The Fourth Survey on Vessel Traffic Services in the World Abstract

Transcription

The Fourth Survey on Vessel
Traffic Services in the World
by
Namio MIZUKI
and Yahei FUJII
Abstract
VTS (vessel traffic services)
system is a countermeasure to solve delay due to congestion and to decrease
losses due to traffic accidents. Survey on VTSs in the world started in the Electronic
Research institute
(ENRI)
in 1977 and 3 reports have been published based on answers to questionnaires
in 3 consecutive surveys. This report
presents the results from the 4th survey on VTSs.
Twoinquiry formats are prepared in the 4th survey; FORMAT A (abbreviated format) and FORMAT B (with
detailed
information).
The answers to FORMAT A and B yield List A and B respectively.
These lists are given
in APPENDIX 1.2 and 1.3 where List A involves some data of previous surveys which are not updated. List C is
a short list of VTSs grouped in 5 types of VTS area, i.e., sea VTS, route VTS, integrated
VTS, terminal VTS and
protection
VTS.
The results are analyzed mainly with respect to the type of VTS area, type of authority,
type of management,
size of VTS area, cost to establish,
number of staffs, number of surveillance
radars and other equipments. Most
of these variables are either countable or measurable. Frequency distributions
of VTSs distribute
in wide ranges
of such variables.
Therefore, logarithmic
scales and cumulative relative frequency (CRF) distributions
are employed to analyze the results.
Various tables thus obtained would, the authors hope, give considerably
fair perspectives
on the VTSs in the
world at present. Comparison of the result of survey with those of previous surveys might indicate direction
of the
evolution.
Appendix includes lists of VTSs as the direct result of the survey, and guide specifications
for VTS design
based on the study in the VTS Laboratory of ENRI.
* Evaluation Division
* * Advisor, the Shipbuilding
(former Director General
Research Association
of ENRI)
of Japan
Table of contents
1 INTRODUCTION
2 INQUIRY SURVEY
2.1 Survey Method
2.2 Definitions and Abbreviations
2.3 Answers
3 RESULT
3.1 Distribution of Locations
3.2 Type of Area and Authority
3.3 Management and Participant
3.4 Area Factors
3.5 Installation
3.6 Cost to Establish VTS
3.7 Staff
4 SUMMARY
4.1 Summary of Survey Results à"à"
4.2 Considerations
5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
References
APPENDIX 1 LISTS
A1-1 List C (Short List)
A1-2 List A (Based on Format A)
A1-3 List B (Based on Format B)
APPENDIX 2 GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS FOR VTS DESIGN
A2-1 Ship Separation, Lane Width and Traffic Capacit
A2-2 Loss Due to Traffic Accidents
1.
Electronic
:
INTRODUCTION
The history of VTS with radar surveillance
and VHF AM communication capabilities
started at Liverpool
Port Operation Centre in 1948. After international
adoption of VHF FM radio for maritime use, VTS with radar
chain and VHF spread to countries around the North Sea in 1960's. Coast guards in North America also began to
establish
VTSs along their coast and inland waters. These two areas are origins of VTS.
Our first survey on VTSs in the world was made in 1977-78 with particular
interest on shore-based radars.
The second survey report in 1983 introduced computerized system intensively
where brief introduction
to marine
traffic studies in the
Navigation
Resarch Institute (ENRI, of Ministry of Transport, Japan) is added. We
are very much obliged to quotations of our third survey reports
(1989) in various publications,
especially
of those
at International
VTS Symposiums. The third report allows analysis on the effectiveness
of VTS which has been
the motivation
of our survey from the beginning, though it is only the first step .
Young recently gave an instructive
report on the topic with 65 references which are useful for VTS related
studies. The IALA-IAPH-IMPA World VTS Guide, started in 1989, uses a filing system and hence, it is very
adequate for continuous updating. It provides useful data with graphics, especially
on operational
features of VTS,
though the number of VTSs in the Guide is considerably
limited at present.
This 4th survey also aims to collect data necessary for cost-benefit
analysis. The cost to establish
a VTS
system and total number of staffs in the system may allow rough estimation of its life-cycle
cost. The benefit,
consisting
of losses due to vessel traffic accidents preventable with VTS has been studied in ENRI and is briefed
in the Appendix. Other benefits due to decrease in congestion loss and prevention of damage to environment due
to tanker accidents may also be assesseed
before planning a VTS. The survey may also offer worldwide data on
VTSs which provide readers a perspective of present situation
and the direction
of VTS development.
2.
INQUIRY
SURVEY
2.1
Survey Method
Twosurvey formats, A and B, were sent at the end of 1994 to persons in our list who had participated
in our
former surveys and those who received our 3rd report and signed at the Vancouver VTS symposium in 1992.
Data on 5 VTSs can be described in one Format A, a double-letter
size with 22 terms per VTS, while one sheet
of Format B, also double letter size, is for single VTS and involves 25 terms with more quantitative
representations. We asked to fill FORMAT B for VTSs especially
for those with one of following features.
-VTS with 3 or more shore-based radars and/or VTS with such service area as river, canal, strait, and
coastal area.
