Publieksonderzoek 70 Jaar Vrijheid

Publieksonderzoek 70 Jaar Vrijheid
Public Opinion Poll 70 Years Freedom
June 2015
Paulina Schmitz
Table of contents
Background information
Objective
Report structure
Project management
3
3
3
3
Methodology
Survey design
Survey administration
Representativeness
4
4
4
4
Part 1 - Sample characteristics
Channels
Age and gender
Nationality
5
6
7
8
Part 2 - General analysis
Positioning World War II
Organizations
Websites
Sites
Perceived knowledge and interest
Channels
9
10
12
13
14
15
16
Part 3 - Focused analysis: Liberation Route Europe
Awareness
Website
Interest
Getting to know more about LRE
Going on a tour
Motivations
Disincentives
18
19
21
22
23
24
25
27
Appendix
Paper questionnaire
29
30
2
Background information
Objective
This report presents the results of the survey “Publieksonderzoek 70 Jaar Vrijheid / Public Opinion Poll 70 Years
Freedom” that was commissioned by the Foundation Liberation Route Europe, De Gelderlander and the
Foundation Musea en Herinneringscentra 40-45. Within the scope of the 70th anniversary of the liberation of the
Netherlands in May 2015, De Gelderlander took the initiative to publish the special newspaper supplement “70
Jaar Vrijheid”, focusing on the meaning of commemoration and freedom in the past and in the present.
This special newspaper supplement formed the initial stage for performing a survey within this theme. The
objective of this survey is to learn more about people’s perceptions and behaviors related to 70 years liberation,
freedom and remembrance of the Second World War in general.
Report structure
At the beginning of this report a brief overview of the methodology will explain the survey design, administration
procedures and a word of caution on representativeness of the results.
In the first chapter an assessment of the sample characteristics is provided. The second chapter of the report
analyzes the results of the questions used in the questionnaire one by one. The third chapter specifically
addresses the Liberation Route Europe.
Apart from graphs that visiualize the quantitative results and tables that compare means of different variables, each
section ends with a set of key points that summarize the most important information derived from the data.
Project management
This research project is unique in the form it was organized and supported. It is presented by Paulina Schmitz,
MSc student in Leisure, Tourism and Environment at Wageningen University and research trainee at Bureau
BUITEN and Liberation Route Europe Foundation. The survey was composed and executed in cooperation with
De Gelderlander and the Foundation Musea en Herinneringscentra 40-45, and supported and supervised by
Wageningen University, Bureau BUITEN and Liberation Route Europe.
Involved in the management of the project were:
Anne Nijtmans
Coordinator Specials De Gelderlander
[email protected]
Max Meijer
Project secretaris Stichting Musea en Herinneringscentra 40-45
[email protected]
Peter Kruk
Project Manager Liberation Route Europe
[email protected]
Paulina Schmitz
Research Trainee at Bureau BUITEN and Liberation Route Europe
MSc Leisure, Tourism & Environment, Wageningen University
[email protected]
Anneke van Mispelaar
Senior Advisor BUITEN, Bureau voor Economie en Omgeving
[email protected]
3
Methodology
Survey design
The research instrument that was used for this survey is a self-completion questionnaire. The questionnaire was
designed in English and translated into Dutch. The Dutch paper version of the questionnaire can be found in the
appendix. It addresses the following variables:
Interest in history
Importance of keeping the remembrance of World War II alive
Importance of commemorating victims of World War II
Importance of the next generation learning about World War II
Importance of celebrating freedom
Interest in getting to know more about World War II in the free time
Knowledge of selected organizations that are related to World War II
Knowledge of selected websites that are related to World War II
Frequency of visits to selected sites that are related to World War II
Perceived knowledge about World War II
Relevance of channels contributing to knowledge about World War II
Interest in getting to know more about World War II
Interest in the Liberation Route Europe
Location of vacations
Composition of nationalities in personal circle of friends
Gender
Age
Education
Nationality
Province of residence
Channel to access the survey
Opinion about the newspaper supplement “70 Jaar Vrijheid”
Survey administration
The Dutch questionnaire was printed in the newspaper supplement “70 Jaar Vrijheid” that appeared on Saturday 2
May 2015 in the newspapers De Gelderlander, De Gelderlander, De Stentor, De Twentse Courant Tubantia,
BN/De Stem, Eindhovens Dagblad,and Brabants Dagblad. In total, the supplement was printed 650.000 times.
