behavior of some autochtonous and foreign walnut

BEHAVIOR OF SOME AUTOCHTONOUS AND
FOREIGN WALNUT CULTIVARS ON THE
ANTRACNOSIS AND BACTERIOSIS ATTACK
Florin Cristian MARIN
RIFG Pitesti ROMANIA
OP-CP 1-73, Cod 110006, Tel: +40-248-278066; Fax: +40-248-278477;
Internet: www.icdp.ro, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected].
COST Action 873
WG-3 Meeting "Stone and nut crop resistant germplasm resources: surveys, inventory and innovative integration of molecular tools”;
7-9 November 2011, Sibiu - ROMANIA
1
Introduction
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
Solemn presence in our national culture and history, the walnut (Juglans regia L.) is holding
a specific place in the Romanian landscape and national fruit growing, being appreciated for
its fruits, whom kernel is consumed both fresh and processed, also for his high quality wood,
and for the ecological and aesthetical attributes of the tree.
Although the walnut is vulnerable on more than 30 species of pathogens and pests, in the
countries with tradition in walnut culture and in our country as well, the most damaging
diseases are the anthracnose (Gnomonia leptostila D.C. Trav) and
walnuts blight (Xanthomonas campestris p.v. juglandis (Pierce) Dye).
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Objectives, material and method (1)

The studies were carried out during 1996-2009 at RIFG Pitesti-Maracineni
Romania, and has had as objectives:
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
The experimental device was located on a soil unit from the superior terrace of
Arges River and on an alluvial soil unit from the right shore of the Budeasa creek,
an affluent of Doamnei River.
The climatic conditions are very favorable for fruit growing








The evaluation of some Romanian and foreign walnut cultivars on anthracnose
(Gnomonia leptostila D.C. Trav) and walnut blight (Xanthomonas campestris p.v.
juglandis (Pierce) Dye),
Assessment of their photosynthetic efficiency and elaboration of an flexible
integrated phytoprotection program for the bearing walnuts, program which can be
updated and developed.
The annual average temperature: 9.8-10.2 0C;
the absolute maximum temperature (in July): 37.6 0C;
the absolute minimum temperature (in January): -240C;
the average precipitation amount: 665 mm /an).
First autumn frost occurs at the end of October, and the latest spring frost in the second
decade of the April and accidentally later on.
The biological material consisted in 16 autochthonous walnut cultivars and 2
generative rootstocks and 6 foreign cultivar and selections, between 12 and 20
years old.
Planting distances were 10 m between trees rows and 7 to 12 m among the trees.
The maintenance works were the usual ones for the bearing walnut orchards, but
without irrigation and fertilization.
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Objectives, material and method (2)
Table. 1 The assessment scale for diseases attack on walnuts cultivars
Table 2. The assessment scale of walnut blight inside the nuts (on kernel)"
(according Martins J.M.S., 1995, and Ginibre T. et all., 1999).
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Objectives, material and method (3)


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The photosynthetic activity of the studied
cultivars and selections, was investigated
using an OS-30 Opti-Sciences, USA,
chlorophyll fluorometer.
Data were stored, processed and
analyzed using MS Excel 5.0 and Excel 7.0
facilities.
5
a) Results on the walnut cultivars and selection
behavior to anthracnose and walnut blight (1)
Targu Jiu
Orastie
Secular
Geoagiu
Velnita
Argesean
Susita
Muscelean
Bratia
Pestisani
Sibisel
Sarmis
Geoagiu
Hartley
Geoagiu
Roxana
Jupanesti
Victoria
Franquette
Mihaela
45,0
40,0
40,0
31,6
35,0
26,4
30,0
21,2 21,4
25,0
F (%)
18,0 18,0
16,0 16,6 17,2
20,0
14,5
12,4 12,8 12,9 13,0 13,4 14,0
15,0
9,2 9,4
7,2
10,0
5,0
0,0
Anthracnose on
leav es
Anthracnose on f ruits
Cultivars / selections
Fig.1. Behavior of some Romanian walnut cultivars and generative rootstocks on anthracnose
