECOPAS Niger
Hon. British Consul Niger
ASN
Secrétaire d’Etat de l’Environnement
56
ANNEX IV
Outline Programme And Itinerary
Date
Programme
13/02/03
14/02/03
15/02/03
16/02/03
17/02/03
18/02/03
19/02/03
20/02/03
21/02/03
22/02/03
23/02/03
24/02/03
25/02/03
26/02/03
27/02/03
28/02/03
29/02/03
01/03/04
02/03/04
03/03/04
04/03/04
05/03/04
06/03/04
07/03/04
08/03/04
Arrival in Niamey from Paris. First briefing with DFPP.
Second meeting with DFPP. Meeting with SOS Faune du Niger.
Organize logistics. Reception at US Embassy.
Travel from Niamey to Zinder.
Meetings with DDE Zinder and Gouré.
Meeting with Poste Administratif, Tasker. Begin fieldwork.
Arrival at Termit Kaoboul. Fieldwork in Termit Massif.
Carry out survey along Tin Toumma transect L1.
Survey Tin Toumma transect L2. Fieldwork in Termit Massif.
Fieldwork in Termit Massif.
Carry out survey along Tin Toumma transect L3.
Survey Tin Toumma transect L4. Fieldwork in Termit Massif.
Fieldwork in Termit massif. Begin Tin Toumma transect L5.
Finish transect L5 and most of Tin Toumma transect L6.
Finish transect L6. Fieldwork in Termit Massif.
Fieldwork in Massif. Depart for Kandil Bouzou.
Fieldwork Kandil Bouzou to region of Talras.
Fieldwork Talras to Tanout. Night in Agadez.
Morning in Agadez. Night in Tahoua.
Tahoua-Niamey. Debriefing with DFPP.
Meeting with DFPP mission staff.
Meeting with SOS Faune du Niger and ROSELT.
Meeting with DFPP. Debriefing and press conference. Meeting with
Secretary of State for Environment.
Departure for Paris.
09/03/04
57
ANNEX V
Survey protocol document prepared for SSIG survey of
Termit and Tin Toumma, Dec. 2003.
SAHELO-SAHARAN INTEREST GROUP (SSIG) WILDLIFE SURVEYS
TERMIT 2004 RESEARCH PROTOCOL
INTRODUCTION
A series of recent reconnaissance surveys have established that the Termit Mountains
and neighbouring Tin Toumma region support perhaps the most important remaining
assembly of wildlife in the southern Sahara (DFPP/WWF, June 2001; SSIG, March 2002;
IRD/MNHN/SZP, November 2002; CMS/FFEM/ASS November 2003).
The recent CMS/FFEM/ASS reports give a comprehensive overview of the political and
socio-economic contexts that must be addressed if the difficult task of conserving this
heritage into the future is to be achieved.
In support of the CMS/FFEM/ASS Project, the SSIG, in collaboration with DFPP is
undertaking the first systematic survey of the wildlife populations over a c. 10,000km2
area in the vicinity of Termit. Information collected in this way will support
CMS/FFEM/ASS priorities for planning, proposal and development phases. The
survey will differ from previous studies by providing a wide-ranging, up-to-date and
unified baseline of data identifying the extent and distribution of wildlife over a large
area in a short time frame. The survey methods will be organised in a format that can
be replicated for comparison in different seasons and years.
PRINCIPLE OBJECTIVES
1.
2.
3.
4.
Map the distribution of addax and other large wildlife over a 120 x 80 km zone
to the east of Termit. Provide systematic evidence to define the areas of prime
importance. See Fig. 1 & 2.
Provide a baseline estimate of relative abundance of wildlife, especially addax and
dama gazelle, using direct observations (distance sampling and transect plot
methods) and counts of secondary signs (development of sighting frequency
indices) to create indices that can be replicated for comparison in future monitoring.
Involve DFPP staff members in all aspects of data acquisition (see below) with a
view to building DFPP capacity to participate and maintain monitoring activities.
Make all results quickly available to DFPP and ASS/CMS/FFEM as a contribution
to the ASS/CMS/FFEM project planning and development process.
NIGERIEN PARTICIPATION
Two senior staff members of DFPP have been nominated to participate in the mission.
The SSIG survey will be working to a planned schedule throughout. During this time
DFPP colleagues will gain on the job experience in the following activities:
■
Set up and use of GPS to navigate planned routes, record field observations of
vegetation and wildlife, and download to field laptop computer.
■
Use of standard codes and categories to make rapid recording of vegetation
abundance and condition (focused on species of particular importance to ASS),
in co-ordination with GPS. Identification of key plant species.
■
Use of range finder and compass to record desert wildlife observations in
standard format appropriate for systematic analysis
■
Systematic ageing and sexing of antelopes in the field to obtain data on
reproductive status and herd composition. Identification of all wildlife.
