Study - Biomasa

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Study - Biomasa

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STUDY
ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND
BIOMASS POTENTIAL ANALYSIS
PURCHASER:
UNDP - SRBIJA
OBJECT:
PUBLIC BUILDINGS
INVESTOR:
LOCATION:
Municipality: Ţagubica
DOCUMENT:
STUDY
RECORD NO.:
SI - 07 / 2012
DATE:
15.11.2012.
PLACE:
NOVI SAD
PERPETRATOR:
Authority agrees
RESPONSIBLE
DESIGNER:
Bratislav Milenković, B. Sc. Mech. Eng.
S.P:
PROJECT
MANAGER:
Ph.D. Todor Janić
Kaće Dejanović 52
21000 Novi Sad
Srbija
Mob:
+381-64-160-99-96
Tel:
+381-21-496-320
Fax:
+381-21-496-320
E-mail:
[email protected]
The contracting authority of study:
UNDP – Srbija, Internacionalnih Brigada 69, Beograd
Title of the study:
ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND BIOMASS POTENTIAL ANALYSIS
Authors of the study:
 Todor Janić, Ph.D.
 Bratislav Milenković, B. Sc. Mech. Eng.
 Miladin Brkić, Ph.D.
 Zoran Janjatović, B. Sc. Agro Ecc.
 Darijan Pavlović, M. Sc. Agro Eng.
 Jelena Vurdelja, B. Sc. Agro Eng.
 Ivan Tot, B. Sc. Agro Eng.
CONTENTS
REVIEW OF TABLES
3
REVIW OF FIGURES
5
TASK 1 – Analysis of the available biomass energy resources in Municipality of Ţagubica 7
1.1. Analysis of available biomass resources in the municipality of Ţagubica and
quantitative aspects of thermal energy that can be used for energy purposes
7
1.2. Type, form and price of available biomass as an energy source
13
TASK 2 –Analysis of thermal energy required in selected facilities for public use
24
2.1. The choice of public facilities in Ţagubica municipality that will be heated using
biomass
24
2.2 Technical features of the heating system with heat loss analysis overview for selected
public facilities in Ţagubica municipality
27
2.3. Analysis of the measures for the increase of energy efficiency in buildings for public
use
36
2.3.1. Energy consumption in elementary school „Moša Pijade” in Ţagubica and
proposals for practical measures for the increase of energy efficiency of facilities
36
TASK 3 – Techno-economic analysis for thermal facility which uses biomass as a fuel, for
heating chosen buildings
42
3.1. Technology of available biomass form combustion
42
3.2. Selection of combustion technologies and technical solutions for the thermal power
plants and defining the maximum boiler plant thermal power for continuous heating of
public buildings
42
3.2.1. General requirements for the construction of the boiler facility
43
3.3. Defining the optimal place for the construction of thermal power plants (with
thetechnical, economic and environmental aspects)
44
3.4. Technical description of the biomass fueled boiler facility (thermal technical
equipment, boiler room and heating lines) with pre-measurement and estimate in the
Ţagubica – location and the expected energy and ecological efficiency
44
3.4.1. Expected energy efficiency and ecological efficiency for biomass combustion in
boiler facilities
47
3.4.5. Marginal values of gas emission for specific types of furnaces
50
3.5 Necessary amount of biomass for hourly and seasonal work of the boiler facility
51
1
3.5.1. Hourly consumption of biomass
51
3.5.2. Seasonal consumption of biomass
51
3.6.
Economic analyses of construction the heating facility
53
3.6.1. Current price of the heating energy from the used components
53
3.6.2. Financial effectiveness with the profitability analyses
54
3.6.2.2. Finansijski i ekonomski tok projekta
57
3.7.
Conclusions
68
3.8.
Literature
72
4. APPENDIX
76
2
REVIEW OF TABLES
Table 1. Overview of biomass obtained from cereal and industrial crop production in
Ţagubica municipality (Municipalities and regions of the Republic of Serbia (2011))
Table 2. Overview of biomass obtained from orchards and vineyards in Ţagubica municipality
Table 3. Energy potential from manure in Ţagubica municipality
Table 4. Biomass production in forestry and timber industry (m3)
Table 5. Communal waste availability in Ţagubica municipality
Table 6. Biomass type, amounts available, usage percent, equivalent amounts of liquid fuel
and savings amount.
Table 7. Prices of different forms of biomass bales
Table 8. Price of briquettes from agricultural biomass 400 gr/com.
Table 9. Price of pellets from agricultural biomass 20 gr/com.
Table 10. Chips from waste wood from the forest and cut fire wood second class
Table 11. The pellets from waste wood from the forest and cut fire wood second class - 20
gr/com.
Table 12. List of companies engaged in the production and distribution of pellets
Table 13. Transport costs of pellets from producer to municipalities Ţagubica
Table 14. Overview of the heat losses in the the school building
Table 15. Overview of the heat losses in the the kitchen building
Table 16. Total heat losses for complex of buildings in elementary school „Moše Pijade“ in
Ţagubica
Table 17. Energy consumption reduced to kWh
Table 18. Overview of wintertime fuel consumption of the existing boiler and the savings that
can be achieved by applying technical - organizational measures to increase efficiency
Table 19. Building costs of thermal energy faciliy for the heating of public buildings in
ţagubica
Table 20. Possible harmful effects of certain elements and corrective technologicalmeasures
Table 21. Maximum allowed levels (MAL) of smoke gases in air for work and living
environment (SRPS Z.BO 001)
3
Table 22. Borderline emission values (BEV) for small solid fuel combustion facilites
(Regulation, Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 71/2010)
Table 23. Marginal values of emissions(MVE) for small facilities for the combustion of gas
fuel (Regulation, “Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia”, no 71/2010)
Table 24. Marginal values of emissions (MVI) of gases, soot, suspended particles and heavy
metals, sediment andaero-sediment content, (Rulebook, “Official Gazette of the Republic of
Serbia”, no 54/92, 30/99 and 19/2006)
Table 25. Analyses of the quantity and prices of heating energy for the period 2011/2012
Table 26. Structure of the total investment
Table 27. Cost projection of 1kWh of required energy
Table 28. Income statement - current operations
Table 29. Projected income statement - first year of operations
Table 30. Projected income statement 2012 - 2016. year
Table 31. Depreciation calculation
Table 32. Financial cash-flow
Table 33. Loan repayment plan
Table 34. Economic flow of the project
Table 35. Time of return of investments
Table 36. Internal rate of return calculation
Table 37. Relative net present value calculation
Table 38. Profitability break even point
Table 39. Dynamic sensitivity analyses
Table 40. Potential risk analyses
Table 41. Anylizes of the cost savings vs. new investments
4
REVIW OF FIGURES
Figure 1. The position of the municipality Ţagubica compared with other municipalities in
Braničevo district
Figure 2. Structure of savings that can be achieved by using biomass in Ţagubica municipality
Figure 3. Ţagubica City Hall
Figure 4. High school of technical sciences in Ţagubica
Figure 5. Elementary school „Moše Pijade“ in Ţagubica
Figure 6. “Moše Pijade” Elementary School kitchen in Ţagubica
Figure 7. Floor on the ground
Figure 8. Outer wall
Figure 9. Inner wall – type 1
Figure 11. The ceiling of the ground floor of the school
Figure 12. Roof on the school
Figure 13. Roof above the sports room
Figure 14. Roof - upgrade
Figure 15. Structural floor to halls
Figure 16. Structural floor to upgrade
Figure 17. Wooden windows on the school
Figure 18. Overview of the main entrance door
Figure 19. Boilers „Radijator“ Zrenjanin, type NEO VULKAN
Figure 20. Appearance of boilers
Figure 21. Pumps made by „IMP LJUBLJANA“, type GHR 801
Figure 22. Pump made by „IMP LJUBLJANA“, type GHR 803
Figure 23. View of the damaged pipe insulation in the boiler room
Figure 24. Radiator „Simfonija“, type 500/210
5
Figure 25. Radiator „Termik-2“, type 800/160
Figure 26. Distribution of pipeline systems in the northern wing of the school
Figure 27. Structural floor on the kitchen
Figure 28. Overview of the windows and roof on the kitchen building
Figure 29. Appropriateness of tehnological and tehnical solutions for biomass combustion
Figure 30. Jumbo bags
Figure 31. Truck with crane
6
TASK 1 – Analysis of the available biomass energy
resources in Municipality of Žagubica
In this section – Task 1, it was necessary to realize the research of the literature and field work
and the results show in a separate section of the report.
In Task 1 need to do a detailed analysis biomass resources and potential as follows:
 Provide an estimation of potential amount (quantity) of biomass available from forest,
wood industry, agriculture and food industry, which can be used for energy purposes
and disaggregate per ownership type that do not have damaging consequences for the
environment;
 Provide an estimation of thermo-energy potentials of actual biomass potentials and
energy crops (including environment impact aspects).

Define dynamics and form of collecting biomass;

Propose location and storage methods for collected biomass;
 Provide range of options for biomass utilization for energy purposes;
 Make a list of potential suppliers of biomass boiler installations in accordance with the
continuity of biomass production (type and quantity of biomass that can be produced),
included transportation costs and new environmental degradation.
1.1.
Analysis of available biomass resources in the municipality of
Žagubica and quantitative aspects of thermal energy that can be
used for energy purposes
Ţagubica municipality is located in Eastern Serbia in southern parts of Braničevo district.
Homolje and Ţagubica municipality represent a small geographical area in Eastern Serbia,
clearly confined on all sides by mountain ranges. Homolje Mountains (940 m) separate it
from Zviţd in the north, Beljanice range (1336 m) separates it from Resava in the south, Crni
Vlah massif (1027 m) separates it from Crna Reka basin in the east and Gornjak Mountains
(825 m) separate it from Lower Mlava plain river in the west. This represents a
geomorphological entity, consisted of two parts: Ţagubica pit in the east and Krepoljinsko–
Krupajska pit in the west.
7
The climate is humid continental with temperatures averaging at +7,9°C, the lowest being24°C and the highest +38°C. Annual precipitation amounts to 682 mm/year.
According to the 2004 data, the municipality occupies 760 km² (36.773 ha of agricultural land
and 37.874 ha of forests). The average area of agricultural land in private possession is 1 to 5
ha (high level of dissemination of the owned land).
The center of the municipality is the city of Ţagubica, with 17 villages located around it:
Bliznak, Breznica, Vukovac, Izvarica, Jošanica, Krepoljin, Krupaja, Laznica, Lipe,
Medveđica, Milatovac, Osanica, Ribare, Selište, Sige i Suvi Do. Ţagubica city is located in
the fertile Ţagubica pit, on the southern slopes of Homolje Mountains. The Mlava river spring
is located on the outer rim of the town. According to 2011 census, 15.341 people live in 7.175
households in 17 populated places. The city of Ţagubica is the biggest populated place in the
area, representing at the same timethe main administrative center with 3.126 people in 1.492
households.
Industrial development in Homolje stareted in the early eighties. A decade before that, brown
coal was being excavated near Krepoljin. On the Homolje territory, in Ţagubica municipality,
main industrial leaders are„FOŢ” (steel molds), IGM „Mermer”, "Nova Osanica " (both
privatized) and RMU Jasenovac Krepoljin.
Figure 1. The position of the municipality Ţagubica compared with other municipalities in
Braničevo district
Agriculture land and forests occupy 36.773 ha and 37.874 ha, respectively. Agricultural land
in Ţagubica municipality is structured as follows: Arable land and gardens are spread on
11.008 ha (cereals on 7.000 ha, industrial crops on 59 ha, vegetable farming on 573 ha, fodder
crops on 2.446 ha, orchards on 920 ha and vineyards on 10 ha), meadows over 16.256 ha and
pastures over 9.509 ha.
8
Error! Reference source not found.offers an overview of the production of biomass from
crops.
Table 1. Overview of biomass obtained from cereal and industrial crop production in
Ţagubica municipality (Municipalities and regions of the Republic of Serbia (2011))
Crop
Planted
area
Average
yield
Biomass
price
Calorific
value
Available
energy per
year
Diesel to be
substituted
per year
Fuel oil
equivalent
(ha)
(t/ha)
(€/t)
(MJ/t)
(t)
(t)
Corn
3.500
5,0
41,9
13.500
23.625.0000
4.852,37
4.752,00
Wheat
2.000
3,6
34,9
14.000
100.800.000
2.070,35
2.027,52
Barley
700
3,5
35,2
14.200
34.790.000
714,56
699,78
Oat
800
2,0
38,5
14.500
2.320.0000
476,51
466,65
7.000
-
-
-
8.113,79
7.945,95
TOTAL:
(MJ)
395.040.000
As shown in Table 1, out of 36.773 ha allocated for agricultural production in Ţagubica
municipality, leading crops are grown on 7.000 ha. Leading crops are corn, wheat, barley and
oat. Corn is planted on the majority of the land, 3.500 ha exactly, followed by wheat on 2.000
ha, barley on 700 ha and oat on 800 ha. It is estimated that 28.750 t of crop biomass could be
obtained annually from this area. Average price of biomass is 39,01 €/t. Average calorific
value of biomass is 13.740,5 kJ/kg. If all of the available biomass should be converted to
energy, it would yield 395.040.000 MJ, with straw combustion energy efficiency coefficient
of 0.80. Since diesel fuel has a calorific value of 41 MJ/kg and the liquid fuel combustion
energy efficiency coefficient is 0.95, calculations show that this amount of biomass could
substitute 8.113,79 t of diesel per year. In order to convert these values and express them in
fuel oil obtained from biomass per year, a slightly higher calorific value of fuel must be used
(41,866 MJ/kg). Thus, the amount of fuel oil obtained from biomass would be 7.945,95 t per
year. If diesel fuel price is assumed to be 1,36€/l or 1,60 €/kg, we come to an annual figure of
12.982.064 €. Sure enough, not all of the available biomass would be used to produce heat
energy, for several reasons: there is an obligation to put some biomass back to the ground
through plowing and thus increase soil fertility, some of the biomass will be used for animal
bedding, some of it for vegetable farming and other purposes. Furthermore, it is assumed that
15% of the biomass could be used for production of heat energy annually. This amounts to
4.312,5 t of biomass or 1.217,1 t of fuel oil per year. Converted to money, the energy savings
per year amount up to 947.310 €.
Table 2 offers an overview of biomass production in orchards and vineyards.
Table 2. Overview of biomass obtained from orchards and vineyards in Ţagubica municipality
Planted
area
Number
of trees
Biomass
from
pruning*
Biomass
price
Calorific
value
Available
energy per
year
Diesel to be
substituted
per year
Fuel oil
equival
ent
(ha)
(units)
(t)
(€/t)
(MJ/t)
(MJ)
(t)
(t)
Apple
200
157,200
577,3
35,50
15.300
8832950
181,42
177,67
Plum
700
406.200
2.574,9
35,50
15.800
40673821
835,41
818,13
Walnut
10
1.000
5,17
35,50
16.500
85264
1,75
1,72
Grapevine
10
24.000
16,45
32,80
14.000
230328
4,73
4,63
Fruit and
grapevine
9
TOTAL:
920
582.000
3.173,2
-
-
49.822.363
1.023,31
1.002,14
* In orchards, fruit to pruned biomass ratio is 1:0,325
* In vineyards, fruit to pruned biomass ratio is 1:0,457
Fruit and grapevine are grown in this municipality. Main cultures grown here are: apple,
plum, walnut and grapevine. Total area under orchards and vineyards is 910ha and 10 ha,
respectively. It is estimated that 3.173,2 t of biomass could be obtained by pruning orchards
and vineyards per year (3,49t/ha). If an average calorific value of pruned biomass is assumed
to be 15.674 kJ/kg and the firebox efficiency is 80%, 49.822.363 MJ of energy could be
obtained. This amount of energy could substitute 1.023,3 of diesel fuel or 1.002,1 t of fuel oil.
This means that savings achieved from using pruned biomass from orchards and vineyards
would be around 1.637.280 € per year. Since it is impossible to collect all of the biomass, we
can assume that at least 50% of the savings could be achieved, that is 818.640 € per year.
Manure is a product of animal husbandry. It can be used for production of biogas as well as
soil fertilization. In this region people raise cattle, swine, sheep and poultry. Livestock
population in units is: 6.000 cattle units, 12.000 swine units, 11.000sheep units and 40.000
poultry units. These numbers translated to livestock units values amount to 7.966,7 in total.
This number of livestock units can produce 3.899.416,7 Nm3 of biogas per year
(489,5Nm3/livestock unit). If an average calorific value of biogas with 65% methane content
is assumed to be 23,66MJ/nm3, that is 35,8 MJ/kg of gas,and with 98% firebox efficiency,
104.351.034 MJ of energy could be obtained. This amount of energy could substitute
2.025,22 t of diesel fuel or 1.983,3 t of fuel oil. Thus, this amount of biogas could save
3.240.352 € per year. Again, not all of the manure is available for biogas production, mainly
because of direct soil fertilization, dissemination of farmers, problems with manure collecting,
and so on. It is estimated that 25% of manure could be used for heat production. This would
ensure 810.088 € of savings.
Table 3 offers an overview of biomass production in animal husbandry.
Table 3. Energy potential from manure in Ţagubica municipality
Number
of
livestock
Livestock
units
Biogas
per day
Biomass
price
Biogas
available in
365 days
Available
energy per
year
Diesel to
be
substituted
per year
Fuel oil
equivalent
(unit)
(-)
(Nm3/LU)
(€/t)
(Nm3)
(MJ)
(t)
(t)
Cattle
6.000
5.000
1,2
7,2
2372500,0
56.133.350,0
1.232,20
1.206,7
Swine
12.000
2.000
1,3
9,5
1095000,0
25.907.700,0
568,71
556,9
Sheep
11.000
833,3
1,1
7,2
334583,3
7.916.241,7
173,77
170,2
Poultry
40.000
300
2
10,0
97333,3
2.302.906,7
50,55
49,5
TOTAL:
69.000
7.966,7
-
-
3.899.416,7
92.260.198,3
Livestock
2.025,22
1.983,3
Note: Calorific value ofbiogas with 65% methane content - hd=23,66 MJ/Nm3, that is 35,8 MJ/kg.
Ţagubica municipality has 37.874 ha of forests. Timber potentialis 9.260.850 m3, and
volumetric lumber growth is around 5 m3/ha.
10
Average lumber volume is 850.000 m3 per year. The logging of forest wood can give
technical and stacked wood, and the residue - waste which includes: stump with roots, thin
branches to 7 cm in diameter, bark from logs and timber felling residues in order to obtain
appropriate dimensions and shapes of commercial products, commonly used for energy.
It is estimated that through cutting trees, cleaning the terrain, and wood treatment in timber
industry a residue is about 40% of average volume of wood, wich generated total of 340.000
m3 per year. If this volume of wood is multiplied with bulk density value of 440 kg/m3, we
can estimate that 149.600 t of residue is generated every year.
Table 4 offers an overview of nationally and privately owned production areas and wood
biomass availability.
Calorific value of wood residue is 15,50 MJ/kg. Combining this data, we can conclude that
the total energy value of wood residue available is 2.318.800.000 MJ, with 80% firebox
efficiency. This amount of energy potentially substitutes 47.626,19 t of diesel fuel with 95%
firebox efficiency, or 46.641,04 t of fuel oil equivalent. With this much residue a 76.201.904
€ saving could be made yearly. If only 50% of said residue was used, the savings would
amount to 38.100.952 € per year.
Table 4. Biomass production in forestry and timber industry (m3)
Type of
ownership
structure
Area
Average amount of
wood yearly
Volumetric
growth
Forestry
residues
Total processing
residues
(ha)
(m3)
(m3/ha)
(m3)*
(m3)**
State forests
14.300
150.000
4,5
90.000
60.000
Private forests
23.574
700.000
5,5
420.000
280.000
TOTAL:
37.874
850.000
4,0
510.000
340.000
*1m3 = 690-720 kg, ** 1 m3 = 375 kg residue on the terrain, 1 m3 = 650 kg from timber industry
Table 5 offers an overview of communal waste availability in Ţagubica municipality.
Table 5. Communal waste availability in Ţagubica municipality
AVERAGE:
Amount of
waste
Waste weight
Organic waste share
Organic (biodegradable)
waste weight
(t)
(kg/resident/day)
(%)
(t)
2.628
0,6
55
1.445,4
Table 5 shows that the total amount of biodegradable communal waste in Ţagubica
municipality is 1.445,4 t per year. If we assume that the calorific value of this waste is 12
MJ/kg, we can calculate its total energy value. This value is 12.141.360MJ per year with 70%
firebox efficiency. Since the calorific value of diesel fuel is 41 MJ/kg with combustion energy
efficiency coefficient of 0,95, calculation show that 281,3 t of diesel fuel could be substituted
yearly with this amount of waste. This is equal to 275,5 t of fuel oil. By incorporating the
diesel fuel price of 1,6 €/kg in the equation, we conclude that waste could generate a 440.800
€ saving. This biodegradable waste will not be used only to generate heat due to many
reasons, but there is an estimation that every year 30% of waste may be used for this purpose.
11
This is 433,6 t of waste (84,39 t of fuel oil) per year. The savings generated this way would
amount to 135.043,3 € per year (waste at a price of 5 €/t).
Table 6 offers an overview of biomass type, amounts available, usage percent, equivalent
amounts of liquid fuel and savings amount.
To summarize, Table 6 shows that using agricultural and wood biomass as well as communal
biodegradable waste may generate savings for Ţagubica municipality. These savings are:
biomass from crops – 1.946.310 €; biomass from fruit and vine production – 818.640 €;
biomass from animal husbandry – 810.088 €; biomass from forestry and wood industry –
38.100.952 €; biomass from communal biodegradable waste – 135.043 €; total of 41.811.033
€ per year.
Table 6. Biomass type, amounts available, usage percent, equivalent amounts of liquid fuel
and savings amount.
