Biodiversity of freshwater fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds in

A Publication of the Mekong Wetlands Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use Programme
Biodiversity of freshwater fish, amphibians,
reptiles and birds in Lang Sen Nature
Reserve, Long An Province, Vietnam
Nguyen Phuc Bao Hoa, Bui Huu Manh & Tran Thi Anh Dao
MWBP.V.B.4.10.06
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Citation:
Nguyen Phuc Bao Hoa, Bui Huu Manh & Tran Thi Anh Dao. (2006). Biodiversity of
freshwater fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds in Lang Sen Nature Reserve, Long An
Province, Vietnam. MWBP. Vientianne, Lao PDR.
Cover design by:
Cover photo:
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Studio Terra Co. Ltd.
Mixed flock of cormorants and darters at Lang Sen. Alvin Lopez/MWBP
Mekong Wetlands Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use Programme (MWBP)
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United Nations Development Programme - IUCN World Conservation Union
Mekong River Commission - Global Environmental Facility
MEKONG WETLAND BIODIVERSITY PROGRAMME
REPORT ON
BIODIVERSITY OF
FRESHWATER-FISH, AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, AND BIRDS
IN LANG SEN NATURE RESERVE
October 2006
By: Nguyen Phuc Bao Hoa, Bui Huu Manh, and Tran Thi Anh Dao.
1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................2
2
METHODS ..............................................................................................................................................2
2.1
2.2
3
RESULTS: FISH .....................................................................................................................................5
3.1
3.2
4
HABITATS .........................................................................................................................................2
SAMPLING.........................................................................................................................................3
SPECIES COMPOSITION ......................................................................................................................5
ECONOMIC SPECIES AND FISHERY .....................................................................................................6
RESULTS: HERPS .................................................................................................................................8
4.1
4.2
SPECIES COMPOSITION ......................................................................................................................8
THE VALUE AND CURRENT STATUS OF HERP IN THE AREA .................................................................8
5
RESULTS: BIRDS ..................................................................................................................................9
6
DISCUSSIONS ........................................................................................................................................9
6.1
6.2
6.3
THREATS TO FISH FAUNA ..................................................................................................................9
THE IMPORTANCE OF LSWR FOR FISH CONSERVATION AND USAGE ...............................................10
THREATS TO HERP FAUNA ...............................................................................................................11
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................................14
APPENDIX I: FISH LIST
APPENDIX II: HERP LIST
APPENDIX III: BIRD LIST
ANNEX I: FISH PHOTOS
ANNEX II: HERP PHOTOS
ANNEX III: NOTES ON FISH PHOTOGRAPHY
1
Introduction
Freshwater fish, amphibians, reptile, and waterbirds are known to be specially diverse and
abundant in Mekong Delta and Plain of the Reeds wetland habitats and play an important role
in economic development of local communities. In Lang Sen Wetland Reserve (LSWR), these
groups are widely used by people for food (meat), income generating (hunting). Many fish
species are believed to spend their breeding and spawning in Lang Sen. These important
species groups, however, have not been appropriately studied and documented in Lang Sen
yet. Buckton et al (1999) compared 10 key wetland sites in the Mekong Delta and recorded 61
bird species in Lang Sen reserve (Buckton et al. 1999). There are also few surveys on the
reserve fish and herpetofauna by Vietnamese research institutes but the findings have not been
published. At the same time the Lang Sen fauna faces strong human impact, including hunting,
habitat destruction, anthropological disturbances, hydrological manipulation, etc. Lang Sen still
has no management plan for conservation and development of its fauna.
The baseline zoological/biodiversity assessment in LSWR is designed to understand the
reserve’s fauna, particular focusing on freshwater fish, amphibians, reptile, and birds, to
identify the key ecological threats to its biodiversity, and to assist in setting conservation
management plan for the area. The assessment of zoological resources is to provide the
following:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
a baseline assessment of fish, reptiles, amphibians and waterbirds in the LSWR,
including identification of species and estimated levels of abundances;
a scientific foundation for management plans and conservation activities;
a baseline for determining the impacts of management interventions,
a species monitoring programme as a basis for potential sustainable use.
2
Methods
2.1
Habitats
The study area was the protected zone of LSWR (Figure 1). The area is characterized by
around 2000 hectares of seasonally inundated grasslands, open swamp, and planted Melaleuca
forest. The biodiversity survey sought to determine the species composition and abundance of
species found in the four main habitat types as briefly described below.
Melaleuca plantation
Melaleuca forest is the characteristic vegetation type of Lang Sen with Melaleuca cajuputi
(Myrtaceae) is the dominant canopy tree. Some other tree species also occur in the forest
canopy but are much less abundant, such as Alstonia spathulata (Apocynaceae), Ilex cymosa
(Aquifoliaceae), and Euodia lepta (Rutaceae). Most of the observed treess are at a young stage,
growing in small-tree, high-density stands. This condition suggests that the plantation have
been planted recently. There was no observed living Melaleuca tree which was taller than 20
meters, or had a diameter at breast height (dbh) larger than 30 centimeters. Ferns are not
observed in this forest type.
2
Grassland dominated by Eleocharis
Grasslands are probably a secondary formation occurring on forestlands after the forest cover
was removed by fires or by man-made clearing. Only one type of grasslands are identified:
grassland dominated by Eleocharis spp.. Eleocharis dulcis grassland often occupies areas of low
ground, which is deeply inundated and highly acidic.
Open Swamp
The term “open swamp” is used to refer to permanently and/or seasonally inundated natural
water bodies, which are not occupied by large woody trees. Open swamps are inhabited by
herbaceous species, most often with the presence of open water. Two different types of open
swamp are identified in Lang Sen: lotus ??? swamp and open water swamp.
The outside boundaries of the protected zone of LSWR abut agricultural and residential lands.
Figure 1: Lang Sen Wetland Reserve and survey area
2.2
Sampling
The complete habitat and biodiversity survey required 6 days (from October 5th to 10th 2006,
ca. 50 working hours) of field time and was undertaken in the October 2006 rainy season. Due
to the flooding condition and the limited number of surveying days, comprehensive active
collecting fish and herp specimens were not always possible. Five working days have been used
to carry out the field survey and one day has been used to check the fish and herp market in
Tan Hung town. Engine boat has been used to travel along the canals inside and outside the
protected area. The area covered and survey sites are represented in Figure 1. All specimens
3
are collected from fishermen and hunters at canals right next to the reserve and connected to
the canal system inside the reserve. Therefore, species that are collected appear to reflect the
fish and herp fauna of the reserve and also the region.
Fish
Fishing activities in the area around the reserve is very high with different methods. The
fishing sampling methodology is roughly categorized in four groups as follow:
-
-
Checking the fishing activities next to the reserve, collecting species from fishermen right
at their fishing sites, and hiring fishermen for fishing by gill net, trap net (Figure 2), and
dip net.
Using gill net and dip net to collect some species inside the Reserve.