■
Set up and use of camera traps to sample small carnivore and other wildlife
activity in study zone.
■
Preliminary management and presentation of data.
58
ADDAX SURVEY: TIN TOUMMA DUNES
Transect surveys, using systematically spaced parallel transects planned from a
random origin relative to habitat, and spaced at a scale designed to give
representative coverage of dune formations. Systematic, rather than random,
transects have been chosen as the most appropriate method to address mapping and
distribution objectives while assessing relative abundance (see Sutherland 1996).
A map of prepared potential transect routes is attached (see Fig. 2.1). Note the
necessary trade-off between feasibility of travel in dune habitats verses need to ensure
representative sampling of dune structure within sample units. Transect alignment is
offset to bearings of c. 62o <-> 242o to match a proven successful direction of travel in
the Tin Toumma dunes (SSIG 2002). This aligns with primary dune direction, creating
risk of significant non-random effects in observation. Attention will be given to
ensuring representative sampling of habitats in different dune and landscape
structures within 5km sample units. Notes: Sampling fraction currently estimated at
7-8% (depending on typical observation range). Secondary sample units spaced at
5km (east -west) along transect lines to provide spot records of vegetation abundance
and growth stage (particularly Cornulaca and Stipagrostis) for mapping and
secondary sign count analysis. Sample units identified by pre-planned GPS
navigation (See Fig. 1).
DATA COLLECTION PROTOCOLS
Habitat and Environmental Conditions
Record Location and Time (GPS point).
Meteorology: Wind speed, temp, relative humidity on a regular meteorological
schedule of 4 times daily, e.g. 06.30, 10.30, 14.30, 18.30 with GPS waypoint number.
Habitat type: Systematic record at 5km intervals or pre-planned locations
(Tin Toumma): onto voice tape with GPS waypoint number.
Record substrate from: Sand/Soil/Gravel/Rock (5-10->25% cover).
Record Land form from: Mountain: Less than 50m / Greater than 50m; Wadis: Gravel
wadi / sandy wadi; Plains: Sand plain / gravel plain; Dunes: Type: Linear / Barkhan /
Star; Position: Interdunal valley / low dune / high dune.
Rapid vegetation record (adapted from SSIG 2002 methods): systematic at 5km intervals
along each transect at pre-planned locations centred in 5km sample units (Fig. 1).
Visual observation using reference codes and voice tape: Growth forms: Micro
herbs/grasses; Grasses; Dwarf shrubs (<1m); Shrubs(>1m); Trees. Visual estimate
Cover by growth form (using standard reference chart). Visual estimate of dominant
growth stage and growth form (coded by standard reference). Visual assessment of
dominant species in each growth form where possible: always record Acacia,
Leptadenia, Cornculaca, Stipagrostis as present or absent.
Detailed Vegetation Record: Systematic: Digital photos on compass bearing (0, 120,
240) every 30 km. (4 locations each transect).
WILDLIFE
Primary method (addax, gazelles): Collect data in distance sampling format. Note: It
is not expected that enough groups of addax will be encountered to allow formal
density estimates from distance sampling methodology, but full distance and bearing
information will allow objective presentation and summary of observation conditions.
Observations at > than measurable range with available range finding equipment
(Leica LRF 1200) will be recorded as such. This should allow assessment of
observations relative to a planned 500m fixed strip width.
59
Support method: Counts of small carnivores, bustards; secondary signs (tracks and
dung) per 5km unit; for conversion to indices of relative abundance and plotting of
distribution maps.
Primary objects of interest and actions:
All antelope sightings:
Live group sighting
At moment of first observation
1)
Record place and time (GPS point at vehicle)
2)
Herd size, composition, activity when first seen (especially
mobile or stationary).
3)
Distance and bearing from vehicle to point of first observation
(all groups running or stationary.)
4)
Repeat record of habitat parameters as at 5km survey point for
dama and addax
5)
In cases of running addax, intercept tracks once animals are out
of sight, and back track to locate point at which they were
disturbed. Record this location (use it to calculate
perpendicular distance from transect and compare with point
of first observation etc.); as before record vegetation and if
possible interpret activity prior to disturbance. Then return to
exact point from which animals were first seen before
proceeding with transect.
Secondary sign encounters (tracks and dung)
Record time and location (GPS), number of piles (dung) or individuals
distinguishing calves (tracks); position on dune slope (dune valley, lower
slope, upper slope, crown of dune).
Sum total counts and frequencies per 5.6 km sample unit.
HUMAN LAND USE / INTERVIEWS / LIVESTOCK:
Continuous opportunistic record using way point number for time and place, rapid
livestock count (e.g. estimates where large numbers seen) following protocols of SSIG
Chad/Niger surveys - and distance sampling field records for livestock herds.