Biomass type
Crop production
Fruit and vine production
Animal husbandry
Forestry and wood industry
Communal waste
TOTAL:
Biomass
amounts
available
Usage
percent
Used
amounts
of biomass
Equivalent
amount of
liquid fuel
Savings
amount
(t/god)
(%)
(t/god)
(toe/god)
(€)
28.750,0
25
7.475,0
1.217,0
1.946.310
3.173,2
50
1.084,1
511,7
818.640
66.880,5
25
20.777,5
1.012,6
810.088
149.600,0
50
20.446,9
23.813,1
38.100.952
1.445,4
30
433,6
84,39
135.043
97.852,8
26.638,8
41.811.033
249.849,1
Structure of the savings that can be achieved in the municipality Ţagubica if using available
biomass in these percentages is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Structure of savings that can be achieved by using biomass in Ţagubica municipality
12
Namely, a quarter or half of the total available biomass (depending of type of production) can
generate energy value of 1.273.297.348 MJ, or 353.693,7 MWh. If a thermal facility would
operate during 6 months of a year (4.390 hours), the facilities’ power would be 80,57 MW.
We can safely assume that full capacity of the facility will not be used all the time during
these 6 months, just when the temperatures are low. This shows that biomass consumption
would be considerably below 50% of total available biomass. A conclusion could be made
that Ţagubica municipality has enough biomass to power an 150 MW thermal facility during
6 months.
The above data suggests that the municipality of Ţagubica can think of building thermal
power plants over 40 MW.
At this should be borne in mind that in this calculation does not take into account the
firewood, as it is often considered a conventional fuel.
1.2. Type, form and price of available biomass as an energy source
According to data about available potentials of biomass and its structure, mentioned in
chapter 1.1, we may conclude that the main quantity of biomass in Ţagubica municipality
may be collected from agricultural and forest production. They have more than sufficient
potentials for public facilities heating.
Form of biomass that will burn in power plants was adopted with the aim to meet the different
requirements. In this election there were several priority policies. The most important factors
in determining the form of biomass that will burn were related to:
- Available surface for construction of the boiler room and biomass storage that would
ensure the properly work of a thermal power plant of a few days,
- Fire load,
- The amount of a destructive impact on the surrounding environment (emission of
gaseous products of combustion, noise, vibration, distribution of biomass in its
transportation and handling, etc..)
- The possibility and cost of transport from the warehouse to the boiler,
- The need to use extra funds to manipulate biomass
The calculation of prices of different sorts and forms of biomass, which is used for making
enough energy in these facilities, is formed according to expenses existing, from collecting
biomass to its burning in the facilities.
 Four different systems are analyzed here:
-
classic bales (small, conventional), weight: 10-12kg each,
-
roll bales, weight: 80-150kg each,
-
large prismatic bales, weight: 250-300kg each,
-
big square bales, weight: 500kg each;
 Briquette, weight: 400g each,
 Pellets of agricultural biomass, weight 20gr each;
13
 Chippings of the forests cutting and of the 2nd class fire wood, weight: 20 g each;
 Pellets of the remains of the forests cutting and 2nd class fire wood, weight: 20g, each.
Analytical calculations of prices of agricultural biomass to the known cost categories are not
shown, as is extensive. In order to implement this study as the initial parameters for biomass
production rate calculations used extensively adopted data.
It is assumed that the initial price of agricultural biomass in the amount of 0.55 din/kg, which
is very doubtful, since there is no market of biomass and its value is in reality ranges from 0
to 1 din/kg.
Determination of the purchase price of wood as material for combustion is easier, because
there is a market for the wood, where the average price in the purchase of large quantities of
wood in the long term is for the rest of the timber harvest activities 20 €/t, and fuelwood
second class 30-35 €/t. Based on these data, adopted price of waste wood biomass is 2,9
din/kg.
It is assumed that the loading and stacking bales does 2 workers. Manipulation of roll bales is
with a front tractor loader. Loading and stacking bales in the warehouse is provided by using
front tractor loader with a special attachment for manipulation with big bales.
In addition, it was necessary to adopt the appropriate values of many variable and fixed costs,
such as:
- - price of machines involved in the process of preparation biomass
- - potential annual efficiency of machines (ha or hours)
- - economic useful life of machinery (depreciation)
- - operating costs,
- - maintenance costs,
- - equipment and organization of transport systems,
- - price wage workers,
- - insurance costs, interest,
- - average yield of biomass.
The modular prices of different forms of bales are given in the following Table 7, with
biomass that is available according to adequate mechanization used in Serbia:
Table 7. Prices of different forms of biomass bales
Expenses of biomass bale
preparation
Small prismatic
bale
Roll bales
Large
prismatic
bale
Big square
bales
Type of costs
Unit
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Bale weight
(kg/com.)
10 – 12
120 – 160
250–300
500
Straw price
(din/kg)
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
14
Pressing
(din/kg)
1,32
1,21
1,32
1,32
Loading
(din/kg)
0,66
0,55
0,55
0,44
Shipping
(din/kg)
0,55
0,66
0,66
0,55
(to 30 km)
(to 30 km)
(to 50 km)
(to 100 km)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Unloading and
stacking
(din/kg)
0,66
0,55
0,55
0,44
Handling
(din/kg)
0,11
0,11
0,22
0,22
Total price of biomass:
(din/kg)
3,85
3,63
3,85
3,52
(1)
Prices of different forms of biomass are given in tables 8 to 11.
Table 8. Price of briquettes from agricultural biomass 400 gr/com.
Type of costs
Price of straw bale
Mulching
Pressing
Packing
Storage
Shipping
Price of costs (din./kg)
3,3 – 3,74
2,2
5,5
1,65
1,1
2,2 (to 300 km)
15,95 do 16,39
Total price:
Table 9. Price of pellets from agricultural biomass 20 gr/com.
Type of costs
Price of straw bale
Mulching
Pressing
Packing
Storage
Shipping
Total price:
3,3 – 3,74
2,75
6,6
1,1
0,55
3,3 (to 200 km)
17,6 do 18,04
Table 10. Chips from waste wood from the forest and cut fire wood second class
Type of costs
The starting material
Transport to storage
Chipping
Storage
Transport to furnace
Total price:
2,97
1,76
1,98
1,1
0,55
8,25
15
Table 11. The pellets from waste wood from the forest and cut fire wood second class - 20
gr/com.
Type of costs
(1)
(2)
2,97
1,76
The starting material
Transport to storage
(1)
(2)
Chipping
Fine grinding
Pressing
Packing
Storage
Transport
1,98
1,32
6,6
1,1
0,55
3,3 (to 200 km)
Ukupna cena:
19,58
The municipality Ţagubica has 36,773 ha of agricultural land, but only 7,000 ha is arable land
from which biomass can be taken and used for energy purposes. On these surfaces, each year,
as the rest of the primary agricultural production remains 28,750 m t of biomass. Using only a
small part of these biomass would be more than enough to heat all the public facilities in the
city Ţagubica.
The above availability of biomass formed during the primary agricultural production and
good price of that biomass imposed that such biomass is first taken into consideration with
analysis what kind and form of bomass should be used for heating public facilities in
Ţagubica. But despite a number of benefits arising from the use of agricultural biomass for
energy purposes for heating public facilities in Ţagubica is abandoned for varius reasons, that
can be given in the next:
 large fragmentation of fileds (from 1 to 5 ha), which are predominantly located on the
hilly terrain which rejects possibilities for use of high capacity machines (roll presses,
presses for large prismatic balles, etc.) for collecting and pressing straw conditions the
use of small prismatic whose cost of transport goes up to 30 km,
 facilities for public use in Ţagubica are located in the center of town,
 roads in Ţagubica are narrow with little space for parking outside lanes, which is the
reason to frequent stopping and parking of vehicles on the road and delays in traffic.
The conditions of the traffic in Ţagubica would greatly hinder the passage of special
vehicles for transporting straw balles,
 if public facilities would use straw balles as a fuel for heating systems it would be
necessary to bild a storage near boiler house which must meet the requirements of fire
protection measures, that are very rigorous.
Taking into account the above, it is assumed that the municipality Ţagubic uses pellets from
agriculture or from waste wood from forest cutting and secund class firewood.
16
Analytical price is formed based on a complex set of calculations that consider many variable
production expenses but cannot predict a dynamic market flow regarding supply & demand
and realistic market competition between the producers who are prepared to offer a better
price if a sale of pellets is made during summer. Because of this, a market research was made
andpellet-producing companies that are within an acceptable transport distance (200 km) were
approached. A list of companies with their price lists is shown in the table (Table 12).
Table 12. List of companies engaged in the production and distribution of pellets
Company
“MTMOP” d.o.o
Dunavski kej, 12223 Golubac
“MIBORO PELET” d.o.o
12222, Braničevo
Type of pellet
Production capacity
beech and ash tree
beech
“FONOS” d.o.o – pelet centar
Učiteljska 59a, Zvezdara,
Beograd
beech
beech+fir
“BIOENERGY POINT” d.o.o
Izvorski put bb, Boljevac 19370
beech
Price
1400 kg/h
600 t/month
150 €/t *
180 €/t**
200 €/t***
500 kg/h
210 kg/month
160 €/t *
185 €/t**
200 €/t***
Always in stock
175€/t*
190 €/t**
205 €/t***
3.000/t month
160€/t*
180 €/t**
195 €/t***
* Price valid if a quantity of pellet is ordered by July
** Price valid for quantities over 20 t
*** Retail price
Prices shown in the table (Table 12) are formed without transport expenses. Carriers charge
their transport services 100 din/km for a 20 t truck. The price is formed by accounting the
distance traveled to pick up and deliver the goods. The following table (Table 13) shows the
distances with transport expenses from the production facilities and pellet storage facilities to
Ţagubica municipality.
Table 1. Transport costs from pellet producer to Ţagubica municipality.
Table 13. Transport costs of pellets from producer to municipalities Ţagubica
Number of
kilometers
Total transport cost
Total transport
cost per ton of
pellets
(km)
(din)
(din./t)
Žagubica - Golubac
96,7 - 119
19.340 – 23.800
967 - 1190
Žagubica – Braničevo
75,8 – 107
15.160 – 21.400
758 – 1070
Žagubica – Beograd (Zvezdara)
168 - 173
33.600 – 34.600
1.680 – 1.730
205
41.000
2.050
Transport relations
Žagubica – Boljevac
17
By analyzing the supplier bids from Table 12 and transport expenses from Table 13, a
conclusion has been made that the cheapest pellet can be obtained from “MTMOP” d.o.o
from Golubac. Thus, wood pellet with a price of 160,44€/t (18,29 din/kg, with 1€=114 din) is
the fuel of choice.
18
TASK 2 –Analysis of thermal energy required in
selected facilities for public use
In this report - task No. 2 - it was necessary to complete the research based on data from
research literature and field study and to summarize data collected in a separate report.
In task No. 2 it is necessary to make a thorough analysis of chosen public facilities following
the listed steps:
 Make an optimal selection of public facilities that potentially can use biomass as a fuel
for heating.
 Provide a graphic display of the facility with the layout of the heating system (for each
chosen facility in each municipality)
 Prepare energy passport of the technical characteristics of the heating systems and the
analysis of the heat loss for chosen public facilities in each municipality (age of the
building and installation, type of window and window glass used, heating system, type
of heating fuel)
 Analyze possible improvements of the energy efficiency of the heating systems in
public facilities and provide recommendations for the facilities that are the most
efficient for energy saving in the case of biomass combustion plants.
2.1. The choice of public facilities in Žagubica municipality that will be
heated using biomass
Selection of the public facilities in which biomass will be used as heating fuel was done in
accordance with all relevant institutions in chosen municipalities. Thus, in selection of
facilities and collection of all necessary data related to the project documentation including
micro and macro aspects, technical characteristics of the facility with existing infrastructure
and potentials for expansion of existing infrastructure, the following individuals were
included: management of the municipality, with participation of municipal energy managers,
representatives of the public companies (Chamber of Commerce, Planning Bureau,
PowerSupply, Water Supply and Sewage, Heating Supply, Agriculture and Forestry
Departments) as well as general managers of nearly all public companies operating in selected
municipalities.
During selection process, several priority criteria strove to be met:
 that selected public facilities are of great importance for the local government,
 that at least one or more facilities require larger amount of heating energy,
 that the facilities are located in areas in which there will be no overlapping with the
existing local piping system, i.e. that they are located in areas which the local district
network will not reach in due time,
24
 thatchosenfacilities have enough space for construction of a boiler room and a small
biomass storage building,which need to be physically separated from the existing
facilities (namely due to hygienic and fire requirements),
 that the location for construction is near an existing boiler rooms that run on gas or
liquid fuel, so that the boiler systems can work compositely, i.e. can use the same
collectors,
 that facilities have adequate internal piping for heat distribution or have no piping at
all so that new custom heating system may be designed and installed,
 that the premises on which the construction of the boiler room and the storage
buildingare planned have a registered owner,
 that the pipingconnecting the buildings on selected locations is not too long and
complex for installation,
 that there are adequate access roads leading to storages buildings to ensure untroubled
transport of biomass for combustion etc.
By analyzing the field data and in accordance with the appointed criteria, the conclusion can
be made that Ţagubica municipality has 18 local communities (1 city and 17 villages) spread
over 760 km2. The municipality has 15.341 inhabitants of which 3.126 live in the city itself.
The climate is humid continental, favorable for life and work.
The research shows that Ţagubica city does not have a central heating system and the
buildings are heated individually. This leaves many possibilities in choosing an adequate
heating system for public buildings.
The city hasa primary school, a high school of technical sciences and a kindergarten.Apart
from these educational institutions, there are buildings such as City Hall, House of Culture,
Employment Office etc.
In Ţagubica there is no district heating system, which prompted the municipal government to
consider the implementation of a district heating system that would use biomass as fuel in
several buildings in the city. For this reason, the situation was analyzed in several buildings
including the following:
Facility
Image
Srednja tehnička škola u Žagubici
Ţagubica City Hall is located in the city center
(Figure 3). The building is an old style type
with the date of construction unknown and no
existing planning documents. However, the
building has been completely renovated in
2002 which includes thermal insulation (5 cm
styrofoam) and new PVC windows. Around 30
people work in the City Hall building in
different sectors that are divided to insure
normal running of the municipality. The
Figure 3. Ţagubica City Hall
25
building has a central heating system that runs
on coal.
High school of technical sciences in Žagubica
High school of technical sciences in Ţagubica
(Figure 4) is located in the northern peripheral
part of the city. The school was built in 1974. It
was done using a classic building style, which
means having concrete support structures and
brickwork, spread over 820 m2. The building
has two floors. There are 370 pupils divided in
different classes and grades, and about 45
employees. The school is heated via its own
boiler running on coal. In the boiler room there
are two additional boilers used for heating the
kindergarten and the Department of City
Planning.
Elementary
Žagubica
School
“Moše
Pijade”
Figure 4. High school of technical
sciences in Ţagubica
in
Elementary School “Moše Pijade” in Ţagubica
(Figure 5) is located beside the cities’ main bus
station. The school was built in 1959. using a
classic building style, which means having
brickwork andconcrete support structures. It
was meant as a building with no floors, but a
floor was added on the northern wingin 1982.
The base of the school is spread over 1872 m2
and the added floor over 607 m2. The building
was not properly maintained, the façade is
rundown and the wooden windows are
decrepit. There are 342 pupils and 45 members
of staff using the building. The heating system
is consisted of a dedicated boiler room with
boiler running on coal and wood.
Figure 5. Elementary school „Moše
Pijade“ in Ţagubica
26
“Moše Pijade” Elementary School kitchen in
Žagubica
“Moše Pijade” Elementary School kitchen in
Ţagubica (Figure 6) is located beside the
western wing of the Elementary School on a
dedicated lot. It was built shortly after the
school, in 1962 using a classic building style,
which means having brickwork,concrete and
steel support structures. The kitchen is spread
over 340 m2. It has decrepit windows and doors
and the roof is made of asbestosboards that are
banned because of their negative impact on the
environment and health. The building is heated
using a boiler from the schools boiler room.
The kitchen has 3 employees, 2 cooks and a
canteen worker.
Figure 6. “Moše Pijade” Elementary
School kitchen in Ţagubica
Based on the assessment of the position of buildings, ownership of a land for the potential
construction of the boiler room, the need for heating and other factors, it was decided to
develop a heating system for two large facilities:
 Elementary School „Moše Pijade” and
 “Moše Pijade” Elementary School kitchen
Other facilities were not further discussed, since for their overall heating, a plant of
considerable capacity would have to be built, for which it is not possible to find an
appropriate location.
2.2 Technical features of the heating system with heat loss analysis overview
for selected public facilities in Žagubica municipality
Technical features of existing heating systems in selected public facilities in Ţagubica
municipality are as follows:
2.2.1 Elementary School “Moše Pijade“in Žagubica
The Elementary School “Moše Pijade“ was built in 1959, as a floorless construction spread
over 1872 m2 divided in 47 rooms: hedmasters office, administration office, archive,
accounting, sports room, changing rooms, hallways, event hall, 11 clasrooms, 8 bathrooms
and so on. A 607 m2 floor was added on the northern wing. School building and the added
floor were builtusing a classic building style, which means having steel andconcrete support
structures andbrickwork. The building’s foundations are dug in 1m in the ground. They are 80
cm wide, reinforced and interconnected. A brick wall was erected on top of the foundations,
with width being the same as the foundations and the height 80 cm (upper foundations).
Hydro-insulation was incorporated in the upper foundations made of brick, followed by a
27
layer of ground, charged concrete, another layer of hydro-insulation, reinforced concrete slab
and terrazzo (Figure 7), with heat transfer coefficientof U = 2,78 W/m2K. Outer walls of the
school are made of hollow,25 cm wide bricks, plastered on both sides with 2cm thick mortar.
Total wall width amounts to 29 cm withheat transfer coefficientof U = 1,84 W/m2K (Figure
8).
School interior is divided by walls made of 20 cm thick hollow brick, plastered on both sides
with 2 cm layer of mortar. These are supporting walls and havea heat transfer coefficient of U
= 2,09 W/m2K (Figure 9). Furthermore, there are interior walls made of 12 cm thick full
brick, plasteredon both sides with 2 cm thick layer of mortar. This kind of wall has a heat
transfer coefficient of U = 2,68 W/m2K (Figure 10).
Figure 7. Floor on the ground
Figure 8. Outer wall
Above the rooms, with the exception of the northern wing which has a floor added, there is a
ceiling made of gypsum board connected to the roofs’ steel construction and layered with a
compound made from mortar and reed. The heat transfer coefficient of the ceiling is U = 4,47
W/m2K (Figure 11). Above the ceiling, there is a steel structure of the roof, which has boards
attached to it followed by planks and 1 mm thick folded sheet metal. This kind of roof has a
heat transfer coefficient of U = 3,54 W/m2K (Figure 12).
28
Figure 11. The ceiling of the ground floor of
the school
Figure 12. Roof on the school
The school building houses a sports room constructed from concrete supporting structures and
interior brick walls. Northern sports room wall is predominantly fitted with metal-framed
3,6x4 m and 3,6x1,5 m single-paned windows. Overall sports room area covered by windows
compared to floor area is 40%. 5x3 cm planks and 1mm thick folded sheet metal are fitted
over the supporting beams, whereas under the structure there is a layer of 1,8 cm thick
gypsum board, giving a cumulative heat transfer coefficient of U = 3,02 W/m2 K (Figure 13).
Due to a large population growth in the city and surrounding villages, a floor was added
above the schools’ northern wing in 1982. The floors’ outer walls were built emulating the
existing school walls, only one layer of thermal insulation (5 cm glass wool) was added. This
kind of walls have a heat transfer coefficient of U = 0,59 W/m2K (Figure 14).
Figure 13. Roof above the sports room
Figure 14. Roof - upgrade
The flooring between the school and the added structure consists of 14 cm thick reinforced
concrete slab followed by 5 cm thick cement layer. Under the concrete slab, there is a 2 cm
layer of mortar. The classrooms on the floor have a 4 mm thick linoleum coating (Figure 16),
while the hall and the staircase area are fitted with ceramic tilesadhered by 3 cm thick layer of
cement mortar (Figure 15).
29
Figure 15. Structural floor to halls
Figure 16. Structural floor to upgrade
Doors and windows in the school, except in the sports room, have wooden frames dating from
the time when the school was built. They are pretty worn out and have a heat transfer
coefficient of U = 2,91 W/m2 K (Figure 17). There are 116 differently sized windows in the
school, with total area of 666,8 m2, which is 25,82% of total useful area of the school.
Exterior doors are made of metal with single-paned piece of glass, also dating from the time
the schools was built. Their heat transfer coefficient is U = 5,86 W/m2 K (Figure 18). There
are 5 exterior doors in the school with total area of 21,96 m2.
Figure 17. Wooden windows on the school
Figure 18. Overview of the main entrance
door
The schools is heated by a central heating system using two connected in parallel sectional hot
water boilers made by boiler manufacturer “Radijator” from Zrenjanin, type NEO VULKAN
(Figure 19) with maximum heat they can produce burning brown coal being Q = 555,6 kW
(277,8 kW x 2). Besides the brown coal, wood is also used to heat the building. The boilers
are over 50 years old and are way past their expected service life, essentiallythey are in a bad
state (Figure 20). They have corrosion issues due to frequent floods in the boiler room caused
by extensive precipitation. The boiler room is partially below the ground level and water level
gets as high as 1 m. According to the boiler operator, frequent breakdowns occur when boiler
sections brake. These breakdowns are remedied by welding the sections and restarting the
boiler.