Interviewing experienced fishermen for overview of fish species and the changes in fish
fauna in the area.
Checking the nearby local fish market in Tan Hung town, where all fish collected in the
area around the Reserve are gathered there.
The identification is based on various taxonomy literatures for the region (Mai Đình Yên et al.
1992; Rainboth 1996; Poulsen et al. 2004)
Herp
The existence of herp species is recorded either by photo taken or by specimen collected.
Small reptiles were caught by pit fall traps set up around the headquarter area of the reserve
and long the main dike. The pit fall trap has the dimension of 30 x 30 x 30cm, and is set on the
ground. Depending on trap location, there are one or two traps with nets set up to direct the
animals toward the traps. Traps are usually set up in places with lots of debris, surround by
bushes, about 1-2 meters away from water body margins. Traps are checked daily in early
morning (about 0600-0700) and late in the evening (1830-2030).
Specimens collected during the survey are kept in Zoological Lab of Biology Faculty, Natural
Science University of Ho Chi Minh City. The specimens are preserved in 10% formaldehyde.
The identification is based on taxonomical literatures of Dao Van Tien (Đào Văn Tiến 1977;
Đào Văn Tiến 1979; Đào Văn Tiến 1981). The names that are used in the report follow the
name in checklist of herps in Vietnam 2005 (Nguyễn Văn Sáng et al. 2005).
[More about herp survey route...].............................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
Bird
Bird species list has been compiled by direct sightings, local knowledge, and literature reviews
(Buckton et al. 1999). Nomenclature and order follow Inskipp et al. (Inskipp et al. 1996).
4
Figure 2: Trap net, a common fishing method in LSWR and its vicinity
Figure 3: Pit fall trap
3
Results: Fish
3.1
Species composition
During the survey, about 80 species has been recorded (see Appendix I). A number of fish
specimens have not been identifed to species level due to a few reasons; bad specimens
collected from fish market, not enough literature or young specimens that have not been
described in taxonomical literatures, some groups have been totally being reviewed are among
the limiting factors. The fish fauna is typically the lowland Mekong fauna with many common
economic species like snakeheads Channa spp., Climbing perch Anabas testudineus, Walking
catfish Clarias spp., Bronze featherback Notopterus notopterus, Loaches Botia spp., Paralaubuca spp.,
Henichorhynchus sp.... The highest number of individuals recorded in gill nets and trap nets are
Paralaubuca spp., Henichorhynchus siamensis, Botia spp.... Some species that have conservation value
5
also exist in the area like the Giant barb Catlocarpio siamensis, Black sharkminnow Morulius
chrysophekadion. The Clown featherback Chitala ornata is now very rare. No specimens of this
species are observed or collected during the survey. Wallago leeri, a very big silurid species, is
also likely to exist in the area (from interview). This species, however, according to fishermen
becomes very rare recently. The LSWR management board has announced a protected status
for the Micronema spp. due to this species had been over caught lately. During the survey period,
Micronema spp. fish are recorded in fish catch of local fishermen but mostly at small size of 1030 cm in standard length with low numbers. The protected status for this species involves
banning fishing on small size.
Many species have been recorded in smaller-than-standard sizes during the survey period.
They are probably bred in the beginning of rainy season and develope in flooded areas inside
the reserve.
Observations in Tan Hung market have revealed some more species like Luciosoma bleekeri,
Leiocassis siamensis... These are also native fish of the areas. The Marble goby Oxyeleotris
marmorata, a high economic value species, is also observed in the market but in very few
numbers.
A most important large range migratory species is the Giant carp Catlocarpio siamensis that has
been observed in small size of individuals only. The area is probably one of the feeding areas
of this species in lower Mekong region.
3.2
Economic species and fishery
The fish and fishery are apprently of high importance in the area. A large part of population
makes living by fishing, almost every family does fishing, either for selling or for locally used.
Species that have been recorded in fish market are mostly native species, only a few exceptions
that some typically farmed species have been observed like the hybird Nile tilapia Oreochromis
niloticus. These species are from fish farms elsewhere, not the local region.
Commonest species are observed in the market are Anabas testudineus, Channa striata,
Macrograthus siamensis, Mastacembelus favus, Barbodes goniotus, and Monopterus albus. All of species
are sold fresh. The Macrognathus siamensis is in extremely high numbers in the market. Morulius
chrysophekadion, a classified vulnernable species in Vietnam is also observed abundant in the
market, but mostly in small size (about 10cm). Only one big fish of this species (about 40cm) is
observed. The Giant carp Catlocarpio siamensis, and endangered species in Vietnam, also exists in
the market but with very few numbers. According to local people, Giant carp has not been
observed in sizes exceeding a few kilograms. Some local people are even not aware that this
species can grow up to hundreds of kilograms.
The Henichorhynchus siamensis is one of the commonest species found both in the field and the
market. However, it is not important in the area as food fish and is observed to be sold mixed
with other small fish as food for farming snakeheads. At the time of the survey, this species
appears to be one of the commonest species get caught by gill net and trap net, together with
Paralaubuca spp.
The commonest native farmed fish in the area is the Chevron snakehead Channa striata. Other
important economic snakehead fish such as Channa micropeltes is not farmed commonly in the
area. Interviews of local people revealed that the snakehead fish is sold and transported live
while Channa micropeltes is not well survived for such transportation conditions. However there
6
is a trend to shift to farm the swamp eel Monopterus albus. This reason is related to the
establishment of the LSWR and fish protection policy that will be discussed in the next
sections. Before fish farmers also raise a species of snakehead that they call “big-lips”
snakeheads. But due to the strong cannibalism of this species when they are left hungry, local
people prefer to raise chevron snakehead again. The identification of this species, possbily a
hybrid, is to be confirmed.
There are several different fishing methods that have been used by local fishermen: weir, trap
net, gillnet, seine, hook and line, lift net. The species compostion varies depending on the
fishing method. The method that results highest number of species is trap net (Figure 2). It is a
non-selective fishing method, therefore most likely all of common mid-water surface-water
species are caught by this method, except for some very small/very large species and species
that don't move much. This method is also seems to be the highest threat to the fish fauna in
the area in terms of the long time. This issue will be discussed further in Section.
Figure 4: “Lop” a kind of fish trap to catch sneakhead
Beside Henichorhynchus siamensis, other common species get caught by gill net with mesh size
2.5cm are Osteochilus hasseltii, Pristolepis fasciata, Cycocheilichthys apogon, Mystus spp., Puntius brevis,
and Trichopterus spp. The trap net has very much similar species composition but with some
notably differences like lots of Botia spp. (seldomly seen in gill net), Acanthopsis sp. (never seen in
gill net), few Mystus spp. observed in trap net. Hook and line are mostly used to catch
snakeheads and catfish. In one small boat that is observed, lots of Mystus nemurus at the size
about 15-20cm have been caught by this method over one night. The local people also have a
trap call “lop” to catch specifically snakeheads (Figure 4). Another kind of trap is use to catch
swamp eel. However, this method is only available when the water is low, which is not at the
time the survey. Small and tiny species are collected by dip net like Trichopsis spp., Brachygobius
aggregatus, and Demorgenys pusilla. Lift nets are observed in the area but have not been used due
to the water still high. Local people also said that this method is not very effective now due to
the intensive use of trap nets leads to the reducing fish enter lift net. Lift nets are usually used
in canals with width less than 10 meters.
