Algae 4 Bulk

P14 Kunnen Apaches vliegen op algen?
Algen, een nieuwe industrie in NL
Algen demonstratie project in Roosendaal
ZLTO dagen zaterdag 26 februari 2011
Contact:
© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk
Algae 4 Bulk
Lodewijk Westerling
[email protected]
Paul de Witte
[email protected]
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P14 Kunnen Apaches vliegen op algen?
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Vliegen – waarom niet gewoon op fossiele kerosine?
Welke alternatieven zijn er?
Algen – een zeer interessant ‘gewas’ !
Status algen teelt
Algen voor Bulk project in Roosendaal
=> oplossen ‘kip‐ei’ probleem
© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk
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Drie hoofdredenen om te zoeken naar alternatieven voor fossiele brandstof
– met name klimaat neutrale alternatieven
The three drivers of alternative (bio)fuels - price, sustainability and
security - are supported by government policies
 Increasing demand
(especially from
emerging markets;
China will be the
largest energy
consumer by 2010)
 New oil is expensive
oil (deep sea, oil
sands so the floor for
marginal production
cost will stay
permanently high)
 Major oil producing
countries have
planned their future
budgets under the
assumption of a
barrel price of more
than $60
© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk
 Increased use of
resource nationalism
Logic of higher
oil prices in
the future
Oil
independence &
security of
supply
Reduction of
GHG’s
 EU
– Emission Trading TS
– Mandate
 USA
Government
Support
– Stimulus package of $800
m.
– Biofuels targets (Federal
RFS of 36 billion gallons by
2022)
 Technical development
 Defense lobby (DARPA)
– US Military is #1 Consumer
of Diesel Fuel in The World
 Public concerns
 Governmental
commitments (recently
again in EU, and
Obama)
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The availability of easy and cheap conventional oil will
decrease sooner rather than later…
World Oil Production
Historic
Forecast
 International oil companies produce
more than they discover since early
90’s
 Amount of proven/probable/possible
(p90/p50/p10) reserves is influenced
by oil price, technology, and politics
– Canadian tar sands (politics)
– Venezuela heavy oil (technology)
© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk
Oil Cost Curve
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With today’s figures the run out rate of conventional oil is 60 years
Proven resources and reserves
(Exajoules)
Source
*
Current Consumption
(Exajoules/year)
*
*
Run out rate (years)
*
*
*
*
*
=
*
*
*
© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk
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*
• Strong dependence on definition of
proven resource / reserve
• Mining economics is an important
determinant of “availability”
Source: BP/ Spring Associates analysis
÷
• Run out rate at current consumption
• The actual run out time is dependent
on future consumption development
and actual resources
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BioJet is preferred as ethanol and hydrogen will require major
airplane modifications and will result in higher energy usage
Energy use compared to current Jet A-1
• 50% larger engines (needed for extra
weight of fuel and wing)
• 35% heavier takeoff weight (20% OEW
increase)
*
2.0
• 25% larger wing (needed to carry more
fuel since it contains less energy*)
*
*%
1.5
*
• BioJet requires no changes to the planes and has the same
energy use as Jet A-1
Alternative/Drop-in:
*%
1.0
(1) BioJet from the Fisher-Tropsch process
BioJet
(2) BioJet similar to a refined bio-diesel fuel
• 25% smaller engines
0.5
• 5% lighter takeoff weight (13% OEW increase)
*
*%
• 5% smaller wing
• LH2 tanks need wider cabin
0
Volume (ft3/BTU)
0
0.5
1.0
© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk
Source: CAAFI (2007)/ Boeing (2007)
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
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BioJet is the only real option to reduce aviation GHG emissions
Tank-to-Wing
Emissions
Well-to-Tank Emissions
Well-to-Wing
Emissions
CO2 kg per barrel
(CO2 emissions
Relative to Petro-Oil)
CO2
40
442
Petro-oil
Kerosene
(100%)
CO2
CO2
394
402
Coal
(180%)
CO2
CO2
0-141
-/- 402*
Bio-oil
796
Kerosene
CO2
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Growing Extraction/ Transport/
Refining/ Transport
20 - 161
Bio
Kerosene
* If the algae residue is used as landfill – total CO2 used will double to -/- 804, this would entail an overall reduction in Green House Gasses
© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk
Source: European Commission - Fuel and Energy Production Emission Factors (1997)/ BP (2008)/ Boeing (2007)/ Spring Associates Analysis
(4% - 36%)
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Many feedstock and conversion routes exist – continuous R&D
efforts add new opportunities as well
Feedstock
Conversion
Fuel
Bio Oils
Jet
Rapeseed Soy Palm Jatropha
Extraction
Conversion*
Bio
Diesel
Algae Animal Fats
Hydrolysis
Bio-ethanol
Sugar & Starch
Corn Sugarcane Sugar beet
Fermentation
Bio-gas
Sorghum
Residues & wastes