30
Figure 19. Boilers „Radijator“ Zrenjanin,
type NEO VULKAN
Figure 20. Appearance of boilers
The boiler room is equipped with three centrifugal pumps. Two of them are (delivery pumps)
type GHR 801 (Figure 21) made by “IMP LJUBLJANA”, with Q = 10.750 m3/h capacity, and
the third (return pump) is type GHR 803 (Figure 22) made by “IMP LJUBLJANA”, with Q =
21.500 m3/h capacity. All pumps are driven by three phase electric motors with P m = 790W of
power. There are two dual thermostats with measuring range from 0 to 130 ºC along with 8
shut-off valves NP6-DN 80 in the boiler room.
Figure 21. Pumps made by „IMP
LJUBLJANA“, type GHR 801
Figure 22. Pump made by „IMP LJUBLJANA“, type
GHR 803
Hot water piping from the boiler to the heat exchangers (radiators) is engineered without the
collector for delivery and return pipes. Thus, hot water is distributed via two pipes. One is
used for heating the northern wing, the floor and the kitchen, and the other for heating
southern and western wing. Primarydistribution lines branch through underground channels
under the school, which later branch throughout the buildings via vertical lines. The
distribution lines are protected by 100 mm thick kieselguhr compound, bandaged, smoothcoated, torsioned and painted in two layers. It is impossible to determine the condition of the
31
underground lines since they are located in the channels, but there are visible parts of these
lines in the boiler room (Figure 23). By examining these exposed lines, an assumption can be
made that the lines are in poor condition and cause major heat losses. Radiators type
“Simfonija” with heating elements (ribs) made from pressed sheet metal (Figure 24) were
installed in the school building at the time when it was built. The additionally built floor was
fitted with type “Termik-2” steel casted radiators (Figure 25), shortly upon floor construction.
Northern wing piping is mounted on the ceiling and then connected by vertical lines to the
radiators (Figure 26).
Figure 23. View of the damaged pipe
insulation in the boiler room
Figure 24. Radiator „Simfonija“, type 500/210
Figure 25. Radiator „Termik-2“, type
800/160
Figure 26. Distribution of pipeline systems in
the northern wing of the school
Total radiator power output obtained by counting all radiators and their heating elements and
using the available manufacturer specificationsis 537.621 W, of which 152.838 W is
dedicated for the floor above the northern wing, 462.633 W for the school building without
the floor, and 68.487 W for the kitchen. Using a radiator counting method to determine
necessary heat requirementsis relatively imprecise. To determine accurate (real) heat
requirements for a building, heat loss calculations due to transmission and ventilation through
construction elements must be made. The calculations are available in Chapter 4 Appendix,
while the following table offers heat loss for individual rooms (Table 14).
32
Table 14. Overview of the heat losses in the the school building
Room
number
Room name
-
-
-
-
01
02
Room temp.
in winter
mode
Heat losses
in the room
Room status
tp
Q
-
o
C
W
-
03
04
05
GROUND FLOOR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
MAIN HALL
SMALL KITCHEN
TEACHER'S OFFICE
PRINCIPAL'S OFFICE
SECRETARY'S OFFICE
HALL 1
HALL EVENTS - THEATRE
LIBRARY
CLASSROOM SOUTH WING
TOILET SOUTH WING
ACCOUNTANT'S OFFICE
ARCHIVE
HALL 1 SOUTH WING
MALE DRESSING ROOM
MALE TOILET
FEMALE TOILET
FEMALE DRESSING ROOM
HALL 2 SOUTH WING
SPORTS ROOM
COAL STORAGE
BOILER ROOM
WOOD STORAGE
STOKER'S ROOM
STORAGE
CLASSROOM 1 WEST WING
VISIT OFFICE
DRESSING ROOM
STORAGE FOR CHEMICALS
TOILET WEST WING - LAVATORY
HALL WEST WING
TOILET WEST WING
CLASSROOM 1 NORTH WING
15
4
20
20
20
15
20
20
20
15
20
20
15
20
18
18
20
15
20
10
20
10
20
15
20
20
20
20
8
7
6
15
18
20
20
20
20
20
7819
3
14142
5594
1800
2707
43822
7168
8155
3026
4165
4056
925
6167
1468
1468
6237
6357
97066
5213
3632
15138
15428
15600
3813
-66
-10
-29
6884
3331
11389
7986
7986
10061
7986
TREATED
NOT TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
NOT TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
NOT TREATED
NOT TREATED
NOT TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
NOT TREATED
NOT TREATED
NOT TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
33
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
HALL NORTH WING
HALL WITH STAIRS
MALE TOILET - LAVATORY (UPGRADED)
MALE TOILET (UPGRADED)
FEMALE TOILET - LAVATORY (UPGRADED)
FEMALE TOILET (UPGRADED)
STAIRS
20
20
15
15
12
18
5
18
15
7986
13710
10854
6779
186
2217
61
3196
6568
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
NOT TREATED
TREATED
NOT TREATED
TREATED
NOT TREATED
388049
T O T A L:
UPGRADED (FIRST) FLOOR
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
1,10
1,11
1,12
1,13
1,14
HALL BESIDE STAIRS
PEDAGOGUE'S OFFICE
MALE TOILET - LAVATORY
MALE TOILET
FEMALE TOILET
FEMALE TOILET - LAVATORY
HALL
CLASSROOM 1
CLASSROOM 2
CLASSROOM 3
CLASSROOM 4
CLASSROOM 5
CLASSROOM 6
CLASSROOM 7
T O T A L:
15
20
9
18
18
4
15
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
2932
3698
-25
1511
1754
9
11214
11725
5918
5918
8848
5918
5918
11282
TREATED
TREATED
NOT TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
NOT TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
76619
2.2.2 “Moše Pijade” Elementary School kitchen in Žagubica
“Moše Pijade” Elementary School kitchen in Ţagubica was built at the same time as the
school, in 1959. It is located on a separate lot, but the only way in the kitchen is accessible
through the schoolyard. The kitchen is used to feed the children during school hours as well as
the smaller children (below the 4th grade) who stay beyond school hours (extended stay). The
kitchen has an area of 352 m2 of which 310,4 m2 is considered useful. It was built using a
classic building style, which means having brickwork, concrete and steel support structures.
Exterior walls were built from 25 cm thick load bearing blocks, plastered on both sides with a
2 cm layer of mortar (Figure 8). This type of wall has a heat transfer coefficient of U = 2,09
W/m2 K. Interior walls were built from full 12 cm brick, plastered on both sided with a 2 cm
layer of mortar (Figure 10). Ceiling bearing structure was made from steel I-beamscovered
with boards on both sides. On the bottom side, over the boards, a layer of compound made
from mortar and reedwas added. This kind of ceiling has a heat transfer coefficient of U =
1,79 W/m2K (Figure 27). The roof was covered with wavy asbestos boards that should be
replaced due to the negative impact on health they have. The kitchen was fitted with doors
and windows with wooden frames and they are decrepit now, causing major heat loss. Total
windowed area is 62,76 m2, which amounts to 20,2% of useful floor area (Figure 28). The
34
floor is made from terrazzo, the same as the school floor with heat transfer coefficient of U =
2,78 W/m2 K (Figure 7).
Figure 27. Structural floor on the kitchen
Figure 28. Overview of the windows and roof on
the kitchen building
Kitchen heating is provided by the boiler from the schools’ boiler room, via thermally
insulated underground hot water piping. The condition of this piping cannot be precisely
determined.Radiators type “Simfonija” made from pressed sheet metal were installed in the
kitchen, with total power output of 68.847 W. As stated before, in order to determine real heat
requirements, heat loss calculations must be made. The following table (Table 15) shows the
overview of individual room heat loss, while the detailed calculations are given in Chapter 4
Appendix.
Table 15. Overview of the heat losses in the the kitchen building
KITCHEN BUILDING
HALL
DINNING ROOM
KITCHEN
KITCHEN STORAGE
HALL
TOILET (STAFF ONLY)
HALL
TOILET
HALL
ROOM 1
ROOM 2
ROOM 3
ROOM 4
TOILET
STORAGE
HALL
T O T A L:
15
20
20
15
3
18
15
14
15
20
20
20
20
10
15
20
2394
39904
10663
2019
61
1632
2695
759
163
1523
3823
5173
2325
183
1259
2034
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
NOT TREATED
NOT TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
NOT TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
NOT TREATED
TREATED
76609
In the following table (Table 16) is given heat loss summary for school and kitchen building.
35
Table 16. Total heat losses for complex of buildings in elementary school „Moše Pijade“ in
Ţagubica
SUMMARY
GROUND FLOOR
388.049
76.619
KITCHEN BUILDING
76.609
T O T A L:
541.276 W
According to data from the table (Table 15), a conclusion can be made that the school ground
level is spread over 1.708,78 m2 (boiler room, coal storage room and wood storage room are
not included since they are not heated via the existing system) with required heating volume
of 6.152,5 m3. Necessary power requirements according to heat loss calculations due to
transmission and ventilation are 338.049 W, that is 227,09 W/m2 (heated area) or 63,07 W/m3
(heated space).
The floor over the northern wing has an area of 606,5 m2 and heating volume of 2031,7 m3.
Necessary power requirements according to heat loss calculations are 76.619 W, that is
126,33 W/m2 (heated area) or 37,71 W/m3 (heated space).
Kitchen has an area of 310,4 m2 and heating volume of 900,16 m3. Necessary power
requirements according to heat loss calculations are 76.609 W, that is 246,8 W/m2 (heated
area) or 85,12 W/m3 (heated space).
Total heating requirements for the complex are 541.276W which is 541 kW.
2.3. Analysis of the measures for the increase of energy efficiency in
buildings for public use
The analysis of the measures for the increase of energy efficiency in buildings for public use
in Ţagubica municipality has to be done from two aspects. One aspect is the general, i.e.
global approach to the problem of increasing the energy efficiency in municipalities, while the
other one is the increase of energy efficiency in individual buildings.
When observing the use of energy for central heating of individual buildings for public use, as
has been stated already, it can be established that the energy is used irrationally and with poor
quality (large deviations from assigned temperatures in heated rooms).
According to the present condition of the chosen public usage buildings in Ţagubica, we may
conclude that by the usage of proper organizational and technical activities significant energy
sufficiency improvements may be achieved.
2.3.1. Energy consumption in elementary school „Moša Pijade” in Žagubica and
proposals for practical measures for the increase of energy efficiency of facilities
Beside the technical analysis of the buildings, an economic analysis of energy loss must be
done in order to get a whole pictureregarding energy efficiency and to be able to suggest
36
measures for improving energy efficiency and determine its profitability. The following table
(Table 17) offers an overview of consumption of fuel used for school and kitchen heating and
overall power consumption. The data is available for a heating period from 15/10/2011 until
15/4/2012.
In order to make an economic analysis of overall energy consumption, all available forms of
energy must be converted to the same unit ([kWh]/[din./kWh]), that is equalize with wood
and coal consumption (and their price). To make the conversions, brown coal and oak wood
are adopted as reference fuels with following characteristics: brown coal - Hd =15.927 kJ/kg,
ρ = 1,25 t/m3; oak wood - Hd =16.100 kJ/kg, ρ = 0,72 t/m3.
By analyzing the table (Table 17) a conclusion can be made that in overall energy expenses,
coal participates with 76,37%, followed by wood with 15,09%, electric energy with 8,54%.
Over 90% (91,46%) of overall energy expenses during wintertime are made for heating
buildings. If these facts are considered, it can be deduced that saving measures and energy
efficiency improvement can be achieved through cutting down on heating expenses.
Table 17. Energy consumption reduced to kWh
Quantity
3
Price
3
Total price
[m ]
[t]
[kWh]
[din/m ]
[din/t]
[din/kWh]
[din]
Coal consumption
136
170
752.108
9.375
7.500
1.70
1.275.000
Wood consumption
60
43.2
193.200
4.200
5.833
1.30
252.000
-
-
16.409
-
-
8,69
142.600
Electricity
consumption
TOTAL:
961.717
1.669.600
For practical organizational and technical measures for the increase of energy efficiency in
selected public facilities in the municipality Ţagubica can specify the following:
 Thermal insulation should be mounted on the exterior facade walls (5 cm thick
Styrofoam, λ=0,035) and covered with protective façade casing (such as “demit”
facade), to prevent negative atmospheric impact on the Styrofoam.
 All of the windows and doors should be replaced with new PVC (profiles with five
chambers and thermo-insulated glass) windows and doors. The worst heat transfer
coefficient forthis kind of windows is U = 1,2 W/m2 K.
 Perform balancing of central heating system, especially on the building of primary
schools because existing hot water distribution is not satisfacory according to the
principal of school and braizer.
 Perform cleaning of the radiator and piping network because system is operating
without the purification device for a long time, so dirt accumulated in radiators and its
reducing the heat transfer ability of radiators.
 Perform reconstruction of existing coal and wood furnace, which especially refers to
purchase of three – way valve for automatic regulation of system.
37
 Perform the insulating for parts of the existing pipe heating installations which are
damaged,
 Perform the installation of thermostatic valves..
By caring out the energy efficiency improvement measures stated before, heat loss can be
reduced to a great extent, that is overall heat requirements could be decreased, which would
result with overall energy savings, essentially saving money. In order to make a technoeconomic analysis of potential savings by implementing the measures stated before, some
base system operating parameters must be defined, such as:

duration (timeframe) of wintertime heating

number of working days during wintertime heating

number of working hours per day.
Wintertime heating starts on the October 15th and ends on the April 15th. The wintertime
heating lasts 185 days. Average temperature is 15ºC. By multiplying the number of working
days with average daily temperature, a value of 2775 DD per wintertime heating for heating
system installed in primary school “Veljko Dugošević” together with the kitchen, is obtained.
Using the previously gathered results, fuel consumption for wintertime heating can be
calculated by using the following formulae:
mF/year= 24 · 3,600 · e · y · DD · Q / (hd ·  · (tu - ts)) [kg/winter time_heating]
where are:
e = et · eb - temperature and exploatation limitation coefficient, 0,9 x 0,9 = 0,81,
y
- corrective coefficient (interruptions in stocking, wind), 0,8,
SD
- degree – day value, 185 day x 15oC = 2775 days oC,
Q
Hd
- heating requirement, amount of heat, [kW],
- lower heating value (16.900) [kJ/kg],

tu
ts
- efficiency of the facility (0,85),
- interior temperature of heated rooms (20oC) i
- exterior project temperature, (-18oC).
By using organizational and technical measures of savings which should result in increasing
overall energy efficiency of the facility, the following results may ensue:
- By exchanging old and decrepit windows and metal doors with new PVC (profiles
with five chambers and thermo-insulated glass) windows and doors, heat loss due to
transmission and ventilation could be mitigated. Energy savings were calculated using
heat transfer coefficient of U w = 1,2 W/m2 K (windows) and U d = 1,8 W/m2 K (doors).
By installing new windows and doors, heat loss caused by ventilation through the
windows and doors (air infiltration through the joints in the masonry-sealing edges)
would be greatly reduced, and it would result with air transfer coefficients (through the
joints) of a = 0,66 m3/mh Pa2/3 (for the windows) and a = 1 m3/mh Pa2/3 (for the doors).
38
- If thermal insulation should be mounted on the exterior façade walls, transmission heat
loss could be mitigated to a great extent. Should a 5 cm thick Styrofoam be mounted
on the exterior facade walls (λ=0,035 W/mK) and covered with protective facade
casing (“demit” facade), it would yield a heat transfer coefficient of U = 0,51 W/m2K
for the exterior walls, instead of current U = 1,84 W/m2 K.
- By replacing old radiator valves with new thermostatic valves (TV), which can be set
to determine and maintain certain room temperature, a direct influence would be made
on reducing fuel consumption. According to available literature and recent research
data regarding heating equipment, installing thermostatic valves yields 4-6% (adopted
5,3%) savings. Schools building along with the kitchen building 159 radiators,
meaning that the same number of thermostatic valves must be obtained.
Radiator cleaning itself increases heat transfer coefficient although there aren’t any relevant
or framework values of system efficiency increase. Because of this, energy savings made by
incorporating this measure will not be considered. Furthermore, radiator cleaning should
precede the heating system balancing, so that pressure drop achieved through the radiator
elements would match manufacturer recommendations as closely as possible. System
balancing cannot increase system efficiency in general, but it is extremely important in order
to achieve the projected room temperature.
Detailed overview of the calculation will not be shown due to its ampleness; however, a
savings amount recap is available in the table (Table 18). Energy savings were obtained using
calculated fuel consumption, which is not far off the data presented by the municipalities’
people in charge.
39
Table 18. Overview of wintertime fuel consumption of the existing boiler and the savings that can be achieved by applying technical organizational measures to increase efficiency
Type
of fuel
Constant
e
y
Degree dayDD
[-]
[-]
[-]
[-]
[°Cday] [kW]
Q
hd
η
Δt
mF/year.
[kJ]
[-]
[°C]
[kg/god.]
Fuel
Fuel
consumption consumption
[kg]
[t], [m³]
Price of
fuel
Cost of
heating
season
Cost of*
heating
season
[din./t]
[din/m³]
[din./season]
[€/sezonu]
Energy
savings
Energy
savings
[€/season] [din./season]
OLD BOILER FACILITY WOOD AND COAL
Coal
86400
0,81
0,8
2775
555,6
15927
0,60
38
237708,74
185698,07
185,70
7500
1.392.735,49
12216,98
-
-
Wood
86400
0,81
0,8
2775
555,6
16100
0,60
38
235154,48
51451,80
71,46
4200
300135,50
2632,77
-
-
1.692.871
14.850
UKUPNO:
UNDERWENT PLACING THERMAL INSULATION OF STYROFOAM 5 cm THICKNES
Coal
86400
0,81
0,8
2775
469,6
15927
0,60
38
200902,82
156945,28
156,95
7500
1177089,60
10325,35
1891,63
215645,89
Wood
86400
0,81
0,8
2775
469,6
16100
0,60
38
198744,05
43485,20
60,40
4200
253663,65
2225,12
407,65
46471,84
UKUPNO:
2.299,28
262.117,73
UNDERWENT REPLACEMENT OF OLD WOODEN WINDOWS WITH NEW PVC WINDOWS
Coal
86400
0,81
0,8
2775
454,2
15927
0,60
38
194308,50
151793,80
151,79
7500
1138453,48
9986,43
2230,54
254282,02
Wood
86400
0,81
0,8
2775
454,2
16100
0,60
38
192220,58
42057,86
58,41
4200
245337,54
2152,08
480,68
54797,96
UKUPNO:
2.711,23
309.079,97
UNDERWENT REPLACMENT OF OLD RADIATORS VALVES WITH NEW TERMOSTATIC VALVES
Coal
86400
0,81
0,8
2775
516,4
15927
0,60
38
220927,51
172588,57
172,59
7500
1294414,28
11354,51
862,47
98321,21
Wood
86400
0,81
0,8
2775
516,4
16100
0,60
38
218553,57
47819,52
66,42
4200
278947,21
2446,91
185,86
21188,29
TOTAL:
1048,33
119509,50
THE SUM OF TOTAL SAVINGS:
6.058,84
690.707,21
*1 € = 114,00 din.
40
Comparative analysis of Table 17 and Table 18 shows that deviation of costs which are
obtained from municipality and those obtained by calculation is 9.8%, which confirms that the
methodology is correct.
By placing thermal insulation on the outside wall of the object facade, required thermal power
can be reduced to 469.6 kW, which could lead to fuel savings of 262.117,73 dinars, or
2.711,23 € for a heating season.
By replacing the old wooden doors and windows with new doors and windows made of PVC
profilesand insulating glass, required power for heating can be reduced to 454.2 kW which
could lead to fuel savings of 309,079.97 dinars, or 2.711,23 € for a heating season. By
installing thermostatic valves, required power for heating can be reduced to 516.4 kW which
could lead to fuel savings 119,509.50 dinars, or 1,048.33 € for a heating season. Total savings
by applying all previous suggestions could reach 445.865,49 dinars, or 3.911,10 €.
Total savings by performing all previous works could reach 690.707,21 dinars, or 6.058,84 €
for heating season.
The necessary amount of investments for these savings measures and energy efficiency
increase and implementation of their effectiveness will be presented in the Chapter 3.6.
41
TASK 3 – Techno-economic analysis for thermal facility which
uses biomass as a fuel, for heating chosen buildings
3.1. Technology of available biomass form combustion
Adequate choice of terminology for intentional combustion of biomass with the goal of
obtaining heat energy is of the highest importance for the energy, economic and ecological
efficiency of that process.
A schematic presentation of the appropriateness of technical-technological solutions for
thermal solutions for thermal power of a 100 MW furnace and certain forms of biomass for
combustion is shown in Figure 29.
Figure 29. Appropriateness of tehnological and tehnical solutions for biomass combustion
S– batch, with fixed grate; V– with movable grate; U– with lower firing (crucible); E– with
combustion in space (cyclone or vortex firebox), W– fluidized bed; Z–with helical combustion
(cigarette combustion);
3.2. Selection of combustion technologies and technical solutions for the
thermal power plants and defining the maximum boiler plant thermal
power for continuous heating of public buildings
Starting with the chosen types and forms of biomass to be combusted, spatial limitations,
environmental and legal norms and standards, it was decided upon the thermal energy plant
for combusting wood pellets that are to be purchased at market value.
42
Combustion of wood pellets will be performed in a stoker with a moving andiron.
The technology suggested has several important advantages that could be briefly described as
the following:
 It combusts fuel (wood pellets) which is very common on the Serbian market. The fuel
could be bought successively, i. e. as needed, which means that it is not necessary to
buy the total amount of fuel needed once a year,
 Combustion of wood pellets could be completely automated with a total mechanization
of the pellet manipulation process,
 Emission of harmful gasses could be maintained in the allowed limits, wich is of
outmost importance, since the old boilers will be replaced with new, the new boiler
room will be placed in the old,
 The wood pellet combustion plant could be put in various modes,
 While working in this plant, the wood pellets will not be affected by the problems of
solubility as is the case with combustion of biomass form the agricultural production.
The negative side of the chosen technology is the expensiveness of the combustion plant,
which could be justified by the tendency to automate the combustion process as much as
possible.
