custom/1810/images/ACC Research Report

Transcription

Submitted to:
Industry Canada
Office of Consumer Affairs
April 2013
Organization
Automobile Consumer Coalition
(Car Help Canada)
1110A Wilson Avenue #208
Toronto, Ontario
M3M 1G7
Report title
Classifieds Websites and Used Car Purchases in Canada:
How Can We Better Protect Consumers?
Report author
Nicholas Maronese
[email protected]
Report methodologists
Peter Silverman
Thomas Prymak
Report coordination
i
Research Report 2012-2013
Classifieds Websites and Used Car Purchases in Canada
This report is dedicated to the memory of Bob Beattie, formerly of the Used Car Dealers
Association of Ontario, and his contributions to curbsider detection and prevention.
The ACC would like to thank the Automobile Protection Association (APA) for its
administrative support with this report.
The Automobile Consumer Coalition received funding from Industry Canada’s Contributions
Program for Non-profit Consumer and Voluntary Organisations. The views expressed in
the report are not necessarily those of Industry Canada or the Government of Canada.
The views expressed in this report are also not necessarily those of the ACC, unless explicitly
stated; they instead belong to the persons quoted.
ii
Table of Contents
Summary
Introduction
Research goals
Glossary of acronyms
iv
1
2
3
Methodology
Review of prior studies
Stakeholder interviews
Consumer survey
4
4
4
5
Car Sales Fraud on Canadian Classifieds Websites
Fraud types and definitions
Prevalence of fraud
Current fraud prevention techniques
7
9
15
22
In Detail: Prevalence of Online Car Sales Fraud in Canada
Consumer survey intent and methodology
Consumer survey results and analysis
Case studies and interviews
29
29
30
32
Recommendations
36
Conclusions
42
Appendix
Research team
Bibliography
Stakeholder list
Consumer survey questionnaire
Consumer survey results
Examples of fraud websites
43
44
46
48
50
54
96
iii
Summary
Over the past few years, surveys have confirmed Canadians are among the world’s biggest
Internet users, 1 which may explain why the Internet has, in fact, become one of the first places
Canadians go to purchase a used car. 2
The used-car-for-sale classifieds listings that used to appear in the back of newspapers or other
magazines have moved almost entirely online, to classifieds websites like eBay-owned Kijiji.ca
or AutoTrader. Of the roughly three million used cars 3 Canadians buy and sell annually, as many
as 600,000 4 trade hands via these websites, and the numbers are likely rising.
That is in part because online classifieds make buying and selling used cars so much easier—the
most popular sites let private sellers post their listings free of charge (dealerships are sometimes
charged a fee), and buyers can often use a search engine built into the site to look for cars in a
specific price or model year range, or of a specific make, model, engine and even colour.
The internet has made the transaction process easier, too. Used car buyers can now pay a seller
they have never met for a car they have never seen in person, in full, using their credit card or an
online money transfer service like PayPal.
The popularity and ease-of-use of these classifieds websites have also made them attractive to
scammers. Fraudsters often try to rob people of their money by either: collecting a legitimate
buyer’s cash via an online money transfer and then failing to deliver the car; or by overpaying a
legitimate seller for a car, and asking them to return the excess funds—before the seller realizes
the scammer’s money transfer did not come through. 5
Canadians also have to be mindful of “curbsiders”—full-time fraud artists with multiple vehicles
who pose as private sellers online to circumvent provincial dealer regulations or unload cars with
concealed damage. Between nine and 29 percent of all Ontario online classifieds listings are
from curbsiders. 6,7
In April 2012, the Automobile Consumer Coalition (Car Help Canada) began looking into the
state of online used car sales fraud and fraud prevention and what could be done about it.
1
http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Press_Releases/2013/3/comScore_Releases_the_2013_Canada_Digital_Future_in_Focus_
Report
2
http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Presentations_Whitepapers/2011/2010_Canada_Digital_Year_in_Review
Also available via http://dwmw.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/comscore-2010-canada-digital-year-in-review.pdf
3
Dennis DesRosiers via Jeremy Cato, “Why used-car sales are booming in Canada.” Globe and Mail September 6,
2012
4
based on data from 2012 Angus Reid-ACC consumer survey
5
6
7
http://www.autotrader.ca/general/info/fraud_protection_tips.aspx
http://www.ucda.ca/content/curbsider-research.aspx
interview with Allen Atamer, LTAS Technologies, August 12, 2012
iv
Reviews of previous studies, along with interviews with the classifieds websites who host these
listings and the provincial motor vehicle industry regulatory bodies tasked with combating
curbsiding, uncovered several types of online car sales fraud and fraud prevention techniques.
Classifieds websites often use a set of filters to weed out fraudulent listings before they are
posted, but also let users report suspicious activity or posts that may be scams. Curbsiders are
tracked down by investigators from regulatory bodies like the Ontario Motor Vehicle Industry
Council (OMVIC), the Vehicle Sales Authority of B.C. (VSA) or the Office de la Protection du
Consommateur of Quebec (OPC), who comb classifieds websites looking for multiple car
listings with the same phone number or user attached to them—potential curbsiders.
Classifieds websites tend to work with police whenever possible in tracking down and criminally
prosecuting fraudsters. Provincial regulators are the ones often tasked with investigating and
laying charges on curbsiders when appropriate, though their specific methods and approaches
can vary greatly province-to-province.
Both the websites and the regulators frequently run awareness campaigns informing users of
characteristics common to fraudulent or curbsider-posted listings, sometimes with additional tips
on how to avoid getting scammed.
Despite these efforts, every year thousands of Canadians car shoppers are still scammed out of
thousands of dollars each. The RCMP’s Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre catalogued more than 1,300
online car sale scams in 2012, though, because of the social stigma attached to “falling for”
online scams, such crimes are almost certainly underreported, and the CAFC’s number likely
makes up only a small percent of the actual total. 8 Based on complaints to the CAFC, Canadian
consumers are directly defrauded of at least $1.17 million annually9—though because those
complaints may represent as few as one percent of the total actual crimes committed, the
economic impact may actually be as high as $117 million. Experts estimate curbsiders dodge
close to $300 million in taxes every year. 10
Beginning in the fall of 2012, several Canadian car buyers were defrauded a total of more than
$225,000 11 in a scheme perpetrated by scammers allegedly from the U.S. 12 The gimmick
involved making up a fake premium used car dealership website full of high-end vehicles, with
details and images swiped from legitimate dealer sites; linking it to listings posted on popular
Canadian classifieds websites; and then asking the potential buyer for a hefty down payment so
that they could get it across the border.
8
interview with Daniel Williams, Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre, November 3, 2012
email correspondence with Daniel Williams, Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre, March 25, 2013
10
Bob Beattie via Mark Toljagic, “Curbsiding: Unsafe at Any Price.” Toronto Star April 9, 2011
11
email correspondence with John Cobb, Oklahoma Used Motor Vehicle and Parts Authority, December 18, 2012
12
http://www.omvic.on.ca/news/releases/news_release_2013-01-08.htm
9
v
Authorities acknowledge the scammers likely targeted Canadians because they knew the interjurisdictional nature of the crime would make it harder for investigators in both countries to
pursue and prosecute them. 13
As part of their research, the Automobile Consumer Coalition commissioned Angus Reid Public
Opinion to conduct a survey of Canadian used car shoppers to gauge how prevalent online car
sales fraud and curbsiding were. Results showed roughly one in five online used car buyers or
sellers encounter at least one instance of fraud while looking for, or looking to sell, a vehicle. 14
One of the most common scams respondents reported running into was fraudulent buyers
offering to buy their for-sale car; suspected curbsider listings were also common. A vast majority
browsed – and ended up buying or selling their car on – Kijiji, with AutoTrader being the second
most used. Most respondents said they were not worried about online fraud, and 64 percent said
they did little or no research into fraud types before they started car shopping online.
Fraudsters and curbsiders may be continuing to target Canadians in part because of how
relatively difficult – as well as time- and labour-intensive – it is for provincial regulatory bodies
and authorities to convict and prosecute fraudsters and curbsiders, and how easy it is for
scammers to elude them.
However, both the websites and regulators are improving their fraud detection and prevention
systems; and working on bettering fraud awareness amongst the car-buying Canadian public.
More specifically, new technologies are making it easier to detect fraudsters, especially
curbsiders; and websites, regulators and other stakeholders are realizing new ways in which they
can work together to prevent fraud.
Based on the findings of their report, the Automobile Consumer Coalition is recommending
regulators and websites pursue these new curbsider detection technologies; that the provinces reevaluate the ways they penalize curbsiders; and that the websites more often work together, and
with regulators, to detect and track fraudsters and curbsiders.
They also recommend websites and regulators tweak their consumer-targeted fraud awareness
campaigns so that the possible stigma attached to being a victim of online sales fraud is
downplayed. Finally, the Coalition encourages the provincial governments to work with the
federal government to consider entrusting oversight of online used car sales fraud to an
organization with inter-provincial authority.
By its nature online fraud transcends provincial and even national borders, and combating this
sort of fraud will require cooperation between not just jurisdictions, but between countries. 15
13
interview with Terry O’Keefe, Ontario Motor Vehicle Industry Council, December 14, 2012
14
2012 Angus Reid-ACC consumer survey
15
vi
Introduction
Since the fall of 2012, at least five 16, and likely many more, 17 Canadian car buyers have been
defrauded a total of more than $225,000 18 in a new sort of online scam. The gimmick involves
making up a fake premium used car dealership website full of high-end vehicles, with details and
images swiped from legitimate dealer sites, and linking it to listings posted on popular Canadian
classifieds websites.
Users interested in the steeply discounted vehicle contact the “sales manager” of the fake
dealership – allegedly located in Oklahoma, Texas or Arizona, though the website’s hosted in
California – who assures them they will handle shipping of the vehicle and that a pre-purchase
inspection is not necessary. The user hands over their credit card information or wires the fake
dealership a money transfer of a few thousand dollars to a bank in Georgia – or, in one case, as
much as $115,000 – but never winds up seeing the car.
“This was the first time we’ve seen [a scam] this elaborate. The websites looked very good, lots
of testimonials, they tried to answer all the concerns that anyone might have,” says Terry
O’Keefe, Manager of Communications with the Ontario Motor Vehicle Industry Council
(OMVIC).
“But within two days of our story hitting the news [that the dealership is fake], the phone
numbers for Ambient Auto Center [one of the fake dealership’s names, along with Sprint Luxury
Autos, Shine Auto Sales and at least four others] went dead and the website went down. Shining
a bright light on Ambient certainly made them move on. Do I think they’re gone? Absolutely
not. They’ll just pop up again with a new website and a new name.”
O’Keefe says the likely U.S.-based scammers are probably targeting Canadians because they
know the inter-jurisdictional nature of the crime makes it harder for investigators on both sides
of the border to pursue and prosecute them. It is a tactic that takes full advantage of the
burgeoning online used car market.
“I don’t see this trend ending. I think technology is making it easier and easier for people who
want to harm others through fraud to do it,” says O’Keefe. “It’s going to be a growing problem.”
Online scams like this, perpetrated by criminals both in Canada and abroad, happen every day on
dozens of Canadian classifieds websites like Kijiji.ca, Craigslist, AutoTrader and Wheels.ca. The
RCMP’s Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre catalogued more than 1,300 online car sale scams in
2012—roughly 1,174 scams by suspect sellers and 167 by suspect buyers.
Acts of curbsiding – of car dealers posing as private sellers in order to circumvent provincial
regulations or offload a vehicle unfit for sale – are likely even more prevalent. Experts estimate
16
http://www.bbb.org/blog/2012/09/original-luxury-autos-a-possible-scam/
18
17
1
that between nine and 29 percent 19,20 of online private used car listings in Ontario are posted by
curbsiders.
While both the classifieds websites and the car dealership regulators in each province try to keep
fraudsters and curbsiders, respectively, in check by finding them, shutting them down and, if
possible, prosecuting them under franchise or criminal law, some scammers inevitably slip
through the cracks.
That is why both the websites and regulators are constantly waging consumer awareness
campaigns giving car buyers tips on recognizing and avoiding scammers and curbsiders online.
The success of these campaigns can sometimes be nullified by conflicting advice from different
parties; or, more often, by the consumer’s assumption they could never be taken in by a scam,
that “it could never happen to me.”
In short, despite the fraud prevention efforts of both the industry and governmental regulatory
bodies, online used car sales fraud still exacts an untold amount of damages on the Canadian
economy. Used car buyers browsing online classifieds sites are in desperate need of better
consumer protection measures.
Research goals
The Automobile Consumer Coalition began research into online used car sales fraud in early
2012 with several distinct goals in mind. Specifically, the ACC aimed to:
•
•
•
•
•
19
20
define and catalogue the varieties of online used car sales fraud affecting Canadians;
determine how prevalent online used car sales fraud is in Canada;
review classifieds websites’ and provincial dealer regulators’ current online used car
sales fraud prevention efforts;
draft a set of recommendations governmental or industry bodies could pursue to better
the efficacy of their fraud prevention efforts; and
analyze the effect the implementation of these recommendations would have on Canadian
consumers, industry stakeholders and governments.
interview with Bob Beattie, Used Car Dealers Association Ontario, October 5, 2012
2
Glossary of acronyms
ACC
AMVIC
APA
API
BBB
CAFC
CAPTCHA
CRA
FAQ
FBI
IBC
IC3
ICBC
ID
IP address
NMVTIS
NW3C
OMVIC
OPC
OUMVPA
RCMP
UCDA
VIN
VSA
VSTAG
Automobile Consumer Coalition (also known as Car Help Canada)
Alberta Motor Vehicle Industry Council
Automobile Protection Association
application programming interface
Better Business Bureau
Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre (RCMP-affiliated; formerly PhoneBusters)
completely automated public Turing test to tell computers and humans apart
Canada Revenue Agency
frequently asked questions
Federal Bureau of Investigation (U.S.)
Insurance Bureau of Canada
Internet Crime Complaint Centre (FBI-affiliated; U.S.)
Insurance Corporation of British Columbia
identification
internet protocol address (used to identify a computer’s location)
National Motor Vehicle Titling Information System (U.S.)
National White Collar Crime Center (FBI-affiliated; U.S.)
Ontario Motor Vehicle Industry Council
Office de la Protection du Consommateur of Quebec
Oklahoma Used Motor Vehicle and Parts Authority
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Used Car Dealers Association (Ontario, Canada)
vehicle identification number
Motor Vehicle Sales Authority of British Columbia
Vehicle Safe Trading Advisory Group (U.K.)
3
Methodology
Research was conducted in three different ways:
1) via a review of previously published studies on the topic;
2) via interviews with stakeholders (including various Canadian classifieds websites; fraud
prevention experts; and representatives of the used car industry and associated regulatory
bodies); and
3) via a widely distributed consumer survey coordinated by the Automobile Consumer Coalition
and Angus Reid Public Opinion.
A pair of ACC-affiliate methodologists were tapped to help coordinate the research-gathering
process, and the report was reviewed by select stakeholders prior to the composition of a final
draft.
Review of prior studies
Research began with a search for any and all previously published studies, reports and scholarly
articles on or related to online used car sales fraud. (Though the ACC decided early on to focus
on fraud perpetrated on classifieds websites, this search was broad enough to include studies and
articles on fraud perpetrated on online auctions.) Materials not directly relevant to the topic were
filtered out.
Mainstream media articles – from newspapers, periodicals and websites – were also collected,
filtered and sorted (see the appendix for a bibliography).
Note: while the ACC came across a large swath of mainstream media articles on online used car
sales fraud – most of these were largely repetitive tips-lists on how to detect and avoid fraudsters
– there were few publically available studies and scholarly articles on the issue, especially
recently published, current materials (less than five years old) or materials specific to a Canadian
context.
(The quickly changing nature of online fraud means it does not take long for studies or scholarly
articles on the topic to fall out-of-date and thus lose relevance.)
The materials the ACC found more often dealt with other types of online fraud, or “offline” used
car sales fraud, or online used car sales fraud outside of a Canadian context. The need for a
formal study relating specifically to online used car sales fraud on Canadian classifieds websites
was apparent.
Stakeholder interviews
4
A list of stakeholders was compiled, and telephone, email and in-person interviews were
conducted over several months. The list included representatives from the most popular
Canadian classifieds websites; fraud prevention experts; industry analysts; and representatives
from the used car industry and associated regulatory bodies.
More specifically, for classifieds websites, the ACC contacted Kijiji.ca Autos, a Canadian
market-specific subsidiary of eBay International Inc. and the most popular vehicle classifieds
website in the country; and AutoTrader.ca, a subsidiary of Trader Corporation. The ACC was
unable to reach a representative of popular classifieds website Craigslist.ca despite repeated
attempts.
Experts and industry analysts contacted included the RCMP-affiliated Canada Anti-Fraud
Centre; curbsider detection software developer Allen Atamer of LTAS Technologies; and the
FBI-affiliated Internet Crime Complaint Center.
Used car regulatory body representatives contacted included investigators from the Motor
Vehicles Sales Authority of B.C. (VSA); the Alberta Motor Vehicle Industry Council (AMVIC);
the Ontario Motor Vehicle Industry Council (OMVIC); the Used Car Dealers Association of
Ontario (UCDA); and the Office de la Protection du Consommateur (OPC) of Quebec.
Note: the ACC has decided to omit from this report some of the information collected in these
stakeholder interviews to stop it from being abused by fraudsters or curbsiders. Sensitive
information regarding the specifics of current and future fraud prevention techniques, for
example, has been withheld. Please contact the report author or relevant stakeholder-party to
discuss access to this information.
Consumer survey
The ACC commissioned market research firm Angus Reid Public Opinion to conduct a
consumer survey in mid-November 2012. The survey was filled out by 1,006 Canadian adults
(Angus Reid Forum panellists) who had purchased or sold a vehicle online via a classifieds
website within the past year.
The ACC-drafted survey questionnaire included questions on consumers’ perceptions of online
used car sales fraud; which particular websites they most frequented while shopping for or trying
to sell a used car; and how often they encountered fraud while shopping or selling.
(Angus Reid was able to break out the information collected along several different demographic
lines, including age, education, location and income.)
The survey questionnaire also asked if respondents would be willing to volunteer for telephone
interviews on their experiences shopping online for used cars (it was noted their personal
information would be kept confidential). These interviews were used as case studies of Canadian
consumers’ personal encounters with fraud.
5
For more information on the ACC-Angus Reid consumer survey, see the In Detail:
Prevalence of Online Car Sales Fraud in Canada section of this report.
6
Car Sales Fraud on Canadian Classifieds Websites
Over the past few years, surveys have confirmed Canadians are among the world’s biggest
Internet users, which may explain why the Internet has, in fact, become one of the first places
Canadians go to purchase a used car. 21
The used-car-for-sale classifieds listings that used to appear in the back of newspapers or other
magazines have moved almost entirely online, to classifieds websites like eBay-owned Kijiji.ca
or AutoTrader. Of the roughly three million used cars 22 Canadians buy and sell annually, as
many as 600,000 23 trade hands via these websites, and the numbers are likely rising.
That is in part because online classifieds make buying and selling used cars so much easier—the
most popular sites let private sellers post their listings free of charge (dealerships are sometimes
charged a fee), and buyers can often use a search engine built into the site to look for cars in a
specific price or model year range, or of a specific make, model, engine and even colour.
The internet has made the transaction process easier, too. Used car buyers can now pay a seller
they have never met for a car they have never seen in person, in full, using their credit card or an
online money transfer service like PayPal.
The popularity and ease-of-use of these classifieds websites have also made them attractive to
scammers. Fraudsters often try to rob people of their money by either: collecting a legitimate
buyer’s cash and then failing to deliver the car; or by overpaying a legitimate seller for a car, and
asking them to return the excess funds—before the seller realizes the scammer’s money transfer
did not come through. 24
Canadians also have to be mindful of “curbsiders”— full-time fraud artists with multiple
vehicles who pose as private sellers online to circumvent provincial regulations or unload cars
with concealed damage. Roughly 95 percent of curbsiders operate via the internet (as opposed to
newspaper or magazine classifieds) according to Bob Beattie, formerly of the Used Car Dealers
Association. 25
“The fundamental reason that the online market is more convenient for opportunistic behaviors”
– acts of fraud – “is the separation of product and information,” explains Byungtae Lee of
Korea’s Advanced Institute of Science and Technology. “Online buyers are greatly dependent on
information provided by the seller, which makes it easier for the seller to deceive them.
Opportunistic behaviors are initiated by this information asymmetry.” 26
21
http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Presentations_Whitepapers/2011/2010_Canada_Digital_Year_in_Review
Also available via http://dwmw.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/comscore-2010-canada-digital-year-in-review.pdf
22
Dennis DesRosiers via Jeremy Cato, “Why used-car sales are booming in Canada.” Globe and Mail September 6, 2012
23
24
25
http://www.autotrader.ca/general/info/fraud_protection_tips.aspx
Byungtae Lee et al, “Empirical Analysis of Online Auction Fraud: Credit Card Phantom Transactions.” Expert
Systems with Applications 37 (2010): 2992
26
7
Despite efforts on the part of both the classifieds websites and governmental bodies to correct
this asymmetry, acts of fraud are committed against Canadian used car buyers and sellers on a
regular basis. Experts estimate Canadian consumers are directly defrauded of as much as $117
million annually, 27 and that curbsiders dodge some $300 million in taxes every year. 28
The more popular a classifieds website is, the more likely fraudsters and curbsiders are to target
it. There are dozens of Canadian classifieds websites, but the most widely used ones include
Kijiji.ca; AutoTrader; Craigslist; and LesPAC.
The largest by far is Kijiji.ca, the Canadian-market-specific classifieds site run by Amsterdambased Marktplaats, which is owned by California-based eBay. Since its launch seven years ago,
in 2005, Kijiji.ca has grown to become the number one free online classifieds site in Canada. 29
“Eleven million people use the site on a monthly basis, over forty percent of the Internet
population in Canada,” says Christian Jasserand, Head of Customer Support for Kijiji Canada.
“As a matter of fact, Kijiji is in the top ten most-visited sites in Canada every month, in the same
league as Facebook or YouTube or Hotmail or Gmail.”
With 792 new auto listings posted to their autos.kijiji.ca pages every hour, 30 they are also the
number one used car classifieds site in Canada, five times bigger than their closest competitor,
AutoTrader. 31
AutoTrader.ca is also frequented by millions of visitors monthly; 32 the Etobicoke, Ontario-based
Trader Corporation-owned site regularly boasts around 380,000 listings across Canada. 33
Numbers on California-based craigslist.ca are harder to come by (the website has a reputation for
being slow to providing feedback to customer or media inquiries, when they do at all). 34 But it is
safe to assume craigslist – of which eBay owns a 25-percent share – is the third largest
automotive classifieds site in Canada. 35
Mediagrif-owned LesPAC operates exclusively in Quebec. The classifieds site is the secondlargest in that province, after Kijiji, and just ahead of Craigslist. 36
27
29
interview with Christian Jasserand, Kijiji Canada, October 29, 2012
30
http://kijijiblog.ca/about-us/
31
32
http://www.dealersmartsolutions.ca/products/autotrader/index.aspx#.UQa7kGckTgZ
33
interview with Ian MacDonald, AutoTrader.ca, November 14, 2012
34
35
36
28
8
Fraud types and definitions
There are a number of different types of fraud, but for the purposes of this report, we have
broken them into three categories: fraud against car buyers; fraud against car sellers; and
curbsiding.
Fraud against buyers
Fraud against legitimate buyers by bogus sellers often fits into one of two types: scams in which
the seller has a vehicle to sell, but misrepresents it somehow or otherwise defrauds the buyer of
his money; or scams in which the seller does not actually have a vehicle to sell, but convinces the
buyer he does in order to defraud the buyer of his money.
The latter – sometimes referred to as a “419 scam” or “Nigerian scam,” because of the unusually
high rates of this sort of fraud that once came out of that country, and because 419 is the chapter
of the Nigerian criminal code dealing with fraud 37 – is one of the most common types of fraud on
used car classifieds websites.
The fraudulent listing, sometimes posted to multiple classifieds sites at the same time, is
typically of a popular car – to gain visibility on the site – with a below-market-value asking
price—to lure in as many prospective buyers as possible. The images attached to the listing are
often swiped from other legitimate sellers or dealerships advertising on other websites. Though
the listing may have a phone number attached to it, it is typically not the scammer’s actual
number, if it is a working number at all. Most fraudsters’ preferred method of communication,
however, is via email. 38
“Usually the story is that they’re selling low. You’re buying a $20,000 vehicle for $5,000,”
explains Daniel Williams, Media Relations with the RCMP-affiliated Canadian Anti-Fraud
Centre, formerly known as PhoneBusters. “One of the top reasons you hear is it’s a lady, and she
got the car in a divorce and she doesn’t drive. It’s usually a good story, especially if you want to
believe it.” 39
Once the fraudster has established contact with a prospective buyer, he or she will explain why
they are unable to meet so that the buyer can view the car in person—typically either the vehicle
or the seller is out of the province or country, the fraudster will explain, even if the listing said
otherwise. “Scammers typically have a very convincing story for not being able to meet in
person—for example, because they work for the military and have just been posted to a faraway
locale; or they’re in the middle of a divorce, and they’ve got the car in the divorce, but they don’t
37
Mark Toljagic, “Taken for a Ride.” Toronto Star October 10, 2009
39
38
9
drive, and they’ve flown home [to another country] so they can’t meet you,” says Kijiji’s
Jasserand. 40
Some fraudsters try to calm buyer’s concerns by offering to ship the vehicle to the buyer’s
location for inspection free of charge; again, they will usually have a semi-plausible explanation
for why they are able to do this—they have a family member in the transport business, for
example. 41
The fraudster may offer the buyer a means to safeguard their monies during the transaction, to
further pacify any worries the buyer might have. These safeguards are, of course, also part of the
scam, and do not work. “They may send documentation that mimics the eBay design, and allege
that eBay will hold the money during the car’s shipping,” says Jasserand. “The idea is to
leverage the good name of eBay – eBay is a reputable company – to lure people into thinking
this is a legitimate transaction when in fact it’s not.” 42 (It is possible, for example, for fraudsters
to use “email spoofing” to send an email that appears to be from an email address affiliated with
the “eBay Vehicle Protection Program,” when it is in fact not.) 43
Most fraudsters will insist on a down payment – typically a fraction of the total asking price,
with the full amount due on delivery, but sometimes the total asking price – made via a wire
transfer like Western Union or MoneyGram, as opposed to a more secure method such as PayPal
that “securely links financial information between registered buyers and sellers.” 44
“Once the fraud artist has the 10-digit money transfer number, he or she can walk into any
Western Union office in the world and collect the untraceable cash while the buyer is left waiting
for a vehicle that never arrives,” writes journalist Mark Toljagic in an article on used car sales
fraud for the Toronto Star newspaper. 45
Even if the fraudster has failed to extract any monies from the buyer-victim, he or she may still
be able to make use of the buyer’s personal information, collected during the transaction.
(Fraudsters may sometimes ask for specific details – addresses, bank numbers, etc. – under the
guise the information is required to complete some piece of necessary paperwork.) He or she
may be able to sell this information on the black market, where it can be used to enact various
forms of identity theft fraud, or he or she may use the information himself when perpetrating
future frauds.