Forestry Agricultura Straw
l
Municipal
pre-treatment
Unlocking
Jet
FT
FT
Diesel
Gasification
Pyrolysis oil
Perennial grasses – cellulose
Miscanthus Switch grass
Jet
Pyrolysis
HTU
Diesel
Bio-
Woody perennials
Willow/Poplar, Pine/Spruce,
metha
nol
HTU
Eucalyptus, Acacia, Prosopis
Hydrogen
Green Electricity
(Hydro, Wind, Solar, Marine)
Combined plant
H2O & CO2 (Carbon Capture)
1.28 – Efficiency of Petroleum crude to Jet fuel
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© 2011: Algae
4 Bulk or Esterification (using Methanol or Ethanol)
* Deoxygenation/
Hydrogenation
Source: NTNU-Norwegian Univ. of Science and Techn.; ECN; World bank; Imperial College Centre for Energy Policy and Technology (2003)/ Spring Associates Analysis
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Energie alternatieven
• Alternatieve duurzame energiebronnen (wind‐ en zonne‐energie) sterk in opkomst voor verschillende doeleinden
• Voor luchtvaart is dit geen alternatief
• Biobrandstoffen van de 2e/3e generatie zijn kwalitatief volstrekt gelijk aan huidige brandstoffen (‘drop in’). Daarom voor luchtvaart heel interessant.
• Huidige biobrandstoffen discutabel om verschillende redenen (kwaliteit, food vs fuel discussie, afbranden regenwoud, waterverbruik, energiebalans)
• KLM gevlogen op biobrandstof (Camelina) nov 2009
• Defensie: eerste helikopter ter wereld op biokerosine, juni 2010
© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk
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Increasing pressure on land use and land usage hierarchy make high
yield & low demanding crops necessary for Bio Fuel plantation
Increasing pressure on land use
 Increasing demand for
renewable resources
– Depletion of fossil stocks
 Increasing demand of biobased & biodegradable
sources
– Global warming (GHG)
– Contamination of
ecosystems globally
 Increasing concerns on
biodiversity
– Depletion of ecosystems
– Destruction of habitats
 Increasing demand of goods
Energy crops at bottom of
land usage hierarchy
 Increasing urgency on
efficient and thoughtful usage
of scarce resources:
• Land (m2)
• Fresh water
• Etc.
 Land usage hierarchy:
1. High conservation value area
2. Residential
3. Food supply
4. Recreational
5. Industrial
6. Barren / energy crops
High yield
low demanding
crops
are desirable
– population growth
– Increasing standard of living
© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk
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Increasing pressure on land usage:
how to gracefully reconcile all legitimate claims on land usage
 Global Footprint: 1,4 x planet earth
•Depletion of resources
•Competition on land usage
 Waste streams disrupt ecosystems
- Global Climate Change
- Chemical residues (hormonal
effects o.a.)
- Plastic soup in the Pacific
 Increasing population and standard of
living
 Increasing demand
renewable resources
 Increasing urgency on efficient
and thoughtful usage of scarce
resources:
• Land (m2)
• Fresh water
• Etc.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Land usage hierarchy:
High cons. value area
Residential
Food supply
Recreational
Industrial
Barren / energy crops
• Only residues or low value land available for
these purposes
• High yield with low requirements to be found
© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk
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Of all sustainable feedstock options, algae have the
highest yield of energy capture per area
Total yield (GJ/Ha/a) of typical dedicated energy crops
Direct crude oil yields selected feedstock
oil bbl/ha/year
open pond (NL)
PBR (Aruba)
3658
Potential
Actual
Feedstock
Bio-Oils
Sugar & Starch
Perennial Grasses
Woody Perennials
Source: Righelato and Spracklen (2007)/ 2006 -Technology trajectories for transport and its energy supply (Fraunhofer Institute Systems)/ EEA (2007)
© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk
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Algae biomass consists of highly valuable components
Typical main components of Algae
 Human Food
Lipids  Basis for fish oils (Omega 3)
Protein
 Animal Feed
(soy market)
20~40%
15~50%
 Fisheries
 Animal Feed
 Fine chemicals
 Transportation fuels
 Human Food
20~30%
 Fine chemicals
 Transportation fuels
Carbohydrates
 Animal Feed
 Fine chemicals
Whole algae
 Transportation fuels
Trace elements
 Human Food
 Beta Carotene
 Fine chemicals
 Vitamins
 Transportation fuels
© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk
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Present production in open ponds
Earthrise – California
IngrePro (NL) - ingredients
Cyanotech (Hawaii) – 75 ha
Round ponds (Japan)
© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk
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Present production in Photo Bio Reactors
SBAE (B) - aquaculture
Bioprodukte Prof. Steinberg (D) nutraceuticals
Lgem (NL) - aquaculture
Alga Technologies (Israel) - astaxanthin
© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk
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Present algae production is focused on high margin
and low volume niche markets
Present algae markets
Potential algae markets
