Road Lighting

Transcription

Road Lighting

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Abu Dhabi Public Realm & Street Lighting Handbook
Class
Q0
Description
Method of
Reflectance
R1
0.10
Concrete road surface or asphalt with minimum 12% of the
aggregates composed of artificial brightener aggregates.
Mostly diffuse
R2
0.07
Asphalt road surface with an aggregate composed of a
minimum 60% gravel (size greater than 1cm).
Mixed
(diffuse and specular)
Asphalt road surface with 10% to 15% artificial brightener
in aggregate mix.
R3
0.07
Asphalt road surface (regular and carpet seal) with dark
aggregates (e.g. trap rock, blast furnace slag); rough texture after
some month of usage (typical highways)
Slightly specular
R4
0.08
Asphalt road surface with very smooth texture.
Mostly specular
Table 40
Road reflectance materials table of RP-8-00 (r-Table).
NOTE 1 DMA recommends using Q0 of 0.07, clients requirements to be considered, factor finally
used to be approved by the client. Please see current applicable DMA Lighting Specifications for
more detailed information.
Figure 210
Angles upon which the luminance coefficient is dependent.
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In principle, the relevant angles for characterising the reflection properties
of the road surface are:
D
= Angle of observation from the horizontal.
E
J
G
= Angle between the vertical planes of incidence and observation.
= Angle of incidence from the upward vertical.
= Angle between the vertical plane of observation and the road axis.
NOTE 1 In practice, for lighting of traffic routes, it is assumed that
to a viewing distance of about 60 m and
G
D
has a fixed value of 1 degree corresponding
is irrelevant because the reflection properties of road surfaces are
isotropic.
Although different road materials have different reflection properties, and those properties change over time and
with wear, there is only one of the r-Tables commonly used in the Abu Dhabi, for asphalt-based roads and for
concrete roads. This r-Table is called the representative road surface table.
r-Tables are characterised by two parameters, one concerned with lightness and one concerned with specularity.
The parameter for lightness is the average luminance coefficient, Q0; this is highly correlated to the average
luminance produced on the road surface.
The parameter for specularity is
S1 = r (0, 2) / r (0, 0) where:
r (0, 2) is the reduced luminance coefficient for
tan
J
E
= 0 degrees and
= 2 r (0, 0) is the reduced luminance coefficient for
and tan
J
E
= 0 degrees
=0
NOTE 1 The representative British, European and US road surface for asphalt road surface is characterised as
Q0 (R2 or R3 in US/RP-8-00) = 0.07 (commonly used in Abu Dhabi) and S1 = 0.97. For concrete road surfaces
the corresponding values are Q0 (R1 in US/RP-8-00) = 0.10 and S1 = 0.24.
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Figure 211
Sample of modern Abu Dhabi LED street lighting design after installation.
3.8.3 Calculation of Design Spacing
The design of road lighting for traffic routes to meet the selected criteria uses information on the
luminous intensity distribution of the luminaire, the layout of the luminaires relative to the carriageway
and the reflection properties of the road surface.
The luminous intensity distribution of the luminaire is supplied by the manufacturer.
The layout of the luminaires for two-way roads is usually single-sided, staggered or opposite. In a single
sided installation all the luminaires are located on one side of the carriageway. The single-sided layout is
used when the width of the carriageway is equal to or less than the mounting height of the luminaires.
The luminance of the lane on the far side of the carriageway is usually less than that on the near side.
In a staggered layout, alternate luminaires are arranged on opposite sides of the carriageway. Staggered
layouts are typically used where the width of the carriageway is between 1 to 1.5 times the mounting
heights of the luminaires. With this layout, care should be taken that the luminance uniformity criteria are
met. In the opposite layout, pairs of luminaires are located opposite each other. This layout is typically
used when the width of the carriageway is more than 1.5 times the mounting height of the luminaires.
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NOTE 1 Spacing and indications given above are of theoretical character therefore they are to be selected by the
lighting consultant and approved by the client in relation to the specifications given.
Figure 212
Sample of well-designed modern LED street lighting in Abu Dhabi after installation
The S/P ratio is with 1.6 in a good range see Chapter F / Figure 153.
The layout of luminaires for dual carriageways and
singlesided layout for the two carriageways. Where
motorways is usually central twin, central twin and
the overall width of the road is wider, either because
opposite. In a central twin layout, pairs of luminaires
the central reservation is wider or there are more
are located on a single column in the central
lanes, the central twin and opposite layout can be
reservation. This layout can be considered as a
used.
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Figure 213
Sample of modern LED street lighting with central twin and opposite layout.
The S/P ratio in front (white light LED) is with approx. 1.6 in a good range, the old lighting
(monochromatic yellow) in the back is with poor S/P ratio of approx. 0.4, see Chapter F / Figure 153.
With an r-Table matched to the pavement material, the luminous intensity distribution for the
luminaire and the layout of the luminaires relative to the carriageway, the luminance produced by
a single luminaire at any point P on the road surface can be calculated using the equation:
L=
lr
h2
where: L = Luminance at the point P produced by the luminaire (cd/m2)
I = Luminous intensity in the direction from the luminaire to the point P (cd)
r = Reduced luminance coefficient at point P
h = Mounting height of luminaire (m)
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This process can then be repeated for adjacent luminaires and the contributions from all luminaires summed to
get the luminance at that point for the whole lighting installation. This process can then be repeated over an array
of points on the road so as to get the luminance metrics used to characterise the road lighting for traffic routes.
Although this process can be done manually, for straight roads (means ‘standard road calculations’ in maintained
average given in cd/m2), it is almost always done using software.
For all other roads and conflict zones the software will show results in maintained average lux (lx) levels.
This allows the designer to access the photometric file for the selected luminaire and then to manipulate the
mounting height, clearance, set-back, tilt and layout of the luminaires necessary to determine the spacing
required to meet the appropriate lighting criteria. All of these variables, clearance and set-back have limits.
To allow safe passage, the clearance of all parts of the lighting equipment above the carriageway should be
at least 5.7m to 6.0m.
NOTE 1 Clearance above road surface is subject to specifications given by DMA or the client.
To reduce the risk of death or injury caused by collision with a lighting column, the minimum set-back of the
lighting column from the edge of the carriageway is related to the design speed of the road, and given as a
guideline by the client:
• Avenue / Boulevard set-back approximately 2.5m
• Road / street set-back approximately 2.0m
NOTE 1 Please refer to current Municipal standards in recent version for more details.
Minimum set-back of lighting columns from the edge of the carriageway Bends in the road with a radius greater
than 300 m can be considered as straight as far as lighting is concerned. For bends with smaller radii, the layout
of the luminaires should be designed to ensure the necessary road surface luminance and good visual guidance.
NOTE 1 Please refer to current Municipal standards in recent version for more information.
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For all smaller types of carriageways, the placement of the luminaires should be arranged in a single
sided plan, where ever possible, the bend will follow the placement of the straight parts to allow
clear orientation.
For wider roads, an opposite layout or placement in the median should be used. A staggered layout
should not be used on bends at all, as it gives poor visual guidance. The spacing of luminaires on a
bend is less than on a straight road.
For comparison of examples refer to Table 32 and 33.
Straight run off street spacing is calculated with 52m (100%), curvy road (street) spacing is
calculated with between 33m (approx. 65%) and 40m (approx.. 80%).
To check that the road surface luminance criteria are met for bends, an isoluminance template can
be used. This consists of a contour on the road where the luminance in cd/m² from a single
luminaire is at 12.5% and 25% of the maximum road surface luminance. Given a layout of luminaire
positions, the luminance templates of the individual luminaires can be superimposed on the plan of
the road to determine the luminance uniformity Emin/Eav.
Conflict areas have different shapes and use illuminance (lx) as a criterion rather than luminance
(cd/m²). The illuminance produced at a point P from a single luminaire is given by the formula:
E=
where:
I cos 3 J
h2
E = illuminance at the point P from the luminaire (lx)
I = luminous intensity in the direction from the luminaire to the point P (cd)
J = angle of the direction of I from the downward vertical (degrees)
h
= mounting height of luminaire (m)
This process can be repeated for adjacent luminaires and the contributions from all luminaires
summed to get the illuminance at that point for the whole lighting installation. This process can then
be repeated over an array of points on the road so as to get the illuminance metrics used for the
lighting of conflict areas.
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Today manufacturers must provide an isolux diagram (File versions like; ‘*.ldt’, ‘*.uld’, ‘*.ies’) these files can be
used in common lighting calculation software like DIALux- or Relux program. This being the illuminance pattern
provided on the road surface by a single luminaire relative to the maximum illuminance and plotted in terms of
mounting height, tilt, etc., for more information refer to sample calculations provided under Chapter G / 3.3 and
following.
Given a layout of luminaires around a conflict area, the mounting height and information about the maximum
illuminance, the overall illuminance pattern can be generated. Some suggested luminaire layouts for commonly
occurring conflict areas, e.g. roundabouts, are given in this handbook as is advice for special locations, such
as bends, conflict zones, pedestrian crosswalks. Bridges and elevated roads and around airfields to be calculated
in same way as if they are on ground level. Special requirements for avoiding glare to approaching airplanes are to
be considered in case they are required by air-traffic control authorities. Guidance on the lighting of tunnels is a
special topic; detailed description will follow in Chapter G / 7.0.
The above design guide is only to understand how luminaires are to be placed and, in any cases detailed lighting
calculations are to be made for each standard street layout, showing designed luminance levels in cd/m2
(straight parts), in illuminance levels (lx) for bends and conflict zones, to allow check and approval with current
local standards.
All such calculations are the basic input to measurements after finalisation and implementation of the project.
For all intersections, roundabouts, pedestrian crosswalks, bends and other conflictor ‘higher’, ‘low’ or ‘medium’
risk areas the calculations are to be done showing designed levels illuminance in lux (lx).
3.8.4 Plotting of Luminaire Positions
Having determined the ideal spacing, the luminaire positions are identified, starting with the conflict areas.
After these are settled, the luminaire positions for the traffic routes and adjacent areas are identified.
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4.0 Lighting for Subsidiary Roads
4.1 Lighting Recommendations for Subsidiary Roads
Subsidiary roads consist of access roads and residential roads and associated pedestrian areas,
footpaths and cycle tracks. The main function of lighting of subsidiary roads and the areas
associated with them is to enable pedestrians and cyclists to orientate themselves and to detect
vehicular movements and other hazards, and in order to discourage crime against people and
property. The lighting in such areas can provide some help to drivers but it is unlikely to be sufficient
for revealing objects on the road without the use of headlamps. The main purpose of lighting
footpaths and cycle tracks separated from roads is to show the direction the route takes, in order
to enable cyclists and pedestrians to orientate themselves and, to detect the presence of other
cyclists, pedestrians and hazards, and including discouraging crime against people and property.
Illuminance on the horizontal is used as the lighting criterion for subsidiary roads and associated
areas. The illuminances associated with each lighting class are given in the local specifications and
guidelines. The lighting class to be used is determined by the traffic flow, the environmental zone,
and the colour rendering of the light source used, see Chapter F / Tables 23, 24, 25.
Low traffic flow refers to areas where traffic is typical of a residential road and solely associated with
adjoining properties. Normal traffic flow refers to areas where traffic flow is equivalent to a housing
estate access road. High traffic flow refers to areas where traffic usage is high and can be
associated with local amenities such as mosques, office centres, shopping facilities and pubic
houses.
The environmental zones (E2 to E4) are as defined in Chapter F / Table 23. The divide in CIE general
colour rendering index (CRI) at 60 means that the use of low pressure sodium or high pressure
sodium light sources calls for a higher illuminance than fluorescent and metal halide light sources.
These days the CRI should commonly stay close to 80 and with light levels to be applied as per
local standards requirements, see Chapter G / Tables 26, 27, 28. The S-class may be increased
one step where there are traffic calming measures.
NOTE 1 Lighting classes for subsidiary roads and associated areas, footpaths and cycle tracks are
to be chosen as per local DMA Lighting Specifications in recent version.
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The area over which these illuminances should be applied varies with the application. When considering roads
with associated areas, it is recommended that a single lighting class be applied to the carriageway and any
adjacent footway and verge, from boundary to boundary. If a road is a shared surface residential road, the
relevant area is the shared surface only. When considering footpaths and cycle tracks separated from roads,
consideration should be given to extending the lit area beyond the width of the footpath or cycle track so as to
give a wider field of view.
Glare from luminaires should be controlled. To limit disability glare, where luminaires have clear bowls or reflectors,
these should conform to at least class G1 of Chapter G / 3.2 / Table 28. For discomfort glare, the simplest
approach is to select a luminaire where the light source is not visible, either directly or as an image, from any
relevant direction. If a more quantitative approach is desired, glare index can be used. This is calculated from the
equation:
Glare index = I • A-0. 5
where:
I = maximum luminous intensity at 85° from the downward vertical, in any direction (cd)
A = apparent area of the luminous parts of the luminaire on a plane perpendicular to the direction of I (m2).
NOTE 1 The manufacturer to provide Glare Index along with data sheet of luminaire.
Figure 214
Sample of modern LED street lighting with good S/P ratio and low glare.
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Figure 215
Old street lighting with low S/P ratio and not well controlled glare.
4.2 Lighting Design for Subsidiary Roads
The design process for lighting of subsidiary roads and associated areas, footpaths and cycle tracks
consists of the following stages:
4.2.1 Selection of the Lighting Class and Definition of relevant Area
The lighting class is selected (see Chapter G / Tables 26, 27, 28) and the relevant areas defined.
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4.2.2 Collection of Preliminary Data
The following data is required before calculation can start:
• Mounting height
• Luminaire type and optic setting
• Lamp type
• Initial luminous flux of lamp
• IP rating of luminaire
• Cleaning interval planned for luminaire
• Pollution category for location
• Luminaire maintenance factor
• Lamp replacement interval
• Lamp lumen maintenance factor at replacement interval
• Maintenance factor, Luminaire tilt
• Width of relevant area
• Luminaire transverse position relative to the calculation grid
• Luminaire arrangement
• Glare index of luminaire
• Client specific data
4.2.3 Calculation of Design Spacing:
The calculation procedure for subsidiary roads and associated areas, footpaths and cycle tracks is to be selected
as per local DMA Lighting Specifications in recent version.
4.2.4 Plotting of Luminaire Positions:
Having determined the ideal spacing, the luminaire positions are identified, starting with T-junctions, areas of traffic
calming measures, and severe bends. After these are settled, the luminaire positions for the straight sections of
the roads, paths or tracks are fitted to match. Finally, a check is made to determine if the luminaire positions are
compatible with possible column positions.
NOTE 1 Please refer to the sample calculations shown in Chapter G / 3.3 and following
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5.0 Lighting for Urban Centres and Public Amenity Areas
Urban centres and public amenity areas are used by pedestrians, cyclists and drivers. In such
places, the lighting of the road surface for traffic movement is neither the main consideration, nor the
only consideration, bearing-in-mind that the functions of lighting in urban centres, and public
amenity areas are concerned with optimizing for public safety and security, whilst also providing
an attractive night time environment.
To fulfil these functions, a master plan should be produced to meet some or all of the following
objectives:
• To provide safety for pedestrians from moving vehicles.
• To deter anti-social behaviour.
• To ensure the safe movement of vehicles and cyclists.
• To match the lighting design and lighting equipment to the architecture and environment.
• To control illuminated advertisements and integrate floodlighting, both permanent and temporary.
• To illuminate road and directional signs.
• To blend light from private and public sources.
• To limit light pollution.
• To maintain lighting installations and protect them from vandalism.
• To facilitate CCTV surveillance.
• To apply client specific requirements.
This battery of objectives and the individual nature of each site ensure that there is no standard
method of lighting urban centres and public amenity areas, nor any universally applicable
recommendations. What can be given are some general recommendations for the illuminances to
be used in city and town centres, although even these may need to be adjusted for a particular site,
depending on the ambient environment, street parking etc. Chapter G / Table 26 and 27 lists the
lighting classes recommended for city and town centres, based on the type of traffic, the traffic
flow,and the environmental zone (see Chapter F / Tables 23, 24 and 25). The minimum maintained
illuminances associated with each lighting class are given in Chapter G / Table 27.
NOTE 1 All lighting design to be undertaken in line with local standards and clients specifications.
In any case the local masterplan for lighting is mandatory to be followed.
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Figure 216
Lighting of modern town centre with LED sources daytime look.
Figure 217
Lighting of modern town centre with LED and good S/P ratio during night.
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6.0 Pedestrian Underpasses in Public Realm Areas
Pedestrian underpasses in public realm areas are frequently used access ways to cross streets in
total safety. All such underpasses in Abu Dhabi are fitted with CCTV surveillance.
For pedestrians it is very important not to walk into ‘black holes’ and to have clear view to the
opposite end of the underpass, this will allow safe feeling.
Most of the pedestrian underpasses do not allow for any daylight, they are to be illuminated only
through artificial light. The entrances and exits are to be lit as per adjacent areas lighting in general.
Stairs and/or ramps should have lighting to allow safe use for all residents.
Recommended light levels for indoor corridors should be applied. The recommended levels for
corridors (underpasses), stairs, circulation areas, lifts, elevators, escalators, travelator and ramps
used by pedestrians or cyclists are set with 100 lux maintained average illumination. A uniformity
ration of U0 with 0.4 is to be achieved. The UGRL factor is given with 25 to 28. Calculations can be
made in DIALux or Relux for indoor areas to show above results. Such calculations should be made
for all typical areas including landings of stairs and/or ramps. It is recommended to use luminaires
providing an UGRL rating below 25, or to hide the luminaires in architectural pockets.
NOTE 1 The UGRL (Unified Glare Rating)factor is to be provided by the manufacturers of luminaires.
NOTE 2 Above lux levels are representing the ‘common’ practice for such indoor passage ways for
pedestrians only. In any case local Municipal standards are to be used.
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Figure 218
Stairs and landings with wall mounted lighting as part of pedestrian underpass in Abu Dhabi.
Figure 219
Ramp within pedestrian underpass with wall integrated lighting.
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Figure 220
View of pedestrian underpass as lit with wall integrated lighting as part of the overall street lighting, to achieve appropriate illumination.
Figure 221
Portal and exit of pedestrian underpass with reduced daylight controlled internal lighting during daylight.
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Figure 222
Portal and exit of pedestrian underpass with maximum light level during night.
NOTE 1 In both situations (day and night) the entrance and the exit of the pedestrian underpass are with
acceptable illumination which will allow for safe ingress and egress through.
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7.0 Tunnel Lighting
A tunnel can be defined as being a part of road which is not exposed to the sky. Tunnels shorter
than 25 m would not need lighting. Tunnels longer than 200 m will need lighting by day and night.
Tunnels between 25 and 200 m in length may need lighting by day and night. The nature of lighting
provided will based on CIE 88-2004 and BS EN 5489-2:2003 and/or recently issued versions of
these or of the local standards and by the tunnel classification as given. The tunnel classes ranging
from 1 to 4 depending on the traffic density and traffic mix.
Tunnel classification:
Class I
The passage of HGV and flammable vehicle carrying goods is restricted.
In the view of the fire spread, there is a small risk. Typical urban tunnels
are for cars and buses only.
Class II
The uni-directional tunnels that are within 8 minutes time distance from
the fire brigade stations or where fixed fire suppression systems like
sprinklers are installed. All types of fire may be controlled either by fire
brigade or by fixed fire suppression systems. Typical urban tunnels with
high fire load.
Class III
The uni-directional tunnels. The fire brigade may be able to extinguish
slow-burning fires. Typical urban street tunnels with no restriction for any
goods transported.
Class IV
Tunnels are congested or bi-directional. The possibilities of the
occurrence of a single fire or collision fires and fire spreads are to be
expected and are related significantly high. Bi-directional tunnels, long
street tunnels on higher road network.
Table 41
Tunnel Classification
NOTE 1 The descriptions in this part of the handbook are based on ‘common place’ practice and it
is mandatory to use local Municipal standards and/or specifications.
NOTE 2 All details and pictures provided within this part are from different tunnels in the Abu Dhabi
area, and the information is for illustration purposes only.
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Figure 223
Modern tunnel lighting, LED based, installed in Sheikh Zayed Street tunnel, and taken shortly before opening.
The purpose of tunnel lighting is to enable drivers to see vehicles and obstructions within the tunnel.
The lighting of tunnels has to address two different problems:
• The first is the black-hole effect experienced by a driver approaching a tunnel.
• The second is the black-out effect caused by a lag in adaptation as experienced upon entering the tunnel.
Figure 224
Driver experiencing a ‘black hole effect’ during daytime by entering a short street tunnel having daylight controlled street lighting support.
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Figure 225
Driver experiencing a ‘black hole effect’ by entering a long street tunnel having daylight controlled street lighting support
and where the exit is not visible.
Figure 226
Driver experiencing a ‘black
hole effect’ at the entrance
to an underground parking
facility, internal lighting is on,
but at the entrance not as
strong as it should be.
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Figure 227
Typical ‘black-out’ effect after entering the tunnel, the lighting is switched on to daylight level, but due to the
much higher light levels outside the eye needs some time for adaptation to the lower light level inside the tunnel.
Neither of these problems occurs at night, because the average road surface luminance inside the tunnel
is recommended to be at least with same brightness as the street lighting guiding towards the tunnel entrance.
NOTE 1 The light level inside the tunnel has to follow the light level of the street lighting in front of the tunnel and
after the exit of the tunnel. This means a value similar to if not greater than that of the road surface outside the
tunnel should be provided.
NOTE 2 Especially tunnel lighting is very important to guarantee drivers safety! Therefore all the explanations and
information given within this handbook are to explain the different topics of tunnel lighting design and to help in
developing the required tunnel lighting. It is mandatory to strictly follow strictly the local Municipal guidelines and
specifications in this matter.
NOTE 3 Pictures and lighting calculation samples are based on local projects recently built, but each new tunnel
lighting design shall follow its confirmed design parameters.
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By day, the luminances around the tunnel portal will be much higher than those inside the tunnel,
so both the black-hole effect and the black-out effect may be experienced and driver safety may
suffer. See Figures 225, 226 and 227.
The black-hole effect refers to the perception that from the distance at which a driver needs to be
able to see vehicles and obstructions in the entrance to the tunnel, that the entrance is seen as a
black hole. The major cause of the black-hole effect is the reduction in luminance contrasts of the
retinal images of vehicles and obstructions in the tunnel entrance caused by light scattered in the
eye. There are two design approaches that can be used to alleviate the black-hole effect.
• The first is to reduce the luminance of the surroundings to the tunnel. This can be done by
ensuring that the tunnel portal is of low reflectance, by shading the tunnel portal and the road
close to the tunnel entrance with louvers designed to exclude direct sunlight, where less only
diffuse daylight may pass through, also by using low reflectance road surface materials outside
the tunnel and by landscaping to shield the view of high-luminance sources, such as the sky.
• The second is to increase the luminance contrast of vehicles and obstacles inside the tunnel
entrance. This can be done by the choice of materials used in the tunnel entrance.
The road surface inside the tunnel entrance should be of higher reflectance than that immediately
outside and including the walls of the tunnel up to a height of 2 meters, against which vehicles inside
the tunnel are usually seen. Such internal tunnel walls shall have a luminance within the range of
60 to 100 of the average road surface luminance. The actual minimum luminance must also depend
upon the particular tunnel design standard and the tunnel classification, as selected.
The black-out effect occurs because although the approach to the tunnel starts the process of
visual adaptation there is no guarantee that this process will be complete by the time the tunnel
entrance is reached. The approach used to diminish the blackout effect is to gradually decrease the
road surface luminance from a threshold zone, starting at the tunnel portal, through a transition
zone, and into the interior zone.
The length of these zones is determined by the stopping distance (SD), this being the distance
required to bring a vehicle travelling at the maximum allowed speed to a complete halt. The length
of the threshold zone is one SD (stopping distance). The average road surface luminance of the
threshold zone is determined by the access zone luminance.
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The access zone is the part of the road approaching the tunnel within one SD of the entrance portal. The access
zone luminance is the average luminance of a conical field of view subtending 20 degrees at the eye of a driver,
as located at the start of the access zone and looking at the entrance portal.
The threshold luminance ranges from 3% to 10% (in some cases up to 100%) of the access zone luminance
depending on the tunnel design, the tunnel class and the speed limit. The length of the transition zone is
determined by the assumed vehicle speed, the distance being set so as to allow about 18 seconds for
adaptation. The road surface luminance of the interior zone in daytime depends on the speed and density of
traffic in the tunnel and covers a range of 0.5 to 10 cd/m2, the higher the speed limit, the higher the traffic density
and the more mixed the traffic, the higher the average road surface luminance recommended in the interior zone.
The minimum overall uniformity ratio along each lane of the tunnel should be 0.4 and the minimum longitudinal
uniformity ratio is in the range 0.6 to 0.7 depending on the tunnel class. Disability glare from lighting in the tunnel
is controlled by limiting the threshold increment to less than 15 percent.
At the end of the interior zone is an exit zone where drivers leave the tunnel. The length of the exit zone in metres
is numerically equal to the speed limit in kilometres/hour. The road surface luminance of the exit zone should be
five times the average road surface luminance of the interior zone. Detailed guidance on the lighting
of tunnels can be obtained from BS 5489-2: 2003.
Figure 228
Typical lighting set-up for street tunnels.
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CIE Curve luminance evolution along the tunnel:
Figure 229
Tunnel lighting (luminance) developed for a specific tunnel class II with approx.160m length.
CIE luminance
Designed luminance
Figure 230
Comparison of luminance as required by CIE and the designed luminance for this specific tunnel, daytime scene.
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As for the type of lighting used to provide the
lighting throughout the tunnel so vehicles of different
luminances in the tunnel, the light source most
reflectances will have either positive or negative
commonly used is one of the discharge sources,
luminance contrasts with the road. Counter-beam
because of their high luminous efficacy, long life and
light distributions are those where the light is directed
robustness. Today more and more LED is used to
predominantly against the traffic flow. This gives a
provide proper tunnel lighting. It is recommended
high pavement luminance so that vehicles tend to be
to check the operating temperature of the power
seen in negative contrast, but there is some risk of
supply units and the drivers, due to higher tempera-
the driver experiencing discomfort and disability
tures inside tunnels during daytime. The luminaires
glare. Pro-beam light distributions are those where
used in tunnels have to be of rugged construction
the light is directed predominately in the direction of
to deal with vibration, dirt, chemical corrosion and
the traffic flow. This gives a low road surface lumi-
washing with pressure jets.
nance but high luminances for vehicles so the vehicles tend to be seen in positive contrast. Various
Three types of light distribution are used, symmetri-
claims have been made about the benefits of these
cal, counter-beam and pro-beam lighting. Symmetri-
different systems but no consensus about the best
cal light distributions produce uniform luminance
system has been reached.
Figure 231
Different typical systems of light distribution used for tunnel lighting.
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Finally, it is necessary to consider the potential
Of course, flicker is only a consideration if the
for flicker and the consequent discomfort and
lighting is provided by discrete luminaires.
distraction to the driver. When tunnel lighting is
An alternative system based on a continuous
provided by a series of regularly-spaced,
linear luminaire through the tunnel avoids any
discrete luminaires, there is always a possibi-
flicker problem and provides good visual
lity of flicker being perceived. It is recommen-
guidance for the tunnel, a feature that is parti-
ded that care be taken to avoid spacing
cularly valuable where the tunnel curves.
individual luminaires so that drivers moving at
Anyhow by designing the distances between
representative speeds in the tunnel are not
the luminaires carefully flicker can be reduced
exposed to flicker in the range 2.5-15 Hz.
to nearly zero.
Figure 232
Spacing diagram of luminaires for a specific tunnel.
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8.0 Entrances or Underpasses, Underground Car Park Facilities
Access to a public realm parks are usually controlled by security personnel whose duty is to stop and inspect
people entering and leaving the site. At most exposed locations, a gatehouse will be provided. Such entrances or
exits should be equipped with multiple luminaires so the loss of any one luminaire will not seriously degrade the
lighting available to the guard on duty.
Care should be taken at entrances of underpasses to provide good vertical illuminance so as to allow for facial
identification by CCTV.
Figure 233
Car Park entrance during night with glare free security lighting.
Figure 234
Entrance to pedestrian underpass, where the underpass is well lit, but the area in front looks dark because
of the glare produced by the street light pole to the rear.
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9.0 Car Parks (above Ground)
The recommended minimum maintained mean illuminance for car parks depends on
the level of traffic and the areas they are placed:
• Low Risk (5LUX)
Areas for which parking is familiar for people and have a low density of pedestrian activity around.
Such as in residential neighbourhoods. Also offices, or private commercial premises. Generally
where parking activity is predominantly evening and not all night through to dawn hours.
• Medium Risk (10LUX)
Areas that might be both familiar to people using them, but have a high density of pedestrian
activity. Such as sports venues, schools, hospitals and universities.
• High Risk (15LUX)
Areas where people might be both unfamiliar and have a high density of pedestrian activity. Such
as shopping malls. Areas around disabled parking facilities/bays. Or any areas which are likely to
be used through both the evening and night-time. Also if there are any increased likely hood for
lone women using the parking facilities in more remote locations.
Where traffic is light and the risk of crime is low, a minimum maintained average (mean) illuminance
of 5 lx is adequate. More traffic or greater crime risk implies higher illuminances for security lighting.
Car parks are usually lit by pole-mounted luminaires arranged around and within the car park.
The following sample lighting calculations are provided to inform about possibilities and how to
calculate public realm car park lighting in-line with the DMA Lighting Specifications requirements.
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9.1 Sample of a Lighting Calculation for a typical Low-Risk Car Park next to Streets
Figure 235
3D Rendering of a
typical low-risk parking
lighting layout.
Figure 236
3D false-colour rendering of a typical low-risk parking lighting layout,
including approximate lux (lx) levels shown by different colours.
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Table 42
Table of results for a typical low-risk parking lighting layout, showing conformity with DMA Lighting Specifications requirements,
results provided by DIALux in lx.
9.2 Sample of a Lighting Calculation for a typical Medium-Risk Car Park next to Streets
Figure 237
3D Rendering of a typical medium-risk parking lighting layout.
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Figure 238
3D false-colour rendering of a typical medium-risk parking lighting layout,
Table 43
Table of results for a typical medium-risk parking lighting layout, showing conformity
with DMA Lighting Specifications requirements, results provided by DIALux in lx.
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9.3 Sample of a Lighting Calculation for a typical Medium-Risk Car Park
Figure 239
3D Rendering of a typical car park with medium-risk lighting layout.
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Figure 240
3D false-colour rendering of a typical medium-risk car park lighting layout,
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Table 44
Table of results for a typical medium-risk parking lighting layout, showing conformity with DMA Lighting Specifications requirements,
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9.4 Sample of a Lighting Calculation for a typical High-Risk Car Park
Figure 241
3D Rendering of a typical car park with high risk lighting layout.
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Figure 242
3D false-colour rendering of a typical high risk car park lighting layout, including approximate lux (lx) levels
shown by different colours.
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Table 45
Table of results for a typical high risk parking lighting layout, showing conformity with DMA Lighting Specifications requirements,
Underground car parks (treated as indoor areas) should provide clean and safe lighting without disability
glare or direct glare to allow safe driving and car parking. Luminaires should be placed to give a uniformity
of at least 0.4. The glare index should be with maximum UGRL 25. Average maintained illumination level
as per Table 48 below:
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Type of area
Em
(lx)
UGRL
U0
RA
Specific requirements
In/out ramps
(during day)
300
25
0.40
40
1. Illuminances at floor level.
2. Safety colours should be recognisable
In/out ramps
(during night)
75
25
0.40
40
Internal traffic
lanes
75
25
0.40
40
Parking areas
75
n.a.
0.40
40
3. A high vertical illuminance increases
recognition of people’s faces and
therefore the feeling of safety.
Ticket office
300
19
0.40
80
1. Reflections in the windows shall
be avoided
2. Glare from outside shall be
prevented.
Table 46
Places of public assembly - public car parks (indoor – underground).
NOTE 1 All indoor car park facilities shall be designed as required by latest standards of local
guidelines, above information is to be seen as a sample taken out of international standards.
Glare reduction lamella
cutting glare from drivers view
Figure 243
Typical, one direction glare controlled,
non-efficient car park lighting.
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Figure 244
Typical underground car park facility with non-efficient luminaires.