To minimize the time consuming effort of manually digitalizing data from paper questionnaires, respondents were
encouraged to fill in the survey online via the websites of the respective newspapers. The online version of the
survey contained the same questions as the printed version. Moreover, the link to the survey was shared on the
social media platforms Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn by the different partners. By participating in the online
survey, the respondents had the chance to win one out of four parachute jumps organized by the Liberation Route
Europe Foundation.
Filling in the questionnaire on paper and sending it back by post to the LRE Foundation was also still possible,
whereby postal costs had to be covered by the respondent. This strategy aimed at minimizing postal responses
and maximizing online responses while at the same time not excluding respondents who are not familiar enough
with the internet.
T he sur veywas open for respondents from 1 till 17 May 2015.
Representativeness
As a direct consequence of the sampling procedure caution has to be advised regarding the representativeness of
the results of this survey. The sampling frame, meaning the collection of people that have been approached for
this survey, consists of people who read the aforementioned newspapers and are connected to the
aforementioned online media platforms. As this sampling frame cannot be hold representative for the Dutch
population, representativeness for the whole population cannot be claimed.
The results of this survey may however give an indication of possible patterns and trends that offer valuable
information to the organizations involved.
4
Part 1
Sample characteristics
Channels
How did you get to know about this survey?
Answer
Bar
Response
%
Newspaper
780
59.6%
Facebook
297
22.7%
Website of a newspaper
131
10.0%
Other:
29
2.2%
E-mail
18
1.4%
Word of mouth
17
1.3%
Twitter
17
1.3%
Other website:
14
1.1%
Website www.bureaubuiten.nl
4
0.3%
LinkedIn
2
0.2%
1309
100.0%
Total
What province do you live in?
Answer
Bar
Response
%
Gelderland
577
42.6%
Noord-Brabant
448
33.0%
Overijssel
133
9.8%
Zuid-Holland
55
4.1%
Noord-Holland
40
2.9%
Utrecht
36
2.7%
Limburg
33
2.4%
Flevoland
12
0.9%
Friesland
9
0.7%
Groningen
5
0.4%
Zeeland
4
0.3%
Drenthe
4
0.3%
1356
100.0%
Total
Key points
The publication in the newspaper generated the highest number of responses, followed by Facebook.
Due to the regional distribution of the newspapers, most respondents come from Gelderland and NoordBrabant.
86 paper questionnaires were sent by post, almost all of them by respondents older than 65 years.
6
Age and gender
Offine
Newspaper / word of mouth
Online
LinkedIn / facebook / twitter / e-mail / websites
Total
All channels
Key points
There is a clear distribution of approximately two thirds male and one third female respondents. There is no
distinction in this pattern between respondents who got to know about the survey offline or online.
65 % of all respondents are older than 50 years.
Respondents who got to know about the survey from offline channels (newspaper and word of mouth) are
generally older, while the age distribution of respondents who got to know about the survey from online
channels approximates a normal distribution.
7
Nationality
What is your nationality?
Answer
Bar
Response
%
Dutch
1328
97.4%
Other:
20
1.5%
British
4
0.3%
Polish
3
0.2%
Moroccan
2
0.1%
German
2
0.1%
Indonesian
2
0.1%
Chinese
1
0.1%
Belgian
1
0.1%
French
1
0.1%
Surinamese
0
0.0%
Turkish
0
0.0%
1364
100.0%
Total
What is the highest level of education you have attained?
Answer
lower education
Bar
Response
%
30
2.2%
mbo
353
25.9%
hbo
508
37.2%
vmbo
havo/vwo
university
Total
91
6.7%
203
14.9%
180
13.2%
1365
100.0%
Key points
Almost all respondents are Dutch. Respondents with other nationalities have not been excluded from the
analysis, as the target group for this survey has been set as "people living in the Netherlands", not
exclusively people with a Dutch nationality.
More than half of all people in the sample (63,1%) have attained mbo or hbo as highest level of education.
8
Part 2
General analysis
Positioning World War II
To what extent do you agree with the following statements?
Key points
All statements score high or very high: World War II is still a relevant topic.