Introduced fish escape from farms are not observed in the collecting work during the survey
time, excepted one small tilapia Tilapia niloticus is recorded in a trap net. Whether or not other
introduced species occur in the area needs to be confirmed.
7
4
Results: Herps
4.1
Species composition
Six amphibian species of the Family Bufonidae and Family Ranidae, Order Anuraand and 17
species of reptiles from Order Squamata and Order Testudinata have been recorded during the
expedition in LSWR (Appendix II).
Except for the Common lowland Frog Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, the other amphibian species are
recorded in the field and at night time. The observation of Hoplobatrachus rugulosus is not from
the field but from the market. Of all amphibian species noted in LSWR, the Green puddle frog
Occidozya lima and Yellow-billed puddle Frog Occidozyga laevis are quite common and usually
being caught by trap net or gill net.
Of the 17 species of reptiles perceived, there are four lizard species that mostly recorded in
bushes along canals. Two species of freshwater turtles have been observed, of which the
threatened Asiatic Softshell Turtle Amyda cartiginea is usually being by-caugh by fishing
activities in the area. The most abundant reptile species observed in the survey area and the
nearby market is Striped water snake Enhydris jagori.
Only four specimens of Lygosoma quadrupes have been gathered. The number of collected
specimens is limited due to the restrained (short) survey time and (flooding) conditions.
According to the interview with local people, some species exist in the area but have not been
recorded during the survey. They are Chàm quạp, rắn Mai gầm, Rùa sen, Rùa vàng, Cần đước. The
number of these species has been greatly reduced recently compared to about ten years ago.
4.2
The value and current status of herp in the area
The value of herp does not only reflect by the number of species. Hoplobatrachus rugulosus and
nearly all snake species are used as a food source for local people.
Figure 5: Traps for Common lowland Frog Hoplobatrachus rugulosus
8
Body parts of some species with medicine value like turtle carapace has been used to make
carapace glue and the toxins from Bufo melanostictus also has been used in traditional medicine.
Because of those reasons, the herps have been hunted and sold in the local market. Among the
17 species of reptiles recorded, thirteen (and Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) have been observed being
sold in the market. Python molurus and Enhydris jagori have been raised due to their high
economic value.
5
Results: Birds
The total bird of LSWR recorded during the survey and by literature review is 76 species of 33
families and 9 orders (Appendix III). Of these 76 species, only 2 (Darter Anhinga melanogaster
and Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala) stand out as having important conservation values.
Darter and Painted Stork have been quite commonly seen in the area during the survey. These
two large water bird species require large water courses and relatively deep water levels for
their foraging activities. For these reasons, the 1999 survey, which taken place in the dry
season, did not observe the presence of these species (Buckton et al. 1999).
6
Discussions
6.1
Threats to fish fauna
Even though fishing is a highly important part contributing to the economy of the area, the
fishing productivity has been decreasing precipitously in recent years. Local people disclosed
that back in 15-20 years ago Melaleuca and fish had had been important resources in making
people in the area wealthy. At that time one family could handily catch 30-40 kg of fish per
day. Drops in price of Melaleuca and the changes in hydrology regimes have restrained the
growing capacity and quality of Melaleuca in the area, together with decreasing in fishing
productivity.
Each fishing method has different effects on the fish fauna. The trap net (“don” by local
peopel) is apparently the most popular method in the area that can lead to the threat for fish
fauna. Other fishing methods like drag-net (by boat, using very small size mesh, about 1cm),
digging net (by boat) also exist in region but not as common as the trap net method. These
also can be considered as threats to fish fauna if not managed properly. Electro-fishing is not
commonly seen in the area at present and does not appear to be a big threat. Local authority
has policy of reward payment for anyone who returns the device to them.
Due to the popularity of trap net, the threat of this fishing method on fish fauna is possibly
very high. The net is set over a few hundred meters long and blocks the movement way of
nearly all fish (because of small mesh size) and leads them to the trap. Almost all moving
species at size roughly from several centimeters up to 10cm get caught by this method.
According to local people, this fishing method has existed in the area about more than ten
years. The important note about it is that this method is run not by local people but the people
from somewhere else, mostly in Hong Ngu region, Tan Hong District. The reason for this is
because it has been forbidden in those areas, therefore those people coming to LSWR and its
vicinity to fish. Due to its efficiency in catching fish, local people also follow this method,
causing a worse situation. The trap net has been forbidden by commune authority about 5
9
years ago, but District authority has only officially forbidden this method recently. However,
during a short time of survey, trap nets are still seen nearly in every open and shallow water
bodies of the area. If not controlling properly, productivity and diversity are apparently will be
decreased further and faster in the near future.
Another important non-fishing related threat to fish fauna is the use of agro-chemicals. Due
the drop in price of Melaleuca, many local people shift to grow rice. A big threat for rice crop is
the Golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata. Farmers have tried various methods for limiting the
spread of this species, including using a high concentration of agro-chemicals that can kill the
snails even at high water levels. The intensive use of agro-chemicals started about 5-6 years ago
and has been strictly forbidden last year (2005). The long-term effects of those chemicals on
fish fauna and other aquatic organisms are to be expected.
6.2
The importance of LSWR for fish conservation and usage
The Lang Sen Wetland Reserve is established to protect the wetland landscape in the region, in
which freshwater fish is a very important factor. Fish does not only create income for local
people, but also serves as food for many water birds species and an important part in the foodchain in nature. The survival of many water birds in the area apparently depends on fish
diversity. How the decrease in fish fauna affecting birds fauna, how the toxic substances in fish
(consumed during the use of agro-chemical and possibly other kinds of chemicals also)
accumulated in higher food-chain levels like water birds in the area are poorly understood and
not studied yet. Due to the long-waiting effects of those factors, the consequences could be
only recognizable after a long time later, but controlling the use of agro-chemicals need to be
done as strictly and as soon as possible.
LSWR contributes a very important part to the fish protection of the area. The reserve is
connected to outside areas by many canals, therefore it apparently can serve as a “refuge” for
fish from the high pressure fishing activities outside. The flooded area inside the reserve is a
good habitat for feeding and growing of many species (notably the Henichorhynchus siamensis
with very high number caught by gill net) with young ones hatched from the beginning of
rainy season. Many species with small size outside the protected areas but reaching very big
size in the protected area like Channa spp., Anabas testudineus, and Pristolepis fasciata (Figure 5).
Even though these species are not endangered but they contribute a very important part to the
fishery. The reserve helps to protect them so they can reach the mature and breeding size.