10.0 Service Stations and Mini-marts:
These locations are often round-the-clock operations. A minimum maintained average (mean) illuminance of
50 lx on the ground is recommended for all parking and customer use areas, including petrol pumps and islands,
and air and water stations. Surrounding areas should be illuminated to a minimum maintained average (mean)
illuminance of 30 lx. A minimum vertical illuminance of 10 lx at 1.5 m above ground level should be provided for
lighting faces.
Figure 245
High-way petrol station during daytime with modern post-top LED lighting.
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Figure 246
High-way petrol station during night time, average illumination level provided by the high-way
lighting on left hand side, ground mounted lights are helping in orientation, station area is
well lit with good S/P ratio.
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Chapter H
Exterior
Workplace
Lighting
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293
Exterior Workplace Lighting
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1.0 Functions of Lighting
equipment must have proper shields to allow exact
in Exterior Workplaces
aiming without causing problems for neighbouring
Exterior workplaces occur in many different forms.
sites or car drivers passing next to or far away the
There are those that involve the movement of people,
construction site.
such as airports, street refurbishment works; those
that involve the storage and movement of goods,
2.2 Nature of Work
such as container terminals; those that involve
The nature of the work in exterior workplaces can
the operation of large plant, such as an oil refinery;
vary widely. All exterior workplaces require lighting for
and those that exist temporarily as happens during
safe movement but beyond that the need for fine
the construction of a building, of public realm areas
visual discrimination and where it is needed is
or of roads, pedestrian walkways or cycle tracks.
uncertain and may vary from day to day. In these
Regardless of the purpose of the site, the lighting
circumstances, consideration should be given to
systems of exterior workplaces have common aims.
using localised lighting where fine visual discrimina-
In all exterior workplaces, the lighting is designed to
tion is always needed and mobile lighting for places
ensure the safety of people working on the site and
where fine visual discrimination may be needed in
to enable the work to be done quickly and easily,
different locations at different times. Some lighting will
without discomfort.
also be required where working at night exposes the
workers to danger.
2.0 Factors to be Considered
When designing lighting for exterior workplaces, there
2.3 Need for Good Colour Vision
are a number of factors that need to be considered.
Where colour is used to convey information, lighting
with good colour rendering properties is required.
2.1 Scale
For example, in works on public realm surfaces,
The scale and type of the equipment to be used
it is common to use colour to identify the different
on the site is important in determining the lighting
materials and colours of surfaces to be provided.
approach. The equipment used to illuminate
For such applications, a light source with a CIE
construction of buildings or public realm works must
general colour rendering index of at least 80 is
be placed in locations to avoid generally glare. The
recommended.
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2.4 Obstruction
of confusion caused by similarity between
Many exterior public realm workplaces con-
signal lights and the workplace lighting.
tain obstructions, e.g. trees, small buildings,
scaffolding, temporary walls, etc. Obstructions
2.6 Hours of Operation
tend to produce shadows.
Not all exterior workplaces operate throughout
the night. If this is the case, consideration
Shadows can be minimised by:
should be given to switching to security
lighting after the end of work. Even when the
• Using high mounted floodlights with a wide
site is active throughout the night, it is often
light distribution so that light reaches every
the case that the number of staff involved is
point from more than one direction.
small. If this is the situation, consideration
• Having high-reflectance surfaces such as
concrete rather than tarmac hard Standing.
• Providing local lighting of the shadowed
should be given to a switching system which
allows different parts of the site to be lit or unlit
according to the needs of the work.
areas.
2.7 Impact on the Surrounding Area
2.5 Interference with
Exterior workplace lighting should be limited
Complementary Activities
to the site. Stray light from a site may be
Some common exterior workplaces are inter-
considered to be light trespass by neighbours
faces between one mode of transport and
and a source of skyglow by others.
another, e.g. railway yards, airports and docks,
street works, public realm works. Care should
2.8 Atmospheric Conditions
be taken to ensure that all drivers, cyclists and
Some exterior workplaces are difficult environ-
pedestrians approaching the facility can see
ments for lighting equipment. Chemical plants
and understand all the relevant signals and
or seaside construction may produce a corro-
safety measurements. They may experience
sive atmosphere. Oil refineries have a flamma-
difficulty in doing this either because of low
ble environment. Coastal container terminals
visibility caused by disability glare or because
will expose luminaires to a high level of salt.
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3.0 Lighting Recommendations
3.1 Illuminance and Illuminance Uniformity
The recommendations for exterior workplace lighting involve maintained mean illuminance, illuminance uniformity,
glare control and light source colour properties. The maintained mean illuminances listed in different standards
(primarily the DMA Lighting Specifications) are minima on the relevant plane (for outdoor it is mostly the
ground level). The illuminance uniformity is measured over the relevant area which can range from the whole site
to a small part of the site. Exterior working activities are very diverse.
Activity
Average
maintained
Illuminance (lx)
Illuminance
uniformity
(min. average)
Typical application
Safe pedestrian
movement in
low risk areas
5
0.15
Pedestrian areas in
general
Safe
movements of
slow vehicles
10
0.25
Cycle and pedestrian
movement in general
Safe movement
in medium risk
areas
20
0.25
Pedestrian movement
mixed with slow traffic
movement
Very rough
work
20
0.25
Construction sites in
general
Table 47
Illuminances for outdoor work areas, general guideline gives some lighting
recommendations for generic activities.
3.2 Glare Control
Glare control for outdoor lighting is quantified by the glare rating. Glare rating (GR) is
given by the formula
GR = 27 + 24 ln
where:
LV
L0e.9
Lv = equivalent veiling luminance produced by the luminaires at the eye (cd/m2)
Le = equivalent veiling luminance produced by the environment at the eye (cd/m2)
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See Chapter B / 2.10 and following, for more information on the calculation of
equivalent veiling luminance.
For many applications, Le is approximated by the formula Le = 0.035 E p/n where p is the
reflectance of the surface, e.g. a sports field, and E is the illuminance on the field (lx).
For grass sports fields, a reflectance in the range 0.15 to 0.25 is appropriate.
The higher the glare rating, the greater is the visual discomfort. It is necessary to calculate glare
rating for all critical viewing directions.
Anti-glare lamella
Figure 247
Luminaire seen from 2.5m below which will cause glare, because of position, aiming
and type. Pedestrians have direct view into the reflector and source. The glare
protection implemented (black lamella) will not work in this case.
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3.3 Light Source Colour Properties
Light source colour properties are not only important for naming colours, e.g. at public realm play grounds colour
rendering is very important to avoid injuries during playing. The ability to name colours accurately and confidently
is determined by the light source spectral power distribution and the illuminance. Any light source with a CIE
general colour rendering index near to or higher 80 will allow accurate and confident colour naming at the
illuminances recommended for public spaces at night. High pressure sodium lamps allow accurate but less
confident colour naming at the higher illuminances recommended for public spaces but both the accuracy and
confidence decline at lower illuminances. Low pressure sodium lamps do not allow accurate colour naming under
any illuminance and any confidence felt about being able to name colours is misplaced. It is recommended to use
metal halide or LED sources in new installations or if refurbishment of existing areas is planned.
Figure 248
Playground with very good colour rendering.
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Figure 249
Playground where local pole luminaires are fitted
with good quality of colour rendering, but because of
light distributed from street lighting with poor colour
rendering index, the possibility of confident colour
naming is not existent.
NOTE 1 (Figures 248, 249) A monitored playground can be considered a workplace in some situations.
3.4 Localised Lighting
In many exterior workplaces, the places where detailed visual work is carried out are limited.
In this situation, there is little point in lighting the whole site to the level necessary for the detailed
work. A better approach is to light the whole site to the level necessary for safe movement and to
use localised lighting for the work areas. This localised lighting may be permanent, for a fixed
working area, or temporary, for a construction site..
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Chapter I
Security Lig
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Security Lighting
rity Lighting
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1.0 Functions of Security Lighting
Security lighting is installed to help protect people
system, it is unlikely to be successful. For example,
and property from criminal acts. Other forms of
good lighting in a storage area that nobody is
lighting, such as outdoor display lighting, decorative
watching, and hence in which there is no possibility
floodlighting, shop window lighting and park lighting,
of a response, will simply help intruders do what they
can contribute to this goal, but they are designed
want to do, more quickly.
with additional criteria in mind.
1.1 Factors to be Considered
Lighting can help to protect people and property
The characteristics of the lighting to be used as part
from criminal activities because of its effect on vision.
of the security system will be determined by various
In public realm spaces, good security lighting is
features of the site. The factors that always need to
designed to help everyone see clearly all around.
be considered are the following.
This means that people approaching can be easily
identified and that other people’s activities can be
1.2 Type of Site
seen from a distance. This has the effect of shifting
Sites can be conveniently classified by the extent
the odds in favour of the law-abiding and against the
to which people have access to the site and the
criminal. The law-abiding are unlikely to be taken by
presence or absence of physical defences such as
surprise, while criminals are more uncertain about
fences. Broadly, there are three types of site.
whether their activities have been witnessed or they
have been recognised. In secure spaces to which the
• Secure areas, where there are physical defences
public does not have access, it is possible to use
and to which access is controlled, such as a public
lighting to enhance the vision of guards while
park.
hindering the vision of potential intruders. Lighting is
• Public areas, where people may be present at any
only one part of a security system. The complete
time and which have no physical defences, such as
system usually includes a physical element, such as
a shopping centre car park or cornice parks, open
fences, gates and locks; a detection element,
public realm areas and play grounds.
involving guards patrolling or remote surveillance by
• Private areas, where there are no physical defences
CCTV; and a response element, which determines
but where the general public is not expected to be
what is to be done after detection occurs. Unless
present during night, such as official buildings
security lighting is integrated into the complete
within their open landscape.
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1.3 Site Features
One feature of a site that can have a major influence on the type of security lighting adopted is the
extent to which the site is obstructed. Where a single building occupies a significant part of the site
and visually contains the only items of value, it may be more effective to floodlight the building rather
than to light the whole site. Where there are multiple obstructions, as in an open public park having
some small buildings or pavilions, the whole site should be lit in a way that minimises shadows.
Another important feature is the average reflectance of the surfaces within the site. High reflectance
surfaces increase the amount of inter-reflected light and this both shadows and glare.
Figure 250
A business yard lit by high power floodlights. The combination of a medium beam flood light distribution,
obstruction and low surface reflectances results in hard contrasts with strong shadows.
Such lighting installations will not help to improve security.
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1.4 Ambient Light Levels
The illuminances produced by the security lighting
illuminances above the minimum will be required,
need to at least match or preferably exceed the
whatever the light source. The manufacturer of CCTV
illuminances of the surrounding area. Unless, this is
cameras should be consulted before selecting the
done, the area covered by the security lighting will
light source, to be used, if there is any doubt about
look dimly lit. See Figure 250, only a small part of
the sensitivity of the camera.
the area is clearly visible, rest is covered by shadows.
The other aspect of cameras that needs care is
1.5 Crime Risk
their rather limited dynamic range. A high level of
The frequency and nature of crimes occurring in
illuminance uniformity is necessary if dark areas
different locations can vary widely. The level of risk
in the CCTV image are to be avoided. Further,
will already be built into the level of defences used on
care should be taken to mount CCTV cameras in
secure sites but this is not possible in public areas.
positions where they do not receive any light directly
In public areas, increasing risk of crime is associated
from the luminaires as such light will sometimes
with increasing illuminances used for security lighting.
cause a ‘white-out’ of that part of the image.
1.6 CCTV Surveillance
1.7 Impact on the Surrounding Area
CCTV cameras are widely used for remote surveil-
Security lighting should be limited to the protected
lance of large areas. The amount of light required for
area. Stray light from a security lighting installation
effective operation of CCTV cameras can vary
may be considered to be light trespass by
dramatically from starlight to high level security
neighbours and a source of skyglow by others (see
lighting. Manufacturers specify a minimum illuminance
Chapter F / Tables 23, 24, 25). Furthermore, where
needed for their cameras to produce a clear picture.
signal lights are used to control traffic on roads and
These values usually assume an incandescent lamp.
railways, care should be taken to avoid confusion
Higher illuminances may be required for other light
caused by either disability glare to the observer,
sources with different spectral power distributions.
veiling reflections on the signals, or the identification
Further, if moving objects are to be easily seen,
of the security lighting itself as a signal.
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Security Lighting
Table 48
Maximum obtrusive light permitted for exterior lighting installations
* Allowed from public road lighting installations only
** Where the site boundary lies adjacent to a Lighting Zone of a lower category, the
requirements of the lower category must be met at and beyond that boundary
2.1 Illuminance and Illuminance Uniformity
The recommendations for security lighting involve maintained average (mean) illuminance,
illuminance uniformity, glare control and light source colour properties. The maintained average
(mean) illuminance and illuminance uniformity recommendations are given for secure areas and
public areas separately. The recommendations for glare control and light source colour properties
are applicable to both. The maintained average (mean) illuminances listed are to be seen as
minimum demand. It may be necessary to increase these illuminances where the ambient light
levels and the risks of crime are high.
NOTE 1 All illuminances given within this handbook are to be seen a general guideline
only, and local, clients and operator’s standards shall prevail.
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Application
Minimum
maintained
average (mean)
Illuminance (lx)
Illuminance
uniformity
(minimum average)
Notes
Large open areas,
e.g. public grounds,
parks, cycle racks,
pedestrian walkways, etc.
5
0.1
The illuminance is
measured on the
horizontal surface
of the area.
Fences
(public/private)
5
0.1
The illuminance is
measured on the ground level
on either side of the fence.
Entrances / Gates
100
n.a.
The illuminance is measured
on the ground level.
In addition, a vertical
illuminance of 25 lx should be
provided at the level of the
vehicle driver.
Table 49
Illuminance recommendations for security lighting of secure areas.
Application
Minimum
maintained
average (mean)
Illuminance (lx)
Illuminance
uniformity
(minimum average)
Notes
Light traffic and low
crime risk car parks
5
0.1
on the ground.
Medium risk or
medium crime risk
car parks
10
0.1
on the ground.
Public parks
10
n.a.
on the ground of the
pathways.
Table 50
Illuminance recommendations for security lighting of public areas.
NOTE 1 Above light levels are to be taken as guidance only, actual requirements to be
obtained from the client and/or from the DMA Lighting Specifications.
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2.2 Glare Control
Glare control for outdoor lighting is quantified by the glare rating. The glare rating is calculated
by the manufacturers of the luminaires, for more information about glare rating see Chapter
G / 3.2 / Table 28. The glare rating will vary with viewing direction. For altitude, it is usually
assumed that the observer is looking 2 degrees below the horizontal. For azimuth, calculations
are done in 45 degree steps around the observation point.
It is important when designing security lighting to be clear about the value of glare.
Where clear visibility at a distance is important to those guarding a secure area or those using
a public area, glare needs to be carefully controlled. A glare rating of 30 or less is recommended.
This can usually be achieved by eliminating any direct view of the light source for all luminaires
mounted below 5 m. Where the security lighting is to be used to make it difficult for potential
intruders to see into a site, glare is a positive so a direct view of the light source and a low
mounting height are encouraged. For such applications, a glare rating of 70 or greater is
recommended.
2.3 Light Source Colour Properties
Light source colour properties are important for naming colours, an element in many witness
statements. The ability to name colours accurately and confidently is determined by the light
source spectral power distribution and the illuminance. Any light source with a CIE general colour
rendering index higher than 80 will allow accurate and confident colour naming at the illuminances
used in public realm spaces at night. High pressure sodium lamps allow accurate but less confident
colour naming at the higher illuminances used for public realm spaces and both the accuracy and
confidence decline at lower illuminances. Low pressure sodium lamps do not allow accurate colour
naming under any illuminance and any confidence felt about being able to name colours is
misplaced.
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3.0 Approaches to Security Lighting
3.1 Secure Areas
The first question to consider is whether to light the space at all. It can be argued that lighting a secure area
advertises the presence of something worth taking and hence attracts criminals, so keeping the area dark is a
better approach. However, if the criminal already knows the area contains valuable materials, then the absence of
lighting makes the secure area more difficult to defend. Thus, the choice of whether to light or not, depend on the
owner’s assessment of risk. If the risk of criminal activity is high, lighting is desirable. If the risk of criminal activity is
low, then providing lighting may be counterproductive.
3.1.1 Area Lighting
Area lighting is commonly used in large open areas such as storage yards and container terminals, parking lots,
etc. Typically, these sites are lighted uniformly by floodlighting or roadway luminaires on poles 10 m or more in
height. For typical roadway and floodlighting luminaires mounted singly on poles, the desired illuminance
uniformity can be achieved mostly by spacing the luminaires at six times their mounting height. The actual
spacing will depend on the luminous intensity distribution of the luminaire.
If the area is unobstructed by trees, for structures like car sheds or site topography, the most economic
installation will be one very tall pole carrying many high-wattage lamps. However, this solution is a false economy
as it also produces the poorest illuminance uniformity, the harshest shadows, and the greatest amount of light
trespass. If the area contains obstructions, like small buildings or sheds, a lighting design utilising multiple source
locations will reduce shadowing.
This is especially true if the luminaires are positioned within the site, between obstructions, and with overlapping
light patterns. Reflectance of site materials can also be used to advantage. If the owner uses façade materials
that are painted a highly reflective colour, or paves the area with concrete rather than asphalt, light diffusely
reflected from these surfaces will diminish the depth of shadows.
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Chapter J
Public Realm Lig
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Public Realm Lighting
alm Lighting
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1.0 Public Realm Definition
UPC PRDM Defines public realm as follows:
"The public realm includes all exterior places, linkages and built form elements that are physically and/or visually
accessible regardless of ownership. These elements can include, but are not limited to, streetscapes, pedestrian
ways, bikeways, bridges, plazas, nodes, squares, transportation hubs, gateways, parks, waterfronts, natural
features, view corridors, landmarks and building interfaces."
UPC PRDM further organises public realm into four categories as follows:
• Parks
Public open spaces within a community for recreational use.
Parks may include natural areas such as mountain ridges and wadi systems.
• Streetscapes
The visual elements of a street including the road, sidewalk, street furniture,
trees and open spaces that combine to form the street’s character.
• Waterfront Areas
All land areas along the water’s edge.
• Public Places
All open areas within a community visible to the public or for public gathering or assembly.
UPC PRDM also defines the Public Realm Hierarchy by setting out the criteria for Level of Service for each
public realm category as well as providing Design Guidance for public realm projects to inform the design team
that may include landscape architects, urban designers, architects, lighting designers amongst others to develop
integrated design solutions for the public realm.
UPC PRDM and all other documents referred to within this Chapter can be found listed under
Chapter P – References.
NOTE 1 It is important to understand that there is a fundamental difference between lighting for public realm
spaces and, say, lighting private gardens or private-sector commercial landscaping. There are many more issues
to consider for public realm which may or may not be relevant to other areas of ‘landscape lighting’.
NOTE 2 This Handbook primarily sets out guidance for the former and describes all the issues
associated with areas accessed and used by the public. Therefore subjects such as lighting for
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public safety/wellbeing, fixture mounting requirements and recommended lighting levels etc. whilst
statutory for public realm might not necessarily be applicable for private areas.
However it is recommended this Chapter and the DMA Lighting Specifications references should
still be considered on all landscape lighting projects even those falling outside the statutory
jurisdiction of Municipal public realm, because these are generally aligned with international best
practice. As such any references to applicable standards in this Chapter are made primarily to
DMA Municipal and/or client’s requirements.
1.1 Guiding Principles for Public Realm Lighting
The Handbook takes the “people-first” approach that is fundamental to the establishment of
a world-class public realm. The primary focus is how the public realm meets the needs of the
residents and visitors of the Emirate. In this respect the nighttime lighting for public realm areas
needs to be designed to ensure the physical ‘daytime’ design of spaces is not lost after dark and
where possible lighting is used to visually enhance spaces, rather than just to illuminate surfaces
or activities.
When designing lighting schemes for the public realm it is important to work collaboratively with
other design disciplines such as the landscape architects / urban designers / architects to agree on
the desired night time ambiance as well as the intended usage patterns and functions of a space.
There are key principles in undertaking lighting design for public realm:
• Function
Task, levels, safety and security, environmental considerations, efficiency
• Aesthetic
Look, feel, colour, texture, equipment, mounting and locations
• Balance
Holistic design approach, hierarchy, transitions, surrounds
In this Chapter J, the Handbook provides details on how to approach and develop
lighting design for public realm under these key principles.
Refer to UPC PRDM for additional information on the design of the public realm and
other public realm/landscape documentation prepared by Municipalities and/or clients.
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1.2 Design Considerations for Public Realm Lighting
The ultimate aim of the lighting of public realm is to create attractive spaces which are inviting and safe and hence
encourage and facilitate their use at night.
Lighting designs should treat spaces three-dimensionally and should consider how the space will look and feel at
eye level rather than focusing/relying on two-dimensional plans. This Handbook will provide some detailed advice
on the main factors to consider for the overall successful solution to be found, but also shows some selected
lighting elements/treatments most typically found in public realm spaces. These examples are not intended to be
comprehensive nor, critically, is any one lighting approach a solution on its own as multiple elements/treatments
will almost always be present in public realm.
Therefore the lighting of individual elements will need to consider the other lighting and landscaping elements
within its surround as it may be possible to combine or in some cases omit lighting. For example, if one is lighting
a pathway through an area with adjacent trees or an adjacent wall, then illuminating the wall or some of the trees
themselves may well provide sufficient path illumination without the need for a row of separate pathway
luminaires. Conversely, if you prefer to design a system of lighting primarily for the pathway, then that system
in itself may adequately highlight some adjacent trees or wall perfectly well without need for additional lighting
fixtures. Alternatively multiple lighting elements can be placed on a single fixture to do more than one task.
Referring to elements such as trees and walls, one should not feel pressured to illuminate both sides of every
element in a space. The sun hits objects in the daytime only ever from one side, with objects positioned behind
others shaded from view due to this natural directionality and resulting in very obvious differences in highlighting
material textures caused by this ever-present light/shadow effect. Therefore artificially lighting exterior objects at
night from all sides can lose this natural visual impression and objects, textures and materials can become
flattened visually. A more random or prioritised selection is far more interesting and cost effective.
Single sided treatments can actually aid effects such as shadow patterns, silhouetting, increase in visual contrast
and thus improvement in visual depth. Therefore what needs to be lit and what does not? Showing restraint and
being selective is fundamental to a successful and interesting nightime visual environment.
Any lighting design has to consider all landscape elements in an integrated manner so as to create a functional,
balanced, selective, aesthetically appropriate design. The lighting design should be modelled, checked,
equipment chosen and positioned with all landscape elements in mind from the on-set.
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The first step for initiating a public realm lighting design is to understand the space to be designed
or refurbished and any conceptual approach or theme with the client and design team. Thereafter
the lighting designer should develop an initial lighting strategy considering all factors that may have
impact on lighting and the final scheme design. In turn these factors will lead to the setting of key
lighting parameters which can be simply illustrated as shown below in Figure 251 for discussion and
assessment with the client and design team. The technical background information associated with
all these parameters is described in Chapters A to F of this Handbook.
Brightness (effects)
Colour (light)
Uniformity (on surfaces)
Control (movement)
Technique (light distribution)
Figure 251
Sample graphic illustrating lighting parameter selection
From this initial establishment of the lighting strategy and parameters, the lighting designer should
create a more detailed palate of lighting solutions required and decide how they connect and work
holistically addressing the key principles.
This should be done through implementing the following considerations for the specific public realm space.
1.2.1 Visual Hierarchy
Define the balance of brightnesses between the various public realm elements. Adjusting the
brightness of public realm lighting establishes a visual hierarchy which can assist with the legibility
of a space and assist users to navigate through it.
For example secondary pathways should have a lower lighting level than main pathways.
Landmarks, gateways and key focal elements within a space can be accentuated through the
use of higher lighting levels. Establish with the landscape architect/urban designer/architect where
landmarks and focal points are and which pathways, are considered primary/main transitional routes
and use this to form the basis of hierarchy for the lighting design.
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However it is important to ensure that the contrast in lighting levels is not excessive as this may result in
adaptation issues which could impact public safety. The section below on Public Wellbeing and Safety provides
more specific advice on this.
The following Table 51 is an extract from the DMA Lighting Specifications and illustrates appropriate lighting levels
to create a safe visual hierarchy within the public realm.
Specific area, use, task
Average maintained
illumination Em (lx)
Uniformity ratio
(minimum to average)
Main pathway
Secondary pathway
Public squares, piazzas
and open public space
10
5
15
0.25
0.25
0.30
Playgrounds
Steps & Hazards
Access points, exists
Footbridges
Cycle racks
Outside audience areas
30
50
50
40
10
20
0.30
0.60
0.30
0.30
0.40
0.40
Table 51
Illumination levels as per DMA Lighting Specifications; please refer to the latest version of the standards,
as above figures may be subject to change.
1.2.2 Lighting Techniques
There are well established principles and techniques for lighting landscape elements. This is where close
collaboration is required with the broader design team to understand the space. For example a tree can be lit in
various ways to create different effects and to therefore visually impact the space in a number of ways depending
on the intent of the design. Silhouetting of a tree onto structure can add interest to surfaces, emphasising an
architectural element. Uplighting of a tree can be used to give a diffused lighting to a space and emphasise a tree
from within a space. Spot lighting a tree will create impact from a distance. Further guidance on lighting
techniques can be found in Chapter F – Applications, as well as examples of some of the most typical
application options at the end of this Chapter.
Working with the project design team it is also often possible to combine lighting fixtures with other elements
reducing daytime visual clutter and allowing the actual fixtures to be concealed while creating interesting and
unique lighting effects at night.
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Visualisations from sketching or simple 2D graphic software through to complex 3D modelling
software, combined with information from sample lighting calculations, is another essential
technique for looking at public realm spaces.
Most of the issues highlighted in this Chapter can be brought together using basic visualisation tools
to agree principles and convey the proposal to the design team and/or clients. Figure 252 below
shows how a simple computer software visualisation can be used to define lighting treatments to
a playground area establishing the balance, hierarchy, colour and theme of the lighting, which in this
example sets out to avoid the use of any column or bollard fixtures, with surfaces and levels
addressed with integrated and recessed fixtures and area lighting using the shade-structures.
Perspectives viewed from eye level would be a next step to refine a proposal further.
Figure 252
Computer visualisation of a playground lighting concept; an important technique to agree and convey the overall lighting
design early in the project design stages. Later stages should refine this down to eye-level perspectives.
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1.2.3 Colour
Define and specify clearly the colour temperature of the various light sources. This is a critical part of design of the
lighting scheme. Having the same CCT (Correlated Colour Temperature) for all light sources can often result in a
visual flattening of the space which is a missed opportunity. Chapters A and C provide more specific information
on colour temperature and lamp technology respectively.
Use of strong colour and RGB colour-changing light can be dramatic and useful for adding interest within the
public realm if applied sporadically and in a controlled manner. However the use of too many coloured light
sources and/or colour changing effects creates visual confusion and can detract from the visual impact and
aesthetic of a space. Refer to Chapter B – Vision for more detailed information of these issues.
Figures 253 and 254 show, respectively, examples of public realm spaces with the same colour rendering index
light sources used throughout and another where there are various CCT sources applied.
Figure 253
Lighting of entire public realm with lighting equipment having the same CCT of lamp sources.
It demonstrates how flat and uninteresting visually the same CCT can be and especially when adjacent to roads
and parking areas also having a similar CCT.
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Figure 254
Lighting of public realm showing lighting used with varying CCT lamp sources; neutral white for bollards along pathways,
warmer CCT for planters and cooler for street areas. Providing a better, more interesting visual environment.
When considering the use of colour or colour changing light sources it is recommended that this is
developed in close collaboration with the design team to establish where coloured light sources
might be best used and to understand the impact this might have on other material selections or
planting used. Often it is worth considering and proposing to the design team the alternative option
of introducing colour into the public realm design directly, for example into the materials, planting or
surface finishes, and then select good white lighting to illuminate them.
The DMA Lighting Specifications defines the permissible band of CCT for Municipal public realm
projects which should also be considered as best practice for any public realm or landscaping
project, but within this band, warmer and cooler light temperatures should be selected and applied
to specific elements/treatments helping to create visually interesting and diverse spaces.
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1.2.4 Fixture Aesthetics & Theme
Different tasks require the selection of different fixtures if the key principles of lighting design are to be
addressed effectively. Using a one fixture solution; a column fixture for example, to light all tasks will result in a
flat uninteresting night time effect, regardless of whether lighting levels are met. In partnership with creating visual
hierarchies, use different fixture types as well. Also ensure the palate of specified fixtures are appropriately
matching visually; contemporary/traditional, linear/organic, finishes/shapes. Be consistent and ensure they also
fit in with both the landscape design concept/theme including the landscape furniture and equipment being
proposed.
Always bear in mind the daytime look of public realm too and how the lighting equipment will look physically in the
daytime as well as what it is doing after dark. One sees only the fixtures in the daytime, whilst at night generally
only the light they produce.
What is the daytime theme of the public realm area?
Is it a nautical waterfront project with marine inspired landscape elements or planting?
Is it a park with a Wadi concept and high levels of desert landscaping?
Is it a playground designed around a pirate ship or themed as a fort?
Use the choices in lighting to enhance these themes where possible and strive to make the nightime experience
for the people just as enjoyable as the daytime experience. In these cases the aesthetics of the fixtures should be
selected to coordinate with the scheme and not just because they look good intrinsically.
Figure 255 below shows the concept development for a Municipal public realm project playground in which the
lighting is designed to enhance the playground’s theme of a colourful souk, reacting with both the coloured
shade-structure materials and coloured circular floor finishes with a mixture of concealed direct and indirect
white light fixtures.
This ensures not only the visual effect of the themed playground at night is not lost when compared to the
daytime, but also maintains the safety of using the playground equipment with white light ensuring children
and equipment are lit correctly.
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Figure 255
Initial lighting concept using concealed direct and indirect white-light fixtures to support and enhance the colourful ‘souk’
theme of a playground.
1.2.5 Detailing and Documentation
Lighting detail installation drawings are a key part of public realm design documentation and
should be supported with the lighting layouts and lighting fixture specifications. Comprehensive and
detailed lighting design documentation is essential for ensuring that the lighting design is implemented
correctly on site. This documentation should be fully coordinated with the detailing and layout of the
landscape elements.
Decide with the design team where all the fixtures should be positioned and if any will be integrated
into landscape elements. Consider where controllers, distribution boxes, remote gear, etc. can be
located and integrated ensuring that their positions, while accessible, do not hinder movement or
functionality of a space, create any hazard, nor negatively impact the aesthetic of the space.
The lighting designer is responsible for identifying, detailing and specifying any installation fixture
requirements such as ground roots, spikes, cast-in-place housings or other forms of fixing. In all
cases lighting should where ever possible be out of reach of children, fit for purpose and with
tamper-proof fixings as per client or Municipal requirements.
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Ensure fixtures, with the exception of spike lights, are mounted in hardscape/nonirrigated areas and not in
softscape. This is especially applicable to column and bollard lights which can be damaged by machinery such
as lawn mowers and from irrigation overspray. See Figure 256 below.
Figure 256
Lighting fixtures, other than spike lights when appropriate, should not be installed in softscape areas due to potential trip hazard,
due to damage from irrigation overspray and damage from lawn mowers.
NOTE 1 For further guidance see also Chapter F - Applications
1.2.6 Public Wellbeing and Safety
One way lighting can contribute to public wellbeing and safety is by allowing ‘action at a distance’.
This is enhanced by providing good vertical illumination for people/faces and not just considering the
horizontal surface and task lighting. It is important for social interaction and a sense of wellbeing, but also
for safety, so any suspicious/threatening presence or behaviour may be detected early enough and at a
safe distance. Figure 257 below portrays the potential issue when vertical illumination is not considered.
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Figure 257
A lighting scheme only targeting the floor and stairs such as this, with low illuminances, poor uniformity and little in
the way of additional ambient light from the surround reduces the ability of people to fully judge others from distance.
This does not promote a feeling of safety or wellbeing.
Lighting designed to allow ‘action at a distance’ requires attention to be paid to the illuminance
provided, the uniformity of the illuminance horizontally and vertically, the avoidance of disability glare
and the spectral power distribution of the light source. For people to have a reasonable perception
of safety at night, the horizontal illuminance on the ground should lie somewhere between 5 and
15 lx depending on the ambient illuminance. Below 5 lx, perceptions of safety deteriorate rapidly.