There are many variations on this type of fraud – some scammers, for example, will trade
specifically in fraudulent listings for classic cars 46 – but most follow the template steps above.
40
42
43
“Financial Crime Trend Bulletin: eBay Brand Fraud and Online Vehicle Sales Frauds,” Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre,
May 29, 2012
44
45
ibid.
46
“B.C. Man Arrested in Internet Vintage Car Scam.” Postmedia News August 6, 2008
41
10
In late 2012, several Canadians were victimized in a similar sort of scam that involved linking
fraudulent listings together via a website for a fake U.S.-based luxury vehicle dealership. The
phony website changed names and addresses several times as news of its falsity was broken by
mainstream media. These apparently U.S.-based fraudsters would specifically target Canadian
classifieds websites, likely in an effort to tie up U.S. and Canadian authorities’ investigations
with inter-jurisdictional red tape.
“This was the first time we’ve seen [a scam] this elaborate, and this was a sophisticated scam.
The websites looked very good, lots of testimonials, they tried to answer all the questions that
anyone that has concerns might have,” explains OMVIC’s Terry O’Keefe. “They provide you
with the VIN [vehicle identification number] for the car—[the car] just happens to not be in their
possession, actually. They’ll provide you with a CARFAX report, so they’ve got some very
sophisticated methodology that they’re using to try to rip off Canadian consumers, down to the
point of allegedly creating phony emails from Canada border services agency.” 47
For more information on this recent fake dealership scam, see the In Detail:
Prevalence of Online Car Sales Fraud in Canada section of this report.
Scams in which the fraudster-seller actually has a vehicle, but misrepresents it or otherwise
defrauds the buyer of money, are less common, but do occur. These typically involve selling a
legitimate buyer a car without allowing them a pre-purchase inspection – as with a “Nigerian
scam,” the fraudster will often have a plausible-sounding explanation for why he is unable to
meet in person – and completing the transaction before the buyer realizes the car is not at all as it
appeared in the listing (the vehicle’s condition may be poorer than advertised, there may be
undisclosed flaws, etc.) These fraudsters, too, will sometimes try to entice buyers with free or
reduced-cost shipping of the vehicle.
Fraud against sellers
Fraud against legitimate sellers by bogus buyers often fits into one of two types: scams in which
the buyer intends to defraud the seller of both his vehicle and his money; or scams in which the
buyer intends to defraud the seller solely of his money.
The latter is becoming more common as classifieds websites erect more and more safeguards to
protect legitimate buyers from fraudulent sellers.
In this scam, a legitimate seller will be contacted by a fraudulent buyer via email with an offer to
buy his vehicle. The buyer will explain why he is unable to view, inspect or pay for the vehicle
in-person – typically the buyer is out of the province or country – but is nevertheless interested in
purchasing the vehicle, and quickly.
47
11
The bogus buyer will send the seller the money for the vehicle via what appears to be a
legitimate method of payment – an imitation of a payment notice from a secure money transfer
website like PayPal – along with some additional money sent apparently either by accident or to
pay for shipping, or for some similar reason. The bogus buyer asks the seller to refund the
surplus funds via credit card or money transfer; after that refund transaction is complete, the
buyer will find out the initial sum the bogus buyer sent never actually cleared, because the
payment notice was a forgery. 48,49
“The suspect who’s doing the buying is, of course, out-of-town and can’t come and pay for [your
$4,000 car] in person. He asks [via email] ‘Would you accept a payment by PayPal?’ and you
say, ‘Sure, PayPal is reputable, that sounds great,’” the Anti-Fraud Centre’s Williams offers an
example. “And then the suspect sends you a fake email from what looks like PayPal saying the
$4,000 has been taken from the buyer’s account, as well as an additional $1,500 which is for
paying the shipper, and so $5,500 has been delivered to the seller.”
“Before that [legitimate seller] gets that $5,500, they have to send $1,500 by Western Union to
the shipper for whatever reason—the only way they’ll accept payment is by Western Union or
something, they give a wonderful rationale why it has to work this way. And the victim is seeing
what looks like a real $5,500 coming to them from PayPal, so of course they think all is well and
good, everything is backed up. The victim sends off the $1,500 and of course, when they look in
their PayPal account, there’s no $5,500. They usually realize it’s a scam when they contact
PayPal and say, ‘What gives? You said I was getting $5,500,’ and PayPal gets back to them in
fifteen minutes saying, ‘That wasn’t us, that was a false email address. It may have said PayPal,
but that wasn’t PayPal.’” 50
These sorts of scammers typically use an application programming interface (API) to
automatically send out the exact same message to the posted email addresses of almost every
seller with a listing on a website, instead of targeting specific victims by contacting them
manually. This increases the fraudster’s chances, of course, of finding a victim. 51
Scams in which the fraudster-buyer defrauds the seller of his money and his car are less
common, but do occur. These typically involve buying a car from a legitimate seller without a
pre-purchase inspection – as with the other type of fraud-against-sellers, the fraudster will often
have a plausible-sounding explanation for why he is unable to meet in person – and having
someone pick up the car before the seller realizes the transaction has not cleared.
“What it amounts to is a kind of reverse scam, one where you as the legitimate seller are offered
more money than your asking price, just to close the deal quickly,” writes the Toronto Star’s
Toljagic. “A cashier’s cheque arrives by courier, which your bank will accept at first glance.
48
50
ibid.
51
interview with Ian MacDonald, AutoTrader Canada, November 14, 2012
49
12
But the draft actually takes four to six weeks to clear if it originated overseas (and many of them
do), long after your vehicle has been picked up. Ultimately, you learn the bank draft is a
counterfeit and you're on the hook for the full amount — which is recouped by the bank.” 52
Curbsiding
“Curbsiding” is likely more common on Canadian classifieds websites than outright fraud. A
“curbsider,” also called a “curber” or “curbstoner,” is basically a fraud artists operating as an
unlicensed used car dealer posing but as a private seller on a classifieds site. Curbsiders like to
operate outside provincial regulations so that they can sell off vehicles with salvage titles (that is,
vehicles branded not roadworthy by provincial authorities); vehicles with an undisclosed history
of significant damage; or vehicles with liens still on them (that is, vehicles with outstanding loan
payments on them that technically belong to the loan-issuing bank).
“Curbsiders disguise themselves as individual sellers or private people that are selling their own
car or a relative’s car, but what they are is an illegal and unlicensed dealer who buy cars, usually
from salvage yards, patch them up and sell them to consumers, so consumers are not getting
what they’re paying for,” says OMVIC Director of Investigations Carey Smith. “OMVIC
enforces the Motor Vehicle Dealer Act, and of course [the Act] requires if you’re going to sell
cars in Ontario other than your own, you have to be licensed by us, and curbsiders are not,
they’re hiding in the bushes.” 53
More specifically, Bob Beattie, former Executive Director of Ontario’s Used Car Dealers
Association, defines curbsiding as “essentially the private sale of two or more different vehicles
being advertised by the same telephone number or ID within a ninety-day period.”
“Any private individual has the right to sell their own car privately, they don’t have to be a car
dealer to sell their own car. And there are instances where individuals – certainly a couple
oftentimes – might sell two cars. They might even sell them at the same time,” Beattie says. “But
anyone advertising more than two – getting into two, three, four, five – within a three-month
period is pretty obviously in business to some degree, and it’s only a question of to what
degree.” 54
Curbsiding is considered illegal because of the deception involved; in Ontario, curbsiding
specifically contravenes the Motor Vehicle Dealer’s Act, which requires a dealership or dealer
includes its or his name in any sort of advertisement. 55 Similar regulations apply in most other
Canadian provinces.
The curbsider listing often lures in prospective buyers with a below-market-value asking price.
Though the listing may have a phone number attached to it, this is not always the scammer’s
52
interview with Carey Smith, Ontario Motor Vehicle Industry Council, October 3, 2012
54
55
ibid.
53
13
actual number; the curbsider often takes advantage of the anonymity of the internet to obscure
their true identity.
Once the curbsider has established contact with a prospective buyer, he will explain why he is
selling the vehicle for a lower-than-average price, and try to answer any other questions the
buyer may have; the answers are of course fabrications. If the buyer is still interested, the
curbsider will likely insist on a meeting in a public place, one they may say is close to their home
or work, even though it is not.
During the meeting, the buyer may be offered a pre-purchase inspection, and possibly a test
drive. The curbsider may admit to some damage on the car, though this will likely have been
repaired and may not be apparent. If the buyer decides to go ahead with the purchase and
initiates a transfer of title, it is likely the name on the title will not match the curbsider-seller’s
name; the curbsider will often explain he is selling the car for a friend or relative, though, again,
this is not the case. It may take some time before the buyer finds out the car has been titled a
“rebuild” or “salvage” unfit for sale or for the road, or has some other major damage not
disclosed during the pre-purchase inspection, or still has a lien on it, though by this time the
curbsider has changed phone numbers and email addresses and is untraceable.
Curbsiders may source the vehicles they sell from wrecking yards, from other dealers, through
public salvage auctions or, in some provinces, from licensed wholesalers. 56 Generally, however,
these are vehicles a licensed dealership would either be legally unable to sell, or would have
difficulty selling.
OMVIC tracked down a pair of curbsiders in October 2012 who, though separated by hundreds
of kilometres, worked together to “tag-team” victims. 57 The salvage-title vehicle would be
registered to one of the curbsiders, in Northern Ontario, and peddled to prospective buyers by the
curbsider in the greater Toronto area.
Other types of fraud
Aside from the types outlined above, there are several less common forms of classifieds websitebased used car sales fraud.
Legitimate sellers who include their phone number on their vehicle-for-sale classifieds listing are
more and more frequently getting phone calls from companies offering to help them find
“qualified buyers” for the car for a fee. The company typically promises they will be able to help
sell the car for a price higher than market value within 90 days, for a money-back-guaranteed fee
of somewhere between $200 and $500, usually paid via credit card. When the car is not sold
within this timeframe, the seller will often find it nearly impossible to collect their refund,
usually do to some technicality on the credit card company’s part. 58,59
56
interview with John Bachinski, Alberta Motor Vehicle Industry Council, November 1, 2012
http://www.autos.ca/general-news/beware-of-tag-teaming-curbsiders/
58
ibid.
59
57
14
These sell-your-car-for-you services can not necessarily be labeled clear-cut examples of fraud,
however, says the Anti-Fraud Centre’s Williams, because “it’s a matter of how much work [the
company is] actually doing.” The consumer is paying for a service, and complaints may hinge on
how effective this service is, technically—not whether or not they’ve been defrauded.
“Cloning” or “re-tagging” involves taking the VIN (vehicle identification number) from a car for
sale on a classifieds website, reproducing it on a blank metal VIN tag, and fixing it to a similar
car that has been stolen. When the stolen vehicle’s new VIN is checked by a prospective buyer, it
will show up as a legitimately-titled for-sale vehicle. 60
One scam reported on by the Globe and Mail in 2008 involved a Craigslist used car listing
posted by fraudsters posing as the father of an actual Canadian soldier killed in Afghanistan. The
asking price for the 2006 BMW in the ad – the soldier never owned a BMW – was $4,000. 61
Another from July 2011 involved an Edmonton-based fraudster who swindled a buyer he met via
Kijiji of $10,000. The buyer and seller met near an apartment complex to inspect, then purchase,
the fraudulent seller’s 2011 Ford Focus. After they had exchanged the title and keys and the
money, the fraudster used a second set of keys to make a sudden getaway using the car. 62
Prevalence of fraud
The damage online used car sales fraud deals to both Canadian consumers and the Canadian
economy are hard to pin down. Based on the number of complaints they received in 2012, the
CAFC estimates online car shoppers were directly defrauded of more than $1.17 million last
year, 63 though they admit the crime is likely grossly under-reported. (The complaints they
receive may represent as few as one percent of the total actual crimes committed—which would
make the economic impact closer to $117 million.) Curbsiders cost Canada an estimated $300
million in taxes every year. 64
Numbers on the prevalence of online used car sales fraud are similarly evasive, though there are
some things we know for certain. As classifieds websites have stepped up their fraud detection
and prevention efforts, the number of phony listings has dropped off. Most are still finding
curbsider detection, however, more difficult.
Kijij.ca Autos, because it is the largest classifieds website in Canada, hosts a significantly higher
number of fraudulent listings than other sites, though as a percentage, the number is very low.
Customer support head Jasserand says roughly one percent of listings posted to the site are
60
Chris Purdy, “Ad Scam Uses Name, Photo of Soldier Killed in Afghanistan.” Globe and Mail November 11, 2008
62
http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Canada/2011/07/14/18417506.html
63
64
61
15
fraudulent, but that of these, most are quickly detected and removed. He estimates that, at any
given time, only 0.1 percent of listings visible on the site are fraudulent. 65
“For the overseas scammers, it’s really a numbers game,” says Jasserand. “They’re constantly
fine-tuning their posting techniques, trying to hide, knowing full well that ninety percent of their
scam ads are not going to make it to the site.”
Jasserand says the website receives only “a very, very small number” of reported instances of
fraud, and that the number of “escalations” requiring police attention is, for the entire site,
typically less than 100 per month, and recently under 50 per month, more often than not. The
Kijiji.ca Autos page specifically gets less than 10 fraud reports per month on average.
AutoTrader.ca’s Director of Consumer Marketing, Ian MacDonald, said the percentage of
fraudulent listings on his website is similarly in the single digits. A classifieds website trade
journal pinned the number of bogus ads posted at around seven percent for AutoTrader in the
U.S., but noted that, as with Kijiji, most of these are taken down before they are seen by
consumers. 66 AutoTrader receives very few complaints of fraud, MacDonald said, and most
fraudulent listings highlighted by consumers tend to be “false positives”—not actual frauds at all.
The Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre’s Williams says the organization started separating online car
sales fraud from other types of online merchandise-selling fraud in 2012, limiting their pool of
useful data. However, using the numbers of complaints they had received regarding one specific
type of used car sales fraud as an example, Williams pointed to a relatively fixed rate of fraud
across the years 2008 through 2012. He noted that in 2012, the Centre received 1,174 reports of
online used car sales fraud where the bogus seller targeted a legitimate buyer; and 167 reports
where a bogus buyer targeted a legitimate seller. 67
MacDonald says the scams involving a bogus seller selling a non-existent vehicle – or,
sometimes, a stolen vehicle – is more prevalent on AutoTrader than scams involving bogus
buyers targeting legitimate sellers. 68
But Kijiji’s Jasserand says increasingly successful efforts to deter fraudsters from placing bogus
listings have forced some to change strategies and instead try to defraud legitimate sellers. “This
year, we’re seeing a dramatic increase in scam activity on what we call ‘the reply side,’ affecting
the sellers. That’s the hot new trend in scams,” he says. “Because it’s become so difficult to
fraud in other ways, we’re seeing a lot of fraud going the other way, through the replies.”
Curbsiding seems to pose a bigger problem for both websites than outright fraud does; listings
posted by curbsiders more closely mimic legitimate postings – and are thus harder to detect – and
are much more prevalent.
65
“Fraud: Global Threat and Growing.” Classified Intelligence Report 12.21 (2011): 6
67
68
66
16
The most commonly printed statistics on curbsiding in Canada come from the Used Car Dealers
Association of Ontario’s national surveys, which they conduct regularly on behalf of several
provincial dealership regulator organizations. According to the most recent UCDA estimates,
roughly 29 percent of used car listings on classifieds websites in Ontario are posted by
curbsiders; across Canada, the number ranges between 18 and 21 percent of total listings. 69
The UCDA survey usually includes thirty to forty thousand listings collected across several
months. (Ads posted repeatedly over those several months are counted only once.) The UCDA
then analyzes the listings and tallies the number of contact phone numbers tied to two or more
separate listings—suspected curbsiders. The percentage represents the number of listings posted
by suspected curbsiders over the total number of listings surveyed. 70
According to Bob Beattie, formerly of the UCDA, the percentage of curbsider listings both
online and in printed classifieds periodicals or newspapers has not changed markedly in the past
25 years—“it varies anywhere from about 17 percent to about 24 percent.” A detailed breakdown
of the UCDA’s latest Ontario survey, conducted between October 2011 and January 2012, found
the vast majority of the 3,961 suspected curbsiders they identified – some 2,767, or 70 percent of
them – had posted listings for just two different cars in that period. Six had posted listings for
twenty or more cars.
OMVIC’s Smith says the regulator opened 703 curbsider investigations in 2011, most of them
based on complaints they had received.
Survey results from the Motor Vehicle Sales Authority (VSA) of B.C. echo the UCDA’s
estimate, that 25 to 30 percent of listings on classifieds websites are posted by curbsiders. Ian
Christman, the VSA’s Registrar of Motor Dealers and Privacy Officer, says a 2009 survey of the
British Columbia vehicle owners’ registry turned up some 1,800 non-dealers who had had 25 or
more cars registered to their name over the previous two years. Two years later, in 2011, that
number had gone down roughly 10 percent—“now whether they’ve learned to hide themselves
better or have removed themselves from the industry, we don’t know,” Christman says. The top
two names on that list – suspected curbsiders – had sold some 400 cars each per year. 71
Kijiji’s Jasserand cautions the numbers may not be quite that easy to track. “These people
[scammers] will constantly change the account they are using, with a view to covering their
tracks and going underground, and this is the reason – along with the fact they’re legitimately
local people [as opposed to scammers overseas] – that it’s a little bit difficult to come up with a
percentage when it comes to curbsiders.”
Allen Atamer is the Principal Engineer at LTAS Technologies, which develops the Harmari
Curbsider Report software used to track curbsiders online. He is similarly wary of the UCDA’s
69
http://www.ucda.ca/content/curbsider-research.aspx
71
interview with Ian Christman, Motor Vehicle Sales Authority of B.C., October 5, 2012
70
17
29 percent figure. “The [UCDA survey doesn’t] get rid of dealers, because dealers post in Kijiji
as private sellers all the time. Why? To avoid the fifteen dollars charge per ad,” explains Atamer.
“A significant portion of that 29 percent is [legitimate] dealers, ones who should be charged with
inappropriate advertising according to the Motor Vehicle Dealers Act.” 72
Beattie concedes that legitimate dealers who misrepresent themselves as private sellers are
indeed included in the UCDA’s number, and, along with unregistered dealers and big curbsiders,
make up some of the names at the top of the list with 20 or more cars for sale. But he argues that
because, as Atamer notes, they are in violation of the Act – it states dealers must include their
name in all advertisements – they deserve to be branded “curbsiders.”
Atamer assumed some of the survey results were duplicates of sellers reposting ads, though the
UCDA’s Beattie contends duplicates are removed. Atamer’s estimate, which he admits is also
just a “finger-in-the-wind” reading, is that around nine percent of classifieds listings posted in
Ontario are curbsiders’.
“There’s an unknown in there, too,” Atamer says. “Some percentage of the ads on Kijiji doesn’t
post a phone number, so there’d be no way to correlate them unless you were to somehow shop
the car and they give you the phone number. So there’s a little uncertainty there, but for the most
part, 90 percent of the Kijiji ads have phone numbers.”
Atamer figures the number of curbsiders in other, less heavily regulated provinces is likely
higher than nine percent. He also says that a survey of listings on Craigslist – which are more
likely to not include a phone number – he did for a U.S. client returned a curbsider rate of
roughly 17 to 20 percent.
A note on fraud reporting
Figuring out the impact of online used car sales fraud on Canadian consumers is difficult in part
because it is likely most fraud goes unreported.
In an international survey on cyber-crime – conducted by market research firm Strategy One on
behalf of computer security company Symantec – more than half of internet fraud victims did
not report the crime to the police. They noted they had felt there would be little chance the
perpetrator would be caught, or that they felt self-blame, that it was partly their fault. Others did
not want to be labelled a victim. 73
“In the Symantec survey, in fact, 80 percent of responders said that they did not expect a cybercriminal to get caught,” explains information security expert Wendy Goucher in her article
“Being a Cybercrime Victim” in Computer Fraud and Security. “Some people failed to report
the crime because they felt they had ‘been stupid’ to allow themselves to get drawn into the
scam, and consequently they felt they should not receive any help to extricate themselves.”
72
73
Wendy Goucher, “Being a Cybercrime Victim.” Computer Fraud and Security (2010): 16-17
18
Goucher concludes most victims likely feel little or no motivation to report the cybercrime they
have experienced, and in fact may feel motivation to cover it up in order to save face.
The Anti-Fraud Centre’s Williams explains the proportion of underreporting is likely similar or
worse in Canada. “The vast, vast majority of fraud is not reported to us, and generally speaking,
it’s not being reported to anyone. It’s amazing the amount of victims who blame themselves once
they’ve been had, and they just write it off as a lesson learned,” he says. “In a lot of cases they’re
embarrassed about being defrauded and they tell no one, no one learns from their mistake.”
He explains that when police raid and seize criminal fraudsters’ records, a list of victims’ names
and information is sometimes among the documents recovered, and that when that list is crossreferenced with the names of victims who had reported the crime to the Centre, the proportion
who had is typically between one and five percent. “We accept that what we’re seeing is just a
tiny fraction of what’s out there. The numbers that come in just to us may not reflect what’s
going on out there—it’s just a reporting issue.” 74
Most dealership regulator representatives and experts said they saw no trend among fraudsters
favouring certain classifieds websites, though of course most tend to target websites where
listings can be posted for free, since it makes the scam a lot cheaper to run, and since those
websites tend to be more popular. The Anti-Fraud Centre’s Williams said fraudsters tend to post
on pay-per-listing websites only if they have access to a stolen credit card. 75
The UCDA notes that, in their surveys, they found a higher number of curbsiders used Kijiji.ca
than other classifieds websites. “We called it ‘Kijiji: Curbsider Heaven’ in one of our newsletters
to our members last year,” Beattie says. “We surveyed Craigslist, Kijiji, AutoTrader, we pull out
things like AutoCatch and Wheels and CarPages, and all of those that have private ads, and Kijiji
was number one—close to ninety percent [of the curbsiders were posting on Kijiji].” 76,77 Beattie
presumes this is because it is free to post listings on Kijiji, but it is more likely because Kijiji is
the most popular used car classifieds website in Canada and has more listings generally than any
other website.
Beattie, Williams and other stakeholders interviewed also said they had found the proportion of
fraudulent listings and fraud victim reports relatively consistent between different provinces,
though Beattie noted the Quebec-based Automobile Protection Association has found the
number of curbsiders to be lower there. 78
John Bachinski, Executive Director for the Alberta Motor Vehicle Industry Council (AMVIC),
noted his organization has received very few consumer complaints regarding online used car
74
ibid.
76
http://blog.ucda.ca/kijiji-is-curbsider-heaven/
77
78
ibid.
75
19
sales fraud. He chalked this up to Alberta residents possibly being more tolerant of fraud because
they can afford to be, financially, but cannot afford the time to file a complaint. He also
suggested it is possible consumers in Alberta are more likely to handle fraud resolution
themselves—through small claims court, for example. 79
Ian Christman, Registrar of Motor Dealers and Privacy Officer for the Motor Vehicles Sales
Authority of B.C. (VSA) says he has seen a drop in the number of curbsiding complaints from
consumers over the past few years, and that it is more and more often a case of unregistered
dealers being unaware of the regulations. “We’ve gone from about 3,500 [total—not just
curbsiding] consumer complaints down to about 2,700 consumer complaints [between 2011 and
2012],” he says. “We’re on track to do 700 investigations this year when we did 950 last year,
and about 1200 a couple of years before that.” 80
Jacques Fugère Jr., Administrative Services Counsellor for the OPC, which monitors curbsiding
complaints in Quebec, notes that while the organization does not have specific statistics available
on curbsiding, they have seen “complaints related to the sale of used vehicles [increase 40
percent] since April 2010.” 81
Fraudster-victim composition
The hundreds of thousands of Canadians who shop for used cars on online classifieds websites
every year do not come from a specific region, age group, or income bracket, but fraudsters and
curbsiders do target particular groups with the types of cars they use as “click-bait,” or sell
illegally.
“By and large, the marketplace for these curbed vehicles fall into two very large groups: one is
your less expensive vehicles, which would be cars that would be sold anywhere from between
two and seven thousand dollars, which in today’s market are pretty inexpensive cars,” Bob
Beattie, formerly of the UCDA, says of curbsiders’ cars. “The other ones are the very expensive
cars, and these are the accident cars the insurance companies sell at auction for the highest dollar
they can get. That’s where the guy is able to buy that $55,000 BMW for $11,000, fix it up and
sell it for $25,000, but nobody knew what it went through in its real life. The average selling
price of vehicles in the last study we did was close to ten thousand dollars.” 82
The cars fraudsters use to lure consumers to click on a bogus listing often fall into similar
groups. Cheaper, compact-size used cars with below-market-value price tags tend to draw
consumers with lower incomes, who, due to budgetary constraints, may be more desperate for
very cheap used cars and thus more susceptible to scams. “Chances are the people looking for
these types of cars are on the lower income scale,” says Allen Atamer of LTAS Technologies.
“So these are hard pieces of advice [e.g. fraud avoidance tips like “avoid listings with too-good79
81
interview with Jacques Fugère Jr., Office de la Protection du Consommateur, March 7, 2013
82
80
20
to-be-true prices”] for them to follow sometimes, especially if they urgently need the car to get to
their job to pay for expenses. It’s a necessity for certain folks.” 83
On the other end of the spectrum are the high-end luxury-type automobiles, also advertised with
prices well below market value, that draw in buyers who see the huge discount as a compelling
incentive to take a risk and, for example, buy a vehicle from out-of-province. “These types of
scams are going to target [buyers looking for] high-end luxury vehicles, sometimes exotic
vehicles that are worth big dollar amounts; the allure of saving $5,000 or $6,000 or $12,000 by
buying remotely makes it worth the risk for some people,” explains OMVIC’s Terry O’Keefe,
referring specifically to a spate of U.S.-based car sales fraud that, starting in late 2012, used a
fake premium car dealership website to target Canadian consumers. “It’s worth it, because it’s a
big savings. And unfortunately, that price that’s too good to be true? That’s not an opportunity.
It’s a warning.” 84
Fraudsters also fall into a few specific types. Scammers posting bogus used-car-for-sale listings
or soliciting legitimate sellers with bogus offers to buy their car are generally working together
as part of a concerted organized crime effort, according to Daniel Williams of the Canadian AntiFraud Centre, and rarely work alone. “It’s typically a sophisticated gang doing the same thing to
hundreds if not thousands of people at the same time, and they’re doing a very high-quality job,
in a way of speaking,” Williams says. “They can afford to do that, even though they’re only
making $4,000 or $5,000 [per victim] because they’re doing it to so many people, they can
afford to put out a million-dollar product.” 85
These criminals tend to operate worldwide, Williams says – “they’re happy to rip off people
everywhere around the globe” – making it hard to pin down their location, or where their
ringleaders might be. “Just based on where the money goes, it goes to Canada, it goes to the
U.S., it goes to the U.K., it goes to Spain—it goes to any and everywhere,” he says.