All fishing activities theoretically are forbidden inside the boundary of the area. Nevertheless,
in order to get financial source to pay for newly staffed reserve and running cost, the
management board has signed contracts to fishermen, allowing them fishing at some periods
of times and some specific locations in the protected areas. Unlike other groups of wild
animals, freshwater fish is a group of natural resources with strong renewing capability and
therefore can be sustainably exploited. However, the schedule and regulations for this fishing
activity should be studied and monitored in order to assure proper exploitation.
Introduced species is not a big issue in the area, at least it is not observed during the time of
the survey. Therefore this reserve could be a potential sanctuary for native fish fauna of the
lower Mekong region. However a small area of the reserve (only about 2,000 hectares) makes it
quite a limited region in terms of “buffering” the changes of the environment in surrounding
areas. It is more likely that the changes in surrounding areas could have adverse effects on the
10
reserve. Because of this reason, environmental education is essential. Some environmental
education activities are carried out by the reserve staffs, with the support of different projects
(MWBP, CARE). Reserve staffs have run a few campaigns to convince local people around the
protected area not to fish inside LSWR. They also build a “core” group among the locals with
some senior members. These members are supposed to set the examples for other local people
on fish protection and sustainable fishing.
Figure 6: A big Pristolepis fasciata caught by gill net inside the Reserve during the survey.
Outside the reserve they are very small.
One of important activities related to fish is the support for some local people to raise swamp
eels instead of snakehead fish. Local people feed snakeheads by smaller fish they catch from
the wild (mostly by trap net and gill net). People who raise snakehead but do not do fishing
then buy fish from other fishermen. These foodfish for snakeheads are also observed to be
sold in the market. Snakehead is aggressive and carnivorous species and obviously they
consume a big proportion of small fish, therefore indirectly lead to the decrease of other fish
species due to the high demand on small fishes used as diet for them. The snakeheads are of
course can be fed by artificial diet, but local people prefer using fresh and wild-caught small
fish in the area to reduce cost in snakehead farming. With high value on market, swamp eel
could to be a good “candidate” to replace snakeheads in fish farming, and they do not eat
other fish. This program just has been started with small scale and at pilot level, if successful it
can contribute a meaningful factor to reduce the pressure on non-selective fishing of small fish
to provide food for snakeheads.
The projects also support people to raise pigs for income instead of fishing.
6.3
Threats to herp fauna
Hunting herps local consumption and selling may be the major threat to the LSWR’s herp
fauna. More..................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................
11
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Figure 7: Herps sold Tan Hung market, 7km from LSWR
7
Conclusions
Despite the short time survey, the results show that LSWR has relatively diversified herp and
bird species composition and a great diversity of fish fauna.
The abundant of fish fauna is both in terms of species composition and quantities and typically
the Mekong basin fauna. The number of species is expected to be much higher. The Giant
carp, one of the flagship species of the Mekong region, is also recorded in the area. Some rare
species also exist, making the area even more important to the fish biodiversity.
12
The survey is carried out during the flood season and it is seen that the area is important for
the development of many species because the young ones hatching in the begining of rainy
season are recorded with large quantities inside flooded areas of the reserve. However in order
to make the appropriate comparisons and to see how important LSWR to fish diversity and
fishery of the region, the survey on fishery on adjacent areas is needed. This can be done by
reserve staffs after a short training by consultants and related institutional personnels.
Unlike other groups of wild animals, fish resources can be exploited if it is done in a
sustainable manner. How, when, where and what species are exploited needs a long-term
study, which can not be accomplished and evaluated in a few days survey. It is suggested that
this study and monitoring work should be left for staffs of the area through project activities.
The fishing activities in some periods of time in the reserve that is approved by management
board needs a scientific study and monitoring. Suggestions for changing and modifications of
this activity based on scientific studies could be very useful for the management board to help
them manage the area better to secure the fish resources.
Due to a great importance of freshwater fish in a wetland reserve, the staffs should have skills
to carry out themselves and basic study, and more importantly, monitoring some important
species like Catlocarpio siamensis, Micronema spp... in order to help understand better the ecology
of those species and to help protect them. Training for them and providing them some decent
equipments for fish study is suggested. Local fishermen also should be involved in these
activities to help them understand better the importance of the reserve in terms of securing the
fish resources for local people.
Different from terrestial habitats, aquatic habitat is more or less a whole entity. Any changes in
unprotected areas around the reserve that can cause adverse effects on fish is more likely also
affecting the habitat inside the area, especially water pollution. LSWR is a very small area in a
vast wetland landscape of the lower Mekong river. It is therefore more vulnerable to changes
in the environment of the surrounding areas. Because of this, the protection of the area only is
clearly not enough. Environmental education activitites, sustainable fishing experiences,
environmetal friendly income generation... are critical to help protecting the area. This group
of activities are needed to be carried out as much as possible. There are some activities related
to these being taken place. However, it needs more attention, investment and personnel. From
fish and fishery aspects, the protection of LSWR should be looked from a sustainable
management view rather than the in situ protection view.
Many reptile species have been seen being used as medicine source. Generally herp species
diversity and the number of individuals have greatly reduced compared to 10 years ago.
Catching and marketing herps are quite common in the area. More ................................................
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References
Buckton, S., N. Cu, N. D. Tu, and H. Q. Quynh. 1999. The Conservation of key wetland sites in the
Mekong Delta. BirdLife Vietnam, HCMC.
Đào Văn Tiến. 1977. Khóa định loại ếch nhái Việt Nam. Tạp chí Sinh vật học 5:33-40.
Đào Văn Tiến. 1979. Khóa định loại thằn lằn Việt Nam. Tạp chí Sinh vật học 2:2-10.
Đào Văn Tiến. 1981. Khóa định loại rắn Việt Nam. Tạp chí Sinh vật học 11:1-17.
Inskipp, T., N. Lindsey, and W. Duckworth 1996. An Annotated Checklist of the Birds of the
Oriental Region. Oriental Bird Club, Bedfordshire.
Mai Đình Yên, et al. 1992. Identification of freshwater fishes of Southern Vietnam. Science and
Techniques Publishing House, HCMC.
Nguyễn Văn Sáng, Hồ Thu Cúc, and Nguyễn Quang Trường 2005. Danh lục ếch nhái và bò sát Việt
Nam. Nhà xuất bản Nông Nghiệp., Hà Nội.
Poulsen, A., et al. 2004. Distributions and ecology of some important fish species in Lower
Mekong. MRC.
Rainboth, W. 1996. Fishes of The Cambodian Mekong. FAO.
14
Appendix 1
List of fish species recorded in LSWR
Scientific names used here follow the system in Fishes of Cambodian Mekong by
Walter J. Rainboth (1996). The synonyms in square brackets from Fresh water fishes
of Southern Vietnam (Mai Dinh Yen et al., 1992) are included for comparisons.