(Gnomonia leptostila D.C. Trav) - RIFG Pitesti Maracineni Romania 1996-2009
Eu
re
ka
hi
co
C
Se
rr
10
zl
op
U
k2
)
(C
H
ar
tle
y
16,4
14,2
Vi
na
13,0
11,8
Te
ha
m
a
(C
Fr
an
qu
et
te
10,0
M
ay
et
te
9,2
31,0
29,4
27,8
k1
)
F (%)
40,0
35,0
30,0
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
Cultivar / Selections
Anthracnose on leav es
Anthracnose on f ruits
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Fig. 2. Behavior of some foreign walnut cultivars and selections on anthracnose
(Gnomonia leptostila D.C. Trav) - RIFG Pitesti Maracineni Romania 1996-2009
6
a) Results on the walnut cultivars and selection
behavior to anthracnose and walnut blight (2)
5,8
3,2
2,8 2,6
3,6
3,2
2,0
2,2
2,4 2,4
2,4
1,6
3,6
2,6
1,8
1,6 1,4
0,6
1,6
0,0
Fr
an M
qu i h
et ae
te la
(C
Vi k1)
ct
Ju ori
pa a
ne
R sti
o
x
G
e an
H oag a
ar
tle i u 6
y
5
G (C
eo k2
ag )
iu
Si
bi Sa 86
se
l P rmi
re s
c
Pe oc
st e
is
an
i
B
M ra
us ti a
ce
le
a
Su n
Ar si
ge ta
se
a
G Ve n
eo l n
ag it a
Se i u 2
cu 52
la
rR
O M
r
Ta as
rg tie
u
Ji
u
1
F (% )
10,0
9,0
8,0
7,0
6,0
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0
Cultivars/ selections
Walnut blight on
leav es
Walnut blight on f ruits
Fig. 3. Behavior of some Romanian walnut cultivars and generative rootstocks on walnut blight
(Xanthomonas campestris p.v. juglandis (Pierce) Dye - RIFG Pitesti Maracineni Romania 1996-2009
7,6
5,4
5,2
4,4
2,8
3,2
3,0
2,4
Eu
re
ka
hi
co
C
Se
rr
10
zl
op
U
Vi
na
k2
)
(C
ar
tle
y
H
Te
ha
m
a
(C
Fr
an
qu
et
te
M
ay
et
te
0,6
k1
)
F (%)
10,0
9,0
8,0
7,0
6,0
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0
Cultivars / selections
Walnut blight on
leav es
Walnut blight on f ruits
Fig. 4. Behavior of some foreign walnut cultivars and selections on walnut blight
(Xanthomonas campestris p.v. juglandis (Pierce) Dye RIFG Pitesti Maracineni Romania 1996-2009
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a)
Results on the walnut cultivars and selection behavior
to anthracnose and walnut blight (3)
Fig. 5 The climatic conditions at RIFG Pitesti-Maracineni Romania (1969-2009)
• Under the reference conditions the walnut cultivars behavior to anthracnose and walnut blight was
influenced by the climatic conditions and the particularities of the pathogens cycle.
• In cold and wet springs, the blight attack are more severe. The climatic accidents as storms and
hails can aggravate the frequency and the intensity of the anthracnose and walnut blight attack.
• It was observed that attack intensity I offered some information related to the plant resistance from
the infections to the visible symptoms of the diseases, but at the same time, the attack frequency
F (%), offered some information regarding the plant susceptibility to be infected and the crown and
orchard distribution of the diseases, the facts being noticed previous by Martins J.M.S., et all in
1995).
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Fv/Fm ; F/Fm'
0,600
0,597
0,636
0,684
0,684
0,685
0,687
0,692
0,693
0,700
0,695
0,699
0,711
0,717
0,717
0,728
0,733
0,733
0,736
0,741
0,742
0,744
0,745
0,746
0,800
0,770
0,900
0,778
b) Results on diseases influence on the photosynthetic activity of
the walnut cultivars and selections (1)
0,069
0,078
Geoagiu 65
0,040
0,078
Roxana
0,061
0,126
0,076
Geoagiu 86
0,077
0,068
Targu Jiu 1
0,061
0,105
0,091
0,092
Jupanesti
0,108
0,092
Mihaela
0,243
0,094
0,092
0,081
0,100
0,083
0,078
0,200
0,103
0,300
0,189
0,400
0,254
0,500
Sarmis
Secular RM
Muscelean
Vina
Hartley (Ck2)
Sibisel Precoce
Geoagiu 252
Tehama
Mayette
Velnita
Victoria
Uzlop 10
Argesean
Pestisani
Orastie
Susita
Franquette (Ck1)
Bratia
0,000
Fv /Fm
F/Fm'
Fig. 6 Effective chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and seccond photosynthetic system efficiency (Fv/Fm')
RIFG Pitesti-Maracineni Romania (2004-2009)
•Assessment of the figure 6, reflect the photosynthetic activity of the studied cultivars
and selections.
•The average effective chlorophyll fluorescence level (Fv/Fm) was ranging between
0.597 and 0.778 μMol/m2/s
•The efficiency of the seccond photosynthetic system was ranging between 0.040 and
0.254 μMol/m2/s.