-VTS of information network type supervising/connecting
3 or more VTSs.
-SAR VTS with AMVER-like services (probably
with RCC/NAVTEX activities)
-VTS with other distinctive
features or with special trials, e.g., transponder system)
Answers with filled Formats are rewritten in an interim report and sent back in March 1996 to cooperators
for revision. They are also distributed
to participants
in the Rotterdam VTS symposium with FORMATs in April
1996. It is our regret that our final report is 2 years behind the original schedule.
2.2
Definitions
and Abbreviations
2.2.1
Definition
of vessel traffic
service
IMO has defined VTS as following : A VTS is any service by a competent authority,
designed to improve
safety and effeciency and the protection
of environment. It may range from the provision of simple information
messages to extensive management of traffic within a port or waterway.
Therefore, VTS is understood in a wide sense as stated above in this report. It may be a combination of VTS
and RCC (rescue coordination
center defined in the GMDSS), e.g., Centro Regional de Coordinacion de Salvamento/
VTS Las Plamas, Spain).
Grouping of VTS is tried in our 3rd report depending mainly on the type of VTS area, which is given as
following
-Terminal VTS (abbreviated
as Tml VTS, covering port or port with approaches/channels),
including
river
and canal within port).
-Route VTS (Rte VTS mainly for transiting
vessels through river, canal, strait, off cape and other coastal
area) including
attached port
-Integrated
VTS=Terminal
VTS(s)+Route
VTS
-Sea VTS covering coast and international
waters whose principal task is serach and rescue (SAR) operation.
-Protection
VTS (Prtc VTS) covering comparatively
small area (upto 20km) around bridge, offshore structure, range, fishing/cultivation,
recreation
zone, etc., for protection.
Great Belt VTS in Denmark is an
-1-
exceptional
case with an area size of 50km grouped as Rte VTS in this report.
Pilot stations are often equipped with shore-based radars to help their operation and may be included in the
IMO definition.
However, the number of answers to our inquiries from such pilot organizations
has been small,
partly because they do not regard themselves as competent authority.
The number of answers from Sea VTS
whose main task is SAR has been also small, partly because their activity
situates on the margin of definition,
"within port or waterway". Protection
VTS is also a minor group in this survey.
Note
The report involves some VTSs without radar surveillance or VTSs operated by pilot organizations.
However,
a large number of such terminal VTSs have not been included in our surveys. Please note that the results of the
analysis are based on data of surveyed VTSs only. Please pay attention to the mother group of data, i.e., total
number of VTSs in the tables and figures.
A typical
VTS has manned centre(s)
with VHF communication and surveillance
radar(s)
operated by a
competent authority
which is usually either governmental or public organization.
Since main/direct
objectives
of
VTS are to reduce traffic
accidents
and delays, most of VTSs cover ports, routes, or both where most of traffic
accidents
have occurred. Protection
of environment is usually accomplished
by reducing tanker accidents.
2.2.2 Abbreviations
Following
abbreviations,
symbols and definitions
are used in this report.
(1) General abbreviations
:
V or Ves vessel, Tr or Traf traffic,
S service or system, Inf or INFO information,
r or rad radar, s
station,
TV : closed circuit
television,
DF : direction
finder,
k : 1000, M : 1000000,
GRT/grt
: gross ton,
:
SAR : search and rescue, RCC Rescue Coordination
Centre, IALA International
Asociation
of Lighthouse
:
IAPA International
Asociation
of Ports and Harbors, IMPA International
Mritime Pilot AsociaAuthority,
tion, AMVER : Automated Mutual Assistance Vessel Rescue System, NAVTEX : Navigation
Telex
(2) Data group
: new/updated/revised
data based on answer from/by VTS authority.
double circle in our previous survey(s).
: depends on the World VTS Guide or information
from manufacturing company.
from other sources.
•\
G / PI /
: Registered
in the IALA-IAPH-IMPA
World VTS Guide /
Registration
being planned / Not registered
•\
: Data is also given in List B (based on FORMAT B)./not
given.
B/
:
(3) Category
of VTS authority
CstGd
Coast Guard, MarAd Maritime Administration,
PortA
Port Pilt
::
Authority,
WwayA Waterway Authority which is generally related closely to maritime administration,
Pilt
:
organization,
BrgA Bridge Authority
which is generally
closely related
to Highway organization,
Pilot
OilCo : Oil company, Dfnc : Defence Authority,
CnIA : Canal Authorty, Cmpn : Company
:
(4) Type of management Vmr or VMRS vessel movement reporting system, Clr or VMCL Vmr requiring
clearance, Rpt : report and approval of entry/departure,
Sgn or SGNL : Control with traffic
signal, Mnt or
MNTR: monitor traffic,
Org : Traffic
organization,
Ass : assistance,
Pit : pilot
dependent
management,
:
Prtct
protect, Fsh fishing field, Env environment, Inf and/or Mnt is often omitted when there are many
items. Clr usually includes Vmr.
