Water - Lanark County Stewardship Council

Transcription

A Place in Time: The Natural Resources of Lanark County
Water
Water is one of the prime elements responsible for life on Earth and
life is completely dependent upon it. We drink it, cook with it, wash with
it, swim in it, fish in it, irrigate crops with it, generate power with it, put out
fires with it and travel on it. The Rideau and Mississippi rivers were
crucial pathways for the First Nations, providing access to fishing and
hunting grounds. The earliest settlements in Lanark County were built
along these rivers and were sustained by them. Today, the lakes and
rivers of this county are still among its greatest attractions, more now for
tourism and recreation than for industrial purposes. With greater
awareness of its scarcity in other parts of the globe, we are gradually
learning to appreciate the rich resource we have in our abundant water.
In the two centuries since early settlement, our understanding of the
value of clean water has grown significantly.
We have also learned how some of our practices have been
contaminating our waterways. People have changed freshwater habitat
more than any other on earth. We have built dams and canals, altered
streams, drained wetlands, introduced non-native species and polluted
our water with sewage, fertilizers and agricultural runoff. More than onethird of the species at risk in the province are those that depend on fresh
water.
The contamination of the municipal water supply in Walkerton,
Ontario, in May 2000 resulted in seven deaths and more than 2,300
cases of illness, some with lifelong complications. The problem began
when one of the community’s wells was contaminated by runoff from
animal waste. A provincial inquiry resulting from this tragedy led to new
legislation and a province-wide mandate to examine potential threats and
to protect our water sources.
At the time of writing, preliminary groundwater studies have been
completed and source-water protection planning is underway in our
region. There is no better opportunity for county-wide water stewardship
initiatives. This chapter will take a closer look at this wonderful resource
we have and how we’re learning to take care of it.
Playfairville rapids
Susan Sentesy
What Is the History of Lanark County’s
Waterways?
Early Settlement on Rivers: Long before the settlers arrived, the
waterways of Lanark County provided access to the densely forested
interior where the aboriginals hunted. When the French fur traders
arrived in the area, the success of their trade with the First Nations
depended on these rivers. Watercourses were a main means of
transportation for the settlers before roads were built. The land along the
Rideau was first surveyed in 1783 and land grants of up to 200 acres
began to be offered to settlers. Some of the key events in Lanark
County’s settlement are described below:
1790 – Roger Stevens built the first sawmill at “Great Falls,” which
was eventually renamed Merrickville after William Merrick set up a grist
mill in the village.
1816 – The Town of Perth was established as a military depot on the
Tay River, a tributary of the Rideau River.
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The snow melted so fast, that in two days
the swamps were all covered with water, and
the rivers had overflown their banks. In a
short time the Tay had risen to such a height
that it carried away the bridge built by the
settlers in 1816, so that we were forced to
travel, for about two months, between the
north and south side of this town in boats or
canoes. This, to me particularly, was a serious
inconvenience, as my school-house was on
the south side, while I, and a great part of my
scholars, lived on the north.
From Rev. William Bell:
Letter XX from Perth, Upper Canada, 1824
Community Stewardship Council of Lanark County
What Is the History of Lanark County’s Waterways? (Cont’d)
Early Settlement on Rivers (Cont’d):
1820 – Small settlements began to spring up along the banks of the
Mississippi River up to Morphy’s Falls, now Carleton Place. On several
of the islands in Mississippi Lake the settlers found Algonquin aboriginals
encamped, who considered the lake’s northern shores their hunting
grounds.
1823 – Major Thomas Smyth settled in Wardsville, later to be named
Smiths Falls, where he built a small dam and sawmill at the falls.
1826 – When the construction of the Rideau Canal began there were
only a few mills scattered along the banks of the Rideau River.
Rideau Canal at Smiths Falls
Susan Sentesy
Rideau Canal Waterway – World Heritage
Site
The Rideau Canal, including Fort Henry
and the Kingston Fortifications, was
designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in
June 2007. In addition to its historic military
significance, the canal earned this designation
because it is the best-preserved example of a
slackwater canal in North America, a highly
innovative and technologically risky design for
its time. In a slackwater system, high dams
raise the water level to flood the rapids,
backing up the water in the canal to a
navigable depth. The Rideau is also the only
canal built in the early 19th century that
remains operational along its original track
with most of its structures intact. Its masterful
design and the quality and challenges of its
construction are considered an outstanding
achievement.
The Building of the Rideau Canal by Colonel John By and his Royal
Engineers linked Lanark County to Kingston and to Ottawa. The canal
joined the Rideau and the Cataraqui rivers at Newboro into one
navigable 202-kilometre waterway. It provided a boost to the economy of
the county, bringing in settlers and supplies and carrying out lumber and
farm products. The canal was completed in 1832 and is the oldest
continuously operating canal system in North America.
The use of the canal stirred up several conflicts of interest during the
th
19 century. Mill owners were only entitled to surplus water not required
for navigation purposes. As boat traffic increased, there was often
insufficient supply for both purposes. Sawmill residue dumped into the
canal led to federal regulations in 1871 that prevented the dumping of
wood waste into all lakes, rivers and streams. Other conflicts arose when
water levels were increased to accommodate vessel traffic, causing
flooding of adjacent lands and roads. Protracted claims for compensation
lasted well into the 20th century. Today, laws give precedence to safe
navigation over most other uses.
Use of the canal for commercial purposes dropped off by the late
1800s after the railway was built and when new propeller-driven vessels
were more able to use the St. Lawrence River for navigation. In the
1900s, recreational use grew rapidly. The flooded lands became ideal
habitat for bass. Marinas and summer cottages began to spring up along
the shores. In 2000, the Rideau was designated a Canadian Heritage
River and in 2007 it was selected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site
(see sidebar).
The End of Monopoly Rights on Canadian Waterways: In the late
1800s, an ongoing feud between two of the chief lumber barons of
Lanark County, Peter McLaren and Boyd Caldwell, culminated in a
standoff. McLaren, having made dam and slide improvements to allow
his timber to flow down the Mississippi, claimed sole-navigation rights to
this route. Caldwell sued McLaren for damages when he was unable to
move his timber to market. This dispute about monopoly rights on the
Mississippi was eventually brought before the Privy Council of Great
Britain and resulted in Canada’s first Rivers and Streams Act, which
made waterways open to all.
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What Is the History of Lanark County’s Waterways? (Cont’d)
The Mills of Lanark County: The edge of the Canadian Shield that runs
through Lanark County has created numerous rapids and falls along the
Mississippi River that supplied abundant power for mills and dams.