CAMERA TRAPPING:
Target species: Carnivores (especially striped hyaena, foxes and cheetah) and Barbary
sheep. Nightly baited camera traps (Trailmaster 1500), set up for small carnivores at local
campsite (small carnivores) - Sardines or preferably, a proven attractant for larger cats.
Two fixed camera traps at resource points (natural water if located) within Termit
mountain system throughout survey, (located with help of guides). Permanent natural
water in Termit may not be available. Alternatives would be a secluded valley where
there are abundant wildlife signs. This would probably have to be far from humans.
60
ANALYSIS
1)
2)
Summary of daily meteorological data.
Summary and distribution map of vegetation data status, focusing on
phenology and relative abundance of key species for addax (Cornulaca
monacantha, Stipagrostis vulnerans).
3) Distribution map of human activity and livestock distributions.
4) Distribution map of all observations and secondary signs, wild species,
spatial correlations with vegetation and landscape.
5) Consider track frequency data in relation to time of day and wind speed.
6) Analyse secondary sign distribution over dune structure.
7) Summary of group size, age and sex data for antelope species. Assessment
of reproductive status of populations. Analysis of flight distances.
8) Summary of observation frequency index.
9) Investigation of options for density estimation using 6 transects.
10) Develop baseline relative density indices from count data of secondary sign
(mean observation rate per km over 5.6km sample units).
11) Camera trap species list, species frequencies and activity distributions.
12) Preliminary review of critical areas for people and wildlife based on survey data.
MOUNTAIN AREA SURVEY:
Key features of the Termit Mountain system are the complex of vegetated wadis
around each of the various mountain blocks and the associated plateaux regions The
SSIG approach will be to visit representative wadis (and if possible plateaux) in each
part of the range, with the aim of recording wildlife presence and absence by
systematic recording of observations and secondary signs. Sample locations will be
selected to provide comparative analysis of the relative levels of wildlife and human
activity in the various major blocks of the system (provisionally designated north, east,
west and south blocks).
■
Results would be a distribution map of presence/absence and relative frequency
of species and human activity by site.
We will also deploy camera traps in areas of interest and where human interference is
unlikely.
61
ANNEX VI
ING Maps of Central Niger used during SSIG surveys
Table VI.1 Cartes Internationales du Monde au 1/1.000.000
(Institut National Géographique, Paris)
0°
6°
TAMANRASSET
NF-31
12°
I-N-AZAOUA
NF-32
18°
DJADO
NF-33
TIBESTI-EST
NF-34
20°
20°
KIDAL
NE-31
AGADEZ
NE-32
BILMA
NE-33
LARGEAU
NE-34
16°
16°
NIAMEY
ND-31
NDJAMENA
(FORT
LAMY)
ND-33
ZINDER
ND-32
ABECHE
ND-34
12°
12°
0°
6°
12°
18°
Table VI.2 Cartes Internationales du Monde au 1/200.000
(Institut National Géographique, Paris)
7°
8°
TEGUIDDA
IN TAGAIT
NE-32-VIII
9°
EL MEKI
NE-32-IX
BARGHOT
NE-32-X
10°
ARBRE DU
TENERE
NE-32-XI
11°
12°
YOUGOULOU
NE-32-XII
OUNISSOUI
NE-33-VII
13°
DIBELLA
NE-33-VIII
17°
17°
AGADEZ
NE-32-II
TAGUEDOUFAT
NE-32-III
GUEDMAOUE
NE
NE-32-IV
EGARO
NE-32-V
TERMIT
NE-32-VI
TI-N-TOUMMA
NE-33-I
AGADEM
NE-33-II
16°
16°
ADERBISSIN
AT
ND-32-XX
FARAK
ND-32-XXI
TALRAS
ND-32-XXII
TASKER
ND-32-XXIII
TERMITKAOBOUL
ND-32-XXIV
KOSSATORI
ND-33-XIX
NGOURTI
ND-33-XX
15°
15°
TARKA
ND-32-XIV
TANOUT
ND-32-XV
GAMOU
ND-32-XV1
KELLE
ND-32-XVII
FOKEYE
ND-32-XVIII
LAGANE
ND-33-XIII
NGUIGMI
ND-33-XIV
14°
14°
7°
8°
9°
10°
11°
12°
13°
62
Gazetteer of Locations
63
PLACENAMES
Aborak
Aderbissinat
Agadem
Agadez
Ahoranga
Araga
Arbre de Ténéré
Dibella
Do Dimmi
Edringa (Erdinga?)