3.2.1. General requirements for the construction of the boiler facility
It was defined that the thermal energy plant for heating of the chosen object in Ţagubica
should operate as acombinedwood pellet and firewood burning facility, but at the same
time it has to satisfy the following basic technical, economic and environmental requests:
 It should produce the required amount of energy (560 kW),
 It should be possible to combust wood pellets in it,
 Current equipment and infrastructure should be put to optimal use,
 The plant should work in an economic way, i. e. it should provide a competitive price
of thermal energy in relation to the production where the basic fuel are brown coal and
firewood,
 The pollution of the environment should be in accordance with the domestic and
European norms,
 A high level of reliability and availability of all work modes required,
 A contemporary level of management and work control should be secured,
 A contemporary level of plant maintenance with minimal costs should be secured,
 Hygienic conditions should be satisfying during the pellets manipulation.
43
3.3. Defining the optimal place for the construction of thermal power plants
(with thetechnical, economic and environmental aspects)
The choice of the public use property in Ţagubica that are to be heated by the thermal energy
from the biomass was not easy. The biggest problem with this choice was the adequate
location for building of the boiler-room with a warehouse for the biomass. The problem was
made more complex by the hindered transport during the supply of the facilities with biomass.
Beside the need for its always failing boilers to be replaced and heating made more efficient,
the elementary school „Moše Pijade” in Ţagubica was a good choice partially because of its
relatively good infrastructure, boiler room and warehouse size, accessibility for big trucks
near the door of the boiler room.
After heat loss calculations for the whole complex (school and kitchen facility) and boiler
plant dimensioning, the decision was made to discard the old boilers since they are out of their
service period. They are to be replaced with a new pellet burning boiler. Furthermore, this
decision was affected by the fact that the old coal storage room can be successfully
transformed into a pellet storage which is to be stored in jumbo sacks placed on pallets. Also,
the height of the chimney is adequate for the new boiler facility.
This kind of choice made possible to deviate from a number of large expenses that would
generate from building a new boiler room and since the facility is fitted with its own cyclone
cleaner, the emissions level is in accordance with the ecological norms and regulations.
3.4. Technical description of the biomass fueled boiler facility (thermal
technical equipment, boiler room and heating lines) with premeasurement and estimate in the Žagubica – location and the
expected energy and ecological efficiency
With this elaboration anticipated is the change of the existing boiler-room, old boilers should
be changed with new automated wood pellet bioler, for heating:
 Elementary school „Moše Pijade” and
 School kitchen building.
Reconstruction of boiler room involve insertion of a new boiler and accompanying equipment
(collectors for hot and cold water, circulating pumps, thermostats, valves, filters, etc.) which
will be connected to the existing network of outgoing and return lines of the old central
heating system.
Thermal capacity of the new boiler is Q = 560 kW, which is slightly larger than the capacity
of the existing boiler.
The boiler will operate in mode 90/70oC, since the current heating system is running in this
mode.
Technical features of the new pellet wood boiler are:
44
Fuel
The wood pellets are planned to be used as fuel, although it can be used without any problems
and pellets of biomass from agricultural production: straw, wheat, soybeans, etc., and the use
of classic wood with minor modifications to the boiler.
Biomass fueled boiler
Hot water boiler, with system of removable grates, product of „Eko produkt”, Novi Sad
The furnace thermal power: N = 560 kW
The degree of boiler usefulness: η = 0,85%
The schematics of boiler facility, wich burns wood pellets Fig. 40.
For the preparation of the sanitary water, in the new boiler room, provided is a standing hot
water boiler made of stainless material, with a volume of V=300 l. The water from the boiler
is meant for the school kitchen, and it will also be used as sanitary water.
Fig. 1. The schematics of the boiler facility wich burns wood pellets
(1. bunker for pellets, 2. flexible screw conveyor for pellets, 3. barrier against flame, 4.screw
feeder for pellets 5. hot-water boiler, 6. primary air fan, 7. secondary air fan, 8. multicyclone,
9. flue gas fan, 10. container for ash, 11. chimney)
Pre-measurement and estimate for the delivery, montage and other works on the building of
thermal technical equipment of the thermal energetic facility, boiler-room and heating lines is
presented in Chapter 4 Appendix at the end of the book.
Summary of costs for the purchase of thermotechnics and process equipment and construction
works are represented in :
45
RECAPITULATION
BUILDING COSTS OF THERMAL ENERGY FACILIY FOR THE HEATING OF
PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN ŽAGUBICA
(The value of 1 euro is 114 din)
Table 19. Building costs of thermal energy faciliy for the heating of public buildings in
ţagubica
I
THERMOTECHNICS AND PROCESS EQUIPMENT
6.831.289 din
II
CONSTRUCTION OF A BOILER ROOM BUILDING
342.000 din
III
IMPROVEMENT OF TECHNICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNAL HEATING
INSTALLATIONS
326.240 din
IV
PROJECT DOCUMENTATION (5%)
374.976 din
TOTAL:
7.874.505 din
INDIVIDUAL INVESTMENT PRICES ARE:
In relation to the installed power:
In relation to the heated area:
14.061,62 din/kW
2.998,67 din/m2
46
3.4.1. Expected energy efficiency and ecological efficiency for biomass combustion in
boiler facilities
Based on several year of boiler facilities research in Serbia in which wooden pellets are
combusted, in general, it can be stated that they have energy efficiency in desired range. In the
case of low energy efficiency there are high gass emission that pollutes work and life
environment. This causes financial loses and problems for the environment.
Ecological efficiency:
It is expected that the energy efficiency of combustion facilities of wood pellets in Ţagubica
will be 85% when working with wood pellets with humidity of up to 12%. in this case that
can be achieved only with great automation of the facility.
Biomass is declared as ecological fuel. First and foremost it is implied since the chemical
composition of biomass is very favourable, and as an alternative fuel it pollutes the
environment significantly less in comparison to conventional energy sources. Biomass does
not create the greenhouse effect, i.e. the pollution takes in during the plant growth as much
pollution as the combustion produces. There is no sulphur in the biomass nor can it be found
in traces. The combustion of biomass does not create large amounts of nitric oxide, since the
combustion temperatures need to be kept at lower values because of possible melting of ashes.
Biomass ashes do not pollute the soil, water, flora and fauna and they can be used as fertilizer
for vegetable gardens and gardens, under the condition that the floating ashes are excluded
because they can contain heavy metals that are harmful to the environment.
During the biomass combustion carbon monoxide can appear in larger amounts, mostly
because of some technical faults of the facilities or due to unprofessional handling of
combustion technology. In combustion products, there is very little sulphur dioxide and
sulphur trioxide, since sulphur can be found in bio-fuel in very small amounts, so the
combustion facilities are spared from low temperature corrosion, and the environment from
acid rains. The incorrect handling of combustion facilities can cause the occurrence of
chloride compounds and cyclic hydrocarbons. (dioxin, furans and polyaromatic hydrocarbons)
According to tables 29, 30, 31 i 32 (Error! Reference source not found., Error! Reference
source not found., Error! Reference source not found. i Error! Reference source not
found.) it is expected that from this combustion facilities for wood pellets, in Ţagubica, with
560 kW thermal power, during a year emitted to the atmosphere will be:
Carbon dioxide
 76.228 kg CO2, respectively 76,23 t CO2 with combustion of wood 262.879 kg CO2, or
262,88 t CO2 with coal combustion, making a total amount of 339.107 kg CO2, or
339,1 t CO2, when using coal as an energy source (79,74) and wood (20,26%),
 230.626,9 kg CO2, respectively 230,6 t CO2 with combustion of wood pellets.
In case the forest are planted next year (which will happen), it can be concluded that, from the
new facility and for the same production power, a lower production of CO 2, up to 90%, which
would quantitatively be 108.487 kg CO2.
47
Nitirc oxides
 2.225,66 g NOx, respectively 2,23 kg NOx, with combustion of and 4.061,39 g NOx, or
4,06 kg, which is 6.287,05 g NOx, or 6,29 kg, when using coal as an energy source
(79,74%) and wood (20,26%),
 6.733,63 g NOx, respectively 6,73 kg NOx, with combustion of wood pellets.
From the new facility, as was stated, the biomass will produced 440 g Nox yearly, i.e 0,44 kg
NOx more than when only natural fuel oil is used.
Sulphur oxide
 When burning wood pellet, no sulphurcompounds gets produced or emitted.
 If only coal and wood burning boiler is operational, SO 2 production for the power in
questions is 2,707,590 g NOx, that is 1.433,43 t NOx
When calculating complete SO2 emissions, only SO2 generatedby the old boiler facility is
taken into consideration, since the SO2 emissions for the new facility is practically nonexistent.
Particles
The emission of particles from the biomass combustive facilities will on an yearly level be:
 139.104 g particles, i.e. 139,1 kg particles, with combustion of wood i 1.083.036 g
particles, i.e. 1.083,04 kg particles with combustion of coal, which is 1.222.140 g
particles, or 1.222,14 kg particles, when using coal as an energy source (79,74%) and
wood (20,26%),
 420.852,07 g particles, i.e. 420,85 kg particles when using wooden pellets as an energy
source
The existing facility which use wood and coal as energy sources, produce 801,29 kg particles
more then in case that only burns wood pellets.
In the biomass storages and the boiler room dust must not be produced, since dust has a
harmful effect on the human, animal and bird respiratory organs, it is easily combustible and
can easily explode if the right conditions are met. Because of this, dust needs to be efficiently
caught before and after the combustion. The installed equipment must satisfy the prescribed
marginal values for permitted amounts of dust as well as gasses harmful to the environment.
In the following table (Table 20), marginal values are given for the content of the most
important elements in the biomass, which could have a harmful effect on the functioning of
the facility as well as on the environment.
Table 20. Possible harmful effects of certain elements and corrective technologicalmeasures
Eleme
nt
Framework
marginal
value
Limitingparameters
Biomass in which
problems can be
expected
Technological capabilities in case of
exceeding the limit values
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
N*
< 0,6
Emissions NOx
Straw, grain, grass,
Multi-stage intake air, a reducing
48
tree bark
(1)
(2)
(3)
furnace
(4)
(5)
Cl*
< 0,1
Corrosion
Emissions HCl
Straw, grain, grass
Anti-corrosion: temperature control,
automatic cleaning of heating surfaces,
protective coatings on pipes. Against
the emission of HCl: purification of
flue gases
S*
< 0,1
Corrosion
Straw, grain, grass
Anti-corrosion: see for Cl
Ca*
< 15
Deposit formation
Straw, grain, grass
Control of temperature in the furnace
Mg**
< 2,5
Deposit formation
Rare species
See for Ca
K**
< 7,0
Deposit formation
Corrosion
Straw, grain, corn,
grass
Against deposit formation: see for Ca
Na**
< 0,6
Fusibility
Build-up
Corrosion
Straw, grain, grass
Against deposit formation: see for Ca
Zn**
< 0,08
Recycling of ashes
Bark, wood mass
Fractional separation of heavy metals
Cd**
<0,0005
Recycling of ashes
Bark, wood mass
Fractional separation of heavy metals
* Given on the basis of dry coal
** Given on the basis of dry ash
Appropriate micro-climate has to be sustained within the boiler room. It must not have
negative effects on the personnel.
Maximum allowed levels of smoke gases in air for work and living environment generated by
the thermal energy equipment and boiler operators are listed in the table below (Table 21).
Table 21. Maximum allowed levels (MAL) of smoke gases in air for work and living
environment (SRPS Z.BO 001)
Unit
MAL* for
work
environment
8h
Nitric oxides (NOx)
mg/m3
6,0
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
(AlCH), Tk = 141-200ºC
mg/m3
300
-
Benzene (C6H6)
mg/m3
3,0
0,8
Toluene (C6H5CH3)
mg/m3
375
7,5
Xylene (C6H4(CH3)2)
mg/m3
435
-
Chemical substance
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
ppm (ml/m3 )
50
(55)
MAL* for living
environment
24 h
1h
0,085
0,15
4,4 (5)
8(10)
3
-
-
3
5,0
-
mg/m
mg/m
* MAL – Maximum allowed levels of smoke gases in air during 8h exposure within work
environment in accordance with maximum allowed levels of harmful gases, steam, and
aerosols in the work and auxiliary rooms’ atmosphere, SRPS Z.BO 001.
49
3.4.5. Marginal values of gas emission for specific types of furnaces
Tables 35 i 36 (Error! Reference source not found. i Error! Reference source not found.)
shows emission limits for combustion of biomass accordind to standards and lows.
For comparison with the conditions in our country, tables 37 and 38 (Error! Reference
source not found. i Error! Reference source not found.) shows the data and BEV in
Germany and Denmark. Since these values has to br respect, the work of the thermal facility
for biomass combustion in Ţagubica must be in specified borders
Regulations in Serbia
Boiler facilities in Serbia have to meet the regulations of the Government of Republic of
Serbia concerning the marginal values of hazardous air pollutants (Official Gazette of the
Republic of Serbia, no. 71/2010), for low power furnaces - less than 1 MWth (article 19,
apendix II). One should also take into consideration the immission values regulated by the
rulebook on borderline values, imission measuring methods, measure locations set up criteria
and data records (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 19/2006).
In the following table (Table 22) emission limits for combustion of biomass are given.
Table 22. Borderline emission values (BEV) for small solid fuel combustion facilites
(Regulation, Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 71/2010)
Parameter
Smoke number
Value
<1
Carbon monoxide, CO (500 kW do 1 MW)
Nitric oxides, as N2 (100 kW do 1 MW)
Volume of O2 (other solid fuels (biomass))
Allowed heat loss (50 kW do 1 MW)
1.000 mg/nm3
250 mg/nm3
13%
12%
Table below (Table 23) provides marginal values of emissions for gas fuelled furnaces
(natural gas).
Table 23. Marginal values of emissions(MVE) for small facilities for the combustion of gas
fuel (Regulation, “Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia”, no 71/2010)
Parameter
Value
Carbon monoxide, CO (400 kW do 10 MW)
80 mg/nm3
Nitric oxides, as N2 (water < 110oC, > 0,05 MPa)
100 mg/nm3
Volume of O2
3%
50
Table below (Table 24) provides marginal values of emissions (MVI) of gases in inhabited
locations in open space.
Table 24. Marginal values of emissions (MVI) of gases, soot, suspended particles and heavy
metals, sediment andaero-sediment content, (Rulebook, “Official Gazette of the
Republic of Serbia”, no 54/92, 30/99 and 19/2006)
Contaminant
Unit of
measure
Total
CO
NO2
SO2
Soot
Susp.
parti
cles
Pb
Cd
Zn
Hg
Gases, soot and
susp. particle
µg/m3/day
413,01
5
85
150
50
120
1
0,01
1
1
Sediments
µg/m2/day
655
-
250
5
400
Residuals
mg/m2/month
450
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3.5 Necessary amount of biomass for hourly and seasonal work of the boiler
facility
3.5.1. Hourly consumption of biomass
Maximum declared hourly consumption of biomass of the boiler facility in Ţagubica can be
calculated as a quotient of declared thermal power of the facility and the product of the degree
of usefulness of the facility and thermal power of the fuel (biomass) to be burnt. For the
approved starting information, hourly biomass consumption of the facility is:
mF = Q · 3600 /  · hd = (560 · 3600) / (0,85 · 18.000) = 131,76 kg/h
where are:
 mG
- fuel consumption [kg/h],
 Q
- power of the hot water boiler facility [kW],
 
- level of efficiency of the boiler facility [-],
 hd
- lowest thermal power of selected biomass.
3.5.2. Seasonal consumption of biomass
Seasonal consumption of biomass as fuel is subject to change and mostly depends on external
i.e. exploitation conditions during the heating season. It has been confirmed that maximum
thermal power of heating facility fuelled by biomass is 560 kW and that all larger heat losses
will be compensated for by light fuel oil.
Based on this, yearly biomass consumption can be calculated by the following equation:
mG/year= 24·3.600·e·y·DD·Q /(hd··(tu - ts)) = 24·3.600·0,81·0,8·2.775·560/(18.000·0,85·
(20-(-18)) = 116.903,35 kg/year
where are:
e = et * eb - quotient of thermal and exploitation limit, 0,9 x 0,9 = 0,81,
51
y - correction quotient (pause in heating, wind), 0,8,
SD - number of degree-days, 185 dana x 15oC = 2.775 dana,
Q - necessary amount of heat for heating [kW],
hd - lowest thermal power of the fuel (18.000) [kJ/kg],
 - level of efficiency of the facility (0,85),
tu - internal temperature of the heated space (20oC) and
ts - projected external temperature (-18oC).
Since the plan is to store pellets in jumbo size bags 91 · 91 · 180 cm (Figure 30), which
contain 1030 kg of pellets, for the whole season a total of 114 jumbo bags is needed. But,
because pellets can successively be purchased and ordered to ensure enough supply of pellets
for a month, which is 18.957 kg, or 19 jumbo bags, the boiler plant house must have 19 m2 of
storage space.Transport of the jumbo bag is best done with a crane truck (Figure 31) or it can
be transported by an ordinary truck but there must be a machine which is going to unload the
truck.
Figure 30. Jumbo bags
Figure 31. Truck with crane
52
3.6. Economic analyses of construction the heating facility
3.6.1. Current price of the heating energy from the used components
In thermo-energetic facility with the purpose of heating public facilities in Ţagubica main
source will be wooden pellets purchased based on the market prices which are based on
calculation in Chapter 1.2. is 18,13 din/kg. Price of the combined usage of wood and coal
which will be used for comparison in the calculations is 5.833 din/t and 7.500 din/t
respectfully with the trend of constant increasing in prices.
Comparative prices of the current heating energy produced from 560 kW by combusting
wood and coal and new investment where 100% of the required heat energy is produced from
biomass, estimated average rate of the efficiency in the facility are submitted in Table 25.
Table 25. Analyses of the quantity and prices of heating energy for the period 2011/2012
Used materials
No.
Parameters for analyse
Current boiler
Current boiler
Wood
Wood
Wood
5,83 din/kg
7,5 din/kg
18,3 din/kg
1.
Price of energy
2.
Thermal power (hd)
16.100 kJ/kg
15.927 kJ/kg
18.000 kJ/kg
3.
Energy power
4,47 kW/kg
4,4 kW/kg
5,0 kWh/kg
4.
The number of heating days per
year
185 dana
185 dana
185 dana
5.
The number of heating hours per
year
1850 sati
1850 sati
1850 sati
6.
Nominal thermal power plants
(kW)
555,6 kW
555,6 kW
560 kW
7.
Hourly energy consumption
45,30 kg/h
163,5 kg/h
131 kg/h
8.
The degree of utility plant
0,6
0,6
0,85
9.
The total annual fuel consumption
51.451,8 kg
185.698,0 kg
116.903,3 kg
10.
The total annual enrgy
consumption
828.373.969,9
2.957.613.095,4
2.104.260.365,2
11.
The total annual enrgy
consumption (kWh)
230.103,9
821.559,2
584.516,8
12.
Unit cost of thermal energy
1,30 din/kWh
1,70 din/kWh
3,66 din/kWh
13.
Total annual energy costs (din)
299.135 din
1.396.650,6 din
2.139.331 din
2.647 evra
12360 evra
18.932 evra
14.
15.
TOTAL:
15.007 evra
18.392
* 1 € = 114 dinara
From the Table 25 above with the simple comparison we can see that wooden pellets are 26%
cheaper from the combined usage of wood and coal, technically speaking. This ratio will be
lower when we add in calculation all other related costs mainly in old facility: higher
maintenance costs, labor costs, poor boiler efficiency rate,etc.
53
Table 26. Structure of the total investment
INVESTMENT
FINANCIAL SOURCES
Bank-funds
Own
TOTAL
6.749.576
749.953
7.499.529
307.800
34.200
342.000
I
Fixed assets
1
Reconstruction of the boiler facility
2
Equipment – boiler and process equipment
6.148.160
683.129
6.831.289
3
Heating pipes-instalation and related works
293.616
32.624
326.240
II
Project documentation
0
374.976
374.976
III
Working capital
0
141.246
141.246
6.749.576
1.266.176
8.015.752
TOTAL INVESTMENT VALUE
(I+II+III)
In the structure of the investment cost of preparation of project documentation is calculated at
the rate of 5%. It is estimated that from the own resources 10% of the total investment value
will be financed which is on the line with financing conditions from the development funds
mentioned bellow in the section 3.8.2.2.b.
3.6.2. Financial effectiveness with the profitability analyses
3.6.2.1. Calculation of incomes and expenses
Projection the cost structure of heating energy is showed in Table 27
Table 27. Cost projection of 1kWh of required energy
Structure of production
Produced energy
Unit price
Total amount
kWh
din/kWh
din
Heater – biomass (100%)
584.516,80
TOTAL:
584.516,80
3,66
2.139.331
2.139.331
In the projected structure of the cost for 1 kW producesd energy, 100% will be used from new
biomass boilers.
The average seasonal price of produced 1 kWh of energy for heating 2.626 m2 facility in
Ţagubica will be 3,66 din/kWh
Table 28. Income statement - current operations
ELEMENTS
(1)
A
(2)
REVENUE
Heating of the premises (production costs)
B
OPERATING COSTS
Material costs(produced energy)
Unit
Unit price
Quantity
Total amount
(2011.)
Structure
(%)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
-
-
-
4.130.698
-
m2
1573,000
2626,00
4.130.698
-
-
-
-
1.785.177
-
din/kWh
1,61
1051663,00
1.693.177
41,00
54
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Costs of energy (electricity,water)
-
-
92000,00
92.000
2,23
C
TOTAL COSTS (B+E+F1+G1)
-
-
-
4.129.331
-
D
GROSS PROFIT (A-B)
-
-
-
2.345.521
-
E
GENERAL/ADMIN. EXPENCES
-
-
-
2.189.153
-
worker
813600,00
2,00
1.627.200
39,41
Cost of services(maintainance costs,etc.)