"It is important that the next generation learns about what happened in World War II" is perceived as very
important by most people (72%, followed by the need to keep the remembrance of World War II alive (70%,
commemorating the victims of World War II (68% and celebrating freedom (64%.
While a large amount of people feel a general interest for history (89%, fewer people like to learn about
World War II in their free time (76%.
These high-scoring results are likely to be at least party resulting from the fact that the questionnaire was
published in a newspaper supplement that specifically focused on World War II. The readers of this
supplement are likely to show more interest in this topic than the average Dutch person.
10
Positioning World War II
To what extent do you agree with the following statements?
Total
Gender
Age
Male Female
Question
Ø
Ø
Ø
0-24
Ø
25-34 35-49 50-64
Ø
Ø
Ø
65+
Ø
I think that it is important to keep
the remembrance of World War II
alive.
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.6
4.5
I think that it is important to
commemorate the victims of
World War II.
4.5
4.6
4.5
4.4
4.5
4.7
4.6
4.5
I think it is important to celebrate
freedom.
4.5
4.5
4.6
4.3
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.4
I think it is important that the next
generation learns about what
happened in World War II.
4.6
4.6
4.7
4.6
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.5
Generally speaking, I am
interested in history.
4.3
4.4
4.2
3.9
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
In my free time, I like to get to
know more about the history of
World War II.
4.0
4.2
3.8
3.5
4.1
4.2
4.0
4.1
Key points
The table shows the average values of the different statements on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5
(strongly agree).
The gender comparison shows that men and women share (almost) the same opinion in the importance
assigned to keeping the remembrance of World War II alive, commemorating the victims, celebrating
freedom and letting the next generation learn about what happened in World War II. Men show a slightly
higher interest in history in general and a higher interest in getting to know more about World War II in their
free time.
The age comparison shows that young people (below 25 years) assign most importance to the idea that the
next generation needs to learn about World War II. They show less interest in history in general and in
spending their free time on World War II. The highest interest for this category is shared by people between
35 and 49 years old. This group is also the one that finds the commemoration of victims and keeping the
remembrance of World War II alive most important.
11
Organizations
Which of the following organizations do you know?
Total
People with a high interest in history
People with a low interest in history
Key points
''The Nationaal Comité 4 en 5 mei' and the 'Anne Frank Huis' are by far the two best known organizations in
this list, almost everyone either knows what they do or knows them by name.
For all other organizations, there is a visible difference between people are generally speaking interested in
history and those who are not.
STIWOT, the 'Stichting Informatie Wereldoorlog Twee' is the least known organization in this list, followed by
the vfonds.
NIOD, the 'Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies' and the Liberation Route Europe
are approximately at the same pitch of publicity, while the NIOD is a small step ahead
12
Websites
Have you ever visited this website before taking this survey?
Is it likely that you will visit this website in the future?
Key points
The most known websites in this list are www.4en5mei.nl (40%), www.oorlogsmusea.nl (37%) and
www.liberationroute.nl (32%). Least known are www.vfonds.nl (7%) and www.tracesofwar.com (8%).
Respondents show a high increase in interest in visiting all of these websites in the future. In the online
survey this question contained weblinks to all the websites, potentially increasing this interest in future visits.
13
Sites
How often have you visited any of the following sites?
Key points
Only 7% of all respondents have not visited a military cemetery yet.
The most visited museum in this list is the Oorlogsmuseum in Overloon, followed by the Airborne Museum
'Hartenstein' in Oosterbeek and the Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork in Hooghalen.
The least visited museum in this list are the Museum Rotterdam '40-'45 NU and the Bevrijdingsmuseum
Zeeland in Nieuwdorp.
These scores are likely to result from the regional distribution of the sample. Most respondents come from
Gelderland and Noord-Brabant, so that the museums in these regions are visited more often by the
respondents in the sample than museums in distant regions.
14
Perceived knowledge and interest
How would you rate your knowledge about what happened ... during World War II?
How interested are you in getting to know more about what happened ... during World War II?
Key points
Respondents feel best informed about what happened in the Netherlands during World War II, followed by
what happened in Europe during World War II and least informed about what happened outside of Europe.
68% do not feel well informed about what happend outside of Europe during World War II.