Egaro
Ehinga
Ehï Hamma
Ehï Kouridinga
Gadabeji
Garra Sountella
Gosso Lolom Bo
Gosso Lolom Djiguida
Guenoufe
Kabougar Eyeskou
Kandil Bouzou
Loulou Agadem
Ngourti
Nguigmi
Niamey
Nourounga
Ounissoui Baba
Ounissoui Yalab
Puis Dena
Soulani
Sountel
Talras
Tanout
Tchi Guiribe
Termit Dolé
Termit Dougouli
Termit Kaoboul
Termit Nord
Termit West
Tasker or Tesker
Tevi Drosso
Yougoulou
Youryour
Zinder
Zoo Baba
N14.77526
N15.63333
N16.83380
N16.99028
N15.8357
N17.43333
N17.74402
N17.54167
N16.4877
N16.2673
N16.25000
N17.03333
N15.8901
N15.8068
N14.98333
N16.7407
N16.8131
N16.8479
N16.5177
N16.0636
N15.70833
N16.1382
N15.33333
N14.25489
N13.52547
N16.3323
N17.61667
N17.58333
N15.47715
N17.28333
N16.83333
N15.33283
N14.96667
N16.0178
N15.6368
N15.83333
N15.63666
N16.48528
N16.06980
N15.11257
N16.0369
N17.48333
N17.55833
N13.80214
N18.20833
E10.29453
E7.90000
E13.29071
E7.99581
E11.4553
E11.65000
E10.08333
E13.11667
E11.3024
E11.2506
E10.53333
E11.25000
E11.2673
E11.5119
E7.15000
E11.323
E11.4192
E11.3169
E11.1975
E11.4952
E10.58333
E11.4083
E13.20000
E13.11294
E 2.11353
E11.4434
E12.15000
E12.16667
E10.15705
E11.81667
E11.73333
E 9.85613
E 8.88333
E11.3639
E11.5818
E11.36667
E11.51782
E11.29614
E11.24628
E10.69301
E11.467
E11.95833
E12.15000
E8.98981
E13.03333
SURVEY CAMPS
CAMP 17/02/04
CAMP 18/02/04
CAMP 19/02/04
CAMP 20/02/04
CAMP 21/02/04
CAMP 22/02/04
CAMP 23/02/04
CAMP 24/02/04
CAMP 25/02/04
CAMP 26/02/04
CAMP 27/02//04
CAMP 28/02/04
CAMP 29/02/04
CAMP 01/03/04
N14.54993
N15.53740
N15.81014
N16.41638
N16.07239
N16.07241
N16.54561
N16.18765
N16.29527
N16.52046
N16.65816
N16.37494
N16.34144
N15.78006
E10.28025
E11.25311
E11.49610
E12.46374
E11.45079
E11.45084
E12.45400
E11.42297
E11.42863
E11.91370
E11.94801
E11.42612
E11.34930
E10.76009
Well
Well
*
Well
Well
Well
*
*
Well
Well
*
*
Outcrop*
Outcrop*
Outcrop*
*
*
Well
*
Well
Well
*
Well
Well
Well
Well
Well
Well
Well
*
* Well
Well
Well
Well (Dry in Feb. 2004)
Well
Well
*
Well
Well
Well
Well
TRANSECT NAVIGATION
L1-00
N15.81250 E11.50000
L1-21
N16.29296 E12.46064
L2-00
N15.93750 E11.50000
L2-21
N16.41796 E12.46064
L3-00
N16.06250 E11.50000
L3-21
N16.54295 E12.46062
L4-00
N16.18750 E11.50000
L4-21
N16.66795 E12.46064
L5-00
N16.31250 E11.50000
L5-21
N16.79296 E12.46062
L6-00
N16.43750 E11.50000
L6-21
N16.91794 E12.46062
Begin
End
End
Begin
Begin
End
End
Begin
Begin
End
End
Begin
T1
T1
T2
T2
T3
T3
T4
T4
T5
T5
T6
T6
Sources:
■
SSIG Survey plan (transect navigation).
■
GPS records in the field.
■
Read from maps (placenames from Quéchon and Roset 1974 marked *).
64
ANNEX VII - METEOROLOGY
Field Data From Kestrel 3000, February–March 2004.