Above 50 lx, perceptions of safety are close to the maximum possible, so there is little to be gained
from higher illuminances.
NOTE 1 The DMA Lighting Specifications define a number of key lighting levels for Municipal
projects, Refer again to Table 51 in section 1.2.1 of this Chapter for some of the most typical areas.
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With regard to illuminance uniformity, if the principle of ‘action at a distance’ is to be followed, it is essential that
excessive variations in illuminance be avoided. Close enough spacing of luminaires and their mounting heights is
particularly important if excessive variation in the vertical illuminances on faces is to be avoided. Also considering
a mixture of direct/indirect lighting from luminaires or the lighting of surface elements can be used. For more
specific information refer to Chapter D – Luminaires and Chapter F – Applications.
To check correct balance of vertical illuminance, the spacing, positioning and aiming of all the area lighting used
should be determined by lighting calculations undertaken on DIALux or Relux software or other recognised design
package. Once the area and all proposed fixtures are inserted, many factors can be determined to inform the
correct lighting solution. A vertical plane could be used to check the uniformity and illumination levels at face level.
Municipal and/or local standards are to be considered to suit the project type and client’s requirements.
Figure 258
Sample of lighting a pathway from primarily columns with good vertical illuminance and an acceptable illumination level and uniformity,
but poor Colour Rendering and CCT lets the space down.
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Figure 259
Sample of lighting a pathway using
primarily bollards which don’t provide
good vertical illuminance on their own,
but contain good optical control and in
conjunction with surrounding lighting
from streets, buildings and trees,
combine to result in sufficient vertical
illuminance in a better balanced and
more interesting visual environment.
The varying CRI with good CCTs
reinforces this.
Figure 260
Sample of lighting for pathways using bollards (background, left) and surface-bollard types (foreground, right) which
shows very poor vertical illumination and glare due to a combination of low-ambient lighting from elsewhere, poor optical
control and overpowered light sources. CCT and Colour Rendering of the bollards are also noticeably very poor.
The overall result creates an unbalanced and uninviting space.
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The most common sources of disability glare at night are luminaires in unsuitable locations, poor aiming of
luminaires and/or poor luminaire design. This last problem is particularly common in ‘historic’ (lantern-head or
globe) luminaires, which can have the combination of little in the way of shielding of the light source together
with low mounting heights. Care in the selection of luminaires; their optical glare-control, the aiming, if applicable,
and their mounting heights is essential and to be considered in balance with all the other lighting in the space if
disability glare is to be avoided. See Chapters B, D and F for more specific help in understanding and avoiding
these issues.
Figure 261
Luminaire with unsuitable light
distribution and low installation
height causing disability
glare and reduced visibility on
surrounding areas. This sort of
lighting solution should never be
applied to a public realm space
as it results in both an unsafe and
unattractive visual environment.
1.2.7 Solar
For all public realm lighting projects DMA Municipal Standards require that viable options are proposed for the
inclusion of solar lighting solutions.
The DMA Lighting Specifications states:
“Provide specific advantages for having some solar lighting technology and/or their cost of implementation can
be mitigated by other factors. These include, but are not limited to, interactive/awareness zones, integrated with
local structures, isolated areas without current electrical infrastructure, dedicated sports areas, children’s play
areas, sculptures/arts or specific paths”.
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Other clients too may increasingly seek integrated solar proposals and in many instances these
will include solar luminaires/lighting rather than a purely separate electrical solar ‘array’ grid system
provision. If any solar lighting is being considered, all the aspects described above in Sections 1.1
and 1.2 of this Chapter are equally as important and the considerations for achieving a high quality
holistic lighting scheme when using solar lighting and conventional lighting are no different.
In case solar lighting proposals are to be developed, the following is to be considered:
One application however that will not be possible, will be solar lighting for use within tree-shaded
areas, as Figure 262 below features in a project mock-up proposal.
Regardless of technical claims or promises, solar PV (photo-voltaic) panels will never receive
guaranteed sufficient sunlight/daylight through a tree canopy, one also cannot assume what the
future growth will do and additionally panels will be prone to far more dirt and debris build up than
in open areas. It is mandatory that solar should never be considered for such locations.
Figure 262
Stand-alone solar column fixture proposed under a tree
canopy. All such solar solutions cannot work under trees
and PVs must always be in areas open to the sky to
receive the maximum amount of the sun’s path
completely unobscured.
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2.0 Public Realm Typical Elements
There are many different lighting approaches and techniques that can be used within the public realm to address
the key principles of lighting design. A key role of the lighting design is to select how landscape elements will be lit
to achieve the desired lighting effect, for example which of the numerous approaches to path lighting to use
and which elements to light within the space.
This section illustrates some examples of good and bad approaches to lighting design, together with sample
lighting calculations for some typical landscape elements.
Figure 263
Lighting for a partially-shaded walkway
providing an acceptable ambient scheme
combining low-level bollard lighting and
reflected light from the shading structures
to improve vertical illuminance.
Care should be taken however with the
visible brightness and glare from the
bollard’s optics, something for which
this installation is less successful.
Figure 264
Lighting provided by surrounding
illuminance for an un-shaded walkway
resulting in an acceptable ambient
scheme. This demonstrates that
dedicated pathway lighting it is
not always necessary when other
public realm lighting such as for
planting or walls is considered.
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NOTE 1 However, visual comfort of the scene is adversely affected by the excessive glare from the
high column fixtures in the background.
Figure 265
Lighting provided using wall and tree up-lighting in combination with step lighting to avoid the need for column lighting.
This illustrates how the overall vertical and horizontal illumination of a space using the lighting of the surrounding planting and
structures can achieve more than one task. However whilst the scheme uses varying CCTs and has good colour rendering,
the aiming and power of the tree lighting equipment may have resulted in higher lux levels on the trunks and therefore higher
visible brightnesses than current DMA Lighting Specifications target design figures advise.
2.1 Pathway Lighting
Main and secondary pathways are an important and substantial feature for most projects and,
due to their function, one of the key parts of nighttime lighting. Pathways technically could be
considered task lighting elements within the overall schemes; they have specific needs in this regard
for having appropriate illumination, vertical illumination and uniformity along their lengths. There are
many methods for providing these levels, as described previously in this Chapter, and one needs to
check what elements are adjacent to pathways first to see if there are any opportunities to combine
lighting with other tasks rather than looking at them all in isolation. When these opportunities are not
available, or the design team prefers, dedicated lighting can be proposed and there are some
options on the main treatments to consider. This section shows these options and compares the
various attributes for each.
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2.1.1 Sample of a Lighting Calculation for a typical Main Pathway
(10 lux; refer to Table 51) using Typical Direct-Optic Column-Top Luminaires
Figure 266
3D Rendering of a typical main pathway with maintained illuminance average of 10 lx
with standard column-mounted luminaires with downward direct optics.
NOTE 1 A dedicated system such as this should only be considered when a pathway
is either isolated from other potential lighting contribution from adjacent treatments, or
if the overall design intent is to prioritise this element visually.
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Figure 267
3D False-colour Rendering of calculation shown in Figure 267. This represents the approximate lux (lx) level
distribution shown by the different colours.
Table 52
Table of results for a main pathway lighting layout shown in Figures 266 & 267, indicating conformity with DMA Lighting Specifications
requirements for illuminance and uniformity, results provided by DIALux in lx.
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2.1.2 Sample of a Lighting Calculation for a typical Secondary Pathway
(5 lux; refer to Table 51) using Typical Direct-Optic Column-Top Luminaires
Figure 268
3D Rendering of a typical secondary pathway with maintained illuminance average of 5 lx with standard column-mounted luminaires
with downward direct optics. If main pathways have been proposed with a column solution, then it is not recommended that
the secondary pathways have the same solution. Instead consider providing lighting by other lighting fixture types such as bollards
(see section 2.1.4 of this Chapter) or adjacent lighting fixtures providing the required 5 lx average.
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Figure 269
3D False-colour Rendering of calculation shown in Figure 269. Representing the approximate lux (lx) level
distribution by the different colours.
Table 53
Table of results for a secondary pathway lighting layout shown in Figures 268 & 269, indicating conformity with
DMA Lighting Specifications requirements for illuminance and uniformity, results provided by DIALux in lx.
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2.1.3 Sample of a Lighting Calculation for a typical Main Pathway (10 lux; refer to Table 51)
using Typical Direct/Indirect Secondary-Reflector Column-Top Luminaires
These are the types of column-mounted fixtures where the lamp is housed within the column top pointing
upwards into a form of secondary reflector, which in turn reflects the light downwards in a controlled manner.
See Chapter D – Luminaires.
The advantage with these types of fixtures are they produce less intense direct glare, they provide a more diffuse
distribution of illumination, both horizontal and vertical, and in some cases are less prone to damage with the
avoidance of visible clear diffusers in lieu of solid reflectors. The resultant diffuse light distribution can enable wider
spacings as well, but this can be at the expense of efficacy because the increased losses associated with using a
secondary reflector rather than a direct optic reduces the output lumens per watt and thus generally these fixtures
result in slightly higher loads as compared with direct optic types. However by selecting types with high-efficient
sources such as LED, coupled with efficient secondary reflectors they can be a useful and beneficial solution to
aid an overall balanced scheme.
Figure 270
3D Rendering of a typical main
pathway with maintained illuminance
average of 10 lx with column-mounted
direct/indirect secondary-reflector
luminaires. Again a dedicated solution
such as this should only be considered
when a pathway is either isolated from
other potential lighting contribution
from adjacent treatments, or if the
overall design intent is to prioritise
this element visually.
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Figure 271
3D False-colour Rendering of calculation shown in Figure 271. Representing the approximate lux (lx) level distribution by the different
colours and shows how the light distribution reaches further when compared with using direct-optic luminaires as shown in Section
2.1.1 of this Chapter at the same mounting height and spacing.
Table 54
Table of results for a main pathway lighting layout shown in Figures 270 & 271, indicating conformity with DMA Lighting Specifications
requirements for illuminance and uniformity, results provided by DIALux in lx.
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NOTE 1 This increase in wattage as compared to Section 2.1.1 of this Chapter for a main pathway demonstrates
the less efficient (luminous efficacy) nature of using direct/indirect secondary reflector fixtures. The illumination
uniformity although appearing lower than if using a direct optic fixture is misleading as this is only down to the
circular shadow directly under these type of fixtures which is quite typical and adversely affects the Emin/Eav
value outputs in calculations.
If one takes these small shadows into account and sites these fixtures appropriately and carefully accepting this
fact, the actual overall pathway uniformity possible will be far higher than when using a direct solution and one
can increase the spacings further whilst remaining with the same mounting heights. This is something to bear in
mind if reducing visual clutter is an aim and the relatively modest shortfall in efficacy can be borne.
2.1.4 Sample of a Lighting Calculation for a typical Secondary Pathway
(5 lux; refer to Table 51) using Bollard Luminaires
In practice, bollards can be a very attractive addition to public realm lighting. When applied carefully, they can
have a place in supporting the whole scheme. In isolation however they should not be used for main pathways
unless their lighting distribution is supplemented by other lighting from surrounding treatments, as they produce
little or no light above waist level and thus good vertical illumination is impossible to achieve without incurring
glare.
For secondary pathways, with less illumination required as they are not the primary routes for the public to
use, bollards are a more viable option as long as the surrounding environment still supports their application.
Secondary pathways can tolerate less uniformity and less vertical illumination and indeed in some spaces
having higher contrasts at night can be desirable in partnership with being a physical method of visually
differentiating pathways/areas in the daytime as well.
Some bollards can be specified with more than one light source to achieve multiple tasks, for example with
an uplight optic or coloured strip, so they have the potential to be used in some areas and reduce the need for
additional fixture types.
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Figure 272
3D Rendering of a typical secondary pathway with maintained illuminance average of 5 lx with bollard luminaires.
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Figure 273
3D False-colour Rendering of calculation shown in Figure 273. Representing the approximate lux (lx) level distribution by the different
colours and immediately demonstrating the different light distribution characteristics from using bollards.
Table 55
Table of results for a secondary pathway lighting layout shown in Figures 272 & 273, indicating that whilst it is possible to achieve
sufficient average illumination with bollards, it is difficult on their own to meet the uniformity minimum requirements (0.1) when considered
at similar spacing distances to column fixtures.
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2.2 Tree Lighting
2.2.1 Introduction
There are many types of palms and trees found within public realm notwithstanding bushes and
other plant types. Many of these could be considered as part of the overall lighting design concept
for a space. The most commonly found species are the various genus of palms, but also many tree
species. All have different characteristics in trunk and canopy, but in all cases the following design
issues should be considered when lighting any, palm, tree or plant as there are common technical
aspects to address:
• Decide on what areas of palms/trees/planting are to form part of the overall lighting strategy for
the space. What the aims are for treating them and if these elements are intended to contribute to
the ambient lighting, just act as a visual focus, or both.
• Identify the density of the selected areas and develop the level of treatment intended, based on
this density. i. e. Whether to light everything, alternate, selected, random arrangement and one
side or both sides.
• Determine on an individual level which part of the palm/tree/plant is to be lit: Canopy and/or trunk.
In the case of plants the size and height to be studied. The shape of the palm or tree; as palms,
with their straight trunks and fronds present a different challenge to light compared to a tree.
How things will grow and/or be cut in the future: height, width and seasonal variation to foliage etc.
• Consider viewing positions and the impact of surrounding area lighting on the palms, trees and
plants themselve.
• Discuss with landscape architect the surrounding surface characteristics:
Softscape or hardscape?
To inform on fixtures being spike/base mounted or need to be recessed.
Connection box needed or through-wiring possible?
• Aiming of luminaires:
What beam angles are needed and locations needed to aim onto intended target. Is there a need
to allow for future adjustment for tree/plant growth, including adjustable beam angle provision?
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• Maintenance of luminaires:
LED luminaires are always the preferred option, if not already required by client/DMA in the project
brief/statutory requirements, due to the reduced maintenance needed and LEDs not requiring re-lamping.
Both of which can adversely affect aiming.
Ensure adequate drainage is provided for the luminaire as per manufacturers requirements. No luminaires
except those rated as IP68 are intended to sit in or be immersed permanently in water.
See Chapter D – Luminaires.
• Avoidance of light pollution:
All luminaires used for uplighting purposes are potential contributors to direct upward light pollution.
They should be placed and aimed correctly, have the tightest appropriate beam angles needed and target
illumination levels kept within those required by the DMA Lighting Specifications.
All projects must comply with the requirements of Estidama for light pollution limits and allowances.
2.2.2 Examples of Tree Lighting in Public Realm
Figure 274
Examples of space where no specific tree lighting provided. Due to the palms being not densely spaced, the bollard and
ambient lighting to the area provide supporting light and good backlighting of the trunks. The additional play of light and shadow
adds further interest.
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Figure 275
Tree spike uplight luminaires within
raised planters are placed in front of
many trees, but not all, the viewer is
able to see the dimensions of the site
in all directions in a scheme intended
to be seamless, integrated and without
deliberate prioritising.
Aiming is well done to show the nature
of the trunks and canopies without too
much illumination at height to distract
the view of the Grand Mosque behind.
It is assumed that narrow beam
uplights (15° to 30°) are used in this
installation to avoid light pollution as
much as possible.
However the illuminance levels on the trunks is too high on some palms and could be addressed by
re aiming and positioning adjustments.
Figure 276
Due to the small size of the trees after
planting it is difficult to aim the inground
uplights in a way to show more of the
canopy without resulting in excess direct
light pollution to the sky. The trunks are
the main "feature" in this installation.
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Figure 277
Sample of a well lit small palm tree by an in-inground
uplight luminaire. Appropriate lighting level on the trunk
and canopy is achieved which minimizes direct light
pollution and glare. However in-ground fixtures should
not be installed within softscape unless they present a
distinct trip hazard or some other mitigating need.
When any such fixtures are installed in softscape then
consider domed-glass elements to reduced the
build-up of dirt and leaves on the lens.
2.2.3 Techniques for Tree Uplight Luminaires
As outlined above some important factors are to be considered by chosing tree uplights.
This is valid equally for smaller uplights used for plants/bushes or other landscape features like rocks, walls or
surfaces. Indeed much of the following is applicable to all public realm lighting and depending on location and
purpose these points should be learned and addressed where applicable:
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• LED/lamp power needed/proposed?
• In-built or external/remote driver/controls?
• Light distribution; narrow beam (approx 10° to 20°) or wide beam (approx. 25° to 45°)
depending on type and manufacturer selected?
• The luminaires are designed to allow later/future changing of beam angle, if trees/bushes
and/or palms/trees will grow larger?
• Distance between luminaires and object to be lit? Depending on the landscape design and the
trees/bushes used such distances are usually given between approx. 0.5m and 1.5m and will need
to be coordinated with distances available physically on the project.
• Cabling requirements, some sites require long cable runs, cable glands
to match the cable diameter?
• In/out wiring possible or connection boxes are needed, it is recomended to reduce the
number of connection boxes as much as possible?
• Housing material, aluminium composition (alloy/copper content), stainless steel,
painted or powdercoated?
• IP rating of type of cable gland provided?
• Protection housing required and if so with drainage available?
• Mounted in softscape or with a base? Drainage and roots to be considered?
Method of fixation for mounting in softscape?
• For in-ground luminaires, drive-over load? Or walk-over rated only required?
• Surface touch-temperature of fixture and glass lenses? Must be within limits required within
DMA Lighting Specification/ADQQC certification which are also aligned with International
standards limit?
• Requirements by DMA for tree lighting are set with a level of approx. 10 lux average
maintained illuminance.
• Ensure all LED fixtures are compliant with the technical standards set out within the
DMA Lighting Specifications and/or are ADQCC certified?
Above listing might require some additional topics to be considered depending on the site,
the use of the space and the theme wanted.
NOTE 1 Lighting calculation software like DIALux or Relux is not capable of displaying exact results for
tree/planting lighting. Assumptions and estimations are to be made with any calculations undertaken
and then double-checked through either physical testing or undertaking a site mock-up. It is the
responsibility of the lighting designer to propose solutions and agree with the client on the proposals.
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2.3 Water Feature Lighting
2.3.1 Introduction
There are various types of water features such as fountains, water jets, waterfalls and static reflecting pools.
The most common public realm water features are fountains, but the following design issues should be
considered when lighting any water feature as there are common technical aspects to address:
• Determine which part of the water feature is to be lit: if the intention is to light the water itself
or the water feature structure.
• Consider viewing positions and the impact of surrounding area lighting on the feature itself.
• If colour is being contemplated then the surrounding lighting and/or the feature materials should not overpower
or conflict with the coloured effects.
2.3.2 Interaction of Light with Water
Light interacts with water in three different ways: refraction, reflection and diffusion.
Light is refracted on passing from air into water and visa-versa and literally changes direction depending on the
angle incident to the water. This is of primary consideration when dealing with still or slow-moving water when an
additional trait is that the water can sometimes act like a prism and split white light sources into different colours
creating a rainbow effect which may or may not be desired. It also can also result in lighting possibly making a
water feature appear shallower than it really is due to the foreshortening effect of refraction from acute angles.
In addition to refraction, reflection from the water’s surface also occurs when light hits and it is redirected back
into the air. This effect is much as one would find in a mirror and the angles of equipment need to be very carefully
assessed against possible normal viewing positions to avoid the public from seeing the luminaires through the
reflections.
With reflection it is all dependent on the angle of incidence of the light source and water surface. There are
calculation formulas available to predict and mitigate this issue and these are used extensively for indoor
swimming pool lighting design and can be found in IESNA Recommended Practice guides if wishing to explore
further. But generally, as with mirrors, it is all about the angles one views the water from, coupled with a
multiplying factor for the reduced chance of light reflecting when the sources are pointing at a tangent to the
water surface as the light passes through more easily and reflects less. Conversely acute aiming angles have
a different factor applied as a greater amount of the light gets reflected from the surface.
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This is a similar situation for either lighting water from the outside or having lighting under the water
pointing outwards. If one is considering lighting a structure from inside the water then the angles of
aiming are critical to get right or much of the light will be wasted in uncontrolled reflections.
Figure 278
Example of a reflection causing glare:
undesirable if this is from a normal
viewing position.
With reflections it is always still water that has the biggest issue to address and if a project has a still
or gently moving water feature such as a reflecting pool then usually it is best not to try and provide
any feature lighting at all and the approach would be to consider and control all the external lighting
around to ensure the pool is left alone to do what it does in the daytime at night also: to reflect the
surroundings. See Figure 279.
Figure 279
A reflecting pool feature such is this
should not be directly illuminated and
thus allows it to achieve its intended
purpose at night as well as in the
daytime.
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However if it is the intention to try and internally illuminate a still water feature then the only surfaces one can
utilise are the feature’s sides and bottom and the designer should try to ensure these are not dark or specular
materials. Any lighting should ideally be linear or from many small sources aimed acutely and reflect from the
sides and bottom to create a diffuse effect. Although it should be understood that this is a particularly difficult
thing to achieve successfully.
But with aerated water the presence of air-bubbles creates the effect of diffusion and depending on the amount
of air-bubbles to amount of light which will internally reflect inside the water. Aerated water is always to easiest
type of water feature to light as it is generally more forgiving to fixture locations and aiming (inside or outside the
water) and once light is introduced into the medium it bounces around and can appear to ‘fill up’ the water with
light. But light can and will escape and usually in every direction so both ensuring correct placement, aiming and
beam type is essential and the power of the sources assessed correctly. Badly tailored lighting fixtures and too
much light can be a hindrance which can cause both visual discomfort and glare if not considered carefully.
It is very difficult to try and use computer calculation software for water feature lighting and after taking into
consideration all the issues described, it is advisable to always test or mock-up physically any proposal prior to
making a final decision.
2.3.3 Techniques for Lighting Water Features
The easiest and cheapest approach is to use external lighting mounted away from the water if the surrounding
space affords suitable mounting locations and heights for spotlights to be used and observer reflection issues can
be avoided. Large waterfalls can be very successfully lit in this manner. However this solution is best considered
for when the feature is not central where people are able to view it from all sides.
Small spotlights or linear fixtures can be considered for mounting externally just above the water for some
features if there is space and a sufficient recess to properly conceal the equipment from view. With these
however their proximity to the water and safety standards would mean they should be rated as if they were fully
submersible types. Therefore these and any fixtures and connections proposed for mounting underwater must be
fully rated to IP68 and designed specifically for this purpose. If long-term electrical safety is a concern then the
use of fibre-optics and remote sources can mitigate some of these issues. For general guidance on equipment
and applications refer to Chapters C to F.
The best method for lighting fountains containing water jets is with nozzle integrated lighting as they will ensure
the light enters the water jet at source and these tend to be specialist supplied equipment forming part of the
water feature specialist’s fountain package. The designer should work in close coordination with any feature
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specialist to agree all aspects of the lighting effect and lighting specification. A basic starting point
for any lit water feature is to achieve a comparative brightness (luminance) ten-times higher than the
surrounding space. See Figures 280 & 281 for examples of successful and less successful fountain
water feature submersible lighting.
Figure 280
Simple fountain water feature using
single narrow-beam nozzle-integrated
underwater lighting fixtures aimed
correctly into the water stream to react
with the natural diffusion and refraction
properties of aerated water. Note the
background lighting levels are controlled
to not interfere detrimentally with the
effect desired.
Figure 281
Larger compound fountain water feature where most of the underwater lighting has
wide-beam optics and positioned and/or aimed incorrectly to produce more glare and
light spill than light actually working with the water feature itself. This type of lighting
works more successfully with larger fountains with taller and wider volume water jets.
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2.4 Playgrounds and Play Areas
2.4.1 Introduction and Principles
Playground lighting should be considered on two levels: As being essential to promote both lighting enhancement
of the theme and/or space as well as lighting for safety with the use of particular equipment and straightforward
parental observation.
UPC PRDM, require play structures in Abu Dhabi to have 100% shading, and this is usually provided by means
of shading structures. Lighting levels on play equipment and surround should be as described within the DMA
specification and/or client’s requirements with good uniformity and providing good vertical illumination an
important additional quality. A mixture of indirect lighting utilising the shade structure as an internal reflector with
additional direct accent lighting on specific play equipment if needed is a good method to achieve the required
levels and ambiance.
Where ever possible separate bollard and column fixtures should not be positioned within the area of play as they
become another potential hazard in a usually already busy space. Instead positions of lighting using the shade
structure supports and beams themselves is a better method to propose as these not only provide good strong
and out-of-reach locations for lighting equipment, but facilitate the wiring internally too, reducing the need for
additional infrastructure.
Mounting heights of lighting should be chosen to be the optimum possible balance between maintaining a safe
vertical distance from the ground and affording enough space and angles between the fixtures and shading
material to give good lighting coverage and avoid hot-spots. If lighting columns are desired then these should be
positioned outside the play area in safe locations with luminaires/optics that are coordinated with the shade
structure form and must take into account the same constraints.
If proposing an indirect lighting solution, lighting calculations should take into account the colour and reflectance
properties of the shading material. A light neutral material, as is most common, will reflect the light well and not
alter the colour of the downward light reflected from the shade. However a dark and/or coloured material will not
work well and in these cases an indirect/direct approach or purely direct solution would be more successful.
Indirectly lighting the shade structures is also useful to make a feature of the playground at night reinforcing it as
a focal point if desired. In addition, the use of integrated/architectural lighting, if appropriate, can form part of a
theme for the space.
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In some instances, especially if a project involves a refurbishment of an established space,
playgrounds and play areas may be proposed under a tree canopy which provides natural shading
sufficient to meet the UPC USDM requirements. In these instances there will be no shade-structure
present onto which lighting equipment can be mounted. However, instead there are many more
opportunities to provide a safe and interesting lighting scheme. These include uplighting the tree
canopy from inground fixtures to provide ambient reflected light, using column fixtures mounted
close to trees to both uplight and downlight the area and play equipment, to viably even using the
trees themselves for mounting of equipment with using non-invasive fixings and proprietary
tree-straps designed to expand as the tree grows.
Use of colour accents might be appropriate for ensuring any vibrant or textured materials used are
rendered well at night too to aid visual acuity. Changes in levels; steps/slopes to be careful treated
with lighting to the levels set out within the DMA Lighting Specifications and/or client’s requirements
with appropriately placed and selected luminaires as required.
It is of paramount importance that the lighting design for playgrounds is both vibrant and allows
children at all times to have good perception of any potential hazards to ensure the safe use of the
equipment and their surround.
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2.4.2 Examples of Playground Lighting
The below Playgrounds are designed to UPC PRDM standards with common equipment, finishes and shading
structures typical of those likely on many projects.
Figure 282
Playground showing a successful
scheme of indirect and direct fixtures
all located on the shade structure.
Mounting heights are appropriate
ensuring safety, uniformity, good
vertical illuminance and enhancement
of the shade structure itself.
Figure 283
Another playground showing an indirect lighting solution for the shading structure and supplementary wall lighting around
the perimeter. However it is unlikely the shadestructure solution will work well in this case as the fixtures are too close to the shade
material which will cause hot spots and loss of reflected light. Whilst the wall fixtures are a direct/indirect type with the upward
component pointing into the sky and not a reflecting surface. Careful lighting design will avoid these issues.
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showing a successful
ndirect and direct fixtures
n the shade structure.
ights are appropriate
ety, uniformity, good
nance and enhancement
structure itself.
Figure 284
Another similar playground, this time showing the main area lighting mounted high at a similar height to the end of the shades and
aimed almost sideways directly across and down the material. This is incorrect as the majority of light will be too acute, hit the sides
of the space and cause glare to users. The fixtures should be lower and aimed upwards into the centre of each panels for maximum
effect and efficiency.
Figure 285
Playground using narrow spotlights in
clusters to uplight the shade-structure
panels and perimeter-positioned
secondary-reflector column fixtures for
support to the surrounding areas.
This is a reasonable approach however
the aiming of narrow spotlights has to be
very precise to avoid all viewing angle
glare problems and to maintain decent
uniformity.
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2.5 Flexible Lawn Areas
Any areas of lawn intended for public use for a variety of activity from picnicking to casual sports are particularly
tricky to light, especially if quite large. It is important to consider these lawns in the context of the spaces
themselves and their surrounds as this will help inform the choices for lighting.
Firstly it is important to understand that the whole lawn should never be floodlit uniformly as if it were a sports
pitch. Nor should it be given high lighting levels associated with sports lighting recommendations. If serious sports
activity is desired then there are designated courts and pitches where this can take place and these should have
lighting as described in Chapter K – Sports Lighting.
The best approach to take is to ensure the areas around the lawn are illuminated, is through a system of column
mounted lighting. Fixtures having diffuse lighting distribution for maximum spread of light but without excessive
glare and providing softedged light patterns to avoid sharp contrasts on the ground. Illuminance levels should
not be greater than 2 to 3 times those of the surrounding spaces to ensure visual balance is maintained.
The columns should be as high as needed and agreed with the client as this will ensure a greater amount of
distance spread as possible. This will help people’s eyes adapt to the visual environment and the areas further
into the centre of the lawn area, where there is less direct lighting, will be easier to see as a result.
People will naturally choose where they want to go based on the activity they seek, to the lighting conditions
afforded to them and human beings all have different personal preferences when it comes to lighting conditions
for social activities. If casual sports are intended then this can take place closer to lighting, as will people wishing
to sit and read, whilst some might prefer to move into lower lighting conditions for social gatherings and picnics.
A flexible lawn area should have flexible illumination is recommended practice.
Finally, one should not mount column fixtures in soft areas for the important reasons set out earlier in this Chapter,
therefore if the project calls specifically for a flexible lawn area to be completely and evenly lit, then the lighting
designer must work with the design team to help inform of the maximum width lawn spaces that should be
designed for the lighting to be able to deliver this requirement from the limits of mounting heights and locations
preferable.
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Chapter K
Sports Lig
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Sports Lighting
orts Lighting
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1.0 Functions of Lighting for Sports
The function of lighting for sports is primarily to make all activities highly visible toparticipants and spectators,
without discomfort to either. Sports can be played both outdoors and indoors. Outdoor facilities range from large
multi-use stadia to village tennis courts. Indoor facilities range from multi-use sports halls to single-use swimming
pools. Some sports, such as football, rugby, cricket, tennis and golf are big business while others, such as
archery and curling are specialist interests. Big businesses often depend on sales of television rights for a
significant proportion of their income. In such circumstances, the lighting also has to serve the needs of television
transmission so that the spectators watching via a screen can clearly see all the sporting events. The guidance
given here is for the most popular sports, but limited to public realm sports lighting.
Detailed guidance on lighting for a wider range of sports can be obtained from the governing bodies of some
sports, as they make their own lighting recommendations. These recommendations may exceed those given
here. The recommendations given here should be treated as the current status of local DMA guidelines for
all public realm sports facilities.
1.1 Factors to be considered
Sports facilities come in many different forms. They can be private or public. They can be large or small. They can
cater for thousands of spectators or for the players alone. The sports themselves can call for fine discrimination of
rapidly moving targets or simply the ability to see a stationary target in a known position. The directions of view
can vary widely from predominantly upward, as in badminton, to predominantly downward as in snooker,
and anywhere in between, as in football. Despite the variability faced by the designer of sports lighting,
the objectives are the same everywhere.
They are:
• To facilitate the best level of performance by the players.
• To enable spectators, both present and remote, to see clearly what is going on.
• To enable the sport to be played after dark.
• To create a safe environment for both players and spectators.
• To create a comfortable visual environment for both players and spectators.
To meet these objectives it is necessary to consider many aspects of the situation.
Those listed below are relevant to all sports lighting applications.
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1.2 Standard of Play and viewing Distance
Any sport can be played at different levels, from the completely professional to the gross amateur.
Providing lighting suitable for the gross amateur in a facility used by the completely professional is a
disservice to the sport. Equally, providing the lighting necessary for the professional in a facility used
by the gross amateur is a waste of money. Therefore, sports lighting recommendations are divided
into three classes according to the players’ level of skill.
Another factor that influences sports lighting recommendations are the distances from which
spectators have to view the sport. The greater the distance from which spectators view the activity
and the finer the detail that has to be seen, the higher the class of lighting recommended.
The three classes of lighting recommendations are:
• Lighting class I – (Not covered under this Handbook)
International and national competition
Large numbers of spectators with long viewing distances
Top level supervised training
• Lighting class II – (Not covered under this Handbook)
Mid-level competition, principal local clubs and county regional competition
Medium numbers of spectators with medium viewing distances High level
supervised training
• Lighting class III
Low-level competition; local or small club competition
Minimal or no spectator provision
General training, school sports or recreational activities, public realm facilities,
etc.