-
-
507953,23
507.953
12,30
Nonmaterial costs
-
-
-
54.000
1,31
F
INCOME WITH DEPRECIATION (D-E)
-
-
-
156.367
-
F1
Depreciation
-
-
-
155.000
3,75
G
OPERATING INCOME (F-F1)
-
-
-
1.367
-
-
-
-
0
0,00
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES (GG1)
-
-
-
1.367
-
Income taxes
-
-
-
0
-
NET INCOME (NI)
-
-
-
1.367
-
Gross salaries
G1 Interest costs
H
I
Purpose of this study was to analyze economic feasibility of the investment in construction
and equipping new boiler facility on biomass fuel.
Analyses of the current oil boiler facility shows that total costs of production of energy are
taken as a base for calculating cost of production of energy in facility of 2.626 m2 and are
1.573 din/m2 so profit basically does not exist since we are calculating savings in costs as a
feasibility of the new investment.
Table 29. Projected income statement - first year of operations
ELEMENTS
(1)
Unit price
Quantity
Total
amount
(2011.)
Structure
(%)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
-
-
-
4.130.698
-
m2
1573,000
2626,00
4.130.698
-
-
-
-
2.221.331
-
Material costs (produced energy)
din/kWh
3,66
584516,80
2.139.331
48,85
-
-
82000,00
82000
1,87
C
TOTAL COSTS (B+E+F1+G1)
-
-
-
4379647
-
D
GROSS PROFIT (A-B)
-
-
-
1.909.367
-
E
GENERAL/ADMIN. EXPENCES
-
-
-
1.454.510
-
worker
813600,00
1
813600
18,58
A
(2)
Unit
REVENUE
Heating of the premises (production costs 2011.)
B
OPERATING COSTS
Gross salaries
55
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Cost of services(maintainance costs,etc.)
-
-
213933,15
213933
4,88
Nonmaterial costs
-
-
-
426976
9,75
F
INCOME WITH DEPRECIATION (D-E)
-
-
-
454.857
-
F1
Depreciation
-
-
-
467571
10,68
G
OPERATING INCOME (F-F1)
-
-
-
-12.714
-
-
-
-
236235
5,39
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES (GG1)
-
-
-
-248.949
-
Income taxes
-
-
-
0
-
NET INCOME (NI)
-
-
-
-248.949
-
G1 Interest costs
H
I
In the structure of the revenues in upper table total costs of heating are calculated and based
on those costs and lower costs of new investment net income is calculated. This net income
represents savings in costs based on new technology and investment in construction and
equipping of biomass boiler.
Due to the usage of new biomass boilers costs of energy has been gradually increased.
Increase of those costs is impact of usage technology of combusting of biomass which
requires additional costs.
In firts year of the new investment business is negative, net loss is -248.949 din. while in
the following years net income is gradually positive.
Projected income statement has been prepared for 5 years with proportional increase of
incomes and expences.
Table 30. Projected income statement 2012 - 2016. year
Years
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
REVENUE
4.130.698
4.419.847
4.729.236
5.060.283
5.414.502
Heating of the premises
(production costs 2011)
4.130.698
4.419.847
4.729.236
5.060.283
5.414.502
OPERATING COSTS
2.221.331
2.243.545
2.265.980
2.288.640
2.311.526
Material costs (produced energy)
2.139.331
2.160.725
2.182.332
2.204.155
2.226.197
82.000
82.820
83.648
84.485
85.330
(1)
A
B
C
GROSS PROFIT (A-B)
1.909.367
2.176.302
2.463.256
2.771.643
3.102.976
D
GENERAL/ADMIN.
EXPENCES
1.454.510
1.091.808
1.102.187
1.112.668
1.123.255
Gross salaries
813.600
821.736
829.953
838.253
846.635
Cost of services(maintainance
costs,etc.)
213.933
216.072
218.233
220.416
222.620
56
(1)
E
F
G
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Nonmaterial costs
426.976
54.000
54.000
54.000
54.000
INCOME WITH
DEPRECIATION (C- D)
454.857
1.084.494
1.361.069
1.658.974
1.979.721
Depreciation
467.571
437.396
409.196
382.840
358.208
OPERATING INCOME (E-E1)
-12.714
647.097
951.873
1.276.134
1.621.513
Interest costs
236.235
192.182
146.586
99.395
50.552
INCOME BEFORE INCOME
TAXES (F-F1)
-248.949
454.916
805.287
1.176.739
1.570.961
0
0
0
0
0
-248.949
454.916
805.287
1.176.739
1.570.961
Income taxes
H
NET INCOME (NI)
Income structure
Projected income statement is prepared for 5 years.
In the first year operating income is equal to total costs with old boilers. Further in remaining
years 7% annual increase is calculated based on the yearly increase of raw energy sources.
Structure of the costs
Operating costs as well as general/admin. expences are increased 1% on annual bases.
In the structure of income statement income tax is not calculated since there is no realized
incomes hence investment should decrease cost of energy production.
We can conclude that project is profitable from the second year of implementation since net
income is positive from the second year.
Table 31. Depreciation calculation
No.
Description of the fixed assests
Investment value
Depriciation rate
Value 2012.
1.
Reconstruction of the boiler facility
6831289
0,066
450.865
2.
Equipment – boiler and process
equipment
342.000
0,025
8.550
3.
Heating pipes-instalation and
related works
326.240
0,025
8.156
7.499.529
-
467.571
TOTAL:
In calculation of the depreciation rate for item 1, rate is 6,6% for the depreciation period of 15
years. In calculation of the depreciation rate for item 2 and 3, rate is 2,5% for the depreciation
period of 40 years.
3.6.2.2. Finansijski i ekonomski tok projekta
a) Finansijski tok - je specifičan novčani tok čija je svrha da pokaţe stepen likvidnosti
preduzeća. Kao što bilans uspeha zbirno prikazuje sve prihode i sve rashode, finansijski tok
57
zbirno prikazuje sve prilive i sve odlive novca. U tom smislu finansijski tok je pravi “cash
flow”, tj. predstavlja tok novca u uţem smislu.
3.6.2.2. Financial and economic cash flow
a) Financial cash flow – is specific cash-flow which purpose is to show enterprise liquidity.
As well as income statmenet shows all incomes and expences also financial cash-flow shows
all money incomes and costs.
Table 32. Financial cash-flow
A
Years
0
1
2
3
4
5
INFLOW (1+2+3+4)
8.015.752
4.130.698
4.419.847
4.729.236
5.060.283
11.000.067
-
4.130.698
4.419.847
4.729.236
5.060.283
5.414.502
1
Total revenue
2
Source of financing
8.015.752
-
-
-
-
-
a/ Loan sources
6.749.576
-
-
-
-
-
b/Own capital
1.266.176
-
-
-
-
-
3
Remaining value-fixed
assets
-
-
-
-
-
5.444.318
4
Remaining value-working
capital
-
-
-
-
-
141.246
B
OUTFLOW
(5+6+7+8+9+10)
8.015.752
5.249.577
4.843.918
4.878.496
4.912.440
4.946.793
5
Investments
8.015.752
-
-
-
-
-
a/Fixed assets
7.499.529
-
-
-
-
-
b/Working capital
141.246
78.830
13.660
15.424
16.226
17.106
c/Project documentation
374.976
-
-
-
-
-
6
Material costs (produced
energy)
-
2.139.331
2.160.725
2.182.332
2.204.155
2.226.197
7
Costs of energy
(electricity,water)
-
82.000
82.820
83.648
84.485
85.330
8
Gross salaries
-
813.600
821.736
829.953
838.253
846.635
9
General/admin. expences
-
1.454.510
1.091.808
1.102.187
1.112.668
1.123.255
-
1.494.905
1.494.905
1.494.905
1.494.905
1.494.905
1. Interest costs
-
236.235
192.182
146.586
99.395
50.552
2.Instalment
-
1.258.670
1.302.724
1.348.319
1.395.510
1.444.353
C INCOME (A-B)
0
-1.118.879
-424.072
-149.260
147.843
6.053.274
10 Annuity (1+2)
58
b) Loan repayment plan
In exploring financing sources for the investment current possible funds are:
Serbian development fund
Loans are available for repayment period of 5 years with the possibility of grace period of one
year. Zagubica is in third group with the annual interest rate from 1,5-2,5% 3% with the down
payment of 10-30% depends on loan securities. Biggest amount of loans available is 50
million dinars.
Table 33. Loan repayment plan
Investment-fixed assets
7.499.529
Loan amount (90%)
6.749.576
Interest rate
3,5%
Years
5
Yearly number of instalments
4
No.
Annual instalment
Annual interest rate
Annual annuity
1
1.258.670
236.235
1.494.905
2
1.302.724
192.182
1.494.905
3
1.348.319
146.586
1.494.905
4
1.395.510
99.395
1.494.905
5
1.444.353
50.552
1.494.905
6.749.576
724.951
7.474.527
When loan repayment calculated it was considered that loan money for this purposes could be
obtained under preffered rates of 3,5% which is the highest than available at the fund.
c) Economic flow is cash-flow projected to provide estimation of the profitability but
considered over the year of the project implementation. Economic flow in his inflows
consider total revenue plus remaining value of the fixed assets and does not include source of
financing. They are not considered since in the profitability computation should be seen at
what extend and period project can pay back investments.
On the other hand in the outflows all investment costs are considered. Becouse of this in the
expences depreciation is not calculated, if this should have been done “costs” related to fixed
assets would be counted twice.
Table 34. Economic flow of the project
(1)
Years
0
1
2
3
4
5
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
A
INFLOW (1+2+3)
0
4.130.698
4.419.847
4.729.236
5.060.283
11.000.067
1
Total revenue
0
4.130.698
4.419.847
4.729.236
5.060.283
5.414.502
2
Remaining value-fixed
assets
-
-
-
-
-
5.444.318
59
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
3
Remaining value-working
capital
-
-
-
-
-
141.246
B
OUTFLOW (4+5+6+7+8)
8.015.752
3.754.671
3.349.013
3.383.591
3.417.535
3.451.887
4
Investments
8.015.752
-
-
-
-
-
a/Fixed assets
7.499.529
-
-
-
-
-
b/Working capital
141.246
78.830
13.660
15.424
16.226
17.106
c/Project documentation
374.976
-
-
-
-
-
5
Material costs (produced
energy)
-
2.139.331
2.160.725
2.182.332
2.204.155
2.226.197
6
Costs of energy
(electricity,water)
-
82.000
82.820
83.648
84.485
85.330
7
Gross salaries
-
813.600
821.736
829.953
838.253
846.635
8
General/admin. expences
-
1.454.510
1.091.808
1.102.187
1.112.668
1.123.255
C
INCOME (A-B)
-8.015.752
376.027
1.070.834
1.345.645
1.642.748
7.548.179
3.6.2.3. Feasibility evaluation of the project
When the table of the economic flow is projected and appropriate incomes are calculated (netincomes) this is the point when project valuation can start. Investment projects are basically
rated according to the two type of the ratios: first is based on the static parameters (static
evaluation) and second are based on dynamic parameters (dynamic evaluation) of the project
efficiency.
Static evaluation is based on individual ratios that are calculated from the income statement
and financial cash-flow and from balance sheet from the “representative year” of the project
implementation (normaly it is 5th year). In our case we will use as reference year third year
of project implementation.
Number of ratios that will be calculated are:
 Profitability ratio
 Cost of the project ratio
 Accumulation ratio
Dynamic evaluation - with this evaluation is is foreseen to calculate two major
parametars, liquidity and profitability of the investments.
Numbers of ratios that will be calculated are:
 Time of return of investments
 Liquidity of the project (liquidity in certain year of the implementation and general
liquidity which will be assessed by comparing cumulative inflows and outflows)
 Internal rate of return
 Net present value
60
3.6.2.3.1 Static evaluation of the project
In order to asses static parametars values from the income statement are used for the year
2014 since project liquidity is from the first year of project implementation.
a) Profitability ratio
Profitability rate = ( Net income : Total revenues x 100 )
R = 805.287 / 4.729.236 x 100 = 17,0%
b) Cost of the project ratio
Cost of the project rate (Total revenues : Total expences x 100 )
E = 4.729.236 / 3.923.949 x 100 = 121%
c) Accumulation ratio
Accumulation rate (Net income / Total investment x 100)
A = 805.287 / 8.015.752 X 100 = 10,0%
Accumulation rate was calculated in relation to the total investment value for the project.
3.6.2.3.1 Dynamic evaluation of the project
a) Time of return of investments
Time of return of investments shows the period of time that money invested in project will be
returned to investor. In this calculation time of return was calculated based on the value
of total investment. Net incomes are basicaly decreased costs compared to ”old
investment”.
Calculation of this ratio is relatively strait: amounts of annual net incomes are deducted from
amounts of annual investments in economic flow.
Table 35. Time of return of investments
Years in project implementation
Net incomes
"O"
Unpaid investment instalment
-8.015.752
2012
376.027
7.639.725
2013
1.070.834
6.568.892
2014
1.345.645
5.223.246
2015
1.642.748
3.580.498
2016
7.548.179
-3.967.681
VPI =
4,2
Time of return of investments is 4,2 years. Since investment amount is relatively high this is
optimum period of return of investments having in mind that 100% of the investment is
compared, amount that will be borrowed from investment funds. Structure of net incomes is
optimal and this time of return could be shorter which will depend on costs of materials,
61
amount of the investments as well as from management which will be separately evaluated
later in sensitivity analyses.
b) Liquidity of the project
Based on the projected financial cash-flow analyses it can be concluded that project liquidity
is full in whole implementation period of 5 years.
We can conclude that project is liquid from the first year of project implementation. This is
mainly becouse of high reduction in costs and investment is feasible since liquidity is not in
danger.
c) Internal rate of return
Table 36. Internal rate of return calculation
5,0%
Discount rate
Year
Net incomes
Discount rate
Net present value
0
-8.015.752
1,00000000
-8.015.752
1
376.027
0,95238095
358.120
2
1.070.834
0,90702948
971.278
3
1.345.645
0,86383760
1.162.419
4
1.642.748
0,82270247
1.351.493
5
7.548.179
0,78352617
5.914.196
NSV:
1.741.754
10,0%
Discount rate
Year
Net incomes
Discount rate
Net present value
0
-8.015.752
1,00000000
-8.015.752
1
376.027
0,90909091
341.842
2
1.070.834
0,82644628
884.987
3
1.345.645
0,75131480
1.011.003
4
1.642.748
0,68301346
1.122.019
5
7.548.179
0,62092132
4.686.826
NSV:
30.925
IRR=
10,1
Internal rate of return is calculated as follows:
5 + [1.741.754 x (10 - 5) : (1.741.754 +30.925)]= 10,1%
62
Since calculated amount of IRR = 10,1% is higher from weighted value of the discount rate
which relates to the financial interest rate (3,5%), and based of this calculation project is
acceptable to be implemented.
d) Net present value of the project
Method of discounted cash-flow (DCF) value represents sum of present values of future cashflows that company generates. It is important to calculate future values of cash-flows which
are further discounted with related rate which represents business risk with evaluate present
values.
Table 37. Relative net present value calculation
10,00%
Discount rate
Year
Net incomes
Discount rate
Net present value
0
-8.015.752
1,00000000
-8.015.752
1
376.027
0,90909091
341.842
2
1.070.834
0,82644628
884.987
3
1.345.645
0,75131480
1.011.003
4
1.642.748
0,68301346
1.122.019
5
7.548.179
0,62092132
4.686.826
3.967.681
NSV:
30.925
RNPV=
0,4
Relative net present value is calculated as follows:
RNPV= 30.925 / 8.015.752 X 100 = 0,4%
3.6.2.4. Sensitivity analyses and risk assesment
3.6.2.4.1. Static sensitivity analyses
Is related to the analyses of the critical break-even point, to evaluate static points in business
where results are changed from positive to negative.
Variables that are mostly calculated are: (i) minimum utilization rate; (ii) profitability breakeven point
a) Minimum utilization rate ratio
This indicator represents break even point in utilization of the production capacity, i.e.
determines the lowest capacity utilization where business is still generates profit.
This ratio is calculated as follows:
Utilization rate ratio (%)= Total fixed costs / Revenues – variable costs
Utilization rate ratio = 67,3% compared to year 2014
63
Table 38. Profitability break even point
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
1 Total revenue
4.130.698
4.419.847
4.729.236
5.060.283
5.414.502
2 Variable costs
2.221.331
2.243.545
2.265.980
2.288.640
2.311.526
3 Fixed costs
2.158.316
1.721.387
1.657.969
1.594.904
1.532.015
4 Gross margin(TR-VC)
1.909.367
2.176.302
2.463.256
2.771.643
3.102.976
Profitability brak even
point FC/TR-VC
4.669.272
3.495.960
3.183.156
2.911.870
2.673.272
113,0%
79,1%
67,3%
57,5%
49,4%
Years
5
Fixed/margin rate
From the above calculations we can conclude that project for construction and instalation of
thermoenergetic facility is profitable, break even point-costs of production per 1m2decrease is
from 20,9% untill 50,6% in full implementation year.
3.6.2.4.2. Dynamic sensitivity analyses
Is related to the analyses of the type and direction of the changes of dynamic parametars of
effectiveness when chosed variables are changed.
Variables that are most commonly analysed are:
- Input costs – changes are analysed based on the changes of input costs for the related
investment
- Investment costs – changes related to the different construction, equipment costs, etc.
are analysed
Table 39. Dynamic sensitivity analyses
Parametars
% change
TRoI
PR
IRR
RNPV
Input costs
Cost of produced energy
-10,00
4,1
22,00%
12,6
11,7
Cost of produced energy
+10,00
4,4
12,00%
7,2
-10,9
Investment costs
IV
-10,00
4,1
17,00%
11,0
4,3
Own contribution : loan
30 - 70
3,8
18,00%
16,7
39,6
50 - 50
3,1
18,00%
21
88,6
3,0
22,00%
21,8
94,8
Best scenario
IV
-10,00
50 - 50
TRoI – Time of return of investments, PR – Profitability rate, IRR – Internal rate of return,
RNPV – Relative net present value, IV – Investment value
64
From the results of this analyses the following conclusions are:
Scenario - Input costs changed
 There is much lower degree of sensitivity to variation in the price of pellets which has
a positive effect on profitability and payback time. If contracted supply of pellets from
local companies it is expected that price will be stable comparing with constant
increase of natural gas prices.
Scenario - Investment costs changed
 Higher degree of sensitivity is If investments are more efficient i.e. lower, there will be
decrease in TRoI, IRR and RNPV will be higher. It is expected that when business
plan for final investment and tender will be realized prices of investment will drop
from 5-15% respectively.
 If investment would be financed 100% by loans it would be still possible to take loan
from commercial banks since IRR is slightly positive while profitability is still high
thus development funds will be the main sources of financing.
Best case scenario
 Focus in next period should be in optimization of the investments and usage of
development funds from IPA preaccesion programs for financing projects
3.6.2.4.3. Potential risk analyses
In this chapter we will analyze the following:
1. Rekonstruction of the existing boiler facility and exchange of the current boiler
with the biomass one
In Table 40 potential risk analyses is presented with type of risk and preventive measures for
the investment of thermoenergetic facility
Table 40. Potential risk analyses
No.
Risk type
NO/YES
Preventive measure
1.
Reducing the need for
service
NO
Keeping energy prices on stable level. Prices of
energy could be controled, even decreased if
boilers are replaced
2.
Irregularity in supply of raw
materials or spare parts
NO
3.
Unequal quality of raw
materials or spare parts
NO
4.
Lack of skilled labor
5.
Changing the value of money
in country
6.
Changing prices for raw
materials
9.
Changed market regulations
Slabile contracts for biomass suply
NO
Additional training for working with new
boilers
YES
Stable financing resources
YES
YES
Project should be fully adopted with the EU
requirements in next 5-10 years
65
2. Improving current efficiency of the boilers and heating systems by
introducing short term investments
Table 41. Anylizes of the cost savings vs. new investments
TYPE OF WORKS
Energy savings
(per year)
Investments (din) Ratio-energy savings
vs. investments
Styrofoam instalation
262.117,73
1.797.552,00
1:6,8
Instalation of the windows
309.079,97
5.576.000,00
1:18
Instalation of termostatic valves
119.509,50
151.590,00
1:1,2
TOTAL:
690.707,21
7.525.142,00
1:8,6
From the current table we can see overview of the potential construction works. We could
notice that with the styrofoam instalation investment value is 6,8 times higher compared to
annual cost savings. With the instalation of the windows investment value is 18 times higher
compared to annual cost savings, while with the instalation of termostatic valves investment is
0,2 times higher compared to annual cost savings.
From this analyse we can conclude the following:
- since the age of the current boilers is over 40 years, there is a very high risk to finance
full investment while still old boilers needs to be changed sooner or later
- only feasible short term action is instalation of termostatic valves since their value could
be returned in short period of time
3.6.2.5. Analyses of financial sources and financial liabilities
In the projected investment 90% of the investment will be provided from the loan, while
another 10% will be from own resources or other grant sources. It is estimated that loans will
be taken from domestic resources (National investment fund, Vojvodina development fund,
Serbian development fund, etc.). For the remaining 10% there should be subsidies obtained
from Serbian funds as well as EU pre accesion funds for improving energy efficiency on local
level.