Date
Time
18/02/04
06.30
12.00
15.00
18.30
06.30
12.00
15.00
18.30
06.30
12.00
15.00
18.30
06.30
12.00
15.00
18.30
06.30
12.00
15.00
18.30
06.30
12.00
15.00
18.30
06.30
12.00
15.00
18.30
06.30
12.00
15.00
18.30
06.30
12.00
15.00
18.30
06.30
12.00
15.00
18.30
06.30
12.00
15.00
18.30
06.30
12.00
15.00
18.30
06.30
12.00
15.00
18.30
06.30
12.00
15.00
18.30
06.30
12.00
15.00
18.30
19/02/04
20/02/04
21/02/04
22/02/04
23/02/04
24/02/04
25/02/04
26/02/04
27/02/04
28/02/04
29/02/04
01/03/04
02/03/04
03/03/04
SSIG/DFPP Termit/Tin Toumma Survey 2004
Meteorological Data 18 February - 3 March, 2004
Temperature °C
Relative
Dewpoint
Windspeed
Humidity %
°C
m/s
16.7
27.0
28.0
23.6
15.6
29.6
21.0
10.0
8.0
9.0
23.0
7.0
-6.0
-7.4
-11.5
-11.4
-5.7
-10.5
2.0
4.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
5.3
25.9
13.4
26.5
28.7
25.6
13.4
26.5
29.9
25.3
16.4
28.1
30.8
25.9
16.8
27.3
31.0
26.3
13.4
29.2
31.0
27.9
21.0
32.2
34.3
28.5
18.6
33.0
34.5
28.9
13.1
32.0
34.0
29.6
14.5
32.1
34.3
30.9
22.0
34.5
35.8
33.0
20.2
34.8
36.8
31.3
21.4
36.1
37.0
30.6
22.2
33.9
28.4
24.0
27.0
9.0
22.0
8.0
6.0
9.0
22.0
7.0
5.0
7.0
12.0
6.0
5.0
6.0
11.0
8.0
5.0
9.0
21.0
8.0
6.0
8.0
12.0
5.0
5.0
6.0
12.0
5.0
4.0
6.0
22.0
5.0
4.0
6.0
17.0
5.0
3.0
7.0
16.0
4.0
4.0
5.0
10.0
4.0
3.0
7.0
12.0
4.0
3.0
6.0
11.0
11.0
7.0
9.0
8.8
-9.8
-7.5
-10.0
-13.1
-9.8
-7.7
-12.3
-14.9
-13.6
-12.9
-13.4
-16.4
-15.3
-14.0
-10.0
-13.5
-9.4
-8.7
-9.0
-11.1
-9.6
-9.6
-13.2
-11.6
-13.2
-11.8
-11.6
-13.4
-13.2
-9.5
-13.5
-14.3
-12.7
-10.3
-12.0
-13.6
-9.4
-6.7
-13.7
-16.3
-12.4
-12.9
-12.3
-15.9
-11.5
-10.3
-12.6
-16.3
-13.9
-9.9
-2.9
-11.9
-9.0
-11.5
4.4
3.2
8.9
8.7
4.6
3.2
8.3
8.0
3.1
3.0
4.1
7.8
3.5
2.1
6.9
3.7
3.2
1.6
7.7
6.2
2.4
3.5
4.8
0.9
1.6
0.7
4.4
2.5
1.7
0.0
5.2
4.4
1.6
0.0
2.5
2.9
1.7
1.2
2.7
6.0
1.4
0.3
1.4
2.7
0.3
0.9
1.7
0.6
0.6
0.8
3.9
3.9
4.0
3.3
Wind
Direction
Visibility
index*
N
NE
NE
NE
1
2
3
3
1
2
ESE
ENE
NNE
ENE
ENE
ENE
NE
ENE
ENE
ENE
NNE
NE
ENE
E
NE
E
ENE
NE
NE
NNE
NNE
E
ESE
ENE
NE
ENE
SE
ENE
NE
ENE
ESE
E
NE
E
NE
ENE
ENE
ENE
ENE
ENE
ENE
SW
SW
SW
NE
NNE
NNE
NNE
SSW
SSW
SSW
SSW
2
4
2
2
3
4
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
4
4
3
4
4
2
3
4
4
4
4
3
4
4
3
4
4
4
3
3
4
4
3
3
4
3
3
4
4
3
3
2
2
3
Overall
averages
* subjective visual assessment based on quanitity of haze or dust in the air: 1 = poor, 2 = fair, 3 = good,
4 = excellent.