Species without second Latin names in parenthese are either have the same names used
in the Vietnamese book and this report or not available in the Vietnamese book. The
comparisons of names are based on the description of species in the book and
specimens examined, therefore it maybe not accurate. The local names recorded during
the survey are basically the same like Vietnamese names used in the Vietnamese book,
otherwised will be mentioned. Vietnamese names of fish, when available, are provided
for references.
OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES
Family Notopteridae
1. Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1780) [Notopterus notopterus] – Cá thát lát
2.
Chitala cf. ornata (Gray, 1831) [Notopterus chitala] – Cá còm (cá nàng hai)
Note: interview.
CLUPEIFORMES
Clupeidae
3. Corica laciniata Fowler, 1935 – Cá cơm
4. Clupeoides borneensis Bleeker, 1851 – Cá cơm trích
CYPRINIFORMES
Cyprinidae
5. Paralaubuca typus Bleeker, 1865 – Cá thiểu mẫu
6. Paralaubuca riveroi Fowler, 1935 – Cá thiểu nam
7. Parachela siamensis (Gunther, 1868)
8. Esomus metallicus Ahl, 1924 – Cá lòng tong sắt
9. Luciosoma bleekeri Steindachner, 1879 – Cá lòng tong mương
10. Leptobarbus hoevenii (Bleeker, 1851) – Cá chài
11. Rasbora dusonensis (Bleeker, 1851) [Rasbora argyrotaenia ?] - Cá lòng tong
đá
12. Rasbora borapetensis Smith, 1934 – Cá đỏ đuôi
13. Rasbora trilineata Steindachner, 1870 – Cá lòng tong sọc
14. Rasbora paviei (Tirant, 1885) [Rasbora lateristriata] – Cá lòng tong vạch
15. Rasbora cf. urophthalmoides Kottenlat, 1991
Note: interview
16. Cyclocheilichthys apogon (Valenciennes, 1842) – Cá cóc đậm
Note: the local people call this species “cá ba kỳ”, which in Vietnamese book
refers to Cyclocheilichthys repasson.
17. Cyclocheilichthys sp.
18. Cosmochilus sp.
19. Puntioplites proctozysron (Bleeker, 1865) – Cá dảnh
20. Barbodes altus (Gunther, 1868) [Puntius altus] - Cá he vàng
21. Barbodes goniotus (Bleeker, 1850) [Puntius goniotus] - Cá mè vinh (trà vinh)
22. Hypsibarbus sp.
23. Hypsibarbus cf. suvatti Rainboth, 1996
24. Poropuntius sp.
25. Hampala macrolepidota Smith, 1934 – Cá ngựa nam
26. Puntius brevis (Bleeker, 1860) [Puntius leiacanthus] – Cá dầm (cá dầm đất, mè
đất)
27. Catlocarpio siamensis Boulenger, 1898 – Cá hô
28. Dangila lineata (Sauvage, 1878) [Labiobarbus lineatus] – Cá linh tía
29. Dangila spilopleura Smith, 1934 [Labiobarbus spilopleura] – Cá linh rìa
30. Henicorhynchus siamensis deBeaufort, 1927 [Cirrhinus jullieni] - Cá linh ống
31. Morulius chrysophekadion (Bleeker, 1850) – Cá ét mọi
32. Osteochilus hasseltii (Valenciennes, 1842) – Cá mè lúi
33. Osteochilus lini Fowler, 1935 – Cá đỏ kỳ
34. Osteochilus melanopleurus (Bleeker, 1852) [Osteochilus melanopleura] – Cá
mè hôi
35. Crossocheilus reticulatus (Fowler, 1934) [Epalzeorhynchos coatesi] – Cá nút
36. Lobocheilus sp. (rhabdoura ?)
Cobitidae
37. Botia modesta Bleeker, 1865 – Cá heo vạch
Note: the description in Vietnamese book are based on small specimens (maximum SL=5cm),
therefore they all have small bars.
38. Botia helodes Sauvage, 1876 [Botia hymenophysa] – Cá heo rừng
39. Botia lecontei Fowler, 1937
40. Botia sp.
41. Acanthopsis sp. (Acanthopsis choirorhynchos) – Cá khoai (local name)
SILURIFORMES
Bagridae
42. Leiocassis siamensis Regan, 1913 – Cá chốt bông
43. Mystus nemurus (Valenciennes, 1839)
Note: based on description in the Vietnamese book, the name Mystus nemurus in the book is
probably the description of Mystus wyckioides (Fishbase name: Hemibagrus wyckioides).
Therefore the common name “cá lăng nha” is probably should be refered to the M.wyckioides.
This common name also has been used in Dong Nai river area for the same species.
44. Mystus albolineatus Roberts, 1994 [possibly Mystus cavasius] – Cá chốt ngựa.
45. Mystus mysticetus Roberts, 1992 [Mystus vittatus] – Cá chốt sọc
46. Mystus rhegma Fowler, 1935 – Cá chốt vạch
47. Mystus gulio (Hamilton, 1822) – Cá chốt
48. Mystus sp.
Note: The identification of genus Mystus may need more specimens to confirm and make
comparisons for the Vietnamese common names applied to different species.
Siluridae
49. Micronema micronema (Bleeker, 1846)
50. Micronema bleekeri (Gunther, 1864) – Cá trèn thước
Note: The local name “cá kết” is possibly applied for both species of genus Micronema.