3.6.3. Economic evaluation of the project
Major conclusions of the economic evaluation – investment feasibility of the thermoenergetic
facility for heating public facility in Ţagubica Municipality are as follows:
 Liquidity of the project after third year of investment
 Project need to provide 10% of own financial resources
 Cost of the project ratio is (121%) and accumulation ratio is (10,0%)
 Project is profitable (17,2%) in all implementation years
 Time of return of investments is 4 years and 2 months
 Project is with low risk
66
 Public approval is high – biomass will be obtained from local fields and dependance
on used wood and coal will be reduced with the good impact of environment
3.6.4. Summarized economic feasibility investment evaluation
Based on the proposed technology, analyses of economic parameters as well as finacial
analyses overall conclusions are:
 Study shows that investment in biomass boilers is feasible for heating choosed public
facilities in Ţagubica Municipality
 Economic parameters are positive for usage of biomass in region of Ţagubica
Municipality which affects increased household incomes
 Looking in the long term there will be reduced usage of natural wood and coal which
will have positive impact on the environment as well as reduction of gas emmisions
with usage of modern boilers
 Stability of supply of raw materials and price stability of heating costs will be
achieved as well as decrease of heating costs will be obtained on the long run:
Worst case scenario – is if 90% of the loan is taken from development fund and if energy
price increase for 10% (Table 39), but in this scenario all results are positive, profitability rate
is 12%, IRR is 7,2%, time of the ivestment return is 4,4 years.
Optimum scenario – 30% potential subsidy/grant and loan from development fund of 70%
(Table 39). Results are very positive, time of the ivestment return is 3,8 years, IRR is 16,7%
and after this period price of heating per 1 m2 could drop by 42-45% (Table 38).
The best case scenario – 50% potential subsidy/grant and loan from even commertial of
50% (Table 39). and increase in investment costs of 10%. IRR here is 21,8% , time of the
ivestment return is 3,0 years godine and after this period price of heating per 1 m2 could drop
by 33-35% (Table 38)
67
3.7. Conclusions
Ţagubica municipality has at its disposal 36,773 ha of agricultural soil and 37.874 ha of
forests.
Total average sown area is 11.008 ha, with 3.500 ha under corn, 2000 ha under wheat, 800 ha
under oats, 700 ha under barley. Other cultures hold less area.
It is estimated that the total amount of agricultural biomass that can be gained from
aforementioned agricultural land is 28.750 t annually, when it would be converted into energy
395.040.000 MJ of thermal energy would be gained.
Large and only partially used source of biomass occures from forestry and wood-processing
industry, so from these brancehes there is 149.600 t of available biomass, or 2.318.800.000
MJ if it would be converted to energy.
The total savings that can be achieved in terms of energy amounts are 1.273.297.348 MJ, and
that amount of energy would enable the municipality of Ţagubica to build thermal power
plant of over 40 MW.
In paricular it can be saved 41.811.033 € from all available biomass.
The most important criteria when selecting public use property to be heated by thermal energy
gained from biomass combustion are:
 that they are public use properties significant to local self-government,
 that there is one or more facilities, that have need for large amount of thermal energy,
 taht facilities location is not intertwined with existing piping systems (central heating
system of city), i.e. that they are located in places where city’s central heating network
will not reach in foreseeable future,
 that selected locations have enough space for the construction the boiler plant and
smaller biomass depot, including physical separation from existing units, (manly due to
hygienic and fire safety requirements),
 that the location for construction of the facility is in the vicinity of existing gas or liquid
fuel powered boilers, so that systems of boiler facilities can work complementarily, i.e.
to use joint collectors,
 that properties have satisfactory internal pipe network of heating units or that it doesn’t
have any installations so the internal heating installation of adequate technical
characteristics can be designed and built,
 that the owner of the location where the boiler plant and depot are planned is known,
 that pipe installation between several selected objects will not be overly long and
complex for construction,
 that there are adequate access roads for depot facilities for delivery of biomass for
combustion and other purposes.
68
Considering set criteria and on the basis of the perceived situation of properties of stated
public services and institutions in the Ţagubica municipality, as well as on the basis of the
proposal of municipal management, and in agreement with the representative of UNDP
Serbia, it has been decided that heating with the system powered by biomass uses for
generating heat for two public facilities in Ţagubica:
 Elementary School „Moše Pijade“
 Elementary School „Moše Pijade“ kitchen
Starting with selected types and forms of biomass to be used for combustion, spatial
limitations, ecological and legal norms and standards with the imperative for minimal
expenses for the Ţagubica municipality thermo energetic facility where wood pellets burned
by a stoker with a moving andiron.
The technology suggested has several important advantages that could be briefly described as
the following:
 It combusts fuel (wood pellets) which is very common on the Serbian market. The fuel
could be bought successively, i. e. as needed, which means that it is not necessary to
buy the total amount of fuel needed once a year,
 Combustion of wood pellets could be completely automated with a total mechanization
of the pellet manipulation process,
 Emission of harmful gasses could be maintained in the allowed limits,
 The wood pallet combustion plant could be put in various modes,
 While working in this plant, the wood pellets will not be affected by the problems of
solubility as is the case with combustion of biomass form the agricultural production.
It is defined that thermal energy facility for heating of selected facilitirs in Ţagubica should
operate on wood pellets, and as such must satisfy the following technical, economic and
ecological requirements:
 That it produces required quantity of energy (560 kW),
 That existing equipment and infrastructure be used optimally,
 That high level of cost effectiveness ensured in the operation of the facility, i.e. a
competitive cost of production of thermal energy compared to production where wood
and coal is used,
 That environment pollution is in accordance with local and European norms,
 That a high level of reliability and availability of the facility be ensured in all work
modes,
 That modern level of work management and control be ensured in both facilities,
 That modern level of maintenance beensured with minimal expenses,
 That during the manipulation of bales of biomass for combustion satisfactory hygienic
conditions be maintained,
69
It is expected that energy efficiency of the facilities for combustion of wood pellets in
Ţagubica, during the work with wood pellets of 12% moisture,will be 85%.
The new boiler is going to work in 90/70 oC regime, since the current heating system operates
in that regime.
For the preparation of the sanitary water, in the new boiler room, provided is a standing hot
water boiler made of stainless material, with a volume of V=300 l.
Expenses for the construction of the thermal energy facility for heating of public use
properties in Ţagubica are 7.874.505 din, for the value of euro of 114 din/€.
 Thermo-technical an processing equipment
6.831.289 din
 Reconstruction of a boiler room building
342.000
din
 Equopment and works for improvement of internal
regulation heating system with the installation of
thermostatic valves
326.240
din
 Project documentation (5%)
374.976 din.
Jedinične cene investicije iznose:

Comapred to insalled power:
14.061,62 din/kW

Compared to heating area:
2.998,67 din/m2
Maximum declared hourly expenditure of biomass in the boiler facility is 131.6 kg/h.
Seasonal consumption of biomass as fuel is subject to change and mostly depends of external
i.e. exploitation conditions during the heating season. According to total losses of selected
public use properties in Ţagubica is necessary to provide 116.9 t/heating season of biomass
(decided on wood pellets).
Pellets will be purchased in the continuity from the market and they will be stored in the
existing coal storage in jumbo bags, so there is no need for construction of any storages.
Transport of pellets to boiler facility should be conceived that onecs a mounth a truck with
crain brings 19 jumbo bags with pellets.
Economic evaluation of the project
Major conclusions of the economic evaluation – investment feasibility of the thermoenergetic
facility for heating public facility in Ţagubica Municipality are as follows:
 Liquidity of the project after third year of investment
 Project need to provide 10% of own financial resources
 Cost of the project ratio is (121%) and accumulation ratio is (10,0%)
 Project is profitable (17,2%) in all implementation years
 Time of return of investments is 4 years and 2 months
 Project is with low risk
70
 Public approval is high – biomass will be obtained from local fields and dependance
on used wood and coal will be reduced with the good impact of environment
Summarized economic feasibility investment evaluation
Based on the proposed technology, analyses of economic parameters as well as finacial
analyses overall conclusions are:
 Study shows that investment in biomass boilers is feasible for heating choosed public
facilities in Zagubica Municipality
 Economic parameters are positive for usage of biomass in region of Zagubica
Municipality which affects increased household incomes
 Looking in the long term there will be reduced usage of natural wood and coal which
will have positive impact on the environment as well as reduction of gas emmisions
with usage of modern boilers
 Stability of supply of raw materials and price stability of heating costs will be
achieved as well as decrease of heating costs will be obtained on the long run:
71
3.8. Literature
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
Bogdanović, Darinka: “Biološko ratarenje – stvarnost ili utopija”, Zbornik radova, 16,
XXIV Seminar Agronoma, Pula, 1989.
Brkić, M, Janić, T.: Mogućnosti korišćenja biomase u poljoprivredi, Zbornik radova sa
II savetovanja: “Briketiranje i peletiranje biomase iz poljoprivrede i šumarstva“,
Regionalna privredna komora, Sombor, »Dacom«, Apatin, 1998, s. 5-9.
Brkić, M, Janić, T, Somer, D.: Termotehnika u poljoproivredi, II – deo: Procesna
tehnika i energetika, udţbenik, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Novi Sad, 2006. s. 323.
Brkić, M, Tešić, M, Radojević, V, Potkonjak, V, Janić, T, Mehandţić, R, Dakić, D,
Mesarović, M, Radojević, Vuk, Tehno-ekonomska karakterizacija, tipizacija i izbor
kapaciteta i postrojenja za korišćenje biomase u sušarama i proizvodnim pognima ZZ
“Bag-Deko“ u Bačkom Gradištu, studija, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Novi Sad, 2007, s.
151.
Brkić, M, Janić, T.: Briketiranje i peletiranje biomase, monografija, Poljoprivredni
fakultet, Novi Sad, 2009., s. 277.
Brkić, M, Janić, T: Nova procena vrsta i količina biomasa Vojvodine za proizvodnju
energije , časopis: “Savremena poljoprivredna tehnika“, JNDPT, Novi Sad, 36(2010)2,
s. 178-188.
Brkić, M, Janić, T, Pejanović, R, Zekić, V: Studija: Sistem za toplovodno grejanje
naselja Petrovaradin, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Novi Sad, 2010, s. 420.
Burk H., Hentschel A., 2000: Brennkegel-Rostfeuerung fur Gebrauchtholz. In:
Proceedings of the VDI Seminar "Stand der Feuerungstechnik fur Holz, Gebrauchtholz
und Biomasse", January 27-28, 2000, Salzburg, VDI Bildungswerk (ed.), Diisseldorf,
Germany
Dakić, D, Grubor, B, Ilić, M, Oka, S: Mogućnosti sagorevanja oklaska kukuruza u
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75
4. APPENDIX
A. TEXT APPEDNDIX
01. CALCULATION OF HEAT LOSS OF HEAT
02. BILL OF QUANTITIES OF BUILDING A NEW BOILER ROOM
B. GRAPHICAL APPENDIX
01. OVERVIEW OF OBJECT TO SETTLEMENT SATELLITE IMAGE
02. SITE PLAN
03. GOROUND FLOOR WITH HEATING INSTALLATIONS
04. FIRST FLOOR WITH HEATING INSTALLATIONS
05. TECHNOLOGICAL SCHEME
06. CONNECTION OF ELEMETS IN THE BOILER ROOM - SCHEME
07. CONNECTING OF ELEMENTS IN THE BOILER ROOM
76
TECHNICAL CALCULATIONS
STATUS OF ROOMS
Room
Room
Room temp. Heat losses
Room
number
name
in winter mode in the room
status
-
-
tp
Q
-
-
-
o
C
W
-
01
02
03
04
05
GROUND FLOOR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
MAIN HALL
SMALL KITCHEN
TEACHER'S OFFICE
PRINCIPAL'S OFFICE
SECRETARY'S OFFICE
HALL 1
LIBRARY
TOILET SOUTH WING
ACCOUNTANT'S OFFICE
ARCHIVE
HALL 1 SOUTH WING
MALE DRESSING ROOM
MALE TOILET
FEMALE TOILET
HALL 2 SOUTH WING
SPORTS ROOM
COAL STORAGE
BOILER ROOM
WOOD STORAGE
STOKER'S ROOM
STORAGE
VISIT OFFICE
DRESSING ROOM
HALL WEST WING
TOILET WEST WING
15
4
20
20
20
15
20
20
20
15
20
20
15
20
18
18
20
15
20
10
20
10
20
15
20
20
20
20
8
7
6
15
18
20
20
20
20
20
7819
3
14142
5594
1800
2707
43822
7168
8155
3026
4165
4056
925
6167
1468
1468
6237
6357
97066
5213
3632
15138
15428
15600
3813
-66
-10
-29
6884
3331
11389
7986
7986
10061
7986
TREATED
NOT TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
NOT TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
NOT TREATED
NOT TREATED
NOT TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
NOT TREATED
NOT TREATED
NOT TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
HALL NORTH WING
HALL WITH STAIRS
MALE TOILET - LAVATORY (UPGRADED)
MALE TOILET (UPGRADED)
FEMALE TOILET - LAVATORY (UPGRADED)
FEMALE TOILET (UPGRADED)
STAIRS
20
20
15
15
12
18
5
18
15
T O T A L:
7986
13710
10854
6779
186
2217
61
3196
6568
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
NOT TREATED
TREATED
NOT TREATED
TREATED
NOT TREATED
388049
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
1,10
1,11
1,12
1,13
1,14
HALL BESIDE STAIRS
PEDAGOGUE'S OFFICE
MALE TOILET - LAVATORY
MALE TOILET
FEMALE TOILET
FEMALE TOILET - LAVATORY
HALL
CLASSROOM 1
CLASSROOM 2
CLASSROOM 3
CLASSROOM 4
CLASSROOM 5
CLASSROOM 6
CLASSROOM 7
15
20
9
18
18
4
15
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
T O T A L:
2932
3698
-25
1511
1754
9
11214
11725
5918
5918
8848
5918
5918
11282
TREATED
TREATED
NOT TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
NOT TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
76619
KITCHEN BUILDING
1.K
2.K
3.K
4.K
5.K
6.K
7.K
8.K
9.K
10.K
11.K
12.K
13.K
14.K
15.K
16.K
HALL
DINNING ROOM
KITCHEN
KITCHEN STORAGE
HALL
TOILET (STAFF ONLY)
HALL
TOILET
HALL
ROOM 1
ROOM 2
ROOM 3
ROOM 4
TOILET
STORAGE
HALL
T O T A L:
15
20
20
15
3
18
15
14
15
20
20
20
20
10
15
20
2394
39904
10663
2019
61
1632
2695
759
163
1523
3823
5173
2325
183
1259
2034
76609
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
NOT TREATED
NOT TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
NOT TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
TREATED
NOT TREATED
TREATED
SUMMARY
GROUND FLOOR
KITCHEN BUILDING
388049
76619
76609
T O T A L:
541276
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT TECHNICAL CALCULATIONS
Material
Thickness
Heat transfer coeff.
Thermal resistance
-
d
l
R
-
m
W/mK
m2K/W
01
02
03
04
Mortar
Hollow brick block
Mortar
0,020
0,250
0,020
0,850
0,760
0,850
0,02
0,33
0,02
T O T A L:
0,290
OUTER WALL - type 01
0,38
Thermal resistance from the inside
Air layer thermal resistance
Thermal resistance from the outside
0,13
0,04
TOTAL THERMAL RESISTANCE:
0,54
k
W/m2K
1,84
Mortar
Hollow brick block
Mortar
0,020
0,200
0,020
0,850
0,760
0,850
0,02
0,26
0,02
T O T A L:
0,240
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
INNER WALL - type 01
0,31
0,13
0,04
0,48
k
W/m2K
2,09
Mortar
Hollow brick block
Mortar
0,020
0,120
0,020
0,850
0,760
0,850
0,02
0,16
0,02
T O T A L:
0,160
INNER WALL - type 02
0,20
0,13
0,04
0,37
k
2
W/m K
2,68
Rectangular folded sheet 1 mm
Staf 5x3 cm (5 cm air cavity)
Board
0,024
0,210
0,11
T O T A L:
0,024
ROOF
0,11
0,13
0,04
0,28
k
W/m2K
3,54
Waterproofing 1mm
Board
Glass wool
Gypsum board
0,050
0,024
0,050
0,018
0,210
0,038
0,210
0,114
1,316
0,086
T O T A L:
0,142
ROOF - UPGRADE
1,52
0,13
0,04
1,68
k
W/m2K
0,59
Waterproofing 1mm
Board
Air
Gypsum board
0,024
0,100
0,018
0,210
6,250
0,580
0,114
0,016
0,031
T O T A L:
0,142
ROOF - SPORTS ROOM
0,16
0,13
-
0,04
0,33
k
W/m2K
3,02
Gypsum board
Mortar with reed
0,018
0,020
0,580
1,860
0,03
0,01
T O T A L:
0,038
ATTIC
0,04
0,13
0,04
0,21
k
W/m2K
4,77
Glazed ceramic tiles
Cement screed
Concrete slab
Mortar
0,010
0,050
0,140
0,020
0,870
1,400
2,330
0,850
0,011
0,036
0,060
0,024
T O T A L:
0,220
STRUCTURAL FLOOR TO UPGRADE
0,13
0,17
0,13
0,43
k
W/m2K
2,35
Linoleum
Cement screed
Concrete slab
Mortar
0,004
0,050
0,140
0,020
0,019
1,400
2,330
0,850
0,21
0,04
0,06
0,02
T O T A L:
0,214
STRUCTURAL FLOOR TO UPGRADE
0,33
0,17
0,13
0,62
k
W/m2K
1,60
FLOOR ON THE GROUND
Terazzo
Grout - cement mortar
Easily reinforced concrete
PVC - foil
Condor - waterproof material
Charged concrete
0,010
0,030
0,080
0,150
T O T A L:
0,270
1,200
1,400
2,330
-
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,06
0,17
0,13
0,36
k
W/m2K
2,78
Board
Air
Board
Mortar with reed
0,024
0,150
0,024
0,020
0,210
0,025
0,210
1,860
0,114
6,000
0,114
0,011
T O T A L:
0,218
STRUCTURAL FLOOR TO THE KITCHEN
6,24
0,17
0,13
6,53
2
k
W/m K
0,15
k
W/m2K
5,86
k
W/m2K
3,49
k
W/m2K
2,91
EXTERNAL DOOR
INTERNAL DOOR
EXTERNAL WINDOW
EXTERNAL METALIC WINDOW
k
W/m2K
5,81
k
W/m2K
3,80
INTERNAL WINDOW
HEAT LOSS CALCULATION
Heat loss calculation is done according to the formula:
Qg = Qt + Qd
Here is:
Qt
-
Transmission heat losses [W]
Transmission heat losses calculation is done according to the formula:
Qt = k x F x (tp - ts)
Here is:
k
F
tp
ts
Qd
-
Heat transfer coefficient through the barrier [W/m2K]
Barrier area [m2]
Design temperature in the room [C]
External design temperature in winter mode [C]:
- Heat loss from supplements [W]
Heat loss from supplements is done according to the formula:
Qd = Qss + Qp + Qv
Here is:
Qss
Qp
Qv
-
Supplements to the side of world [W]
Supplements to the discontinuation of work [W]
Supplement to the outside air blowing through the windows joints [W]
Supplement to the outside air blowing through the windows joints is done
according to the formula:
Qv = e * [S(a1 * l1) + S(a2 * l2)] * R * H * (tp - ts)
Ovde je:
e
- Height correction factor
a1 - Permeability through the outer window [m2/mhPa2/3]
a2 - Permeability through the outer door [m2/mhPa2/3]
l1 - Gap length window [m]
l1 - Length of the neck joints [m]
R - Characteristics of the room
H - Performance of the building
Barrier
Orien-
Num. of
Barrier
Heat tran. Room
mark
tation
peaces
thickness
coeff.
-
-
n
d
k
-
-
-
m
W/m K
01
02
03
04
05
Temper.
temp. beh. barr. differ.
tp
2
Temp.
o
C
06
ts
o
Dt
C
K
07
08
GROUND
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
ROOM TEMPERATURE - tp:
ROOM ORIENTATION
Specific
Barrier
Barrier
Barrier
Heat
heat flux
length
height
area
flux
F
q
L
H
W/m
m
m
2
m
W
09
10
11
12
13
2
Q
FLOOR
MAIN HALL
1
15
W
CALCULATION OF HEAT LOSS THROUGH THE BUILDING STRUCTURE - Q h
ZS
SV
ZU
ZU
VU
ZU
VU
ZU
VU
ZU
VU
ZU
TA
PO
W
W
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,29
0,24
0,24
0,24
0,16
0,16
0,04
0,27
1,84
4,02
1,84
2,09
1,40
2,09
1,40
2,09
1,40
2,68
0,81
2,68
4,77
2,78
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
-18
-18
20
15
15
20
20
20
20
4
4
4
-5
3
33
33
-5
0
0
-5
-5
-5
-5
11
11
11
20
12
60,66
132,72
-9,19
0,00
0,00
-10,46
-6,99
-10,46
-6,99
29,49
8,90
29,49
95,33
33,42
TRANSMISSIVE HEAT LOSSES:
TEMPER.