Note 1 As stated within the DMA Lighting Specifications, all sports lighting in Public Realm
with Abu Dhabi shall be considered as Class III unless stated otherwise in the project brief.
The nature of some sports, particularly the speed with which visual information needs to be
processed, means there is some overlap in the lighting recommendations for different sports
at different levels.
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1.3 Playing Area
The nominal playing area is the marked out area of the ‘court’ or ‘pitch’ for the sport. However, for some
sports, such as tennis, there is a larger area surrounding the nominal playing area within which play may occur.
Furthermore, even when play is confined to the nominal playing area, there is a surrounding area that a player
may enter, e.g. the area around a football pitch. The total area to be lit includes the actual playing area and the
safety zone around the actual playing area. Advice on nominal playing areas and total areas for different sports
can be obtained from the governing bodies of the sports and, through local standards given in Part B of DMA
Roadway and Public Realm Lighting Specifications, or local Urban Planning Guidelines.
1.4 Luminaires
Luminaires used to light some sports facilities, such as sports halls-, fenced-, fence covered playgrounds,
are at risk of damage from flying objects. To minimise this risk, luminaires should be located outside the main
activity zone and adequately protected by nets, wire mesh etc. Further, luminaires and the associated protection
should be designed so as not to contain any traps for balls, shuttlecocks etc.
Figure 286
Luminaire covered with small bars to avoid damage by flying objects.
1.5 Obtrusive Light
Because of the high illuminances required, outdoor sports facilities are a common source of complaints about
light pollution. Such complaints can take two forms, light trespass and skyglow.
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Complaints about light trespass are usually made by the owners of adjacent properties.
Criteria to determine if such complaints are justified is given in Chapter F / Table 24. If the complaints
are justified, the source of complaint can often be removed by careful aiming of the lighting or by
bespoke shielding of the luminaires to prevent any direct light from the installation reaching the
windows of the complainant (see Figure 287). Light pollution in the form of light trespass is a
recognised statutory nuisance.
Figure 287
Light distributed by street lighting or high mast flood lighting to provide illumination on public realm sports facilities.
Figure 288
Figure 289
Figures 288, 289 showing simple lamella and baffle to cut light trespass to other properties.
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Figure 290
Light pollution of a sports facility in Middle East.
Complaints about skyglow are more likely to be made by pressure groups that object to the use of the facilities at
night. It is not the responsibility of the lighting designers to justify the use of sports facilities at night but it is part of
their design service to help minimise the amount of skyglow. This can be done by the careful selection and aiming
of luminaires and the advocacy of a curfew system for the use of the lighting.
All light level recommendations given in this handbook without exception if in lux (lx) or in cd/m2 are to be seen as
the ‘maintained average’ levels.
In view of the possibility that several sports are to be played on same ground, the recommendations given will
allow for a wider range of illumination and uniformity levels.
The following tables summarise the recommendations for the lighting of sports facilities in the different lighting
classes. The recommendations are given for sports of majority interest. The following notes are essential for
interpreting the recommendations.
The horizontal and vertical illuminances given are both minimum maintained average values.
Horizontal illuminance is for the playing surface. Vertical illuminance is usually on a specified plane at a given
height above the ground.
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Illuminance uniformity is the ratio of minimum illuminance to the maintained average (mean)
illuminance over the actual playing area.
For indoor facilities, glare control is achieved by specifying a maximum unified glare rating (UGRL).
For outdoor facilities, glare control is achieved by specifying a maximum glare rating see
Chapter G / 3.2 / Table 28 classes G1 up to G6.
1.6.1 Athletics
Athletics can take place outdoors in a stadium or indoors in an arena. The lighting in both types of
facility should be adequate for both field and track or gym areas. Where sports involving flying
missiles such as the discus or Frisbees are to take place, the lighting should ensure the missile is
visible throughout its flight.
Recommendation:
• Class III
• Horizontal illuminance 50lux to 100lux
• Illuminance uniformity 0.5
• Colour rendering 80 or better
• Glare rating should be class G4 or G5 / (55)
1.6.2 Bowls, Boccia
Bowls or Boccia requires the players to be able to see the jack, or the balls. To achieve this, high
levels of illuminance uniformity is necessary and glare needs to be controlled.
For outdoor bowls, the usual lighting system is floodlights mounted at the corners of the green.
Light should reach all parts of the green from at least two directions if good modelling is to be
provided. Glare is controlled by careful selection of mounting height and aiming of floodlights.
Recommendation:
• Class III
• Horizontal illuminance 70lux to 100lux
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1.6.3 Cricket
Cricket is played with a hard ball delivered at high speed. The bowler needs to have a clear view of the pitch and
wicket. The batsman needs to have a clear view of the bowler’s action and run- up. The fielders need to be able
to see the flight of the ball. To meet these objectives more light is usually provided and more uniformly in the
square near the wicket than in the outfield and glare needs to be limited as far as possible.
For outdoor cricket, the usual lighting system uses high-mounted floodlights. Light should reach all parts of
the field from at least two directions. Glare is controlled by careful selection of mounting height and aiming of
floodlights. Care should be taken to allow for a ‘safety zone’ around the pitch, to avoid injuries by players hitting
the poles, if they are near to the pitch borders. A white ball is often used to after dark to give a better contrast
against the night sky.
Recommendation:
• Class III
• Horizontal illuminance 200lux to 300lux on wicket square
• Horizontal illuminance 200lux on outfield
1.6.4 Fitness Training
Fitness training involves the use of equipment such as weights, treadmills and rowing machines. The purpose of
the lighting is to allow safe operation of the equipment and to provide a comfortable environment. Usually, indoor,
the lighting consists of a regular array of ceiling mounted luminaires. For outdoor areas a general illuminance level
of 100 lux should fulfil the requirements. The main target is to avoid hard shadows caused by trees or equipment
placed near to each other. Lighting provided should be based on lanterns, pole lights or post tops in same style
and height as other areas of the public realm. By adjusting the placement, higher number of light sources, the
required illuminance level and a better uniformity, recommended 0.5, can be achieved.
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1.6.5 Football (Association, Gaelic and American)
Football involves the rapid passing of a ball combined with physical contact between players.
At high levels, these sports attract large numbers of spectators. For lower classes, football is a mass
sport played on each location as suitable for the players. The purpose of the general lighting is to
provide uniform illumination of the pitch, with good modelling of the players and without shadows or
glare to players (or spectators). Glare is controlled by careful selection of mounting height and aiming
of the floodlights. This purpose can be met by a number of different approaches, mostly from
pole-mounted floodlights in different locations around the pitch. Care should be taken to allow for
a ‘safety zone’ around the pitch, to avoid injuries by players hitting the poles, if they are placed near
to the pitch borders.
Recommendation:
• Class III
• Horizontal illuminance 75lux
• Glare rating should be class G4 or G5 / ( 55)
1.6.6 Lawn or Hardcover Tennis
The main visual requirements in tennis are for the players, match officials and spectators to see
the ball, player and court clearly. The flight of the ball outdoors will be seen easily if the ball is seen
against a dark background. For outdoor courts, sharp cut-off floodlights mounted on columns to the
sides of the court are the usual choice. Glare is controlled by careful selection of mounting height
and aiming of floodlights. Care should be taken to allow for a ‘safety zone’ around the pitch, to avoid
injuries by players hitting the poles, if they are positioned near to the pitch borders.
Recommendation:
• Class III
• Glare rating should be class G4 or G5 / ( 55)
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1.6.7 Rugby
Rugby involves the rapid passing of a ball combined with physical contact between players. At high levels, these
sports attract large numbers of spectators. The purpose of the general lighting is to provide uniform illumination of
the whole pitch, with good modelling of players and without shadows or glare to players (or spectators).
This purpose can be met by a number of different approaches, mostly from pole-mounted floodlights at different
locations around the pitch. Glare is controlled by careful selection of mounting height and aiming of floodlights.
Care should be taken to allow for a ‘safety zone’ around the pitch, to avoid injuries by players hitting the poles,
if they are positioned near to the pitch borders.
Recommendation:
• Class III
As a summary to above recommendations for the different sports played in public realm utilities the required levels
are defined as follows:
Recommendation:
• For all Class III sports in public realm facilities MUGA (Multi Use Games Area)
• Horizontal illuminance between 75lux and 200 lux
• Illuminance uniformity between 0.5 and 0.7
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1.7 Sample of a Lighting Calculation for MUGA (Multi-Use-Gaming-Area),
Pitch Size approx. 36m x 18m
Figure 291
3D Rendering of a typical MUGA
playground in public realm.
Figure 292
3D Rendering of a typical MUGA
playground in public realm,
including approximate
lux (lx) levels shown by
different colours.
Table 56
Table of results for a typical MUGA playground lighting layout, luminaires 5° upwards tilted, and providing
the appropriate illumination levels in lux (lx).
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Chapter L
Lighting
Performance Ver
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Lighting Performance Verification
nce Verification
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1.0 The Need for Performance Verification
1.1 Relevant Operating Conditions
Verifying the performance of a lighting installation is
It is essential when making field measurements to
desirable for three reasons:
keep a complete and accurate record of the state of
the lighting installation and the exterior in general at
First:
the time the measurements are made. Particular
Anyone who has paid for a new lighting installation
attention should be given to the lamp type and age,
should be interested to know if they have got what
the level and stability of the supply voltage, the state
they paid for.
of maintenance of the lamps and luminaires, the
surface reflectances, the degree of obstruction and
Second:
any other factors that could influence the measure-
Anyone who has designed a lighting installation
ment. Photographs of the exterior are a valuable
and has seen it installed should be concerned as to
supplement to a written record.
how well the actual installation matches the design
criteria. Discrepancies between the design and the
Before carrying out a field survey, it is necessary to
reality can highlight problems with the design process
decide on the lighting conditions that are of interest.
or with the data used in the design.
Are the measurements to be concerned with average
values over the whole exterior or only over individual
Third:
places, walkways, sectors? The measurements
Lighting installations change as they age (see
around survey location must be taken during night.
Chapter L). Light sources tend to produce less light
It is also necessary to identify the appropriate
with increasing hours of use. Luminaires emit less
measurement plane; horizontal and vertical and at
light and can change their light distribution as they
what height or orientation. These parameters shall
get dirty. The amount of inter- reflected light can
match the basics, on which the lighting calculations
change as surface reflectances change. For
are based and approved.
applications where minimum standards of lighting
are specified, being able to measure the current
Before starting to take measurements it is first of all
performance of a lighting installation is desirable to
necessary to ensure that the lamps have been burnt
schedule maintenance correctly.
for at least 50 hours (metal-halide) to 100 hours
(fluorescent types), LED sources will usually achieve
The verification of the performance of a lighting
full performance after couple of hours, which means
installation requires a field survey. Such a survey
reaching normal operating conditions for three to four
requires decisions about the relevant operating
hours. Measurements should be made during the
conditions, the use of photometric instruments
night after having the LED sources tested for one
and the selection of an appropriate measurement
night under full power and by having maximum
procedure.
environmental surrounding temperature. If this has
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been done, then the first step in measurement
2.1 Illuminance Meters
is to stabilise the performance of the lamps,
Illuminance meters usually consist of a selenium
luminaires and instrumentation.
or silicon photovoltaic cell connected directly
or indirectly via an amplifier, to an analogue or
The time required to stabilise the light output
digital display (see Figure 293).
of an installation depends on the type of light
The quality of an illuminance meter is deter-
source and luminaire. Installations using
mined by a number of factors including
discharge lamps, including tubular fluorescent,
calibration uncertainty, non- linearity, spectral
require at least 20 min, and ideally one hour, to
correction error, cosine correction error, range
stabilise before measurements are made. The
change error and temperature change error.
same timescale is recommended for LED to
All these errors are discussed in detail in
produce the allowed maximum of inner- and
BS 667: Specification for illuminance meters.
ambient temperature.
This standard defines two types of meter, type
L as mainly designed for laboratory use and
To stabilise the reading of some instruments
type F as designed for field use. Error limits
the photocell should be exposed to the
assume the measurement of nominally white
approximate illuminances to be measured
light. Measurements of highly coloured light
for about 5 min before making the first
sources, such as some light emitting diodes,
measurement.
may show much greater errors because of the
poor fit of the spectral sensitivity of the meter
When measurements of the electric lighting
to the CIE Standard Photopic Observer at
installation alone are required, daylight
particular wavelengths.
must be excluded from the exterior and the
measurements must be made after dark.
Illuminance meters are available for measuring
illuminance from 0.1 lux to 100,000 lux, i.e.
2.0 Instrumentation
from emergency lighting conditions to daylight
Field measurements of lighting are usually
conditions. It is important to use an illuminance
undertaken with two basic instruments, an
meter with a range matched to the illuminances
illuminance meter and a luminance meter.
to be measured.
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Figure 293
Illuminance meter of newest technique showing the lux levels, the colour temperature and the amount on UV radiation.
NOTE 1 By having the option to use the sensor remote (with its own address), it is possible to make a long term
multi-sensor measurement.
2.2 Luminance Meters
A luminance meter consists of an imaging system, a photoreceptor, and a display (Figure 294 and 295).
The optical imaging system is used to form an image of the object of interest on the photoreceptor.
The photoreceptor produces a signal that is dependent on the average luminance of the image it receives.
The object of interest must be in focus and fill the photoreceptor aperture in order to obtain valid readings.
This signal is amplified and displayed in either analogue or digital form. By changing the imaging system it is
possible to alter the field of view of the photoreceptor to give different areas of measurement. The photoreceptors
used in luminance meters may be photovoltaic cells or photomultiplier tubes. The photovoltaic cells, as in
illuminance meters, need to be colour corrected and used with associated circuitry to give a linear response
and to operate acceptably over a range of ambient temperature.
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BS 7920 describes the specification for luminance meters, discusses in detail the uncertainties to
which luminance meters may be subject to and also specifies limits for the uncertainties for two
classes of luminance meter. The two types of meter are type L, laboratory meters and type F, field
meters. The uncertainties for measurements of highly coloured light sources may be greater.
Luminance meters are available which provide measurements over a range of 10-4 to 108 cd/m2,
are available for areas varying from a few seconds of arc to several degrees. It is important to use a
luminance meter with appropriate sensitivity and measurement area for the application.
Figure 294
Luminance meter, standard type, with protection of lens to avoid influence of light sources outside focussed area.
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Figure 295
Luminance meter combined with illuminance meter. Measurement of illuminance and luminance can be manually
adjusted to ‘spot’ or ‘flood’ type.
NOTE 1 Such multiple-use devices may show uncertainties of measurements they are greater than if meter is
provided only for one type of measurement.
3.0 Methods of Measurement
The lighting recommendations given in this Handbook and/or local and international standards usually involve
some combination of maintained average illuminance; some measure of maintained illuminance variation, either
maintained average illuminance diversity or maintained illuminance uniformity. Some measure of glare limitation
which can be a maximum luminance, a unified glare rating (UGRL) for interior lighting or a glare rating (GR) for
exterior lighting, more commonly for the ‘Luminous Intensity Classes’ G1 to G6 and the colour rendering index
(CRI). Of these, only the maintained average (mean) illuminance, illuminance diversity, illuminance uniformity and
surface luminance can be measured in a field survey. Both UGRL and GR or, G- Classes have to be calculated,
most of the manufacturers will provide them along with their data sheets of luminaires. All of them are for given
viewing positions and directions. The CRI is a property of the light source.
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3.1 Maintained average (mean) Illuminance
The maintained average (mean) illuminance over an exterior is usually measured to check if an
installation has achieved its design specification. For design calculations using computer programs
like DIALux or Relux, it is practical to obtain a print-out of illuminance over a large number of closely
spaced grid points. With site measurements, for logistical reasons the aim must be to obtain
acceptably accurate results from a minimum number of points. To do this, the following procedures
are recommended after the installation has been operating for an appropriate time at the design
supply voltage. For discharge and fluorescent lamps this time is between 50 hours and 100 hours,
but it could be less for LED lamps, please see manufacturers technical data for exact values.
Figure 296
Sample of gird of measurement points for measurement of a four lane high-way.
3.2 Interior Lighting
For interior lighting, the most common method of measurement of maintained average (mean)
illuminance is based on a full grid of measurement points over the working plane or specific areas,
as required. The same grid may be used in the measurement of maintained illuminance variation.
Full grid of Measurement Points
When this method is applied to an interior lighting installation, the interior is divided into a number
of equal size cells that should be as square as possible.
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The illuminance at all junctions of each cell is measured and the exact value for all these junctions is calculated.
The sum of all single values taken on the junctions in one room must be divided by the number of points
measured. The result out of this is to be multiplied by the maintenance factor used in the design calculations.
The result should match the values reached in the design calculations. This gives an estimate of the maintained
average (mean) illuminance. The accuracy of the estimate depends on the number of junctions and the variation
of illuminance.
NOTE 1 All measurements of artificial light to be made without input of daylight.
NOTE 2 Depending on the reflection factors used during doing the design calculations the result may vary from
the calculated values.
NOTE 3 The size of the cell-grid to be chosen in relation to the room size. This could be between 0.5m and 2.0m.
Sometimes the grid could be same as used in the design calculation program.
NOTE 4 The relevant measurements are to be taken in same height as the calculated working plane or task area.
Floor (e.g. corridor): Photocell at floor level, design calculation level of task 0.05m above FFL. Office Table
(e.g. task area): Photocell on Table, design calculation between 0.75m and 0.85m.
3.3 Exterior Lighting
For exterior lighting, the most common method of measurement of maintained average (mean) illuminance is
based on a full grid of measurement points over the working plane or specific areas, as required, If lighting
arrangement and architecture (spacing, pole heights, types, etc.) is the same in big areas, typical parts could be
measured for check and approval. The same grid may be used in the measurement of maintained illuminance
variation. See Figure 296.
When this method is applied to an interior lighting installation, the interior is divided into a number of equal size
cells that should be as square as possible.
The illuminance at all junctions of each cell at the area, or typical area, must be measured and the exact value for
all these junctions is calculated. The sum of all single values taken on the junctions in one area, typical area, must
be divided by the number of points measured. The result out of this is to be multiplied by the maintenance factor
used in the design calculations. The result should match the values reached in the design calculations. This gives
an estimate of the maintained average (mean) illuminance. The accuracy of the estimate depends on the number
of junctions and the variation of illuminance.
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NOTE 1 All measurements of artificial light to be made without input of daylight.
NOTE 2 Depending on the reflection factors used during doing the design calculations the result
may vary from the calculated values.
NOTE 3 The size of the cell-grid to be chosen in relation to the area size and importance. This could
be between 0.5m (e.g. small pedestrian walkway) and 5.0m (large playground). Sometimes the grid
could be same as used in the design calculation program.
NOTE 4 The relevant measurements are to be taken in the same height as the calculated working
plane or task area. Floor (e.g. walkway, playground): Photocell at floor level, design calculation level
of task 0.05m above FFL. Vertical illuminance, if important, between 1.0m and 1.8m depending on
use of the area.
NOTE 5 For Luminance measurements, design parameters to be basic input to measurements.
NOTE 6 For glare measurements of big fields, or areas, research should be done, which luminaire at
a certain spectators point produces highest values of glare.
A special scenario is to be used for the measurement of maintained average (mean)
illuminance and luminance:
Location of test points for illuminance and luminance on roadways:
• Area and points are typical as shown in Figure 296: Two traverse points per lane at each
longitudinal point along one luminaire cycle. Maximum 5.0m between longitudinal points.
• For illuminance measurements, the installation should include the contribution of at least three
luminaire cycles under test and one cycle on either side.
• For luminance measurements: The observer moves with points parallel to the roadway.
Detector height = 1.45m; line of sight = 1° (degree) down over a longitudinal distance of 83.0m.
The installation should include a minimum of three luminaire cycles beyond the test area and one
cycle in front of the test area.
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4.0 Selection of a Grid for
luminaire, or in the centre between two luminaire
Calculation or Measurement
positions. In the event that the luminaire location
Different procedures are required when selecting a
geometry is constant, the length of the gridded
grid for straight roadway sections, for curves, and for
portion of the street need be no longer than the
traffic conflict areas. While exact rules cannot be
spacing between four (4) luminaires; e.g. one half
specified for all situations, this part is intended to
distance of luminaire spacing before the first luminaire
illustrate the principles that should be followed in
to one half distance of luminaire spacing after the
selecting grids for calculations or measurements.
third luminaire. See Figure 296.
4.1 Straight Roadway Sections
Luminaire geometry refers to spacing, mounting
The grid should be selected so that, for straight road-
height, overhang, tilt and orientation of the luminaire.
way sections between traffic conflict areas, the area
In the event that the luminaire geometry is not uni-
of all grid cells is identical. A gird cell is defined as the
form along the length of the roadway, the gridded
area bounded by an imaginary line that is equidistant
portion should continue until it has reached the
from all adjacent grid intersections and touches the
point where the luminaire geometry remains constant
edge of the pavement. There should be two grid lines
for at least three luminaires locations.
per lane located on quarter (1/4) of the distance from
the edge of each lane. In the event the roadway
4.2 Curved Roadway Sections
varies in number of lanes (left turn lanes added
The same principle should be followed for curved
before intersections), then the grid should be based
sections as for straight sections.There should be two
on the number of lanes for the majority of the length
grid lines per plane, located on one quarter (1/4)
of the roadway. In the event that the roadway width
of the lane width from the edges of the lane. The
and number of lanes change, then a revised grid
longitudinal grid size should be determined along the
shall be used for the new width of the roadway. In the
roadway centreline with traverse grid lines appearing
longitudinal direction the distance between the grid
as radii from the centre of curvature and longitudinal
lines shall be on tenth (1/10) of the spacing between
grid lines appearing as concentric circles about the
the luminaires, or 5.0m, whichever is smaller. The
centre of curvature. The observer is located at a
starting point for grid lines should not be located
distance of 83.0m measured back along the chord
directly under the luminaire, but the grid should start
from the grid point of calculation or measurement to
at a point one half (1/2) of the grid cell size from the
the observers’ position.
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4.3 Traffic Conflict Areas
Traffic conflict areas can be divided into two types:
• Areas where vehicles conflict with crossing vehicles and pedestrians:
Where traffic conflict areas do not involve merging or diverging vehicle lanes, the normal grid
should continue without change and the total area within the defined traffic conflict area should
meet the criteria for maintained average (mean) illuminance level defined in the standards.
• Areas where vehicular traffic must merge, diverge, or wave to reach either a through traffic lane
or an exit lane:
Where traffic conflict areas do involve merging, diverging or waving there must be two grids
superimposed on that area. Each grid should follow the rules for its lanes prior to entering the
conflict area. The grid can be separate or forced to coincide, depending upon the desire of the
designer and the capability of the calculation program. In any event, the driver of a vehicle
approaching the traffic conflict area should be considered as an observer and calculations
made for the appropriate grid points (only by the designer selected ones) that define lane(s)
that the driver might use to enter the traffic conflict area.
4.4 Measurement for all other Areas at Public Realm
All other areas, parks, walkways, cycle tracks, playgrounds, etc. can be measured by using and
interpreting one of above instructions as it might be appropriate.
4.5 Measurement of Illuminance Variation and Diversity
To confirm compliance with the recommendations and designed levels of illuminance variation,
measurements of illuminances over the whole area or a typical area (working plane, a typical working
plane), and if needed their immediate surroundings, are to be carried out.
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4.6 Illuminance Uniformity
To measure illuminance uniformity, the same grid of measurement points is to be used over the important area
and at its immediate surround at a number of representative positions. Illuminance uniformity is assessed using
the area-weighted arithmetic average of the measurement points within each important area and the minimum
grid point illuminance value within that area. The lowest values of illuminance uniformity calculated from the
measured values at the selected positions is taken as representative of the whole installation.
4.7 Luminance Measurements
Luminance measurements are often made in response to complaints about glare. In these circumstances the
conditions that are the subject of complaint should be established and luminance measurements made from the
position of the people who are complaining. In this way the source of the complaints may be identified.
When measuring the luminance of light sources or luminaires, the meter should be mounted on a tripod and it
is essential that the area of interest must fill the complete photoreceptor aperture of the meter. Secondly some
installations (e.g. public realm play grounds or sports fields) may require measurements of glare from certain
observer points. An on-site research should be made to figure out which observer point might be critical.
4.8 Measurement of Reflectance
Sometimes it is necessary to measure the reflectance of a surface, e.g. to determine if the reflectance is outside
the recommended range or to establish, if the reflectance assumed in a calculation is reasonable. There are a
number of ways to do this. One is to measure the illuminance falling on the surface and the luminance of the
surface at the same point.
The reflectance is then given by the expression:
R=
ES
L
where:
R is the reflectance of the surface at the measurement point
E is the illuminance on the surface at the measurement point (lx)
L is the luminance of the surface at the measurement point (cd/m2)
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Another method is to use a luminance meter and a standard reflectance surface made from pressed
barium sulphate or magnesium oxide. The luminances of the surface of interest and the standard
reflectance surface are measured at the same appropriate position.
Then the reflectance of the surface of interest is given by the expression:
R = Rs L1 / Ls
where:
R is the reflectance of the surface of interest
L1 is the luminance of the surface of interest (cd/m2)
Ls is the luminance of the standard reflectance surface (cd/m2)
Rs is the reflectance of the standard reflectance surface
This method can also be used to obtain the luminance factor (or gloss factor) for nonmatt
surfaces where local values of luminance, from defined viewing positions, are of interest.
This has little or no relevance to the average value of the inter-reflected illuminance received
on the task area or other surfaces around.
If a luminance meter is not available, then an approximate measure of the reflectance of a surface
can be obtained by making a match between the surface of interest and a sample from a range of
colour samples of known reflectance as described shown in Figures 297 and 298.
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Figure 297 side A
Saturated colours (front hand side).
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Figure 298 side B
Pastel colours (back hand side).
Figures 297 and 298 shows both sides of Munsell sample map of reflexion degrees for
different colours and materials.
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Chapter M
Lighting Ma
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383
Lighting Maintenance
ing Maintenance
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1.0 The Need for Lighting Maintenance
A lighting installation starts to deteriorate from the moment it is first switched on. Maintenance keeps the
performance of the system within the design limits and promotes safety and the efficient use of energy.
Maintenance includes replacement of failed or deteriorated lamps and control gear, the cleaning of luminaires
and the cleaning and/or redecoration of surfaces. Detailed advice on lighting maintenance can be found in
international and local or clients standards. The lighting designer is obliged to give a report about maintenance
procedures to be carried out along with the delivery of lighting calculations, to allow the client check and review
of parameters used for setting the maintenance factor of the lighting calculations.
Figure 299
Well maintained environment.
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Figure 300
Deteriorated street lighting lamp.
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1.1 Lamp Replacement
with luminaire cleaning and doing both at a time
There are two factors to be considered when deter-
when it will cause the minimum of disturbance, the
mining the timing of lamp replacement, the change
cost of maintenance can be minimised.
in light output and the probability of lamp failure. The
relative weight given to these two factors depends
Group replacement is an appropriate procedure for
on the light source. Mains and low voltage tungsten
routine maintenance and the frequency with which
filament and tungsten- halogen lamps usually fail
this procedure is carried out will have a direct bearing
before the decline in light output becomes significant.
on the installed electrical load. However, in any large
Therefore the replacement time for these lamps is
installation, a few lamps or LED sources can be
determined by the probability of lamp failure alone.
expected to fail prematurely. These lamps should
All other electric light sources show a significant
be replaced promptly on an individual basis.
reduction, or a proposed/calculated reduction in
case of LED, in light output before a large proportion
For many installations the most economic time for
fail. For these lamps, both the decline in light output
group replacement is when the light output of the
and the probability of lamp failure are important in
lamps has fallen below 80% of the initial value and
determining the lamp replacement time.
the lamp failures are becoming significant to the loss
of average illuminance. The latest time for group
For the majority of lighting installations, the most
replacement is when the designed ‘maintained
sensible procedure is to replace all the lamps at
average (mean) illuminance’ has been reached.
planned intervals. This procedure, which is known
as group replacement, has visual, electrical and
As light source development proceeds there is a
financial advantages over the alternative of ‘spot
temptation to replace one light source with another
replacement’’, e.g. replacing individual lamps as
that is superficially similar but of higher luminous
they fail. Visually, group replacement ensures that
efficacy. However, it is essential to establish that the
the installation maintains a uniform appearance.
replacement light source and the existing control
Especially the use of LED sources group replacement
gear are compatible physically, electrically and
might become an interesting option, because of
photometrically, special attention is to be put on
longer maintenance and cleaning intervals.
LED systems and their drivers/power supplies
specifications.
Electrically, group replacement reduces the risk of
Before replacing any discharge light or LED source
damage to the control gear caused by the faulty
with another of a different type or the same type but
operation of lamps nearing the end of their life.
from a different manufacturer, advice on compatibility
Financially, by having the lamp replacement coincide
should be sought.
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1.2 Cleaning Luminaires
to be considered are the cost and convenience
The rate at which dirt is deposited on and in
of cleaning at a particular time and the illumi-
a luminaire depends on the amount and com-
nance at that time in relation to the design
position of the dirt in the atmosphere, the
maintained illuminance. As a general guide,
location of the lighting equipment and on
luminaires, including LED systems, should be
the type of luminaire. Over the same period
cleaned at least once a year but for some
and in the same location, dust-proof (IP5X)
desert locations this will not be sufficient.
and dust-tight (IP6X) luminaires may need
different maintenance procedures and
Because of a wide range of materials which
cleaning cycles. Agreements between the
used in luminaires, the cleaning procedures
designer and the operator or owner of the
and materials are essential to keep the system
lighting equipment to be made before design
and the performance on the required and/or
works starts.
designed level. Equipment manufacturers are
obliged to provide useful information on the
For particularly dirty atmospheres or where
most appropriate cleaning methods, or
access is difficult, the best choice would be
guidance can be obtained from specialist
dustproof or dust-tight luminaires. Ventilated
cleaning product suppliers.^
luminaires are not recommended at seaside
or within a very dusty and humid climate,
NOTE 1 For exact information about
especially if they are designed to use air
cleaning cycles and procedures refer to
currents to keep them clean. Even the most
the Municipality or clients standards.
protected luminaires, e.g. dusttight luminaires,
will collect dirt on their external surfaces.
1.3 Outdoor Surface Cleaning
Therefore even these luminaires will need
All surfaces should be cleaned and rede-
cleaning regularly.
corated regularly if a dirty appearance and
light loss is to be avoided. Regular cleaning
The appropriate cleaning interval for luminaires,
is particularly important where light reflected
LED systems and lamps they contain, is a
from the surfaces makes an important con-
basic design decision. The factors that need
tribution to the lighting of the environment.
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2.0 Maintained average (mean) Illuminance
The illuminance recommendations in the international, local DMA and/or clients standards for lighting and in this
handbook are all given in terms of maintained average (mean) illuminance. Maintained average (mean) illuminance
is defined as the average illuminance over the reference surface at the time maintenance is carried out. In other
words, maintained average (mean) illuminance is the minimum average (mean) illuminance that the lighting
installation will produce, on that surface and during its life.
Using maintained average (mean) illuminance for recommendations implies that the designer must obtain
a decision from the client on the maintenance policy to be implemented throughout the life of the installation
in order to determine the maintenance factor to be used in their calculations. If this cannot be achieved,
the designer must clearly state the assumed maintenance programme as used in the design calculations.
2.1 Designing for Lighting Maintenance
The maintenance requirements for a lighting installation must be considered at the
design stage. Three aspects are particularly important:
• The maintenance factor used in the calculation of the number of lamps, LED systems and luminaires
needed to provide the maintained average (mean) illuminance. Maintenance factor is defined as the ratio
of maintained average (mean) illuminance to initial average illuminance, when the system is switched
on first. The closer the maintenance factor is to unity (1), the smaller the number of lamps and luminaires that
will be needed. This approach demands a commitment to regular and frequent maintenance. Unless this
commitment is fulfilled the installation will not meet the recommended maintained average (mean) illuminance
during its life.
• Practical access and handling. Good maintenance will only occur if access to the lighting installation is safe and
easy, and the lighting equipment is straightforward to handle. This is as particularly valid for all LED systems.
• Equipment selection. The dirtier the operating environment, the more important it is to select equipment
that is resistant to dirt deposition.
