An Introduction to Anatomy

Transcription

Chapter
1
An Introduction
to Anatomy
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Jason LaPres
North Harris College
Houston, Texas
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Introduction
 All specific functions are performed by
specific structures.
 Structure, therefore, determines function.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Microscopic Anatomy
 Microscopic anatomy is defined as structures
that cannot be seen without magnification.
 Microscopic anatomy is limited by the
equipment used.
 Light microscope
 Electron microscope
 Cytology—study of cells
 Histology—study of tissues
Microscopic Anatomy
Figure 1.1
The Study of Anatomy at Different Scales
Gross Anatomy
 Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy) is the
study of structures visible to the unaided eye.
 Surface anatomy refers to the general form, or
morphology, and superficial anatomical
markings.
 Regional anatomy considers all structures in a
specific area of the body, whether they are
superficial or deep.
 Systemic anatomy is the study of anatomy one
organ system at a time.
Other Perspectives on Anatomy
 Developmental anatomy—examines structural
changes over time
 Embryology—study of the first two months of
development
 Comparative anatomy—considers different types of
animals
 Clinical anatomy—focuses on pathological changes
during illness.
 Surgical anatomy—studies anatomical landmarks
important for surgical procedures
 Radiographic anatomy—involves the study of
anatomical structures as they are visualized by x-rays,
ultrasound scans, or other specialized procedures
performed on an intact body
 Cross-sectional anatomy—uses graphs from
radiographic techniques like CT and MRI scans to
look at cross sections of the body
Figure 1.2a
Comparative Anatomy
Figure 1.2b,c Comparative Anatomy
Levels of Organization
 Chemical/Molecular
 12+ elements in the body
 4 of them make up 99% of the body:
 Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen
 Major classes of compounds:
 Water
 Carbohydrates
 Proteins
 Lipids
 Nucleic acids
 Cells are the smallest living units in the
body.
 Tissues are many cells and some
surrounding material.
 Organs are combinations of tissues.
 Organs combine to form organ systems.
 The human is composed of 11 organ
systems.
The movie reviews the levels of organization
from high to low.
An Introduction to Organ Systems
 Responsiveness (irritability) is a change activity based upon a
stimulus.
 Adaptability is long-term responsiveness.
 Growth is the increase in size of an organism.
 Differentiation is becoming specialized to perform particular
functions.
 Reproduction is the production of new generations of the
same organism.
 Movement is the ability to change the position of something.
 Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions in the body.
 Anabolism is the bonding of chemicals together.
 Catabolism is the breaking of chemical bonds.
 Absorption is the process of bringing chemicals into the body.
 Respiration is the absorption, transport, and use of oxygen by
cells.
 Excretion is the removal of wastes.
 Digestion is the processes of catabolism that makes nutrients
small enough to be absorbed.
The movie reviews the 11 organ systems.
Organ Systems
The Language of Anatomy
 Superficial Anatomy—anatomical landmarks and
correct directional terms help in understanding the
underlying structures.
 Anatomical landmarks
 Anatomical position is standing upright, arms at sides,
palms facing forward (little fingers by the thigh), feet flat
on the floor, face straight ahead.
 Supine is lying down with the face up.
 Prone is lying down with the face down.
Figure 1.8a
Anatomical Landmarks
Figure 1.8b
Anatomical Landmarks
Figure 1.9a Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
Figure 1.9b Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
Figure 1.9c Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
Figure 1.10
Directional References
 Sectional Anatomy
 A way to illustrate relationships between parts of threedimensional objects
 The development of electronic imaging techniques allows
us to see inside the living body without surgery
 Planes and sections
 Body cavities
Figure 1.11
Planes of Section
Figure 1.12
Sectional Planes and Visualization
 Sectional Anatomy
 Body cavities:
 Organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular,
digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems are
housed in the ventral body cavity.
 The diaphragm separates the ventral body
cavity.
 The ventral body cavity is protected and
lubricated by a two-layer membrane system
called serous membranes.
Body Cavities
Body Cavities
Body Cavities
Figure 1.14
The Ventral Body Cavity

An Introduction to Anatomy

Transcription

Similar documents

Chapter 5 The Integumentary System

The Urinary System - Battlefield High School

The Digestive System and Body Metabolism

first students ever from Armenia, Guyana, and

Chapter 5 The Skeletal System

Nervous System

Red Blood Cells

Chapter 14 The Digestive System

Red Blood Cells

15_LectureOutline - Napa Valley College

Chapter 13 Solutions

The Heart - Napa Valley College

Chapter 17. Work, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics

2012 - Christian Retailing`s Best

File Management

PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Jason LaPres

Benjamin Nitro

The Lymphoid System and Immunity

Mays Chapter 12 Lecture Notes

An Orientation to the Human Body (Part B)

start_here_ch26_lecture

Integers and Introduction to Integers