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Bibliotheca Instituti Historici S. I.
Volume 68
Christianity and Cultures
Japan & China in Comparison
1543-1644
edited by
M. Antoni J. Üçerler, S.J.
Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu
Borgo S. Spirito, 4
00193 Roma
© 2009 Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu
Borgo S. Spirito, 4
00193 Roma
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written
permission of the publisher.
Published in collaboration with
ISBN 978-88-7041-368-7
Front & back cover: Details taken from [Luís de Granada], Giya do pekadoru ぎやどぺかどる, vol. ii
Nagasaki, 1599 (ARSI, Jap.-Sin. I, 203, f. 3r)
Matteo Ricci, Jiaoyou lun 交友論, 1599 (ARSI, Jap.-Sin. I, 49, f. 2v-3r) &
Tianzhu shiyi 天主實義 (ARSI, Jap.-Sin. I, 44, f. 12r)
Front endpaper: Joan Blaeu (ca.1596–1673), Asia noviter delineata, 1660 (ARSI, Fondo Cartine Geografiche)
Back endpaper: Gerardus Mercator (1512–1594), Asia ex magna orbis terrae descriptione desumpta studio et
industria G. M. Iuniori, 1600 (Kirishitan Bunko, Sophia University, Tokyo 上智大学キリシタン文庫)
Note: The original colours and resolution of some of these images have been modified.
Cover designs: M. Antoni J. Üçerler, S.J. and Fabrizio Selli
Printed in Italy: Tipografia Fa.Ro press (Roma)
Contents
Notes on contributors
viii
List of abbreviations
xii
Illustrations
xv
List of illustrations
xxxiii
Foreword
xxxix
Introduction
Christianity and Cultures:
Japan & China in Comparison, 1543-1644
M. Antoni J. Üçerler, S.J.
1
i. Christian Missionaries and their Encounter with
Japan & China
1
The Jesuit Encounter with Buddhism in Ming China
Ronnie Po-Chia Hsia
2
From Dainichi to Deus. The Early Missionaries’
Discovery and Understanding of Buddhism
45
Kishino Hisashi
19
61
Responses & Reflections
Nicolas Standaert, S.J.
ii. The Challenges of Religious Translation:
Creating a Native East Asian Christian Literature
3
The Archaeology of Dreams: The Shengmengge
Its Translation and its Tranformation
67
Li Sher-shiueh
4
The Japanese Translations of the Jesuit Mission Press
William Farge, S.J.
Responses & Reflections
Thierry Meynard, S.J.
107
83
Table of Contents
VI
iii. Living the New Faith i: Christian Liturgy & Rituals
5
The Adaptation of the Christian Liturgy & Sacraments
to Japanese Culture during the Christian Era in Japan
Ignatia Kataoka Rumiko
6
A Solution to the Rites Controversy proposed by
Antonio Rubino, S.J.
127
Asami Masakazu
Responses & Reflections
Eugenio Menegon
113
143
iv. Japanese and Chinese Christians:
Native Faith Communities & Organizations
7
Communities, Christendom, and the Unified Regime
in Early Modern Japan
151
Kawamura ShinzŌ, S.J.
8
Trade, Literati, and Mission: The Catholic Social Network
in Late Ming Southern Fujian
169
Zhang Xianqing
Responses & Reflections
Gail King
199
v. Living the New Faith ii:
Christian Art & its Various Expressions
9
10
Artistic Exchanges between Macau and Japan
in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
207
Mo Xiaoye
The Iconography of the Virgin Mary in Japan & its Transformation:
Chinese Buddhist Sculpture & Maria Kannon
229
Wakakuwa Midori
Responses & Reflections
249
Thomas M. Lucas, S.J.
Table of Contents
VII
vi. The Politics of the Encounter: Japanese and Chinese
Attitudes towards Christianity & Christians
11
The Edo Shogunate’s View of Christianity
in the Seventeenth Century
255
YamamotoHirofumi
12
Europaeology? On the Difficulty of Assembling
a Knowledge of Europe in China
269
TimothyBrook
295
Responses & Reflections
QiYinping
vii. Macau at the Crossroads of Europe and East Asia
13
The Japanese Students in the College of Macau (1594-1606)
JoãoPauloOliveiraeCosta
Responses & Reflections
329
PatrickProvost-Smith
Epilogue
Christianity and Cultures:
Japan & China in Comparison, 1543-1644.