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2.2 Determination of Maintenance Factor for Interior Lighting
The quantity used to take account of the planned maintenance schedule when designing a lighting
installation is the maintenance factor. The maintenance factor (MF) for an indoor or exterior lighting
installation is a multiple of four factors:
MF = LLMF x LSF x LMF x RSMF
where:
LLMF is the lamp lumen maintenance factor
LSF is the lamp survival factor
LMF is the luminaire maintenance factor
RSMF is the room surface maintenance factor.
2.3 Lamp Lumen Maintenance Factor (LLMF)
The luminous flux from all electric light sources, including LED systems, reduces with time of operation.
The rate of decline varies for different light sources and LED systems, so it is essential to consult
manufacturer’s data. From such data it is possible to obtain the lamp, LED system, lumen
maintenance factor for a specific number of hours of operation. The lamp or LED system lumen
maintenance factor is the proportion of the initial light output that is produced after a specified time.
Where the decline in light output is regular, LLMF may be quoted as a percentage reduction per
thousand hours of operation.
Manufacturer’s data will normally be based on US or EU/BS EN test procedures which specify the
ambient temperature in which the lamp will be tested, with a regulated voltage applied to the lamp
and, if appropriate, a reference set of control gear. If any of the aspects of the proposed design is
unusual, e.g. high ambient temperature, vibration, switching cycle, operating attitude etc.,
the manufacturer should be made aware of the conditions and will advise, if they affect the life
and/or light output of the lamp or LED system.
Typical values of LLMF after a range of operating times, for some commonly used fluorescent and
discharge light sources are given in lamp manufacturer’s data sheets.
Special developed tables are made available by the manufacturers of LED systems.
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Figure 301
Typical values of how to calculate the LED system lumen maintenance factor (LLMF)
for some commonly used LED light sources after a range of hours of use.
2.4 Lamp Survival Factor (LSF)
As with lamp or LED system lumen maintenance
Lamp survival factor is defined as the proportion of
factor it is essential to consult the manufacturer’s
lamps or LED systems, of a specific type that are
data. These data will be based on assumptions such
expected to be emitting light after a number of hours
as switching cycle, supply voltage and control gear.
of operation. Lamp or LED system survival factor
If the expected operating conditions depart from
should only be used in the calculation of maintenance
these assumptions, manufacturer should be informed
factor when group lamp replacement, without spot
and asked for advice on how the actual conditions
replacement, is to be done.
might affect lamp survival.
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NOTE 1 For typical values of LSF after a range of operating times refer to data sheets
of lamp manufacturers.
NOTE 2 For some commonly used fluorescent and discharge light sources new developed ‘
long-life’ lamps are available. Refer to lamp manufacturer’s data sheets.
2.5 Luminaire Maintenance Factor (LMF)
Dirt deposited on or in a luminaire will cause a reduction in light output from the luminaire.
The rate at which dirt is deposited depends on the construction of the luminaire, the nature of
the dirt and the extent to it is present in the atmosphere. The luminaire maintenance factor (LMF)
is the ratio of the light output of a luminaire at a given time to the initial light output. Table 62 and 63
gives typical values for LMF of different types of luminaires or LED systems, and six different luminaire
cleaning intervals, for normal and dirty environments. Desert areas or sea-side locations near,
or in cities, with high humidity and massive dust/sand appearance are to be considered as dirty
environments. Clean environments are not found in outdoor environments as they only belong to
locations such as clean rooms, computer centres, electronic assembly areas and hospitals.
Normal outdoor environments are dependent upon the amount of traffic and the location of the
equipment or the distance to cities or industries, e.g. pedestrian underpasses or pedestrian bridges
with regular cleaning procedure of the environment and the lighting equipment could be seen as
‘normal’, if such agreement is reached with the owner or operator of the lighting equipment.
Dirty environments are common in all locations where massive traffic movements or dusty
surroundings like cities in Middle East are to be designed.
In outdoor installations of luminaires and lighting equipment for indirect lighting (e.g. pavilions, car
sheds, pedestrian underpasses, pedestrian bridges, etc.) the LMF must be agreed by discussion
about the regular maintenance procedure with the owner or operator of the equipment, if no such
agreement can be reached the worse-case scenario is to be used for all design calculations.
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Time between luminaire cleaning (years)
Luminaire type
Dustproof (IP5X)
Indirect uplighter (IP5X)
0.5
0.93
0.89
1.0
0.90
0.81
1.5
0.88
0.73
2.0
0.86
0.66
2.5
0.85
0.60
3.0
0.84
0.55
Table 62
Typical luminaire maintenance factors (LMF) for a range of luminaires, and a range of cleaning intervals, in normal environments.
Luminaire type
Dustproof (IP5X)
Indirect uplighter (IP5X)
0.5
0.91
0.85
1.0
0.86
0.74
1.5
0.83
0.65
2.0
0.81
0.57
2.5
0.80
0.51
3.0
0.79
0.45
Table 63
Typical luminaire maintenance factors (LMF) for a range of luminaires, and a range of cleaning intervals, in dirty environments.
NOTE 1 Above figures representing average environmental conditions, all environmental conditions to be checked
and adapted before using for calculation of LMF.
NOTE 2 Authorities and/or client to agree with lighting designer on maintenance schedules before start of design
of lighting systems.
NOTE 3 The factors for ‘clean’ environments are not applicable for outdoor installations.
2.6 Room (exterior) Surface Maintenance Factor (RSMF)
Changes in all surface reflectance caused by dirt deposition will cause changes in the illuminance produced by the
lighting installation. The magnitude of these changes is governed by the extent of dirt deposition and the importance
of inter-reflection to the illuminance produced. Inter-reflection is closely related to the distribution of light from the
luminaire and the room index, which is not a main topic for all exterior installations. For luminaires that have
a strongly downward distribution, i.e. direct luminaires, interreflection has little effect on the illuminance produced on
the horizontal areas, walkways, etc. Conversely, indirect lighting is completely dependent on interreflections.
As for room index, the smaller is the room index, the greater is the contribution of inter-reflected light.
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In outdoor installations of luminaires and lighting equipment for direct and indirect lighting
(e.g. pavilions, car sheds, pedestrian underpasses, pedestrian bridges, etc.) the RSMF must be
discussed and agreed, in order to be aware of the regular maintenance procedure as planned by the
owner or operator of the equipment, if no such agreement can be reached the worse-case scenario is
to be used for all design calculations.
Tables 64 shows the typical changes in the illuminance from an installation and which occur with
time due to dirt deposition on the surfaces, for normal and dirty conditions, in medium or large
environments, as lit by direct, direct/indirect and indirect luminaires. Clean environments are found
in such locations as clean rooms, computer centres, electronic assembly areas and hospitals,
but not in exterior places, therefore no table is provided. Normal environments are found in offices,
shops, schools, laboratories, restaurants, warehouses and some exterior locations, see above.
Dirty environments are common in many outdoor locations in and around cities.
Normal environment
Size
S
M
L
Room index
0.7
2.5
5
Luminaire type
Dustproof (IP5X) direct
0.5
0.96
0.97
0.97
Dirty environment
1.0
0.94
0.96
0.96
1.5
0.94
0.96
0.96
2.0
0.93
0.95
0.95
2.5
0.92
0.95
0.95
3.0
0.92
0.95
0.95
Size Room index
S
0.7
Luminaire type
Dustproof (IP5X)
semi-direct
0.5
0.96
1.0
0.94
1.5
0.94
2.0
0.93
2.5
0.92
3.0
0.92
M
2.5
Dustproof (IP5X)
semi-direct
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.95
L
5
Dustproof (IP5X)
semi-direct
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.95
Table 64
Room surface maintenance factor (RSMF) for direct and semi-direct luminaires in rooms of different room indices, for a range
of cleaning intervals, in normal and dirty environments.
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NOTE 1 Above factors are to be used for many outdoor applications, but only if IP5X or IP6X luminaires are part of
the lighting design, because RSMF depends on cleaning of the environment and not of the luminaires.
NOTE 2 Outdoor applications are mostly of medium size, like pedestrian bridges, underpasses, etc. or of large size,
like public squares, parks, children’s playground, open car parks or covered car sheds, etc.
NOTE 3 Factors used in calculation of maintenance factor shall be discussed and agreed with
authorities and/or client.
2.7 Determination of Maintenance Factor for Standard Exterior Lighting
The maintenance factor (MF) for the most common standard outdoor lighting installations is a multiple
of only three factors:
MF = LLMF x LSF x LMF
where:
LLMF is the lamp lumen maintenance factor
LSF is the lamp survival factor
LMF is the luminaire maintenance factor.
Typical values of LLMF and LSF after different hours of operation are found in data sheets of lamp manufacturers.
Typical values of luminaire maintenance factor (LMF) for luminaires with different levels of dust proofing as installed in
different levels of atmospheric pollution and with different luminaire cleaning intervals are given in Tables 62 and 63.
The level of dust proofing is given by the IP class to which the luminaire belongs (see Chapter D / 7.4.1 / Tables 12
and 13). Low atmospheric pollution occurs in rural areas. Medium atmospheric pollution occurs in semi-urban,
residential and light industrial -areas. High atmospheric pollution occurs in large urban areas and heavy industrial
areas.
See Tables 62 and 63 for typical luminaire maintenance factor (LMF) for luminaires of different IP classes, in different
levels of atmospheric pollution over a range of cleaning intervals.
By using ‘indoor’ lighting features like ‘direct/indirect’ or ‘indirect’ lighting equipment with appropriate IP-class for
outdoor applications, the maintenance factors given may need to be multiplied. Final agreement is to be reached
with the owner or operator of the lighting equipment.
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If such agreement cannot be reached the designer shall determine a MF based on
experience and which safety for long term operation and in a worst-case scenario.
NOTE 1 Refer to the specific requirements of the DMA Lighting Specifications on MF requirements
and values for all Street and Public Realm Projects in the public
3.0 Disposal of Lighting Equipment
Until recently, the disposal of lighting equipment was rarely discussed. However, the introduction of the
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Regulations or local regulations of DMA have made
it necessary for the designer to consider how lighting equipment is to be disposed of at the end of life.
The purpose of the WEEE and all local regulations is to reduce the impact of electrical and electronic
equipment on the environment by encouraging recycling and reducing the amount of such waste
that goes to landfill. With the exception of lighting equipment in households and filament light sources
anywhere, all lighting equipment, such as lamps, LEDs, drivers are power supply units, luminaires
and control systems, is now considered hazardous waste. Recently two organisations have been
established in the UAE which can advise on the disposal of redundant lighting equipment and they are
responsible for monitoring of lamp and luminaire disposal. Guidance on the implementation of the
WEEE or local regulations as they apply to lighting is available from the Lighting Industry Federation
and local governments. Refer to ESMA and ADQQ for details about trade and disposal of lighting
equipment.
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Chapter N
On the Hor
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On the Horizon
the Horizon
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1.0 Changes and Challenges
first electric light source invented, the incandescent
Lighting practice does not exist in a vacuum.
lamp, is still the most widely used. This is in spite
Rather, lighting practice occurs within a business and
of the ingenuity of the lighting industry, which has
social environment and that environment is always
produced a dazzling array of new light sources with
changing. The resulting changes and challenges can
much greater luminous efficacies, longer lives and a
be gradual or sudden; technical, economic or political,
wide range of colour properties. However, the reign
but all are likely to result in adjustments in lighting
of the incandescent lamp is under threat from
practice. This chapter is concerned with the sort of
influential forces and new technologies. The influential
changes and challenges that are already on the
forces are those which see the elimination of the
horizon and which are likely to impact lighting
cheap but inefficient incandescent lamp as desirable
practice in the foreseeable future.
for environmental, political or commercial reasons.
1.1 The Changes and
The new technology is the LED. LEDs have already
Challenges facing Lighting Practice
displaced the incandescent lamp from many signs
and signals and are starting to appear in near field
1.1.1 Costs
lighting installations such as reading lamps, and, as
Costs have always been an important consideration
such, LEDs are making the breakthrough into general
for lighting applications, the balance between first
illumination. As soon as they cover almost all
and operating costs changing as the price of
applications, they will not only show improvements
electricity has changed. The price of electricity
on existing criteria, such as luminous efficacy and
varies with the source of fuel. In the Middle East,
lamp life, but also offer new possibilities, such as
recent increases in demand for oil and gas have
luminaires which allow changes in light level, light
resulted in increases in the price of electricity.
distribution and light spectrum to be made quickly
Whatever the cause, any increase in the cost of
and easily.
electricity implies a shift in emphasis to operating
costs and enthusiasm for technologies that minimise
1.1.3 Specifications of LED Products
electricity consumption and maximise energy
With LEDs emerging as a new functional light source
efficiency, together with a closer examination of
there is a need to ensure that performance claims are
the basis of many lighting recommendations.
made in a consistent way. Such current information
can be found in the guidance notes of different
1.1.2 Technologies
sources, taking into account new IEC, international
Light emitting Diodes (LEDs)
or local standards and the development of LED
Lighting is unique amongst technologies in that the
technology. These guidance notes are harmonised
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with available standards and provide a tem-
2.0 Three main Topics to be considered
plate for the basis of the specification of LED
by designing or using LED Systems
performance criteria.
• System Reliability
These criteria are developed to ensure that
• Life
performance claims can be matched against
• Luminaire manufacturers design data,
traceable data. They are also developed to
made available for traceability.
ensure that the performance data relates to
the luminaire during operation and not just to
A description of the parameters that affect
the performance of the LED and LED module.
system performance, the data and measurement required from the manufacturer and a
NOTE 1 ESMA, ADQQ and newly introduced
specification list to ensure the user realises
DMA LED specification standards and guide-
the claimed performance.
lines will help to specify and install LED products with traceable data and high quality in
NOTE 1 The newly introduced ADQQ guide
the UAE.
and the DMA LED specification table and
checklist are to be taken for all designs of
NOTE 2 For example a light engine may be
LED systems with Abu Dhabi Government
a single of group of LEDs and may have a
or Clients.
remote phosphor plate. Such light engine is
considered as a light module for which the
NOTE 2 The local LED specification criteria
performance is the combined effects of the
(ESMA, ADQQ, and DMA) will prevail. The
different elements which comprise the light
information given below is to be seen for
output.
information purpose only.
Typical questions a client, operator or designer
2.1 System Reliability
should ask are shown below. More detail is
An LED luminaire is in many ways more
given in different chapters of this handbook.
complex than a traditional lighting fixture,
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in that many system components and operating
2.3 Optical Performance
conditions require tighter control to provide optimum
LEDs are directional light sources, giving the lamp or
performance. It is an electromechanical system that
luminaire designer new challenges when compared to
includes, in addition to the essential light-emitting
existing lamp technology. The use of reflectors, lenses
source, provisions for heat transfer, electrical control,
and diffusers, or a combination thereof, allows a
optical conditioning, mechanical support, and protec-
designer to direct light in many different ways. The
tion, as well as aesthetic design elements. Because
efficiency of the optical system must be considered
the LEDs themselves are expected to have long life,
and factored into the overall efficiency value of the
all of these other components, adhesives, and other
lamp or luminaire.
materials must be equally long-lived, or, to the extent
they are not, they will limit the system lifetime.
2.4 PCB Quality and Design
A PCB is the interface between an LED and heat-sink
Factors affecting the luminaire performance are:
and carries with it a thermal resistance value. The
higher the resistance the less efficient the system is,
• LEDs performance
for absorbing the heat away from the LED, which may
• Optical performance
well impact on the LED lumen output performance
• PCB quality and design
and ultimately the life, lumen maintenance and/or
• Finish of the luminaire
catastrophic failure of the LED.
• Mechanical quality – IP rating, etc.
• Thermo management
2.5 Finish of the Luminaires
• Housing design
The paint finish/colour may affect the heat dissipation
• Gaskets, sealants
from the luminaire.
• Electrical connections – internal/external
• Control gear, driver design and quality
2.6 Mechanical Quality – IP Rating, etc.
The mechanical integrity of a luminaire is important in
These factors are to be considered to being the
several different areas including: IPxx rating to suit the
main factors for LEDs, LED system quality and LED
application, heat-sinking that will not become compro-
efficiency, performance and reliability.
mised with time and or lack of maintenance, vibration
resistance, specifically so that the heat-sink does
2.2 LED Performance
not become detached from the LED PCB, bonding
While LEDs do not radiate heat, with current products
mechanisms are suitable for the life of the lamp or
on the market, half or more of the input energy may
luminaire.
be converted into heat, which must be conducted
and taken away from the diodes.
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2.7 Thermo Management
2.11 Control Gear, Driver Design
The performance of an LED is dependent on
and Quality
its temperature during operation. The design of
For proper operation, the power supply and
the luminaire will influence its operating tempe-
electronics must provide a well-controlled
rature and hence published characteristics.
DC drive current and possibly other control
features, and must not fail for the life of the
2.8 Housing Design
product. Failure rate of the external control gear
LEDs allow new design freedom and housings
shall be included in the overall assessment of
which can be used both for styling and heat-
total life / failure rate.
sinking purposes. Consideration should be
made for maintenance and/or cleaning of the
2.12 Drive Current / LED Technique
heat-sink, so that the over-all thermal perfor-
in General
mance of the lamp or luminaire remains within
Drive current affects LED operating temperature
specification.
and thus life and output. Normally around
350mA is quoted but this can be higher and
2.9 Gaskets, Sealants
the higher the LED is driven the brighter it will
Many LEDs and specifically phosphor can react
be but it may have a shorter operation lifetime
to different chemicals; some gaskets can out-
and be less efficient. Some of the new multi-
gas chemicals that can affect the performance
die led (multi-chip) are designed to operate
of some LEDs. A luminaire manufacturer should
and perform at higher drive currents.
work with the LED supplier and qualify any new
gasket materials.
However designers should be aware that these
multi-chip devices are not necessarily the best
2.10 Electrical Connections –
approach to general purpose illumination
Internal / External
requiring high lumen output.
Electrical overstress is now a well- known
cause of catastrophic failure of LEDs. Some
Multiple single power LEDs potentially offer a
LEDs contain an on board Transient Voltage
better solution, particularly in applications such
Suppression (TVS) chip, which provides some
as street lighting.
level of protection. A well designed lamp or
luminaire will feature the necessary design or
The two biggest problems that face anyone
protection in order to minimize damage at
designing high power LED luminaires are how
installation or powerup.
to get rid of the heat and how to direct the light
to where it is needed.
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Unfortunately multi-chip LEDs are more difficult to use
• LED Module: This is the LED together with
than multiple single power LED solutions and in both
mechanical and optical components making a
of these respects.
replaceable item for use in a luminaire.
2.13 Manufacturing
• LED Luminaire: This is the complete system
There are many process variables during any manu-
consisting of all elements described in Chapter
facturing process. Experience, track record and a
C and D.
traceability system are a vital part of providing a user
or specifier with confidence and a route to tracking
3.1 Lifetime (Lx)
any issues.
Life is the length of time during which a LED light
source, LED module or LED luminaire provides more
2.14 Operational Environments
than claimed percentage x of the initial luminous flux,
There are many different types of environments in
under standard conditions. An LED product/system
which luminaires will be required to operate. Humidity
has thus reached its end of life when it no longer
can be higher in certain applications and can cause
provides the claimed percentage of the initial
rapid degradation of materials used within the
luminous flux, (Lx).
luminaire. Temperature can be higher in certain
.
applications and can cause rapid degradation of
Life is always published as combination of life at
materials used within the luminaire. The luminaire
claimed lumen maintenance and failure fraction,
manufacturer should work with the material suppliers
Fy (failure fraction) applying at the time of reaching the
and qualify any new materials if the application
claimed percentage of the initial luminous flux. Lx.
requires operating in high humidity and/or high
temperature conditions. The reliability of the
NOTE 1 For LED light sources/systems this is
luminaire will be a combination of all of the above.
designated in LM-80 Lifetime (Lx). There is no
validated way to translate the lumen maintenance
3.0 Life
curve of an individual LED light source into a curve for
For clarity, 3 systems are defined for LED light source
the LED module or LED luminaire. Life testing of the
or system:
LED light source is carried out according to LM-80
up to 6000h or 10,000h.
• The LED Die (or Chip): This is contained in a suitable
package allowing simplified electrical connection or
Beyond these values statistical predictions are made.
assembly.
See Figure 301.
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A reliable luminaire manufacturer will indicate
Lifetime (Lx) is published in combination with
the basis of these projections. It should be
the failure fraction, (Fy).
noted that if a product contains a good
quality LED light source that has LM-80 data
3.1.1 Failure Fraction (Fy)
available and the LED module or Luminaire
This is the percentage y of a number of
maker calculates lifetime data based upon the
LED light sources of the same type that have
LM-80 data this represents an extremely good
reached the end of their individual lives where
start in ensuring the LED module or luminaire/
y designates the percentage (fraction) of
system could be reliable.
failures.
For LED modules and LED luminaires/systems
NOTE 1 For LED light sources/luminaires/
the lumen maintenance curve can also be
systems this is designated in LM-80 Lifetime
affected by the combined effect of all compo-
(Bp).
nents of a light source/luminaire as described
in Chapter L / 2.2 and following. LED modules
For LED Modules this failure fraction expres-
and LED luminaires/systems have life testing
ses the combined effect of all components of
carried out to 6000h if there is no LED light
a light source/luminaire/system as described
source data. If LED light source data from
in Chapter L / 2.2 and following. Failure frac-
tests carried out to 6000h is available, LED
tion should be declared at the Lifetime Lx and
modules and LED luminaires/systems may
can only be based on testing up to 6000h to-
have life testing carried out to 2000h.
gether with statistical predictions. For general
lighting applications this should be less than
For general lighting applications, it is recom-
10% (F10).
mended to define life as the length of time
it takes an LED module or LED luminaire/
4.0 Luminaire Manufacturers
system to reach (depending on the application)
Design Data
90% or 70% of its initial light output (L90 or
To be made available for traceability by the
L70). For decorative lighting applications, it
manufacturer.
is recommended to define useful life as the
length of time it takes to reach 50% of its
initial output.
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4.1 LED Light Source / Luminaire /
correction factor will need to be established to
System Data
correct the measured luminous flux value at 25 °C
The following data for the LED light source must be
to the luminous flux value at the declared ambient.
measured at a junction temperature of 25°C (local
This shall be done using relative photometry in a
specifications may ask for higher temperatures):
temperature controlled cabinet. The designer shall
obtain information, about corrected luminous flux,
• Drive current/voltage/power for the LED
from the manufacturer for specific ambient
• Life Lx - See Chapter M / 3.1
temperature, at location where design should
• Failure Fraction Fy - See Chapter M / 3.1.1
be installed.
• Colour Temperature LED - The initial colour point
(x & y) of the LED and the colour temperature
4.4 Rated Power
derived from it.
Total luminaire power including drivers should be
• CRI for the LED - The initial Colour Rendering
measured under standard conditions and expressed
Index (CRI) of the LED. The preferred measure of
in Watts (W). It is advised to obtain information about
CRI is Ra14 as the additional test colours
apparent power (VA) consumption to allow accurate
compared to Ra8 will give a more accurate
electrical design.
representation of the LEDs ability to reproduce
colours.
• The binning and the variation of MacAdam ellipses
used for the specific production lot.
4.5 Power Factor
The power factor should be clearly stated in all
cases. Although product standards may not require
this, it should be noted that some clients, and in
4.2 Measured LED Module Data
particular, where contractors and local authorities
This is principally the same as that for the ‘Measured
may work with unmetered supplies, this will require
Luminaire or System Data’, see below.
power factor correction of 0.85 or better. Local
standards will prevail.
4.3 Measured Luminaire Data
The following measured data for the luminaire data
4.6 Rated Lumen Output
should be presented for an ambient temperature
The initial luminous flux shall be measured after
of 25°C. (-40° to +50°C for Exterior luminaires
thermal stabilisation of the LED luminaire.
operating temperature, storage conditions may
be specified in a different range of temperature,
4.7 Light Loss Maintenance Factor (LLMF)
based on DMA Lighting Specifications).
This will be the light lost at rated life.
NOTE 1 Where a declared ambient air temperature
other than 25 °C is advised by themanufacturer a
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4.8 Rated Luminaire Efficacy
4.12 Failure Fraction (Fy)
Properly measured, Luminaire Efficacy
See Chapter M / 3.1.1
combines both the light source system
efficacy and luminaire efficiency, allowing for
4.13 Colour Temperature
a true comparison of a luminaire regardless
The initial colour point (x & y) of the LED
of the light source. Luminaire efficacy is
and the colour temperature derived from it or
the preferred metric for LEDs because it
bin-class (MacAdam) related to C78.377-
measures the net light output from the
2008 where colour temperature values are
luminaire divided by power into the system,
recommended as 2700K, 3000K, 3500K,
accounting for driver, optical, and thermal
4000K, 5000K, 6500K. This will include the
losses.
information of how many MacAdam ellipses
are used for a specific lot of production.
4.9 The Board Temperature (Tboard)
The designer shall determine the exact
The Board Temperature of the LED package
position of the MacAdam ellipses to assure
installed in the luminaire is a very important
the exact colour of light at the installation.
factor especially in hot climates.
4.14 Colour Maintenance
4.10 Lumen Depreciation
The colour shift is judged by the colour
The lumen depreciation rate is judged by
point shift at 6,000 hours compared to the
the light output at 25% of rated life (with a
initial colour point (x & y) of the luminaire.
maximum duration of 6000 h) compared
to the initial output. The depreciation
4.15 Colour Temperature Tolerance
classification is:
Tolerance (categories) on nominal x & y values
measured for both initial and at 25% of rated
• Light output > 90% of initial Code 1
life (with a maximum duration of 6000 h):
• All measured x & y ‘s within a 3-step ellipse
• All measured x & y ‘s within a 5-step ellipse
NOTE 1 Refer to local DMA or clients
• All measured x & y’s within a 7-step ellipse*
standards.
• All measured x & y ‘s > 7-step ellipse*
4.11 Life (Lx)
Note 1 Tolerances beyond a 4-step ellipse
See Chapter M / 3.1
are considered unacceptable for general
illumination purposes! See DMA or clients
specification for more information.
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4.16 Colour Rendering Index of the Luminaire
The initial Colour Rendering Index (CRI) of a luminaire is measured. A second measurement is made after a total
operation time of 25% of rated life (with a maximum duration of 6000 h). The measured CRI values shall not
have decreased by more than 3 points from the rated CRI value for initial CRI values and 5 points from the rated
CRI value for maintained CRI values. The preferred measure of CRI is Ra14 as the additional test colours
compared to Ra8 will give a more accurate representation of the LEDs ability to reproduce colours.
NOTE 1 DMA may require a CRI _> 70.
4.17 Light Intensity Distribution
Applicable for LED luminaires/systems which modify the distribution of the light source.
Photometric data is available in two formats (for DIALux or Relux). Absolute Photometry does not require
the use of a separate lumen output for the light source.
• Relative Photometry requires the LED package flux to be quoted. Both methods produce the same result.
The manufacturer should state the format in which the photometric data is supplied. Absolute photometry
of LED luminaires should be conducted according to IES LM-79-08 Photometric Measurements of
Solid-State Lighting Products.
• Relative photometry should be conducted according to EN13032-1 (2004) Light and Lighting - Measurement
and presentation of photometric data of lamps and luminaires - Part 1: Measurement and file format.
These standards contain advice on measurement uncertainty. Luminaire performance data to be quoted at
operating temperature Tboard, Photometric results that are calculated by deviation from the tested sample by the
use, for example of higher or lower drive currents or dies from bins other than the bin used for the tested device
are to be clearly identified as such. Correction factors used are to be provided with the results.
4.18 Temperature Cycling Shock Test
The non-energised LED luminaire shall be stored firstly at -10°C for 1 hour. The luminaire/system is then
immediately moved into a cabinet having a temperature of +50°C and stored for 1 hour. 250 such cycles shall
be carried out. At the end of the test, the LED luminaire shall operate and remain alight for 15 min.
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4.19 Supply Voltage Switching Test
At test voltage the luminaire shall be switched on and off for 30 seconds. The cycling shall be
repeated for a number equal to half the rated luminaire life in hours, (example: 10K cycles; if rated
luminaire life is 20 000 hours). At the end of the test the LED luminaire shall operate and remain
alight for 15 min.
4.20 Thermal Endurance Test
The LED luminaire shall be operated at nominal voltage and at an ambient temperature of +35° C
(or if required by local standards by higher temperature) for outdoor luminaires, +25° C for indoor
luminaires and +35° C for recessed luminaires until a test period equal to 25 % of the rated
luminaire life (with a maximum of 6 000 hours) has passed. At the end of this time, and after
cooling down to room temperature, the luminaire shall remain alight for at least 15 min.
NOTE 1 Higher temperature for testing as only testing to 25% life.
5.0 Data required for Specification of LED and / or LED Luminaires / Systems
• Initial luminaire/system lumen output L100.
• Light output depreciation (Code 1, 2 or 3).
• Luminaire life Lx (where x is the percentage of L100 at the declared life).
• Failure fraction Fy (where y is the percentage of failures at Lx ).
• Colour temperature category at initial and 25% of rated life (with a maximum duration of 6000 h).
• Colour rendering index value.
• Colour rendering index value shift.
• Luminaire electrical characteristics.
• Total power consumed (W and VA).
• Initial power factor.
• Power factor @ at initial and 25% of rated life (with a maximum duration of 6000 h).
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6.0 Lighting Controls
The most commonly accepted definition of
Lighting control systems are becoming more
sustainable development came from a 1987
sophisticated. This is now possible for a number of
report by the U.N. World Commission on
reasons. First, enormous amounts of computer
Environment and Development (UNCED):
power are now available in very small packages.
Second, developments in wireless communication
It is development ‘that meets the needs of the
have enhanced flexibility and removed the need for
present without compromising the ability of future
expensive rewiring. Third, there are a number of
generations to meet their own needs.’
widely recognised communication protocols (e.g.
digital ones like DSI, DALI, DMX and the analogue
Rather than trying to define sustainability, local
one based (0-)1-10V) that enable equipment from
governments are now starting to envision it. This
different manufacturers to work together. As a result
approach allows the concept to remain flexible and
of these changes the integration of daylight and
applicable to a community’s unique qualities. Out
electric lighting is much easier, individual control of
of that vision come the goals and priorities of the
electric lighting is a real possibility, and the dimming
community, which represent the needs it must meet
of road lighting at night as traffic flows diminish is
through its planning and development process.
being seriously considered.
‘We shape our buildings and then they shape us.’
7.0 New Knowledge
There are a number of areas in which research is
Said Winston Churchill, in the context of post-
revealing an understanding that has important
World War II reconstruction, speaking as much of
implications for lighting practice.
neighbourhoods and communities as of buildings.
8.0 Energy Consumption and
Sustainable development can enhance a sense of
Environmentally friendly sustainable
place, reduce crime, mitigate natural hazards,
Lighting Design Approach
conserve energy and resources, preserve culture
There are many ways to define environmentally
and heritage, improve traffic circulation, and reduce
friendly and lighting sustainability.
waste. It can attract more viable economic
development as competition among communities
The simplest Definitions could be as follows:
for high-quality businesses becomes more intense.
Perhaps most important, it can help relate and
A sustainable society is one that can persist over
integrate the many components of a community to
generations, one that is far-seeing enough, flexible
achieve a synergistic whole.
enough, and wise enough not to undermine either its
physical or its social systems of support.
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Sustainable development is a strategy by
Ironically, these trends have happened in the
which communities seek economic develop-
name of progress.
ment approaches that also benefit the local
environment and quality of life. It has become
As the impact of greenhouse gases on the
an important guide to many communities that
world climate is rising, it is essential to find
have discovered the traditional approaches to
ways to reduce load, increase efficiency,
planning and development are creating, rather
and utilize renewable energy resources in
than solving, societal and environmental pro-
federal facilities.
blems. Where traditional approaches can lead
to congestion, sprawl, pollution, and resource
The built environment is the infrastructure,
over-consumption, sustainable development
civic and service centres, parks and planned
offers real, long-lasting solutions that will
open spaces, neighbourhoods, landmarks,
strengthen our future.
roads and walkways, and all those public and
private places that compose the community
8.1 Environmentally friendly
and constitute a critical frontier. It is necessary
Lighting Design
to understand the interactive relationship
Natural and human resources are finite. Local
between people and the built environment
governments face declining forest and range
and to unite these two elements in a way
lands, spiralling utility costs, unskilled workers
that optimizes each.
and countless other limitations that demand a
‘more with less’ strategy. The classic world’s
Environmental design recognizes its relations-
urban form – strip development, super-
hip to nature and sees nature‘s systems
highways, and subdivisions – is proliferating
and components as essential to its well-
across each nation’s landscape, reaching
being. It provides access to nature through
small towns and rural communities that are
metropolitan parks, open-space zones, and
unacquainted with and often resistant to this
urban gardens.
form. At the same time, such traditional urban
hubs like Los Angeles, Beijing, Tokyo, Abu
It understands the sensitive interface bet-
Dhabi, Dubai, Moscow, Paris, London,
ween the natural and the built environment,
Bombay and many others, experience an
develops in a way that will support and com-
exploding population growth that creates
plement and not interfere with nature, thereby
spill-over and sprawl and overwhelms the
avoiding ecological disasters.
urban capacity for clean water and air, affordable housing and waste management.