Curbsiders, by the nature of the fraud they exercise, tend to operate locally, within Canada. They
may be working in concert with other curbsiders, and curbside either on the side or on a full-time
basis. Some work out of their home, while some are simply unregistered used car dealerships
whose dealer application was turned down, forcing them to work outside of the law. “If you
think about the difficulties dealers have in registering a business as a motor vehicle dealer in the
province of Ontario, they have to go through a lot of different things,” says Beattie. “They have
to go through a criminal record search, they have to make payments into the [consumer]
compensation fund, they have to give a complete financial background, all of those things before
they can be a registered dealer, in addition to which they have to find a place of business and
have it approved locally to be able to operate out of there. Well, that’s all expensive. A telephone
number [used to curbside] isn’t.”
83
85
84
21
Current fraud prevention techniques
Because of the negative impact used car sales scams and curbsiding have on consumers,
businesses and the industry as a whole, classifieds websites and provincial dealership regulators
use a variety of fraud detection and prevention techniques to try to mitigate the damage done.
The classifieds websites themselves typically scan listings for fraud three different ways: using
keyword or IP (internet protocol) address-based scanning and filtering before the listing is
posted; having human moderators review suspicious listings manually; and by tapping a
community of volunteers who similarly search for and flag suspicious listings.
“Customer support at Kijiji essentially means ‘trust and safety,’ and by that I mean doing
everything we can to preserve the security of the buyers and sellers who use Kijiji on a monthly
basis,” explains Kijiji’s Jasserand. “What this means is we’ve put in place procedures, filters to
ensure the bad guys don’t come to the site, don’t use it, or if they attempt to do it, it’s going to be
very difficult for them to gain any sort of visibility.”
While Jasserand could not reveal the details of the site’s built-in filters for security reasons, he
was able to explain the role of the “ad moderators” who make up the trust and safety team:
“These people work 24-7 to manually screen the ads [listings] based on the recognized level of
risk in certain categories based on a certain pattern in ad posting, and so this complements the
filter that the technology is doing.”
He was also able to explain how the community monitoring process worked to leverage Kijiji’s
very active, very engaged 11-million-strong user base. “These people have made Kijiji their own,
and a lot of them have great instincts, so if something had escaped us or our filters, if something
fraudulent makes it to the site, they will signal us very, very quickly,” Jasserand says. “They will
either flag it or email us, or we have actually a small community of volunteers that we trust so
much we’ve given them access to remove ads that they deem fraudulent.”
Jasserand says based on the tracking tools and metrics they use to measure the success of their
fraud prevention techniques, Kijiji is for the most part successful in blocking a vast majority of
scammers’ listings from getting visibility on the site. “We’ve realized very quickly that the
moment we deprive the scammer of any kind of visibility on the site, they eventually stop,
because there’s no point in attempting to post on the site and it’s not going through,” he says. 86
AutoTrader’s Ian MacDonald explains his site works similarly, starting with an automatic prescreening that filters out listings based on certain keywords, unusual pricing points or the
location of the uploader. “That’s why when an individual lists a car for sale, there’s a delay of
maybe up to 12 hours while it gets automatically moderated,” he says.
86
22
He says AutoTrader also employs a team of moderators who manually filter through listings
following that pre-screening process. The few fraudulent listings that get through that filter are
typically reported back to the moderators by users, who can use the “report abuser” button on
every listing to report a user or listing they think is a “scam/illegal,” “spam/duplicate,” or is
“miscategorised” in the wrong part of the site.
MacDonald adds that frauds that target legitimate sellers are usually committed using an
application programming interface (API) that automatically emails hundreds or thousands of the
site’s users simultaneously with a bogus message expressing interest in buying their car.
AutoTrader blocks any sort of mass-emailing with a CAPTCHA system that asks the messagesender a security question – usually to type out the letters in an image of a slightly blurred word
or phrase – that can only be completed by a human user. 87
Both sites also work with Canadian vehicle history report service CarProof, which supplies
customers shopping for used cars a report with a detailed history of a potential purchase using its
VIN. “We’re always watching those websites, so we typically find a lot of those ‘too-good-to-betrue’ vehicle sales as soon as they go up, and we pass them on to our contacts at Kijiji and
AutoTrader,” says Shawn Vording, Director, Western Canada Dealer Sales for CarProof. 88
While the tried-and-tested fraud prevention techniques used by both AutoTrader and Kijiji are
generally effective, both sites have to constantly adapt to scammers using new techniques that
circumvent old security measures. “It’s a constant battle because as you put in place more and
more restrictions and systems,” says MacDonald, “obviously these guys are working, they’re
always thinking of ways to get around them.” Both sites monitor and compare fraud activity and
trends with their corporate counterparts around the globe.
Curbsider detection and prevention has apparently proved more difficult for the websites to
detect and monitor. “It took us a little bit of time to realize how big a problem curbsiding was.
Our focus was really on the overseas fraudsters,” says Jasserand. 89 “It’s a little bit different, since
we’re dealing with local people [the curbsiders], and that’s the whole intent of Kijiji, it’s
allowing local people to post on the site.”
“We have ways to identify these people, but at the same time we realize we can do even more,
and right now that means developing a closer relationship [with groups like] OMVIC,” he says.
“If [these groups] identify a curbsider who is posting illegally ads on the site, someone who is
doing all they can to cover their tracks, we’re going to provide information pertaining to that
person. We state it very clearly on our sites, that we will work with law enforcement agencies.”
87
interview with Shawn Vording, CarProof, August 9, 2012
89
88
23
Kijiji started working with Alberta’s AMVIC in 2011 (the regulatory body is also an advertiser
on the site), and their collaboration has already led to the conviction of several curbsiders in that
province.
Generally, though, the provincial dealership regulatory bodies – the organizations tasked with
enforcing each province’s motor vehicle dealer act, which typically prohibits curbsiding – have
worked separately from the classifieds websites to track down and prosecute curbsiders.
Until recently, these groups’ curbsider detection programs basically relied on complaints from
consumers and dealerships, or tips from other enforcement agencies. OMVIC’s investigation
unit, which is made up of 13 investigators, launched 703 investigations in 2011, most of them
based off of complaints.
However, several of these groups, including OMVIC and AMVIC, now also employ the Harmari
Report by LTAS Technologies, a classifieds websites analytics tool used to automatically sort
through listings and identify suspicious ads. “[Investigators] get a lot of the investigation upfront
with the Harmari report,” explains Ontario-based Allen Atamer, who developed the technology.
“All the digging and going through ads and manual labour of putting all that data together is
done for them and presented in an easy-to-use format, which allows them more time to spend on
real foot patrol-type of investigation as opposed to desktop investigation.” 90
The Harmari Report basically does automatically what investigators in the past had to do
manually: sort through listings to find a repeat phone number, that is, a phone number attached to
multiple used car listings, likely to be a curbsider. OMVIC reports they have found the program
very effective at detecting curbsiders—too effective, in fact. “The [Harmari Report] is very good
at what it does. The problem is it’s very good at finding curbers, but you just wind up with a big
pile of curbers to go after. You end up drowning in the program’s success,” says OMVIC’s
Smith.
“In fact, the biggest difficulty is the volume—it’s basically an ocean of curbsiders, and you’ve
got 15 investigators to deal with it. The process of investigating and prosecuting them takes time
and resources, but is otherwise fairly simple and straightforward, and quite doable,” says Smith,
formerly the Detective Sergeant of the Halton Regional Police’s fraud investigation unit.
(Alberta’s AMVIC – which is currently staffed with 15 investigators – is also now adopting the
Harmari Report and figuring out how to best implement it.)
Once a potential curbsider is identified, investigators generally conduct as much online research
as they can about the person, and then “shop” the vehicle—they try to buy the car. “As soon as
they try to sell us the car, we’ll charge them. [We confirm they’re a curbsider] if they’re selling a
car that’s not in their name,” says OMVIC’s Smith. 91
90
91
24
While this technique of flushing out curbsiders is common to most regulators, the prosecution of,
and penalties handed to, curbsiders varies province to province.
In Ontario – where, in 2011, OMVIC closed more than 500 of the 703 curbsider investigations
they launched, and helped convict 120 curbsiders – the regulator has lobbied to install a
minimum fine for convicted curbsiders. Director of Investigations Carey Smith says OMVIC
will sometimes let a “run-of-the-mill” first-time-offense curbsider off easy with a written
warning, but that after that they slap the person with the minimum $2,500 fine and, if necessary,
push for an even more severe penalty. Repeat offenders can face jail time and fines of up to
$50,000, says Smith, which, while it definitely acts as a deterrent, also raises a host of new
problems.
“Convictions are going down because curbsiders are getting harder to prosecute—the courts are
demanding more and more evidence to support a charge, so it takes longer to investigate and to
gather evidence,” he says. “At the same time, these curbsiders are often more well-defended,
they get lawyers because it’s worth getting a lawyer, and then you drag the whole system down,
because now they put up a defense actually.” 92 The regulator spends roughly 50 percent of its
legal resources to catching and prosecuting curbsiders. 93
Bob Beattie, formerly of the UCDA, adds specifically that OMVIC may face difficulties even in
proving the curbsider is who they say are, or are not – “some of these fellas are quite slippery” –
and getting them to appear in court on schedule. 94
John Bachinski of AMVIC says that the regulator sees similar results in Alberta – curbsiders
there get a fine averaging $600 for a first offense – but that finding the time to collect evidence is
also likely the most difficult part of curbsider prosecution and conviction. “Whenever you go for
criminal charges, or a charge under the Fair Trading Act, it is time-consuming, whether it’s an
online ad or another type of fraud. It’s often not difficult, it’s just time-consuming to get your
evidence collected the proper way, go to the Crown [prosecutor], and get it prosecuted,” he says.
Bachinski says AMVIC has not pushed the government to raise the fines for curbsiding, but that
they would likely find support if they did. However, because of the lower rate of curbsider fraud
in Alberta, the case for a stiffer, more serious penalty has not yet been made. 95 The province has,
however, just passed a bill allowing the regulator to use administrative penalties as an
enforcement measure; the regulations around these new penalties have yet to be finalized. 96
In B.C., where the legislation is, as the VSA’s Ian Christman puts it, a little more “anemic” and
the crime technically unregulated, they employ several novel tactics to force curbsiders into
compliance. “We can write a curber a $288 violation ticket – that’s not even the cost of profit on
92
ibid.
“OMVIC on Curbsiders,” The Dealer Standard [OMVIC] (Spring 2012): 6
94
95
96
email correspondence with John Bachinski, Alberta Motor Vehicle Industry Council, February 26, 2013
93
25
one car – and after that we either go to civil court and file a cease-and-desist order or we find a
Crown council willing to prosecute,” says Christman. “And they’re just really too busy to deal
with regulatory offences.”
The first step the VSA takes is to educate the curbsider about the benefits of becoming a licensed
dealer, and get them to voluntarily comply with the regulations. “We’ve had a big push in the
last four months and we have some major people actually signing up to be licensed. How long
they stay, we don’t know, but at least they’re trying,” Christman explains. “You’re not worried
about how long in the past they’ve been a curber, you don’t go back for back licensing fees, you
just go on and get them back into compliance and let’s get going.”
If that does not work, they apply pressure by getting other agencies to corner the curbsider, too.
“Curbsiders tend to sell from a home when they’re not licensed or zoned to do so, so we talk to
the bylaws department to deal with them,” Christman offers an example. “Recently, we started
piloting with the Canada Revenue Agency [...] because usually if they’re curbsiding, they’re
under-reporting taxes, and that has also started working.”
Trying to convict a curbsider under the province’s Motor Dealer Act – the crime carries a
$100,000 fine or six months in prison, or both, upon conviction under the Act – is usually used
as a last resort, because the VSA cannot find a prosecutor to try such cases. 97
Fraud awareness campaigns
Because the chances of being snagged in an online used car sales scam seem smaller than they
likely actually are, most consumers on the web have an “it-could-never-happen-to-me” attitude
toward internet fraud. 98 Both classifieds websites and regulators attempt to combat this by
waging almost-constant awareness campaigns giving users tips on how to spot fraudsters or
curbsiders.
“While most individuals who use Kijiji have success with buying, selling, renting or connecting
with others, from time to time we do receive reports of people attempting to scam or defraud our
users,” Kijiji’s Online Safety Tips page warns. “We have found that one of the best ways to
address this problem is to ensure that all transactions take place locally and in-person. Remember
that Kijiji is a local classifieds web site and Ads are not reviewed before they go live on the
site.” 99
The page also notes, “Never send or wire money to sellers or buyers. This includes never mailing
a cheque or using payment services like PayPal, eBay Motors Purchase Protection Program,
Bidpay, Western Union or Money Gram to pay for items found on Kijiji.” It closes with a nearuniversal piece of advice found on almost every online used car sales fraud tip sheet: “If
something sounds too good to be true, it probably is.”
97
based on data from 2012 Angus Reid-ACC consumer survey; Wendy Goucher, “Being a Cybercrime Victim.”
Computer Fraud and Security (2010)
99
https://help.kijiji.net/ca/knowledgebase.php?article=26
98
26
AutoTrader’s Fraud Protection Tips page similarly offers a detailed list of ways to spot and avoid
fraud online. Specifically, it advises consumers avoid using online escrow (money transfer)
services, as almost all of these are fraudulent. 100 Buyers who ask for a partial payment up front
and who insist on contact only via email should also be avoided, it warns.
Craigslist’s about > scams page goes into even more detail, offering up actual exams of email
templates used by scammers to defraud users. 101 They also automatically direct buyers and
sellers to this information before a purchase or sale.
Aside from linking to these sorts of tips in FAQ (frequently asked questions) sections at the
bottom of their front pages, these websites will also sometimes include links to this advice during
key points in the buying or selling process. Of course, while these websites want to warn users
about the possibility of fraud so that they can avoid the unpleasant experience of being
defrauded, they also do not want to over-emphasize the possibility of fraud and potentially scare
users away from the website.
Regulators’ tip sheets for avoiding curbsiders also sound very much alike, and often cite these
red flags as a warning you may be dealing with a curber:
i) if you telephone and say “I’m calling about the car for sale,” and the seller replies,
“Which car?”
ii) if the seller’s asking price is well below market value for the car
iii) if any of the seller’s answers sound fishy or “too good to be true”
iv) if the seller would rather meet in a public parking lot; if the seller meets you at his
home, check if the address on his licence matches the address of the place at which you meet him
v) if the seller has other cars sitting around his property with no licence plates
vi) if the seller’s registration and driver’s licence (in Ontario) don’t match, and he
offers an excuse about it being a friend’s car
vii) if the seller is unable or unwilling to offer you a landline or work phone number
Ontario’s OMVIC – which directs nearly 100 percent of its consumer education campaign efforts
towards curbsiding avoidance tips and fraud warnings – offers consumers a “Creep-o-meter” to
help determine how likely it is the seller they are dealing with is a curbsider. 102,103 Alberta’s
AMVIC books advertising space directly on Kijiji to ensure consumers see their curbsider
avoidance tips. 104 The RCMP also has an online shopping fraud tips page. 105
100
http://wwwa.autotrader.ca/general/info/Fraud_Protection_Tips.aspx
http://www.craigslist.org/about/scams
102
http://www.buywithconfidence.ca/consumer-protection/creepometer
103
“OMVIC on Curbsiders,” The Dealer Standard [OMVIC] (Spring 2012): 6
104
105
http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/scams-fraudes/shop-magasinage-eng.htm
101
27
While the tips on these pages are generally straight-forward and easy to follow, consumers may
not always keep them top of mind while shopping; most consumers seem to inherently assume
they could never be taken in by a scammer, that “it could never happen to me.” At the same time,
most fraudsters and curbsiders are well-practiced in coming off as convincing instead of
suspicious. It is also worth noting that all these separate pieces of advice can sometimes
conflict—for example, while AutoTrader’s page advises avoiding escrow services when it comes
to paying for a car, the RCMP’s page encourages the use of escrow services. 106
106
ibid.
28
In Detail: Prevalence of Online Car Sales Fraud in Canada
The ACC commissioned market research firm Angus Reid Public Opinion to conduct a
consumer survey in mid-November 2012 in order to figure out how prevalent online car sales
fraud is in Canada. The survey questionnaire also asked if respondents would be willing to
volunteer for telephone interviews on their experiences shopping online for used cars; these
interviews were used as case studies of Canadian consumers’ personal encounters with fraud.
Consumer survey intent and methodology
During our preliminary research into the topic, it became apparent there was little publically
available information on the issue, and that recently published, current studies or articles (less
than five years old) or studies specific to a Canadian context were sparse. The ACC decided to
conduct a consumer survey into the prevalence of online car sales fraud in Canada in order to
complement the numbers already out there.
Specifically, the ACC wanted to find out about consumers’ perceptions of online used car sales
fraud; which particular websites they most frequented while shopping for or trying to sell a used
car; and how often they encountered fraud while shopping or selling. A 13-question survey –
with a combination of multiple-choice and open-ended questions – was drafted by the ACC. The
questionnaire can be found in the Appendix to this report.
The ACC hired market research firm Angus Reid Public Opinion to conduct the survey and
distribute it online among their Angus Reid Forum panellists between November 13 and
November 19, 2012. The survey was filled out by 1,006 Canadian adults who had purchased or
sold a vehicle online via a classifieds website within the past year. The margin of error was +/3.1 percent, 19 times out of 20.
The number of survey respondents is broken down below by demographic:
gender
men
women
601
405
age group
18 to 34 years old
35 to 54 years old
55 years old and older
120
427
459
region
British Columbia
Alberta
Saskatchewan and Manitoba
238
141
104
29
Ontario
Quebec
Atlantic Canada
271
149
103
education
high school diploma or less
college or technical school diploma
university degree or more
183
527
296
annual household income
less than $50,000
between $50,000 and $100,000
more than $100,000
273
409
194
At the end of the survey questionnaire, respondents were asked if they would like to volunteer
for a telephone interview on their online used car shopping experience; they were promised
anonymity, and that their personal information would be protected. The ACC received replies
from a half-dozen respondents; of these, three had experiences relevant to the study. Their
interviews formed the used car sales fraud case studies found below.
Consumer survey results and analysis
The sample demographic surveyed by Angus Reid included adults from across Canada who had
purchased or sold a vehicle online in the previous 12 months. Roughly 0.02 percent of Angus
Reid Forum panellists – some 3,000 people – qualified, of which 1,006 were surveyed. This 0.02
percent figure, extrapolated across the Canadian population, would indicate roughly 600,000
Canadian consumers buy or sell a used car via an online classifieds website every year. 107
Of these 1,006 respondents, roughly 80 percent said they did not encounter any sort of fraud
during their used car shopping experience; the other 20 percent, however, encountered one of
several types of fraud. The most common form of fraud respondents said they had encountered
involved a fraudulent buyer contacting them to purchase the car they were trying to sell online—
roughly 13 percent of respondents said they encountered this sort of fraud. Five percent said they
encountered a dealer who posed online as a private seller but who identified themselves as a
dealer when asked—a dealer the Used Car Dealers Association or other regulators might
consider a “curbsider” but whom other experts might not.
Of the roughly 200 respondents who encountered fraud, 12 percent dealt with curbsiders, while
15 percent said the trouble was that the seller or buyer was out of the country. Five percent said
they received a message from a third party asking to help sell their car on their behalf. Generally,
a total of 48 percent had some concerns about the buyer or seller. Another 35 percent had
107
email correspondence with Mario Canseco, Angus Reid Public Opinion, January 2, 2013
30
payment-related problems; for 13 percent, this included an apparent PayPal-related scam. Five
percent said they, as legitimate sellers, ran into the overpayment-and-refund scam problem. A
sum of 20 percent had some difficulty with vehicle shipping and delivery, most commonly –
according to 11 percent of the 200 fraud-problemed respondents – that the scam buyer wanted to
send an agent or third party to pick up the car. 108
Roughly 76 percent of respondents said they had browsed Kijiji.ca before making their online
purchase or sale, nearly twice the number of respondents who had said they had browsed
AutoTrader (35 percent). As a national average only 23 percent said they had looked at
Craigslist, though 69 percent of B.C. residents said they browsed the site (Kijiji was second in
the province, at 50 percent). Kijiji was particularly popular in Alberta and Atlantic Canada, while
55 percent of Quebec residents said they had looked at the Quebec-market-only LesPAC. 109
When it came time to make a deal, roughly 60 percent of respondents said they ended up selling
their vehicle on, or purchasing it from, Kijiji. Roughly 13 percent of respondents closed the deal
on Craigslist, and about the same number did so on AutoTrader. 110
When asked about the type of car respondents had bought or sold online, 23 percent said the
vehicle was from a model year between 1996 and 2000, while 19 percent said it was from model
years 2001 to 2003. Broken down into specific brands, 15 percent of the vehicles traded were
Fords, 10 percent were Hondas, and nine percent were Chevrolet or Toyota. Separated by parent
automaker, 23 percent were General Motors products, 16 percent were from Ford, and 13 percent
were Chrysler products. Almost all vehicles (97 percent) were used, not new; and most (80
percent) were purchased from a private seller, not a dealer. Roughly 19 percent of vehicles
respondents bought or sold online were $1,000 or less; 18 percent were between $2,000 and
$4,000. Totaled together, roughly 63 percent were less than $6,000 (except in Saskatchewan and
Manitoba, where 25 percent were more than $10,000). 111
Roughly 60 percent of respondents said they had not read the website’s policy on fraud
protection before or during their online purchase or sale, and 64 percent said they did not
research types of online fraud. Respondents above 55 years old were more likely to have
researched fraud types ahead of time, however. Of respondents who did research fraud protection
prior to their purchase or sale, 22 percent said they had looked up fraud prevention tips using an
Internet search engine; 32 percent looked up the classifieds websites’ fraud prevention policy
pages, or browsed blogs and automotive forums online. Less than five percent looked at
newspapers or magazines, checked with Consumer Reports or the Better Business Bureau,
contacted the seller, or spoke with friends, respectively. 112
108
question 10
question 4
110
question 5
111
question 6
112
question 9
109
31
A full 75 percent said they did not use the classifieds website’s recommended payment method;
a majority – 65 percent – said they paid with cash, in person. Twenty-two percent used a cheque,
while just five percent used credit. Just three percent used an electronic form of payment. 113
Of the almost 200 respondents who encountered some sort of fraud during their shopping or
selling experience, 77 percent said their experience was met with some sort of resolution, though
the ratio was closer to 50-50 in Quebec; roughly 40 percent said they were very satisfied or
moderately satisfied with the way the resolution was handled, while 48 percent were not sure.
Twelve percent were dissatisfied. 114
When asked if they would consider buying or selling a vehicle online again, 87 percent said yes,
they would. Of those who would not, 29 percent said the possibility of online fraud probably or
definitely affected their decision—this number was much lower among respondents aged 18 to
34. 115
The results confirm Kijiji’s market dominance (with regional variations in popularity) and
roughly approximate the varying severities of different fraud types as outlined by the
stakeholders the ACC interviewed. Curbsiding does seem to be one of the most common sorts of
fraud, and fraud against legitimate sellers – apparently on the upswing – does appear from these
results to be a quite popular scam, too. The growing prevalence of potential fraudsters contacting
legitimate sellers to offer to help them make a sale was also confirmed.
Consumers’ awareness of, or concern with, online used car sales fraud seems generally low,
especially among those less than 55 years old. A majority of active classifieds users have done
little or no research into fraud types or fraud prevention; this could be explained by the “It will
never happen to me” attitude some experts spoke of consumers adopting.
For a full question-by-question breakdown of the survey results, see the Appendix.
Case studies and interviews
At the end of the survey questionnaire, respondents were asked if they would like to volunteer
for a telephone interview on their online used car shopping experience; of the half-dozen
responses the ACC received, three were applicable to the study. They are collected below and
presented as case studies. All names have been changed so that personal information could
be protected.
Case study #1
113
questions 7 and 8
questions 11 and 13
115
questions 1 and 3
114
32
Regular users of classifieds websites are of course more likely to encounter online fraud. James
Martinez says he frequently browses Kijiji and Craigslist for car, motorcycle and motorhome
listings, and that his first run-in with fraud happened in 2010, while shopping for a motorhome
on eBay.ca. The vehicle was being sold for just below market value, and, according to car history
report service CarFax, had a clean history. While James had heard of online fraud, he admits he
had an “it’ll never happen to me” attitude. He exchanged several emails and phone calls with the
seller, but took it as a red flag when the seller said he was on vacation out-of-country, was unable
to return for a pre-sale inspection, and wanted a down payment via Western Union. James
stopped chasing the listing.
James says he has also encountered potential curbsiders, most recently in fall 2012 during a trip
to Florida. He met with a local seller there who had posted a used Scion for sale roughly $2,000
under market value; there were several indicators something about the sale was amiss, however,
primarily that the car did not resemble the one in the listing, and had several dents and poorly
painted-over body panels.
Case study #2
Curbsiders are often well-practiced in telling a convincing story and coming off as sincere when
they are in fact telling lies. Emily Taylor and Martin Banks are a married couple who first took
to looking for a used car online, a 2004 to 2006 Toyota Echo, in April 2012. After several weeks
of browsing classifieds, looking unsuccessfully for a suitable match, Emily came across a justposted Craigslist ad for a 2005 Echo in good condition for around market value, roughly $5,700.
They called up the private seller’s cell phone number and arranged to meet him in the parking lot
of the condo where he said he lived.
The seller explained the car belonged to his wife, and that he was selling it because they were
moving to Dubai for work; the first aid kit under the seat, he explained, was there because his
child played soccer. He admitted the car had some minor damage, but had been repaired. After
they negotiated a sale price, the seller said the car was actually owned by his company, which
would pay for the sales tax.
Emily and Martin met with the seller again a short while later to transfer title documents; Emily
noted the staff at the out-of-the-way insurance brokerage at which the seller suggested they meet
seemed to know the seller quite well. She also pointed out the name on the title ended,
suspiciously, with “—Motors Corp.,” but Martin waved off her concerns. They paid with a cashfilled envelope.
The following week, the red flags Martin had glossed over pressed him into doing a liens search
on the car. He found out it had been a write-off, and had suffered damage worth more than
$2,000 (the disclosure on the transfer they had signed noted it was a rebuild). He called the
dealership whose name was on the title, who told them they were not affiliated with the seller,
but then later admitted he was one of their salespeople. The dealership blamed the seller with
failing to transfer the vehicle into his own name, but they stopped making excuses when Martin,
a retired lawyer, threatened to sue and report them to the Vehicle Sales Authority (VSA) and
Insurance Corporation of British Columbia (ICBC). (Martin figures this may have been because
33
they had had run-ins with the VSA and ICBC before). They met with the dealership and got their
money back in the exact same envelope; they never reported the curbsiders to the police or VSA
since they had resolved the fraud themselves.
“We wanted it [the car] to be perfect and right [since] we were tired of searching for so long”
Emily explains why they ignored some of the warning signs. Martin adds that though this was
their first time shopping for a used car online, they had been aware of the potential for curbsiding
and fraud. “But we got taken in,” Martin says. “It happens to someone else, not to you; you’re
too smart for that.” The seller was, he notes, very convincing.