Sawmills: By 1840, a major route was established for timber runs
down the Clyde River to the Mississippi and on to the Ottawa River and
numerous sawmills were set up along the route. A second, smaller
timber route was down the Tay River through the Tay Canal and on to
the Rideau River. There were as many as 32 sawmills in Lanark County
by 1846.
Textile Mills: About 4,000 weavers and artisans from the Scottish
lowlands arrived in Lanark County around 1820. Because of the textileindustry background of these settlers, Lanark County became the centre
of the textile industry in eastern Ontario. Almost two dozen woollen firms
once existed along the length of the Mississippi between Pakenham and
Maberly. Carding (brushing/preparing) and fulling (scouring and
thickening) mills augmented the wool industry and supported villagers in
towns such as Clayton, Fallbrook and Maberly.
Grist mills: By 1846 there were already 19 grist mills in the county.
The former Baird grist mill, constructed in 1830, was restored in 1930 by
Dr. Robert Tait McKenzie and is now interpreted at the Mill of Kintail
Conservation Area.
Dams: Many dams were constructed in the mid-1800s primarily for
timber and grist mill purposes. A flood disaster occurred in 1857 when
repairs were being made to a timber slide farther up the Mississippi
River. The dam at Crotch Lake burst, destroying bridges and mills all the
way down the river to Ferguson Falls. By the 1880s, the dams that were
used to transport logs began to fall into disrepair as the timber industry
declined.
Famous Mills of the Mississippi
The famous Rosamond Woollen Factory at
Almonte, built in 1857, was known for its
excellence in wool production and took
advantage of the 65-foot waterfalls in the
Mississippi River to power its mill. In 1882,
the Gillies Mill in Carleton Place won the gold
medal at the Toronto exhibition for tweed
cloth. The Caldwell Woollen Mill was a
mainstay of Lanark Village from 1867 to
1917.
Where Are Lanark County’s Watersheds?
The two main watersheds in Lanark County are the Mississippi valley
and the Rideau valley. Each of these is managed by its respective
conservation authority. One of the most significant tributaries of the
Rideau, the Tay River, has its own large sub-watershed within the
county. Within the Mississippi River watershed, the Clyde River subwatershed has its headwaters in Renfrew County. In the far north of
Lanark County is a portion of the Madawaska River watershed, including
White Lake. The Mississippi, the Rideau and the Madawaska are all
tributaries of the Ottawa River. All of these watersheds lie within the
Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Basin.
The Mississippi River Watershed: This watershed is 212 kilometres
long from its source above Mazinaw Lake to the Ottawa River and its
area covers 3,750 square kilometres. It is believed the name
“Mississippi” comes from a Cree or Algonquin word meaning “biggest
river among surrounding rivers.” The main tributaries of the Mississippi
are the Clyde, the Fall and the Indian rivers.
The Clyde River Sub-Watershed: At 62 kilometres, the Clyde River is
the largest tributary of the Mississippi and it has a watershed of 614
square kilometres. The headwaters of the Clyde are deep within
Canadian Shield country and many of its lakes are spring fed.
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Former Ward's Mill, Smiths Falls
Rideau Canal Museum
Susan Sentesy
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Where are Lanark County’s Watersheds? (Cont’d)
Rideau River Watershed: The longest part of the Rideau River
watershed is 180 kilometres from the headwaters of the Tay subwatershed to the Ottawa River. The entire watershed area covers 4,000
square kilometres. Within this watershed, the Jock River also has a 551square-kilometre sub-watershed with its headwaters in Goodwood
Marsh, a Provincially Significant Wetland in Beckwith Township.
Tay River Sub-Watershed: The Tay River is 95 kilometres long and its
watershed area covers 805 square kilometres. Approximately two-thirds
of the watershed lies within the Frontenac Axis, a southern extension of
the Canadian Shield. The Tay Canal, which joins Lower Rideau Lake
with the Tay River, was initially installed in 1834 after the completion of
the Rideau Canal and was reconstructed and rerouted between 1882
and 1892.
Canoeing on the Tay River
Jeff Ward
Cold water trout stream (Long Sault)
Jeff Ward
The Madawaska River Watershed: The length of the Madawaska
River, from its source in Algonquin Park to the Ottawa River, is 225
kilometres. The Algonquins named the river “Madoueska,” which means
“land of the porcupine.” Only a small part of the Madawaska River
watershed is in Lanark County.
How Is Our Water Regulated?
The complex issue of water regulation is addressed by multiple
levels of authority. Policy development is maintained by the federal or
provincial governments, but implementation is delegated to the most
appropriate level and is sometimes shared. As water is being viewed
increasingly from a watershed perspective, conservation authorities
(CAs) have been created to manage water policies on a watershed
basis.
One example of this shared responsibility is the recently enacted
Clean Water Act (2006) that is intended to ensure communities are
better able to protect their municipal drinking-water supplies from
contamination and overuse through locally developed source-protection
plans. This initiative is a direct result of the Walkerton inquiry and will
provide much-needed base information that has never before been
collected to this degree. While CAs will act as the lead agencies in this
initiative, municipalities, public health officials and numerous
stakeholders will be consulted.
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How Is Our Water Regulated? (Cont’d)
High Falls Generating Station
Beveridges Locks, Port Elmsley
Denise Lauzon
Susan Sentesy
Hydro-Generation and Water-Control Regulation: Both federal and
provincial governments have regulatory control over different aspects of
water control. Hydro-generation stations are owned by the Ministry of
Natural Resources (MNR), the CAs, Ontario Power Generation and
private companies.
Within the Mississippi River watershed, rainfall and runoff are not
adequate to maintain suitable lake levels, especially on heavily
developed lakes such as Dalhousie and Mississippi. There are currently
30 water-control structures along the Mississippi, 19 of which are owned
by Mississippi Valley Conservation. Dams must be operated for flood
protection, low-flow augmentation, ice management, erosion control,
recreation and to preserve wildlife habitat. Their management must also
take into account minimum requirements for power generation. Within
Lanark County there are dams at Bennett Lake, Widow Lake, Lanark,
Clayton Lake and Carleton Place. MVC is contracted by Ontario Power
Generation to operate and maintain the dam at Crotch Lake, the main
reservoir for the system. Four hydro-generation stations are located in
Lanark County on the Mississippi River: two in Almonte and one each at
High Falls and Appleton. All of these stations are run-of-the-river
structures generating only when flows are adequate and operating,
averaging at about 50 per cent efficiency.
Heavy development within the Rideau River watershed also
necessitates careful water-level management. In addition, appropriate
water levels must be maintained to accommodate boat traffic in the
canal. Because of its national status, water-level management of the
canal falls to Parks Canada and includes control of levels on Bob’s Lake,
its main reservoir. Water levels in the reservoir drop four to five feet
every summer to supply the canal. There are 14 locks within the Lanark
boundaries of the Rideau Canal and two power-generating stations: one
at Merrickville and one at Smiths Falls.