337
Reflections on a Significant Theme
JohnW.Witek,S.J.
Select Bibliography
Index
379
345
305
Notes on Contributors
M. Antoni J. Üçerler, S. J. is Research Fellow in East Asian history and
Senior Tutor at Campion Hall, University of Oxford. He is co-editor of Alessandro Valignano. Uomo del Rinascimento. Ponte tra Oriente e Occidente (2008)
and of the Laures Rare Book Database at Sophia University, Tokyo. His forthcoming book is The Samurai and the Sword. Reinventing Christianity in Early
Modern Japan.
Asami Masakazu 浅見雅一 is Associate Professor of Japanese history at
Keiō University in Tokyo. He is currently a Visiting Scholar at Harvard University’s Yenching Institute. He has published widely on the history of Christianity in Japan and China and edited a number of early modern primary
sources in Spanish. He is also author of Kirishitan jidai no gūzō sūhai (2009).
Timothy Brook is Professor of Chinese history and Principal of St John’s
College at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. His many
books in the social and cultural history of Ming China include, The Confusions
of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China (1998), Chinese State in Ming
Society (2005), Vermeer’s Hat (2008), and Death by a Thousand Cuts (2008).
William J. Farge, S. J. is Associate Professor of Japanese in the Department of Languages and Cultures at Loyola University of New Orleans, USA.
His major areas of research include Christian history in Japan as well as
Tokugawa literature and political history. He is author of The Japanese Translations of the Jesuit Mission Press, 1590–1614 (2003).
Ronnie Po-chia Hsia 夏伯嘉 is Edwin Earle Sparks Professor of history
in the Department of History and Religious Studies at Pennsylvania State
University, USA. His research focuses on the history of early modern Europe
and the encounter between Europe and Asia. His many books include The
World of Catholic Renewal (1540–1770) (1999) and Cultural Translation in
Early Modern Europe (2007).
Notes on Contributors
IX
Ignatia Kataoka Rumiko 片岡瑠美子 is Professor of comparative culture
at Nagasaki Junshin Catholic University in the Faculty of Humanities. An historian of Christianity in early modern Japan, her publications include, A vida
e a acção pastoral de D. Luís Cerqueira, S.J., bispo do Japão, 1598-1614 (1997)
and Tōhoku ajia ni okeru katorikku shakai fukushi no rekishiteki kenkyū (2008).
Kawamura Shinzō 川村信三 is Associate Professor of history in the Faculty of Letters at Sophia University, Tokyo. His research focuses on the history of
Christianity in Japan and Japanese–European relations in the early modern world.
He is author of Kirishitan shinto soshiki no tanjō to henyō. Konfurariya kara konfurariya e (2003) and Hyakunen no kioku. Iezusukai sairainichi kara isseiki (2008).
Gail King is Asian Studies Librarian and Curator of the Asian Collection
of the Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, in Provo, Utah, USA.
Her publications on Ming Dynasty popular fiction include The Story of Hua
Guan Suo (1989). He research also concentrates on subjects in seventeenthcentury Christianity in China and Chinese Christian women.
Kishino Hisashi 岸野久 is Professor emeritus of history at Tōhō Gakuen
University Junior College and director of the Society of Historical Studies of
Christianity in Japan. He has carried out extensive research on the work of
Francis Xavier in Japan and India. He is author of Zabieru no dōhansha Anjirō:
Sengoku jidai no kokusaijin (2001) and co-author of Kirishitan kyōrisho (1993).
Li Sher-shiueh 李奭學 is Associate Research Fellow at the Taiwan Academia Sinica Institute of Chinese Literature and Philosophy and Associate
Professor at the National Taiwan Normal University. His academic interest is
in Chinese and Western comparative literature. His books include Zhongguo
wan Ming yu Ouzhou wenxue (2007) Deyi wangyan (2007).