51. Wallago attu (Schneider, 1801) – Cá leo
52. Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch, 1797) – Cá trèn bầu
53. Kryptopterus cryptopterus (Bleeker, 1851) – Cá trèn đá
54. Belodontichthys dinema (Bleeker, 1851) [Wallgo dinema] – Cá trèn răng
Pangasiidae
55. Pagasius bocourti Sauvage, 1880 – Cá ba sa
56. Pangasius siamensis Steindachner, 1879 – Cá sát xiêm
Clariidae
57. Clarias macrocephalus Gunther, 1864 – Cá trê vàng
58. Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Cá trê trắng
BELONIFORMES
Belonidae
59. Xenentodon cancila (Hamilton, 1822) – Cá nhái
Hemiramphidae
60. Dermogenys pusilla van Hasselt, 1823 – Cá lìm kìm ao
Adrianichthyidae
61. Oryzias sp. (observed)
SYNBRANCHIFORMES
Synbranchidae
62. Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793) [Fluta alba] - Lươn
Chaudhuriidae
63. Chaudhuria caudata Annandale, 1918
Mastacembelidae
64. Mastacembelus favus Hora, 1923 (Mastacembelus armatus favus) – Cá chạch
bông
65. Mastacembelus cf. erythrotaenia Bleeker, 1870
66. Macrognathus taeniagaster (Fowler, 1935) – Cá chạch rằn
67. Macrognathus siamensis (Gunther, 1861) – Cá chạch lá tre
68. Macrognathus semiocellatus Roberts, 1986
PERCIFORMES
Chandidae
69. Pseudambassis notatus (Blyth, 1860) [Chanda siamensis] – Cá sơn xiêm
Nandidae
70. Nandus nandus (Hamilton, 1822) – Cá sặc vện
71. Pristolepis fasciata (Bleeker, 1851) – Cá rô biển
Cichlidae
72. Tilapia niloticus (Linnaeus, 1757) – Cá rô phi
Note: introduced
Eleotridae
73. Oxyeleotris marmorata (Bleeker, 1852) – Cá bống tượng
Gobiidae
74. Brachygobius aggregatus Herre, 1940
Anabantidae
75. Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792) – Cá rô đồng
Belontiidae
76. Betta splendens Regan, 1909 – Cá thia xiêm
77. Trichogaster microlepis (Gunther, 1861) – Cá sặc điệp
78. Trichogaster trichopterus (Pallas, 1770) – Cá sặc bướm
79. Trichopsis pumila (Arnold, 1937)
80. Trichopsis vittata (Cuvier, 1831) – Cá bãi trầu
Channidae
81. Channa lucius (Cuvier, 1831) [Ophicephalus lucius] – Cá tràu dầy
82. Channa micropeltes (Cuvier, 1831) [Ophicephalus micropeltes] – Cá lóc bông
83. Channa striata (Bloch, 1795) [Ophicephalus striatus] – Cá lóc (tràu)
PLEURONECTIFORMES
Cynoglossidae
84. Cynoglossus microlepis (Bleeker, 1851)
TETRAODONTIFORMES
Tetraodontidae
85. Monotreta cambodgiensis (Chabanaud, 1923) [Tetrodon leiurus] – Cá nóc dài
86. Monotreta fangi (Pellegrin and Chevey, 1940)
Appendix II
List of herp species recorded in LSWR
No. Scientific name
Class Amphibia
Order Anura
Family Bufonidae
1
Bufo melanostictus Schneider 1799.
Họ Ranidae
Vietnamese name
English name
Lưỡng cư
Amphibian
Bộ Ếch nhảy, ếch không
đuôi
Họ Cóc
Cóc nhà
Asian common toad
Họ ếch nhái
2
Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (Wiegmann, 1835)
Ếch đồng
Common lowland frog
3
Limnonectes limnocharis (Boie, 1834)
Ngóe
Grass frog, rice frog
4
Occidozyga laevis (Gunther, 1859 “1858”)
Cóc nước nhẵn
Yellow-bellied puddle frog
5
Occidozyga lima (Gravenhorst, 1829)
Cóc nước sần, ngóe bèo
Green puddle frog
6
Rana erythraea (Schlegel, 1837)
Chàng xanh
Green paddy frog
Vietnamese name
English name
No. Scientific name
Lớp Reptilia
1
Bộ Squamata
Bộ có vẩy
Họ Gekkonidae
Họ Tắc kè
Hemidactylus frenatus Schelegel, in Dumeril et
Bibron, 1836
Họ Agamidae
2
Lớp bò sát
Calotes versicolor (Daudin, 1802)
Họ Scincidae
Thạch sùng đuôi sần
Spiny-tailed house gecko
Họ Nhông
Nhông xanh
Garden fence lizard
Họ Thằn lằn bóng
3
Mabuya sp.
Thằn lằn bóng
4
Lygosoma quadrupes (Linnaeus, 1766)
Thằn lằn chân ngắn
Short-limbed supple skink
Rắn trun, rắn hai đầu
Red-taileed pipe snake
Họ Uropeltidae
5
Cylindrophis ruffus (Laurenti, 1768)
No. Scientific name
Họ Boidae
6
Python molurus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Họ Collubridae
Vietnamese name
English name
Họ Trăn
Pythons
Trăn đất
Burmese python
Họ rắn nước
Colubrid snake
7
Dendrelaphis pictus (Gmelin, 1789)
Rắn leo cây
Common bronzeback snake
8
Elaphe flavolineata (Schlegel, 1837)
Rắn hổ ngựa
Black copper rat snake
9
Enhydris bocourti (Jan, 1856)
Rắn ri voi
Bocourt’s water snake
10
Enhydrid enhydris (Schneider, 1799)
Rắn bông súng
Rainbow water snake
11
Enhydris jagori (Peter, 1836)
Rắn bù lịch, bù quạp
Striped water snake
12
Erpeton tentaculatum Lacépède, 1800
Rắn râu
Tentaculed snake
13
Xenochrophis piscator (Schneider, 1799)
Rắn nước
Checkered keelback
14
Amphiesma stolata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Rắn sãi thường
Striped keelback
Họ Viperidae
15
Trimeresurus albolaris Gray, 1842
Bộ Testudinata
Họ Emydidae
16
Cuora amboinensis (Daudin, 1802)
Họ Trionychidae
17
Amyda cartiginea (Boddaert, 1770)
Họ rắn lục
Rắn lục mép trắng
White-lipped pit viper
Bộ rùa
Họ rùa dầm
Rùa nắp lưng đen
Malayan box turtle
Họ ba ba
Cua đinh
Asiatic softshell turtle
Appendix III
List of bird species recorded in LSWR
Nomenclature and order follow Inskipp et al. (1996).