Within the Tay River watershed there are a total of 16 water-control
structures (dams, weirs), but only a few have a current function. The
Parks Canada dam at Bolingbroke is critical to the hydrology of the entire
watershed. Parks Canada also operates the Beveridge dam and lock
station. MNR owns the dams at Pike Lake and Eagle Lake. The Rideau
Valley Conservation Authority (RVCA) and the Town of Perth own a few
dams and the remainder are historic dam sites, now mostly in ruins.
Municipal Drinking Water Systems Regulation: The drinking water
systems in Lanark County’s towns are regulated under the Safe Drinking
Water Act (2002), which requires that regular testing meet stringent
provincial standards. The Leeds, Grenville & Lanark District Health Unit
is responsible for this testing. Water-treatment facilities in Perth, Smiths
Falls and Carleton Place treat water from the Tay, Rideau and
Mississippi rivers respectively. Almonte uses a municipal-wells system.
Almonte’s system was recently part of a Wellhead Protection Study to
determine any groundwater threats, which is one aspect of sourceprotection planning. Information on this study is available at
http://www.mvc.on.ca/rmrgroundwaterstudy/ww_mmm_well/almonte/inde
x.html.
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Well-Water Regulation: The Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care
administers the Wells Regulation, which governs construction standards.
Our local health unit administers well-water testing. Almost two-thirds of
Lanark County’s residents rely on wells for their drinking water. Many
believe the system for well-water testing is far too cumbersome to test
their well water as frequently as recommended (three times per year).
In its current form, the Clean Water Act doesn’t provide protection for
non-municipal water supplies. At the time of writing, Conservation
Ontario and other groups are proposing amendments to the act to
strengthen the ability of source-water protection plans to address nonmunicipal water-supply systems.
Abandoned wells can allow contaminants to flow directly into the
groundwater supply and pollute private wells. Recent changes to wells
regulations place the responsibility for plugging abandoned wells with the
landowner.
Wastewater Regulation: Responsibility for approving large communal
sewage systems belongs to the Ministry of the Environment (MOE) and
is regulated under the Ontario Water Resources Act. In Lanark County
there are two municipal sewage-treatment facilities that discharge
treated effluent into the Mississippi River. One of these is at Almonte,
with a population of 4,600, and the other is at Carleton Place, with a
population of 9,600. The sewage from the Town of Perth is pumped into
a non-mechanized, 75-acre sewage-treatment lagoon. Leachate from the
Perth landfill site is also pumped into this lagoon. This lagoon was
constructed in 1965 to stop contamination of the Tay River. At the time of
writing, the lagoon has reached 97-per cent capacity and the town
council has decided that no new development may occur until a solution
is implemented. The Town of Almonte is in a similar position, with a nonmechanized lagoon close to capacity and a growing population.
Storm-water runoff is also directed to municipal treatment systems.
The runoff from heavy rainstorms and from urban environments can
carry road salt and sand, leachate from pavement, hard metals, cosmetic
pesticides, bacteria from domestic animals and spilled oils and
chemicals.
Septic System Regulation: Since 1998 the responsibility for smaller onsite septic systems in southern Ontario has belonged to municipalities
and is regulated under the Building Code Act. Septic-system installers
must be licensed by the province. Some municipalities in Lanark County
have contracted out the enforcement of the regulations to the local health
unit or CA. Tay Valley Township has taken proactive measures to initiate
a septic re-inspection program, administered by our CAs, setting
waterfront properties as their first priority. Other municipalities are
considering similar measures.
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Clayton dam
Susan Sentesy
Septage Regulation: The Nutrients Management Act, 2002 was first
introduced in response to the Walkerton tragedy. As well as regulating
agricultural nutrients, such as animal manure, it also applies to sewage
biosolids. As per the act, since 2007 it is no longer permitted to spread
untreated septage on farmers’ fields. It must now be taken to sewagetreatment facilities, sewage lagoons or approved landfill sites. It is now
known that environmental damage can occur when sewage sludge or
other nutrient-rich materials wash off fields and into waterways. This
change of legislation has created challenges for growing towns like
Mississippi Mills, whose lagoons are almost at capacity and are not able
to handle the extra septage from rural holding tanks.
Mississippi River at Hwy 29
Susan Sentesy
Fish Habitat Regulation: Through the Conservation Authorities Act,
CAs are responsible for the Development, Interference with Wetlands
and Alteration to Shorelines and Watercourses Regulation. These
regulations address the placement of fill, the conservation of land and
the construction of structures in regulated areas, which now includes
wetlands.
In Ontario, CAs also deal with fisheries issues on behalf of the
federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) in accordance with
the Fish Habitat Referral Process. The CA reviews landowners’
proposals for alterations to shorelines to identify any impact to fish and
fish habitat. If a negative impact is identified, the CA will offer advice on
ways to mitigate any damage and will work with the proponent and the
DFO to prepare a fish-habitat compensation plan before final DFO
authorization.
Wetland Regulation: Provincial policy guides municipalities to protect
Provincially Significant Wetlands (PSW) as natural heritage areas (see p.
2). Municipal land-use policies can have a detrimental impact on
wetlands that have not yet been evaluated and designated for protection.
Even those designated as PSWs are in danger when cash-strapped
municipalities are courted by real-estate developers. Concerned citizens
can become involved by reviewing and commenting on development
applications made to municipal governments.
Within the Rideau River watershed a permit is now required for any
alteration to a wetland under Regulation 174/06.
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Tay Marsh & Canal
Friends of Tay Watershed
How Is Our Water Monitored?
Groundwater Protection: Most of the globe’s fresh water can be found
under the ground within 100 metres of the earth’s surface. Most
groundwater is found in aquifers – layers of porous rock or sediment that
are replenished by rainfall or seepage from streams. More than 65 per
cent of Lanark County has a very shallow area of material overlying the
bedrock, making the groundwater relatively close to the surface. This can
cause groundwater to be more vulnerable to contamination. At the time
of writing, 61 per cent of the residents of Lanark County rely on
groundwater for their drinking water.
The most common threats to groundwater are contamination by
human waste from leaking septic systems, by animal waste from manure
management and by inappropriate separation between contaminant
sources and wells. Not all forms of contamination are treatable due to the
wide variety of chemical compounds that make their way into our
watercourses.
The Clean Water Act (2006) now requires communities to conduct
groundwater studies for their source-protection plans. Our CAs have
begun collecting and assessing scientific data for a joint MississippiRideau Source Protection Plan. The plan could take up to five years to
develop and has three phases:
Local water sources will be identified and potential sources of
contamination will be assessed.