PERMEABILITY OF JOINTS ALTITUDE
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 =1,00
a2 = 2,00 FACTOR
Dt =33
l1 =6,16
l2 = 22,80
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
3,85
3,50
5,30
3,00
2,85
2,80
1,00
3,70
1,50
1,95
0,70
1,60
-
2,60
2,05
2,60
2,60
2,05
2,60
2,05
2,60
2,05
2,60
2,05
2,60
-
10,01
7,18
13,78
7,80
5,84
7,28
2,05
9,62
3,08
5,07
1,44
4,16
27,62
27,62
607
952
-127
0
0
-76
-14
-101
-22
150
13
123
2633
923
Qh =
5061
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
0%
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
PER. OF BUILD. CHAR. OF ROOM
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
HEAT LOSSES ON BLOWING (Qv):
0
759
1998
HEAT LOSSES ADDITIONS TOTAL (Qd = Qss + Qpr):
Qg =
2758
HEAT LOSSES TOTAL (Qg = Qt + Qd):
Qg =
7819
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
ROOM ORIENTATION
SMALL KITCHEN
2
4
W
ZS
PS
ZU
ZU
VU
ZU
TA
PO
W
W
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,16
0,16
0,24
0,04
0,27
1,84
1,07
2,68
2,68
0,81
2,09
4,77
2,78
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
7
-18
-18
15
15
15
20
-5
3
22
22
-11
-11
-11
-16
9
4
40,44
23,58
-29,49
-29,49
-8,90
-33,46
42,90
11,14
1,83
1,40
1,47
1,83
0,70
1,47
1,84
1,84
2,60
0,90
2,60
2,60
2,05
2,60
1,47
1,47
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 =1,00
a2 = 0,66 FACTOR
Dt =22
l1 =1,26
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
4,76
1,26
3,82
4,76
1,44
3,82
2,70
2,70
192
30
-113
-140
-13
-128
116
30
Qh =
-25
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
0%
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
0
-4
32
Qg =
29
Qg =
3
16,38
6,24
20,02
5,40
16,38
4,16
9,62
3,08
48,51
48,51
1144
436
1398
440
0
139
101
22
5781
2297
Qh =
11757
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
ROOM ORIENTATION
TEACHER'S OFFICE
3
20
SW
ZS
ZS
ZS
PS
ZU
ZU
ZU
VU
TA
PO
W
N
S
S
-
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,24
0,24
0,24
0,04
0,27
1,84
1,84
1,84
1,07
2,09
2,09
2,09
1,40
4,77
2,78
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
-18
-18
-18
-18
20
4
15
15
-5
3
38
38
38
38
0
16
5
5
25
17
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 = 1,00
a2 = 0,66 FACTOR
Dt =38
l1 =20,40
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
69,85
69,85
69,85
40,73
0,00
33,46
10,46
6,99
119,17
47,34
6,30
2,40
7,70
3,60
6,30
1,60
3,70
1,50
7,70
7,70
2,60
2,60
2,60
1,50
2,60
2,60
2,60
2,05
6,30
6,30
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
-5%
-588
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
1764
H = 1,30
R = 1,20
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
1209
Qg =
2385
Qg =
14142
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
ROOM ORIENTATION
PRINCIPAL'S OFFICE
4
20
E
ZS
PS
ZU
ZU
ZU
VU
PO
TA
S
S
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,24
0,24
0,24
0,04
0,27
1,84
1,07
2,09
2,09
2,09
1,40
4,77
2,78
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
-18
-18
20
20
20
20
-5
3
38
38
0
0
0
0
25
17
69,85
40,73
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
119,17
47,34
4,15
3,00
6,30
6,30
3,25
0,90
6,30
6,30
3,00
1,50
3,00
3,00
3,00
2,60
3,25
3,25
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 = 1,00
a2 = 0,66 FACTOR
Dt =38
l1 =10,40
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
12,45
4,50
18,90
18,90
9,75
2,34
20,48
20,48
870
183
0
0
0
0
2440
969
Qh =
4462
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
0%
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
0
669
462
Qg =
1132
Qg =
5594
8,45
1,85
6,50
2,05
6,50
8,45
4,88
8,13
8,13
0
0
68
14
0
88
42
968
385
Qh =
1565
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
ROOM ORIENTATION
SECRETARY'S OFFICE
5
20
-
ZU
VU
ZU
VU
ZU
ZU
PU
TA
PO
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,24
0,24
0,24
0,24
0,04
0,27
2,09
1,40
2,09
1,40
2,09
2,09
1,71
4,77
2,78
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
15
15
20
15
15
-5
3
0
0
5
5
0
5
5
25
17
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 =1,00
a2 = 0,66 FACTOR
Dt =38
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOINTS l1 =0,00
e = 1,00
0,00
0,00
10,46
6,99
0,00
10,46
8,54
119,17
47,34
3,25
0,90
2,50
1,00
2,50
3,25
3,25
3,25
3,25
2,60
2,05
2,60
2,05
2,60
2,60
1,50
2,50
2,50
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
0%
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
0
235
0
Qg =
235
Qg =
1800
7,80
5,84
8,58
16,38
3,08
6,76
3,08
20,48
20,48
0
0
-90
-171
-22
0
0
1952
684
Qh =
2354
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
ROOM ORIENTATION
HALL 1
6
15
-
ZU
VU
ZU
ZU
VU
ZU
VU
TA
PO
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,24
0,24
0,24
0,16
0,04
0,27
2,09
3,77
2,09
2,09
1,40
2,68
0,81
4,77
2,78
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
15
15
-5
3
0
0
-5
-5
-5
0
0
20
12
0,00
0,00
-10,46
-10,46
-6,99
0,00
0,00
95,33
33,42
3,00
2,85
3,30
6,30
1,50
2,60
1,50
3,25
3,25
2,60
2,05
2,60
2,60
2,05
2,60
2,05
6,30
6,30
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 =1,00
a2 = 0,66 FACTOR
Dt =33
l1 =0,00
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
0%
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
0
353
0
Qg =
353
Qg =
2707
72,54
10,64
22,68
3,08
22,68
13,68
14,11
3,08
30,96
1,85
14,94
1,85
5067
2167
237
22
0
0
148
22
0
0
156
13
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
ROOM ORIENTATION
7
20
N
ZS
PS
ZU
VU
ZU
ZU
ZU
VU
ZU
VU
ZU
VU
N
N
-
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
0,29
0,24
0,24
0,24
0,24
0,24
0,24
-
1,84
1,07
2,09
1,40
2,09
2,09
2,09
1,40
2,09
1,40
2,09
1,40
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
-18
-18
15
15
20
20
15
15
20
20
15
15
38
38
5
5
0
0
5
5
0
0
5
5
69,85
40,73
10,46
6,99
0,00
0,00
10,46
6,99
0,00
0,00
10,46
6,99
20,15
3,80
6,30
1,50
6,30
3,80
3,92
1,50
8,60
0,90
4,15
0,90
3,60
2,80
3,60
2,05
3,60
3,60
3,60
2,05
3,60
2,05
3,60
2,05
ZU
VU
ZU
TA
PO
-
1
2
1
1
1
0,24
0,29
0,04
0,27
2,09
1,40
1,84
4,77
2,78
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
-5
-5
3
0
0
25
25
17
0,00
0,00
45,96
119,17
47,34
7,40
0,90
20,15
20,15
20,15
3,60
2,05
1,00
7,70
7,70
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 = 1,00
a2 = 0,66 FACTOR
Dt =38
l1 =52,00
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
26,64
1,85
20,15
155,16
155,16
0
0
926
18490
7345
Qh =
34591
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
5%
1730
Q
=
DISC. OF WORK
15%
5189
pr
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
2312
Qg =
9230
Qg =
43822
8,45
5,85
19,76
19,76
10,79
1,85
31,54
31,54
590
238
0
0
0
0
3759
1493
Qh =
6080
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
ROOM ORIENTATION
LIBRARY
8
20
S
ZS
PS
ZU
ZU
ZU
VU
TA
PO
S
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,24
0,24
0,24
0,04
0,27
1,84
1,07
2,09
2,09
2,09
1,40
4,77
2,78
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
-18
-18
20
20
20
20
-5
3
38
38
0
0
0
0
25
17
69,85
40,73
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
119,17
47,34
3,25
3,90
7,60
7,60
4,15
0,90
7,60
7,60
2,60
1,50
2,60
2,60
2,60
2,05
4,15
4,15
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 = 1,00
a2 = 0,66 FACTOR
Dt =38
l1 =10,80
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
-5%
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
-304
912
480
Qg =
1088
Qg =
7168
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
ROOM ORIENTATION
9
20
S
ZS
PS
ZU
ZU
ZU
ZU
VU
TA
PO
S
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,24
0,29
0,29
0,24
0,04
0,27
1,84
1,07
2,09
1,84
1,84
2,09
1,40
4,77
2,78
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
-18
-18
20
15
-18
20
20
-5
3
38
38
0
5
38
0
0
25
17
69,85
40,73
0,00
9,19
69,85
0,00
0,00
119,17
47,34
4,15
3,90
7,60
4,10
3,50
4,15
0,90
4,15
4,15
2,60
1,50
2,60
2,60
2,60
2,60
2,05
7,60
7,60
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 = 1,00
a2 = 0,66 FACTOR
Dt =38
l1 =10,80
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
10,79
5,85
19,76
10,66
9,10
10,79
1,85
31,54
31,54
754
238
0
98
636
0
0
3759
1493
Qh =
6977
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
-5%
-349
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
1047
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
480
Qg =
1178
Qg =
8155
9,23
0,96
0,84
10,79
10,79
9,23
1,85
14,73
14,73
560
34
30
-99
-99
-85
-15
1405
492
Qh =
2222
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
TOILET SOUTH WING
10
15
S
ROOM ORIENTATION
ZS
PS
PS
ZU
ZU
ZU
VU
TA
PO
S
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,04
0,27
1,84
1,07
1,07
1,84
1,84
1,84
1,65
4,77
2,78
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
-18
-18
-18
20
20
20
20
-5
3
33
33
33
-5
-5
-5
-5
20
12
60,66
35,37
35,37
-9,19
-9,19
-9,19
-8,26
95,33
33,42
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a
=
a
=
1,00
0,66 FACTOR
Dt =33
1
2
l1 =8,40
l2 = 10,10
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
3,55
1,60
1,40
4,15
4,15
3,55
0,90
3,55
3,55
2,60
0,60
0,60
2,60
2,60
2,60
2,05
4,15
4,15
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
-5%
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
-111
333
582
Qg =
804
Qg =
3026
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
ACCOUNTANT'S OFFICE
11
ROOM ORIENTATION
20
S
ZS
PS
ZU
ZU
VU
ZU
TA
PO
S
S
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,04
0,27
1,84
1,07
1,84
1,84
1,65
1,84
4,77
2,78
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
-18
-18
15
20
20
20
-5
3
38
38
5
0
0
0
25
17
69,85
40,73
9,19
0,00
0,00
0,00
119,17
47,34
3,55
3,30
4,15
3,55
0,90
4,15
3,55
3,55
2,60
1,50
2,60
2,60
2,05
2,60
4,15
4,15
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 =1,00
a2 = 0,66 FACTOR
Dt =38
l1 =9,60
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
9,23
4,95
10,79
9,23
1,85
10,79
14,73
14,73
645
202
99
0
0
0
1756
697
Qh =
3399
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
-5%
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
-170
510
427
Qg =
767
Qg =
4165
9,23
4,95
10,79
9,23
1,85
10,79
14,73
14,73
645
202
0
0
0
0
1756
697
Qh =
3299
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
ROOM ORIENTATION
ARCHIVE
12
20
S
ZS
PS
ZU
ZU
VU
ZU
TA
PO
S
S
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,04
0,22
1,84
1,07
1,84
1,84
1,65
1,84
4,77
2,78
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
-18
-18
20
20
20
20
-5
3
38
38
0
0
0
0
25
17
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 =1,00
a2 = 0,66 FACTOR
Dt =38
l1 =9,60
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
69,85
40,73
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
119,17
47,34
3,55
3,30
4,15
3,55
0,90
4,15
3,55
3,55
2,60
1,50
2,60
2,60
2,05
2,60
4,15
4,15
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
-5%
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
-165
495
427
Qg =
757
Qg =
4056
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
ROOM ORIENTATION
HALL 1 SOUTH WING
13
15
-
ZU
ZU
VU
ZU
VU
ZU
TA
PO
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,16
0,16
0,16
0,04
0,22
1,84
2,68
0,81
2,68
0,81
2,68
4,77
2,78
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
20
18
-5
3
-5
-5
-5
-5
-5
-3
20
12
-9,19
-13,41
-4,04
-13,41
-4,04
-8,04
95,33
33,42
4,30
1,80
0,90
1,80
0,90
4,30
4,30
4,30
2,50
2,50
2,05
2,50
2,05
2,50
1,80
1,80
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 =1,00
a2 = 0,66 FACTOR
Dt =33
l1 =3,84
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
10,75
4,50
1,85
4,50
1,85
10,75
7,74
7,74
-99
-60
-7
-60
-7
-86
738
259
Qh =
676
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
0%
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
0
101
148
Qg =
250
Qg =
925
10,13
2,28
4,75
9,45
1,85
10,00
1,85
4,75
1,71
9,45
22,49
22,49
707
93
44
87
15
54
6
64
14
0
2680
1065
Qh =
4828
Qss =
Qpr =
241
724
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
ROOM ORIENTATION
MALE DRESSING ROOM
14
20
N
ZS
PS
ZU
ZU
VU
ZU
VU
ZU
VU
ZU
TA
PO
N
N
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,16
0,16
0,29
0,04
0,22
1,84
1,07
1,84
1,84
1,65
2,68
1,65
2,68
1,65
1,84
4,77
2,78
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
-18
-18
15
15
15
18
18
15
15
20
-5
3
38
38
5
5
5
2
2
5
5
0
25
17
69,85
40,73
9,19
9,19
8,26
5,36
3,30
13,41
8,26
0,00
119,17
47,34
4,05
3,80
1,90
3,78
0,90
4,00
0,90
1,90
1,90
3,78
5,95
5,95
2,50
0,60
2,50
2,50
2,05
2,50
2,05
2,50
0,90
2,50
3,78
3,78
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
SIDE OF WORLD
DISC. OF WORK
5%
15%
Dt =38
LEN. OF JOIN.
a1 =1,00
l1 =8,40
a2 = 0,66
l2 = 0,00
FACTOR
e = 1,00
PER. OF BUILD.
H = 1,30
CHAR. OF ROOM
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
373
Qg =
1339
Qg =
6167
5,23
10,00
5,23
10,00
1,85
8,36
8,36
29
0
42
-54
-6
917
349
Qh =
1277
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
MALE TOILET
15
18
-
ROOM ORIENTATION
ZU
ZU
ZU
ZU
VU
TA
PO
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,16
0,16
0,16
0,04
0,22
1,84
2,68
2,68
2,68
1,65
4,77
2,78
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
15
18
15
20
20
-5
3
3
0
3
-2
-2
23
15
5,51
0,00
8,04
-5,36
-3,30
109,63
41,77
2,09
4,00
2,09
4,00
0,90
4,00
4,00
2,50
2,50
2,50
2,50
2,05
2,09
2,09
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 =1,00
a2 = 0,66 FACTOR
Dt =36
l
=0,00
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
1
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
0%
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
0
192
0
Qg =
192
Qg =
1468
5,23
10,00
1,85
5,23
10,00
8,36
8,36
29
-54
-6
42
0
917
349
Qh =
1277
Qss =
0
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
ROOM ORIENTATION
FEMALE TOILET
16
18
-
ZU
ZU
VU
ZU
ZU
TA
PO
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,16
0,16
0,16
0,04
0,22
1,84
2,68
1,65
2,68
2,68
4,77
2,78
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
15
20
20
15
18
-5
3
3
-2
-2
3
0
23
15
5,51
-5,36
-3,30
8,04
0,00
109,63
41,77
2,09
4,00
0,90
2,09
4,00
4,00
4,00
2,50
2,50
2,05
2,50
2,50
2,09
2,09
TEMPER.
SIDE OF WORLD
0%
DIFFER.
Dt =36
LEN. OF JOIN.
WINDOW
a1 = 1,00
l1 =0,00
DOOR
a2 = 0,66
l2 = 0,00
CORREC.
FACTOR
e = 1,00
DISC. OF WORK
PER. OF BUILD.
H = 1,30
Qpr =
15%
CHAR. OF ROOM
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
192
0
Qg =
192
Qg =
1468
14,88
1,56
9,45
1,85
10,40
1,85
4,68
1,85
9,83
22,49
22,49
1039
127
87
15
56
6
63
15
0
2680
1065
Qh =
5153
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
ROOM ORIENTATION
17
20
S
ZS
PS
ZU
VU
ZU
VU
ZU
VU
ZU
TA
PO
S
S
-
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,29
0,16
0,16
0,29
0,04
0,22
1,84
1,07
1,84
1,65
2,68
1,65
2,68
1,65
1,84
4,77
2,78
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
-18
-18
15
15
18
18
15
15
20
-5
3
38
38
5
5
2
2
5
5
0
25
17
69,85
40,73
9,19
8,26
5,36
3,30
13,41
8,26
0,00
119,17
47,34
5,95
2,60
3,78
0,90
4,00
0,90
1,80
0,90
3,78
5,95
5,95
2,50
0,60
2,50
2,05
2,60
2,05
2,60
2,05
2,60
3,78
3,78
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 = 1,00
a2 = 0,66 FACTOR
Dt =38
l1 =12,80
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
-5%
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
-258
773
569
Qg =
1084
Qg =
6237
6,00
3,08
8,50
2,04
4,00
364
408
516
72
-37
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
ROOM ORIENTATION
HALL 2 SOUTH WING
18
15
N
ZS
VS
ZS
PS
ZU
E
E
N
N
-
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,29
0,29
1,84
4,02
1,84
1,07
1,84
15
15
15
15
15
-18
-18
-18
-18
20
33
33
33
33
-5
60,66
132,72
60,66
35,37
-9,19
2,40
1,50
3,40
3,40
1,60
2,50
2,05
2,50
0,60
2,50
ZU
VU
ZU
ZU
ZS
PS
ZU
ZU
TA
PO
S
S
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,04
0,22
1,84
1,65
1,84
1,84
1,84
1,07
1,84
1,84
4,77
2,78
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
20
20
18
20
-18
-18
20
10
-5
3
-5
-5
-3
-5
33
33
-5
5
20
12
-9,19
-8,26
-5,51
-9,19
60,66
35,37
-9,19
9,19
95,33
33,42
3,78
0,90
4,30
3,78
1,50
1,40
12,00
2,50
-
2,50
2,05
2,50
2,50
2,50
1,90
2,50
2,50
-
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a
=
a
=
1,00
2,00
FACTOR
Dt =33
1
2
l1 =14,60
l2 = 5,90
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
9,45
1,85
10,75
9,45
3,75
2,66
30,00
6,25
25,40
25,40
-87
-15
-59
-87
227
94
-276
57
2422
849
Qh =
4448
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
5%
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
222
667
1019
Qg =
1909
Qg =
6357
132,72
14,40
15,25
3,08
11,25
32,86
29,63
29,63
73,47
5,40
30,00
37,20
308,10
284,40
9271
13040
140
25
0
2295
0
545
5132
4890
276
2598
30687
9504
Qh =
78404
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
ROOM ORIENTATION
SPORTS ROOM
19
20
N
ZS
PS
ZU
VU
ZU
ZS
ZU
ZU
ZS
PS
ZU
ZS
TA
PO
N
N
E
S
S
W
-
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,14
0,22
1,84
3,97
1,84
1,65
1,84
1,84
1,84
1,84
1,84
3,97
1,84
1,84
3,02
2,78
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
15
15
-18
-18
15
15
20
-18
20
10
-18
-18
15
-18
-18
3
38
38
5
5
0
38
0
10
38
38
5
38
33
12
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a
=
a
=
1,00
0,66 FACTOR
Dt =38
1
2
l1 =60,00
l2 = 10,70
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
69,85
150,93
9,19
8,26
0,00
69,85
0,00
18,38
69,85
150,93
9,19
69,85
99,60
33,42
23,70
3,60
6,10
1,50
4,50
10,60
11,85
11,85
23,70
3,60
12,00
12,00
23,70
23,70
5,60
4,00
2,50
2,05
2,50
3,10
2,50
2,50
3,10
1,50
2,50
3,10
13,00
12,00
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
5%
3920
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
11761
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
2982
Qg =
18662
Qg =
97066
Qh =
0
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
ROOM ORIENTATION
COAL STORAGE
20
10
S
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 =0,66
a2 = 0,66 FACTOR
Dt =28
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOINTS l1 =0,00
e = 1,00
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
-5%
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
0
0
0
Qg =
0
Qg =
0
Qh =
0
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
ROOM ORIENTATION
BOILER ROOM
21
20
S
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 =0,66
a2 = 0,66 FACTOR
Dt =38
l1 =0,00
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
-5%
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
0
0
0
Qg =
0
Qg =
0
Qh =
0
Qss =
Qpr =
0
0
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
ROOM ORIENTATION
WOOD STORAGE
22
10
S
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
SIDE OF WORLD
DISC. OF WORK
-5%
15%
Dt =28
LEN. OF JOIN.
a1 =0,66
l1 =0,00
a2 = 0,66
l2 = 0,00
FACTOR
e = 1,00
PER. OF BUILD.