~ 10x price reduction
required for first bulk
markets
…at lower price levels algae are well suited for bulk markets
© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk
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Algae are a promising crop for the (near) future with many
advantages and few disadvantages
Advantages
 Highest yield of energy capture per area
Disadvantages
 Large scale production at lower costs is nascent
– present players in high margin niche markets
 No competition on fresh water needed:
– Algae can use wastewater for nutrients
– Can grow in brackish or salt water
 No competition on land required:
– Growth possible on any type of land, including waste
lands, i.e. no competition with food crops necessary
 Valuable biomass byproducts (algae cake)
 Immature technologies
 Overall energy efficiency uncertain
 High uncertainty on yield
 Risk of culture collapse
– Byproducts can add to food/feed market
 Short pre-investment period (full production within
weeks after commissioning of plantation)
 High oil content
 Continuous harvesting possible
© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk
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Bulk markets price levels will require adaptation across
the entire value chain …
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End market determines nutrient input
Nutrient costs to be minimal
Algae strain and climate determine
growth system
 PBR (tubular; flat panel,
closed tank, bags)
 Open pond
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Present harvesting and drying
expensive and energy intensive
First tests of interesting alternatives
conducted
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Efficient extraction of valuable
components still nascent
Promising technologies for conversion
of algae cake
… and optimising revenue from the biomass components
© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk
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Algae 4 Bulk – stichting en project
DOEL: Algen teelt geschikt maken voor bulk markten
• Reduceren kostprijs en energieverbruik
• Door optimaliseren van gehele waardeketen
– Demonstratie van ‘best in class’ oplossingen op commerciële schaal
– Koppelen alle stappen in waardeketen in één project
– Inclusief deelname afnemende partijen (ook nieuwe)
 Aantonen dat productie voor <1€/kg DDS kan
 Ingang bij 1e bulk afzetmarkten
 Uitrol model ontwikkeld
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DAARNA: Uitrollen
Totaaloplossing bieden voor boeren (aanleg, teelt, afname)
Zelf ontwikkelen teeltgebieden
Algenbiomassa verwerkende installaties
Eventueel: doorontwikkeling aquatische biomassa (halophyten, algenteelt voor arme landen)
© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk
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© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk
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© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk
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Algae 4 Bulk: demonstratie project in Roosendaal
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Volledige waardeketen in één demonstratie project
– van nutriënt rijke afvalstromen tot en met afnemende industrieën
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Zeer geschikte locatie in Roosendaal
– Beschikbaarheid vijvers; vergunningen; nutriëntrijke afvalstromen; restwarmte en CO2; verwerkende industrieën
– NL kansrijk om algenteelt verder te ontwikkelen (algen kennis en teelt; agro‐
industrieel en petrochemisch cluster)
Stichting ‘Algae 4 Bulk’ als trekker van het project, in samenwerking met partner bedrijven
• Contacten met mogelijke investeerders lopen: Overheden (EZ, LNV, Provincie Noord‐Brabant, Gemeente Roosendaal), Stichtingen en diverse bedrijven aangevuld met subsidies.
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© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk
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Algae 4 Bulk: voortgang
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Vele stakeholders zijn erg enthousiast:
Gemeente Roosendaal; Cosun; Sita
Provincie Brabant; ZLTO; Waterschap Brabantse Delta; BOM
Ingrepro; SBAE (B); Maris Projects; WUR; Inventure (VS); NesteOil (F)
MinDef; EZ; LNV; V&W; Werkgroep Biobased Economy, Energietransitie
Raad v Advies: Cees Veerman (Vz); Michel Peters (Dir NLR); Prof K. Muylaert (KU Leuven‐Kortrijk)
– Commissie v Aanbeveling: Herman Wijffels, Dick Berlijn
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Michel Peters
Project op hoofdlijnen gevormd
– 4 ha Industriële algen productie en 1 ha demonstratie teelt methoden
– Industriële proeftuin van ‘best in class’ technologieën voor iedere stap in de waardeketen
– Nauwe samenwerking met afnemende / verwerkende industrieën
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Cees Veerman
Toezeggingen van de beoogde ‘launching partners’
Stichting ‘Algae 4 Bulk’ als trekker van het project, in samenwerking met partner bedrijven
© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk
Herman
Wijffels
Dick Berlijn
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