Case study #3
Fraudsters are constantly adopting new strategies that better their chances of scamming more and
more consumers. A group of fraudsters apparently based in the U.S. put to use a new “quality
over quantity” technique late 2012 that robbed at least five 116, and likely many more, 117
Canadian car buyers of a total of more than $225,000. 118 The gimmick involved making up a
fake premium used car dealership website – so far they have allegedly run through the names
Original Luxury Auto of Austin, Texas 119; Shine Auto Sales of Richmond, Illinois 120; Sprint
Luxury Auto and Ambient Auto Center of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and Husen Original Autos
of Phoenix, Arizona121 – and linking it to listings posted on Canadian classifieds websites like
Kijiji.ca, Craigslist, AutoTrader and Wheels.ca.
The vehicles they advertise are often high-end sports cars or luxury SUVS – “exotic vehicles
worth big dollar amounts with big savings that make it worth [buying out-of-country],” says
Terry O’Keefe, Manager of Communications with the Ontario Motor Vehicle Industry Council
(OMVIC) – with details and photos swiped from legitimate dealership websites.
“No one’s going to take the chance on a vehicle that’s only going to cost them five or six
thousand dollars,” O’Keefe explains. “So these tend to be high-end luxury vehicles, sometimes
exotics, that make the risk worth it for some people, the allure of saving five or six or ten or
twelve thousand dollars by buying remotely”
While John Cobb of the Oklahoma Used Motor Vehicle and Parts Authority notes he has seen
scams of a similar nature in the state, this one is the most successful and widespread he has come
across. 122 O’Keefe agrees the Ambient Auto Center scam is unique in its approach. “[Ambient]
was the first time we’ve seen anything this elaborate, and this was a sophisticated scam. The
websites looked very good, lots of testimonials, they tried to answer all the questions that anyone
116
http://www.bbb.org/blog/2012/09/original-luxury-autos-a-possible-scam/
118
119
email correspondence with victim
120
121
122
117
34
that has concerns might have,” he says. “Basing Ambient in Oklahoma, it’s an awfully far place
from Canada—you’re not going to drive down there to look at the car, so they thought of some
ways around some common questions. They provide you with [a legitimate] VIN for the car—
[the car] just happens to not be in their possession. They’ll provide you with a CARFAX report.
They’ll even go to the point of allegedly creating phony emails from Canada border services
agency.”
O’Keefe related the story of one particular victim that wired Ambient more than $115,000 for a
Ferrari. After he sent them a deposit, he received an email that was purportedly from Canada
border services to Ambient saying they could not allow the further import of the vehicle unless
the vehicle was paid for in full. Ambient forwarded the message to the consumer, saying, “We
can’t get the car into Canada unless you wire us the rest of the money.” He did.
The fraudsters typically ask for the cash via a wire transfer, though money may not be all they
are after. O’Keefe notes they might also mine victims for their personal information, since this
sort of information is in high demand on the black market—fraudsters generally use stolen
identities to conduct other scams. He also explains that OMVIC is unable to prosecute or
investigate fraud of this nature because it qualifies as a provincial offense, but not a criminal one.
“Within two days of our story hitting the news, the phone numbers for Ambient went dead and
the website went down. Shining a bright light on Ambient certainly made them move on. Do I
think they’re gone? Absolutely not. They’ll just pop up again with a new website and a new
name,” says O’Keefe. 123
123
35
Recommendations
The stakeholders interviewed were asked for changes they think could be made by classifieds
websites, regulators or governments to reduce the amount of fraud Canadian consumers
encounter when shopping for, or selling, used cars online. These recommendations are below.
Future fraud detection technologies
Some of the most promising developments in online fraud detection and prevention are, not
surprisingly, technological. The representatives from classifieds websites the ACC spoke to
explained they are, of course, constantly updating their filters and researching and developing
new software that can better detect fraudulent listings. In order not to compromise the efficacy of
these new technologies, they were unable to go into detail regarding how they work.
Third-party developers, like Allen Atamer, Principal Engineer at Toronto-based LTAS
Technologies, are working on similar technologies, as mentioned above. The Ontario Motor
Vehicle Industry Council (OMVIC) has been using Atamer’s Harmari Curbsider Report software
for more than a year, and he is in talks with other provincial regulators, as well as some
American clients, who are considering trying it out as well. “[The Harmari Report] takes the
long, arduous, tedious task of going through all those ads [looking for curbsiders], does it
automatically and presents it in an easy-to-use format,” explains Atamer. 124
The Harmari Report software basically works by, as Atamer says, scanning websites for phone
numbers repeated in several different listings and automatically collecting and collating them
into a report, something most regulators and their investigators now do manually. Atamer is
tweaking the software to counteract several tricks curbsiders used to avoid detection, and to
generally improve the efficacy of the software. OMVIC regulators who have worked with the
software complain only that it is too effective: “The problem is it’s very good at finding curbers,
but you just wind up with a big pile of curbers to go after. You end up drowning in the program’s
success,” says Carey Smith, OMVIC’s Director of Investigations. 125
Atamer points out there are other, yet-explored ways classifieds websites or regulators could
better detect fraudsters using technology. “Nigerian scam”-type listings that use images stolen
from legitimate listings could be caught using software that detects if a photo posted to the
website has been used before elsewhere. “[When an image of a car is used on multiple websites,]
the classifieds websites could talk to each other, saying ‘this picture was used here before,’”
Atamer says, and then together determine which, if any, is a fraud and which the original is.
Smith points out the third-party detection software regulators are using to detect curbsiders
should be used by the classifieds websites so the listings never get up there in the first place. “If
we have software that can identify potential curbsiders, they can, too. They should start to do a
124
125
36
better job of filtering their ads so the curbsiders aren’t on there,” he says. (It is possible, even
likely, most classifieds are already working toward this end.) 126
Changes to classifieds website policies
Besides constantly improving the technology they use to detect and prevent fraud, classifieds
websites also regularly look at updates to their fraud handling policies. The stakeholders the
ACC spoke to also had several suggestions for ways the websites could improve.
“I’m a part of an organization of Canadian regulators, and we have been having talks with Kijiji
about committing to [a new policy wherein] if they get so many repeats of the same phone
numbers [in separate listings], they will inquire with that seller to see if they’re a dealer and
whether they’re licensed,” explains Ian Christman of B.C.’s Vehicle Sales Authority (VSA).
“And if they’re not, then they will start denying them [the ability to post to the site.]” The
difficulties in this change in policy reside largely in how to enforce it without violating users’
privacy, he says. 127
OMVIC’s Smith suggested the websites could send automated messages to suspected curbsiders
to let them know they’re being monitored, to deter curbsiding activity. 128
Consumers contacted via the Angus Reid-distributed survey also had suggestions for website
policy changes, including banning users (or user IP [internet protocol] addresses) who have been
reported to have demanded a non-refundable down payment on a vehicle they listed for sale.
Another recommended increasing the number of times fraud detection tip sheets or warnings
show up during the shopping or selling process.
In general, it is apparent the classifieds websites need to commit more resources to fraud
detection and prevention, specifically when it comes to curbsiding. Warnings regarding the
possibility of a crime occurring do not absolve them of the fact their product enables that crime.
It may also be advisable for classifieds websites to better communicate with consumers the
measures they are taking and the resources they are committing, even if they cannot, of course,
explain exactly how some of these measures work for security reasons.
Changes to governmental policies
The stakeholders’ suggestions in regards to how governmental or regulator policy could change
revolved largely around tightening the loops that fraudsters and curbsiders tend most often to
take advantage of.
OMVIC’s Smith, for example, suggests changing the way cars are registered in Ontario. “Right
now, it’s the buyer’s responsibility to change ownership into their name, but it’d be better if it
was the seller’s responsibility, because right now curbsiders leave the old seller’s name on the
126
“Fraud: Global Threat and Growing.” Classified Intelligence Report 12.21 (2011)
128
127
37
ownership and don’t even register the cars in their names,” he says. 129 A change in governmental
policy could also help trap the curbsiders that do register a vehicle in their name before passing it
off to a victim, by tracking people who frequently register, then sell, multiple vehicles. “[The
registration system is] so porous,” the Automobile Protection Agency’s George Iny is quoted in a
Toronto Star article. “It [catching curbsiders] is not a priority at the Ministry [of Transportation].
They're not being accountable.” 130 Iny suggests – much like LTAS Technologies’ Atamer – that,
in Ontario, that ministry could likely quite easily identify curbsiders through databases and broad
lot inspections.
The other major way in which regulation and legislation could be changed to clamp down on
curbsiders is in how they are prosecuted and penalized. This does not necessarily mean
increasing fines or penalties or making it harder for curbsiders to do business—the VSA’s
approach in B.C. is instead to try to make it easier for curbsiders to comply with regulations and
become certified dealers, and to mete out fines high enough to discourage them from repeating
the crime, but not so high that the charge is too often challenged by the curbsider in court, a
problem OMVIC is increasingly facing in Ontario.
“OMVIC went for increasing the fines progressively, but those fines have had a different effect
than they thought—when that happened, everyone disputed the tickets, and that increased
[OMVIC’s] legal costs, and about 80 percent of their investigators’ time is dealing with curbers,”
says Christman of the VSA. “Our view is to create a better regulatory method to deal with it. We
can increase fines, but not to the extent they have—enough to make it hurt, but not enough to
make them wanting to go running to the court every time. We’re also thinking of having the
registrar issue [to a curbsider] what’s known as a compliance order, with an administrative
penalty and the right to an administrative hearing before the registrar. Proof required is lower,
it’s on the civil burden [as opposed to the criminal burden].”
The VSA is generally looking at new ways to penalize curbsiders, outside of criminal
prosecution. “Under the Business Practices Act, which is where the registrar gets his authority
for these compliance orders and penalties, it also allows the registrar to file them under the B.C.
Supreme Court, and once filed they become court orders,” Christman explains. “Those can be
enforced as court orders, which means I can use the Court Orders Enforcement Act to start
proceedings for a person’s paycheque, against their homes and so forth. It’s a civil and
administrative way to deal with it, and moves it away from the criminal justice system.” 131
They are also working together with other agencies to corner the curbsider. “Curbsiders tend to
sell from a home when they’re not licensed or zoned to do so, so we talk to the bylaws
department to deal with them,” Christman offers an example. “Recently, we started piloting with
the Canada Revenue Agency [...] because usually if they’re curbsiding, they’re under-reporting
taxes, and that has also started working.” Vehicle history report provider CarProof is developing
a product – currently being tested in London, Ontario – that similarly ties curbsiders to instances
129
ibid.
Mark Toljagic, “Curbsiding: Unsafe at Any Price.” Toronto Star April 9, 2011
131
130
38
of insurance fraud via a database, since “the correlation between insurance fraud and curbsiding
and organized crime is extremely high,” says CarProof’s Shawn Vording. “Typically the
criminals that are involved in staging collisions are also involved in curbsiding, they’re sourcing
the cars that way.” 132
Classifieds website and regulator cooperation
Regulators and classifieds websites have more and more frequently been cooperating and sharing
information that can help the regulator to track down and prosecute curbsiders; this is true
especially in Alberta, where AMVIC, who advertise with Kijiji, have been working together with
that website for more than a year.
Cooperation between the classifieds websites themselves, however, could improve. “While eBay
Motors [Kijiji’s parent company] in the U.S. has been in touch with AutoTrader in the U.S. in
regards to fraud prevention, in Canada we’re not,” says Christian Jasserrand of Kijiji.ca. 133 “We
don’t work with [rival companies] actually, not currently, and that’s not been a kind of deliberate
decision, that’s just been something which hasn’t come about,” Ian MacDonald of AutoTrader
concurs. “In the U.K., when I was there, AutoTrader actually created a kind of knowledgesharing forum or organization called VSTAG, and that was a combination of all the different
players, whether they are competitors or not, kind of working together on the fraud issue in the
U.K. market specifically. There’s nothing like that I know of in Canada.” 134
Information that could be shared between websites for the benefit of consumers include fraud
detection and prevention techniques and software; information on listings (for example, the theft
of images of cars from legitimate listings for use in fraudulent ones, as mentioned above); and
information on users identified as fraudsters, to stop them from simply hopping from site to site
when caught.
There may be several difficulties with these rival companies working together – better fraud
protection gives one a competitive edge over another, something they would lose when fraud
prevention techniques or fraudster information is shared – but there should be way work around
these. “We haven’t seen a need for [this sort of cooperation], plus they’re a competitor, so it
would have been difficult for us to approach them and say, ‘Hey, we’re going to cooperate on
something like fraud,’ when in fact the relationship is a little bit tense,” Jasserand says of
AutoTrader.
MacDonald is a little more optimistic. “Something like that could work here potentially. It’s all
about the dedication certain brands show to this issue.” He points out that if a single website
refused to cooperate in a knowledge-sharing organization like VSTAG, fraudsters could, quite
easily, simply congregate there. “There needs to be kind of a broad, industry-wide understanding
of the importance of the issue and the investment and dedication that is required to mitigate those
risks across the industry. Maybe that isn’t there, and that’s why that organization [like VSTAG]
132
interview with Shawn Vording, CarProof, August 9, 2012
134
133
39
isn’t there, but in principle, I think it’s something that could work, sure, if everyone was
dedicated to it.” 135
Better cooperation between regulators and provincial ministries could also help in tracking
curbsiders and fraudsters. Most provincial regulators work together via a nation-wide regulator
organization – meeting occasionally for industry conferences and the like – but inter-province
vehicle titling and tracking could still use development. “[Online fraud prevention] is not
something that can be done state-by-state or province-by-province. Because the Internet is
international scope in terms of boundaries, it’s something that needs to be done at a national
level,” says the VSA’s Christman. “We need to have some national standards regarding web
advertising, and I think the competition bureau can do that. Constitutionally, the federal
government deals with all matters that are cross-jurisdictional, and I think we may need to say
that internet advertising, because it crosses all international boundaries, needs to be regulated
federally, and some federal standards need to be put in place, including impositions on web
hosters or people who do these websites in terms of reporting.” 136
Atamer suggested provincial ministries could work together to build a database similar to the
NMVTIS (National Motor Vehicle Titling Information System) in the U.S., which lets each U.S.
state communicate with others regarding a vehicle VIN and title. 137 This could help in the interprovince tracking of salvage title cars, for example.
Changes to consumer awareness efforts
Both regulators and classifieds websites constantly run large-scale consumer awareness
campaigns giving them tips on how to detect and avoid curbsiders and fraudsters, but, according
to the results of our ACC-Angus Reid consumer survey, most consumers are still either unaware
of online used car sales fraud or do not consider it a threat to their online classifieds shopping or
selling experience. “As much as we can do ourselves from a technology or moderation point-ofview, ultimately the most powerful thing is actually educating people so they themselves can
recognize things that aren’t right if they ever are unfortunate enough to encounter a fraudulent ad
or email,” says AutoTrader’s MacDonald. 138
Consumers may be unaware of how prevalent online used car sales fraud and curbsiding is in
part because most victims do not report the crime, instead keeping it to themselves out of
embarrassment. “The vast, vast majority of fraud is not reported to us, and generally speaking,
it’s not being reported to anyone,” says Daniel Williams of the Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre. 139
“The number of victims who blame themselves once they’ve been had is amazing, and they just
write it off as a lesson learned. In a lot of cases they’re embarrassed about being defrauded and
they tell no one, no one learns from their mistake,” he says. “In many cases, the best that we can
hope for – and this is an amazing thing to hope for – is that a victim goes extremely public with
135
ibid.
137
138
139
136
40
what’s happened to them, thereby truly inoculating their own circle of friends and families,
people who they trust who will listen to the story of what happened.”
It may be possible to counter this stigma by working to relieve notions of “victim-blaming” with
these fraud awareness campaigns, and to emphasize exactly how prevalent online used car sales
fraud is, and how convincing fraudsters and curbsiders can be. Publicizing regulators’ and
classifieds websites’ successes in finding and convicting curbsiders and fraudsters may also
encourage them to report the crime.
“One of the key problems with being a victim of a cybercrime is that there is no obvious way of
getting help. If a car is broken into, the police can at least see and acknowledge the crime and the
loss [and] at least the case has been taken seriously and there is therefore a motivation to report
it,” says information security expert Wendy Goucher. “But what is the motivational reward in
reporting cybercrime? The statistics demonstrate that the criminal is unlikely be brought to trial,
so positive reinforcement is absent. In fact, there is a risk that victims will be labelled, both by
themselves and others, as fools for falling for the temptation in the first place. So positive
reinforcement is replaced by negative reinforcement, and why would anyone do something that
can lead only to bad results?” 140 Fraud awareness campaigns can be instrumental in removing
this negative reinforcement and encouraging the reporting of online used car sales fraud.
140
Wendy Goucher, “Being a Cybercrime Victim.” Computer Fraud and Security (2010): 16-17
41
Conclusions
As the popularity of purchasing and selling used cars via classifieds websites continues to grow
in Canada, the number of fraud victims will only swell. The impact on the Canadian economy
will similarly expand, unless measures are taken to increase fraud and curbsider detection,
prevention and awareness.
Several of those measures are reviewed in this study, and based on that review, the ACC
recommends:
1) regulators and websites continue to invest in the development of new fraud detection
technologies, and are supplied with additional funding if necessary;
2) provincial authorities review and potentially revise the legislation around fraudster and
curbsider prosecution and penalization;
3) and that all stakeholders work to remove the stigma around fraud victimization and encourage
fraud reporting by launching awareness campaigns that counteract too-prevalent “victimblaming” attitudes toward online fraud.
Most importantly, improving fraud and curbsider detection and prevention methods will require
better cooperation between provincial ministries and regulators; between classifieds websites;
and between regulators and websites. Because online fraud transcends provincial and even
national borders, it may be necessary for the provinces to petition the federal government for
some form of national oversight, legislation or organization.
“I don’t see this trend [in online used car fraud] ending. I think technology is making it easier
and easier for people who want to harm others through fraud to do it,” says OMVIC’s Terry
O’Keefe. “It’s going to be a growing problem. It’s going to require cooperation between not just
jurisdictions, but between countries.”
42
Appendix
43
Research team
Nicholas Maronese
Mr. Maronese organized the research and composition of the report, conducted interviews with
stakeholders and coordinated the project’s operation.
As a freelance automotive writer and researcher, Mr. Maronese’s work has appeared extensively
in Sympatico.ca Autos, as well as the Toronto Star, reaching hundreds of thousands of
Canadians. Mr. Maronese has an Honours Bachelor’s degree in Professional Writing from York
University in Toronto, Ontario.
Mohamed Bouchama
Mr. Bouchama helped in the development of the report methodology and conducted several
interviews. Mr. Bouchama is Ontario's best-known automobile consumer advocate and a
Director with Car Help Canada, also known as the Automobile Consumer Coalition (ACC).
For over two decades, and on a daily basis, he has assisted vehicle buyers in finding the lowest
car prices, and has listened to and helped thousands of consumers with virtually every aspect of
vehicle ownership. His knowledge of the vehicle marketplace in Ontario from the consumer’s
perspective is unparalleled.
As a consumer advocate, Mr. Bouchama has hosted automobile-related programs on television
and radio for fifteen years and has granted hundreds of media interviews during his career; he
has been featured in the Toronto Star, the Globe and Mail, and the Toronto Sun. Mr. Bouchama
has also lobbied on behalf of vehicle consumers and advised governments at the federal and
provincial levels.
Peter Silverman
Dr. Silverman (PhD, Toronto; Master of Arts, UBC) is one of the report methodologists.
Dr. Silverman is a Canadian television business journalist based in Toronto, Ontario. His
journalism career began in 1974 as a reporter for Global Television Network; in 1981, he moved
to CityTV, where he became a reporter for that station's CityPulse news program (now known as
CityNews).
He was host of Silverman Helps, an ombudsman-type feature for consumers between 1989 and
2008. In September 2008, Silverman joined Toronto radio station Newstalk 1010 to host a
Saturday morning radio show called The Peter Silverman Show.
44
He has also worked as an advertising executive entrepreneur and as a professor at the University
of Toronto.
Dr. Silverman won the Man of the Year Award from the Consumers' Choice Award for Business
Excellence in 2006; he has also received awards from the Toronto chapter of Association of
Certified Fraud Examiners, and has also been appointed to the Order of Ontario.
Thomas M. Prymak
Dr. Prymak (PhD, Toronto; Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts, Manitoba) is one of the report
methodologists.
Dr. Prymak has been writing, editing, and publishing in various fields for over 25 years. His
personal bibliography includes three books and over 125 articles published in various peerreviewed journals, as well as in magazines and newspapers. Two of his books were published by
the country’s most prestigious academic publisher, the University of Toronto Press.
Besides working in print, Dr. Prymak has experience in both television and radio. As early as the
1970s, he produced and hosted a program on non-profit community TV in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
He has occasionally been interviewed on both TV and radio regarding issues of public interest.
45
Bibliography
scholarly articles and studies
Dong, Fei et al. “Combating Online In-Auction Fraud: Clues, Techniques and Challenges.”
Computer Science Review 3 (2009): 245-258.
“Fraud: Global Threat and Growing.” Classified Intelligence Report [AIM Group] 12.21
(November 2011): 1-22.
Goucher, Wendy. “Being a Cybercrime Victim.” Computer Fraud and Security (November
2010): 16-18.
Head, Milena and Khaled Hassanein. “Trust in e-Commerce: Evaluating the Impact of ThirdParty Seals” Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce 3.3 (2002): 307-325.
“Internet Auction Fraud.” Commercial Business Intelligence Inc. (May 2001)
Lee, Byungtae et al. “Empirical Analysis of Online Auction Fraud: Credit Card Phantom
Transactions.” Expert Systems with Applications 37 (2010): 2991-2999.
Schultze, Ulrike and Traci Carte. “Contextualizing Usage Research for Interactive Technology:
The Case of Car E-Tailing.” The DATA BASE for Advances in Information Systems 38.1
(February 2007): 29-59.
mass-media articles
“B.C. Man Arrested in Internet Vintage Car Scam.” Postmedia News 6 August 2008.
“CarProof Reports to Roll Out Across Kijiji Canada's Autos Classifieds.” Canada Newswire, 5
January 2011.
Cohen, Joel. “Be Wary of Car-buying Scams on the Internet.” Toronto Star 11 September 2010.
“Edmunds.com Offers Tips on How to Safely Sell a Used Car.” Manufacturing Close-Up 28
April 2011.
Lancaster, Jason. “Poll: Used-Vehicle Buyers Prefer Internet Over Dealer Lots.” Ward's Dealer
Business December 2009.
46
“Ontario Motor Vehicle Industry Council Warns Consumers To Avoid Curbsiders And
Fraudsters By Buying Vehicles Only From Ontario-Registered Dealers.” Canada Newswire 14
October 2010.
Purdy, Chris. “Ad Scam Uses Name, Photo of Soldier Killed in Afghanistan.” Globe and Mail
11 November 2008.
“Scheme to Sell Stolen Cars on Craigslist Nets 15 Month Term for Vancouver Man.” Canadian
Press 28 March 2012.
Toljagic, Mark. “Curbsiding: Unsafe at Any Price.” Toronto Star 9 April 2011.
Toljagic, Mark. “Illegal Sellers Exploit Online: How to Tell the Difference.” Toronto Star 16
October 2010.
Toljagic, Mark. “Taken for a Ride; Think That Online Car Ad Is a Steal? Chances Are, It Is. But
Used-car Watchdog Bob Pierce Cautions that on the Web, It May Be You Who's the Mark.”
Toronto Star 10 October 2009.
Van Alphen, Tony. “‘Curbsiding’ Soaring in GTA, Study Shows.” Toronto Star 2 March 2012.
legislation
Alberta Fair Trading Act
(sections 6; 7; 104; 164)
Business Practices and Consumer Protection Act or Motor Dealer Act of B.C
(chapter 316, part 3, section 39)
Ontario Electronic Commerce Act
(chapter 17)
case studies
Regina V. Ramin Karamali (British Columbia, 2006)
47
Stakeholder Contact List
classifieds sites
government and industry bodies
Kijiji.ca Autos
http://www.kijiji.ca/autos
eBay International Inc.
Christian Jasserand, head of customer support
Canada Anti-Fraud Centre
www.antifraudcentre.ca
Daniel Williams, media relations
Jeff Thomson
Craigslist
craigslist.ca/cta
craigslist, inc.
Toronto Police Services, Financial Crimes Unit
416-808-7300
AutoTRADER.ca
http://www.autotrader.ca
Trader Corporation
Ian MacDonald, director, consumer marketing
Carpages.ca
http://www.carpages.ca/
Autopath Technologies Inc.
driving.ca
www.driving.ca/
canada.com
Postmedia Network Inc.
Used123.ca
(Auto123.com)
http://www.used123.ca/
Evolio
Autonet.ca
http://www.autonet.ca/
Canoe Network
Quebecor
Ontario Motor Vehicle Industry Council
(OMVIC)
http://www.omvic.on.ca/
Carl Compton, director
Casey Smith, director of investigations
Terry O’Keefe, manager of communications,
media relations and education
Used Car Dealers Association of Ontario
(UCDA)
http://www.ucda.ca/
Motor Vehicles Sales Authority of B.C. (VSA)
http://www.mvsabc.com/
http://mdcbc.com/
Ian Christman, registrar
Alberta Motor Vehicle Industry Council
(AMVIC)
http://www.amvic.org/
John Bachinski, executive director
Bob Knight, director of investigations
UsedCarsCanada.com
http://www.usedcarscanada.com/
Strathcom Media
Office de la Protection du Consommateur
(OPC)
http://www.opc.gouv.qc.ca/
Jacques jr Fugère, unité de coordination et de
soutien aux activités
MonsterAuto.ca
http://www.monsterauto.ca/
[email protected]
Internet Crime Complaint Center [U.S.—FBI]
http://www.ic3.gov/
Elizabeth Walling, Internet crime analyst
48
Oklahoma Used Motor Vehicle and Parts
Authority (UMVPA)
John Cobb, investigator
research and informational groups
other
Georgian College Automotive Business School
of Canada
Jennifer Sheremeto, marketing specialist
CarProof
Paul W. Anthony, CEO and president
Joe Varkey, vice-president marketing
Louis Petro
Odette School of Business, University of
Windsor
Harmari by LTAS Technologies
www.harmari.com
Allen Atamer
AUTO21 Network of Centres of Excellence
Stephanie Campeau, director of public affairs
and communications
R.L. Polk & Co.
Automotive data and marketing solutions
Lee Meadows, account specialist
49
Consumer survey questionnaire
AUTOMOBLE CONSUMER COALITION
Preliminary Questionnaire
1,000 total respondents, 10-minute interview, Used car owners/buyers
Q1. Within the past year, have you considered purchasing or selling a vehicle using an online
classifieds website?
[MULTIPLE CHOICE, UNLESS No IS CHOSEN]
Yes, I considered purchasing a vehicle
Yes, I considered selling my vehicle
No, I did not consider either [EXCLUSIVE]
If “Yes”, ask Q2a
If No, ask Q2b
Q2a. Which online classifieds websites did you browse when you considered purchasing or
selling a vehicle? Please select all that apply.
[MULTIPLE CHOICE]
eBay Motors
Kijiji
AutoTrader
Craigslist
Other [WRITE-IN]
Q2b. Did the possibility of online fraud affect whether or not you bought or sold a vehicle
online?
[SINGLE CHOICE]
Definitely affected
Probably affected
Probably did not affect
Definitely did not affect
Not sure
Q3. Have you purchased or sold a vehicle using an online classifieds website within the past
year?