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b) Results on diseases influence on the photosynthetic
activity of the walnut cultivars and selections (2)
Table 3. Chlorophyll fluorescence on Romanian and foreign walnut cultivars
RIFG Pitesti-Maracineni Romania (2004-2009)
• Analysis of the table 3
shows that the effective chlorophyll
fluorescence efficiency level was
high, ranging from 0.695 and 0.778
μMol/m2/s
Legend:
Fo = initial fluorescence; Fm = instant fluorescence; Ft = minimal fluorescence; Fv = (Fm-Fo) = variable fluorescence;
Fm'= maximal fluorescence; Fv/Fm = (Fm’- F0) / Fm’ = (Fm'-Fo)/Fm' = efficiency of photosynthesis reaction centers
(Fm’- Ft) / Fm’ = II-nd photosynthetic system efficiency; QP = (Fm’- Ft) / (Fm’- F0) = assimilated energy
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b) Results on diseases influence on the photosynthetic activity
of the walnut cultivars and selections (3)
Table 4. Correlations (r) between diseases frequency and some chlorophyll fluorescence items on
Romanian and foreign walnut cultivars and selections RIFG Pitesti-Maracineni Romania (2004-2009)
Legend:
Fo = initial fluorescence; Fm = instant fluorescence; Ft = minimal fluorescence; Fv = (Fm-Fo) = variable fluorescence;
Fm'= maximal fluorescence; Fv/Fm’ = (Fm’- F0) / Fm’ = (Fm'-Fo)/Fm' = efficiency of photosynthesis reaction centers
(Fm’- Ft) / Fm’ = II-nd photosynthetic system efficiency; QP = (Fm’- Ft) / (Fm’- F0) = assimilated energy.
• A positive correlation was found between the anthracnose frequency F% on leaves and
minimal chlorophyll fluorescence level (Ft) [r=0.4260; n=24].
• Other positive correlations were found between the walnut blight frequency F% on fruits
and the instant fluorescence level (Fm) [r=0.3098; n=24] and minimal chlorophyll
fluorescence level (Ft) [r=0.3285].
• The accumulated data reveal the possibility to select new walnut genotypes, highly tolerant
to diseases, using their field behavior to anthracnose and walnut blight, their effective
chlorophyll fluorescence level (Fv/Fm), and their leaves total chlorophyll content.
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b) Results on diseases influence on the photosynthetic
activity of the walnut cultivars and selections (4)
Table 5. Proposal of integrated phytoprotection program for walnut bearing orchards*
*Note: The treatments are carried at warning, according the weather conditions, the phenology pests and pathogens biological
reserve, when EDT (economic damage threshold) is over-passed and the treatments are economically feasible.
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Conclusions
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Anthracnose and walnut blight are severe diseases, which untreated can led to crop looses of
50% up to 75-80%.
Under the study conditions some of the Romanian walnut cultivars as: 'Mihaela', 'Victoria',
'Jupâneşti', 'Roxana', 'Geaoagiu 65', 'Geoagiu 86', 'Sarmis', 'Muscelean', were appreciated as
very tolerant to anthracnose, 'Franquette' (FRA), but some other cultivars as: 'Mayette' (FRA),
'Vina' (USA), 'Tehama' (USA), 'Geoagiu 252', 'Sibişel 44', 'Orăştie', 'Bratia', proved to be
tolerante.
Some other cultivars as: 'Peştişani', 'Geaoagiu 65', 'Geoagiu 86', 'Sarmis', 'Jupâneşti', 'Sibişel
precoce', were appreciated as very tolerant to walnut blight, and cultivars as: 'Hartley' (SUA)
'Mayette' (FRA), 'Franquette' (FRA), were noticed as being tolerant.
The accumulated data reveal the possibility to select new walnut genotypes, highly tolerant to
diseases, using their field behavior to anthracnose and walnut blight, their effective
chlorophyll fluorescence level (Fv/Fm), and their leaves total chlorophyll content.
In Romania, to maintain the healthy the walnuts bearing orchards, the pest and diseases
must be kept under the economic damage threshold, by a complex of measures including:
planting of healthy stock material, application of a differentiated and well balanced
technology and of an integrated phytoprotection of minimum 7 treatments).
This program can be updated every year and developed according the assortment, climatic
conditions, the diseases and pests dynamic in the walnuts orchards, the accepted plant
protection products and their cost, etc.
However the culture of highly tolerant cultivars can reduce the treatments number, the costs
and the impact of the phytoprotection programs on the environment, biodiversity and human
habitat.
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THANK YOU
FOR THE ATTENTION!
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