The same amount of people (68%) would like to make up for that and get to know more about what
happened outside of Europe during World War II. The interest in learning is even higher for within Europe
(81% interested or very interested) and for within the Netherlands (85% interested or very interested).
The averages for all 3 geographical areas are very high, all scoring 3,8 or higher on a scale from 1 (not
interested at all) to 5 (very interested).
15
Channels
To what extent did the following channels contribute to your knowledge about World War II?
Key points
The comparison of means shows that the channel that contributed most to the knowledge about World War
II among all respondents is film and TV (average 4,0 on a scale from 1 to 5). Closely behind are books (3,9).
The working environment scored lowest (2.2).
Visiting historical locations and newspapers / magazines share an average of 3,6, directly followed by
museums, internet and online media, and school / education (all 3,5).
The channels that appear to have the most intensive learning effect (% in category 'contributed a lot') are
books (32%), followed by film and TV (24%) and visiting historical locations (24%).
16
Channels
Total
Gender
Male Female
Question
Age
0-24
25-34 35-49 50-64
65+
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
Ø
School / education
3.5
3.4
3.8
4.2
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.3
Work / colleagues
2.2
2.3
2.1
2.0
2.1
2.3
2.3
2.3
Film / TV
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.9
Internet / online media
3.5
3.6
3.2
3.8
4.0
3.7
3.4
3.1
Books
3.9
4.0
3.8
3.5
3.7
4.0
3.9
4.0
Newspapers / magazines
3.6
3.6
3.5
2.8
3.0
3.4
3.7
3.9
Family and friends
3.4
3.4
3.6
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.5
3.4
Museums
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.5
3.7
3.6
3.4
3.4
Visiting historical locations
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.6
3.6
3.5
Key points
The gender comparison shows that women learn slightly more from school / education and from family and
friends than men, while men learn slightly more from their working environment, internet, books, newspapers
/ magazines and museums.
The age comparison shows that young people below 25 experience school as the most important channel,
whereas this perception decreases with age.
For older people, especially books and film and TV seem to be important sources of knowledge about World
War II.
17
Part 3
Focused analysis: Liberation Route Europe
Awareness
Do you know the Liberation Route Europe Foundation?
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Age
0-24
25-34
35-49
50-64
65+
Education
Lower ed.
mbo
hbo
vmbo
havo/vwo
university
19
Awareness
Do you know the Liberation Route Europe Foundation?
Interest in history
High
Low
Interest in getting to know more about World War II in free time
High
Low
Key points
Taking all respondents into account, one third has never heard of the Liberation Route Europe, one third
knows them by name and one third knows what they do.
The gender comparison shows that more men (73%) than women (56%) know the organization.
The age comparison shows that the organization is less known among you people below 25 years (37%
know it), while awerness levels only slightly fluctuate for the other age cohorts.
The comparison of educational level shows that the Liberation Route is least known among university
graduates (53% compared to 64%-71% for lower levels).
It appears that people who are more interested in history in general know the Liberation Route Europe better
than those who are not interested in history (68% compared to 58%).
A bigger difference can be detected between people who are interested to learn more about World War II in
their free time compared to those who are not interested (73% compared to 49%).
20
Website
Have you ever visited the website www.liberationroute.nl before taking this survey?
Total
Gender
All respondents
Male
Female
Respondents who know what the Foundation Liberation Route Europe does (=34%)
Male
Female
Age
All respondents
0-24
25-34
35-49
50-64
65+
Respondents who know what the Foundation Liberation Route Europe does
0-24
25-34
35-49
50-64
65+
Key points
One third of all respondents has visited the website of the Liberation Route before taking this survey.
Age is not as determining for website visitation as one might have expected. It cannot be claimed that
younger people would use the website more than older people.
Out of all respondents who know what the Foundation Liberation Route Europe does, 68% of all men and
63% of all women have visited the website. Reverse that also means that around one third of the people who
know the organization have never been on the website.
21
Interest
Liberation Route Europe gives you the chance to discover and experience the route that the Allied Forces took during the final phase
of the World War II: from southern England to the beaches of Normandy, the Belgian Ardennes, Brabant, Arnhem, Nijmegen, the
Hürtgen Forest and on to Berlin and the Polish city of Gdańsk.
How interested are you in...?