Conservation status:
- Vietnam Red Data Book: R: nationally rare species
- IUCN Redlist 2006: LR: globally near-threatened (low risk)
- CITES Convention: Appendix II
Scientific name
Common name
Vietnam
Red
Data
Book
IUCN
Red
List
CITES
ANSERIFORMES
Dendrocygnidae
1
Dendrocygna javanica
Lesser Whistling-duck - Le nâu
Anatidae
2
Anas poecilorhyncha
Spot-billed Duck - Vịt trời
3
Anas querquedula
Garganey - Mồng két mày trắng
TURNICIFORMES
Turnicidae
4
Turnix tanki
Yellow-legged Buttonquail - Cun cút lưng hung
CORACIIFORMES
Alcedinidae
5
Alcedo atthis
Common Kingfisher - Bồng chanh, Chài chài
6
Alcedo meninting
Blue-eared Kingfisher - Bồng chanh tai xanh
Halcyonidae
7
Halcyon smyrnensis
White-throated Kingfisher - Sả đầu nâu
8
Todiramphus chloris
Collared Kingfisher - Sả khoang cổ, Chẽo chẹt
Cerylidae
9
Ceryle rudis
Pied Kingfisher - Bói cá nhỏ
Meropidae
10
Merops orientalis
Green Bee-eater - Trảu đầu hung
11
Merops philippinus
Blue-tailed Bee-eater - Trảu họng vàng
CUCULIFORMES
Cuculidae
12
Cacomantis merulinus
Plaintive Cuckoo - Tìm vịt
13
Eudynamys scolopacea
Asian Koel - Tu hú
14
Phaenicophaeus tristis
Green-billed Malkoha - Phướn, Coọc
Centropodidae
15
Centropus sinensis
Greater Coucal - Bìm bịp lớn
16
Centropus bengalensis
Lesser Coucal - Bìm bịp nhỏ
STRIGIFORMES
Caprimulgidae
17
Caprimulgus macrurus
Large-tailed Nightjar - Cú muỗi đuôi dài, Chim ục
COLUMBIFORMES
Columbidae
18
Streptopelia chinensis
Spotted Dove - Cu gáy, Cu đất
19
Streptopelia tranquebarica
Red Collared Dove - Cu ngói
20
Treron vernans
Pink-necked Green Pigeon - Cu xanh đầu xám
GRUIFORMES
App. II
Scientific name
Common name
Vietnam
Red
Data
Book
IUCN
Red
List
Rallidae
21
Amaurornis phoenicurus
White-breasted Waterhen - Cuốc ngực trắng
22
Porzana fusca
Ruddy-breasted Crake - Cuốc ngực nâu
23
Gallicrex cinerea
Watercock - Gà đồng, Cúm núm
24
Gallinula chloropus
Common Moorhen - Kịch, Trích ré
CICONIIFORMES
Jacanidae
25
Hydrophasianus chirurgus
Pheasant-tailed Jacana - Gà lôi nước
Charadriidae
26
Vanellus indicus
Red-wattled Lapwing - Te vặt
Glareolidae
27
Glareola maldivarum
Oriental Pratincole - Dô nách nâu, Óc cau
Accipitridae
28
Elanus caeruleus
Black-shouldered Kite - Diều trắng
Podicipedidae
29
Tachybaptus ruficollis
Little Grebe - Le hôi
Anhingidae
30
Anhinga melanogaster
LR
Darter - Cổ rắn, Điêng điểng
Phalacrocoracidae
31
Phalacrocorax niger
Little Cormorant - Cốc đen, Còng cọc
Ardeidae
32
Egretta garzetta
Little Egret - Cò trắng
33
Ardea cinerea
Grey Heron - Diệc xám
34
Ardea purpurea
Purple Heron - Diệc lửa
35
Casmerodius albus
Great Egret - Cò ngàng lớn
36
Mesophoyx intermedia
Intermediate Egret - Cò ngàng nhỏ
37
Bubulcus ibis
Cattle Egret - Cò ruồi
38
Ardeola bacchus
Chinese Pond Heron - Cò bợ
39
Ardeola speciosa
Javan Pond Heron - Cò bợ Java
40
Butorides striatus
Little Heron - Cò xanh
41
Ixobrychus sinensis
Yellow Bittern - Cò lửa lùn
42
Ixobrychus cinnamomeus
Cinnamon Bittern - Cò lửa
43
Dupetor flavicollis
Black Bittern - Cò hương
Ciconiidae
44
Mycteria leucocephala
Painted Stork - Cò lạo Ấn Độ, Giang sen
PASSERIFORMES
Pardalotidae
45
Gerygone sulphurea
Golden-bellied Gerygone - Chích bụng vàng
Laniidae
46
Lanius cristatus
Brown Shrike - Bách thanh mày trắng
Corvidae
47
Crypsirina temia
Racket-tailed Treepie - Chim khách
48
Rhipidura javanica
Pied Fantail - Rẻ quạt Java
49
Dicrurus macrocercus
Black Drongo - Chèo bẻo
50
Aegithina tiphia
Common Iora - Chim nghệ ngực vàng
Muscicapidae
51
Copsychus saularis
Oriental Magpie Robin - Chích chòe, Chích chòe than
52
Saxicola caprata
Pied Bushchat - Sẻ bụi đen
Sturnidae
53
Sturnus burmannicus
Vinous-breasted Starling - Sáo sậu đầu trắng
Hirundinidae
54
Riparia riparia
Sand Martin - Nhạn nâu xám
55
Hirundo rustica
Barn Swallow - Nhạn bụng trắng
56
Hirundo daurica
Red-rumped Swallow - Nhạn bụng xám
R
LR
CITES
Scientific name
Common name
Pycnonotidae
57
58
Pycnonotus goiavier
Yellow-vented Bulbul - Bông lau mày trắng
Pycnonotus blanfordi
Streak-eared Bulbul - Bông lau tai vằn
Cisticolidae
59
Cisticola juncidis
Zitting Cisticola - Chiền chiện đồng hung
60
Prinia flaviventris
Yellow-bellied Prinia - Chiền chiện bụng vàng
61
Prinia inornata
Plain Prinia - Chiền chiện bụng hung
Zosteropidae
62
Zosterops palpebrosus
Oriental White-eye - Vành khuyên họng vàng
Sylviidae
63
Acrocephalus bistrigiceps
Black-browed Reed Warbler - Chích đầu nhọn mày đen
64
Acrocephalus orientalis
Oriental Reed Warbler - Chích đầu nhọn Phương Đông
65
Orthotomus sutorius
Common Tailorbird - Chích đuôi dài
66
Orthotomus atrogularis
Dark-necked Tailorbird - Chích bông cánh vàng
67
Megalurus palustris
Striated Grassbird - Chiền chiện lớn
68
Macronous gularis
Striped Tit Babbler - Chích chạch má vàng
Nectariniidae
69
Dicaeum cruentatum
Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker - Chim sâu lưng đỏ
70
Anthreptes malacensis
Brown-throated Sunbird - Hút mật họng nâu
71
Nectarinia jugularis
Olive-backed Sunbird - Hút mật họng tím
Passeridae
72
Passer montanus
Eurasian Tree Sparrow - Sẻ
73
Motacilla flava
Yellow Wagtail - Chìa vôi vàng
74
Anthus rufulus
Paddyfield Pipit -
75
Ploceus philippinus
Baya Weaver - Rồng rộc
76
Lonchura punctulata
Scaly-breasted Munia - Di đá
Vietnam
Red
Data
Book
IUCN
Red
List
CITES
Annex 3. Photos of some fish specimens collected in LSWR
All photos taken by Bui Huu Manh
Notopterus notopterus 0050
Esomus metallicus 0611, SL: 3.8cm
Clupeoides borneensis 0460
Leptobarbus hoevenii, juvenile 0423, SL: 10.5cm
Corica lacciniata 0477, SL: 3.6cm
Rasbora borapetensis 0892, SL: 2.7cm
Paralaubuca typus 0467, SL: 6.3cm
Rasbora paviei 0831, SL: 4.2cm
Paralaubuca riveroi 0073, SL: 6.5cm
Rasbora dusonensis 0450, SL: 7.4cm
Rasbora trilineata 0121, SL: 3.4cm
Cosmochilus sp. 0409, SL: 10.4cm
Cyclocheilichthys sp. 0942, SL: 12.4cm
Barbodes altus 0421, SL: 6.4cm
Poropuntius sp. 0220, SL: 5.7cm
Puntioplites proctozysron 0222, SL: 7.2cm
Hampala macrolepidota 0143, SL: 5.5cm
Cyclocheilichthys apogon 0063, SL: 8.2cm
Hampala macrolepidota 0618, young one, SL: 3.2cm
Catlocarpio siamensis 0429, SL: 10.3cm
Puntius brevis 0088, SL: 5.7cm
Dangila lineata 0416, SL:
Puntius brevis (?) 0102, SL: 4.5cm
Dangila spilopleura 0931, SL: 4.8cm
Barbodes goniotus 0245, SL: 11cm
Henicorhynchus siamensis 0107, SL: 7.5cm