Thomas M. Lucas, S. J. is Professor of art and architecture at the University
of San Francisco. An accomplished artist, he is responsible for the renovations
of the rooms of Ignatius of Loyola in Rome and the restoration of the stain glass
windows at the Zikawei Cathedral in Shanghai, China. He is also author of the
award-winning Landmarking: City, Church, and Jesuit Urban Strategy (1997).
X
Notes on Contributors
Eugenio Menegon is Assistant Professor in the Department of History,
Boston University, USA. His interests include Chinese–Western relations in
late imperial times, Chinese religions and Christianity in China, Chinese science, and the intellectual history of Republican China. He is author of Ancestors,
Virgins, and Friars Christianity as a Local Religion in Late Imperial China (2009).
Thierry Meynard, S. J. is Assistant Professor of philosophy and religious
studies in the Department of Philosophy at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, China. His research focuses on the cultural and religious encounter between China and the West. His publications include The Religious Thought of
Liang Shuming (2006) and Teilhard and the Future of Humanity (2006).
Mo Xiaoye 莫小也 is Associate Professor of art history in the Department
of Fine Arts at Zhejiang University, China. He does research in comparative
Eastern and Western art in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the history of art in
Macau, and the history of Christian art in China. He is author of 17-18 shiji
chuanjiaoshi yu xihua dongjian (2002).
João Paulo Oliveira e Costa is Professor in the Department of History
and Director of the Centro de História de Além-Mar at the New University in Lisbon. He is also editor of the Bulletin of Portuguese/Japanese Studies. His many publications on the history of Portuguese expansion include Portugal e o Japão. O século namban (1993) and Cartas ánuas do Colégio de Macau (1594–1627) (1999).
Patrick Provost-Smith works as a consultant for theological education
in an international context, and is a founding co-editor of The Journal of World
Christianity. He has served on the faculty at Harvard Divinity School. Among
his forthcoming publication projects there is Holy War, Just War: Early Modern Christianity, Religious Ethics and the Rhetoric of Empire.
Qi Yinping 戚印平 He is Professor of philosophy and Director of the Institute for Christianity and Cross-Cultural Studies at Zhejiang University,
China. His research focuses primarily on religion in East Asia and Chinese
foreign cultural relations. His recent publications include Riben zaoqi Yesuhuishi yanjiu (2003) and Yuandong Yesuhuishi yanjiu (2007).
Notes on Contributors
XI
Nicolas Standaert, S. J. is Professor of Chinese history at Katholieke
Universiteit Leuven, Belgium. He has published widely on the cultural exchanges between China and the West and edited documents in the history of Christianity in China. His publications include A Handbook of Christianity in China
(2000) and Les Danses rituelles chinoises d’après Joseph-Marie Amiot (2005).
Wakakuwa Midori 若桑みどり (1935–2007) was Professor emeritus at
Chiba University and also taught at Kawamura Gakuen Women’s University.
A renowned feminist thinker and award-winning author, she was a specialist
in Italian art as well as in gender studies. Her many publications include Bara
no ikonorojii (1984), Sensō ga tsukuru joseizō (1995), and Seibozō no tōrai (2008).
John W. Witek, S. J. is Professor of history at Georgetown University in
Washington, D.C. He is a prolific author and has written extensively on the encounter between China and the West and the history of Christianity in East Asia.
His books include Monumenta Sinica, vol. i: (1546–1562) (2002) and Ferdinand
Verbiest, 1623-1688. Jesuit Missionary, Scientist, Engineer and Diplomat (1994).
Yamamoto Hirofumi 山本博文 is Professor of Japanese history at the
Historiographical Institute of the University of Tokyo. A prolific writer on the
Edo Shogunate and Japan’s political and diplomatic history, his books include
Bakuhansei no seiritsu to kinsei no kokusei (1990), Sakoku to kaikin jidai (1995),
Seppuku (2003), Edo jidai o tanken suru (2005), and Edo no soshikijin (2008).
Zhang Xianqing 張先清 is Associate Professor in anthropology in the Department of Anthropology and Ethnic Studies at Xiamen University, China.
His research focuses on Chinese Christian history and the history of cultural
exchanges between China and West. His publications include Shiliao yu shijie
Zhongwen wenxian yu Zhongguo Jidujiaoshi yanjiu (2007).