Sharia and Refugee Law in Islam: An Overview - SID

Sharia and Refugee Law in Islam:
An Overview
Murtaza Jaffer
12 January 2016
TU Berlin
Table of Contents
1. ‚Tala al Badru …’ - Refugee Welcome Song
2. What does Sharia mean? What is Sharia Law?
3. Quranic justification for migration and refugee law
4. Refugee Law in Sharia - Persons in need of protection in
Sharia Law
5. Sharia Law and practice: A dichotomy?
 State Practice / Bad Practice?
 Civil Society Practice / Good Practice?
1. Oldest Refugee Welcome Song - Tala al Badru Alaina …
The prophet Mohammed was a refugee
Madina and Ethiopia
Song sung by the people of Yathrib (Madina) in 622 A.D. when
Prophet Mohammed migrated to Yathrib (Madina) from Mecca to
escape the persecutions of the Meccans.
Tale'al-Bedru 'Aleynā - by Šejla Kadić, Bosnia
2. What does ‘Sharia’ mean? What is Sharia Law?
• Arabic term for a clear path to water
"Then we put thee on the (right) Way of religion so follow thou
that (Way), and follow not the desires of those who know not.”
(Quran 45:18)
Sharia Law
• Islamic Legal System. Derived from two main sources:
o Quran - contains God's words as revealed to the Prophet Mohammad.
o Sunna - the example of how Mohammad lived his own life (practices) and
teachings, known as hadith.
• relies on interpretation /consensus of Islamic scholars and jurists.
• applies only to those who submit to its jurisdiction, i.e. Muslims in an
Islamic State. Does not apply to non-Muslims.
3. Quranic Justification for Protection
• 396 Quranic references to protection and assistance
o 170 references refer to special needs of vulnerable people; 20 on Hijra and
Aman (protection); 12 on giving sanctuary; 68 on alms giving and charity
o ca 1,000 Hadith on oppression/ persecution/ supporting/ granting refuge/
charity/ peacemaking
• Examples:
“God’s Earth is vast - so migrate to seek refuge from oppression.” (Quran 9:6)
“Those who are firmly established in their homes, and firmly rooted in faith, show
love for those who migrated towards them for refuge…...” (Quran 59:9)
4. Refugee Law in Sharia - Persons in need of protection
• Overarching principle: The earth belongs to God
•
o
To all human beings and creation
o
No concept of ownership of countries
A Muslim has the right to live in any land where Sharia law is
applied.
• A non-Muslim who wishes to live as a non-Muslim under Islamic
law has the right to asylum
• Definition of a person in need of protection in Sharia Law:
o Those who present themselves at the border seeking asylum
o Those trapped under oppressive rule and unable to leave due to fear,
intimidation or weakness (physical, financial, etc.)
 Some Scholars argue that Muslim state should use all means to free them
from oppression. (R2P)
•
The giving of Amaan (Safety) to a refugee presupposes two key
obligations: non-refoulment and resettlement support.
• Protection independent of beliefs (no forced conversion)
• Poverty of the host community not an excuse
• Individual may grant asylum. All Muslims are equal in granting Amaan temporary asylum.
• When Does Asylum Cease?
o Voluntarily by refugee - settled elsewhere or returned home voluntarily
o Assurance of safety from state of origin
o Conversion to Islam (automatic citizenship)
o Acceptance of Islamic jurisdiction (Zimmi/Jizya) - citizenship granted
o In case of serious crime - escorted to place of safety
5. Sharia Law and Practice: A Dichotomy?
2 examples: The States’ practices – Civil Society practice
5.1 The States’ practice
•Modern Statutory Instruments in Muslim Countries
•
•
•
•
Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights 1981
Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 1990
Arab Convention Regulating Status of Refugees in the Arab Countries 1994
Arab Charter on Human Rights 2004
But:
•13 million refugees of concern - people in need of protection globally i.e.