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Resource efficiency is an essential foundation of
affordability of the direct harnessing of sunlight for
sustainability. Communities can significantly reduce
society‘s energy needs.
environmental impacts and improve the economy by
using energy, water and materials more efficiently,
A number of factors are indisputable. The world’s
and by using better manufacturing techniques that
population will continue to grow for several decades
cut pollution, waste and production costs. Land use,
at least. Energy demand is likely to increase even
community design, buildings, transportation and
faster, and the proportion supplied by electricity will
water systems are usually not considered part of the
also grow faster still. However, opinions diverge
economic development picture. However, this infra-
as to whether the electricity demand will continue to
structure can create the foundation for long-term
be served predominantly by extensive grid systems,
economic and environmental well-being or it can be
or whether there will be a strong trend to distributed
a long-term drain on economic and environmental
generation (close to the points of use).
vitality.
That is an important policy question in itself, but
8.2 Energy Sustainability
either way, it will not obviate the need for more large-
In a world where today one-third of the primary ener-
scale grid-supplied power especially in urbanised
gy comes from oil, the rest from coal, and natural
areas over the next several decades. Much demand
gas combined (virtually all of the carbon dioxide from
is for continuous, reliable supply, and this qualitative
the combustion of which continues to go straight
consideration will continue to dominate.
into the atmosphere), that middle-of-the-road energy
trajectory cannot be managed simply by expanding
The key question is how we generate that electricity.
what we are already doing. Such a path is not
For example today, worldwide, it is assumed that
merely unsustainable; it is a prescription for disaster.
approximately 64% comes from fossil fuels, 16%
from nuclear fission and 19% from hydro, with very
Also required is a several fold increase in public and
little from other renewable sources. There is no
private investments to improve the technologies of
prospect that we can do without any of these.
energy supply and use. We need to know whether
and how the carbon dioxide from fossil-fuel use can
8.3 Energy Sources
be affordably and reliably sequestered away from the
Harnessing renewable energy such as wind and
atmosphere; whether and how nuclear energy can
solar is an appropriate first consideration in
be made safe enough and proliferation-resistant
sustainable development, because apart from
enough to be substantially expanded worldwide;
constructing the plant, there is no depletion of
and to what extent bio-fuel production can be
mineral resources and no direct air or water
increased without intolerable impacts on food supply
pollution. In contrast to the situation from even
or ecosystem services. And we need to improve the
a few decades ago, we now have the technology
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to access wind on a significant scale, for elec-
often a strong groundswell of opposition on
tricity. But harnessing these ‘free’ sources
aesthetic grounds from the countryside where
cannot be the only option. Renewable sour-
the turbines are located.
ces other than hydro - notably wind and solar,
are diffuse, intermittent, and unreliable by
Renewable sources such as wind and solar
nature of their occurrence.
are intrinsically unsuited to meeting the
demand for continuous, reliable supply on a
The very fact that we seek the sun for our
large scale - which is most demanded in
summer holidays testifies to its low intensity.
developed countries.
Similarly, bad weather and night-time underline its short-term reliability. These two
Apart from renewable, it is a question of what
aspects offer a technological challenge of
is most abundant and least polluting. Today,
significant magnitude. It requires collecting
to a degree almost unimaginable even 25
energy at a peak density of about 1 kilowatt
years ago, there is an abundance of many
(kW) per square metre when the sun is
known energy resources in the ground. Coal
shining to satisfy a quite different kind of
and uranium (not to mention thorium) are
electricity demand - one which requires a
available and unlikely to be depleted this
relatively continuous supply.
century, but still the technique is to be
questioned because of pollution on one
Wind is the fastest-growing source of electri-
side and high risks on the other side.
city in many countries, albeit from a low
base, and there is a lot of scope for further
8.4 Solar Street Lighting
expansion. While it has been exciting to see
Developments as a Future Way
the rapid expansion of wind turbines in many
to reduce Energy Demand
countries, their capacity is seldom utilised
Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the
more than 30% over the course of a year,
sun, is harnessed using a range of everevol-
which testifies to the unreliability of the source
ving technologies such as solar heating, solar
and the fact that it does not and cannot fully
photovoltaic, solar thermal electricity, solar
match the pattern of demand.
architecture and artificial photosynthesis.
The rapid expansion of wind farms is helped
Solar technologies are broadly characterized
considerably by generous governmentmanda-
as either passive solar or active solar depen-
ted grants, subsidies and other arrangements
ding on the way they capture, convert and
ultimately paid by consumers. But there is
distribute solar energy.
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Two systems are widely used:
• Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors
to harness the energy.
• Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favourable thermal
mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
In 2011, the International Energy Agency said, that the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean
solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through
reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce
pollution, lower the costs of mitigating climate change, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise.
These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be
considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared.
Based on this many governments are trying to implement solar energy systems in their grid for secondary used
areas like parks, secondary pedestrian pathways, cycle racks and secondary used local streets. Some of the
areas where solar energy is used may be far remote from the electrical supply grid, some of the solar energy
systems may be installed in city centres to avoid massive construction costs, due to the fact that solar
powered lighting needs ‘only’ a base, a pole including battery pack and an efficient solar panel designed to
supply electrical energy during daytime to charge the battery pack, to allow the more and more efficient LED
lighting systems being turned on all the night.
Figure 302
Solar post-top street lighting
for a park cycle rack in UAE.
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Figure 303
Solar post-top street lighting test unit in Middle East during daytime.
Figure 304
Solar post-top street lighting test after 2 years operation at 04:00am.
NOTE 1 Please refer to the Municipal and DMA Lighting Specifications for solar street
lighting requirements and/or other solar lighting applications.
NOTE 2 Only though long-term test cycles will it be possible to develop acceptable
solar street lighting options for the hot and sandy climate in Middle East areas.
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9.0 Sustainable Lighting Design Codes of Practice and Industrial Standards
There are many different sources that take into consideration codes and regulations worldwide.
This Handbook is designed to provide an initial overview guide for the most important and most demanding
codes and regulations, including local ones, available at this time.
This will guarantee that there is no discussion coming up about ‘this is not possible because…
’ or ‘this cannot be used because of….’!
It should be considered that this handbook is based on results of long term research for existing codes and
regulations which are now common practice in different cities/countries because they are implemented by many
governments. These authorities are well advanced in controlling their energy consumption for lighting design
implementation because of updated codes and regulations and the used knowhow about which light levels are to
be applied at a certain location. Based on this way of doing things in a new way and/or to do refurbishment of old
systems, the needs for maintenance and additionally the budget spent for new investments can be reduced.
10.0 Institutes and Societies for Standardisation, Regulations and Societies for Lighting Technology
The information given by this handbook is based on developments and research done by institutes, societies,
associations, organisations, committees and commissions as described hereunder. This will help to understand
that all information contained in this document is common practice and not a ‘new developed’ story board.
Societies/Institutes:
IES
Illuminating Engineering Society
CIE
International Commission of Illumination
IDA
International Dark-Sky Association
POLC
Pennsylvania Outdoor Lighting Council
ISO
International Organisation of Standardisation
CEN
European Committee for Standardisation
CENELEC
European Committee for Electro-technical Standardisation
ANFOR
Association Francis de Normalisation
EN
European Norms
LiTG
German Society for Lighting Technology
LTG
Austrian Society for Lighting Technology
SLG
Swiss Lighting Society
LUX-Europa
European Lighting Congress
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11.0 Conclusion
As it may be known in some countries there is a tendency to have very bright spaces without
concern for which use they are designed, the structure of controlling switch on/off points being
mostly far behind the effective needs.
The technical standards of implementation of lighting or electrical equipment are sometimes
not based on latest standards.
Real lighting ‘atmosphere’ can be achieved only with a clear design and the know-how where
light is needed and where shadows are useful! In fact the human eye is only able to see
three-dimensional if there is ‘Light & Shadow’ at the same time.
At the same time all points of Glare are disturbing the ‘atmosphere’ of light, because of the normal
way the human eye is working, from evolution we are every time forced to look at things happening
around us and not mainly in our direct field of view, this was a matter of staying alive or not,
in earlier days of human development.
Based on this know-how and the knowledge that the human eye is able to adapt to different
brightness very fast, it is easy to design light in a way to get the best effects with less energy
and budget.
This Handbook has been specifically developed and implemented to explain the Theory and best
practice of universal Light Design in the ever-developing modern world.
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Chapter O
Lighting Voc
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Lighting Vocabulary
ing Vocabulary
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Absorption
Adjustable luminaire
process by which radiant energy is converted to a
luminaire, the main part of which may be turned or
different form of energy by interaction with matter
moved by means of appropriate devices
NOTE An adjustable luminaire may be fixed or
Accent lighting
portable.
directional lighting to emphasize a particular object
or to draw attention to a spot in the visual field
Ambient illuminance level (of a display)
illuminance level due to lighting in the viewing
Access zone (of a road tunnel)
environment, excluding that from the display,
part of the open road immediately outside (in front
measured in the plane of the display
of) the tunnel portal, covering the distance over
[D ]
which an approaching driver must be able to see
Angle of observation
into the tunnel
angle that the viewing direction makes with the
NOTE The access zone begins at the stopping
normal of the surface being viewed
distance point ahead of the portal and it ends at the
Unit: rad,
°
portal.
Appearance
Access zone luminance
1. aspect of visual perception by which things are
average of the luminances contained in a conical
recognized
field of view, subtending an angle of 20º at the eye of
2. in psychophysical studies, visual perception in
the approaching driver and centred on a point at a
which the spectral and geometric aspects of a visual
height of one quarter of the height of the tunnel mouth
stimulus are integrated with its illuminating and
viewing environment
Adaptation
process by which the state of the visual system is
Arc-Lamp
modified by previous and present exposure to stimuli
An arc lamp or arc light is a lamp that produces light
that may have various luminance values, spectral
by an electric arc (also called a voltaic arc). The
distributions and angular subtenses
carbon arc light, which consists of an arc between
NOTE Adaptation to specific spatial frequencies,
carbon electrodes in air, was the first practical
orientations, sizes, etc. is recognized as being
electric light. It was widely used starting in the 1870s
included in this definition.
for street and large building lighting until it was
A
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superseded by the incandescent light in
Average life
the early 20th century. It continued in use in
average of the individual lives of the lamps
more specialized applications where a high
subjected to a life test, the lamps being oper-
intensity point light source was needed, such
ated under specified conditions and the end
as searchlights. The term is now used to refer
of life judged according to specified criteria
to gas discharge lamps, which produce light
by an arc between metal electrodes through
Average luminance (of a surface) [ Lav ,
L]
an inert gas in a glass bulb.
luminance averaged over the specified surface
Unit: cd·m-2
Asymmetrical luminaire
NOTE In practice, this may be approximated
luminaire with an asymmetrical luminous in-
by an average of the luminances at a
tensity distribution
representative number of points on the
surface. The number and position of these
Average illuminance (over a surface)
points should be specified in the relevant
[Eav, E ]
application guide.
illuminance averaged over the specified
surface
Unit: lx
= lm·m-2
NOTE 1 In practice, this may be approximated by an average of the illuminance at a
representative number of points on the
surface. The number and positions of these
points should be specified in the relevant
application guide.
NOTE 2 The specification must include a clear
indication of the type of illuminance at the
points of the surface, i.e. horizontal, vertical,
spherical, cylindrical or semi-cylindrical.
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Ballast
Blue light hazard
unit inserted between the supply and one or more
potential for a photochemically induced retinal injury
discharge lamps which by means of inductance,
resulting from optical radiation exposure at
capacitance, or a combination of inductance and
wavelengths primarily between 400 nm and 500 nm
capacitance, serves mainly to limit the current of
NOTE 1 This damage mechanism dominates over
the lamp(s) to the required value
the thermal damage mechanism for exposure
NOTE It may also include means for transforming the
durations exceeding 10s.
supply voltage and arrangements which help provide
NOTE 2 The action spectrum extends into the UV-A
starting voltage and pre-heating current.
for persons without a normal UV-A absorbing lens.
Abbreviation: “BLH”
Base (US)
part of a lamp which provides connection to the
Bollard
electrical supply by means of a lampholder or lamp
post used to indicate an obstruction or to regulate
connector and, in most cases, also serves to retain
traffic
the lamp in the lampholder
NOTE A bollard may be internally illuminated and
Equivalent term used outside US: “cap”
may incorporate a regulatory traffic sign.
NOTE See NOTES to non-US term “cap”.
Bright
Basic colour names
adjective used to describe high levels of brightness
group of eleven colour names found in
anthropological surveys to be in wide use in fully
Brightness
developed languages: white, black, red, green,
attribute of a visual perception according to which
yellow, blue, brown, grey, orange, purple, pink
an area appears to emit, or reflect, more or less light
NOTE The use of this term is not restricted to
Beam spread
primary light sources.
See “half-peak divergence” or “one-half-peak spread
(US)”
Bulb
transparent or translucent gas-tight envelope
enclosing the luminous element(s)
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C,
J
coordinate system
coordinate system commonly used in the
NOTE 2 Other units of luminance:
metric, non-SI: lambert (symbol: L),
photo-metry of luminaires in which the
C-planes are half-planes that rotate round the
1L=
vertical line through the photometric centre of
the luminaire, and the
J -angles are measured
up to 180° from the direction of the perpendi-
10 4
S
cd·m-2
non-metric, non-SI: footlambert (symbol: fL),
1 fL = 3,426 cd·m-2
cular to the rotation axis of the C-planes
NOTE Other coordinate systems (A, D ) and
Cap
(B, E ) exist as well. See CIE 121-1996.
part of a lamp which provides connection to
the electrical supply by means of a lampholder
Candela
or lamp connector and, in most cases, also
SI base unit for photometry: luminous inten-
serves to retain the lamp in the lampholder
sity, in a given direction, of a source that emits
Equivalent term used in the US: “base”
monochromatic radiation of frequency
NOTE 1 The term “base” is used in both
540x1012 Hz and that has a radiant intensity
outside and in the US to denote an integral
in that direction of
part of a lamp envelope which has been
1/683 W·sr -1
Symbol: cd = lm·sr -1
shaped so that it fulfils the function of a cap.
th
It may engage also either a holder or a con-
NOTE Defined by the 16 General Conference
nector, depending on other design features
of Weights and Measures, 1979.
of the lamp-and-holder system.
NOTE 2 The cap of a lamp and its correspon-
Candela per square metre
ding holder are generally identified by one or
SI unit of luminance
more letters followed by a number which
Symbol: cd·m
-2
indicates approximately the principal dimen-
NOTE 1 This unit was sometimes called the
sion (generally the diameter) of the cap in
nit (symbol: nt) (name discouraged).
millimetres. The standard code is to be found
in IEC Publication 60061.
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Carbon filament lamp
CIE
incandescent lamp whose luminous element is a
acronym of the International Commission on
filament of carbon
Illumination, derived from the French name:
Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage
Chromaticity
property of a colour stimulus defined by its
CIE 1931 standard colorimetric system [X, Y, Z]
chromaticity coordinates, or by its dominant or com-
system for determining the tristimulus values of any
plementary wavelength and purity taken together
spectral power distribution using the set of reference
colour stimuli [X],
Chromaticity coordinates
[Y], [Z] and the 3 CIE
colour-matching functions x ( O ), y ( O ), z ( O )
ratio of each of a set of 3 tristimulus values to
adopted by the CIE in 1931
their sum
NOTE 1
Unit: 1
tristimulus values Y are proportional to values of
NOTE 1 As the sum of the 3 chromaticity
luminance.
coordinates is equal to 1, 2 of them are sufficient
NOTE 2 This standard colorimetric system is
to define a chromaticity.
applicable to centrally-viewed fields of angular
NOTE 2 In the CIE standard colorimetric systems,
subtense between about 1° and about 4°
the chromaticity coordinates are represented by the
(0,017 rad and 0,07 rad).
symbols x,
NOTE 3 The CIE 1931 standard colorimetric system
y, z and x10, y10, z10.
y (O) is identical to V(O) and hence the
can be derived from the CIE 1931 RGB
Chromaticity diagram
colorimetric system using a transformation based on
plane diagram in which points specified by chro-
a set of 3 linear equations. The CIE 1931 RGB
maticity coordinates represent the
system is based on 3 real monochromatic reference
chromaticities of colour stimuli
stimuli.
NOTE In the CIE standard colorimetric
See also CIE 15 Colorimetry
systems y is normally plotted as ordinate and x as
abscissa, to obtain an x,
C
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CIE 1964 standard colorimetric observer
CIE 1964 uniform colour space
ideal observer whose colour-matching pro-
3-dimensional, approximately uniform colour
perties correspond to the CIE colour-matching
space produced by plotting in rectangular
functions x 10( O ), y 10( O ), z 10( O )
coordinates
U*, V*, W* quantities defined by the
See also ISO 11664-1:2007(E)/CIE S 014-1/
equations:
E:2006 Colorimetry - Part 1: CIE Standard
[X10, Y10, Z10]
W* = 25 Y1/3 - 17
U* = 13 W* (u - un)
V* = 13 W* (v - vn)
NOTE 1 Y, u, v describe the colour stimulus
considered, and un, vn describe a specified
system for determining the tristimulus values
white achromatic stimulus, where
of any spectral power distribution using the
u = u‘, v =
Colorimetric Observers
CIE 1964 standard colorimetric system
set of reference colour stimuli [X10],
[Y10],
2
2
v’; un= u'n , vn = v’n
3
3
[Z10] and the 3 CIE colour-matching
functions x 10( O ), y 10( O ), z 10( O )
See also “CIE 1976 uniform chromaticity scale
NOTE 2 The difference between 2 stimuli,
NOTE 1 This standard colorimetric system is
' E , is defined as the Euclidean distance
applicable to centrally-viewed fields of angular
between the points representing them in
subtense greater than about 4° (0,07 rad).
U*V*W* space and calculated as:
*
* 2
* 2
* 2 1/2
' E = [( ' U ) + ( ' V ) + ( ' W ) ]
NOTE 2 When this system is used, all
diagram”
*
symbols that represent colorimetric measures
NOTE 3 This colour space is obsolete (except
are distinguished by use of the subscript 10.
that it is still used in the calculation of colour
rendering index). The currently recommended
object colour spaces are CIELAB and
CIELUV.
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CIE 1974 general colour rendering index [Ra ]
See also ISO 11664-2:2007(E)/CIE S 014-2/E:2006
mean of the CIE 1974 special colour rendering
Colorimetry - Part 2: CIE Standard llluminants for
indices for a specified set of 8 test colour samples
Colorimetry
See also CIE 13 Method of Measuring and
NOTE 2 Illuminants B, C and other D
Specifying Colour Rendering of Light Sources
illuminants, previously denoted as “standard
illuminants”, should now be termed “CIE illuminants”.
CIE 1974 special colour rendering index [Ri ]
measure of the degree to which the psycho-physical
CIE standard sources
colour of a CIE test colour sample illuminated by the
artificial sources specified by the CIE whose radiation
test illuminant conforms to that of the same sample
approximate CIE standard illuminants
illuminated by the reference illuminant, suitable
NOTE CIE sources are artificial sources that repre-
allowance having been made for the state of
sent CIE illuminants. See “CIE standard illuminants”.
chromatic adaptation
See also CIE 13 Method of Measuring and
See also ISO 11664-2:2007(E)/CIE S 014-2/E:2006
Specifying Colour Rendering of Light Sources
Colorimetry - Part 2: CIE Standard llluminants for
Colorimetry
CIE 1976 UCS diagram
See “CIE 1976 uniform chromaticity scale diagram”
Clear bulb
bulb which is regularly transmitting visible radiation
CIE standard illuminants
illuminants A and D65 defined by the CIE in terms of
Coated bulb
relative spectral power distributions
bulb coated internally or externally with a thin
NOTE 1 These illuminants are intended to represent:
diffusing layer
A: Planckian radiation at a temperature of about
2 856 K;
Cold cathode lamp
D65: The relative spectral power distribution
discharge lamp in which the light is produced by
representing a phase of daylight with a correlated
the positive column of a glow discharge
colour temperature of approximately 6 500 K
NOTE Such a lamp is generally fed from a device
(called also “nominal correlated colour temperature
providing sufficient voltage to initiate starting without
of the daylight illuminant”).
special means.
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Cold start lamp
NOTE 3 Perceived colour may appear in
discharge lamp designed to start without
several modes of colour appearance. The
preheating of the electrodes
names for various modes of appearance are
Equivalent term used in the US: “instant start
intended to distinguish among qualitative and
lamp”
geometric differences of colour perceptions.
Some of the more important terms of the
Colorimetric colour space
modes of colour appearance are given in
colour space defined by 3 colorimetric
“Object colour”, “Surface colour” and
coordinates
“Aperture colour*”. Other modes of colour
NOTE CIE XYZ tristimulus values are colori-
appearance include film colour, volume colour,
metric coordinates, as are RGB values that
illuminant colour, body colour, and Totalfield
have an exact and invertible mathematical
(Ganzfeld) colour. Each of these modes of
relationship to CIE XYZ tristimulus values.
colour appearance may be further qualified by
adjectives to describe combinations of colour
Colour (perceived)
or their spatial and temporal relationships.
characteristic of visual perception that can
Other terms that relate to qualitative differ-
be described by attributes of hue, brightness
ences among colours perceived in various
(or lightness) and colourfulness (or saturation
modes of colour appearance are given in
or chroma)
“Luminous colour”, “Non-luminous1” colour,
NOTE 1 When necessary, to avoid confusion
“Related colour” and “Unrelated colour1”.
between other meanings of the word, the
term “perceived colour” may be used.
Colour appearance
NOTE 2 Perceived colour depends on the
1. aspect of visual perception by which
spectral distribution of the colour stimulus, on
things are recognized by their colour
the size, shape, structure and surround of the
2. in psychophysical studies: visual perception
stimulus area, on the state of adaptation of
in which the spectral aspects of a visual
the observer’s visual system, and on the
stimulus are integrated with its illuminating
observer’s experience of the prevailing and
and viewing environment
similar situations of observation.
Note(1): see CIE 017/E:2011 for more information
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Colour rendering (of a light source)
Connector (lamp)
effect of an illuminant on the colour appearance of
device consisting of electrical contacts, with
objects by conscious or subconscious comparison
appropriate insulation and mounted on flexible
with their colour appearance under a reference
conductors, which provides for connection of the
illuminant
lamp to the electric supply but does not support
the lamp
Colour rendering index [R]
measure of the degree to which the psycho-physical
Conspicuity
colour of an object illuminated by the test illuminant
1. quality of an object or a light source to appear
conforms to that of the same object illuminated by
prominent in its surroundings
the reference illuminant, suitable allowance having
2. quality of a sign to attract (attention conspicuity)
been made for the state of chromatic adaptation
or gain (search conspicuity) the driver’s attention
See also CIE 13 Method of Measuring and Specifying Colour Rendering of Light Sources
Contrast
Abbreviation: “CRI”
1. in the perceptual sense: assessment of the
difference in appearance of 2 or more parts of a field
Colour space
seen simultaneously or successively (hence: bright-
geometric representation of colour in space, usually
ness contrast, lightness contrast, colour contrast,
of 3 dimensions
simultaneous contrast, successive contrast, etc.)
2. in the physical sense: quantity intended to
Colour temperature [Tc ]
correlate with the perceived brightness contrast,
temperature of a Planckian radiator whose
usually defined by one of a number of formulae
radiation has the same chromaticity as that of a
which involve the luminances of the stimuli
given stimulus
considered: for example by the proportional variation
Unit: K
in contrast near the luminance threshold, or by the
NOTE The reciprocal colour temperature is also
ratio of luminances for much higher luminances
used with unit
K-1 or MK-1 (where 1 MK-1 = 10-6 K-1)
whose previous name “mired” is now obsolete.
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Contrast control system
Counter-beam lighting (in a tunnel)
system which maintains the contrast of a
lighting where the light falls on objects from an
sign’s legend and its immediate background
opposite direction to the traffic
to achieve a legibility performance within
NOTE Counter-beam lighting is characterized
prescribed limits under varying ambient light
by using luminaires that show a luminous
conditions
intensity distribution that is asymmetric in
relation to the plane normal to the direction
Contrast rendering factor
of the traffic, where the maximum luminous
(of a lighting system, for a task)
intensity is aimed against the direction of the
ratio of the contrast of a task under the
traffic. The term refers only to the direction of
lighting system considered, to the contrast of
normal travel.
the same task under reference lighting
See also “Pro-beam lighting”, “Symmetric
Unit: 1
lighting” Abbreviation: “CBL”
Contrast revealing coefficient
Curfew
(of a tunnel lighting installation) [qc]
time during which stricter requirements
ratio between the luminance, L, of a road
(for the control of obtrusive light) will apply
surface and the vertical illuminance, Ev,
NOTE This is often a condition of use of
at a specific location in a tunnel
lighting applied by a government controlling
qc
L
Ev
authority, usually the local government.
Unit: sr -1
Contrast sensitivity [Sc ]
reciprocal of the least perceptible (physical)
L/ ' L, where
L is the average luminance and ' L is the
contrast, usually expressed as
luminance difference threshold
Unit: 1
NOTE The value of Sc depends on a number
of factors including the luminance, the viewing
conditions and the state of adaptation.
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Cut-off
1. technique used for concealing lamps and
surfaces of high luminance from direct view in order
to reduce glare
2. technique used for concealing lamps and surfaces of high luminance to reduce light emission
above the horizontal
NOTE In outdoor lighting, cut-off classifications
define the luminous intensity limits in two illumination
zones that occur within the range of 80° to 180°
above nadir. Light emitted in the 80° to 90° zone is
more likely to contribute to glare, and light emitted
above the horizontal is more likely to contribute to
sky glow.
Cut-off angle (of a luminaire)
angle, measured up from nadir, between the vertical
axis and the first line of sight at which the lamps and
the surfaces of high luminance are not visible
Unit: rad,
°
Cylindrical illuminance (at a point, for a given
direction of incidence) [Ev,z ; Ez]
See NOTE to “cylindrical irradiance”
Unit: lx
= lm·m-2
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Dark
Dim (adjective)
adjective used to describe low levels of
adjective used to describe low levels of bright-
lightness
ness
Design speed
Dimmer
1. speed utilized for design and determination
device in an electric circuit for varying the
of the physical features of a road that
luminous flux from lamps in a lighting
influence safe and efficient vehicle operation
installation
2. the maximum safe speed that can be
maintained over a specified section of a road
Direct flux (on a surface)
when conditions are favourable
luminous flux received by the surface directly
from a lighting installation
Diffused lighting
lighting in which the light on the working plane
Direct glare
or on an object is not incident predominantly
glare caused by self-luminous objects located
from a particular direction
in the visual field, especially near the line of
sight
Diffuser
device used to alter the spatial distribution of
Direct illuminance
radiation and depending essentially on the
illuminance due to the light received directly
phenomenon of diffusion
from sources or luminaires
NOTE If all the radiation reflected or transmit-
Unit: lx
= lm·m-2
ted by the diffuser is diffused with no regular
reflection or transmission, the diffuser is said
Direct lighting
to be completely diffusing, independent of
lighting by means of luminaires having a
whether or not the reflection or transmission
distribution of luminous intensity such that the
is isotropic.
fraction of the emitted luminous flux directly
reaching the working plane, assumed to be
of infinite extent, is 90% to 100%
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Directional lighting
Distribution curve (of luminous intensity)
lighting in which the light on the working plane or on
curve to express values of luminous intensity of a
an object is incident predominantly from a particular
source as a function of direction in space, and
direction
normally expressed in polar coordinates, i.e. with the
origin at the photometric centre
Disability glare
glare that impairs the vision of objects without
Diversity [Ud]
necessarily causing discomfort
ratio of minimum illuminance (luminance) to
NOTE The phenomenon results in the emission of
maximum illuminance (luminance) on (of) a surface
electromagnetic radiation which plays an essential
Unit: 1
part in all its applications in lighting.
Discharge lamp
lamp in which the light is produced, directly or
indirectly, by an electric discharge through a gas,
a metal vapour or a mixture of several gases and
vapours
NOTE According to whether the light is mainly
produced in a gas or in a metal vapour, one
distinguishes between gas discharge lamps, for
example xenon, neon, helium, nitrogen, carbon
dioxide lamps, and metal vapour lamps, such as
mercury vapour and sodium vapour lamps.
Discomfort glare
glare that causes discomfort without necessarily
impairing the vision of objects
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Electric lighting
lighting by electric light sources
NOTE Formerly “artificial lighting” was used,
but “artificial” is deprecated for use in English.
Emission spectrum (of a luminescent
material)
spectral distribution of the radiation emitted by a
luminescent material for a specified excitation
Enamelled bulb
bulb coated with a layer of translucent enamel
Environmental zones
area where specific activities take place or
are planned and where specific requirements
for the restriction of obtrusive light are
recommended
NOTE Zones are indicated by the zone
rating (E1 … E4); for Abu Dhabi „Urban Street
Design Manual“ they are referenced as:
Typical City – similar to E4-, Typical Town –
similar to E4-/E3-, Typical Residential – similar
to E3-, Typical Industrial – similar to E3-/E2-,
Landscape – similar to E1 description.
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Field of vision
Fluorescent lamp
extent of space in which objects are visible to an eye
discharge lamp of the low pressure mercury type in
in a given position
which most of the light is emitted by one or several
Equivalent term: “Visual field”
layers of phosphors excited by the ultraviolet
NOTE 1 In the horizontal plane meridian the field of
radiation from the discharge
vision extends to nearly 190° with both eyes open,
NOTE These lamps are frequently tubular and in
the area seen binocularly is about 120°, and the area
which case are often referred to as “fluorescent
seen by one eye only is about 154°.
tubes”.
NOTE 2 The extent of the field of vision tends to
diminish with age.
Fluorescent mercury discharge lamp
high intensity discharge lamp in which the major
Floodlight
portion of the light is produced, directly or indirectly,
projector designed for floodlighting, usually capable
by radiation from mercury operating at a partial
of being pointed in any direction
pressure in excess of 100 kPa
NOTE This term covers clear, phosphor coated
Floodlighting
(mercury fluorescent) and blended lamps. In a
lighting of a scene or object, usually by projectors, in
fluorescent mercury discharge lamp, the light is
order to increase considerably its luminance relative
produced partly by the mercury vapour and partly
to its surroundings
by a layer of phosphors excited by the ultraviolet
radiation of the discharge.
Floodlighting installation
lighting installation using floodlights to light a scene
or object (such as sports fields, exterior working
areas, monuments, statues and buildings)
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Gas discharge lamp
Glare by reflection
lamp in which the light is produced, directly or
glare produced by reflections, particularly
indirectly, by an electric discharge through a
when the reflected images appear in the same
gas, a metal vapour, or a mixture of several
or nearly the same direction as the object
gases and vapours
viewed
Equivalent term: “gaseous discharge lamp”
NOTE Formerly: “reflected glare”.
NOTE According to whether the light is mainly
produced in a gas or in a metal vapour, one
Glare rating limit [RG,L
]
distinguishes between gas discharge lamps,
maximum allowed value given by the CIE
for example xenon, neon, helium, nitrogen,
Glare
carbon dioxide lamp, and metal vapour
Rating system
lamps, for example the mercury vapour lamp
Unit: 1
and the sodium vapour lamp.