65
ANNEX VII
30 year average temperature data, for 5 weather stations in
Niger (compiled from various sources)
AGADEZ (Niger) Lat. 16°58’N Long. 007°59’E Alt. 502m a.s.l
Temperature
Maximum
Minimum
Mean
Rainfall (mm)
Wind (m/s)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
28
12
20
0
4.2
31
14
23
0
3.9
35
18
27
0
3.9
39
23
31
2
3.3
41
26
34
6
3.3
41
26
34
10
3.0
39
25
32
35
2.8
38
24
31
50
2.8
39
25
32
8
2.8
37
22
29
0
3.3
32
16
24
0
3.6
29
13
21
0
4.2
BILMA (Niger) Lat. 18°41’N Long. 012°55’E Alt. 357m a.s.l
Temperature
Maximum
Minimum
Mean
Rainfall (mm)
Wind (m/s)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
26
8
17
0
3.6
29
11
20
0
3.9
33
15
24
0
4.2
39
20
29
0
3.6
42
23
32
0
3.0
42
24
33
2
2.8
41
25
33
2
2.8
41
26
33
7
2.5
40
23
31
1
2.8
37
19
28
0
3.3
31
13
22
0
3.0
27
9
18
0
3.3
GOURE (Niger) Lat. 13°59’N Long. 010°18’E Alt. 448m a.s.l
Temperature
Maximum
Minimum
Mean
Rainfall (mm)
Wind (m/s)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
26
14
20
0
29
16
22
0
35
22
28
0
38
26
32
0
40
28
34
29
38
27
33
89
35
25
30
116
33
24
28
59
35
25
30
2
36
23
30
0
32
19
26
0
27
15
21
0
N’GUIGMI (Niger) Lat. 14°15’N Long. 013°07’E Alt. 286m a.s.l
Temperature
Maximum
Minimum
Mean
Rainfall (mm)
Wind (m/s)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
29
13
21
0
2..8
32
15
24
0
2.8
36
19
28
0
2.8
40
23
31
1
2.5
41
25
33
5
2.2
40
25
33
11
2.2
37
25
31
55
2.5
35
24
30
100
2.2
37
24
30
15
1.9
37
22
29
1
2.5
33
17
25
0
2.8
30
14
22
0
2.8
ZINDER (Niger) Lat. 13°47’N Long. 008°59’E Alt. 453m a.s.l
Temperature
Maximum
Minimum
Mean
Rainfall (mm)
Wind (km/h)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
29
15
22
0
3.0
33
17
25
0
3.0
36
21
29
1
3.0
40
25
32
1
2.8
41
27
33
15
2.8
38
26
32
39
3.3
35
24
29
129
3.3
33
23
28
168
2.5
36
24
29
54
1.9
37
23
30
5
2.2
34
19
26
0
2.8
30
15
23
0
3.0
66
ANNEX VIII
Camel and Addax population estimates:
Tin Toumma transect survey. Results depend on assumption that sample densities are
representative of densities for the whole area (but see main text for discussion); 95%
confidence interval calculation assumes log-normal distribution of observations
(Buckland et al. 2001, Borchers et al. 2002, Rowcliffe, pers.comm.). Reasons why this
estimate can be considered a conservative interpretation are: 1) strict elimination of
possible double counting, in this case 4 addax or 15% of ‘total’ seen 2) use of
minimum mean group size by inclusion of track sightings 3) comparative results of
upwind and downwind transect sightings (Fig. 3.8) suggests a known reason why
addax may have been under-detected in 50% of the survey, but which has not been
taken into account.
SURVEY SECTOR
L1-02
L1-02
L1-03
L1-04
L1-04
L1-07
L1-16
L2-20
L2-18
L2-16
L2-10
L3-16
L4-10
L5-18
L6-09
L6-08
ANALYSIS
Total camels seen 113
Mean group size (gs)
CAMELS
6
4
8
20
3
5
14
11
1
6
7
1
1
1
20
5
L3-04
L3-17
L3-17
L5-12
L5-16
L5-L6
L6-21
CAMELS
7.06
ADDAX
6
6
4
1
5
2
1
Comment
Seen
Seen
Seen
Seen
Seen
Tracks
Tracks
Total Addax seen = 22 in 5 groups
Plus tracks of 2 groups (2 and 1 animal)
ADDAX Total seen 22
3.57 Based on sightings plus tracks: 25 animals in 7
groups(maximise group size information)
Variance in gs
Sample area (A)
38.86
8814
Sample fraction (p)
0.082
Groups on transect (g)
Estimated Individuals:
Whole survey area (N)
Variance N
16
1380
1594069
4.95
"
8814 Area of parallelogram defined by six equally
spaced transects.
0.082 =total area observed/total survey area
= 721.5/8814
5 Based on transect sightings only
218 (gs * g)/ p
2
2
2
27215 var(N)=(N )(cv(G ))+cv(gs ))
=(N2)(var(G)/(G2)+(var(gs)/(gs2)
67
Variance log N
D
0.264
2.738
Lower confidence limit N
Upper confidence limit N
504
3779
Estimate Groups:
Whole survey area (G)
Variance G
Variance log G
d
Lower confidence limit G
Upper confidence limit G
195
2192
0.024
1.357
144
265
2
0.196 var[ln(N)]=ln[1+var(N)/N ]
2.384 d=exp{1.96(sqrt(var(ln[N])))}
For X (either G or N) log-normal 95%
confidence intervals (lcl/ucl) are given by
92 lcl(N)=N/d
520 ucl(N)=Nd
61 (g/p)
685
0.073
1.700
36
104
var(G)=Gp(1-p/p2 )
=var[ln(G)]=ln[1+var(G)/G2]
d=exp{1.96(sqrt(var(ln[G])))}
lcl(G)=G/d
ucl(G)=Gd
ANNEX IX
Barbary Sheep Samples
In response to general interest in Barbary sheep taxonomy (Wacher, Baha el Din et al.