[SINGLE CHOICE]
Yes, I have
No, I have not
If “Yes”, ask go to Q4.
50
If “No”, TERMINATE
Q4. Which online classifieds websites did you browse before purchasing or selling a vehicle?
Please select all that apply.
[MULTIPLE CHOICE]
eBay Motors
Kijiji
AutoTrader
Craigslist
Other [WRITE-IN]
Q5. Which website did you buy your vehicle from or sell it on?
[MULTIPLE CHOICE]
eBay Motors
Kijiji
AutoTrader
Craigslist
Other [WRITE-IN]
Q6. Please describe the vehicle you purchased or sold by filling out the form below.
[FORM]
Year: [PROVIDE BOX, NUMERIC, FROM 1950 TO 2012]
Make: [PROVIDE BOX, WRITE-IN]
Model: [PROVIDE BOX, WRITE-IN]
Condition: Single Choice, Used / New
Bought from / Sold to: Single Choice, Bought from / Sold to
Price: [PROVIDE BOX, NUMERIC]
Q7. Did you use the classifieds website’s recommended payment method?
[SINGLE CHOICE]
Yes, I did
No, I did not
Q8. Which payment method did you use? Please type your response in the box below.
[PROVIDE BOX]
Q9. Did you do any of the following prior to making the purchasing or selling decision?
[ROWS]
Read the website’s policy on fraud protection
51
Research the types of online fraud prior to making the purchasing or selling decision
[COLUMNS]
Yes, I did
No, I did not
If “Yes” to “Researched the types of online fraud prior to making the purchasing or selling
decision”, ask Q9a.
Q9a. Which resources did you review? Please type your response in the box below.
[PROVIDE BOX]
Q10. Did you encounter any type of online fraud while shopping for or selling a car via a
classifieds website? Please select all that apply.
[MULTIPLE CHOICE]
Bought from a “curbsider” or dealer posing as private seller
Ad placed by dealer posing as private seller online, but who identified as a dealer at their
location or over the phone
Paid a seller for a car that was not delivered
Paid a seller for a car I was unable to view in person beforehand, and the car delivered was not
the same as the one advertised
Paid a buyer a refund because their cashier’s cheque was above my selling price and later found
out the cashier’s cheque was fraudulent
Contacted by a buyer whom I recognized was a scammer
Other [WRITE-IN]
None of these [EXCLUSIVE]
If “None of these”, TERMINATE.
All others, ask Q10a, Q11, Q12 and Q13.
Q10a. Please describe in detail the type of fraud you encountered. Please type your response in
the box below.
[PROVIDE BOX]
Q11. Was your experience with fraud resolved?
[SINGLE CHOICE]
Yes, it was
No, it was not.
Q12. Which actions did you take to deal with the fraud you encountered? Please type your
response in the box below.
52
[PROVIDE BOX]
Q13. Are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the arbitration or mediation process of the parties
involved in your fraud’s resolution or attempted resolution?
[SINGLE CHOICE]
Very satisfied
Moderately satisfied
Moderately dissatisfied
Very dissatisfied
Not sure
FINAL. Every year, thousands of Canadian car buyers, through no fault of their own, become
victims of internet-based fraud. This study is part of an effort to better protect consumers from
this sort of fraud. If you’ve purchased or sold a car via an online classifieds website and have
been a victim of fraud, the Automobile Consumer Coalition would like to interview you about
your experience. Please email [email protected]. Your name and personal details will
remain confidential.
==30==
53
Preliminary Report
Page 1 of 3
AUTOMOBLE CONSUMER COALITION
Report of Findings
From November 13 to November 19, 2012, Angus Reid Public Opinion conducted an online survey
among 1,006 Canadian adults who are Angus Reid Forum panellists and have purchased or sold a
vehicle using an online classifieds website within the past year. The margin of error—which
measures sampling variability—is +/- 3.1%, 19 times out of 20. Discrepancies in or between totals
are due to rounding.
Within the past year, have you considered purchasing or selling a vehicle using an online classifieds
website?
-
Almost two-thirds of respondents (64%) considered purchasing a vehicle using an online classifieds
website; half (50%) considered selling their vehicle.
British Columbians (71%) and Ontarians (69%) more likely to have considered purchasing a vehicle
using an online classifieds website.
Asked to respondents who considered a transaction:
Which online classifieds websites did you browse when you considered purchasing or selling a vehicle?
-
Kijiji was by far the most browsed website (79%), followed by AutoTrader (39%), Craigslist (26%)
and eBay Motors (10%).
LesPac was very popular in Quebec (62%, second only to Kijiji).
Asked to respondents who did not consider a transaction:
Did the possibility of online fraud affect whether or not you bought or sold a vehicle online?
-
Three-in-ten respondents (29%) say the possibility of fraud "definitely" or "probably" affected their
decision.
Fraud concerns were more prevalent in British Columbia (41%).
Which online classifieds websites did you browse before purchasing or selling a vehicle? Please select all
that apply.
-
Once again, Kijiji was the top choice (76%), followed by AutoTrader (35%), and Craigslist (23%).
LesPac is the second option in Quebec (55%, behind Kijiji).
British Columbians pick Craigslist first (69%).
Which website did you buy your vehicle from or sell it on?
-
In the end, three-in-five sellers/buyers (60%) relied on Kijiji, while less than 15 per cent used other
websites.
Two-in-five Quebecers (40%) relied on LesPAC, almost half of British Columbians (46%) on
Craigslist.
CONTACT:
Mario Canseco, Vice President, Angus Reid Public Opinion, 877-730-3570, [email protected]
Preliminary Report
Page 2 of 3
Please describe the vehicle you purchased or sold by filling out the form below.
-
Year: Most cars purchased or sold were 1996-2000 (23%) or 2001-2003 (19%).
Make: 15% of the cars purchases or sold were Ford, 10% were Honda, 9% Chevrolet, 9% Toyota.Condition: Only three per cent of the cars purchased or sold were new, the rest were used.
Bought from / Sold to: Four-in-five cars purchased or sold (80%) involved a private seller, only 20%
a dealer.
Price: About two-in-five purchases or sales (39%) cost between $2,001 and $8,000.
Did you use the classifieds website’s recommended payment method?
-
Only one-in-four respondents (25%) used the recommended payment method.
Respondents 18-to-34 (40%) were more likely to do so than those aged 35-to-54 (21%) and those
over the age of 55 (26%).
Which payment method did you use? Please type your response in the box below.
-
Almost two thirds (65%) used cash, 22% used a cheque; just 5% relied on credit.
Did you do any of the following prior to making the purchasing or selling decision?
-
A majority (60%) did not read the website’s policy on fraud protection or research the types of online
fraud prior to making the purchasing or selling decision (64%).
Older respondents are more likely to have taken precautions than middle-aged and younger
respondents.
Asked to respondents who researched the types of online fraud prior to making the purchasing or selling
decision:
Which resources did you review? Please type your response in the box below.
-
Most respondents sought information on the Internet or on the policies of the websites where they
saw the vehicles.
Did you encounter any type of online fraud while shopping for or selling a car via a classifieds website?
-
Four-in-five (80%) did not encounter any type of fraud.
The highest incidence of fraudulent behaviour observed is people being contacted by a buyer who
was recognized a scammer (13%), followed by an ad placed by dealer posing as private seller
online, but who identified as a dealer at their location or over the phone (5%).
Asked to respondents who encountered fraud:
Please describe in detail the type of fraud you encountered. Please type your response in the box below.
-
Roughly half of respondents (48%) expressed concerns about the buyer or seller, while 20% faced
problems with shipping and/or delivery, 15% had problems with either price/cost, or vehicle
condition and inspection.
CONTACT:
Preliminary Report
Page 3 of 3
Was your experience with fraud resolved?
-
Four-in-five respondents (77%) say their experience with fraud was resolved.
Are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the arbitration or mediation process of the parties involved in your
fraud’s resolution or attempted resolution?
-
Two-in-five (40%) were satisfied with the process; 12 per cent were dissatisfied, the rest are
undecided.
==30==
CONTACT:
Table 1
Q1. Within the past year, have you considered purchasing or selling a vehicle using an online classifieds website?
Gender
BASE: All Respondents
Yes, I considered purchasing a vehicle
Total
(A)
1006
642
64%
Male
(B)
Age
Female
(C)
18-34
(D)
405
231
57%
120
79
66%
209
52%
35-54
(E)
Region
55+
(F)
Yes, I considered selling my vehicle
507
50%
601
411
68%
C
298
50%
459
269
59%
64
53%
427
294
69%
F
208
49%
No, I did not consider either
129
13%
68
11%
61
15%
15
13%
49
11%
65
14%
NET: Yes
877
87%
533
89%
344
85%
105
88%
378
89%
394
86%
235
51%
BC
(G)
238
170
71%
HK
128
54%
J
22
9%
216
91%
HK
Comparison Groups: BC/DEF/GHIJKL/MNO/PQR/STUV/WX/YZ
Independent T-Test for Means (equal variances), Independent Z-Test for Percentages (pooled proportions)
Uppercase letters indicate significance at the 95% level.
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
D
AB
(H)
141
77
55%
73
52%
23
16%
G
118
84%
SK/MB
(I)
Education
ON
(J)
QC
(K)
104
66
63%
K
58
56%
J
9
9%
271
187
69%
HK
119
44%
149
72
48%
34
13%
95
91%
K
237
87%
28
19%
GI
121
81%
76
51%
ATL
(L)
Household Income
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
Impact of Online Fraud (Q2b)
$50,00
0 To
Less
Definite Probabl Probabl Definite Top 2 Bottom
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
HS Or / Tech Degree <$50,0 $100,0 $100,0 Affecte Affecte
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
103
70
68%
HK
53
51%
183
106
58%
527
340
65%
296
196
66%
273
166
61%
409
262
64%
194
134
69%
16
-
21
-
28
-
55
-
37
-
83
-
1006
642
64%
-
96
52%
262
50%
149
50%
136
50%
211
52%
97
50%
-
-
-
-
-
-
507
50%
-
13
13%
30
16%
68
13%
31
10%
40
15%
54
13%
18
9%
16
100%
21
100%
28
100%
55
100%
37
100%
83
100%
129
13%
-
90
87%
153
84%
459
87%
265
90%
233
85%
355
87%
176
91%
-
-
-
-
-
-
877
87%
-
Table 2
Q2a. Which online classifieds websites did you browse when you considered purchasing or selling a vehicle?
Gender
Total
(A)
BASE: Considered purchasing or selling a
vehicle in Q1
Kijiji
Male
(B)
Age
Female
(C)
18-34
(D)
Region
35-54
(E)
55+
(F)
BC
(G)
AB
(H)
SK/MB
(I)
ON
(J)
QC
(K)
877
696
79%
533
422
79%
344
274
80%
105
83
79%
378
299
79%
394
314
80%
216
123
57%
AutoTrader
343
39%
220
41%
123
36%
228
26%
146
27%
82
24%
159
42%
F
100
26%
134
34%
Craigslist
50
48%
F
34
32%
eBay Motors
85
10%
73
14%
C
44
8%
12
3%
7
7%
36
10%
42
11%
78
36%
K
158
73%
HIJKL
23
11%
32
9%
12
11%
34
9%
30
8%
-
-
-
-
13
2%
7
1%
4
1%
6
1%
6
1%
4
1%
4
1%
2
0%
2
0%
2
0%
-
6
2%
2
1%
4
1%
2
1%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
2
1%
1
0%
1
0%
3
1%
1
0%
1
0%
2
1%
1
0%
-
1
1%
-
9
2%
-
-
-
6
2%
2
1%
3
1%
-
19
9%
2
1%
5
2%
8
4%
-
-
-
9
2%
9
2%
2
1%
6
2%
3
1%
5
1%
3
1%
2
1%
3
1%
1
0%
-
1
1%
-
1
1%
-
-
1
0%
1
0%
-
-
-
-
LesPAC
76
9%
Used Victoria
19
2%
9
1%
8
1%
8
1%
7
1%
5
1%
5
1%
4
0%
3
0%
3
0%
3
0%
3
0%
2
0%
2
0%
2
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
Dealership / dealer site
Buy & Sell
Castanet
Used Regina
E Brandon
Local Classified
NL Classified
Annonces
Auto Hebdo
Used Ottawa
Used PEI
Car Pages
Concessionaive
Pembina Valley Online
Used (unspecified)
Used Everywhere
Used Vancouver
2
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
-
1
1%
1
1%
1
1%
1
1%
-
2
1%
2
1%
2
1%
2
1%
3
1%
1
0%
1
0%
-
94
24%
118
112
95%
GIJK
48
41%
KL
9
8%
Education
9
8%
95
237
82
199
86%
84%
G
G
39
145
41%
61%
KL GHIKL
6
44
6%
19%
HIKL
8
24
8%
10%
153
121
79%
459
366
80%
265
209
79%
48
31%
165
36%
9
7%
90
83
92%
GK
23
26%
K
2
2%
28
18%
116
25%
13
11%
8
9%
11
7%
48
10%
130
49%
MN
84
32%
M
26
10%
75
62%
L
-
1
1%
35
8%
15
6%
5
2%
-
-
-
26
17%
NO
2
1%
-
-
-
-
3
3%
-
-
-
7
3%
3
1%
1
0%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1%
-
-
2
1%
1
1%
1
1%
-
10
2%
6
1%
7
2%
8
2%
5
1%
3
1%
3
1%
3
1%
3
1%
1
0%
2
0%
2
0%
-
-
-
1
0%
-
-
7
7%
5
5%
3
3%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
1%
-
-
-
-
-
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
-
-
-
-
-
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
-
2
2%
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
2%
3
2%
-
-
4
4%
-
-
1
1%
-
3
3%
-
-
-
-
2
2%
-
-
-
-
2
1%
1
1%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
1%
-
-
$50,00
0 To
Less
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
ATL
(L)
121
97
80%
G
10
8%
Household Income
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
-
-
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
2
1%
1
0%
-
233
197
85%
R
72
31%
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
176
126
72%
-
-
-
-
-
-
877
696
79%
-
88
50%
PQ
48
27%
-
-
-
-
-
-
343
39%
-
56
24%
355
286
81%
R
140
39%
P
99
28%
-
-
-
-
-
-
228
26%
-
14
6%
35
10%
-
-
-
-
-
-
85
10%
-
27
12%
R
4
2%
2
1%
4
2%
2
1%
2
1%
-
36
10%
R
7
2%
3
1%
1
0%
4
1%
3
1%
2
1%
2
1%
3
1%
-
25
14%
P
7
4%
-
-
-
-
-
-
76
9%
-
7
4%
3
2%
1
1%
1
1%
1
1%
2
1%
2
1%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1%
1
1%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
0%
1
0%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
19
2%
9
1%
8
1%
8
1%
7
1%
5
1%
5
1%
4
0%
3
0%
3
0%
3
0%
3
0%
2
0%
2
0%
2
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
3
1%
1
0%
2
1%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
-
2
1%
1
0%
2
1%
1
0%
-
-
Other mentions
23
3%
14
3%
9
3%
-
8
2%
15
4%
11
5%
HJ
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
D
1
1%
4
4%
J
2
1%
4
3%
1
1%
6
4%
9
2%
8
3%
8
3%
8
2%
5
3%
-
-
-
-
-
-
23
3%
-
Table 3
Q2b. Did the possibility of online fraud affect whether or not you bought or sold a vehicle online?
Gender
Total
(A)
BASE: Did not consider purchasing or
selling a vehicle in Q1
Definitely affected
Probably affected
Probably did not affect
Definitely did not affect
Not sure
NET: Top 2 Box
NET: Bottom 2 Box
Male
(B)
Age
Female
(C)
18-34
(D)
35-54
(E)
Region
55+
(F)
BC
(G)
129
16
12%
68
8
12%
61
8
13%
15
1
7%
49
7
14%
65
8
12%
21
16%
28
22%
13
19%
16
24%
8
13%
12
20%
2
13%
3
20%
9
18%
10
20%
10
15%
15
23%
22
5
23%
K
4
18%
1
5%
55
43%
9
7%
37
29%
29
43%
2
3%
21
31%
26
43%
7
11%
16
26%
8
53%
1
7%
3
20%
18
37%
5
10%
16
33%
29
45%
3
5%
18
28%
83
64%
45
66%
38
62%
11
73%
28
57%
44
68%
AB
(H)
SK/MB
(I)
Education
ON
(J)
QC
(K)
ATL
(L)
Household Income
$50,00
0 To
Less
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
23
3
13%
9
1
11%
34
3
9%
28
1
4%
13
3
23%
30
3
10%
68
11
16%
31
2
6%
40
3
8%
54
4
7%
2
22%
3
33%
G
3
33%
-
6
18%
6
18%
6
21%
5
18%
2
15%
3
23%
-
16
24%
11
16%
5
16%
6
19%
7
18%
7
18%
8
15%
15
28%
10
45%
2
9%
9
41%
1
4%
10
43%
GJK
7
30%
2
9%
4
17%
3
33%
16
47%
3
9%
9
26%
15
54%
1
4%
7
25%
4
31%
1
8%
5
38%
17
55%
1
3%
7
23%
20
50%
3
8%
10
25%
23
43%
4
7%
12
22%
11
50%
17
74%
6
67%
22
65%
20
71%
7
54%
25
37%
5
7%
27
40%
M
36
53%
23
74%
N
27
68%
38
70%
R
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
D
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
11
37%
N
13
43%
3
10%
3
10%
24
80%
N
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
18
5
28%
PQ
5
28%
2
11%
16
16
100%
21
-
28
-
55
-
37
16
43%
83
-
129
16
12%
-
-
-
-
21
16%
28
22%
-
28
100%
21
57%
-
-
-
21
100%
-
6
33%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10
56%
PQ
8
44%
16
100%
21
100%
-
-
37
100%
-
55
43%
9
7%
37
29%
-
-
55
100%
-
-
-
28
100%
55
100%
-
83
100%
83
64%
-
-
28
34%
55
66%
-
-
-
Table 4
Q3. Have you purchased or sold a vehicle using an online classifieds website within the past year?
Gender
Age
Male Female 18-34 35-54
55+
BC
Total
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(F)
(G)
(A)
1006
601
405
120
427
459
238
Yes, I have
1006
601
405
120
427
459
238
100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
D
Region
AB
(H)
141
141
100%
SK/MB
(I)
104
104
100%
Education
ON
(J)
QC
(K)
ATL
(L)
271
271
100%
149
149
100%
103
103
100%
Household Income
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
$50,00
0 To
Less
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
183
183
100%
527
527
100%
296
296
100%
273
273
100%
409
409
100%
194
194
100%
16
16
100%
21
21
100%
28
28
100%
55
55
100%
37
37
100%
83
83
100%
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
1006
1006
100%
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
-
Table 5
Q4. Which online classifieds websites did you browse before purchasing or selling a vehicle?
Gender
Total
(A)
BASE: Purchased or sold a vehicle in the
past year in Q4
Kijiji
Male
(B)
Age
Female
(C)
18-34
(D)
35-54
(E)
Region
55+
(F)
BC
(G)
AB
(H)
1006
763
76%
601
450
75%
405
313
77%
120
87
73%
427
325
76%
459
351
76%
238
120
50%
AutoTrader
352
35%
223
37%
129
32%
48
40%
155
36%
149
32%
Craigslist
230
23%
149
25%
81
20%
34
28%
95
22%
101
22%
LesPAC
83
8%
47
8%
36
9%
31
7%
36
8%
eBay Motors
78
8%
10
2%
25
6%
Used Victoria
20
2%
14
1%
10
1%
68
11%
C
13
2%
9
1%
6
1%
16
13%
E
5
4%
7
2%
5
1%
4
1%
1
1%
1
1%
-
10
2%
3
1%
4
1%
48
10%
DE
9
2%
10
2%
6
1%
8
1%
7
1%
3
0%
3
0%
2
0%
1
0%
3
0%
2
0%
1
0%
-
2
0%
2
0%
1
0%
1
0%
2
0%
3
1%
-
-
2
0%
4
1%
2
0%
1
0%
3
1%
3
1%
-
Buy & Sell
Castanet
Used Regina
Auto Hebdo
Facebook
NL Classified
Used Ottawa
E Brandon
Used PEI
Annonces
Concessionaive
Local Classified
Used Everywhere
Car Pages
Used (unspecified)
10
1%
9
1%
4
0%
4
0%
4
0%
4
0%
3
0%
3
0%
2
0%
2
0%
2
0%
2
0%
2
0%
1
0%
1
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
1
0%
1
0%
2
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
-
1
1%
1
1%
1
1%
1
1%
1
1%
-
3
1%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
-
8
2%
4
1%
1
0%
2
0%
1
0%
-
SK/MB
(I)
Education
ON
(J)
QC
(K)
81
34%
K
164
69%
HIJKL
-
141
128
91%
GJK
51
36%
K
12
9%
L
-
104
88
85%
GK
49
47%
GKL
9
9%
L
-
271
224
83%
GK
131
48%
GHKL
34
13%
KL
-
103
95
92%
GJK
27
26%
K
2
2%
183
140
77%
527
403
76%
296
220
74%
51
28%
171
32%
26
14%
1
1%
24
9%
82
55%
L
9
6%
27
15%
NO
9
5%
122
23%
M
39
7%
130
44%
MN
82
28%
M
17
6%
26
11%
8
6%
6
6%
47
9%
20
8%
2
1%
6
3%
J
10
4%
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
1%
-
2
2%
-
6
2%
1
0%
2
1%
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
3%
J
-
3
2%
1
1%
3
2%
-
-
-
-
-
9
6%
-
-
9
9%
-
2
1%
-
-
-
1
0%
-
-
-
-
3
2%
1
1%
-
3
1%
-
1
1%
-
-
-
-
2
1%
2
1%
1
1%
-
$50,00
0 To
Less
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
ATL
(L)
149
108
72%
G
13
9%
Household Income
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
5
5%
2
1%
-
1
1%
4
4%
-
2
1%
-
-
-
3
3%
-
-
-
1
1%
-
194
134
69%
16
13
81%
21
15
71%
28
19
68%
55
41
75%
37
28
76%
83
60
72%
1006
763
76%
-
148
36%
P
94
23%
83
43%
P
54
28%
4
25%
2
10%
7
25%
7
13%
6
16%
14
17%
352
35%
-
3
19%
2
10%
3
11%
10
18%
5
14%
13
16%
230
23%
-
37
9%
9
5%
-
3
14%
2
7%
8
15%
3
8%
10
12%
83
8%
-
22
7%
31
11%
R
11
4%
30
7%
-
1
5%
-
2
4%
1
3%
2
2%
78
8%
-
11
2%
9
2%
6
1%
6
2%
4
1%
1
0%
5
2%
4
1%
5
2%
6
1%
4
1%
2
0%
27
14%
PQ
7
4%
5
3%
2
1%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
4%
-
-
-
1
1%
1
1%
-
20
2%
14
1%
10
1%
-
-
1
2%
-
9
2%
6
1%
3
1%
2
0%
2
0%
3
1%
2
0%
2
0%
2
0%
1
0%
2
0%
-
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
-
2
1%
2
1%
2
1%
2
1%
-
5
1%
5
1%
2
0%
2
0%
3
1%
1
0%
1
0%
2
0%
-
2
1%
1
1%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
4%
-
-
1
6%
-
-
-
1
4%
-
-
1
3%
1
3%
1
3%
-
1
1%
-
-
1
5%
1
5%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
0%
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10
1%
9
1%
4
0%
4
0%
4
0%
4
0%
3
0%
3
0%
2
0%
2
0%
2
0%
2
0%
2
0%
1
0%
1
-
-
-
3
1%
-
-
-
-
-
3
3%
-
2
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
1%
-
-
1
1%
2
2%
-
-
-
-
1
1%
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
1
0%
-
2
0%
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
409
311
76%
2
1%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
-
273
216
79%
R
78
29%
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
56
21%
2
1%
2
1%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
2
1%
-
1
1%
1
1%
2
1%
1
1%
-
-
-
-
1
1%
-
-
-
Used (unspecified)
Used Vancouver
Other mentions
Don't know / not stated
0%
1
0%
33
3%
0%
23
4%
1
0%
10
2%
-
-
2
2%
6
1%
0%
1
0%
25
5%
E
1
0%
0%
1
0%
18
8%
JL
-
2
1
1
1
0%
0%
0%
0%
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
D
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
7%
JL
1
1%
2
1%
5
3%
J
-
1
1%
3
2%
-
-
-
1
0%
0%
1
0%
17
3%
2
0%
-
-
0%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
13
4%
11
4%
11
3%
8
4%
2
13%
2
10%
1
4%
2
4%
4
11%
3
4%
-
-
1
0%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0%
1
0%
33
3%
2
0%
-
-
Table 6
Q5. Which website did you buy your vehicle from or sell it on?