Hypsibarbus suvatti 0412, SL: 8.3cm
Lobocheilos sp. (rhabdoura ?) 0259, SL: 5.7cm
Morulius chrysophekadion 0251, SL: 7.8cm
Osteochilus hasseltii 0075, SL: 9.8cm
Botia helodes 0068, SL: 7cm
Botia modesta 0642, SL:
Botia cf. modesta (young one) 0260, SL: 4.9cm
Osteochilus melanopleurus 0626, SL: 8cm
Ostheochilus lini 0959, SL: 6..2cm
Crossocheilus reticulatus 0249, SL: 5.2cm
Botia lecontei 0636, SL:
Mystus nemurus 0097, SL: 6cm
Mystus albolineatus 0614, SL: 10.5cm
Botia sp. (similar to B.modesta but with black spots on
dorsal and caudal fins, clearer when the fish grows larger),
SL of smallest specimen: 4.7cm (0918)
Mystus singaringan 0057, SL: 5cm
Acanthopsis sp. 0216, SL: 7.5cm
Mystus rhegma 0651, SL: 6.8cm
Leiocassis siamensis 0966, SL: 12.1cm
Mystus mysticetus 0645, SL: 7.5cm
Mystus gulio 0657, SL: 5.8cm
Ompok bimaculatus 0126, SL: 12.5cm
Mystus cf. gulio 0463, SL: 5.1cm
Wallago attu 0043, SL: 24cm
Belodontichthys dinema 0435, SL: 15.2cm
Pangasius bocourti 0044, SL: 19.1cm
Kryptopterus cryptopterus 0473, SL: 7cm
Micronema micronema 0042, SL: 29cm
Pangasius siamensis 0231, SL: 5.8cm
Clarias macrocephalus 0440, SL: 7.8 cm
Micronema bleekeri 0933, SL: 15.8cm
Clarias batrachus 0446, SL: 8.6cm
Xenentodon cancila 0738, SL: 13cm
Macrognathus semiocellatus 0267, SL: 15cm
Dermogenys pusilla 0806, SL:
Mastacembelus favus 0046, SL: 22cm
Mastacemblus cf. erythrotaenia , juvenile?, SL: 9.6cm
(0748)
Monopterus albus 0272, SL: 25cm
Pseudambassis notatus 0621, SL: 3cm
Chaudhuria caudata 0886, SL: 3cm
Macrognathus siamensis 0052, SL: 10.2cm
Nandus nandus 0134, SL: 5cm
Macrognathus taeniagaster 0084, SL: 9.5cm
Trichogaster microlepis 0113, SL: 7.3cm
Pristolepis fasciata 0090, SL: 5cm
Trichopsis vittata 0268, SL: 4cm
Oreochromis niloticus 0145, SL: 6cm
Trichopsis pumila 0486, SL: 2.4cm
Brachygobius aggregatus 0814, SL: 1.7cm
Anabas testudineus 0085, SL: 5cm
Trichogaster trichopterus 0133, SL: 5cm
Betta splendens 0897, SL: 2.4cm
Channa micropeltes, juvenile 0481, SL:
Channa striata, juvenile 0902, SL: 6.6cm
Monotreta fangi 0079, SL: 3.5cm
Monotreta cf. cambodgiensis 0785, SL:
Annex II: Photos of some herp species recorded in LSWR
Bufo melanostictus
Hoplobatrachus rugulosus
Occidozyga laevis
Limnonectes limnocharis
Occidozyga lima
Rana erythraea
Lygosoma quadrupes
Photo: Bùi Hữu Mạnh
Calotes versicolor
Mabuya sp.
Cylindrophis ruffus
Python molurus
Elaphe flavolineata
Enhydrid enhydris
Enhydris bocourti
Enhydris jagori
Xenochrophis piscator
Erpeton tentaculatum
Cuora amboinensis
Amyda cartiginea
Annex III. Notes on fish photography
This part of writing is provided in order to help readers understanding better the possbile
changes of fish coloration in photos included in this report. The adjustment of these photos
on computer is based on case-by-case with the highest priority of preserving the original
coloration of the fish, at least at the time the photo is taken.
All fish photos in Annex 3 are specimens collected during this survey. Due the importance of
coloration in fish identification, the specimens are required to be photo-taken as fresh as
possible. Taking photos of fish specimens is not very easy due to the material is “wet”. Fish
illustrations in this document are photo-taken by a method that is observed to be used by
T.Roberts, but with much more simplification. The method that T.Roberts uses requires a
right time in the day with non-flashed photo-taking to eliminate shadows.
Due to the time limit of the survey and the high number of specimens, all photos are taken at
late in the afternoon (when natural light is not enough) or at night time, therefore flash is
forced to be used. The disadvantage of using flash is the potential of reflecting from fish
scales. However because specimens are photo-taken while immersed in the water, this effects
can be reduced. The reflect is more likely to come out from water surface and can be cropped
out, unless they are right on the fish, but in this case, the photo is un-usable anyway. Only a
few species with very bright, shining scales can result a bad reflex in photos. The advantage of
using flash is that the light is fully under control, not depending on ambient light. No specific
equipments neither external flash are used in these photos. All photos are taken by the Fuji
FinePix S9500 with built-in flash. Because of these, shadows are inavoidable in those photos.
The main purpose of the photos included here are to help recognizing the species in an
easiest way (through color photos, also to let other fish specialists to recognize possible
wrong identifications in this report if any), therefore shadows in photos is secondary factor in
this case. In some cases, a free and Open Source graphic software GIMP is used to remove
the “bad” background of the photos and replace by a different one. This is actually can be
done for all illustrations to remove the shadows of all photos. However, it is very timeconsuming therefore not done yet. The color of the background is not the same in these
photos because they are selected to best match the original background. The reason for this is
that the fins of many species are transparent or semi-transparent, therefore they reflect partly
the color of the background. Even though color of the background is the same (white) in
most of photos, they are changed to different color after the adjustment of photos (only
brightness and contrast, to best preserve the coloration of fish), thus leads to the different
background after adjustment. If the same background (like blue, many fish photographers
prefer this color) is applied, then the fins of many species look un-natural because they don't
match the color on the fins with original background (which is changed after the adjustment
of the photos to best reveal the coloration).
Some species haven't been examined when they are fresh, therefore only photos of specimens
in formaldehyde are available. Photos of some species are not available because specimens are
not collected or the specimens are so bad that make it's not worth to take photos.
Mekong Wetlands Biodiversity
Conservation and Sustainable Use Programme
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