2002) and a request from Dr. Jorge Cassinello, skin samples from naturally dead
Barbary sheep were collected for a genetically based taxonomic study at Unidad de
Ecología, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, CSIC in Spain. The
following samples were collected on the SSIG/DFPP survey and posted to Dr.
Cassinello, along with the samples listed in the SSIG Niger 2002 survey report (Newby,
Wacher et al. 2004).
The samples have been safely received and are being analysed alongside material from
Western Morocco, Libya and Canary Islands (Jorge Cassinello in litt. November 2004).
Sample Source
No.
Species
Date
North
East
Sample type
Comment
collected
1
SSIG/DFPP: Barbary
Termit 2004 Sheep
18-Feb-04
15.11262
10.69294
Dry skin
from skull
Adult male skull;
seen in office
of Chef de
Poste, Tasker.
2
SSIG/DFPP: Barbary
Termit 2004 Sheep
18-Feb-04
15.11262
10.69294
Dry skin
from skull
Adult female
skull ; seen in
office of Chef
de Poste, Tasker.
3
SSIG/DFPP: Barbary
Termit 2004 Sheep
22-Feb-04
16.01488
11.40684
Dry skin
from skull
Adult male skull
at campsite of
local hunters.
de Poste, Tasker.
4
SSIG/DFPP: Barbary
Termit 2004 Sheep
22-Feb-04
16.07246
11.45079
Dung pellets
Presumed
Barbary sheep?
5
SSIG/DFPP: Barbary
Termit 2004 Sheep
25-Feb-04
16.20493
11.32539
Dry skin
from skull
Natural
death?
6
SSIG/DFPP:
Termit 2004
SSIG/DFPP:
Termit 2004
25-Feb-04
16.29527
11.42861
28-Feb-04
16.37894
11.42616
Dry skin
from skull
Dry skin
from skull
29-Feb-04
16.35017
11.39133
Dry skin
from skull
Adult female
washed down
wadi.
04-Mar-02 16.37978
11.36295
Dry skin
from skull
From campfire;
duplicate of
samples in
saline & DMSO
sent from
KKWRC
7
Barbary
Sheep
Barbary
Sheep
8
SSIG/DFPP: Barbary
Termit 2004 Sheep
9
SSIG/DFPP:
Niger 2002
Barbary
Sheep
68
ANNEX X
Camera Trap Data
One or two Trailmaster 1500 camera traps were set up in the vicinity of overnight
campsites on all nights except one. Traps were baited with tinned sardines (and on a
few nights, from tins of dog food found discarded at the recently used hunting camp,
see section 7.3). No bait was used for the set up at a Spurred Tortoise den (Fig. 6.9).
Exact locations and results are summarised below (Table 1). Photographs of poorly
known Pale Fox (Vulpes pallida) are shown in Fig. IV.1. Fennec Fox (Vulpes zerda) were
only recorded at camera traps well after the moon had set, even at the end of the
period when the moon did not set until after 03.00hrs.
SSIG’s preliminary observations of comparative spatial and temporal activity in sahelosaharan desert foxes, derived from daytime observation and baited camera trapping, extend
information about distribution and behaviour of these data deficient species (Sillero-Zubiri
2004, Cuzin and Lenain 2004, Asa, Valdespino and Cuzin 2004, and Newby, Wacher et al. 2004).
Table IV.1 Summary of camera trapping results; Termit & Tin Toumma, Feb.–March 2004.
Date
N
E
17-Feb-04
14.56013
10.28035
18-Feb-04
15.53746
11.25311
CT 1 - Fennec, 4 Southern Termit - Flat sandy habitat with scattered trees
18-Feb-04
15.53746
11.25311
CT 2 - Fennec, 21, Brown-necked Raven, 3 Southern Termit - Flat sandy habitat with scattered trees
19-Feb-04
15.81007
11.49609
CT 1 - Golden Jackal 1, Fennec 1 Central Termit. Narrow gravelly wadi between rocks in Termit.
20-Feb-04
16.41823
12.46436
CT 1 - Failed alignment - all bait taken no photos. Tin Toumma - rolling dunes
21-Feb-04
16.07415
11.44624
CT 1 - Normal function, 5 blank images, no pictures
Termit - Sandy narrow wadi bed with trees at edge of massif
22-Feb-04
16.07242
11.45084
CT 1 - Fennec 7 -Termit - Sandy narrow wadi bed with trees at edge of massif
23-Feb-04
16.54561
12.45402
CT 1 - Fennec 10 Tin Toumma - rolling dunes
23-Feb-04
16.54561
12.45402
CT 2 - Fennec 22 Tin Toumma - rolling dunes
CT 1 - Donkey, 1 - Tasker - Flat sandy wadi with scattered trees.