Key points
Respondents are more interested in getting to
know more about the Liberation Route Europe
theoretically (average of 3,6 on a scale from 1 to
5) rather than practically going on a tour along
(parts of) this route (average of 3,1).
Only a minority of respondents (38%) is interested
or very interested in actually going on a tour.
22
Interest: Getting to know more about LRE
How interested are you in getting to know more about the Liberation Route Europe?
Total
Interests
Respondents who rate their interest in history in general as...
High
Low
Respondents who rate their interest in getting to know more about World War II in their free time as...
High
Low
Awareness of the Foundation Liberation Route Europe
Never heard of it
Only know it by name
I know what they do
Visited the website www.liberationroute.nl
No
Yes
Key points
General interest in history and specific interest in getting to know more about World War II in the free time
are playing an important role in the question weather or not a person would like to know more about the
Liberation Route.
The higher the level of awareness about the organization, the more a person would like to know about it.
People who never heard about the Liberation Route before are least interested in getting to know more
about it.
The same pattern is visible among people who have visited the website: 85% of the people who visited the
website are interested in more information compared to 51% of the people who don't know the website.
23
Interest: Going on a tour
How interested are you in actually going on a tour along (parts of) this route?
Total
Age
0-24
25-34
35-49
50-64
65+
International orientation
Most frequent holiday location in the last two years
Within NL
Outside NL, within
Europe
Outside Europe
Level of international contacts in personal circle of friends
1
2
3
1 = All my friends are Dutch
2 = Most of my friends are Dutch and some have a non-Dutch nationality
3 = Most of my friends have a non-Dutch nationality and some are Dutch
Key points
Interest in actually going on a tour along the route is highest among people between 25 and 49 years old
(16% very interested, 30% interested).
People who spend most of their holidays within the Netherlands are slightly less interested in going on a tour
(30%) compared to people who usually spend their vacation outside of the Netherlands, but within Europe
(43%) and people who travel mostly outside of Europe (38%).
It appears that people who have more international friends are more interested in going on a tour than
people who spend their time solely among Dutch friends.
24
Motivations
Why are you interested in going on a tour along the route?
1. Experience the place myself
Count: 54
Exemplary quotes:
Keywords: See / feel / experience / understand / empathize
“Ik zou graag met eigen ogen zien en meemaken wat onze
bevrijders hebben gezien. Ik ben erg geïnterreseerd in de WW2.”
“Om in de voetsporen van onze bevrijders te treden.
Dat brengt de verhalen tot leven.”
“Weten wat onze bevrijders
hebben doorgemaakt,
proberen iets voor te stellen van
hun ontberingen.”
“Mogelijk ervaren of het gevoel - de emotie van de inspanningen en opofferingen
van de bevrijders er te vinden is.”
2. General interest in history
Count: 32
Exemplary quotes:
“Algemene interesse. Is belangrijk geweest voor hoe we nu leven.”
“Omdat ik erg geïnteresseerd ben in de Tweede
Wereldoorlog. Ik heb ook meegedaan met de
Frank Graham Cycle Liberation Tour 2013 en 2015.
En ik doe ook vaak mee met evenementen van
Keep Them Rolling, met onze Jeep.”
“Ik vind het interessant om op plekken te komen die
verbonden zijn met de Tweede Wereld Oorlog, zoals ook
nu het Westerborkpad wat ik aan het lopenben.”
“Ik ben zeer geïnteresseerd in de Tweede Wereldoorlog en alles wat daarmee te
maken heeft en deze reis lijkt mij prachtig om een keer te maken. Het is
de reis naar vrijheid voor Europa, ook al is er in de tussentijd veel veranderd.”
3. Education / Increase knowledge
Count: 27
Exemplary quotes:
“Het zal voor mij bijdragen door meer specifieke kennis over de
verschillende locaties.”
“Ik wil de feiten en de gebeurtenissen van de geschiedenis weten...”
“Onderdeel van verzamelen historische kennis”
4. Past visits to related locations
Count: 24
Exemplary quotes:
"We zijn meerdere malen in normandie geweest wat daar staat is fantastisch en
hoe die mensen daar alles in stand houden is werkelijk fantastisch en een
eer voor diegene die daar voor onze vrijheid zijn overleden. Het zou dan ook
heel mooi zijn als zoiets dergelijks tot stand kon komen in onze omgeving.
want ook hier is heel veel gebeurt en zijn veel mensen voor onze vrijheid
gesneuveld."