A plan will be created to address these local threats to drinking
water.
The plan will be implemented to ensure water sources are protected
from contamination for generations to come.
One of the first background studies to be completed in 2003 was the
Renfrew County-Mississippi-Rideau Groundwater Study. A report of
the study may be accessed at http://www.rideauvalley.on.ca/
rmrgroundwaterreport/summary.pdf.
The Water (Hydrologic) Cycle
From Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources: How does the hydrologic cycle affect a watershed?
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Are Lanark’s Groundwater Resources
Sustainable?
An evaluation of whether groundwater
resources are sustainable or depleting was
made by comparing the quantity of
groundwater pumped to the estimated volume
of infiltration that replenishes the aquifers.
Overall, it is estimated that the total
demand of groundwater taken is greater than
2 per cent of what is potentially available from
recharge. Based on this comparison, there is
no indication of depletion of groundwater
resources on a regional or sub-watershed
scale.
From Golder Associates Ltd.: Renfrew CountyMississippi-Rideau Groundwater Study
How is our Water Monitored? (Cont’d)
Lanark’s Surface-Water Quality
Average water quality data indicates
relatively few exceedances of total
phosphorous in Lanark County streams and
lakes, however, maximum total exceedances
of the provincial water-quality objectives are
common. Average total phosphorous
concentrations were observed to be above the
provincial objectives in Mississippi Lake.
Grants Creek, Rudsdale Creek, Black Lake,
Davern Lake, Otty Lake, Pike Lake and
Rainbow Lake were also observed to be
occasionally elevated in concentrations of
total phosphorous.
From Golder Associates Ltd.: Renfrew CountyMississippi-Rideau Groundwater Study
Flooding on the Mississippi at Pakenham
MVC
Surface-Water Protection: Surface water includes our streams, rivers,
lakes, ponds and wetlands. It comes from two major sources: run-off and
base flow. Run-off is a result of precipitation flowing on the ground or
through the soil. Base flow enters streams from groundwater. Surface
water and groundwater are interconnected. Municipal water systems in
Perth, Smiths Falls and Carleton Place draw their water from surface
sources such as rivers and lakes. The source-water protection plan is
assessing the quality of these sources. Almonte uses a municipally
owned and operated groundwater system.
In order to meet their conservation objectives, CAs monitor surfacewater quality within their watersheds. They collect water samples and
send them to a lab for chemical monitoring to provide a general
indication of water quality. Samples of bacteria, nutrients, metals,
dissolved solids and anion (negatively charged ion) variables are taken
from a variety of locations routinely from May through October.
In addition to water-quality monitoring, CAs collect invertebrate
samples that live in the streams and have them identified. The study of
stream-bottom invertebrates helps determine changes in stream or lake
conditions and levels of pollution over time. A greater number and variety
of invertebrates indicates better water quality.
Watershed Watch is a lake water-monitoring program sponsored by
CAs that works in partnership with area volunteers. With the help of
these volunteers, samples are collected and sent to a lab to be
monitored for bacteria, total phosphorus, nitrogen, dissolved oxygen,
temperature and water clarity and then compared with historic data to
identify long-term trends. The data is then shared with shoreline property
owners and lake associations to encourage good stewardship practices
and to support restoration projects.
Results of individual lake monitoring are available through the
following links:
Mississippi Valley at http://www.mvc.on.ca/water/watch.html
Rideau Valley at http://www.rideauvalley.on.ca/programs/
wwatch/watershed_watch_docs.htm
Water Quantity Studies: Data from rainfall, stream flow and the
accumulated snow on the ground can be measured and analyzed to
assess potential effects on a watershed.
Precipitation is measured to forecast floods and droughts and for a
variety of other purposes.
Snow pack, or accumulated snow cover on the ground, is a
significant portion of the precipitation in Lanark County and is a major
contributor to flooding. CAs regularly monitor snow cover at various
locations and use snow measurements to forecast flood risk and to
manage the reservoirs.
Stream flow is measured by calculating the rate in cubic metres per
second at which water passes through a certain section of a river.
Water levels are measured by the height above mean sea level.
All these measurements help CAs take actions to control the flow
and provide the public with information about potential floods or drought
and the health of the watershed. CAs have been collecting water-level
and stream-flow information at strategic locations throughout their
watersheds for many years.
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How Is Our Water Monitored? (Cont’d)
Flood Control: High water levels can lead to flooding of property,
property damage and shoreline erosion and this occurs with natural
conditions such as spring runoff and heavy rains. Dams in the system
are managed to hold water and to control its release to downstream
areas and reduce flooding as much as possible.
In the Mississippi watershed, flood storage is held in six large lakes.
Spring flooding can be particularly worrisome where the shores are
heavily developed with seasonal and permanent residences and with
commercial operations. Severe weather is occurring more frequently and
the floods of 1998 and 2002 attest to an unusual amount of rainfall in the
watershed in those years.
The Rideau system is a federal waterway overseen by Parks
Canada. As a managed waterway it is regulated by a series of dams and
locks for the purpose of allowing recreation and boating, and there must
be an adequate water supply to do this.
Low water levels are often the result of drought. In addition, low fall
and winter levels on many of the lakes within the watershed result from
lowering the reservoir (drawdown) in the fall to reduce annual spring
flooding in downstream areas. Complaints about low water levels relate
to loss of access to shoreline properties, loss of recreational shorelines,
docks being left high and dry, reduced water taking for personal and
municipal use, as well as reduced power generation. CAs manage water
levels for “low-flow augmentation” for the protection of fisheries, for
municipal requirements and for ecological purposes.
CAs can forecast floods using a variety of instruments and are
responsible for warning the general public about the potential severity
and timing of a flood. Development is prohibited in areas most prone to
flooding.
Wild Rice: A Natural-Heritage Feature
One natural-heritage feature in the
Mississippi River system is wild rice. Wild rice
is an edible wild grain that is a staple for
aboriginal communities and is still harvested
today. An integral part of shallow lake and
river ecosystems, this tall aquatic grass
provides food for waterfowl and habitat for
snails and water insects that are also eaten by
waterfowl. Wild-rice beds also provide habitat
for furbearers and other wildlife. Water levels
are important to maintaining wild-rice stands,
since high water levels can drown these plants
and low water levels can dry them up.
From MNR: Mississippi River Water Management
Plan
Lake Management Planning is carried out by lake association members
and volunteers who wish to practise good stewardship of their lake. In
2004, a collaborative Lake Management Planning (LMP) Program
organized by the Otty Lake Association, the Friends of the Tay
Watershed, RVCA, Tay Valley Township and the Community
Stewardship Council of Lanark County, and funded partially by the
Ontario Trillium Foundation, was launched (see p. 120). The intention of
the program is to encourage residents and/or lake associations within
Tay Valley Township and the Tay River watershed to develop LMPs.