H = 1,30
CHAR. OF ROOM
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
0
Qg =
0
Qg =
0
11,50
0,84
1,85
9,75
11,50
9,75
17,94
17,94
803
68
282
90
0
179
2138
849
Qh =
4410
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
STOKER'S ROOM
23
20
E
ROOM ORIENTATION
ZS
PS
VS
ZU
ZU
ZU
TA
PO
E
E
E
-
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,04
0,22
1,84
1,07
4,02
1,84
1,84
1,84
4,77
2,78
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
-18
-18
-18
15
20
10
-5
3
38
38
38
5
0
10
25
17
69,85
40,73
152,83
9,19
0,00
18,38
119,17
47,34
4,60
1,20
0,90
3,90
4,60
3,90
3,90
3,90
2,50
0,70
2,05
2,50
2,50
2,50
4,60
4,60
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a
=1,00
a
=
0,66 FACTOR
Dt =38
1
2
l1 =3,20
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
0%
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
0
661
142
Qg =
804
Qg =
5213
9,75
2,46
14,50
0,84
9,75
14,50
3,30
3,90
3,90
591
326
880
119
-90
-133
-27
465
185
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
ROOM ORIENTATION
STORAGE
24
15
NE
ZS
VS
ZS
PS
ZU
ZU
VU
TA
PO
N
N
E
E
-
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,04
0,22
1,84
4,02
1,84
1,07
1,84
1,84
1,65
4,77
2,78
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
20
20
-18
-18
-18
-18
20
20
20
-5
3
33
33
33
33
-5
-5
-5
25
17
60,66
132,72
60,66
35,37
-9,19
-9,19
-8,26
119,17
47,34
3,90
1,20
5,80
1,20
3,90
5,80
1,50
3,90
3,90
2,50
2,05
2,50
0,70
2,50
2,50
2,20
5,80
5,80
Qh =
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 = 1,00
a2 = 0,66 FACTOR
Dt =33
l1 =22,10
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
5%
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
2316
116
347
853
Qg =
1316
Qg =
3632
25,92
6,12
7,38
19,08
11,52
14,40
2,05
26,82
54,35
54,35
1811
499
516
199
120
151
14
0
6477
2573
Qh =
12359
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
ROOM ORIENTATION
25
20
W
ZS
PS
ZS
ZU
ZU
ZU
VU
ZU
TA
PO
W
W
S
-
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,24
0,24
0,24
0,04
0,22
1,84
1,07
1,84
2,09
2,09
2,09
1,40
2,09
4,77
2,78
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
-18
-18
-18
15
15
15
15
20
-5
3
38
38
38
5
5
5
5
0
25
17
69,85
40,73
69,85
10,46
10,46
10,46
6,99
0,00
119,17
47,34
7,20
3,40
2,05
5,30
3,20
4,00
1,00
7,45
-
3,60
1,80
3,60
3,60
3,60
3,60
2,05
3,60
-
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 = 1,00
a2 = 0,66 FACTOR
Dt =38
l1 =20,80
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
0%
0
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
1854
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
925
Qg =
2779
Qg =
15138
28,33
6,48
26,82
28,33
1979
528
0
296
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
ROOM ORIENTATION
26
20
W
ZS
PS
ZU
ZU
W
W
-
1
2
2
1
0,29
0,24
0,24
1,84
1,07
2,09
2,09
20
20
20
20
-18
-18
20
15
38
38
0
5
69,85
40,73
0,00
10,46
7,87
3,60
7,45
7,87
3,60
1,80
3,60
3,60
VU
TA
PO
-
1
1
1
0,04
0,27
1,40
4,77
2,78
20
20
20
15
-5
3
5
25
17
6,99
119,17
47,34
1,00
7,87
7,87
2,05
7,45
7,45
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 = 1,00
a2 = 0,66 FACTOR
Dt =38
l
=21,60
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
1
2,05
58,63
58,63
14
6987
2776
Qh =
12580
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
0%
0
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
1887
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
960
Qg =
2847
Qg =
15428
28,33
6,48
26,82
1,44
19,62
5,40
28,33
2,05
58,63
58,63
1979
528
0
101
0
50
296
14
6987
2776
Qh =
12730
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
27
20
W
ROOM ORIENTATION
ZS
PS
ZU
ZS
ZU
ZU
ZU
VU
TA
PO
W
W
N
-
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,24
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,24
0,04
0,22
1,84
1,07
2,09
1,84
1,84
1,84
2,09
1,40
4,77
2,78
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
-18
-18
20
-18
20
15
15
15
-5
3
38
38
0
38
0
5
5
5
25
17
69,85
40,73
0,00
69,85
0,00
9,19
10,46
6,99
119,17
47,34
7,87
3,60
7,45
0,40
5,45
1,50
7,87
1,00
7,87
7,87
3,60
1,80
3,60
3,60
3,60
3,60
3,60
2,05
7,45
7,45
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 = 1,00
a2 = 0,66 FACTOR
Dt =38
l1 =21,60
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
0%
0
Q
=
DISC. OF WORK
15%
1910
pr
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
960
Qg =
2870
Qg =
15600
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
ROOM ORIENTATION
VISIT OFFICE
28
20
W
ZS
PS
ZU
ZU
VU
ZU
ZU
TA
PO
W
W
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,29
0,16
0,16
0,16
0,04
0,22
1,84
1,07
1,84
2,68
0,81
2,68
2,68
4,77
2,78
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
-18
-18
20
8
8
7
18
-5
3
38
38
0
12
12
13
2
25
17
69,85
40,73
0,00
32,18
9,70
34,86
5,36
119,17
47,34
3,51
1,40
3,30
2,30
0,80
1,10
3,30
3,51
3,51
2,60
0,60
2,60
2,60
2,05
2,60
2,60
3,33
3,33
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 =1,00
a2 = 0,66 FACTOR
Dt =38
l1 =8,00
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
9,13
0,84
8,58
5,98
1,64
2,86
8,58
11,69
11,69
637
68
0
192
16
100
46
1393
553
Qh =
3006
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
0%
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
0
451
356
Qg =
807
Qg =
3813
5,98
1,64
5,20
5,98
1,80
5,20
4,60
4,60
-192
-16
14
-77
-21
-115
285
64
Qh =
-58
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
DRESSING ROOM
29
8
-
ROOM ORIENTATION
ZU
VU
ZU
ZU
VU
ZU
TA
PO
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,16
0,16
0,29
0,29
0,04
0,22
2,68
0,81
2,68
1,84
1,65
1,84
4,77
2,78
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
20
20
7
15
15
20
-5
3
-12
-12
1
-7
-7
-12
13
5
-32,18
-9,70
2,68
-12,87
-11,56
-22,06
61,97
13,92
2,30
0,80
2,00
2,30
0,80
2,00
2,00
2,00
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 =1,00
a2 = 0,66 FACTOR
Dt =26
l
=0,00
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
1
2,60
2,05
2,60
2,60
2,25
2,60
2,30
2,30
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
0%
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
0
-9
0
Qg =
-9
Qg =
-66
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
30
7
ROOM ORIENTATION
-
ZU
VU
ZU
ZU
ZU
ZU
TA
PO
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,16
0,16
0,16
0,16
0,16
0,04
0,22
2,68
0,81
2,68
2,68
2,68
2,68
4,77
2,78
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
15
15
8
20
18
6
-5
3
-8
-8
-1
-13
-11
1
12
4
-21,45
-6,47
-2,68
-34,86
-29,49
2,68
57,20
11,14
2,30
0,90
2,00
1,10
1,08
2,00
2,00
2,00
2,60
2,05
2,60
2,60
2,60
2,60
2,30
2,30
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 =1,00
a2 = 0,66 FACTOR
Dt =25
l1 =0,00
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
5,98
1,85
5,20
2,86
2,81
5,20
4,60
4,60
-128
-12
-14
-100
-83
14
263
51
Qh =
-8
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
0%
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
0
-1
0
Qg =
-1
Qg =
-10
6,01
1,64
5,20
6,01
1,85
5,20
4,62
4,62
0
0
-134
-145
-13
-14
242
39
Qh =
-25
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
31
6
-
ROOM ORIENTATION
ZU
VU
ZU
ZU
VU
ZU
TA
PO
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,16
0,29
0,16
0,16
0,04
0,27
2,68
0,81
1,84
2,68
0,81
2,68
4,77
2,78
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
20
15
15
7
-5
3
0
0
-14
-9
-9
-1
11
3
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a
=1,00
a
=
0,66
FACTOR
Dt =24
1
2
l1 =0,00
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
0,00
0,00
-25,74
-24,13
-7,28
-2,68
52,43
8,35
2,31
0,80
2,00
2,31
0,90
2,00
2,00
2,00
2,60
2,05
2,60
2,60
2,05
2,60
2,31
2,31
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
0%
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
0
-4
0
Qg =
-4
Qg =
-29
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
HALL WEST WING
32
15
E
ROOM ORIENTATION
ZS
PS
ZU
VU
ZU
VU
ZU
VU
ZU
VU
TA
PO
E
E
-
1
6
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,24
0,24
0,24
0,24
0,04
0,27
1,84
1,07
2,09
1,40
2,09
1,40
2,09
1,40
2,09
1,40
4,77
2,78
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
-18
-18
20
20
8
8
7
7
6
6
-5
3
33
33
-5
-5
7
7
8
8
9
9
20
12
60,66
35,37
-10,46
-6,99
14,64
9,79
16,73
11,19
18,82
12,59
95,33
33,42
28,18
3,70
20,43
1,00
2,30
0,90
2,30
0,90
2,30
0,90
2,00
2,00
2,60
1,50
2,60
2,05
2,60
2,05
2,60
2,60
2,60
2,05
2,31
2,31
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 =1,00
a2 = 0,66 FACTOR
Dt =33
l1 =0,00
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
73,27
5,55
53,12
2,05
5,98
1,85
5,98
2,34
5,98
1,85
4,62
4,62
4445
1178
-555
-43
88
18
100
26
113
23
440
154
Qh =
5986
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
0%
Qpr =
DISC. OF WORK
15%
H = 1,30
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
0
898
0
Qg =
898
Qg =
6884
9,13
0,84
8,66
6,01
1,64
2,81
8,66
11,69
10,53
604
65
-32
193
16
83
-46
1281
440
Qh =
2604
Qss =
Qpr =
0
391
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
TOILET WEST WING
33
18
W
ROOM ORIENTATION
ZS
PS
ZU
ZU
VU
ZU
ZU
TA
PO
W
-
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,29
0,16
0,16
0,16
0,04
0,27
1,84
1,07
1,84
2,68
0,81
2,68
2,68
4,77
2,78
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
-18
-18
20
6
6
7
20
-5
3
36
36
-2
12
12
11
-2
23
15
66,18
38,58
-3,68
32,18
9,70
29,49
-5,36
109,63
41,77
3,51
1,40
3,33
2,31
0,80
1,08
3,33
3,51
3,51
2,60
0,60
2,60
2,60
2,05
2,60
2,60
3,33
3,00
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
SIDE OF WORLD
DISC. OF WORK
0%
15%
Dt =36
LEN. OF JOIN.
a1 =1,00
l1 =8,00
a2 = 0,66
l2 = 0,00
FACTOR
e = 1,00
PER. OF BUILD.
H = 1,30
CHAR. OF ROOM
R = 0,90
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
337
Qg =
728
Qg =
3331
35,28
6,48
23,76
2,52
23,94
9,00
2,05
8,17
13,07
2,52
64,68
64,68
2464
528
1660
176
0
83
17
210
48
176
0
3062
Qh =
8424
ROOM NAME:
ROOM NUMBER:
34
20
NW
ROOM ORIENTATION
ZS
PS
ZS
ZS
ZU
ZU
VU
ZU
ZU
ZS
TA
PO
W
W
N
E
S
-
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,29
0,21
0,27
1,84
1,07
1,84
1,84
1,84
1,84
1,65
1,84
1,84
1,84
1,60
2,78
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
-18
-18
-18
-18
20
15
15
6
18
-18
20
3
38
38
38
38
0
5
5
14
2
38
0
17
TEMPER.
DIFFER.
WINDOW
DOOR
CORREC.
a1 = 1,00
a2 = 0,66 FACTOR
Dt =38
l1 =21,60
l2 = 0,00
LEN. OF JOIN.
e = 1,00
69,85
40,73
69,85
69,85
0,00
9,19
8,26
25,74
3,68
69,85
0,00
47,34
9,80
3,60
6,60
0,70
6,65
2,50
1,00
2,27
3,63
0,70
9,80
9,80
3,60
1,80
3,60
3,60
3,60
3,60
2,05
3,60
3,60
3,60
6,60
6,60
Qss =
SIDE OF WORLD
5%
421
Q
=
DISC. OF WORK
15%
1264
pr
H = 1,30
R = 1,20
Qv = e*(a1*l1+a2*l2)*R*H*Dt =
1280
Qg =
2965
Qg =
11389
NO.
DESCRIPTION OF WORKS
UNIT
1.06.
PRE-MEASUREMENT AND ESTIMATE
1.06.01.
THERMOTECHNICS EQUIPMENT
01.06.01.01
Delivery and installation of a hotwater boiler, which uses
wood pellets for heating, made by "EKO PRODUKT" - Novi
Sad.
QUAN
TITY
UNIT
PRICE
TOTAL
PRICE
1
2.825.615
2.825.615
1
333.075
333.075
1
125.000
125.000
1
396.220
396.220
1
387.000
387.000
1
72.000
72.000
1
262.000
262.000
Q = 560 kW
tw = 90 / 70 oC
A = 1920 mm
L = 1100 mm
H = 2455mm
01.06.01.02
com.
Delivery and installation of a flexible screw conveyor for
pellets, made by "EKO PRODUKT" - Novi Sad.
Q = 132 kg/h
D = 140 mm
N = 35 min-1
L = 3000 mm
Pm = 1,10 kW
01.06.01.03
com.
Delivery and installation of a bin for pellets, made by "EKO
PRODUKT" - Novi Sad.
V = 1,8 m3
A = 3000 mm
B = 3000 mm
H = 3000 mm
01.06.01.04
com.
Delivery and installation of flue multi-cyclone dust collector
with electric motor driven rotary airlock valve and container
for ashes, made by "EKO PRODUKT" - Novi Sad.
com.
01.06.01.05
Delivery and installation of secondary air fan, made by
"DYNAIR" – Italy.
Q = 4200 m3/h
Pm = 3,00 kW
n = 2200 min-1
tradno, max = 300 oC
h = 0,71
01.06.01.06
com.
Delivery of a hand pallet truck with transport capacity 2 t.
com.
01.06.01.07
Delivery and installation of construction for unloading and
easy handling jumbo bags with pellets. Structural mass 980
kg.
com.
01.06.01.08
Delivery and installation of steel flue pipe for chimney,
diameter 500 mm, with mineral wool insulation, thickness
50mm and protection of aluminum sheet, thickness 0,8mm.
com.
01.06.01.09
01.06.01.10
1
58.000
58.000
Delivery and installation of black seamless pipes according to
DIN 2448.
DN 10 - Ø 16,0x1,8
m
30
190
5.700
DN 20 - Ø 25,0x2,8
m
20
340
6.800
DN 50 - Ø 57,0x2,9
m
4
957
3.828
DN 80 - Ø 88,9x3,8
m
25
1.400
34.440
DN100 - Ø 108,0x3,8
m
23
2.100
48.300
DN125 - Ø 133,0x4,8
m
14
2.700
38.610
DN200 – Ø 219,1x5,9
m
1
6.515
6.515
193.598
96979
10
3.000
3.000
1
45.000
45.000
For connecting and sealing material, Hamburg bows, twopiece pipe clamps, hangers for pipes, metal rosettes, wall
bushings, cement, plaster and other materials needed for
pipeline installation takes 50% of the value of the number 09
in this report.
50%
01.06.01.11
Construction and installation
installations.
Ø 159,0 x 4,5 / 150,0
vessel
for
ventilation
com.
01.06.01.12
Construction and installation of steel collectors made of steel
pipes with the required number of connections:
Split collector: Ø 267,0 x 6,5 / 2400 mm
DN125 - Connection for boiler pipeline
DN 20 - Connection for sanitary water boiler
DN 50 - Connection for pipeline 03
DN 80 - Connection for pipeline 02
DN125 - Connection for pipeline 01
DN200 - Side connection for a quick connection
DN 10 - Head-on connection for pressure gauge
DN 20 - Bottom connection for drainage
com.
01.06.01.13
Split collector: f267,0 x 6,5 / 2400 mm
DN125 - Connection for boiler return pipeline
DN 20 - Connection for sanitary water boiler (return line)
DN 50 - Connection for pipeline 03 (return line)
DN 80 - Connection for pipeline 02 (return line)
DN125 - Connection for pipeline 01(return line)
DN200 - Side connection for a quick connection
DN 10 - Head-on connection for pressure gauge
DN 20 - Bottom connection for drainage
DN 20 - Bottom connection for water inlet
com.
01.06.01.14
01.06.01.15
01.06.01.16
1
45.000
45.000
Delivery and installation of ball valves for NP6, with threaded
connections.
DN 10
com.
10
440
4.400
DN 20
com.
13
1.320
17.160
Delivery and installation of ball valves for NP6, with flanges
and counter flanges.
DN 50
com.
5
5.000
25.000
DN 80
com.
5
8.000
40.000
DN100
com.
5
10.000
50.000
DN125
com.
6
12.500
75.000
Delivery and installation of dirt separators for NP6, with
flanges and counter flanges.
DN 50
com.
3
2.420
7.260
DN 80
com.
3
3.120
9.360
DN100
com.
3
3.710
11.130
DN125
com.
1
4.200
4.200
com
1
98500
98500
com
1
72.000
72.000
com
1
68.000
68.000
3
37.000
111.000
Delivery and installation of three-way valves with electric
motor, made by “AUTER” – Beograd.
01.06.01.17
Type RV3-50/40/AVC.24
DP = 3700 Pa
Qv = 7,70 m3/h
Kvs = 40,00 m3/h
01.06.01.18
DP = 3700 Pa
Qv = 7,70 m3/h
Kvs = 40,00 m3/h
01.06.01.19
DP = 5300 Pa
Qv = 3,40 m3/h
Kvs = 16,00 m3/h
01.06.01.20
Delivery and installation microprocessor controller for
keeping the temperature constant, depending on external
temperature, made by “AUTER” – Beograd
type AMR/202RG
com.
01.06.01.21
Delivery and installation temperature sensor for liquid, made
by “AUTER” – Beograd
Type TSW 01
01.06.01.22
01.06.01.25
01.06.01.27
01.06.01.30
3
4.900
14.700
com.
3
35.000
105.000
26.300
26.300
com.
1
12.500
12.500
Delivery and installation of electric-command locker for
complete boiler room control.
com.
1
65.000
65.000
1
2.000
2.000
com.
10
350
3.500
Delivery and installation of a pressure gauge, made by "FAR"
– Italy.
Measuring range: 0 - 10 bar
com.
2
440
880
com.
1
45.000
45.000
com.
1
33.000
33.000
1
78.000
78.000
Delivery and installation of pressure regulators with threaded
connectors
com.
Delivery and installation of a thermometer, made by "FAR" Italy.
Measuring range: 0 - 130°C
01.06.01.29
com.
Delivery and installation of pipe thermostat for sanitary
water, made by “AUTER” – Beograd
DN 20
01.06.01.28
17.100
Assembly of automation elements, clamping and
commissioning without the supply and installation of
electrical cables
Type AT1W
01.06.01.26
5.700
Delivery and installation of unit for manual/automatic control
of regulation valve, made by “AUTER” – Beograd
Type RDV 2
01.06.01.24
3
Delivery and installation temperature sensor for external
influences, made by “AUTER” – Beograd
Type TSS 01
01.06.01.23
com.
Delivery and installation of closed expansion vessels, made by
"INFLEKS" - Beograd.
Tip F - 600
Vk = 225 l
H = 1820 mm
D = 700 mm
Hs = 1,50 bar
01.06.01.31
Delivery and installation of safety valves with spring
DN 40
01.06.01.32
Delivery and installation of circulation pumps, made by
"WILO" – Germany
Type TOP-S 65/7, speed 3, three-phase
Gh = 24,20 m3/h
H = 5796 Pa
nmin = 3 - 2000 min-1
Nmax = 550 W
U = 3 x 400 V / 50 Hz
com.
01.06.01.33
Gh = 13,10 m3/h
H = 33735 Pa
nmin = 3 - 2150 min-1
Nmax = 625 W
U = 1 x 230 V / 50 Hz
com.
01.06.01.34
1
120.000
120.000
com.
1
105.000
105.000
com.
1
72.000
72.000
com.
1
9.300
9.300
1
120.000
120.000
1
25.000
25.000
Gh = 7,59 m3/h
H = 21280 Pa
nmin = 3 - 1700 min-1
N = 330 W
U = 1 x 230 V / 50 Hz
01.06.01.35
Gh = 3,35 m3/h
H = 16965 Pa
nmin = 3 - 1700 min-1
N = 197 W
U = 1 x 230 V / 50 Hz
01.06.01.36
Type Star RS-25/2 ClassicStar, speed 3, monphasic
Gh = 0,57 m3/h
H = 6678 Pa
nmin = 3 - 1450 min-1
N = 45 W
U = 1 x 230 V / 50 Hz
01.06.01.37
Delivery and installation of magnetic flow water softeners
whose maximum temperature is tw = 40 oC. Representative
and importer is "FEROMAX" – Belgrade
Type AQUA UNIQUE A4 50-385 HW
DN20
01.06.01.38
com.
Construction and installation of mechanical impurities filter
installed along with magnetic water softener. Representative
and importer is "FEROMAX" – Beograde
Type AU 50 MPS
DN20
01.06.01.39
com.
Construction and installation of boiler for sanitary water, with
all necessary connections and following characteristics:
V = 300 l
Q = 11,79 kW
tw = 90 / 70 oC
tw san = 50 / 16 oC
Fizm = 0,50 m2
01.06.01.40
01.06.01.41
com.
01.06.01.43
115.000
115.000
Cleaning of the pipes, double coating of red lead, construction
of thermo-insulating layer, type PLAMAFLEX or similar,
thickness d = 30 mm
DN 20
com.
20
100
2.000
DN 50
com.
4
600
2.400
DN 80
com.
25
1050
25.830
DN100
com.
23
1400
32.200
DN200
com.
1
5000
5.000
DN250
com.
5
8000
40.000
com.
1
6.000
6.000
complet
1
5.000
5.000
6.505.990
325.299
Delivery of dry powder fire extinguishers
Type S - 9
01.06.01.42
1
Delivery of barrel with sand, a shovel and a pick.
For manipulative expenses, like costs of examining the
installation for cold water pressure, costs of hot testing, costs
of regulating the installation and costs of other preparationfinishing works, it is calculated at 5% of all stated value
5%
TOTAL:
6.831.289
01.06.02.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE FACILITY
01.06.02.01
Reconstruction of a boiler room building
1
342.000
TOTAL:
342.000
342.000
RECAPITULATION:
01.06.01.
01.06.02.
01.06.03.
01.06.04.
THERMOTECHNICS EQUIPMENT
RECONSTRUCTION OF A BOILER ROOM BUILDING
EQUIPMENT AND WORKS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF INTERNAL
REGULATION HEATING SYSTEM WITH THE INSTALLATION OF
THERMOSTATIC VALVES
PROJECT DOCUMENTATION (5%)
TOTAL:
6.831.289
342.000
326.240
374.976
7.874.505

Study - Biomasa

Transcription

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