"Ik ben zeer geïnteresseerd om de
route verder af te leggen. Sinds ik in
2014 vanuit Normandië begonnen ben."
25
Motivations
5. Part of shared identity (who we are today)
Count: 22
6. Important to know about it
Count: 20
7. Fascinating / adventurous / impressive
Count: 12
8. Part of personal hobby
Count: 12
9. Genealogical reasons
Count: 11
10. Desire to pass it on to next generation
Count: 9
11. Desire to keep history alive
Count: 8
12. Geographical proximity
Count: 8
13. Show respect / honor
Count: 7
14. Commemorate
Count: 3
15. Discover new things / curiosity
Count: 2
16. Meet people with the same interests
Count: 1
17. Enjoyment of walking
Count: 1
18. Research
Count: 1
Key points
The most important motivation among all respondents is related to indeas of experiencing historical places
with ones own senses and being able to empathize with the people of the past.
26
Disincentives
Why are you not interested in going on a tour along the route?
1. Physical condition
Count: 48
Exemplary quotes:
“Vanwege de leeftijd”
“Rolstoeler, weinig energie,
gebruik deze energie voor andere dingen”
"Te oud; iets minder gezond dan
wenselijk voor dergelijke 'excursie'."
“Ben zelf moeilijk mobiel.”
"Voel me daar te oud voor."
2. Not interesting enough / interested in other things
Count: 28
3. No added value
Count: 25
Exemplary quotes:
“Ik ken de verhalen, heb veel plekken al uitgebreid
omschreven gekregen en/of op tv en film gezien.
Situatie rond Nijmegen is zeer goed bekend,
omdat ik daar al decennia lang woon.”
“Voegt voor mij niets toe aan de informatie
over de oorlog waarover ik reeds beschik”
“Heb niet de behoefte dit zelf te doen. Er over lezen is voldoende.”
“Ik ben redelijk op de hoogte van
het oorlogsgebeuren. Ik wil me
er niet verder in verdiepen.”
4. The topic is not up to date anymore
Count: 15
Exemplary quote:
“Ik ben van mening dat je over het verleden moet leren en het loslaten. Je kunt niet in het verleden blijven leven. Je kunt
niets veranderen aan wat er is gebeurd. En er bij blijven hangen leid alleen maar tot herhaling.”
5. Visits to related locations in the past
Count: 10
27
Disincentives
6. Disagreement with the focus the route sets
Count: 8
Exemplary quotes:
“Soldaten zijn geen helden, zeker niet als zij voor volk en vaderland
denken te sterven om een helden status Te verwerven.
Routes als deze bevestigen alleen maar het heldendom.
Voor mij ligt overigens daarbij het accent op dom.
Want wie voor koning vaderland God of Allah wil sterven is dom.
Wat wij moeten herdenken is dat wij nooit weer ons door
de leugen van vorstendom en religie moeten laten leiden,
zoals wij twee millennia hebben gedaan.”
“Niet geinteresseerd; ook deze
route zal een eenzijdig gekleurd
verhaal
zijn met betrekking tot de zwaar
bevochten 'vrijheid' waarvan
niemand een gefundeerde
omschrijving kan geven.
De zogenaamde huidige 'vrijheid'
heeft scherpe kanten.”
7. Family / travel company is not interested
Count: 7
8. There is nothing to see anymore / the landscape has changed
Count: 7
9. Takes too much effort / route is too long
Count: 7
10. Focus on World War II is too strong
Count: 5
11. No feeling og connection to the topic
Count: 5
12. Too little information about the route / don't know it
Count: 4
13. Only interested in local history
Count: 3
14. Dislike traveling
Count: 2
15. Too "heavy" theme for a leisure activity
Count: 2
Key points
The most important disincentive among all respondents is related to old age and physical conditions that
make a tour along the Liberation Route impossible. Even though this reason might be specifically significant
in this sample with 30% of all respondents being 65 years or older, this physical barrier appears to be an
important issue to address in order to not exclude anyone who is interested in the concept from experiencing
the route him- or herself.
28
Appendix