Gender
Total
(A)
past year in Q4
Kijiji
Male
(B)
1006
599
60%
601
340
57%
Craigslist
131
13%
AutoTrader
Age
Female
(C)
18-34
(D)
Region
35-54
(E)
55+
(F)
BC
(G)
AB
(H)
120
69
58%
427
260
61%
459
270
59%
238
64
27%
84
14%
405
259
64%
B
47
12%
21
18%
59
14%
51
11%
130
13%
84
14%
46
11%
18
15%
61
14%
51
11%
LesPAC
62
6%
38
6%
24
6%
11
9%
23
5%
28
6%
109
46%
HIJKL
22
9%
K
1
0%
eBay Motors
26
3%
3
1%
3
3%
4
1%
22
2%
23
4%
C
14
2%
8
2%
4
3%
6
1%
19
4%
E
12
3%
Used Victoria
18
2%
11
2%
7
2%
1
1%
11
3%
Buy & Sell
7
1%
4
1%
3
1%
-
Castanet
7
1%
5
0%
4
0%
3
0%
3
0%
2
0%
2
0%
2
0%
2
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
6
1%
1
0%
3
0%
3
0%
2
0%
2
0%
1
0%
-
1
0%
4
1%
1
0%
-
-
1
1%
-
1
0%
-
1
1%
-
1
0%
2
0%
-
1
1%
1
1%
-
-
-
NL Classified
Used Regina
E Brandon
Facebook
Local Classified
Used Ottawa
Used PEI
Auto Hebdo
Car Pages
Concessionaive
Used (unspecified)
Used Everywhere
2
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
-
-
SK/MB
(I)
Education
ON
(J)
QC
(K)
Household Income
ATL
(L)
104
70
67%
GK
2
2%
271
182
67%
GK
13
5%
149
77
52%
G
3
2%
103
83
81%
GIJK
1
1%
183
103
56%
527
330
63%
296
166
56%
20
11%
62
12%
15
11%
K
-
16
15%
KL
-
66
24%
GHKL
-
4
3%
7
7%
23
13%
1
1%
5
2%
2
1%
3
3%
11
4%
60
40%
GL
4
3%
5
2%
1
1%
3
3%
6
2%
6
1%
18
8%
-
-
4
1%
3
1%
3
1%
-
1
0%
3
1%
1
0%
-
6
1%
2
0%
2
0%
3
1%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
-
7
3%
-
-
-
1
0%
-
-
1
0%
2
0%
1
0%
1
0%
-
-
-
1
-
-
$50,00
0 To
Less
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
141
123
87%
GIJK
3
2%
1
0%
1
0%
-
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
409
241
59%
194
99
51%
16
12
75%
21
13
62%
28
16
57%
55
33
60%
37
25
68%
83
49
59%
1006
599
60%
-
49
17%
273
177
65%
R
34
12%
52
13%
27
14%
1
6%
2
10%
2
7%
8
15%
3
8%
10
12%
131
13%
-
61
12%
46
16%
19
7%
1
5%
2
5%
7
8%
130
13%
-
12
4%
19
7%
-
3
14%
5
18%
V
2
7%
2
4%
26
5%
33
17%
P
7
4%
1
6%
6
11%
3
8%
8
10%
62
6%
-
1
1%
24
13%
NO
5
3%
56
14%
P
31
8%
9
2%
4
1%
11
3%
-
-
2
4%
-
2
2%
26
3%
-
4
4%
2
1%
10
2%
5
2%
6
1%
1
6%
1
5%
1
4%
1
2%
2
5%
2
2%
22
2%
-
-
-
-
2
1%
10
2%
6
2%
3
1%
5
1%
-
-
-
1
2%
-
1
1%
18
2%
-
-
1
0%
-
1
1%
5
1%
1
0%
4
1%
1
0%
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
1%
-
-
-
-
-
3
3%
J
-
9
5%
P
9
5%
Q
8
4%
PQ
1
1%
-
3
2%
12
4%
N
10
3%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
1%
1
0%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1%
-
-
-
-
1
1%
-
1
4%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1%
2
2%
-
1
1%
-
2
1%
-
1
3%
-
-
-
1
5%
-
-
-
4
4%
3
3%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
1%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
0%
-
-
1
0%
1
0%
1
1
0%
-
1
3%
-
-
-
1
5%
-
-
-
1
1%
-
2
0%
-
-
-
2
2%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
0%
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
0%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
1%
5
0%
4
0%
3
0%
3
0%
2
0%
2
0%
2
0%
2
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
-
5
5%
-
2
1%
2
1%
-
-
-
3
1%
2
0%
3
1%
1
0%
2
0%
1
0%
1
0%
-
-
-
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
-
-
-
1
0%
3
1%
-
-
-
6
1%
2
0%
3
1%
2
0%
1
0%
1
0%
-
-
-
1
1%
2
1%
1
1%
-
-
-
-
-
1
1%
-
-
1
1%
-
-
-
-
-
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
-
1
0%
1
0%
2
1%
1
0%
-
-
1
0%
-
-
1
-
-
-
Used Everywhere
Other mentions
Nothing
0%
32
3%
20
3%
0%
12
3%
9
1%
5
1%
4
1%
1
1%
10
2%
0%
21
5%
3
3%
F
-
4
1%
2
0%
0%
14
6%
JL
2
1%
4
2
2
2
2
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
D
-
3
3%
6
2%
8
5%
1
1%
5
3%
0%
15
3%
12
4%
0%
11
4%
13
3%
5
3%
-
1
5%
1
4%
2
4%
1
3%
3
4%
0%
32
3%
1
1%
-
4
1%
1
1%
1
1%
3
2%
3
1%
3
1%
2
1%
2
0%
4
2%
1
6%
-
-
1
2%
1
3%
1
1%
9
1%
-
1
1%
1
1%
2
1%
-
-
2
1%
2
0%
-
1
0%
2
0%
1
1%
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
0%
-
-
Table 7
Q6a. [Year] Please describe the vehicle you purchased or sold by filling out the form below.
Gender
Total
(A)
past year in Q4
1990 or before
Female
(C)
18-34
(D)
35-54
(E)
Region
55+
(F)
120
10
8%
427
49
11%
459
60
13%
38
9%
7
6%
47
11%
49
11%
AB
(H)
SK/MB
(I)
ON
(J)
1991-1995
103
10%
1996-2000
233
23%
189
19%
142
24%
106
18%
91
22%
83
20%
28
23%
27
23%
96
22%
81
19%
109
24%
81
18%
238
39
16%
JKL
41
17%
HJKL
50
21%
42
18%
2004-2005
122
12%
67
11%
55
14%
18
15%
53
12%
51
11%
20
8%
15
11%
15
14%
69
25%
56
21%
H
33
12%
2006-2007
116
12%
124
12%
63
10%
76
13%
53
13%
48
12%
11
9%
19
16%
49
11%
52
12%
56
12%
53
12%
22
9%
24
10%
22
16%
18
13%
13
13%
14
13%
27
10%
33
12%
2008 or after
405
37
9%
BC
(G)
Education
601
82
14%
C
65
11%
2001-2003
1006
119
12%
Male
(B)
Age
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
D
QC
(K)
ATL
(L)
Household Income
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
$50,00
0 To
Less
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
141
18
13%
104
14
13%
271
28
10%
149
13
9%
103
7
7%
183
26
14%
527
58
11%
296
35
12%
273
34
12%
409
56
14%
194
18
9%
16
2
13%
21
3
14%
28
3
11%
55
9
16%
37
5
14%
83
12
14%
1006
119
12%
-
12
9%
10
10%
25
9%
10
7%
5
5%
20
11%
60
11%
23
8%
30
11%
46
11%
18
9%
2
13%
2
10%
1
4%
6
11%
4
11%
7
8%
103
10%
-
38
27%
18
13%
22
21%
16
15%
31
21%
40
27%
GHI
17
11%
23
22%
17
17%
45
25%
33
18%
130
25%
102
19%
58
20%
54
18%
72
26%
60
22%
85
21%
71
17%
39
20%
30
15%
1
6%
4
25%
4
19%
4
19%
7
25%
6
21%
14
25%
11
20%
5
14%
8
22%
21
25%
17
20%
233
23%
189
19%
-
25
14%
57
11%
40
14%
33
12%
48
12%
23
12%
4
25%
3
14%
2
7%
5
9%
7
19%
7
8%
122
12%
-
18
12%
20
13%
22
21%
GHJK
14
14%
15
15%
18
10%
16
9%
56
11%
64
12%
42
14%
44
15%
M
27
10%
17
6%
51
12%
52
13%
P
23
12%
43
22%
PQ
1
6%
2
13%
5
24%
-
5
18%
4
14%
8
15%
2
4%
6
16%
2
5%
13
16%
6
7%
116
12%
124
12%
-
-
-
Table 8
Q6b. [Make] Please describe the vehicle you purchased or sold by filling out the form below.
Gender
Total
(A)
past year in Q4
Ford
Male
(B)
Age
Female
(C)
18-34
(D)
35-54
(E)
Region
55+
(F)
BC
(G)
1006
154
15%
601
93
15%
405
61
15%
120
12
10%
427
68
16%
459
74
16%
238
34
14%
102
10%
54
9%
48
12%
89
9%
54
9%
35
9%
52
12%
F
36
8%
31
7%
Chevy / Chevrolet
19
16%
F
10
8%
Toyota
88
9%
46
8%
42
10%
11
9%
Dodge
71
7%
46
5%
43
7%
27
4%
28
7%
19
5%
GMC
41
4%
26
4%
Nissan
39
4%
Chrysler
AB
(H)
SK/MB
(I)
Education
ON
(J)
QC
(K)
Household Income
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
$50,00
0 To
Less
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
ATL
(L)
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
104
13
13%
271
39
14%
149
17
11%
103
20
19%
183
28
15%
527
89
17%
296
37
13%
273
46
17%
409
57
14%
194
26
13%
16
5
31%
21
5
24%
28
3
11%
55
8
15%
37
10
27%
83
11
13%
1006
154
15%
-
28
12%
141
31
22%
K
10
7%
9
9%
32
12%
14
9%
9
9%
15
8%
49
9%
38
13%
25
9%
40
10%
22
11%
2
13%
2
10%
4
14%
6
11%
4
11%
10
12%
102
10%
-
43
9%
21
9%
11
8%
11
11%
21
8%
13
9%
12
12%
17
9%
16
5%
11
6%
2
13%
2
10%
3
11%
6
11%
4
11%
9
11%
89
9%
-
39
8%
19
8%
13
9%
7
7%
20
7%
18
12%
11
11%
28
9%
40
10%
16
8%
1
6%
-
3
11%
6
11%
1
3%
9
11%
88
9%
-
5
4%
4
3%
32
7%
25
6%
34
7%
17
4%
16
7%
3
1%
21
8%
12
4%
31
8%
20
5%
15
8%
5
3%
1
6%
-
3
14%
-
1
4%
1
4%
7
13%
2
4%
4
11%
-
8
10%
3
4%
71
7%
46
5%
-
20
4%
1
1%
7
4%
27
5%
7
2%
11
4%
19
5%
6
3%
-
1
5%
2
7%
1
2%
1
3%
3
4%
41
4%
-
26
4%
13
3%
12
3%
18
4%
12
4%
6
4%
6
6%
5
3%
17
3%
17
6%
10
4%
18
4%
6
3%
-
-
2
7%
3
5%
-
5
6%
39
4%
-
37
4%
16
3%
11
3%
23
5%
11
5%
5
4%
4
4%
8
3%
7
5%
2
2%
5
2%
13
5%
14
3%
6
3%
-
2
10%
1
4%
-
2
5%
1
1%
37
4%
-
32
3%
17
3%
16
4%
9
2%
1
1%
6
2%
5
3%
2
2%
13
2%
13
4%
6
2%
14
3%
6
3%
-
-
1
4%
-
-
1
1%
32
3%
-
28
3%
20
3%
8
2%
6
1%
13
3%
14
6%
IJ
4
2%
4
3%
Hyundai
3
2%
3
3%
5
2%
4
2%
14
3%
10
3%
9
3%
14
3%
3
2%
1
6%
-
1
4%
1
2%
1
3%
2
2%
28
3%
-
28
3%
23
2%
21
2%
16
2%
19
3%
16
3%
12
2%
8
1%
9
2%
7
2%
9
2%
8
2%
14
3%
7
2%
6
1%
8
2%
11
2%
16
3%
14
3%
4
1%
7
3%
5
2%
7
3%
4
2%
3
2%
3
2%
1
1%
1
1%
2
2%
3
3%
2
2%
1
1%
11
4%
8
3%
5
2%
7
3%
9
6%
GJ
3
2%
-
4
4%
VW / Volkswagen
7
6%
F
9
8%
EF
3
3%
-
10
5%
O
6
3%
22
4%
Mazda
21
5%
B
15
4%
9
8%
E
3
3%
14
6%
K
6
3%
7
7%
5
5%
G
4
4%
21
7%
17
6%
16
4%
19
7%
15
6%
G
10
4%
38
7%
23
4%
5
4%
11
11%
8
8%
G
6
6%
K
3
3%
10
7%
5
3%
15
4%
8
6%
10
7%
G
6
4%
K
6
4%
22
12%
N
12
7%
6
3%
30
11%
R
26
10%
32
8%
38
9%
56
11%
O
38
7%
3
2%
6
3%
6
3%
-
13
2%
10
2%
12
2%
7
1%
12
4%
7
2%
3
1%
9
3%
5
2%
7
3%
3
1%
5
2%
10
2%
10
2%
10
2%
5
1%
8
4%
1
1%
6
3%
5
3%
1
1%
-
28
3%
23
2%
21
2%
16
2%
-
3
2%
1
1%
2
2%
4
4%
3
3%
2
2%
BMW
13
1%
9
1%
4
1%
5
1%
7
2%
5
2%
4
3%
-
-
3
2%
1
1%
2
1%
5
1%
6
2%
1
0%
7
2%
Oldsmobile
9
1%
9
1%
9
1%
8
7
1%
6
1%
6
1%
5
2
0%
3
1%
3
1%
3
1
0%
5
1%
3
1%
4
6
1%
4
1%
6
1%
1
1
0%
1
0%
5
2%
3
3
2%
1
1%
-
1
1%
-
-
-
1
1
1%
1
1%
1
1%
1
1
1%
-
-
3
1%
5
2%
3
1%
2
1
1%
2
1%
-
6
1%
5
1%
3
1%
4
3
1%
3
1%
4
1%
4
2
1%
2
1%
1
0%
-
5
1%
3
1%
4
1%
5
Honda
Pontiac
Buick
Jeep
Subaru
Suzuki
Volvo
Acura
1
1%
4
3%
F
1
1%
2
2%
3
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
4%
-
-
1
6%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
2%
-
1
3%
-
5
3%
P
1
1%
-
-
-
1
4%
-
-
1
1%
13
1%
-
-
-
-
2
1%
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1%
1
1%
1
1%
-
9
1%
9
1%
9
1%
8
-
-
1
2%
1
2%
1
2%
-
-
-
-
-
1
1%
-
-
-
Acura
Cadillac
Kawasaki
Kia
Mercedes
Saturn
Yamaha
Lincoln
Mercury
Mitsubishi
Infinity
Lexus
Mini
Audi
Harley Davidson
Jaguar
Polaris
Eagle
Other mentions
1%
1%
1%
8
1%
8
1%
7
1%
7
1%
7
1%
6
1%
8
1%
2
0%
6
1%
3
0%
2
0%
-
6
1%
5
0%
5
0%
5
0%
5
1%
3
0%
4
1%
2
0%
1
0%
2
0%
1
0%
3
1%
4
0%
4
0%
4
0%
3
0%
3
0%
3
0%
3
0%
2
0%
58
6%
3
0%
3
0%
3
0%
2
0%
1
0%
2
0%
1
0%
1
0%
35
6%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
2
0%
1
0%
2
0%
1
0%
23
6%
5
1%
1
0%
4
1%
3%
F
2
2%
1
1%
1
1%
1
1%
2
2%
F
1
1%
1
1%
3
3%
1%
0%
1%
5
1%
2
0%
4
1%
3
1%
2
0%
3
1%
4
1%
2
0%
3
1%
4
1%
1
0%
2
1%
1
0%
1
0%
-
3
1%
2
0%
1
0%
2
0%
3
1%
3
1%
4
1%
1
0%
2
1%
-
2
1%
1
1%
-
2
0%
2
0%
2
0%
3
1%
1
0%
1
0%
2
0%
-
2
0%
1
0%
2
0%
-
1
0%
-
24
6%
2
0%
2
0%
1
0%
1
0%
31
7%
2
1%
3
1%
2
1%
2
1%
2
1%
1
0%
10
4%
1
1
1
0%
0%
0%
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
D
2
1%
-
-
-
2
1%
1
1%
-
1%
1%
1%
1%
1
1%
-
4
1%
-
-
1
1%
2
2%
-
3
1%
3
1%
2
1%
2
1%
3
2%
2
1%
1
1%
3
2%
-
-
-
4
1%
1
0%
-
2
2%
-
-
-
2
2%
-
-
-
1
1%
-
-
2
1%
7
5%
-
-
-
10
10%
GL
-
1
1%
1
1%
1
1%
2
1%
2
1%
1
1%
4
2%
N
2
1%
1
1%
2
1%
-
2
1%
-
-
-
-
2
1%
-
1
0%
2
1%
-
-
-
-
1
1%
-
1
0%
-
-
-
-
1
1%
-
-
1
1%
-
1
1%
-
1
1%
-
-
13
9%
L
-
2
2%
15
8%
-
-
1
0%
1
0%
16
6%
1
0%
-
-
1
1%
-
-
1%
1%
4
1%
7
1%
3
1%
3
1%
2
0%
2
1%
1
0%
2
1%
3
1%
1
0%
4
1%
3
1%
2
0%
2
0%
1
0%
1
0%
3
1%
2
0%
1
0%
1
0%
3
1%
1
0%
2
0%
2
0%
2
0%
31
6%
1
0%
3
1%
3
1%
-
1
0%
1%
2%
3
1%
2
1%
3
1%
1
0%
4
1%
4
1%
4
1%
3
1%
2
0%
2
0%
1
1%
2
1%
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
2%
-
-
1
5%
1
5%
-
1
4%
-
-
-
-
1
2%
-
1
1%
1
0%
2
1%
2
1%
-
3
1%
-
2
1%
3
2%
2
1%
2
1%
-
-
-
-
-
1
3%
-
-
-
1
5%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
2%
-
1
1%
-
2
0%
-
1
1%
3
2%
2
1%
2
1%
1
1%
-
1
6%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
5%
-
-
-
1
3%
1
3%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
6%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1%
1
1%
14
7%
1
6%
-
1
5%
-
-
1
2%
-
1
3%
-
-
-
2
5%
-
-
1
5%
3
11%
5
9%
1
3%
8
10%
1
1%
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
0%
-
2
0%
2
0%
-
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
-
2
1%
2
1%
-
12
4%
15
5%
1
0%
2
0%
1
0%
23
6%
-
-
-
-
-
1%
-
1
2%
1
2%
1
2%
-
1
3%
1
3%
-
1
1%
1
1%
2
2%
-
-
-
1
1%
-
8
1%
8
1%
7
1%
7
1%
7
1%
-
6
1%
5
0%
5
0%
5
0%
-
4
0%
4
0%
4
0%
3
0%
3
0%
3
0%
3
0%
2
0%
58
6%
-
1
0%
-
-
-
-
Table 9
Q6d. [Condition] Please describe the vehicle you purchased or sold by filling out the form below.
Gender
Total
(A)
past year in Q4
Used
New
Male
(B)
Age
Female
(C)
18-34
(D)
1006
973
97%
601
578
96%
405
395
98%
120
112
93%
33
3%
23
4%
10
2%
8
7%
E
35-54
(E)
427
419
98%
D
8
2%
Region
55+
(F)
BC
(G)
AB
(H)
SK/MB
(I)
459
442
96%
238
230
97%
141
138
98%
104
101
97%
17
4%
8
3%
3
2%
3
3%
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
D
Education
ON
(J)
271
266
98%
K
5
2%
QC
(K)
ATL
(L)
Household Income
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
$50,00
0 To
Less
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
149
140
94%
103
98
95%
183
178
97%
527
513
97%
296
282
95%
273
267
98%
409
394
96%
194
188
97%
16
16
100%
21
20
95%
28
26
93%
55
54
98%
37
36
97%
83
80
96%
1006
973
97%
-
9
6%
J
5
5%
5
3%
14
3%
14
5%
6
2%
15
4%
6
3%
-
1
5%
2
7%
1
2%
1
3%
3
4%
33
3%
-
Table 10
Q6E. [Bought from / Sold to] Please describe the vehicle you purchased or sold by filling out the form below.
Gender
Total
(A)
past year in Q4
Dealer
Private seller
Male
(B)
Age
Female
(C)
18-34
(D)
35-54
(E)
Region
55+
(F)
BC
(G)
AB
(H)
1006
204
20%
601
120
20%
405
84
21%
120
26
22%
427
85
20%
459
93
20%
238
43
18%
141
16
11%
802
80%
481
80%
321
79%
94
78%
342
80%
366
80%
195
82%
125
89%
IJKL
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
D
SK/MB
(I)
104
23
22%
H
81
78%
Education
ON
(J)
271
62
23%
H
209
77%
QC
(K)
149
37
25%
H
112
75%
ATL
(L)
103
23
22%
H
80
78%
Household Income
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
$50,00
0 To
Less
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
183
27
15%
527
108
20%
156
85%
O
419
80%
296
69
23%
M
227
77%
273
50
18%
409
94
23%
194
38
20%
16
2
13%
21
4
19%
223
82%
315
77%
156
80%
14
88%
17
81%
28
8
29%
V
20
71%
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
55
6
11%
37
6
16%
83
14
17%
1006
204
20%
-
49
89%
U
31
84%
69
83%
802
80%
-
Table 11
Q6F. [Price] Please describe the vehicle you purchased or sold by filling out the form below.
Gender
Total
(A)
past year in Q4
$1,000 or less
Male
(B)
Age
Female
(C)
18-34
(D)
1006
196
19%
601
120
20%
405
76
19%
120
19
16%
134
13%
183
18%
72
12%
110
18%
62
15%
73
18%
$4,001-$6,000
129
13%
77
13%
$6,001-$8,000
82
8%
$8,001-$10,000
$1,001-$2,000
$2,001-$4,000
$10,001-$20,000
$20,001+
35-54
(E)
Region
55+
(F)
BC
(G)
AB
(H)
SK/MB
(I)
Education
ON
(J)
QC
(K)
459
78
17%
238
48
20%
141
18
13%
104
17
16%
271
55
20%
16
13%
20
17%
427
99
23%
F
61
14%
77
18%
57
12%
86
19%
33
14%
41
17%
18
13%
25
18%
41
15%
52
19%
52
13%
19
16%
55
13%
55
12%
32
13%
22
16%
10
10%
23
22%
K
12
12%
149
36
24%
H
19
13%
19
13%
30
11%
49
8%
33
8%
27
6%
39
8%
23
10%
12
9%
9
9%
72
7%
139
14%
48
8%
82
14%
24
6%
57
14%
16
13%
E
7
6%
13
11%
28
7%
55
13%
37
8%
71
15%
16
7%
29
12%
71
7%
43
7%
28
7%
10
8%
25
6%
36
8%
16
7%
8
6%
26
18%
JL
12
9%
7
7%
22
21%
GJL
4
4%
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
D
ATL
(L)
Household Income
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
$50,00
0 To
Less
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
103
22
21%
183
40
22%
527
107
20%
296
49
17%
24
13%
28
15%
72
14%
98
19%
18
12%
13
13%
23
22%
K
15
15%
20
7%
13
9%
5
5%
31
17%
N
14
8%
21
8%
30
11%
11
7%
24
16%
9
9%
8
8%
22
8%
9
6%
8
8%
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
409
73
18%
194
25
13%
16
1
6%
21
5
24%
28
3
11%
55
12
22%
37
6
16%
83
15
18%
1006
196
19%
-
38
13%
57
19%
273
73
27%
QR
40
15%
49
18%
57
14%
75
18%
22
11%
32
16%
3
19%
4
25%
2
10%
5
24%
6
21%
3
11%
8
15%
12
22%
5
14%
9
24%
14
17%
15
18%
134
13%
183
18%
-
56
11%
42
14%
41
15%
47
11%
23
12%
4
25%
5
24%
2
7%
5
9%
7
8%
129
13%
-
48
9%
20
7%
22
8%
34
8%
14
7%
-
-
4
14%
5
9%
9
24%
X
-
9
11%
82
8%
-
11
6%
31
17%
42
8%
67
13%
19
6%
41
14%
14
5%
27
10%
34
8%
60
15%
-
3
14%
6
11%
4
7%
5
14%
9
11%
7
8%
72
7%
139
14%
-
2
13%
3
11%
3
11%
4
2%
37
7%
M
30
10%
M
7
3%
29
7%
P
19
10%
33
17%
P
26
13%
PQ
2
13%
1
5%
4
14%
3
5%
3
8%
7
8%
71
7%
-
-
-
-
Table 12
Q7. Did you use the classifieds website's recommended payment method?
Gender
Total
(A)
past year in Q4
Yes, I did
No, I did not
Male
(B)
Age
Female
(C)
1006
255
25%
601
156
26%
405
99
24%
751
75%
445
74%
306
76%
18-34
(D)
120
48
40%
EF
72
60%
35-54
(E)
Region
55+
(F)
BC
(G)
427
89
21%
459
118
26%
238
62
26%
338
79%
D
341
74%
D
176
74%
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
D
AB
(H)
141
44
31%
I
97
69%
SK/MB
(I)
Education
ON
(J)
QC
(K)
ATL
(L)
Household Income
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
$50,00
0 To
Less
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
104
18
17%
271
69
25%
149
40
27%
103
22
21%
183
45
25%
527
114
22%
86
83%
H
202
75%
109
73%
81
79%
138
75%
413
78%
O
296
96
32%
N
200
68%
273
76
28%
409
103
25%
194
41
21%
16
2
13%
21
1
5%
28
4
14%
197
72%
306
75%
153
79%
14
88%
20
95%
V
24
86%
55
15
27%
T
40
73%
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
37
3
8%
83
19
23%
1006
255
25%
-
34
92%
64
77%
751
75%
-
Table 13
Q8. Which payment method did you use?