See also CIE 112-1994 Glare Evaluation System for Use within Outdoor Sports- and Area
General diffused lighting
Lighting
Abbreviation: “GRL”
Gloss (of a surface)
reaching the working plane, assumed to be
mode of appearance by which reflected
of infinite extent, is 40% to 60%
highlights of objects are perceived as
superimposed on the surface due to the
Glare
directionally selective properties of that
condition of vision in which there is discomfort
surface
or a reduction in the ability to see details or
objects, caused by an unsuitable distribution
or range of luminance, or by extreme
contrasts
See also “Disability glare”, “Discomfort glare”
G
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Half-peak divergence (of a projector, in a specified
High pressure sodium (vapour) lamp
plane)
high intensity discharge lamp in which the light is
angular extent of all the radius vectors of the polar
produced mainly by radiation from sodium vapour
curve of luminous intensity in the specified plane
operating at a partial pressure of the order of 10 kPa
having lengths greater than 50% of the maximum
Equivalent term used in the US: “one-half-peak
Horizontal illuminance [Ev,h ; Eh ]
spread”
illuminance on a horizontal plane
NOTE Outside US “beam spread” relates to the total
Unit: lx
= lm·m-2
angle within which the illuminance on a plane normal
to the axis of the beam exceeds 10% of the
Hot cathode lamp
maximum.
discharge lamp in which the light is produced by the
positive column of an arc discharge
High intensity discharge lamp
NOTE Such a lamp generally requires a special
electric discharge lamp in which the light-producing
starting device or circuit.
arc is stabilized by wall temperature and the arc has
a bulb wall loading in excess of 3 W·cm-2
Hot start lamp
NOTE High intensity discharge lamps include groups
hot cathode lamp which requires preheating of the
of lamps known as high pressure mercury, metal
electrodes for starting
halide and high pressure sodium lamps.
Equivalent term: “preheat lamp”
High pressure mercury (vapour) lamp
portion of the light is produced, directly or indirectly,
by radiation from mercury operating at a partial
pressure in excess of 100 kPa
NOTE This terms covers clear, phosphor coated
(mercury fluorescent) and blended lamps. In fluorescent mercury discharge lamp, the light is produced
partly by the mercury vapour and partly by a layer of
phosphors excited by the ultraviolet radiation of the
discharge.
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Ignitor
Illuminance uniformity [Uo ]
device intended, either by itself or in combi-
ratio of minimum illuminance to average
nation with other components, to generate
illuminance on a surface
voltage pulses to start a discharge lamp
Unit: 1
without providing for the preheating of the
Equivalent term: “uniformity ratio of
electrodes
illuminance”
NOTE The element that releases the starting
voltage pulse may be either triggered or non-
Illuminance vector (at a point)
triggered.
vector quantity equal to the directional
illuminance expressed as the maximum
Illuminance (at a point of a surface) [Ev;
1. quotient of the luminous flux
E]
dIV incident
difference between the illuminances on
opposite sides of an element of surface
on an element of the surface containing the
through the point considered, that vector
point, by the area dA of that element
being normal to and away from the side
2. equivalent definition: integral, taken over
with the greater illuminance
the hemisphere visible from the given point, of
the expression
LV cosTd: where Lv is the
Illuminant
luminance at the given point in the various
radiation with a relative spectral power
directions of the incident elementary beams of
distribution defined over the wavelength
solid angle
d : , and T
is the angle between
range that influences object colour perception
any of these beams and the normal to the
NOTE In everyday English this term is not
surface at the given point
restricted to this sense, but is also used for
EV
dIV
dA
³ LV cosT d:
any kind of light falling on a body or scene.
2S
Illuminant colorimetric shift
Unit: lx
-2
= lm·m
change in chromaticity and luminance factor
of an object colour stimulus caused by a
Illuminance meter
change in illuminant
instrument for measuring illuminance
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Illuminant colour shift
Indirect illuminance
change in the perceived colour of an object caused
illuminance produced by multiple reflections from in-
solely by change of illuminant in the absence of any
ternal and/or external surfaces
change in the observer’s state of chromatic
Unit: lx
= lm·m-2
adaptation
Indirect lighting
Illuminating engineering
lighting by means of luminaires having a distribution
art, science and design of lighting in general, and
of luminous intensity such that the fraction of the
development of systems for producing, directing,
emitted luminous flux directly reaching the working
controlling or applying light in particular
plane, assumed to be of infinite extent,
is 0% to 10%
Illumination
application of light to a scene, objects, or their
Induction luminaire
surroundings
luminaire connected to an electric network by means
Equivalent term: “lighting”
of the open magnetic circuit of a transformer which
NOTE This term is also used colloquially with the
is an integral part of the luminaire
meaning “lighting system” or “lighting installation”.
Inherent colour
Illumination colour
colour perceived to belong to an object irrespective
colour perceived as belonging to the light falling on
of the illumination and viewing conditions
objects
Initial average illuminance (over a surface,
[Eav,i; Ei ]
Indirect flux (on a surface)
of a lighting installation)
luminous flux received by the surface from a lighting
average illuminance on the specified surface when
installation, after reflection from other surfaces
the installation is new
Unit: lm
Unit: lx
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Initial average luminance (of a surface, of a
lighting installation)
[Lav,i ; Li ]
average luminance of the specified surface
when the installation is new
Unit: cd·m-2
Installation azimuth (with respect to a given
point on a road surface and a given luminaire
at its tilt during measurement)
[M ]
angle a chosen reference direction makes
with the vertical plane through the given point
and the first axis of the luminaire, when the luminaire is at its tilt during measurement
Unit: rad,
437
Lighting Vocabulary
°
NOTE The reference direction for a straight
road is by convention the longitudinal direction.
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Lambert’s (cosine) law
Lamp lumen maintenance factor
for a surface element whose radiance or luminance
See “Lamp luminous flux maintenance factor”
is the same in all directions of the hemisphere above
Lamp luminous flux maintenance factor [fLLM ]
the surface:
I (T )
I n cos T
where
I( T ) and In
ratio of luminous flux of lamp at a given time in the
life to the initial luminous flux
are the radiant or luminous
Unit: 1
intensities of the surface element in a direction at an
NOTE Initial luminous flux of lamps is usually
angle, T , from the normal to the surface and in the
declared at 1 h for incandescent and 100 h for
direction of that normal, respectively.
discharge lamps.
Abbreviation: “LLMF”
Lambertian surface
ideal surface for which the radiation coming from
Lamp survival factor [fLS ]
that surface is distributed angularly according to
fraction of the total number of lamps which continue
Lambert’s cosine law
to operate at a given time under defined conditions
NOTE For a lambertian surface, M
=S L
where
and switching frequency
M is the radiant exitance or luminous exitance,
and L the radiance or luminance.
Unit: 1
Lamela
Lamp voltage (of a discharge lamp)
Lamelas are the constituent elements of an anti-
voltage between the electrodes of the lamp during
dazzling device for different types of luminaires, with
stable operating conditions (the root mean square
the purpose of controlling light distribution and glare.
value in case of alternating
Special lamelas/luminaires are designed under the
current)
name “dark-light” luminaires for PC work station
Unit: V
Abbreviation: “LSF”
lighting.
Lampholder
Lamp
device which holds the lamp in position, usually by
source made in order to produce optical radiation,
having the cap inserted into it, in which case it also
usually visible
provides the means of connecting the lamp to the
NOTE This term is also sometimes used for certain
electric supply
types of luminaires.
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NOTE 1 The term “socket” or, when the
Light
context is clear, the abbreviation “holder”
1. characteristic of all sensations and
are commonly used instead of “lampholder”.
perceptions that is specific to vision
NOTE 2 See NOTE 2 to “Cap” and to
2. radiation that is considered from the point
“Base (US)”.
of view of its ability to excite the human visual
system
Life (of a lamp)
NOTE 1 This term has 2 meanings that
total time for which a lamp has been operated
should be clearly distinguished. When
before it becomes useless, or is considered to
necessary to avoid confusion between these
be so according to specified criteria
2 meanings the term “perceived light” may
NOTE Lamp life is usually expressed in hours.
be used in the first sense.
NOTE 2 Light is normally, but not always,
Life test (of a lamp)
perceived as a result of the action of a light
test in which lamps are operated under
stimulus on the visual system.
specified conditions for a specified time or to
the end of life and during which photometric
Light (adjective)
and electrical measurements may be made at
adjective used to describe high levels of
specified intervals
lightness
Life to X% failures (of a lamp)
Light emitting diode
length of time during which X% of the
solid state device embodying a p-n junction,
lamps subjected to a life test reach the end of
emitting incoherent optical radiation when ex-
their lives, the lamps being operated under
cited by an electric current
specified conditions and the end of life judged
Abbreviation: “LED”
according to specified criteria
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Light output ratio (of a luminaire) [RLO ]
Low pressure mercury (vapour) lamp
ratio of the total luminous flux of the luminaire,
discharge lamp of the mercury vapour type, with
measured under specified practical conditions with
or without a coating of phosphors, in which during
its own lamp(s) and equipment, to the sum of the
operation the partial pressure of the vapour does
individual luminous fluxes of the same lamp(s) when
not exceed 100 Pa
operated outside the luminaire with the same
equipment, under specified conditions
Low pressure sodium (vapour) lamp
Unit: 1
discharge lamp in which the light is produced by
Equivalent term used in the US: “luminaire efficiency”
radiation from sodium vapour operating at a partial
See also NOTE to “Optical light output ratio1”
pressure of 0,1 Pa to 1,5 Pa
Abbreviation: “LOR”
Lumen
Light pollution
SI unit of luminous flux
generic term indicating the sum total of all adverse
Unit: lm
effects of artificial light
1. luminous flux emitted in unit solid angle (steradian)
by a uniform point source having a luminous
Lighting fitting
intensity of 1 cd (defined by 9th General Conference
No longer in use: see “luminaire”
of Weights and Measures, 1948)
2. equivalent definition: luminous flux of a beam of
Lighting installation
monochromatic radiation whose frequency is
that part of a lighting system which comprises the
540 x 1012 Hz and whose radiant flux is 1/683 W
luminaires and their supporting structures, installed
at the location or property concerned
Lumen method
calculation method to predict the relationship
Loom (of a light)
between the number and form of light sources or
diffused glow that may be seen from outside a beam
luminaires, characteristics of the room and the
of light as an effect of atmospheric scattering of the
average illuminance on the working plane
light
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Luminaire
Luminance (in a given direction, at a given
apparatus which distributes, filters or trans-
point of a real or imaginary surface) [Lv;
forms the light transmitted from one or more
quantity defined by the formula:
L]
LV
dIV
dA cos Td:
and protecting the lamps and, where neces-
where
d ) v is the luminous flux transmitted
sary, circuit auxiliaries together with the
by an elementary beam passing through the
means for connecting them to the electric
given point and propagating in the solid
supply
angle,
lamps and which includes, except the lamps
themselves, all the parts necessary for fixing
d : , containing the given direction;
dA is the area of a section of that beam
Luminarie efficiency (US)
containing the given point;
Ratio of total luminous flux of the luminaire,
T
measured under specified practical conditions
section and the direction of the beam
with its own lamps and equipment, to the
Unit: cd·m-2
sum of the individual luminous fluxes of the
NOTE 1 The above equation does not
same lamp(s) when operated outside the
represent a derivative (i.e. a rate of change of
luminaire with the same equipment, under
flux with solid angle or area) but rather the
specified conditions
quotient of an element of flux by an element
Unit: 1
of solid angle and an element of area. In strict
Equivalent term used outside US: “light output
mathematical terms the definition could be
ratio”
written:
LV
is the angle between the normal to that
lim
A ,: o0
= lm·m-2·sr-1
IV
A : cosT
Luminaire maintenance factor [fLM ]
In practical measurements, A and
: should
ratio of the efficiency of a luminaire at a given
be small enough that variations in
I v ddo not
time to the initial efficiency value
affect the result. Otherwise, the ratio
Unit: 1
Abbreviation: “LMF”
IV
A : cos T
gives the average luminance
and the exact measurement conditions must
be specified.
NOTE 2 See NOTES 2 to 7 for “Radiance1”.
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Luminance coefficient (at a surface element of a
Luminance threshold
medium, in a given direction, under specified
lowest luminance of a stimulus which enables
conditions of illumination) [qv;
it to be perceived
q]
quotient of the luminance of the surface element in
Unit: cd·m-2
the given direction by the illuminance on the medium
NOTE The value depends on field size, surround,
q
state of adaptation, methodology, and other viewing
L
where
E
conditions.
L is the luminance in cd·m-2;
E is the illuminance in lx
Unit: sr-1
Luminance uniformity [Uo]
NOTE See NOTE to “Radiance coefficient1”.
Unit: 1
Luminance coefficient in diffuse illumination
Luminous colour
ratio of the luminance of a field to the illuminance on
colour perceived to belong to an area that appears
the plane of that field, for a diffuse illumination and
to be emitting light as a primary light source, or that
an observation direction forming a grazing angle with
appears to be specularly reflecting such light
the road surface
NOTE Primary light sources seen in their natural
Unit: cd·m
-2
ratio of minimum luminance to average luminance of
a surface
-1
·lx
surroundings normally exhibit the appearance of
luminous colours in this sense.
Luminance difference threshold
[ ' L]
smallest perceptible difference in luminance of
Luminous cylindrical exposure (at a point,
2 adjacent fields
for a given direction and duration) [Hv,z
Unit: cd·m-2
See NOTE to “Radiant cylindrical exposure1”
= lm·m-2·sr-1
NOTE The value depends on the methodology,
Unit: lx·s
; Hv]
= lm·s·m-2
luminance, and on the viewing conditions,
including the state of adaptation
Luminous efficacy (of a source)
[ K v; K ]
quotient of the luminous flux emitted by the power
consumed by the source
Unit: lm·W-1
See also NOTE to “Radiant efficiency1”
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Luminous efficacy (of radiation) [K]
quotient of the luminous flux,
corresponding radiant flux,
K
I v,
by the
Ie
)v
Ie
For other wavelengths:
K( O ) = Km V( O ) and K
K‘( O ) = K’m V‘( O ).
See also "Spectral luminous efficiency1”
Unit: lm·W-1
Luminous environment
NOTE 1 Luminous efficacy depends on a
sum total of physical conditions of light in
number of factors, particularly the state of
a scene that has the potential to influence
visual adaptation and the size and position of
human vision
the source in the visual field. For this reason it
[ I v; I ]
is possible to define a number of spectral
Luminous flux
luminous efficacy functions, for specific visual
quantity derived from the radiant flux,
conditions. Unless otherwise indicated, the
evaluating the radiation according to its action
luminous flux referred to in the definition
upon the CIE standard photometric observer
above is that determined using the CIE
Unit:
standard photometric observer i.e. using the
NOTE: For photopic vision
V( O ) and V’( O ) functions for photopic
and scotopic vision respectively.
Km ³
0
NOTE 2 For any spectral luminous efficacy
function,
lm
f
IV
K( O ), the luminous efficacy for
I e, by
dI e ( O )
dI (O )
V (O )dO where e
dO
dO
is the spectral distribution of the radiant flux
and V(Ȝ) is the spectral luminous efficiency.
monochromatic radiation at a frequency
540 x 1012 Hz, which corresponds to the
wavelength
O = 555,016 nm in standard air,
is defined as 683 lm·W-1.
NOTE 3 The maximum value of
K( O ) is
denoted by the symbol Km. For photopic
vision Km = 683 V(555 nm) / V(555,016 nm)
lm·W-1 = 683,002 lm·W-1 ≈ 683 lm·W-1
and for scotopic vision
K’m = 683 V‘(507 nm) / V’(555,016 nm)
lm·W-1 = 1 700,05 lm·W-1 ≈ 1 700 lm·W-1
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Luminous intensity (of a source, in a given
direction) [Iv;
I]
quotient of the luminous flux,
d I v , leaving the
source and propagated in the element of solid angle,
dȍ
containing the given direction, by the
element of solid angle
IV
dIV
d:
Unit: cd
= lm·sr -1
NOTE The definition holds strictly only for a point
source.
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Maintained average illuminance
(over a surface)
[Eav,m ; E m ]
Maintenance factor
(of a lighting installation) [fm ]
value below which the average illuminance
ratio of illuminance produced by the lighting
over the specified surface is not allowed to fall
installation after a certain period to the
Unit: lx
-2
= lm·m
illuminance produced by the installation
NOTE It is the average illuminance over the
when new
specified surface at the time maintenance
Unit: 1
should be carried out.
NOTE 1 The term “depreciation factor”
has been formerly used to designate the
Maintained average luminance
(of a surface)
[Lav,m ; Lm ]
reciprocal ofthe above ratio.
NOTE 2 The maintenance factor takes into
value below which the average luminance of
account light losses caused by dirt
the specified surface is not allowed to fall
accumulation on luminaires and room sur-
Unit: cd·m-2
faces (in interiors) or other relevant surfaces
NOTE It is the average luminance of the
(in exteriors, where appropriate), and the
specified surface at the time maintenance
decrease of the luminous flux of lamps.
must be carried out.
Abbreviation: “MF”
Maintained lighting values
Mesopic vision
values used in the calculation based on
vision by the normal eye intermediate
(a) the lamp luminous flux depreciation at the
between photopic and scotopic vision
planned time of replacement, (b) the luminaire
NOTE In mesopic vision, both the cones and
dirt depreciation, and (c) the room surface dirt
the rods are active.
depreciation (in interiors) or surface dirt
See also CIE 191:2010 Recommended
depreciation for other relevant surfaces
System for Mesopic Photometry based on
(in exteriors, where appropriate)
Visual Performance
Metal filament lamp
incandescent lamp whose luminous element
is a filament of metal
M
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Metal halide lamp
Noble Gases
The noble gases make a group of chemical elements
portion of the light is produced from a mixture of a
with similar properties. Under standard conditions,
metallic vapour and the products of the dissociation
they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases
of metal halides
with very low chemical reactivity. The six noble gases
NOTE The term covers clear and phosphor-coated
that occur naturally are helium (He), neon (Ne),
lamps.
argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and the
radioactive radon (Rn). Typically, energy saving
Modelling
lamps and/or metal halide lamps are using noble
effect of directional lighting to reveal the depth, shape
gas like argon, neon, krypton or xenon, or a mixture
and texture of an object or person
of these gases. Most lamps are filled with additional
materials, like mercury, sodium, and metal halides.
Monochromatic radiation
radiation characterized by a single frequency
NOTE 1 In practice, radiation of a very small range of
frequencies which can be described by stating a
single frequency.
NOTE 2 The wavelength in air or in vacuum is also
used to characterize a monochromatic radiation.
The medium must be stated.
NOTE 3 The wavelength in standard air is normally
used in photometry and radiometry.
See also “Wavelength”
Mounting height
1. in interior lighting: the distance between the FFL
(finished floor level) plane and the plane of the
luminaires
2. in exterior lighting: the distance between the
centre of the luminaire and the ground level
Unit: m
M N
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Object colour
Outdoor lighting
colour perceived as belonging to an object
any form of permanently installed exterior
lighting systems which emit light that impacts
Obtrusive light
on the outdoor environment
spill light which, because of quantitative or
directional attributes, gives rise to annoyance,
Overall uniformity of road surface
discomfort, distraction, or a reduction in ability
luminance [Uo]
to see essential information such as transport
ratio of the minimum luminance at a point to
signals
the average road surface luminance over an
evaluation area
One-half-peak spread (of a projector, in a
Unit: 1
specified plane) (US)
NOTE Where the luminance value refers only
angular extent of all the radius vectors of the
to the carriageway part of the road it can be
polar curve of luminous intensity in the
known as “carriageway luminance”.
specified plane having lengths greater than
50% of the maximum
Equivalent term used outside US: “half-peak
divergence”
Opal bulb
bulb in which all, or a layer, of the material
diffuses the light
Optical radiation
electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths
between the region of transition to X-rays
( O § 1 nm) and the region of transition to
radio waves ( O § 1 mm)
O
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Parting zone (of a road tunnel)
Photovoltaic cell
first part of the open road directly after the exit portal
photoelectric detector that utilizes the electromotive
of a tunnel
force produced by the absorption of optical radiation
NOTE The parting zone is not a part of the tunnel,
Equivalent term: “photoelement”
but it is closely related to the tunnel lighting. The
parting zone begins at the exit portal. It is advised
PIARC
that the length of the parting zone is equal to 2 times
acronym of the World Road Association, derived
the stopping distance. A length of more than 200m
from the name: Permanent International Association
is not necessary.
of Road Congresses
Photometry
Pin
measurement of quantities referring to radiation as
piece of metal, usually of cylindrical shape,
evaluated according to a given spectral luminous
fixed at the end of the cap so as to engage in the
efficiency function, e.g. V( O
corresponding hole in a lampholder for fixing the cap
) or V‘( O )
NOTE The term “photometry” is sometimes used in
and/or for making contact
a broader sense covering the science of optical
Equivalent term: “post”
radiation measurement (radiometry), but this use
NOTE The terms “pin” and “post” generally indicate
should be deprecated.
a difference in size, a pin being smaller than a post.
Photopic vision
Pin base (US)
Vision by the normal eye in which cones are the
base which has one or more pins Equivalent term
principle active photoreceptors.
used outside US: “pin cap”
NOTE 1 Photopic vision normally occurs when the
NOTE The international designation is F for a single
eye is adapted to levels of luminance of at least
pin, G for 2 or more pins.
5 cd · m-2
NOTE 2 Colour perception is typical of photopic
Pin cap
vision.
cap which has one or more pins Equivalent term
used in the US: “pin base”
NOTE The international designation is F for a single
pin, G for 2 or more pins.
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449
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Protected luminaire
luminaire with special protection against
ingress of dust, moisture or water
NOTE IEC publication 598-1 Luminaires
considers amongst others the following types
of protected luminaires: dust-proof luminaire,
dust-tight luminaire, drip-proof luminaire,
splash-proof luminaire, rain-proof luminaire,
jet-proof luminaire, watertight luminaire.
Protective glass
transparent or translucent part of an open
or closed luminaire designed to protect the
lamp(s) from dust or dirt, or to prevent their
contact with liquids, vapours or gases and
to render them inaccessible
Public lighting
lighting provided for the purposes of all-night
safety and security on public roads, cycle
paths, footpaths and pedestrian movement
areas within public parks and gardens
NOTE It can also, through strategies such
as “City Beautification” help to increase
commercial and tourist industries.
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Rated luminous flux (of a type of lamp)
Reference direction (of a floodlight)
value of the initial luminous flux of a given type
direction of the maximum luminous intensity from a
of lamp declared by the manufacturer or the
floodlight or, where there is no unique maximum, the
responsible vendor, the lamp being operated
direction of the origin to which the luminous intensity
under specified conditions
distribution of a floodlight is referred
Unit: lm
NOTE 1 The initial luminous flux is the luminous flux
Reference illuminant
of a lamp after a short ageing period as specified in
illuminant with which other illuminants are compared
the relevant lamp standard.
NOTE 2 The rated luminous flux is sometimes
Reference lamp (for testing ballasts)
marked on the lamp.
lamp selected for testing ballasts which, when
NOTE 3 In French, formerly “flux lumineux nominal”.
associated with a reference ballast under specified
conditions, has electrical values which are close to
Rated power (of a type of lamp)
the nominal values as stated in the relevant lamp
value of the electrical power of a given type of lamp
standard
declared by the manufacturer or the responsible
vendor, the lamp being operated under specified
Reference lighting
conditions
perfectly diffuse and unpolarized lighting by CIE
Unit: W
Standard Illuminant A of a task in a surround
NOTE 1 The rated power is usually marked on the
lamp.
Reference location
NOTE 2 In French, formerly “puissance nominale”.
location (in a designated zone of a certain zone
rating) for which the light pollution (the sky glow)
Rating (of a lamp)
is assessed
set of rated values and operating conditions of a
Equivalent term: “reference point”
lamp which serve to characterize and designate it
Recessed luminaire
luminaire suitable to be fully or partly recessed into a
mounting surface
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Reference plane
Reflectance factor (at a surface element,
plane in which the surface of a sample or
for the part of the reflected radiation
standard is placed during measurements
contained in a given cone with apex at the
NOTE 1 For reflection measurements,
surface element, and for incident radiation of
the geometry is defined with respect to the
given spectral composition, polarisation and
reference plane.
geometric distribution) [R]
For transmission measurements, there is
ratio of the radiant flux or luminous flux
a reference plane for the incident light and a
reflected in the directions delimited by the
second reference plane, displaced by the
given cone to that reflected in the same
sample thickness, for the transmitted light.
directions by a perfect reflecting diffuser
NOTE 2 In indoor and outdoor applications
identically irradiated or illuminated
this term is used as an equivalent to
Unit: 1
“reference surface”.
NOTE 1 For regularly reflecting surfaces that
are irradiated or illuminated by a beam of
Reference surface
small solid angle, the reflectance factor may
surface on which optical quantities are
be much larger than 1 if the cone includes
measured or specified
the mirror image of the source.
NOTE 2 If the solid angle of the cone
2 S sr, the reflectance factor
Reflectance (for incident radiation of given
approaches
spectral composition, polarization and geo-
approaches the reflectance for the same
metrical distribution)
[U ]
conditions of irradiation.
ratio of the reflected radiant flux or luminous
NOTE 3 If the solid angle of the cone
flux to the incident flux in the given conditions
approaches 0, the reflectance factor
Unit: 1
approaches the radiance factor or luminance
NOTE Reflectance,
U , is the sum of regular
U r, and diffuse reflectance,
U d: U = U r + U d
factor for the same conditions of irradiation.
reflectance,
Reflected luminance factor (at a surface of
a non-self-radiating medium in a given
direction, under specified conditions of
illumination)
[ E v,R]
See NOTE to “Luminance factor1”
Unit: 1
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Reflection
Reflector spotlight
process by which radiation is returned by a surface
projector with a simple reflector and sometimes
or a medium, without change of frequency of its
capable of adjustment of divergence by relative
monochromatic components
movement of lamp and mirror
NOTE 1 Part of the radiation falling on a medium is
reflected at the surface of the medium (“surface
Reflectorized bulb
reflection”); another part may be scattered back from
bulb having part of its interior or exterior surface
the interior or exterior surfaces of the medium
coated to form a reflecting surface to enhance the
(“volume reflection”).
light in particular directions
NOTE 2 The frequency is unchanged only if there
NOTE Such surfaces may remain transparent to
is no “Doppler effect” due to the motion of the
certain radiation, in particular to the infrared.
materials from which the radiation is returned.
Refraction
Reflectivity (of a material)
[ UD ]
process by which the direction of radiation is
reflectance of a layer of the material that is of
changed as a result of changes in its velocity of
sufficient thickness that there is no change of
propagation in passing through an optically non-
reflectance with increase in thickness
homogeneous medium, or in crossing a surface
Unit: 1
separating different media
Reflector
Refractor
device used to alter the spatial distribution of the
device used to alter the spatial distribution of the
luminous flux from a source and depending
luminous flux from a source and that depends on
essentially on the phenomenon of reflection
the phenomenon of refraction
Reflector lamp
Regular reflection
lamp in which part of the bulb, of suitable shape, is
reflection in accordance with the laws of geometrical
coated with a reflecting material so as to control the
optics, without diffusion
light
Equivalent term: “specular reflection”
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Regular transmission
Rotationally symmetrical luminous
transmission in accordance with the laws of
intensity distribution (of a source)
geometrical optics, without diffusion
distribution of luminous intensity which may
Equivalent term: “direct transmission”
be represented by rotating around an axis a
polar luminous intensity distribution curve in
Regular transmittance
[W r ]
a plane containing that axis
ratio of the regularly transmitted part of the
(whole) transmitted flux, to the incident flux
Unit: 1
See also NOTES to “Transmittance”
Related colour
colour perceived to belong to an area seen in
relation to other colours
Room surface maintenance factor [fRSM ]
ratio of the light reflected by the surfaces of a
room after a certain period of use of the lighting installation to light reflected when the installation is considered conventionally as new
Unit: 1
Abbreviation: “RSMF”
Rotation (of a luminaire)
[ȥ]
angle the first axis of the luminaire makes with
the nadir of the luminaire, when the tilt during
measurement is 0
Unit: rad,
°
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Scalar illuminance
Scotopic vision
quantity equal to the integrated luminance either on
Vision by the normal eye in which rods are the
any surface from its half space or in any point from
principle active photoreceptors
the whole space
NOTE 1 Scotopic vision normally occurs when the
Unit: lx
eye is adapted to levels of
luminance of less than
Scalar irradiance
~10-3 cd m-2.
quantity equal to the integrated radiance either on
NOTE 2 In comparison to photopic vision, scotopic
any surface from its half space or in any point from
vision is characterized by the lack of colour
the whole space
perception and by a shift of the visual sensitivity
Unit: W·m
-2
towards shorter wavelength.
Scattering
Screw base (US)
process by which the spatial distribution of a beam
base having its shell in the form of a screw thread
of radiation is changed when it is deviated in many
which engages the lampholder
directions by a surface or by a medium, without
Equivalent term used outside US: “screw cap”
change of frequency of its monochromatic
NOTE The international designation is E.
components
Equivalent term: “diffusion”
Screw cap
NOTE 1 A distinction is made between selective
cap having its shell in the form of a screw thread
scattering and non-selective scattering according to
which engages the lampholder
whether or not the scattering properties vary with
Equivalent term used in the US: “screw base”
the wavelength of the incident radiation.
NOTE The international designation is E.
NOTE 2 See NOTE 2 to “Reflection”.
Sealed beam lamp
Scattering indicatrix (for a specified incident
pressed-glass lamp designed to give a closely
beam)
controlled beam of light
See “Indicatrix of diffusion1”
Searchlight
high intensity projector having an aperture usually
greater than 0,2 m and giving an approximately
parallel beam of light
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Self-ballasted mercury lamp (US)
Semi-indirect lighting
lamp containing in the same bulb a mercury
vapour lamp and an incandescent lamp
filament connected in series
Equivalent term used outside US: “blended
reaching the working plane, assumed to be of
lamp”
infinite extent, is 10% to 40%
NOTE The bulb may be diffusing or coated
with phosphors.
Service illuminance (of an area)
average illuminance during one maintenance
Semiconductor ballast
cycle of an installation averaged over the
unit comprising semiconductor devices and
relevant area
stabilizing elements for the operation under
NOTE The area may be either the whole area
“AC” power of one or more discharge lamp(s)
of the working plane in an interior or the exte-
and energized by a “DC” or an “AC” source
rior areas.
Semi-cylindrical illuminance (at a point)
Shade
[Esc ]
screen which may be made of opaque or
arithmetic mean of the vertical illuminances
diffusing material and which is designed to
Ev at a point in the range of azimuth
prevent a lamp from being directly visible
angles
S
2
S
dM d
2
S
Esc
1
S
Unit: lx
complementary angle of the cut-off angle
2
³ EV dM
Shielding angle
Unit: rad,
S
2
°
NOTE This is the angle measured from the
-2
= lm·m
horizontal, down to which the lamp(s) is (are)
screened by the luminaire.
Semi-direct lighting
reaching the working plane, assumed to be of
infinite extent, is 60% to 90%
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Short-arc lamp
Specular
arc lamp, generally of very high pressure, in which
pertaining to flux reflected from the surface of an
the distance between the electrodes is of the order
object, without scattering, at an angle of reflection
of 1 mm to 10 mm
equal and opposite to the angle of incidence
Equivalent term: “compact source arc discharge
lamp”
Specular angle
NOTE Certain mercury vapour or xenon lamps
angle of reflection equal and opposite to the angle of
belong to this type.
incidence
Special floodlight
Spill light
lighting device with a specified half-peak divergence,
light emitted by a lighting installation which falls
less than 1,74 rad (100°), and a specified total
outside the boundaries of the property for which the
divergence
lighting installation is designed
Equivalent term: “Stray light1”
Spectrum
display or specification of the monochromatic
Spill shield
components of the radiation considered
screen made of translucent or opaque components
NOTE 1 There are line spectra, continuous spectra,
and geometrically disposed to prevent lamps from
and spectra exhibiting both these characteristics.
being directly visible over a given angle
NOTE 2 This term is also used for spectral
efficiencies (excitation spectrum, action spectrum).
Spotlight
projector having usually a small aperture and giving a
Spectrum locus
concentrated beam of light of usually not more than
locus, in a chromaticity diagram or in a tristimulus
0,35 rad (20°) divergence
space, of points that represent monochromatic
stimuli
Spotlighting
NOTE In tristimulus space, the spectrum locus is a
lighting designed to increase considerably the
cone that is called in German “Spektralkegel”
illuminance of a limited area or of an object relative to
(“spectral cone”) or, when including the vectors that
the surroundings, with minimum diffused lighting
represent the purple boundary, called in German
“Farbtüte”.