During the initial funding period, three model lakes will complete LMPs:
Otty, Pike and Christie. A State of the Watershed Report will be
completed for each lake and will include studies of surface-water quality,
groundwater quality and quantity, aquatic vegetation, water levels,
development pressures, fish and wildlife health, mining rights and claims,
shoreline protection and health, effects of boating, landowner
responsibility, and partnerships. The final LMPs include
recommendations on how landowners, municipalities, users of the lakes,
government agencies and others can protect and improve the health of
the lake and its surroundings.
Wild rice
Beach Water Monitoring at municipally owned and operated beaches is
the responsibility of the health unit. Our 10 public beaches are tested
weekly for excessive levels of E. coli bacteria from June to September.
The health unit also checks for the presence of any blue-green algae
blooms, for poor water quality and for any accidental spills of pollution.
Health unit staff report there has been no increase in closures over the
years.
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Drawdown at Crotch Lake
in the fall
Jeff Ward
Pinegrove Productions
What Concerns Do We Have About Water?
Lake scene
Jeff Ward
Contaminated Wells in the Village of Lanark: The Village of Lanark
(population 800) is serviced entirely by private wells and private sewagedisposal systems. The failure of these on-site systems has been well
documented for over 50 years, and it is risking the quality of the
groundwater. A water-testing program in the fall of 2006 indicated that
more than 31 per cent of the wells in Lanark Village were contaminated
with coliforms or E. coli, requiring the use of bottled water for drinking. At
the time of writing, the final level of an environmental study review for a
village communal water- and wastewater-treatment system has been
completed. The request for proposals for pre-engineering is about to be
issued and the necessary financial support has been solicited. Given the
advanced stage of planning for this system, Lanark village has been
included in the area’s source-water protection planning.
Contaminated Landfill in Beckwith Township: In March 2000,
Beckwith Township discovered the existence of volatile organics in the
groundwater resulting from chemicals (trichloroethylene [TCE] and vinyl
chloride) used in dry-cleaning fluid, a known carcinogen, leaching from
an abandoned municipal landfill. It was estimated that the contamination
had existed for 30 years and the plume had already spread 9 kilometres
into Goodwood Marsh, the Jock River and into the drinking water of more
than 240 homes in the area. Bottled water was provided and filters were
installed in all homes with water toxicity above a determined level. Area
residents argued federal guidelines for TCE were not stringent enough,
and with assistance from the Sierra Legal Defence Fund they petitioned
the government to lower the legal limit permissible in drinking water.
Regulations and legal limits regarding TCE were eventually strengthened
as a result of this petition.
Cowslips in the stream
Joanne Ewart
Water Taking: Omya Canada Inc., a multi-national corporation, is the
world’s largest supplier of ground calcium carbonate (see p. 102). The
Omya plant in Glen Tay, just west of Perth, mixes ground calcite with
about 25 per cent water to make slurry, a thickener used in making paint
and fine paper. In 2000, Omya requested a permit to take water from the
nearby Tay River to make its product when the expanding company
found the groundwater supply to be inadequate. The MOE approved a
permit allowing Omya to take up to 4.5 million litres of water per day from
the Tay River in two successive phases. A citizen’s appeal succeeded in
reducing the daily limit to approximately 1.5 million litres per day when
the river’s flow is adequate, which was the amount allowed in the first
phase of the original request.
In January 2005, a new Water Taking and Transfer Regulation went
into effect that clarified and strengthened the factors the ministry must
consider when assessing permit applications. All withdrawals from
surface or groundwater sources of more than 50,000 litres per day
require permits. The largest water-taking permit in Lanark County is for
the municipal supply at Carleton Place. The town is permitted to take a
maximum of 12 million litres of water per day from the Mississippi River.
Also addressed in the new regulation is the issue of bulk water
export, which stipulates water must not be taken from the Great LakesSt. Lawrence Basin for use outside the basin. There are a few limited
exceptions in this regulation, including products that are made with
water, such as slurry. Approximately 50 per cent of Omya’s product is
exported.
70
What Concerns Do We Have About Water? (Cont’d)
Cattle Access to Surface Water: When livestock access our
waterways, the water downstream becomes polluted with animal waste.
When cattle trample the stream banks or walk in the water it disturbs
sediment and causes erosion and siltation, resulting in a loss of aquatic
habitat. Studies prepared for the Tay River Watershed Plan identified
several sites where cattle routinely accessed the surface water,
contributing to high E. coli readings.
Water Levels and Fish Survival: The shoreline area, or riparian zone,
is where many fish lay their eggs, look for food and seek protection
amongst the vegetation. Changes occurring in this zone or with water
levels can have significant negative impacts on fish spawning,
incubation, nurseries and feeding areas. Species such as lake trout,
walleye or pike have very different individual water-level needs for
spawning. Carefully tuned mid-range target levels are essential to
accommodate the needs of fish, as well as those of municipal and
recreational uses.
How Can We Protect Water?
Erosion Control and Shoreline Protection: The recent revision to the
regulation for the Development, Interference with Wetlands and
Alteration to Shorelines and Watercourses stipulates that straightening,
changing, diverting or interfering with a channel of a watercourse is not
allowed without a permit from the respective conservation authority. This
is because altering a stream can harm the water quality and can
increase the risk of flooding and siltation. Excess sediment reduces
water quality, affects aquatic life by clogging the gills of fish, reduces
hatching rates of fish eggs, compacts spawning beds and reduces
invertebrate species that are a food source for fish. We can protect our
shorelines by restoring them where possible to their natural state with a
buffer of healthy, native vegetation that prevents runoff and soil erosion.
Low-growing herbaceous and woody plants work well to prevent
erosion. Trees that overhang the shoreline provide shade and cooler
water temperatures, improving the aquatic habitat. Floating docks are
preferred for water access because they don’t disturb lake bottoms.
Advice is available from your conservation authority.
Nutrient Management: The Nutrient Management Act was introduced in
2002 to help prevent excess nutrients from chemical fertilizers and
manure spread on agricultural lands from contaminating our
groundwater. More information on nutrient-management procedures may
be found on page 91.
Cattle Fencing: Farmers have begun fencing off areas to restrict access
by cattle to streams and protective vegetation buffers are being planted.
The Lanark stewardship program has dispatched crews to help build
some fences and the Rideau Valley Rural Clean Water Program is now
providing grants for this purpose (see p. 73). A variety of pump or
gravity-fed off-stream watering systems is available, including cattlepowered nose pumps (see p. 90). By moving water, salt and feed away
from areas of habitual access to streams and by erecting temporary
barriers, cattle can be trained to accept alternative water sources, even
without fencing.