24-Feb-04
16.18764
11.42299
CT 1 - Rüppell's fox, 5. Termit - Vegetated sand sheet at edge of rocky plain
25-Feb-04
16.29529
11.42858
CT 1 - Wild Cat 8, Rüppell's fox, 19 (Note: film ran out & 19 potential
photos missed) Termit - Sandy vegetated basin at edge of massif
26-Feb-04
16.52045
11.91372
CT 1 - No photos - normal function
Tin Toumma - rolling dunes - no vegetation locally.
28-Feb-04
16.38359
11.42912
28-Feb-04
16.3823
11.42903
29-Feb-04
16.34191
11.34846
CT 1 - At tortoise den. Normal function, no photos.
Termit - vegetated sandy wadi with trees in northern massif
CT 2 - Rüppell's fox, 6 Termit - vegetated sandy wadi with trees in
northern massif
CT 1 - Rüppell's fox, 9 Termit - stony & sandy wadi with trees, cheetah
tracks, northern Termit
01-Mar-04
15.78012
10.76013
27-Feb-04
No camera trapping
CT 1 - Fennec 3 South–west of Termit - rolling dunes
01-Mar-04
15.78012
10.76013
CT 2 - Fennec 1 South–west of Termit - rolling dunes
02-Mar-04
15.29318
9.7531
CT 1 - Pale fox 2 South–west of Termit - flat sandy sahel, widely scattered trees
02-Mar-04
15.29318
9.7531
CT 2 - Pale fox 8 South–west of Termit - flat sandy sahel, widely scattered trees
Fig. IV.1 Camera trap images of Pale Fox Vulpes pallida, N15.29318, E 9.7531, Nigerien
sahel, night of 2nd–3rd March 2004, SSIG/DFPP survey of Termit and Tin Toumma.
69
ANNEX XI
Bird Observations
Bird observations for entire February–March 2004 survey, with Termit species list from
February–March 2002 appended for comparison.
February 2004
NAME
SPECIES
Lappet-faced
Vulture
Egyptian
Vulture
Short-toed
Eagle
Kestrel
Torgos tracheliotus
(Lesser Kestrel
1 suspected)
Red-footed
Falcon
Unidentified
Harrier-like birds of prey
Sudan (Arabian) Bustard
Falco naummani
Nubian Bustard
March
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
1
2 2
Neophron percnopterus
4
2
Circaetus gallicus
4
2
Circus sp.?
3
Little Green Bee-easter
Merops orientalis
Vieillot's Barbet
Lybius vieilloti
Hoopoe Lark
Alaemon alaudipes
Desert Lark
Ammomanes deserti
Bar-tailed Desert Lark
Ammomanes cincturus
Short-toed Lark
Calandra brachydactyla
2 4 4
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
4
4
3
2 3 3
2 3 3
2
Y
Y
4
2
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
1
Lanius meridionalis
Isabelline Wheatear
Oenanthe isabellina
European Wheatear
Oenanthe oenanthe
Desert Wheatear
Oenanthe deserti
1
White-crowned Black
Wheatear
Fulvous Babbler
Oenanthe leucopyga
1 1
Desert Warbler
4
Sylvia nana
Subalpine Warbler
Sylvia cantillans
Olivaceous Warbler
Hippolais pallida
Scrub Warbler
Scotocerca inquieta
Y
1 2
2
4
Y
Y
Y
Y
4
3
Turdoides fulvus
Corvus ruficollis
Y
Y
Southern Grey Shrike*
Brown-necked Raven
Y
1
Hirundo rustica
Passer simplex
Y
4
Hirundo obsoleta
Rhodopechys githaginea
2 2
2
Barn Swallow
Desert Sparrow
2
2
African Rock Martin
Unidentified small
passerines
Trumpeter Bullfinch
Y
4
2
Cream-coloured Courser Cursorius cursor
Upupa epops
Y
4
Ardeotis arabs
Neotis nuba
Hoopoe
Y
3
Falco vespertinus
Bubo b. ascalaphus
3
1
Falco tinnunculus
Desert Eagle Owl
2
Termit Termit Termit
'02 & '04
'04
'02
Y
3
Y
3
2 2
2
2
1
Y
4
Y
Y
Y
Y
3
2
Y
2
Y
Y
Y
Y
1
3
Total species at Termit over 4 days in 2002, and 10
days in 2004; dry season. Note; it is likely that all 30
species in this list occur at Termit, but have not been
verified there by SSIG.
Y
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
4 4
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
17
14
20
70

Niger - SSIG ZSL Survey 2004

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