Gender
Male
(B)
Total
(A)
past year in Q4
Cash (NET)
Age
Female
(C)
18-34
(D)
Region
35-54
(E)
55+
(F)
BC
(G)
1006
650
65%
601
393
65%
405
257
63%
120
71
59%
427
292
68%
459
287
63%
581
58%
353
59%
228
56%
67
56%
49
5%
29
5%
20
5%
4
3%
264
62%
F
19
4%
21
2%
221
22%
11
2%
132
22%
10
2%
89
22%
-
10
2%
75
18%
Cheque / Cashier's Cheque
93
9%
60
10%
33
8%
Certified Cheque
75
7%
42
7%
Draft / Bank Draft
42
4%
Money Order
Credit (NET)
Cash
Cash in person / on hand / cash face to
face
Cash on delivery / pick up / COD
Cheque (NET)
29
24%
141
88
62%
104
57
55%
250
54%
80
57%
26
6%
11
5%
11
2%
117
25%
E
49
11%
E
37
8%
6
3%
58
24%
149
91
61%
53
51%
271
183
68%
I
160
59%
183
119
65%
527
348
66%
296
183
62%
83
56%
103
71
69%
I
62
60%
110
60%
300
57%
171
58%
5
4%
4
4%
14
5%
8
5%
7
7%
8
4%
7
2%
10
4%
52
19%
24
16%
2
2%
19
18%
1
1%
36
20%
34
6%
O
15
3%
115
22%
3
2%
37
26%
K
15
11%
-
15
6%
11
7%
6
6%
14
8%
19
7%
11
7%
6
6%
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
273
192
70%
QR
168
62%
409
254
62%
194
119
61%
16
12
75%
21
13
62%
28
16
57%
55
35
64%
37
25
68%
83
51
61%
1006
650
65%
-
224
55%
113
58%
10
63%
11
52%
14
50%
34
62%
21
57%
48
58%
581
58%
-
1
6%
2
10%
1
4%
-
3
8%
1
1%
49
5%
-
-
1
2%
8
15%
1
3%
11
30%
2
2%
13
16%
21
2%
221
22%
-
7
33%
1
4%
5
18%
35
12%
21
8%
4
2%
53
27%
P
23
12%
1
6%
4
25%
44
8%
21
5%
R
10
2%
97
24%
P
38
9%
2
1%
5
2%
70
24%
20
7%
R
4
1%
41
15%
2
13%
3
14%
4
14%
3
5%
5
14%
7
8%
93
9%
-
16
9%
37
7%
22
7%
12
4%
30
7%
2
13%
3
14%
1
4%
5
9%
5
14%
6
7%
75
7%
-
-
1
5%
-
-
1
3%
-
42
4%
-
8
3%
11
8%
3
3%
14
5%
-
6
6%
4
2%
27
5%
11
4%
7
3%
23
6%
4
2%
1
1%
-
4
1%
2
1%
1
1%
2
1%
7
1%
3
1%
1
0%
6
1%
2
1%
-
-
-
-
-
-
12
1%
-
18
4%
11
2%
8
3%
3
1%
5
4%
3
2%
5
5%
3
3%
16
6%
11
4%
26
5%
17
3%
17
6%
9
3%
12
4%
8
3%
28
7%
13
3%
7
4%
7
4%
-
-
2
2%
2
2%
51
5%
32
3%
-
-
1
2%
1
2%
-
-
1
4%
1
4%
4
2%
1
0%
6
3%
2
1%
-
2
2%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
3%
5
3%
-
-
1
4%
6
11%
-
7
8%
17
2%
3
0%
32
3%
-
-
11
3%
2
2%
9
2%
7
2%
2
1%
3
2%
1
1%
3
1%
9
5%
N
4
2%
12
3%
3
1%
13
3%
-
1
1%
7
2%
2
1%
12
4%
1
1%
-
5
5%
8
2%
1
0%
11
2%
4
1%
-
5
4%
5
2%
1
0%
6
2%
2
1%
-
3
3%
6
1%
1
0%
15
3%
6
6%
5
5%
G
1
1%
-
8
4%
6
3%
8
2%
2
0%
14
3%
8
2%
6
2%
5
2%
8
2%
1
1%
-
-
1
4%
4
7%
-
5
6%
18
2%
-
11
2%
3
1%
1
1%
5
1%
8
2%
4
2%
2
1%
4
4%
3
1%
11
7%
7
5%
G
3
2%
1
1%
9
6%
JL
8
5%
GJ
1
1%
3
1%
6
2%
4
1%
5
1%
4
2%
-
-
-
2
4%
-
2
2%
14
1%
-
78
8%
43
7%
35
9%
7
6%
30
7%
41
9%
12
5%
9
6%
8
8%
23
8%
9
9%
35
7%
27
9%
24
9%
36
9%
9
5%
-
3
14%
7
25%
6
11%
3
8%
13
16%
78
8%
-
59
6%
29
5%
30
7%
5
4%
21
5%
33
7%
10
4%
6
4%
7
7%
15
6%
7
7%
13
7%
26
5%
20
7%
20
7%
24
6%
8
4%
-
3
14%
3
8%
11
13%
59
6%
-
2
1
-
3
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
-
-
-
7
25%
V
-
4
7%
3
17
11%
G
14
9%
G
2
5
3%
N
16
9%
-
-
-
3
-
17
4%
4
3%
12
3%
12
1%
5
1%
7
2%
3
1%
51
5%
32
3%
26
4%
16
3%
25
6%
16
4%
4
3%
E
8
7%
6
5%
26
6%
E
5
1%
25
6%
15
4%
17
2%
3
0%
32
3%
9
1%
1
0%
18
3%
8
2%
2
0%
14
3%
3
3%
-
Bank Transfer / Wire Transfer
18
2%
7
1%
Paypal
14
1%
Other Mentions (NET)
In person / paid in person / face to face /
directly to the seller
Free / it was free
ATL
(L)
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
20
10%
P
9
5%
25
4%
Electronic Payment (NET)
QC
(K)
$50,00
0 To
Less
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
11
8%
33
8%
Debit Card
ON
(J)
Household Income
31
30%
JK
18
17%
JKL
10
10%
29
7%
Credit Card / VISA
SK/MB
(I)
238
160
67%
I
143
60%
15
13%
E
6
5%
Credit / Line of Credit
AB
(H)
Education
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
32
7%
28
12%
J
18
8%
1
1%
-
-
-
-
-
Free / it was free
Trade
Other mentions
Nothing
0%
2
0%
14
1%
5
0%
8
1%
0%
2
0%
10
2%
3
0%
6
1%
0%
4
1%
2
0%
2
0%
2
2%
2
2%
3
3%
F
1%
1
0%
5
1%
4
1%
1
0%
7
2%
3
1%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
3
1%
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
D
1
1%
2
1%
1
1%
1
1%
1
1%
1
1%
1
1%
0%
-
1%
-
7
3%
-
1
1%
2
1%
-
2
1%
2
2%
1
1%
1%
2
1%
2
1%
2
1%
0%
1
0%
7
1%
3
1%
3
1%
0%
1
0%
5
2%
3
1%
0%
1
0%
2
1%
3
1%
1
0%
0%
1
0%
10
2%
1
0%
2
0%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1%
1
1%
3
2%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
4%
1
2%
-
2
2%
1
1%
-
-
0%
2
0%
14
1%
5
0%
8
1%
-
Table 14
Q9. [Read the website's policy on fraud protection] Did you do any of the following prior to making the purchasing or selling decision?
Gender
Total
(A)
past year in Q4
Yes, I did
No, I did not
Male
(B)
Age
Female
(C)
18-34
(D)
35-54
(E)
1006
403
40%
601
252
42%
405
151
37%
120
38
32%
427
142
33%
603
60%
349
58%
254
63%
82
68%
F
285
67%
F
Region
55+
(F)
459
223
49%
DE
236
51%
BC
(G)
238
87
37%
151
63%
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
D
AB
(H)
141
65
46%
L
76
54%
SK/MB
(I)
104
41
39%
63
61%
Education
ON
(J)
271
120
44%
L
151
56%
QC
(K)
ATL
(L)
Household Income
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
$50,00
0 To
Less
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
149
59
40%
103
31
30%
183
72
39%
527
216
41%
296
115
39%
273
111
41%
409
171
42%
194
65
34%
90
60%
72
70%
HJ
111
61%
311
59%
181
61%
162
59%
238
58%
129
66%
16
8
50%
V
8
50%
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
21
6
29%
28
8
29%
55
10
18%
37
14
38%
83
18
22%
1006
403
40%
-
15
71%
20
71%
45
82%
S
23
62%
65
78%
603
60%
-
Table 15
Q9. [Research the types of online fraud prior to making the purchasing or selling decision] Did you do any of the following prior to making the purchasing or selling decision?
Gender
Total
(A)
past year in Q4
Yes, I did
No, I did not
1006
362
36%
644
64%
Male
(B)
601
234
39%
C
367
61%
Age
Female
(C)
18-34
(D)
35-54
(E)
405
128
32%
120
41
34%
427
126
30%
277
68%
B
79
66%
301
70%
F
Region
55+
(F)
459
195
42%
E
264
58%
BC
(G)
238
84
35%
154
65%
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
D
AB
(H)
141
60
43%
L
81
57%
SK/MB
(I)
104
35
34%
69
66%
Education
ON
(J)
271
99
37%
L
172
63%
QC
(K)
149
58
39%
L
91
61%
ATL
(L)
Household Income
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
$50,00
0 To
Less
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
103
26
25%
183
66
36%
527
189
36%
296
107
36%
273
95
35%
409
157
38%
194
65
34%
77
75%
HJK
117
64%
338
64%
189
64%
178
65%
252
62%
129
66%
16
7
44%
V
9
56%
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
21
5
24%
28
6
21%
55
10
18%
37
12
32%
83
16
19%
1006
362
36%
-
16
76%
22
79%
45
82%
S
25
68%
67
81%
644
64%
-
Table 16
Q9a. Which resources did you review?
Gender
Total
(A)
past year AND did research on fraud
protection in Q9
Male
(B)
Age
Female
(C)
18-34
(D)
Region
35-54
(E)
55+
(F)
BC
(G)
471
103
22%
298
67
22%
173
36
21%
48
13
27%
169
37
22%
254
53
21%
105
26
25%
43
9%
30
6%
26
6%
27
9%
23
8%
18
6%
16
9%
7
4%
8
5%
6
13%
4
8%
2
4%
16
9%
11
7%
10
6%
21
8%
15
6%
14
6%
5
1%
5
1%
2
0%
93
20%
4
1%
-
-
1
0%
56
19%
1
1%
5
3%
1
1%
37
21%
1
2%
-
2
1%
1
1%
-
8
17%
35
21%
3
1%
3
1%
2
1%
50
20%
47
10%
24
8%
23
13%
2
4%
16
9%
Websites (unspecified)
25
5%
17
6%
8
5%
4
8%
Craigslist
16
3%
11
4%
5
3%
10
2%
2
0%
55
12%
7
2%
1
0%
39
13%
Read what was on their website / the
policies on the website
Auto Trader / Auto Trader policy
19
4%
12
3%
eBay / eBay warnings
Research / Information (NET)
Information online / on the internet
Research / information on scams / fraud /
fraud protection
Google search
Comparison with other ads
Read safety precautions
Check with a lawyer
Websites (NET)
Kijiji
Blogs / forums / car forums / car websites
Used Victoria website
Website Policy (NET)
Terms and conditions
Online privacy & security policy
Vehicle History / Reports / Reviews (NET)
AB
(H)
SK/MB
(I)
Education
ON
(J)
QC
(K)
Household Income
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
$50,00
0 To
Less
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
ATL
(L)
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
45
10
22%
144
32
22%
68
9
13%
34
5
15%
84
15
18%
247
54
22%
140
34
24%
129
29
22%
196
40
20%
80
19
24%
9
-
8
-
9
1
11%
13
4
31%
17
-
22
5
23%
471
103
22%
-
8
8%
8
8%
9
9%
75
21
28%
K
9
12%
8
11%
4
5%
4
9%
2
4%
3
7%
14
10%
9
6%
9
6%
6
9%
-
2
6%
3
9%
-
6
7%
5
6%
2
2%
26
11%
15
6%
11
4%
12
9%
8
6%
4
3%
14
7%
12
6%
13
7%
8
10%
8
10%
5
6%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
11%
-
-
-
3
14%
1
5%
-
43
9%
30
6%
26
6%
-
-
3
23%
-
2
2%
2
2%
-
1
1%
1
1%
-
-
1
1%
1
1%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
8%
-
-
1
5%
-
6
9%
5
15%
15
18%
13
16%
1
11%
2
25%
-
-
3
18%
-
29
11%
5
11%
4
6%
2
6%
10
12%
26
11%
11
8%
14
11%
20
10%
3
4%
1
11%
1
13%
-
-
2
12%
-
47
10%
-
12
7%
9
4%
8
8%
18
24%
K
15
20%
GJK
3
4%
1
1%
46
23%
1
1%
-
5
1%
5
1%
2
0%
93
20%
-
-
2
2%
2
2%
1
1%
21
16%
3
2%
-
-
2
1%
3
1%
1
0%
46
19%
-
-
2
2%
-
27
26%
K
7
7%
1
1%
1
1%
1
1%
28
19%
K
14
10%
11
8%
10
7%
13
9%
M
1
1%
2
1%
1
1%
32
23%
1
2%
9
6%
1
1%
3
9%
2
2%
10
4%
3
2%
14
7%
6
8%
-
1
13%
-
-
1
6%
-
25
5%
-
2
4%
5
3%
9
4%
2
3%
-
1
1%
-
-
2
2%
7
3%
5
4%
9
5%
1
1%
-
-
-
-
-
-
16
3%
-
3
2%
1
1%
16
9%
1
2%
-
2
1%
1
1%
13
8%
-
5
3%
-
1
1%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
18%
7
8%
21
16%
-
-
1
11%
1
8%
-
2
9%
10
2%
2
0%
55
12%
-
6
9%
3
4%
1
1%
10
13%
-
16
11%
4
2%
1
1%
21
11%
-
9
20%
4
3%
1
1%
17
12%
3
2%
-
7
9%
4
2%
1
0%
31
13%
-
-
2
2%
-
-
-
4
9%
-
10
3%
8
3%
9
5%
4
2%
3
6%
-
6
4%
3
2%
7
3%
1
0%
39
15%
E
10
4%
9
4%
13
12%
HJ
-
13
9%
MN
7
5%
5
5%
2
2%
4
5%
-
2
4%
3
7%
3
2%
6
4%
4
6%
1
1%
1
3%
-
4
5%
-
6
4%
1
1%
9
7%
4
3%
5
3%
6
3%
2
3%
2
3%
-
-
-
-
-
1
11%
1
5%
1
5%
19
4%
12
3%
-
-
1
8%
-
11
2%
8
2%
9
3%
7
2%
2
1%
1
1%
-
-
2
3%
1
1%
2
4%
1
2%
5
3%
1
1%
-
4
3%
2
2%
4
2%
3
2%
3
4%
3
4%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
11
2%
8
2%
-
7
1%
30
6%
6
2%
25
8%
C
1
1%
5
3%
-
1
1%
9
5%
6
2%
19
7%
2
2%
12
11%
-
1
2%
-
2
1%
12
8%
3
9%
GJ
2
6%
-
5
4%
3
2%
-
1
1%
2
2%
1
1%
-
3
2%
2
2%
1
1%
-
-
11
4%
5
2%
9
4%
11
4%
O
4
2%
4
2%
5
2%
17
7%
2
1%
7
5%
3
2%
6
5%
4
2%
9
5%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
12
15%
PQ
1
11%
-
1
11%
2
15%
1
6%
3
14%
7
1%
30
6%
3
6%
2
4%
2
2%
11
10%
6
8%
1
2%
9
20%
1
1%
-
6
7%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Blue Book / Kelley Blue Book
-
-
1
1%
-
-
1
1%
-
-
2
1%
1
1%
1
1%
9
5%
3
2%
2
1%
2
1%
1
2%
1
2%
-
2
1%
11
4%
2
1%
8
5%
1
2%
1
2%
1
1%
3
2%
7
1%
5
1%
5
1%
2
0%
17
4%
5
1%
4
1%
4
1%
4
1%
17
4%
6
2%
2
1%
3
1%
-
1
2%
-
1
1%
1
1%
1
1%
-
8
3%
3
1%
1
0%
1
0%
3
1%
12
4%
1
1%
3
2%
2
1%
2
1%
9
5%
2
1%
3
2%
3
2%
1
1%
5
3%
By appointment / appointment with the
seller
By phone / contacted the seller by phone
9
2%
6
1%
6
2%
3
1%
3
2%
3
2%
-
Dealers / contacted the dealership
5
1%
17
4%
5
2%
9
3%
-
-
8
5%
Friends / recommendations from friends
8
2%
6
2%
Family members
6
1%
1
0%
Mechanics / asked my mechanic
2
0%
3
1
0%
2
Car Fax
Carproof
Checked the vehicle history
Did a lean search
Lemon Aid used cars
Car facts / car reviews
Other vehicle history / reports / reviews
mentions
Payment Related (NET)
Payment option / policy / policy regarding
payments
A bank / bank online / bank protection
PayPal / PayPal website
Paid in cash / not accepting cheques
Media / Magazines (NET)
Newspaper / magazines
Le SAAQ
Protegeze-vous Magazine
Other media / magazines mentions
Consumer Agencies (NET)
BBB / Better Business Bureau
Consumer Reports
OPC / Police Service
The Consumer Protection Act
Contact with Seller (NET)
Friends / Acquaintances / Family Members
(NET)
Other friends / acquaintances / family
members mentions
4
1%
4
1%
4
1%
4
1%
4
1%
4
1%
3
1%
5
1%
24
5%
8
2%
7
1%
5
1%
4
1%
3
1%
4
1%
3
1%
4
1%
2
1%
2
1%
4
1%
15
5%
5
2%
5
2%
3
1%
4
1%
19
4%
2
1%
3
1%
2
1%
3
1%
3
1%
2
1%
1
0%
4
2%
15
6%
7
3%
5
2%
1
0%
2
2%
3
3%
1
1%
2
2%
3
3%
-
1
1%
1
1%
7
4%
3
2%
2
1%
1
1%
1
1%
7
4%
2
1%
15
6%
E
5
2%
4
2%
4
2%
2
1%
9
4%
2
1%
2
1%
2
1%
3
1%
9
4%
4
2%
2
1%
1
2%
2
1%
5
3%
B
1
1%
1
-
-
3
6%
1
2%
1
2%
-
2
1%
1
1%
2
1%
1
1%
1
1%
1
1%
1
1%
1
1%
6
4%
1
1%
4
2%
1
1%
1
1%
8
8%
2
2%
3
3%
2
2%
1
1%
1
1%
1
1%
-
-
1
1%
1
1%
-
-
1
1%
3
4%
2
3%
-
-
-
-
1
2%
1
2%
-
1
1%
-
-
-
-
-
2
1%
2
1%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1%
-
3
2%
2
1%
3
2%
7
5%
3
2%
1
1%
-
-
-
-
2
1%
3
1%
3
1%
2
1%
4
2%
-
-
-
-
-
3
4%
-
2
6%
-
2
3%
1
1%
1
3%
1
3%
2
2%
1
1%
6
7%
2
2%
1
1%
1
1%
1
0%
3
1%
15
6%
5
2%
4
2%
4
2%
-
-
11
16%
GHJ
1
1%
5
7%
5
7%
-
-
2
2%
6
7%
2
1%
10
4%
-
1
1%
2
2%
3
4%
-
3
4%
-
2
6%
-
1
1%
-
-
1
3%
-
-
5
2%
2
1%
2
1%
1
0%
11
4%
5
2%
2
1%
-
1
1%
-
-
-
3
4%
-
1
1%
-
1
1%
-
-
4
3%
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
3%
4
5%
2
3%
-
-
-
-
2
3%
-
-
2
2%
3
4%
-
6
4%
2
1%
2
1%
1
1%
1
1%
4
3%
5
2%
3
1%
-
1
1%
1
1%
-
3
2%
5
3%
2
1%
11
4%
2
2%
-
1
1%
2
3%
-
-
1
2%
4
3%
1
2%
2
1%
5
2%
-
-
-
2
1%
-
2
1%
4
2%
-
1
1%
-
3
2%
-
-
-
-
2
-
1
1
2%
-
-
-
2
1%
1
1
2%
1
2%
1
2%
1
2%
2
2%
1
1%
1
1%
-
-
-
-
-
3
2%
4
3%
4
3%
1
1%
-
1
1%
2
3%
6
9%
G
2
3%
4
6%
J
2
3%
8
12%
HJ
5
7%
J
1
1%
1
1%
2
-
1
3%
2
6%
2
6%
-
1
1%
1
1%
-
1
1%
-
1
1%
-
1
1%
-
1
1%
1
1%
-
-
1
1%
2
1%
1
1%
-
2
3%
2
3%
1
1%
4
5%
1
1%
1
1%
2
3%
1
1%
6
8%
1
1%
1
1%
3
4%
Q
1
1%
1
1%
1
11%
-
-
-
1
8%
-
1
6%
-
1
5%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
11%
-
1
8%
1
8%
-
-
-
-
-
1
5%
1
5%
1
5%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
13%
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
6%
-
-
-
-
-
1
6%
-
-
-
1
13%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
11%
-
-
-
1
6%
-
2
1%
1
1%
3
2%
-
1
1%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
11%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
6%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
4%
2
1%
4
2%
1
1%
1
1%
7
4%
3
4%
2
3%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
4%
-
-
1
11%
1
8%
-
2
9%
4
2%
1
1%
1
1%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
11%
-
-
2
1%
5
3%
2
3%
2
3%
-
2
1%
1
1%
-
1
1%
3
2%
1
1%
2
1%
-
1
1%
2
2%
1
1%
1
1%
6
5%
4
3%
2
2%
-
-
-
3
2%
8
6%
3
2%
6
3%
1
1%
1
1%
-
2
2%
3
2%
2
2%
1
1%
5
4%
1
1%
-
4
3%
-
1
1%
5
4%
2
1%
3
2%
-
1
1%
3
2%
7
5%
3
4%
4
2%
8
3%
2
2%
2
2%
4
2%
3
1%
3
2%
1
1%
3
1%
8
3%
2
1%
3
2%
4
3%
5
4%
Q
1
1%
7
5%
6
4%
2
1%
11
6%
3
2%
4
2%
1
1%
-
-
2
6%
6
7%
1
3%
2
1%
1
1%
4
3%
1
1%
1
3%
5
6%
NO
3
4%
3
1%
-
3
2%
-
-
-
-
1
0%
2
1
1%
1
1
1%
1
-
-
4
1%
4
1%
4
1%
4
1%
4
1%
4
1%
3
1%
5
1%
24
5%
8
2%
7
1%
5
1%
-
4
1%
19
4%
-
7
1%
5
1%
5
1%
2
0%
17
4%
5
1%
4
1%
4
1%
4
1%
17
4%
-
-
1
5%
9
2%
6
1%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
11%
-
1
8%
1
8%
1
6%
2
9%
1
5%
5
1%
17
4%
-
1
11%
2
3%
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
2%
-
2
1%
-
1
11%
-
-
-
1
6%
-
6
1%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
2
0%
3
-
-
Other friends / acquaintances / family
members mentions
Automobile Associations (NET)
1%
7
1%
1%
3
1%
1%
4
2%
5
1%
2
0%
6
1%
2
1%
1
0%
6
2%
3
2%
1
1%
-
4
1%
2
0%
58
12%
4
1%
2
1%
40
13%
-
-
18
10%
1
2%
6
13%
Personal experience / I have personal
knowledge
10
2%
9
3%
1
1%
All of them / all sites / various sites
9
2%
8
2%
8
2%
4
1%
3
1%
17
4%
27
6%
6
2%
6
2%
3
1%
1
0%
3
1%
12
4%
18
6%
87
18%
46
15%
CAA / CAA Online
BCAA
Insurance Company (NET)
ICBC / ICBC review
My insurance company
Government / government sites
RDPRM
Used common sense
Both / both policies
Other mentions
Nothing
1%
-
0%
6
2%
-
-
1
2%
1
2%
2
1%
5
2%
1
0%
3
1%
1
2%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3%
5
7%
1%
4
2%
1%
2
1%
1%
3
2%
1%
1
1%
2
1%
2
1%
5
2%
2
1%
-
3
2%
-
1
1%
-
1
1%
1
1%
2
1%
-
-
1
1%
19
14%
1
1%
16
12%
2
1%
-
11
13%
4
2%
1
0%
28
11%
7
5%
N
3
2%
2
1%
-
3
2%
-
1
1%
5
7%
-
-
1
1%
-
1
1%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
11%
4
9%
1
1%
21
15%
12
18%
3
9%
1
1%
1
1%
18
11%
34
13%
2
2%
5
5%
J
4
4%
1
1%
10
10%
-
2
1%
8
3%
2
2%
3
4%
1
2%
4
3%
-
-
1
1%
2
1%
3
2%
2
1%
5
3%
3
2%
-
1
2%
1
2%
1
2%
-
1
1%
1
1%
-
1
2%
-
-
1
3%
-
-
5
3%
2
1%
-
1
1%
1
1%
3
3%
5
5%
1
1%
1
1%
2
3%
6
8%
1
2%
-
1
1%
-
2
2%
3
4%
2
2%
-
3
6%
2
4%
6
2%
4
2%
6
2%
2
1%
2
1%
7
3%
15
6%
1
1%
2
2%
-
5
3%
9
5%
2
1%
3
2%
1
1%
2
1%
1
1%
7
4%
10
6%
1
2%
4
9%
9
6%
7
5%
1
1%
1
1%
4
2%
3
1%
6
2%
2
1%
2
1%
9
4%
7
3%
41
24%
B
13
27%
F
37
22%
37
15%
18
17%
11
15%
9
20%
32
22%
10
15%
-
-
1%
-
2
2%
3
1%
-
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
D
3
4%
8
12%
-
1
3%
1
3%
4
12%
K
7
21%
3
4%
10
12%
N
9
11%
50
20%
M
2
1%
1
1%
5
4%
10
7%
N
28
20%
31
16%
R
4
2%
8%
1
8%
3
4%
Q
1
1%
2
3%
2
3%
1
11%
-
-
-
-
-
1
11%
1
11%
-
-
1
8%
-
1
13%
-
-
1
1%
1
1%
5
6%
-
1
13%
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
22%
3
23%
1
11%
-
1
6%
1
6%
2
12%
1
6%
1
6%
-
5%
1
5%
1%
7
1%
1
5%
-
5
1%
2
0%
6
1%
-
-
5
23%
4
1%
2
0%
58
12%
-
-
-
-
-
2
3%
-
-
1
11%
-
-
1
5%
10
2%
-
2
3%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
11%
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
23%
-
-
1
5%
3
14%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1%
7
9%
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
22%
-
1
11%
-
2
12%
1
5%
9
2%
8
2%
8
2%
4
1%
3
1%
17
4%
27
6%
-
7
5%
5
4%
4
2%
6
3%
5
3%
3
2%
3
2%
6
3%
13
7%
22
17%
34
17%
10
13%
2
22%
4
50%
3
33%
3
23%
6
35%
6
27%
87
18%
-
1
1%
2
2%
3
2%
1
1%
-
-
Table 17
Q10. Did you encounter any type of online fraud while shopping for or selling a car via a classifieds website?
Gender
Total
(A)
past year in Q4
Contacted by a buyer whom I recognized
was a scammer
Ad placed by dealer posing as private
seller online, but who identified as a dealer
Paid a seller for a car that was not
delivered
Bought from a "curbsider" or dealer posing
as private seller
Paid a seller for a car I was unable to view
in person beforehand, and the car
Paid a buyer a refund because their
cashier's cheque was above my selling
price and later found out the cashier's
cheque was fraudulent
Buyer / seller was out of the country /
overseas
Fake / suspicious looking ads
Contacted by a company who claimed to
have a buyer
Other mentions
None of these
1006
127
13%
Male
(B)
Age
Female
(C)
405
39
10%
54
5%
10
1%
9
1%
9
1%
7
1%
601
88
15%
C
32
5%
8
1%
7
1%
8
1%
5
1%
7
1%
5
0%
4
0%
3
0%
808
80%
5
1%
3
0%
3
0%
1
0%
469
78%
2
0%
2
0%
1
0%
2
0%
339
84%
B
-
22
5%
2
0%
2
0%
1
0%
2
0%
18-34
(D)
35-54
(E)
120
24
20%
EF
8
7%
1
1%
1
1%
3
3%
5
4%
EF
1
1%
91
76%
Region
55+
(F)
427
54
13%
459
49
11%
19
4%
6
1%
5
1%
3
1%
1
0%
27
6%
3
1%
3
1%
3
1%
1
0%
5
1%
2
0%
3
1%
1
0%
343
80%
2
0%
3
1%
1
0%
1
0%
374
81%
BC
(G)
AB
(H)
SK/MB
(I)
Education
ON
(J)
QC
(K)
Household Income
ATL
(L)
141
21
15%
104
9
9%
271
31
11%
149
14
9%
103
9
9%
183
24
13%
527
61
12%
296
42
14%
273
28
10%
409
53
13%
4
3%
1
1%
1
1%
1
1%
-
5
5%
-
18
7%
4
1%
2
1%
2
1%
3
1%
8
5%
3
2%
1
1%
3
2%
1
1%
6
6%
1
1%
-
8
4%
1
1%
1
1%
2
1%
-
26
5%
4
1%
3
1%
4
1%
4
1%
20
7%
5
2%
5
2%
3
1%
3
1%
10
4%
3
1%
1
0%
4
1%
1
0%
24
6%
1
0%
1
0%
2
0%
3
1%
1
0%
-
2
1%
1
1%
1
1%
-
-
4
1%
3
1%
-
-
-
-
1
1%
-
-
1
1%
-
3
1%
3
1%
-
1
0%
221
82%
-
-
1
1%
-
85
83%
148
81%
1
1%
-
-
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
1
0%
228
84%
R
1
0%
4
1%
3
1%
2
0%
-
123
83%
3
1%
2
0%
3
1%
1
0%
426
81%
3
1%
1
0%
178
75%
3
3
1
2
2
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
D
111
79%
-
1
1%
90
87%
G
-
-
$50,00
0 To
Less
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
238
43
18%
IJKL
13
5%
1
0%
4
2%
2
1%
2
1%
1
1%
1
1%
-
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
1
1%
3
1%
2
1%
234
79%
-
331
81%
2
0%
194
35
18%
P
10
5%
2
1%
3
2%
2
1%
2
1%
16
3
19%
V
2
13%
-
21
2
10%
28
1
4%
55
2
4%
37
5
14%
X
4
11%
-
2
10%
-
1
4%
-
-
-
-
1
2%
1
2%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
4%
-
-
-
1
1%
-
1
1%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1%
2
1%
144
74%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
11
69%
17
81%
25
89%
28
76%
-
-
-
-
51
93%
S
-
76
92%
W
-
-
-
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
83
3
4%
1006
127
13%
-
2
2%
1
1%
-
54
5%
10
1%
9
1%
9
1%
7
1%
-
7
1%
5
0%
4
0%
3
0%
808
80%
-
3
0%
-
-
-
Table 18
Q10a. Please describe in detail the type of fraud you encountered.