71
Water Levels and Loon Habitat
The common loon nests on many of the
lakes in the Mississippi River system. Nests
are often found very close to the water’s edge
on small islands or within a few metres of the
shore on large masses of emergent vegetation.
Typical nests include those located in
vegetation, hummocks, stumps, old beaver or
muskrat lodges and artificial platforms. The
common loon is susceptible to being
negatively impacted by fluctuating water levels
during the incubation period when a sudden
change in water levels could flood the nest or
strand an incubating parent. This incubation
period generally lasts a month or so beginning
in mid- to late-May. Artificial floating nesting
platforms have been used with some success
where water levels fluctuate.
Plan
Loons
Pinegrove Productions
Water Levels and Wildlife
Turtles, amphibians and insects, such as
dragonflies, rely upon the aquatic
environment to complete their development,
for winter hibernation or for food. Low water
levels can expose hibernating animals to
winter freeze or destroy their breeding and
feeding habitats.
High water levels can increase habitat
availability, but increase the influx of
nutrients, mercury and other contaminants
that impact the water quality and the food
chain directly, which reduces local
biodiversity.
Plan
How Can We Protect Water? (Cont’d)
Four Main Strategies to Restore
Shorelines
Preservation: When purchasing a
lakefront property, a natural shoreline is
retained and access to the lake is designed
to avoid shoreline damage.
Naturalization: Degraded shorelines are
left alone to return to their natural state.
Enhancement: Native species are planted
and non-native species are removed.
Restoration: Cleared areas are planted
with native species.
From Landowner Resource Centre: Preserving and
Restoring Natural Shorelines: Extension Note
Pesticide Control: Water pollution by pesticides is difficult to trace
because it takes time for them to leach into our groundwater. Numerous
studies show that chronic exposure to pesticides can cause cancer,
organ damage, birth defects and neurological impairments. Atrazine, a
traditional corn herbicide that can disrupt hormones, is one of the
contaminants most frequently found in the groundwater and surface
water in Ontario.
Recent strengthening of the Pest Control Products Act is intended to
improve Canada’s standards. The act also requires users of high-risk
pesticides to undergo training and testing to ensure proper use. More
information on agricultural pest control may be found on page 91.
The level of pesticide application for lawns is significantly higher per
hectare than it is for agricultural use. At the time of writing, 36
municipalities in Ontario have adopted pesticide by-laws. Perth is the
only municipality in Lanark County with such a by-law.
In April 2008, the province announced a province-wide ban on the
sale and use of cosmetic pesticides to be implemented in 2009.
Pesticides for use in farming, forestry and for health and safety will still
be permitted.
Perth’s Pesticide By-Law: The Town of Perth has not been using
pesticides on its own municipal properties for more than eight years. In
April 2003, the council passed the first pesticide by-law in Lanark
County, regulating cosmetic pesticide use on private properties within
town boundaries.
Crop Cover Protects Water by preventing soil erosion. When sediment
contains soil nutrients and pesticide residues, the water becomes
contaminated, fish habitat is destroyed and recreational uses are
impaired. Farmers have been increasingly focusing their efforts on soil
conservation and many are now controlling erosion with cover crops.
Different types of reduced-tilling practices are being implemented to suit
soil and crop conditions. In the winter, crop residue traps snow and
reduces evaporation for higher soil moisture. To protect stream banks
and shorelines, farmers have been planting buffer strips that can slow
runoff, stabilize the bank and absorb potential water contaminants.
72
Naturalized shoreline
Jeff Ward
How Do We Use Water Recreationally?
Lanark County residents truly have the best of both worlds. Those
who live in our towns can drive to a nearby lakeside cabin or go camping
for a weekend without battling traffic. Many live year-round on waterfront
properties with relatively short commutes to the nearest town for
commodities or for employment. The lakes and rivers of Lanark County
offer a variety of recreational opportunities.
No matter where you live in Lanark County, you are but a short drive
from a public beach. On its website, the Lanark County Tourism
Association lists more than 40 municipally maintained beaches within the
Mississippi, Clyde, Rideau and Tay watersheds. The provincial parks at
Murphys Point and Silver Lake also provide several public beaches.
Most of the public beaches in Lanark County have boat launches, and
fishing is a favourite sport. In addition to the public facilities, privately
owned shore-based businesses include cottage rentals, marinas, fishing
expeditions, adventure tours, canoe/boat rentals, commercial
campgrounds and children’s camps.
In a 2005 assessment of the tourism sector in eastern Ontario,
Lanark County and northern Leeds ranked fourth of the 15 regions
studied for the number of tourist visits between 2001 and 2003. The
market demand for water-based recreation and viewing opportunities
featured strong to moderate and is ripe for investment opportunities.
Murphys Point Park
What Are Some Resources for Stewardship?
The Rural Clean Water Program, sponsored by RVCA, works to protect
surface and groundwater quality by offering incentive grants and
technical assistance to farmers and rural landowners within the
watershed. Projects may include septic system repair, shoreline planting,
erosion control, livestock fencing, alternate watering, small stream
crossings and runoff control, including the construction of wetlands and
flow diversions.
Well-Upgrade Grants are also available to rural landowners as part of
the Rideau Valley Rural Clean Water Program to help protect their
drinking-water supplies. The grants will cover up to 50 per cent of eligible
costs to a maximum of $500 or up to 75 per cent for the
decommissioning of old wells. The type of projects covered include
grading or seeding of the area around wells, installation of well-head
caps, water testing, extension of well casings, sealing of abandoned
wells and the installation of pitless adapters, which help to protect
mechanisms from frost.
The Lake Partner Program is offered by the MOE, which partners with
waterfront residents to evaluate the nutrient status of our lakes. The
MOE provides sampling kits to volunteers, who take water samples for
total phosphorus analysis and measure water clarity using a Secchi disc.
A Secchi disc is an instrument used to measure how deep a person can
see into the water. High levels of phosphorus can lead to algae blooms
that have been appearing in some Lanark County lakes. By sampling
total phosphorus each year, trends can be detected early. Water
samples are then mailed back in a prepaid box. To volunteer or to find
out if your lake is participating call 1-800-470-8322.
73
Pike Lake from west
What Are Some Resources for Stewardship? (Cont’d)
The Landowner Advisory Services Program is now being offered by
MVC to landowners seeking professional advice on a variety of land-use
topics, including wetlands, forests and wildlife habitat. Owners of
properties exceeding two hectares (five acres) are eligible for
consultation visits. Written assessments are provided as guides to
landowners and provide options and referrals to local services.
