docEndoterapia en palmeras. Estudio de la eficacia y persistencia de
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Endoterapia en palmeras. Estudio de la eficacia y persistencia de
Endotherapy in palms. Study of the efficacy and persistence of thiametoxam in preventive treatments against the red palm weevil Susi Gómez-Vives Michel Ferry, Alejandro Estévez Estación Phoenix de Elche [email protected] [email protected] ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011 The controversy on using endotherapy • The trees are endowed with mechanisms that allow them to “heal” the wounds that suffer along their life • Pruning as endotherapy cause wounds that sometimes “heal” badly • However, nobody would propose to forbid pruning. Should it be different for endotherapy? • In both cases, those techniques must be used with caution and respect of precise rules to reduce eventual risks ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011 Endotherapy in palms: differences between trees and palms The palms are not trees, but, contrary to a classic cliché, the palms also cure their wounds. In reason of an anatomy very different from trees, the “healing” processes in palms are much more simple and they present great probabilities of success. The risks of damages due to endotherapy are much lower in palms than in trees. ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011 Endotherapy in palms: differences between trees and palms Trees have cambium Palms have not cambium In Palms no need of reconstruction of secondary meristems ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011 Endotherapy in palms: differences between trees and palms In trees the central part of the trunk is dead wood In palms the inner part of the trunk is alive tissue, able to active healing In palms we can inject deeply ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011 Endotherapy in palms: differences between trees and palms Phoenix canariensis: only one trunk (stipe) a group of leaves around the terminal meristem In comparison, trees have many branches ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011 Endotherapy in palms: differences between trees and palms In palms : interconection of vascular bundles leaves –trunk (in the top of the palm) Thomlinson 1990 Compared with trees it is easier in palms to reach the target zones with small number of injections ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011 The target zones in P. canariensis the leaves bases of the central and medium crown ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011 References Effectiveness of endotherapy in palms Reference year Palm Wood 1974 Oil palm Hutauruk 1978 Oil palm Mariau 1979 Oil palm Vessey 1981 Oil palm Genty 1984 Oil palm Argemiro Reyes 1988 Oil palm Hean 2000 Oil palm Nadarajan and Basavana 1981 Coconut Franqueville et Renard 1989 Coconut Thevenin 1995 Coconut Fernando et al 2002 Coconut ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011 References Pest & illness control in palms using endotherapy Pest/illness Palm Localization Oryctes rhinoceros Coconut Asia & Pacific Brontispa longissima Ornamentals Asia & Pacific Nephantis serinopa Coconut India Letal yellowing Coconut, Phoenix & others USA & Caribe Coelaenomedora lameensis Oil palm West Africa Sexava sp Coconut Asia & Pacific Metisa plana Oil palm Africa Asterolecanium phoenicis Date Palm Sudan ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011 References Red Palm Weevil control using endotherapy Reference Year Palm Country Kurian and Mathen 1971 Coconut India Lakshmanan 1972 Coconut India Muthuraman 1984 Coconut India Jose et al 2008 Coconut India El-Ezaby 1997 Date Palm UAE Abdallah et Al-Khatri 1999 Date Palm Saudi Arabia Vidyasagar et al. 2000 Date Palm Saudi Arabia Azam 2001 Date Palm UAE Hernandez-Marante 2003 Date Palm Spain ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011 None of these papers mention biomechanics or sanitary problems related to wounds produced by injections The question of healing is scarcely mentioned Dissections show healing zones around perforations, without consequences for the palms (Genty, 1983) ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011 Endoterapia Vegetal Risks & advantages of endotherapy. Good practices Only when really needed Limited number of injections Minimal holes sizes Pressure under 2-3 Kg/cm2 Disinfection of tools ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011 Risks & advantages of endotherapy. Good practice Advantages : Easy to use in urban zones Respectful of environment & health High persistency Insecticides reach better the target tissues ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011 Trials about the effectiveness and persistency of Thiametoxam injected in adult palms Objectives To reduce risks & costs To assess effectiveness, migration capacity & persistency of Actara (thiametoxam 25%) injected in adult palms, in the field ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011 Method Consists on bioassays introducing grubs of RPW in leaves cut from treated palms ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011 Controls To establish control survival parameters & development, grubs were introduced in leaves from non treated palms ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011 Treatment Four injections per palm One injection: 2.5 g Actara, diluted in 200 ml of water Around 1.5 m from the base Latex injector ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011 Samples 3 leaves x palm Timing: 15 days and monthly Infestation of leaves 5 grubs (0.5-1g) / leaf Maintained at : 26-28ºC Dissection after 15 days Parameters observed: Mortality of grubs Grub activity (weight, length of galleries) ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011 Results: mortality Effectiveness very high (with mortality of 100% after two months) High persistency (6 months) Porcentaje larvas PercentageMortalidad of grub Mortality Control ST 100 100 100 97,4 Control TF 100 Tiametoxam 25% 89,2 90 85,0 80 70 56,3 60 50 44,4 40 31,4 30 20 10,9 10 4,6 0 Control 13 33 62 91 121 153 180 210 238 DÍAS ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011 Results: grub activity Variación de peso larvas vivas Grub Weight Variation % Control ST 160 Control TF Tiametoxam 25% 140 120 100 80 60 40 The few survival larvae lose weight from the first to the sixth month 20 0 -20 -40 Control 15 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 DÍAS Galleries Length Longitud media galerías larvas Longitud (cm) Control ST Control TF 25 Tiametoxam 25% 20 15 The larvae don’t make galleries from the first to the sixth month 10 5 0 Control 15 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 DÍAS ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011 ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011 ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011 Conclusions We have developed an original technique: Very efficient to assess insecticide effectiveness and persistency, in the field At low cost With the preservation of the treated palms With these results, preventive treatments against the RPW have been improved strongly, the use of this technique facilitates greatly the implementation of an IPM strategy of this pest ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011 Thank’s to Antonio Urbán from Viveros Urbán Juan Barbado from Fertinyect SL Peter Wyss and Rui Delgado from Syngenta Crop Protection Thank you very much for your attention ESA Annual Meeting, Reno 2011