Gender
Total
(A)
Male
(B)
Age
Female
(C)
18-34
(D)
Region
35-54
(E)
55+
(F)
BC
(G)
AB
(H)
SK/MB
(I)
Education
ON
(J)
QC
(K)
Household Income
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
$50,00
0 To
Less
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
ATL
(L)
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
past year AND encountered fraud in Q10
Concerns about Buyer / Seller (NET)
198
95
48%
132
61
46%
66
34
52%
29
10
34%
84
38
45%
85
47
55%
The buyer / seller is out of the country /
overseas
30
15%
23
17%
7
11%
1
3%
13
15%
A Curbsider / a dealer posing as a private
seller
A third party seller / someone wanting to
sell the car for me
The buyer is in the Army / Navy
24
12%
9
5%
6
3%
5
3%
4
2%
3
2%
3
2%
3
2%
24
12%
13
10%
7
5%
2
2%
4
3%
3
2%
3
2%
3
2%
1
1%
12
9%
11
17%
2
3%
4
6%
1
2%
1
2%
-
3
10%
1
3%
1
3%
1
3%
-
8
10%
5
6%
2
2%
-
-
-
2
3%
12
18%
1
3%
5
17%
16
19%
D
13
15%
3
4%
3
4%
4
5%
3
4%
2
2%
2
2%
1
1%
5
6%
17
9%
9
7%
8
12%
5
3%
2
1%
69
35%
26
13%
2
2%
1
1%
44
33%
19
14%
3
5%
1
2%
25
38%
7
11%
5
17%
F
-
12
6%
10
5%
5
3%
5
3%
4
2%
4
2%
3
6
5%
9
7%
2
2%
2
2%
3
2%
2
2%
2
6
9%
1
2%
3
5%
3
5%
1
2%
2
3%
1
The buyer / seller is in another city /
province
A person selling many cars
A dishonest seller / the seller was lying
Selling a car they did not own
Someone claiming to want to buy the
vehicle as a gift
Contact with Buyer / Seller (Sub-NET)
Sending e-mail / multiple e-mails
Aggressive response / contacted several
times
Phone calls / people calling
Payment Related (NET)
A PayPal scam / pay through PayPal /
accepting PayPal payments
The seller wanted money / cash up front / a
down payment
Overpayment and refund scam
Asked for a bank account / banking
information
Wanted to pay through money transfer /
Western Union
Sent a fake Cashier's Cheque / Money
Order
Tax fraud / was not willing to pay taxes
Wanted to pay by cheque
60
31
52%
I
10
17%
30
18
60%
I
8
27%
14
3
21%
50
24
48%
26
12
46%
18
7
39%
35
13
37%
101
48
48%
62
34
55%
45
17
38%
78
41
53%
50
27
54%
5
-
4
3
75%
3
-
4
-
9
3
33%
7
-
198
95
48%
-
-
6
12%
6
23%
-
5
14%
17
17%
8
13%
5
11%
13
17%
8
16%
-
1
25%
-
-
1
11%
-
30
15%
-
9
15%
4
7%
4
7%
-
1
7%
1
7%
-
6
12%
-
1
4%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
11%
-
-
-
1
25%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
11%
-
-
-
1
3%
-
1
25%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
4%
2
11%
1
3%
1
2%
3
7%
8
10%
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
7%
6
8%
1
2%
1
2%
2
4%
11
22%
P
7
14%
24
12%
9
5%
6
3%
5
3%
4
2%
3
2%
3
2%
3
2%
24
12%
-
-
-
5
11%
1
2%
3
7%
1
2%
-
5
10%
3
6%
3
6%
-
1
4%
2
8%
1
4%
-
8
13%
2
3%
3
5%
3
5%
1
2%
1
2%
-
-
-
12
12%
4
4%
2
2%
2
2%
3
3%
2
2%
2
2%
1
1%
12
12%
12
15%
5
6%
-
-
4
11%
3
9%
1
3%
-
-
-
4
22%
1
6%
-
-
3
10%
3
10%
1
3%
1
3%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
17
9%
-
-
1
1%
1
1%
29
37%
16
21%
3
6%
1
2%
17
34%
4
8%
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
3%
2
1%
69
35%
26
13%
-
6
8%
4
5%
-
1
2%
2
4%
2
4%
2
4%
2
4%
1
2%
1
12
6%
10
5%
5
3%
5
3%
4
2%
4
2%
3
-
-
-
-
2
3%
9
15%
-
-
3
10%
1
7%
1
2%
3
6%
3
6%
1
2%
2
4%
1
2%
8
16%
3
4%
5
8%
3
10%
1
7%
7
14%
-
1
6%
1
3%
9
9%
2
3%
11
18%
M
7
11%
4
5%
1
1%
31
37%
8
10%
1
1%
1
1%
26
31%
11
13%
3
5%
1
2%
24
40%
11
18%
-
-
1
4%
-
-
-
11
31%
5
14%
2
2%
1
1%
39
39%
16
16%
3
5%
1
2%
19
31%
5
8%
3
5%
6
10%
3
5%
2
3%
-
-
2
6
7%
3
4%
1
1%
1
1%
1
1%
4
5%
1
6
6%
7
7%
2
2%
3
3%
2
2%
2
2%
2
5
8%
-
1
3%
1
3%
-
6
7%
5
6%
4
5%
3
4%
2
2%
-
-
12
41%
7
24%
E
2
7%
-
1
1%
1
1%
1
1%
1
1%
14
17%
F
9
11%
1
2%
1
1
7%
-
-
-
1
2%
-
10
33%
5
17%
4
29%
1
7%
18
36%
7
14%
8
31%
1
4%
1
6%
5
28%
1
6%
2
7%
1
3%
1
3%
-
2
14%
-
5
10%
1
2%
-
-
-
2
8%
-
-
1
3%
-
1
7%
-
-
-
-
2
4%
2
1
4%
1
4%
2
8%
-
1
6%
1
6%
1
6%
-
-
1
3%
3
9%
1
3%
1
3%
-
3
5%
2
3%
1
2%
1
2%
1
1
2%
-
17
38%
5
11%
3
7%
3
7%
2
4%
1
2%
2
4%
1
3
4%
3
4%
1
1%
2
3%
-
2
3%
2
3%
1
1%
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
40%
2
40%
2
50%
1
25%
-
1
25%
-
4
44%
3
33%
1
14%
-
1
20%
-
1
25%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
25%
-
2
22%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
14%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Wanted to pay by cheque
The buyer wanted the vehicle before
paying for it
Other payment related mentions
Vehicle Shipping / Delivery (NET)
Wanted to send someone / an agent to
pick up the car
Asking for us to pay for transportation /
delivery
Shipping scam / asking for the vehicle to
be shipped / delivered
Buyer saying they would pay for the car to
be shipped to them
Delayed delivery
2%
2
1%
2
1%
40
20%
2%
1
1%
1
1%
27
20%
2%
1
2%
1
2%
13
20%
21
11%
7
4%
5
3%
4
2%
2
1%
2
1%
30
15%
13
10%
6
5%
5
4%
3
2%
-
8
12%
1
2%
-
13
7%
10
5%
6
3%
3
2%
30
15%
10
5%
12
9%
C
6
5%
2
2%
1
1%
19
14%
6
5%
9
5%
6
5%
1
3%
5
17%
2
7%
1
3%
1
3%
-
2%
2
2%
1
1%
14
17%
8
10%
2
2%
2
2%
1
1%
-
1%
-
2%
1
2%
-
4%
-
-
1
2%
9
18%
1
4%
5
19%
21
25%
13
22%
9
30%
1
7%
8
13%
1
2%
2
3%
1
2%
1
2%
-
5
17%
1
3%
-
-
1
7%
-
5
10%
2
4%
2
4%
-
3
12%
2
8%
-
-
-
4
7%
2
7%
6
20%
-
-
-
-
1
2%
2
3%
1
2%
10
15%
4
14%
1
1%
15
18%
11
13%
4
5%
2
2%
3
4%
1
1%
1
1%
11
13%
1
2%
1
3%
9
11%
3
4%
3
5%
2
7%
4
6%
4
6%
2
3%
11
17%
4
6%
1
3%
1
3%
1
3%
3
10%
1
3%
4
5%
3
4%
1
1%
15
18%
4
5%
5
6%
2
2%
1
1%
12
14%
5
6%
-
3
5%
1
3%
5
6%
3
4%
3
17%
8
23%
-
4
11%
3
9%
-
1
6%
-
-
-
-
-
4
29%
GK
1
7%
11
22%
GK
4
8%
1
4%
4
22%
4
11%
1
4%
2
11%
2
6%
1
7%
1
7%
1
7%
2
14%
-
6
12%
2
4%
-
-
1
6%
-
1
3%
-
10
17%
1
2%
2
7%
1
3%
1
3%
5
17%
3
10%
1
3%
8
23%
4
11%
5
8%
1
3%
-
7
4
3
1
4
2
2
4%
3%
5%
3%
5%
2%
3%
3
2
1
1
2
2
2%
2%
2%
1%
2%
3%
2
1
1
2
1%
1%
2%
2%
26
18
8
4
10
12
7
13%
14%
12%
14%
12%
14%
12%
Fraud / all kinds of fraud / scams
6
5
1
2
4
3
3%
4%
2%
2%
5%
5%
The ad seemed fishy / fake / a fake website
5
2
3
1
3
1
1
3%
2%
5%
3%
4%
1%
2%
I have experience with / knowledge of
2
1
1
2
1
scammers
1%
1%
2%
2%
2%
Other mentions
13
10
3
3
5
5
2
7%
8%
5%
10%
6%
6%
3%
Nothing
15
10
5
2
7
6
4
8%
8%
8%
7%
8%
7%
7%
7
4
3
3
2
2
2
4%
3%
5%
10%
2%
2%
3%
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
D
-
Free shipping / shipping was included in
the price
Cost / Price / Value (NET)
The buyer did not try to negotiate the price /
wanted to pay full price
The car was advertised for much cheaper
than the actual value
The deal was too good to be true
A low-baller
Vehicle Condition / Inspection (NET)
Did not let us see the car / wanted us to
buy the car without seeing it
Willing to buy / pay for the car without
seeing it
Selling a bad car / a lemon / a car the was
in an accident
The vehicle was not the same as
advertised
Could not answer questions about the car
1
1%
20
15%
1
2%
-
1
3%
5
17%
-
1
4%
-
1
3%
-
2%
1
1%
1
1%
21
21%
2%
1
2%
1
2%
11
18%
10
10%
4
4%
4
4%
2
2%
1
1%
1
1%
16
16%
7
11%
-
10
10%
O
4
4%
4
4%
-
1
2%
1
2%
1
2%
1
2%
10
16%
2%
1
2%
-
1%
-
2%
-
-
9
20%
21
27%
R
11
14%
5
6%
4
5%
1
1%
-
2
4%
5
10%
5
11%
1
2%
1
2%
1
2%
1
2%
-
-
2
22%
1
14%
3
6%
-
1
20%
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
33%
-
-
-
1
25%
-
1
11%
1
11%
-
1
2%
-
-
1
25%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
11%
-
1
14%
-
-
21
11%
7
4%
5
3%
4
2%
2
1%
2
1%
30
15%
-
1
2%
1
2%
8
10%
4
8%
1
20%
-
-
-
1
11%
-
13
7%
-
2
4%
1
2%
1
2%
8
18%
2
4%
6
8%
4
5%
1
1%
8
10%
4
5%
1
2%
1
2%
-
-
1
25%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
50%
1
25%
1
33%
-
1
25%
-
1
11%
2
22%
1
11%
1
14%
1
14%
-
10
5%
6
3%
3
2%
30
15%
10
5%
-
-
1
11%
-
13
13%
4
4%
5
8%
2
3%
2
3%
9
15%
2
3%
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
5%
-
-
1
25%
-
1
33%
-
-
1
11%
-
1
14%
-
7
4%
3
2%
2
1%
26
13%
6
3%
5
3%
2
1%
13
7%
15
8%
7
4%
-
-
-
1
1%
2
3%
-
7
14%
2
4%
2
4%
1
2%
2
4%
4
8%
3
6%
4
15%
1
4%
-
1
2%
1
2%
2
3%
7
11%
2
3%
1
2%
1
2%
3
5%
6
10%
4
6%
3
7%
1
2%
-
1
7%
-
1
6%
2
11%
-
4
4%
2
2%
-
5
11%
1
2%
1
2%
-
10
13%
2
3%
1
1%
2
3%
5
6%
3
4%
2
3%
-
1
33%
-
2
6%
-
2
6%
3
9%
-
1
25%
1
14%
-
2
11%
-
1
20%
-
-
2
8%
-
3
12%
4
15%
1
4%
-
3
33%
2
4%
-
1
7%
3
21%
1
7%
-
-
1
7%
1
7%
-
3
10%
-
-
1
25%
1
1%
-
-
-
2
4%
-
-
-
-
4
6%
-
-
2%
2
1%
2
1%
40
20%
-
3
3%
-
-
1
25%
2
6%
-
-
-
2
11%
-
-
2
40%
1
4%
-
-
1
2%
6
12%
3
12%
-
3
9%
1
3%
-
-
1
1%
17
22%
8
16%
6
12%
G
-
-
-
5
11%
1
6%
2
11%
-
2
7%
-
-
1
4%
-
-
1
6%
1
6%
-
1
3%
-
1
3%
-
-
1
6%
-
16
16%
3
3%
4
4%
1
1%
8
8%
6
6%
3
3%
3
7%
4
9%
3
7%
11
22%
1
2%
6
12%
Q
3
6%
2
4%
5
10%
2
4%
2
4%
1
2%
5
10%
2
4%
1
20%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
40%
1
20%
-
1
25%
1
25%
-
-
2
50%
-
2
29%
-
-
-
3
33%
2
22%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
20%
-
-
-
1
25%
-
1
33%
-
2
50%
-
1
11%
1
11%
-
2
29%
1
14%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Table 19
Q11. Was your experience with fraud resolved?
Gender
Total
(A)
Male
(B)
Age
Female
(C)
18-34
(D)
35-54
(E)
Region
55+
(F)
BC
(G)
AB
(H)
SK/MB
(I)
Education
ON
(J)
QC
(K)
ATL
(L)
Household Income
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
$50,00
0 To
Less
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
Yes, it was
No, it was not
198
153
77%
132
101
77%
66
52
79%
29
20
69%
84
66
79%
85
67
79%
45
23%
31
23%
14
21%
9
31%
18
21%
18
21%
60
52
87%
K
8
13%
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
D
30
25
83%
K
5
17%
14
11
79%
3
21%
50
38
76%
K
12
24%
26
13
50%
18
14
78%
35
28
80%
101
72
71%
13
50%
GHJ
4
22%
7
20%
29
29%
O
62
53
85%
N
9
15%
45
33
73%
78
59
76%
50
42
84%
5
3
60%
4
2
50%
3
2
67%
4
3
75%
9
5
56%
7
5
71%
198
153
77%
-
12
27%
19
24%
8
16%
2
40%
2
50%
1
33%
1
25%
4
44%
2
29%
45
23%
-
Table 20
Q13. Are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the arbitration or mediation process of the parties involved in your fraud's resolution or attempted resolution?
Gender
Total
(A)
Male
(B)
Age
Female
(C)
18-34
(D)
35-54
(E)
Region
55+
(F)
BC
(G)
AB
(H)
SK/MB
(I)
Education
ON
(J)
QC
(K)
ATL
(L)
Household Income
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
$50,00
0 To
Less
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
198
48
24%
31
16%
12
6%
12
6%
132
29
22%
22
17%
10
8%
10
8%
66
19
29%
9
14%
2
3%
2
3%
29
7
24%
7
24%
1
3%
84
23
27%
12
14%
6
7%
4
5%
85
18
21%
12
14%
6
7%
7
8%
60
13
22%
6
10%
5
8%
1
2%
30
6
20%
4
13%
2
7%
-
Not sure
95
48%
61
46%
34
52%
14
48%
39
46%
42
49%
28
42%
14
48%
35
42%
30
35%
35
58%
JK
19
32%
18
60%
J
10
33%
NET: Top 2 Box
79
40%
51
39%
24
20
4
1
10
13
6
12%
15%
6%
3%
12%
15%
10%
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
D
2
7%
Very satisfied
Moderately satisfied
Moderately dissatisfied
Very dissatisfied
NET: Bottom 2 Box
14
3
21%
2
14%
-
26
7
27%
6
23%
-
18
7
39%
2
11%
-
18
36%
4
15%
G
9
35%
5
36%
23
46%
2
14%
9
18%
2
14%
G
7
50%
50
12
24%
11
22%
5
10%
4
8%
101
23
23%
14
14%
8
8%
9
9%
62
13
21%
9
15%
3
5%
2
3%
45
13
29%
8
18%
3
7%
3
7%
78
18
23%
11
14%
6
8%
8
10%
50
12
24%
10
20%
2
4%
1
2%
5
1
20%
-
1
6%
35
12
34%
8
23%
1
3%
1
3%
4
1
25%
2
50%
-
3
1
33%
1
33%
-
4
2
50%
-
-
1
25%
1
33%
8
44%
13
37%
47
47%
35
56%
18
40%
35
45%
25
50%
4
80%
-
13
50%
9
50%
37
37%
22
35%
21
47%
4
15%
1
6%
20
57%
NO
2
6%
29
37%
22
44%
1
20%
17
17%
5
8%
6
13%
14
18%
3
6%
-
-
9
2
22%
2
22%
-
7
3
43%
1
14%
-
-
1
14%
198
48
24%
31
16%
12
6%
12
6%
-
1
11%
-
2
50%
4
44%
2
29%
95
48%
-
3
75%
2
67%
2
50%
4
44%
4
57%
79
40%
-
1
25%
1
33%
-
1
11%
1
14%
24
12%
-
-
-
Table 21
Q. Gender
Gender
Male
Female
Total
(A)
1006
601
60%
405
40%
Male
(B)
Age
Female
(C)
18-34
(D)
601
601
100%
405
-
120
47
39%
-
405
100%
73
61%
EF
35-54
(E)
427
229
54%
D
198
46%
F
Region
55+
(F)
459
325
71%
DE
134
29%
BC
(G)
AB
(H)
SK/MB
(I)
Education
ON
(J)
QC
(K)
ATL
(L)
Household Income
$50,00
0 To
Less
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
238
147
62%
141
82
58%
104
69
66%
271
161
59%
149
86
58%
103
56
54%
183
115
63%
527
318
60%
296
168
57%
273
156
57%
409
251
61%
91
38%
59
42%
35
34%
110
41%
63
42%
47
46%
68
37%
209
40%
128
43%
117
43%
R
158
39%
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
D
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
194
132
68%
P
62
32%
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
16
8
50%
21
13
62%
28
16
57%
55
29
53%
37
21
57%
83
45
54%
1006
601
60%
-
8
50%
8
38%
12
43%
26
47%
16
43%
38
46%
405
40%
-
Table 22
Q. Age
Gender
18-34
Total
(A)
1006
120
12%
Male
(B)
Female
(C)
35-54
(E)
55+
(F)
BC
(G)
AB
(H)
SK/MB
(I)
Education
ON
(J)
QC
(K)
ATL
(L)
459
-
238
28
12%
141
15
11%
104
11
11%
271
31
11%
149
24
16%
103
11
11%
183
16
9%
527
55
10%
-
427
100%
-
93
39%
63
45%
40
38%
129
48%
58
39%
44
43%
69
38%
227
43%
325
459
117
54%
100%
49%
C
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
D
63
45%
53
51%
111
41%
67
45%
48
47%
98
54%
O
245
46%
O
55+
459
46%
229
38%
Household Income
$50,00
0 To
Less
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
427
-
427
42%
405
73
18%
B
198
49%
B
134
33%
18-34
(D)
Region
120
120
100%
35-54
601
47
8%
Age
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
296
49
17%
MN
131
44%
273
34
12%
409
42
10%
194
22
11%
16
1
6%
21
2
10%
28
3
11%
55
8
15%
37
3
8%
83
11
13%
1006
120
12%
-
83
30%
9
43%
10
36%
18
33%
16
43%
28
34%
427
42%
-
156
57%
QR
103
53%
P
69
36%
7
44%
116
39%
186
45%
P
181
44%
R
8
50%
10
48%
15
54%
29
53%
18
49%
44
53%
459
46%
-
Table 23
Q. Region
Gender
BC
Total
(A)
1006
238
24%
Male
(B)
Age
Female
(C)
18-34
(D)
35-54
(E)
Region
55+
(F)
BC
(G)
AB
(H)
SK/MB
(I)
Education
ON
(J)
QC
(K)
ATL
(L)
601
147
24%
405
91
22%
120
28
23%
427
93
22%
459
117
25%
238
238
100%
141
-
104
-
271
-
149
-
103
-
183
32
17%
141
14%
82
14%
59
15%
15
13%
63
15%
63
14%
-
141
100%
-
-
-
-
27
15%
SK/MB
104
10%
271
27%
69
11%
161
27%
35
9%
110
27%
11
9%
31
26%
53
12%
111
24%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
104
100%
-
271
100%
-
-
22
12%
35
19%
149
15%
86
14%
63
16%
24
20%
40
9%
129
30%
F
58
14%
67
15%
-
-
-
-
149
100%
-
103
56
47
11
44
48
10%
9%
12%
9%
10%
10%
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
D
-
-
-
-
103
100%
QC
ATL
$50,00
0 To
Less
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
AB
ON
Household Income
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
48
26%
NO
19
10%
527
139
26%
M
76
14%
296
67
23%
273
65
24%
409
93
23%
194
58
30%
38
13%
31
11%
58
14%
31
16%
54
10%
141
27%
M
69
13%
28
9%
95
32%
M
32
11%
31
11%
53
19%
48
9%
36
12%
40
10%
117
29%
P
62
15%
R
39
10%
58
21%
QR
35
13%
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
16
5
31%
U
3
19%
21
4
19%
28
1
4%
55
10
18%
37
9
24%
83
11
13%
1006
238
24%
-
1
5%
7
13%
4
11%
17
20%
141
14%
-
18
9%
56
29%
P
16
8%
1
6%
3
19%
2
10%
6
29%
10
36%
TV
3
11%
6
21%
3
5%
16
29%
3
8%
9
24%
6
7%
22
27%
104
10%
271
27%
-
1
6%
6
29%
5
18%
15
27%
7
19%
20
24%
149
15%
-
15
8%
3
19%
2
10%
3
11%
4
7%
5
14%
7
8%
103
10%
-
-
Table 24
Q. Education
Gender
HS or less
Total
(A)
1006
183
18%
Male
(B)
Age
Female
(C)
18-34
(D)
35-54
(E)
601
115
19%
405
68
17%
120
16
13%
427
69
16%
Region
55+
(F)
College/tech school
527
52%
318
53%
209
52%
55
46%
227
53%
459
98
21%
DE
245
53%
Univ degree+
296
29%
168
28%
128
32%
49
41%
EF
131
31%
116
25%
BC
(G)
AB
(H)
238
32
13%
141
27
19%
139
58%
KL
67
28%
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
D
SK/MB
(I)
Education
ON
(J)
271
35
13%
76
54%
104
22
21%
J
54
52%
38
27%
28
27%
95
35%
K
141
52%
QC
(K)
ATL
(L)
Household Income
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
$50,00
0 To
Less
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
149
48
32%
GHJL
69
46%
103
19
18%
183
183
100%
527
-
296
-
48
47%
-
527
100%
-
32
21%
36
35%
K
-
-
296
100%
273
71
26%
QR
150
55%
409
75
18%
R
211
52%
194
16
8%
16
3
19%
21
-
28
11
39%
55
13
24%
37
3
8%
92
47%
11
69%
11
39%
25
45%
52
19%
123
30%
P
86
44%
PQ
2
13%
16
76%
UV
5
24%
6
21%
17
31%
27
73%
X
7
19%
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
83
24
29%
W
36
43%
1006
183
18%
-
527
52%
-
23
28%
296
29%
-
Table 25
Q. Household Income
Gender
<$50,000
$50,000 to less than $100,000
$100,000+
Don't know/prefer not to say
Total
(A)
1006
273
27%
409
41%
194
19%
130
13%
Male
(B)
Age
Female
(C)
18-34
(D)
601
156
26%
405
117
29%
251
42%
132
22%
C
62
10%
158
39%
62
15%
120
34
28%
E
42
35%
22
18%
68
17%
B
22
18%
F
35-54
(E)
427
83
19%
186
44%
103
24%
F
55
13%
Region
55+
(F)
459
156
34%
E
181
39%
69
15%
53
12%
BC
(G)
238
65
27%
J
93
39%
58
24%
KL
22
9%
ACC Custom Express
Vision Critical
Nov. 22, 2012
AB
(H)
141
31
22%
58
41%
31
22%
K
21
15%
SK/MB
(I)
104
31
30%
J
40
38%
18
17%
15
14%
Education
ON
(J)
271
53
20%
117
43%
56
21%
K
45
17%
GK
QC
(K)
ATL
(L)
Household Income
Purchased/Sold
Vehicle Using
Online
Classifieds
$50,00
0 To
Less
College Univ
Than
ly
y
y Did
ly Did
Box
2 Box
Not
Not
Affecte Did Not
Less School
+
00
00
00+
d
d
Affect Affect
d
Affect
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
(U)
(V)
(W)
(X)
149
58
39%
GHJ
62
42%
16
11%
103
35
34%
HJ
39
38%
15
15%
183
71
39%
NO
75
41%
16
9%
13
9%
14
14%
21
11%
527
150
28%
O
211
40%
92
17%
M
74
14%
Yes, I
Have
(Y)
No, I
Have
Not
(Z)
296
52
18%
273
273
100%
409
-
194
-
16
3
19%
21
7
33%
28
7
25%
55
20
36%
37
10
27%
83
27
33%
1006
273
27%
-
123
42%
86
29%
MN
35
12%
-
-
8
38%
5
24%
15
54%
2
7%
23
42%
6
11%
409
41%
194
19%
-
1
5%
4
14%
6
11%
12
32%
10
27%
X
5
14%
38
46%
8
10%
-
4
25%
5
31%
UV
4
25%
-
-
409
100%
-
10
12%
130
13%
-
194
100%
-
-

custom/1810/images/ACC Research Report

Transcription

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