The Landowner Resource Centre provides a variety of fact sheets
about water and wetlands. These Extension Notes are available from 1800-267-3504 or may be accessed online at
http://www.lrconline.com/Extension_Notes_English/water/water_index.ht
ml.
What Are Some Future Challenges for
Protecting Our Water?
Dixon Lake
Jeff Ward
Future Water Scarcity
Water use has been growing at more than
twice the rate of population increase in the
last century, and although there is no global
water scarcity as such, an increasing number
of regions are chronically short of water. By
2025, 1.8 billion people will be living in
countries or regions with absolute water
scarcity and two-thirds of the world
population could be under stress conditions.
The situation will be exacerbated as rapidly
growing urban areas place heavy pressure on
neighbouring water resources.
From UN Water Thematics Initiative: Coping with
Water Scarcity
It is clear that we need to treat water as one of our most important
commodities. We need to treat it as a precious resource that, once
polluted or depleted, is difficult to replace. We can learn from the
mistakes of other regions and other countries.
The source-water protection initiative will identify potential threats to
local sources of drinking water and outline steps to reduce or eliminate
those threats that pose a significant risk. At the time of writing, the focus
is on municipal water systems and conservation groups are lobbying the
government to extend this initiative to private well-water systems upon
which the majority of Lanark County residents rely. Some of the future
challenges for water in this county are described briefly below.
Competing and Growing Needs for Water: Lanark County has been
experiencing rapid growth since the 1990s, particularly in the townships
adjacent to Ottawa and around the Rideau Lakes. A Ministry of Finance
report in 1999 projected Lanark County’s population would grow from
61,500 to 86,100, an increase of 37.5 per cent, by 2028 (Eastern Ontario
Smart Growth Panel, 2003). With development pressures, maintaining
our water quality, quantity and a regulated supply throughout the year
will be a serious future challenge.
Our growing community is experiencing a variety of competing needs
for water, including domestic, wildlife, hydroelectric power generation,
industrial, recreational, agricultural and waste disposal. In addition, we
are facing the unknown factor of climate change that has the potential to
cause extended periods of drought interspersed with huge downpours.
Because of all these competing needs, protecting water quality and
quantity has become a number-one issue, whether it’s for having water
to drink, to play in or to support fish and wildlife. Much of the county lies
on the Canadian Shield, where the groundwater is vulnerable to
pollutants entering through cracks in the rocks. Good land-use practices
are, therefore, crucial when it comes to maintaining groundwater quality.
We have taken the quantity and easy availability of our water for
granted and attitudes are slow to change. We give little thought to our
habits around clothes washing, lawn watering, dishwashing, bathing and
flushing. In recent summers, some landowners have been unpleasantly
surprised by their wells running dry due to drought. If we are proactive
and anticipate the increase in demand for water we have a better chance
of avoiding such rude awakenings.
74
What Are Some Future Challenges for Protecting Our Water?
(Cont’d)
Competing and Growing Needs for Water (Cont’d):
Every user has a role to play in the stewardship of our water.
Education is key to making people aware of the challenges we face and
of the stewardship opportunities available. With shared responsibility, the
development of balanced and sustainable policies for meeting the
competing and growing needs for water in the county is achievable.
Land-Use Issues: Lanark County is blessed with abundant wetlands
that help filter sediment and pollution from the surrounding environment.
In our chapter on Significant Natural Areas we discussed the need for
further evaluation and protection of more of our wetlands (see p. 9). With
development pressures, preserving our wetlands will be a serious future
challenge.
Because the abundance of clean water has been taken for granted,
decisions to alter wetlands are often undertaken without consideration for
the long term. Land-use development decisions continue to be made at
the expense of the health of our rivers, lakes and groundwater. Water
runs downhill and one municipality’s land-use management decisions
can have a major effect on downstream areas. Consistent,
environmentally aware policies affecting development and water need to
be instituted and applied.
Otty Lake from west
Filling a marsh, swamp, bog, or fen is
strongly discouraged because it destroys
wetland function and may result in the loss of
important fish and wildlife habitat. It can also
increase downstream flooding by reducing
water storage in the floodplain. Filling a
wetland could be a violation under the habitat
provisions of the Canada Fisheries Act.
From Canadian Wildlife Service: Considerations
When Working Around Wetlands
75
What Are Some Future Challenges for Protecting Our Water?
(Cont’d)
The Effects of Climate Change on Our Water: While anticipating
changes in precipitation patterns is more unpredictable than for
temperature, it is generally believed that climate change will increase
annual precipitation. Greater year-to-year variations are anticipated and
heavy precipitation is expected to become more frequent.
For the past several years, MVC has been conducting investigations
to assess the effect of global warming. The studies have been monitoring
lake levels, river flows, water temperature and ice formation. On
average, snow is melting earlier in the spring and sap from the sugar
maple is beginning to run about 12 days earlier than it did in the 1960s.
The ice cover on our winter waterways is not as thick as in the past,
causing safety hazards. These local studies are making the point that the
effects of climate change are not just evident in the Arctic, they are right
in our own backyard.
Mississippi River at Pakenham Bridge Susan Sentesy
Waste Treatment: The county has a number of pending issues related
to waste treatment. Perth and Almonte’s sewage lagoons are near
capacity and the Village of Lanark is hoping to install its first wastetreatment system. New legislation requires that septage from rural
holding tanks also be treated at such facilities. Though the upgrading of
these facilities will bring about environmental improvements, they do
pose financial challenges for our municipalities.
Inadequate municipal waste treatment systems are known to be
prime contributors to the pollution of our lakes, rivers and streams.
Perth sewage lagoon
76
References for Water
Bell, W. (1824). Hints to emigrants: Letter XX from Perth, Upper Canada. Lanark County Genealogical Society. Retrieved
from http://globalgenealogy.com/LCGS/articles/A-HINT20.HTM
Brown, H.M. (1984). Lanark legacy: Nineteenth century glimpses of an Ontario county. Corporation of the County of
Lanark.
Canada. (2000, May). Pesticides: Making the right choice for the protection of health and the environment (Report of the
Standing Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development). Retrieved from
http://cmte.parl.gc.ca/cmte/CommitteePublication.aspx?COM=173&Lang=1&SourceId=36396
Conservation Ontario. (2005). Representing Ontario’s 36 conservation authorities. Retrieved from
http://www.conservation-ontario.on.ca/index.html
County of Lanark. (2007, March 14). Minutes: Eleventh meeting of 2007 corporate services committee of the whole (re:
capacity of Perth Sewage Lagoon). Retrieved from http://www.county.lanark.on.ca/AssetFactory.aspx?did=1874
David Suzuki Foundation. (2006, June 28). Letter to Minister Clement: Re: Request for special reviews of pesticides
prohibited in other nations, pursuant to section 17 of the new pest control products act. Retrieved from
http://www.davidsuzuki.org/files/WOL/June_28_06_Pesticides.pdf
Davis, B. & Mausberg, B. (2001, April). Local stories: Citizen action to ensure safe drinking water in Ontario. (Canadian
Environmental Defence Fund: Report for the Walkerton Inquiry). Retrieved from
https://ozone.scholarsportal.info/bitstream/1873/6555/1/10294887.pdf
Eastern Ontario Smart Growth Panel. (2003, Fall). Shape the future: Eastern Ontario Smart Growth Panel, final report.