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Spread
Starterless fluorescent lamp
most distant longitudinal road line on the road
fluorescent lamp of cold or hot-start type
side of the lantern which intercepts the lantern
designed to operate with an auxiliary
beam
equipment which enables it, when switched
on, to start rather quickly without the
SR (abbreviation)
intervention of a starter
See “Surround ratio”
Starting device
sRGB colour space
apparatus which provides, by itself or in
colour space defined by IEC
combination with other components in the
See also IEC 61966-2-1
circuit, the appropriate electrical conditions
needed to start a discharge lamp
Standard lamp
lamp used as a reference in photometric or
Starting time
spectroradiometric measurements for which
time required for an arc discharge lamp to
the calibration is traceable to a primary
develop an electrically stable arc discharge,
photometric or spectroradiometric standard
the lamp being operated under specified
NOTE The term is sometimes also used for a
conditions and the time being measured from
portable luminaire on a high stand suitable for
the moment its circuit is energized
standing on the floor.
NOTE There is a time delay in the starting
Equivalent term used in the US for this usage:
device between the time when power is
“floor lamp”
applied to this device and the time when
power is applied to the lamp electrodes.
Starter
The starting time is measured from the latter
device, usually for fluorescent lamps, which is
moment.
used for the purpose of starting the lamp by
providing for the necessary preheating of the
Starting voltage
electrodes and, in combination with the series
the voltage between the electrodes which is
impedance of the ballast, causing a surge in
needed to start the discharge in the lamp
the voltage applied to the lamp
Unit: V
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Steradian
Surround ratio [Rs ]
SI unit of solid angle
average illuminance on strips, which are adjacent to
solid angle that, having its vertex at the centre of a
the edges of both sides of the carriageway, to the
sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere
average illuminance on the adjacent strips in the
equal to that of a square with sides of length equal
carriageway
to the radius of the sphere
Unit: 1
Symbol: sr
NOTE Specific requirements regarding the width of
See also ISO 80000-2 Quantities and units —
the strips are defined in CIE 140.
Part 2: Mathematical signs and symbols to be used
Abbreviation: “SR”
in the natural sciences and technology
Surrounding area
Stopping distance
strip surrounding the task area within the field of
distance necessary to stop the vehicle moving at the
vision
speed in question in total safety
NOTE In exterior applications this strip should have a
Unit: m
width of at least 2 m.
NOTE The stopping distance includes both the
distance covered while reacting and the distance
Switch-start fluorescent lamp
covered while braking.
fluorescent lamp designed to operate in a circuit
requiring a starter for the preheating of the
Surface colour
electrodes
colour perceived as belonging to a surface from
which the light appears to be diffusely reflected or
Symmetric lighting (in a tunnel)
radiated
lighting where the light equally falls on objects in
directions with and against the traffic
NOTE Symmetric lighting is characterized by using
luminaires that show a luminous
intensity distribution that is symmetric in
relation to the plane normal to the direction
of the traffic.
See also “Pro-beam lighting1”, “Counter-beam
lighting”
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Symmetrical luminaire
luminaire with a symmetrical luminous
intensity distribution.
Symmetrical luminous intensity
distribution (of a source)
distribution of luminous intensity having an
axis of symmetry or at least 1 plane of
symmetry
NOTE Sometimes this term is used in the
sense of the term “rotationally symmetrical
luminous intensity distribution”. This usage is
to be discouraged.
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Task area
Threshold zone luminance (at a specific location
partial area in the work place in which the visual task
in the threshold zone) [Lth ]
is carried out
average road surface luminance at a specific
NOTE For places where the size and/or location of
location in the threshold zone
the task area are unknown, the area where the task
Unit: cd·m-2
may occur is the task area.
Tilt in application (of a luminaire)
[șf]
Test distance (for photometric measurements)
angle between a defined datum axis on the luminaire
distance from the light centre to the limiting aperture
and the horizontal when the luminaire is mounted for
of the detector
field use
Unit: rad,
°
Threshold of illuminance
NOTE 1 The defined datum axis may be any feature
smallest illuminance (point brilliance), produced at
of the luminaire but generally for a side-mounted
the eye of an observer by a light source seen in point
luminaire it lies in the mouth of the luminaire canopy,
vision, which renders the source perceptible against
in line with the spigot axis. Another commonly used
a background of given luminance, where the
feature is the spigot entry axis.
illuminance is considered on a surface element that
NOTE 2 This is the actual tilt of the luminaire when it
is normal to the incident rays at the eye
is mounted for field use and should not be confused
Equivalent term: “visual threshold”
with “tilt normal in application” or “designed attitude”
NOTE For visual signalling, the light source must be
(see CIE 121-1996).
rendered recognizable, and hence a higher threshold
of illuminance is to be expected.
Total flux (of a source)
cumulative flux of a source for the solid angle
Threshold zone
4 S sr
Unit: lm
first part of the tunnel, directly after the portal
NOTE The threshold zone starts either at the
Traffic bollard
beginning of the tunnel or at the beginning of the
post used to indicate an obstruction or to regulate
daylight sunscreens when occurring. The length of
traffic that may be internally illuminated and may
the threshold zone is at least equal to the stopping
incorporate a regulatory traffic sign.
distance.
T
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Transition zone (of a road tunnel)
Transmittance (for incidence radiation of
part of a tunnel that follows directly after the
given spectral composition, polarization and
threshold zone and ends at the beginning of
geometric distribution)
the interior zone
ratio of the transmitted radiant flux or
NOTE In the transition zone, the lighting level
luminous flux to the incident flux in the given
is decreasing from the level at the end of the
conditions
threshold zone to the level of the interior zone.
Unit: 1
[W ]
NOTE Transmittance, W , is the sum of
Transition zone luminance (at a particular
regular transmittance,
location) [Ltr]
transmittance,
average road surface luminance in a
W W r W d
W
r, and diffuse
W d:
transverse section at that particular location
in the transition zone of the tunnel
Unit: cd·m-2
Translucency
the property of a specimen by which it
transmits light diffusely without permitting a
clear view beyond the specimen and not in
contact with it
Translucent medium
medium which transmits visible radiation
largely by diffuse transmission, so that
objects are not seen distinctly through it
Transmission
passage of radiation through a medium without change of frequency of its monochromatic
components
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Transmittance factor (of a specimen in an optical
system) [T]
ratio of flux transmitted by a specimen in a given
optical system to the flux transmitted when the
specimen is removed from the sampling aperture
Unit: 1
NOTE This is the case when e.g. radiation
penetrating a slide situated in a projector and
reaching a screen is compared to the radiation
when the slide is removed from the projector and
only an empty slide mount is in the projector.
Tungsten filament lamp
incandescent lamp whose luminous element is a
filament of tungsten
Tungsten halogen lamp
gas-filled lamp containing halogens or halogen
compounds, the filament being of tungsten
NOTE Iodine lamps belong to this category.
Tunnel
structure over a road that restricts the normal
daytime illumination of a road section such that the
driver’s capability to see is substantially diminished
T
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UCS diagram
Upward flux (of a source)
See “Uniform chromaticity scale diagram”
cumulative flux of a source for the solid
angle 2 S sr, above the horizontal plane
ULOR (abbreviation)
passing through the source
See “Upward light output ratio”
Unit: lm
ULR (abbreviation)
Upward flux fraction (of a luminaire)
See “Upward light ratio“
ratio of the upward flux to the total flux of the
luminaire
Uniform chromaticity scale diagram
Unit: 1
2-dimensional diagram in which the coordinates are defined with the intention of making
Upward light output ratio (of a luminaire)
equal distances represent as nearly as
ratio of the upward luminous flux of the
possible equal steps of colour discrimination
luminaire, measured under specified
of colour stimuli of the same luminance
conditions with its own lamp(s) and
throughout the diagram
equipment, to the sum of the individual
Equivalent term: “UCS diagram”
luminous fluxes of the same lamp(s) when
operated outside the luminaire with the same
Uniform colour space
equipment, under specified practical conditions
colour space in which equal distances are
Unit: 1
intended to represent threshold or supra-
threshold perceived colour differences of
Abbreviation: “ULOR”
equal size
Upward light ratio
Unique hue
proportion of the flux of a luminaire or
hue that cannot be further described by the
installation that is emitted, at and above the
use of hue names other than its own
horizontal, when the luminaire(s) is (are)
Equivalent term: “Unitary hue”
mounted in its (their) installed position
NOTE There are 4 unique hues: red, green,
Unit: 1
yellow and blue forming 2 pairs of opponent
NOTE ULR is exactly the same as ULORinst
hues: red and green, yellow and blue.
as used in CIE 126-1997. Abbreviation: “ULR”
U
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Utilance (of an installation, for a reference surface)
[U]
ratio of the luminous flux received by the reference
surface to the sum of the individual output fluxes of
the luminaires of the installation
Unit: 1
Utilization factor (of an installation, for a
reference surface)
ratio of the luminous flux received by the reference
surface to the sum of the rated individual luminous
fluxes of the lamps of the installation
Unit: 1
Equivalent term used in the US: “Coefficient of
utilization1”
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Veiling glare (imaging)
Viewing flare
light, reflected from an imaging medium, that
veiling glare that is observed in a viewing
has not been modulated by the means used
environment but not accounted for in
to produce the image
measurements made using a prescribed
NOTE 1 Veiling glare lightens and reduces the
measurement geometry
contrast of the darker parts of an image.
NOTE The viewing flare is expressed as a
NOTE 2 The veiling glare is sometimes
percentage of the luminance of adapted
referred to as “ambient flare”.
white.
Veiling luminance (for disability glare)
Visibility (of a sign)
luminance that superimposes on the retinal
range of visual perception, normally measured
image and reduces the contrast by stray light
in terms of the threshold distance at which a
in the eye
sign becomes visible
Unit: cd·m-2
Visibility level [FVL]
Veiling reflections
ratio to indicate how much the contrast of the
specular reflections that appear on the object
target is above threshold contrast, based on
viewed and that partially or wholly obscure the
the formula
details by reducing contrast
FVL
Vertical illuminance [EV,V ;
EV]
illuminance on a vertical plane
Unit: lx
'Lactual 'Lthreshold where
-2
= lm·m
' Lactual is the real difference in luminance
between the target and its background
' Lthreshold is the luminance difference
Vertical photometric angle
(of a light path)
[Ȗ]
needed
between a target of a certain angular size and
angle between the light path and the first axis
its background for the target to be just visible
of the luminaire
that is at the threshold
Unit: rad,
Unit: 1
°
V
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Visible radiation
Visual colorimetry
any optical radiation capable of causing a visual
colorimetry in which the eye is used to make
sensation directly
quantitative comparisons between colour stimuli
NOTE There are no precise limits for the spectral
range of visible radiation since they depend upon the
Visual contrast threshold
amount of radiant power reaching the retina and the
smallest contrast, produced at the eye of an
responsivity of the observer. The lower limit is
observer by a given object, which renders the object
generally taken between 360 nm and 400 nm and
perceptible against a given background
the upper limit between 760 nm and 830 nm.
NOTE For meteorological observations, the object
must be rendered recognizable, and hence a higher
Visual acuity
threshold is to be expected. The value of 0,05 has
1. qualitatively: capacity for seeing distinctly fine
been adopted as the basis for the measurement of
details that have very small angular separation
meteorological optical range.
2. quantitatively: any of a number of measures of
spatial discrimination such as the reciprocal of the
Visual guidance
value of the angular separation in minutes of arc of
means that ensure that motorists are given adequate
2 neighbouring objects (points or lines or other
information on the course of the road
specified stimuli) which the observer can just
perceive to be separate
Visual perception
Equivalent term: “Visual resolution1”
interpretation of visual sensation
Visual angle
Visual performance
angle subtended by an object or detail at the point
quality of performance of the visual system of an
of observation
observer related to central and peripheral vision
NOTE The SI unit for the angle is rad although it may
also be measured in milliradians, degrees, or
Visual photometry
minutes of arc.
photometry in which the eye is used to make
See also “Angular subtense1”
quantitative comparisons between light stimuli
V
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Visual range
greatest distance at which a given object
can be recognized in any particular circumstances, as limited only by the atmospheric
transmissivity and by the visual contrast
threshold
NOTE In aviation terminology, the term is also
used for the luminous range of a signal light.
Visual task
visual elements of the work being done
NOTE The main visual elements are the size
of the structure, its luminance, its contrast
against the background and its duration.
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Wavelength
[O ]
Work place
distance in the direction of propagation of a periodic
place intended to house work stations on the
wave between 2 successive positions at which the
premises of the undertaking and/or establishment
phase is the same
and any other place within the area of undertaking
Unit: m
and/or establishment to which the worker has
NOTE 1 The wavelength in a medium is equal to the
access in the course of his employment
wavelength in vacuo divided by the refractive index
of the medium. Unless otherwise stated, values of
Working plane
wavelength are generally those in air. The refractive
reference surface defined as the plane at which work
index of standard air (for spectroscopy: T = 15° C,
is usually done
p = 101 325 Pa)
Equivalent term: “Work plane1”, “Utilization plane1”
lies between 1,000 27 and 1,000 29 for visible
NOTE 1 In interior lighting and unless otherwise
radiation.
indicated, this plane is assumed to be a horizontal
NOTE 2
O = v / X , where O
is the wavelength in
a medium, v is the phase velocity in that medium
and
X
the frequency.
plane 0,85m above the floor and limited by the walls
of the room. In the US the working plane is usually
assumed to be 0,76m above the floor, in Russia
NOTE 3 In optical radiation the units “nm” and
0,8m above the floor.
“ P m” are generally used.
NOTE 2 In external lighting and unless otherwise indicated, this plane is assumed to be a horizontal
Wide angle luminaire
plane 0,05m above the floor (street level) and limited
luminaire which distributes light over a comparatively
by the curbs, or the border of field to be calculated
wide solid angle
NOTE In contrast with wide angle luminaires, narrow
angle luminaires are not defined since practically
these are projectors (see “Projector1”).
W
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“x” height
height of the lower case letter “x” within a
given character set
Unit: mm
See also “Character height”
X
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Zonal flux (of a source, for a zone)
difference of the cumulative fluxes of the
source for the solid angles subtended by the
upper and lower boundaries of the zone
Unit: lm
Z
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Chapter P
References
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473
References
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1.0 Acknowledgements
H.E. Musabbah Mubarak Musabbah Al Marar
Acting General Manager, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Eng. Eisa Mubarak Al Mazrouei
Executive Director, Municipal Infrastructure & Assets Sector, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Eng. Majed Abed Al Kathiri
Division Director, Internal Roads and Infrastructure, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Eng. Ahmed Saif Al Saedi
Section Head – O&M of Internal Roads & Street Lighting and Public realm Team, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Jamal El Zarif, Ph.D.
Technical Advisor, Municipal Infrastructure & Assets Sector, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Ian Rose
Landscape Consultant, Parks & Recreational Facilities Division, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Mona Rizk
Project Development Consultant, Parks & Recreational Facilities Division, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Eng. Khaled N. Al Junadi
Environment Expert, Town Planning Sector, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Eng. Khaled Jaman Al Sokhny
Consultant-Coordination-ADEA, Infrastructure Coordination & Services, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Martin Valentine MSLL PLDA
Lighting Expert, Executive Director Office, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Gordon McMurray
Head of Project Management, World Planners Consultant Engineers (WP) llc
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475
References
2.0 Executive Leadership and Higher Steering Committee
Department of Municipal Affairs (DMA)
Abu Dhabi Quality and Conformity Council (ADQCC)
3.0 Technical Advisory Committee
Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council (UPC)
Abu Dhabi City Municipality (ADM)
Al Ain City Muncipality (AAM)
Western Region Municipality (WRM)
Masdar
Musanada
Department of Transport (DoT)
4.0 DMA Project Coordinator / Advisor
Martin Valentine MSLL PLDA
Lighting Expert, Executive Director Office, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
5.0 Consultant Team – The Contributors
Local Consultant (Abu Dhabi)
World Planners LLC – Consultant Engineers
Email: [email protected]
Camille Feghali
Managing Director
Tasks:
Local coordination, local office, contract related issues
International Consultant (Austria)
Lichttechnische Planung – Lighting Design Austria e.U.
Helmut Regvart
General Manager
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Local Manager – Coordinator (Abu Dhabi)
Gordon McMurray
Chartered Architect (London UK)
RIBA Honorary Life Member
Registered Consultant Architect (Middle East)
Editorial Board (Austria)
Helmut Regvart
Deshprim Krasniqi
Elisabeta-Monica Manescu
Editorial Board English (Abu Dhabi)
Mr. Gordon McMurray
Graphic Design (Austria)
(Pictures, Graphs, Drawings, etc.)
Lighting Calculations & Studies (Austria)
Deshprim Krasniqi
Layout and Handbook Graphic Design (Austria)
Eva Wallnberger Graphikdesign
Eva Wallnberger
Herbert Gererstorfer
Photographers (Abu Dhabi & Austria)
Martin Valentine
Helmut Regvart
Deshprim Krasniqi
All rights on photographs and graphics are reserved by LDA and ADM.
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6.0 References, Standards and Documents
used to develop this Comprehensive Handbook
The below listing will include all persons, researches and studies named in the different
documents listed below. All graphics used are hand-drawn by LDA, based on information
available in the public domain.
6.1 Authorities, Local Standards and Guidelines to be referred to for
Development and Design of Public Realm and Street Lighting
Urban Planning Council (UPC)
UPC Abu Dhabi 2030 Plan
UPC Public Realm Design Manual (PRDM)
UPC Urban Street Design Manual (USDM)
UPC USDM-Manual-English - latest version
UPC Community Facility Planning Standards (CFPS)
UPC Estidama-PCRS Pearl Community Rating System (latest version)
UPC Estidama-PCRS Submittal User Guide – PQP
UPC Interim Coastal Development Guidelines (ICDG)
UPC Abu Dhabi Safety and Security Planning Manual (SSPM)
UPC Utility Corridors Design Manual (UCDM)
UPC Al Bateen Waterfront Design Guidelines
DMA Abu Dhabi Sustainable Lighting Strategy 2010
DMA Lighting Specification - Roadway/Parking, Tunnels/Underpasses,
Lighting Poles & Public Lighting Management System (latest version)
DMA Lighting Specification - Parks, Public Realm & Architectural Lighting (latest version)
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References
478
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Abu Dhabi City Municipality (ADM)
(All to be the latest available versions, unless stated otherwise)
ADM Lighting Best Practice for Roads and Parks/Public Realm 2012
ADM Interim Advice Note - Solar Street Lighting Specification 2013
ADM PRFD Landscape Design Guidelines
ADM PRFD Design Stage Requirements
ADM PRFD-3rd Party Landscape Design Submission Requirement
ADM Standard Specifications
ADM Standard Drawings
ADM Design Manuals
ADM IRI Sustainability Guideline Standard
ADM Abu Dhabi Work Zone Traffic Management Manual – Safety & Traffic
Solutions Committee
ADM Corporate Identity Guidelines
ADM Paving Design Guidelines
Al Ain Municipality (AAM)
(Latest documents available covering the below)
AAM Standard Specifications
AAM Standard Drawings
AAM Road Design Guidelines
AAM Landscape Design Guidelines
AAM Design Stage Requirements
AAM Corporate Identity Guidelines
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479
References
Western Region Municipality (WRM)
(Latest documents available covering the below)
WRM Standard Specifications
WRM Standard Drawings
WRM Road Design Guidelines
WRM Landscape Design Guidelines
WRM Design Stage Requirements
WRM Corporate Identity Guidelines
Department of Transport (DOT)
(All to be the latest available versions)
DOT Walking and Cycling Master Plan
DOT WCMP Network Design
DOT Right of Way Utilities Distribution Manual
DOT Environmental Assessment for Roads Projects
DOT Abu Dhabi Bus Stop Design Guidelines and Standards
DOT Standard Specifications & Manuals
Emirates Authority for Standardization and Metrology (ESMA)
Conformity Assessment System For Lighting Products (latest version)
Abu Dhabi Certification Scheme for LED Exterior Lighting Fixtures (Luminaires)
(latest version)
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6.2 Norms, Standards and Publications used to develop this Handbook
ÖNORM O 1051
Issued: 2007-07-01
Streetlighting Lighting for Conflict Zones
ÖNORM O 1052
Issued: 2012-10-01
Emissions of Light Measurement and Judgement
ÖNORM O 1053
Issued: 2011-09-15
Streetlighting Selection of Lighting Classes Connections to Traffic-flow
ÖNORM EN 1838
Issued: 2013-09-01
Lighting applications – Emergency lighting
ÖNORM EN 12193
Issued: 2008-04-01
Light and lighting – Sports lighting
ÖNORM EN 12464-1
Issued: 2011-07-01
Light and lighting – Lighting of work places
ÖNORM EN 12464-2
Issued: 2013-07-15
Lighting of work places – Part 2:
Outdoor work places
ÖNORM EN 12665
Issued: 2011-10-15
Light and lighting – Basic terms and criteria
for specifying lighting requirements
ÖNORM CEN/TR 13201-1
Issued: 2005-09-01
Road lighting Part 1: Selection of lighting classes
ÖNORM EN 13201-2
Issued: 2004-02-01
Road lighting Part 2: Performance requirements
ÖNORM EN 13201-3
Issued: 2007-06-01
Road lighting Part 3: Calculation of performance
ÖNORM EN 13201-4
Issued: 2004-02-01
Road lighting Part 4: Methods of Measuring
Lighting Performance
ÖNORM EN 13201-5
Issued: 2013-09-15
Road lighting Part 5: Energy performance indicators
ÖNORM EN 16268
Issued: 2013-03-01
Performance of reflecting surfaces for luminaires
12.11.2014
12:24 Uhr
Seite 481
ÖNORM EN 16276
Issued: 2013-03-01
Evacuation Lighting in Road Tunnels
CIE 23-1973
Issued: 1996
International Recommendations for
Rev. 01 Motorway Lighting
CIE 34-1977
Issued: 1990
Road Lighting Lantern and Installation
data Classification and Performance
CIE 61-1984
Issued: 2008
Tunnel Entrance Lighting
A Survey of Fundamentals for Determining
the Luminance in the Threshold Zone
CIE 66-1984
Issued: 2008
Road Surfaces and Lighting Joint-technical
Report CIE/PIARC
CIE 88-2004 2nd Edition
Issued: 2004
Guide for the Lighting of Road Tunnels
and Underpasses
CIE 95-1992
Issued: 1992
Contrast and Visibility
CIE 94-1993
Issued: 1993
Guide for Floodlighting
CIE 115-2010 2nd Edition
Issued: 2010
Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic
CIE 127-1997
Issued: 1997
Guidelines for Minimizing Sky Glow
CIE 132-1999
Issued: 1999
Design Methods for Lighting of Roads
CIE 140-2000
Issued: 2000
Road Lighting Calculations
CIE 150-2003
Issued: 2003
Guide on the Limitation of Obtrusive Light
from Outdoor Lighting Installations
CIE 189-2010
Issued: 2010
Calculation of Tunnel Lighting Quality Criteria
Abu Dhabi
Lighting
Handbook
481
References
482
12.11.2014
12:24 Uhr
Seite 482
CIE 194-2011
Issued: 2011
On-site Measurement of the Photometric
Properties of Road and Tunnel Lighting
CIE S 015/E:2005
Issued: 2005
Lighting of Outdoor Work Places
CIE S 017/E:2011
Issued: 2011
ILV: International Lighting Vocabulary
IESNA G-1-03
Issued: 2003-03-01
Guideline for Security Lighting for People,
Property, and Public Spaces
IESNA TM-15-07
Issued: 2007
Blacklight, Uplight, and Glare (BUG) Ratings
ANSI/IESNA RP-8-00
Issued: 2000-06-27
American National Standard Practice for
Roadway Lighting
ANSI/IES RP 22-11
Issued: 2014-04-16
ANSI/ANSLG C78.377-2011 Issued: 2011
Tunnel Lighting
American National Standard for Specifications
for the Chromaticity of Solid State Lighting
(SSL) Products
Joint IDA-IESNA
Issued: 2011-06-15
Model Outdoor Lighting Ordinance (MLO)
HEMSA Issue 3.0
Issued: June 2011
Interim Guidance Note for the Specification of
Highway Electrical LED Products
The Society of
Light and Lighting
Fact-File No.7
Issued: January 2011
Design and Assessment
of Exterior Lighting Schemes
The Society of
Light and Lighting
Issued: November
2012 Guide to limiting obtrusive light
12.11.2014
12:24 Uhr
Seite 483
Scottish Executive
Issued: March 2007
Controlling Light Pollution and Reducing Lighting
Energy Consumption
ILP Institution of Lighting
Professionals
GN01:2011
Issued: 2011
Guidance Notes for the Reduction of Obtrusive Light
GN01:2005
Issued: 2005
Guidance Notes for the Reduction of Obtrusive Light
ILE Light-Cast
Issued: 2009-09-16
Understanding LEDs
Issued: October 2003
Environmental Considerations for Exterior Lighting
Issued: 2010-09-01
(NLPIP) National Lighting Product Information Program
ILE The Institution of
Lighting Engineers
The Chartered Institution
of Building Services Engineers
Fact-File No. 7 Revision 1
October 2003
Lighting Research
Centre NY / USA
Volume 13 No 1(Revised October 2010)
Streetlights for Collector Roads
licht.de / licht.wissen 01
(Germany)
Issued: no info
Artificial Lighting
Issued: no info
Streets, Walkways, Squares, Plazas
Issued: no info
Outdoor Workplaces
licht.de / licht.wissen 03
(Germany)
licht.de / licht wissen 13
(Germany)
Abu Dhabi
Lighting
Handbook
483
References
484
12.11.2014
12:24 Uhr
Seite 484
LiTG Lichttechnische
Gesellschaft – German Lighting Society
Issued: Sep. 1981
Methods of Judgement of Glare produced
by Streetlighting
Gesellschaft– German Lighting Society
Issued: Nov. 1991
Methods of Calculation of Luminescence
and Illuminance for Streetlighting
Issued: May 1998
Streetlighting and Safety
Vers. 12.3
Issued: May 2011
Recommendations for measurement, Judgement
and Reduction of Lightemissions of artificial
Light-sources
German Standard
DIN 67523-1
Issued: June 2010
Lighting of Pedestrian Crossings with
additional Lighting Part 1: General Quality Characteristics and
Guide Values
German Standard
DIN 67523-2
Issued: June 2010
Lighting of Pedestrian Crossings with
additional Lighting Part 2: Calculation and Measurement
German Standard
DIN 67524-1
Issued: July 2008
Lighting of Street Tunnels and Underpasses
Part 1: General Quality Characteristics and
Guide Values
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12:24 Uhr
Seite 485
German Standard
DIN 67524-2
Issued: June 2011
Lighting of Road Tunnels and Underpasses
Part 2: Calculation and Measurement
Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council
Vision 2030 Rev. 1.0
Urban Street Design Manual
ESMA
Emirates Authority for
Standardization and
Metrology
Issued: 2014
Conformity Assessment System forLighting Products
Issued: 2011-11-01
Roadway/Parking, Lighting Poles Rev.01 & Public
DMA Lighting
Specification
Lighting Management System
Illuminating
Engineering Society
Tenth Edition
The Lighting Handbook Reference and Application
IES LM-79-08
Issued: 2008
Electrical and Photometric Measurements
of Solid-State Lighting Products
The Society of Light
and Lighting
Issued: February 2009
The SLL Lighting Handbook
Issued: March 2012
The SLL Code for Lighting
The Society of Light
and Lighting
Light-Emitting Diodes
by E. Fred Schubert
Chapter 16: Human Eye Sensitivity and
photometric Quantities
Abu Dhabi
Lighting
Handbook
485
References
486
12.11.2014
12:24 Uhr
Seite 486
6.3 Referenced Norms and Standards - International
BS EN13032-1 (2004)
Issued: 2004
Light and Lighting - Measurement and Presentation
of Photometric Data of Lamps and Luminaires
Part 1: Measurement and File Format.
IES LM-79-08
Issued: 2008
Electrical and Photometric Measurements
of Solid-State Lighting Products
ANSI /NEMA /ANSLG
C78.377-2008
Issued: 2008
For Electric Lamps - Specifications for the Chromaticity
of Solid State
BS 667:2005
Issued: 2005-01-28 Illuminance meters. Requirements and Test Methods
BS EN 5489-2:2003
Issued: 2003-12-11 Code of Practice for the Design of Road Lighting.
Lighting of Tunnels
CIE 088:2004
Issued: 2004
Guide for the Lighting of Road Tunnels and Underpasses
CIE 140-2000
Issued: 2000
Road Lighting Calculations
BS EN/CEN/TR 13201-1
Issued: 2005-09-01 Road lighting Part 1: Selection of lighting classes
ANSI/IESNA RP-8-00
Issued: 2000-06-27 American National Standard Practice for Roadway Lighting
ANSI /CEA-709.1-B
Issued: May 2002
Control Network Protocol Specification
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12:24 Uhr
Seite 487
ISO/IEC/EN 14908-1:2012 Issued: 2012-10-26 Information Technology - Control Network Protocol Part 1: Protocol Stack
ISO/IEC/EN 14908-2:2012 Issued: 2012-02-14 Information Technology - Control Network Protocol Part 2: Twisted Pair Communication
ISO/IEC/EN 14908-3:2012 Issued: 2012 02-14 Information Technology -- Control Network Protocol Part 3: Power Line Channel Specification
ISO/IEC/EN 14908-4:2012 Issued: 2012-02-14
Information Technology - Control Network Protocol Part 4: IP Communication
GB/T 20299.4-2006
Issued: 2006-01-12 Digital Technique Application of Building and Residence
Community - Part 4: Application Requirements of
Control Network Communication Protocol
ANSI/TIA/EIA-485-A-1998 Issued: 2003-03-28 Standard Defining the Electrical Characteristics of Drivers
and Receivers for use in balanced Digital Multipoint Systems
(RS-485 interface)
ANSI E1.11-2008/USITT DMX512-A
Issued: 2004
Asynchronous Serial Digital Data Transmission Standard
for Controlling Lighting Equipment and Accessories
Abu Dhabi
Lighting
Handbook
487
References
488
12.11.2014
12:24 Uhr
Seite 488
6.4 Referenced Norms and Standards - Local
DMA Lighting Specification
Roadway / Parking,
Issued: 2011-11-01 Tunnels / Underpasses
Rev.01
Lighting Poles & Public Lighting
Management System
DMA Lighting Specification
Parks, Public Realm &
Issued: 2011-11-01 Architectural Lighting System
Rev.0
(USDM)
Rev. 1.0
(PRDM)
Urban Street Design Manual
Public Realm Design Manual
Rev. 1.0
Emirates Authority for Standardization
Conformity Assessment System
for and Metrology (ESMA)
Lighting Products
Issued: 2014
Abu Dhabi Quality and Conformity Council
Abu Dhabi Certification Scheme
for (ADQCC)
LED Exterior Lighting Fixtures
Issued: 2014
(Luminaires)
12.11.2014
12:24 Uhr
Seite 489
7.0 Referenced Lighting Societies and Organisations
IES/IESNA
Illuminating Engineering Society (of North America)
CIE
International Commission of Illumination
SLL
Society of Light & Lighting
ILE
Institute of Lighting Engineers (now ILP)
ILP
Institute of Lighting Professionals (formerly ILE)
IDA
International Dark-Sky Association
POLC
Pennsylvania Outdoor Lighting Council
ISO
International Organisation of Standardisation
CEN
European Committee for Standardisation
CENELEC
European Committee for Electro-technical Standardisation
ANFOR
Association Francis de Normalisation
EN
European Norms
LiTG
German Society for Lighting Technology
LTG
Austrian Society for Lighting Technology
SLG
Swiss Lighting Society
489
References
LUX-Europa European Lighting Congress
Abu Dhabi
Lighting
Handbook
490
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12:24 Uhr
Seite 490
Notes
12.11.2014
12:24 Uhr
Seite 491
491
Notes
Abu Dhabi
Lighting
Handbook
492
12.11.2014
12:24 Uhr
Seite 492
Notes
12.11.2014
12:24 Uhr
Seite 493
12.11.2014
ISBN 978-3-200-03884-4
12:24 Uhr
Seite 494

Road Lighting

Transcription

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