Refugees, IDPs, Asylum Seekers, Stateless Persons (June 2015, UNHCR).
o Majority are Muslims.
o 5.1 million registered refugees in 60 camps in Middle East (Palestinians,
UNRWA)
o Muslim forced migrants/refugees mainly from Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Libya,
Pakistan, Libanon, Palestine
Organization of Islamic
Conference (OIC) – 57
members
ca 60% of refugees
globally are Muslims
Next slide:
No. of Refugees given
Amaan (safety) by
Muslim states
OIC Refugee Intake 2015
OIC Member
Afghanistan
Morocco
Refugees/IDP
Incountry
3,935,141
4,360
OIC Member
Lebanon
Refugees/IDP
Incountry
1,172,388
684,795
Iran
979,441
Eqypt
256,384
*
Jordan
471,721
Bahrain
355
Brunei
20.524
Saudi Arabia
70,304
Qatar
1,433
Malaysia
271,973
Sudan
2,767,909
Pakistan
3,439,965
Iraq
4,311,660
UAE
Yemen
1,540,539
Kuwait
94,633
Syria
7,946,500
Oman
390
Turkey
1,985,269
Israel
45,197
802
Population of concern to
UNHCR June 2015
Libya
Tents potentially available for 3 million refugees in Mina (Saudi Arabia)
Airconditioned Tents in Mina, Saudi Arabia
First Conclusions
• Sharia law - expansive protection network for refugees
 forerunner to many international refugee law provisions
• No fully sharia-compliant country exists today
• Weak application of Sharia law in Islamic law countries
• Sharia wider - e.g:
 individuals can grant temporary refuge /amaan)
o Individuals Amaan respected by the state
 Refugee rights – work, social welfare, medical, education, business, etc
o Also movement within and to any other Islamic State
 refugee not required to prove persecution
• “… more than any other historical source, Islamic law and tradition
underpin the modern-day legal framework on which UNHCR bases its
global activities on behalf of the tens of millions of people forced
from their homes around the world.”
- (UNHCR High Commissioner Antonio Guterres foreword to “The Right to Asylum between Islamic Sharia and International
Refugee Law: A Comparative Study.”)
• Modern political realities challenging for full implementation of
Sharia law :
o nations and borders,
o economic rivalries,
o political dictatorships
o religious fundamentalism by states and groups,
o radicalisation and proxy wars,
o weak civil societies.
• Lack of unity of purpose between Islamic nations and peoples
FURTHER DISCUSSIONS
• Nationalism, borders and classical Sharia law: What options for
application by Islamic countries?
o War and Peace: Waging War, creating Muslim refugees?
o Addressing the root causes for war
o Responsibility To Protect (R2P): Protecting Muslim victims from Muslim
rulers?
• Media, War and Refugees
• New Challenges in host countries: fundamentalism, right wing
populism, and refugee integration
• Role of civil society in supporting refugees
5.2 Response of Non-State Actors in situations of mass
migration
The Khoja Shia Muslim Community
in East Africa
Gujarati Muslim community (India)
600 years ago
Escape from India to East Africa (religious oppression, famine)
mass expulsion or forced migration of Indians from
Zanzibar, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, Yemen.
Community organized relief
Fishing
boats
Help re- Diplomatic
settlement outreach
13 Mio
USD
raised
Global
Cooperation
Federation with UNHCR
/ Diaspora
Zanzibar Revolution 1964:
Expulsion of Arabs and Asians
Uganda Idi Amin’s Expulsion 1972
Somalia 1991
Lessons Learnt
1. Civil Society organization critical esp. in situations where State not
helpful. Also as First Responders.
2. Civil Society takes moral and religious responsibility more seriously
than the State.
3. Civil Society can go where international organizations or state
agencies will not risk.
4. Funding critical issue - international recognition necessary to give
impetus to CSO efforts.
5. Expansion of international law to include civil society involvement
and recognition of religious organizations in managing refugee
crises.
Mutti Flütchlinge & her people:
‘Willkommen an Bord Liebe Flütchlinge'
Tala al Badru Alaina …
A new rendition, a new welcome, a new home!
Canadian School Choir
Vielen Dank für Ihr Interesse
thank you for your Interest