Retrieved from https://ospace.scholarsportal.info/bitstream/1873/6101/1/10313842.pdf
Environment Canada. (2007). Freshwater website. Retrieved from http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/e_main.html
Esseltine, K. (2003). Fish habitat of the Tay river watershed: Existing conditions and opportunities for enhancement.
Retrieved from http://www.rideauvalley.on.ca/programs/watershed_planning/tay/Tay_Fish_2003.doc
Friends of the Jock River. (2001). Retrieved from http://www.geocities.com/jockriver/index.html
Friends of the Tay Watershed. (n.d.). The Tay river watershed. Retrieved from http://www.tayriver.org/index.html
Golder Associates Ltd. (2003, September). Renfrew county-Mississippi-Rideau groundwater study. (Volume 1, Summary
Report, Final Report). Retrieved from http://www.rideauvalley.on.ca/rmrgroundwater_report/summary.pdf
Lanark County Genealogical Society. (1997-2008). Retrieved from http://globalgenealogy.com/LCGS/index.htm
Lanark County Tourism Association. (2005). Welcome to Lanark county: Maple syrup capital of Ontario. Retrieved from
http://www.lanarkcountytourism.ca/site4.aspx
Landowner Resource Centre. (2000). Preserving and restoring natural shorelines: Extension notes. Retrieved from
http://www.lrconline.com/Extension_Notes_English/pdf/shrlns.pdf
Leeds, Grenville & Lanark District Health Unit. (2007). Retrieved from http://www.healthunit.org/
Lockwood, G.J. (1991). Beckwith: Irish & Scottish identities in a Canadian community. Retrieved from
http://www.ourroots.ca/e/toc.aspx?id=6013
MacTaggart, J. (1829). Three years in Canada (excerpt). Retrieved from Rideau Canal Waterway website,
http://www.rideau-info.com/canal/history/three-years.html
McKittrick, D. (2005). Eastern Ontario tourism sector assessment. (Report by The Tourism Company). Ontario East
Economic Development Commission.
Mississippi Lakes Association. (2008). Retrieved from http://www.lakemississippi.ca/
Mississippi Mills. (2007, Jan. 26). Environmental study report (ESR) Almonte ward communal sewage system class
environmental assessment. Retrieved from http://mississippimills.ca/news.cfm?newsid=300&sectionId=126
Mississippi Valley Conservation. (2005-2007). Retrieved from http://www.mvc.on.ca/index.html
Mississippi Valley Conservation. (2005-2007). Watershed watch. Retrieved from http://www.mvc.on.ca/water/watch.html
Mississippi Valley Conservation. (n.d.). Renfrew county-Mississippi-groundwater study: Whitewater/Mississippi Mills well
protection study, Almonte. Retrieved from
http://www.mvc.on.ca/rmrgroundwaterstudy/ww_mmm_well/almonte/draft_final_reports.html
Natural Resources Canada. (2007). Climate change impacts and adaptation: A Canadian perspective. Retrieved from
http://adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/perspective/intro_2_e.php
Natural Resources Canada. (2004-2005). State of Eastern Ontario’s forests. Retrieved from
http://sof.eomf.on.ca/Site_map/site_map_e.htm
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. (2008). Water resources in Ontario. Retrieved from
http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/Water/index.html
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. (2006, June 15). Mississippi river water management plan: Final report. Retrieved
from http://www.mississippiwaterpowerplan.com/otherdocs/MRWMP_Final_Report.pdf
77
References for Water (Cont’d)
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. (2003). Watersheds: How does the hydrologic cycle affect a watershed? Retrieved
from http://www.web2.mnr.gov.on.ca/mnr/water/N1004C_watershed.html
Reid, R. (1983, September). The Rosamond woolen company of Almonte: Industrial development in a rural setting
(Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada: in Ontario History, Vol. LXXV, No. 3). Retrieved from
http://almonte.clal.ca/articles/historic_sites_report_rosamond_mill_2.html
Rideau Valley Conservation Authority. (2002, May). Tay river watershed management plan. Retrieved from
http://www.rideauvalley.on.ca/programs/watershed_planning/tay/PDFs/Tay_River_Report.pdf
Rideau Valley Conservation Authority. (2001, November). The Jock river watershed management plan. Retrieved from
http://www.rideauvalley.on.ca/programs/watershed_planning/jock/part1.pdf
Rideau Valley Conservation Authority. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.rideauvalley.on.ca/
Rideau Valley Conservation Authority. (n.d.). Watershed watch. Retrieved from
http://www.rideauvalley.on.ca/programs/wwatch/watershed_watch_docs.htm
Rideau Valley Conservation Authority & Tay River Round Table. (2000, June). Existing conditions and trends in the Tay
river watershed. Retrieved from
http://www.rideauvalley.on.ca/programs/watershed_planning/tay/PDFs/Tay_River_Interim_Report.pdf
Snell, E.A. (1987). Wetland distribution and conversion in southern Ontario: Working paper no. 48. Inland Waters and
Land Directorate, Environment Canada.
Stantec. (2007, Jan. 19). Village of Lanark: Water and wastewater class EA, phase 3. Township of Lanark Highlands.
Retrieved from http://www.lanarkhighlands.ca/PDFs/PHASE3ClassEAReport.pdf
The Ottawa Riverkeeper. (2006, May). The Ottawa riverkeeper’s river report: Issue no. 1, ecology and impacts. Retrieved
from http://ottawariverkeeper.ca/rr_en.pdf
Toronto Environmental Alliance. (2002, August). Breaking the law: Pesticide advertising and public deception. Retrieved
from http://www.torontoenvironment.org/files/Breakingper cent20theper cent20Lawper cent20Report.pdf
Township of Lanark Highlands. (2001, Fall). Lanark Highlands heritage tours. Retrieved from
http://www.lanarkhighlands.ca/heritagetours/index.html
UN-Water Thematic Initiatives. (2006, August). Coping with water scarcity: A strategic issue and priority for system-wide
action. Retrieved from http://www.unwater.org/resources.html#unwdocs
78

Water - Lanark County Stewardship Council

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