(5) Type of traffic
Regulation
SpR : Speed regulation
or limit, KpL : keep within traffic
lane, NoOv : No
:
overtaking,
NoX : No crossing, Esc escort ship when required
(6) Type of VTS area Prt : port, App : approach, Bay : bay, Brg : bridge, Cnl : canal, Rvr : river, Str : strait,
Chn : channel, Cst : Coast, Fsh : fishing
field,
Int/Intn
: international
water, Lak: lake, Rng : range Rcr :
recreational
area, Off : offshore
structure
•†300GRT,•†50m, (7) Participant
vessel over a certain size, e.g.,
:
Dng : with dangerous/pollutant
cargo, Frn Foreign flag
(8) Cost of establishing
a VTS in U. S. dollars, a continuous quantity. Scale index of VTS should be defined with
several quantities,
cost, diameter, number of staffs, etc. However, following simple definition
of scale index
:
-2-
is used
(9)
(10)
(11)
in this
report.S:•…$0.1M,M:0.1-1M,L:
1-10M
and LL:•†
$10M.
Area size : The longest diameter, D, is used as the size of VTS area in this report. When its shape is belt-like,
the length is used.
Hydro-meteo
Hydrographic
and meteorological
conditions,
specially
indicated
when frequency of low visibility exceeds 300 hours/year,
or with 4 or more bends or current exceeding 4 knots, or tidal difference
over 3
m
Traffic
data C : cargo handled where M stands for million tons/year,
G : Total gross tonnage entered or
passed where M stands for M GRT/year, S : number of ships entered, passed or handled where k stands for
1000 ships or ship movements/year
:
:
:
•}0.38
(12)
Radar : number of stations and radars with type of radar data processing if any, e.g., 2s4r ARPA 2 stations
and 4 radars with ARPA functions.
RDP/Rdp : radar data processing,
ARPA/Arp
: Automated Radar Plotting
Aid
(13) Data processing
system IDP : Integrated
Data Processing
System, TOP : Traffic
DPS, SDP : Ship DPS,
Lnk : Data Link System. TDP or SDP is omitted when there is an IDP.
(14) VHF radio
Number of stations
and zones, e.g., 3s2z
(15) Other facilities
for traffic
surveillance
and/or navigation
aids excluding
light facilities.
VHF-DF, TV,
racon(radio
beacon), LORAN-C, DECCA, DGPS(Differential
GPS), berthing
aids(BrtA),
etc.
(16) Remarks
RdAc Considerable
reduction of accidents,
RdCg Considerable
reduction of congestion,
NoE :
No prominent effect
Note : Abbreviations
in List B(based on FORMAT B for detailed
information)
is tried to be less when space
allows.
2.2.3 Variables
and frequency distributions
There are several factors important to characterize
a VTS. Majority
of them are either measurable
or
countable, i.e., continuous variables
such as the diameter of VTS area (area size), amount of cargo handled in a
port, and numbers of surveillance
radars and staffs in a VTS. Others are not quantitative
but qualitative,
such as
types of VTS area, authority,
and traffic management.
The results of the inquiry survey are analyzed and in our previous reports, given as frequency distributions
of
VTSs, or in other words, as histograms or shares. Though about 200 VTSs are handled in the analysis, amount of
data is not large enough to obtain beautiful
bell-shaped
distribution
curves, i.e., the normal distribution.
Therefore,
cumulative relative
frequency(CRF)
distribution
curves are prepared to yield 84-50-16
percentile
values. The
median value corresponding
to a CRF of 50% is suitable
as an representative
value and most of VTSs, i.e.,68% of
VTSs are found between 84 and 16 percentile
values.
In the analysis,
variables
usually distribute
in a wide range and histograms in logarithmic
scale often gives
normal distribution-like
curves. In such case, the average value often cannot be the representative
one but gives
a considerably
large value. Therefore, logarithmic
scale and CRF distribution
curves are often used in the analysis
reported here.
For example, Table 1 is prepared to examine the relation
of the number of surveillance
radars in a VTS and
the number of staffs for VTS (not number of staffs at watch but that of all staffs directly
working for the VTS).
165 VTSs have given information
on staff numbers.
CRF of "Total" in the Table 1 gives a median value, i.e., 50-percentile
value, of 13.5 staffs (Log Ns=1.13).
84- and 16-percentile
values are 6.3 (Log6.3=0.80)and
36.3(Log36.3=1.56)respectively.
When 84-50-16 percentile values of CRF are given as 6.3-13.5-36.3,
means that most(=68%)
of VTSs have staffs ranging from 6.3
to 36.3 and 13.5 is the median value. These 3 values allow good estimation
of frequency distribution
when the
distribution
is well approximated
with log-normal distribution.
Table
1 Distribution
0 -
N s tf
2
3 -1 3 5
and CRF of the number of staffs,
Nstf
6 -4 01 1 0
101-
1 1 31- 472 2 0
2 1 1- 154 5 042
-156 1 - 31 0 -0 7
(••+•›
only)
-
50-
16
8
27-
52-
91
14-
32-
66
S u m
O v e r 9 ra d a rs
84
5 -
8 ra d ars
11
3 -
4
ra d a rs
38
9 - 17-
46
0 -
2
ra d a rs
108
5 - 10-
20
T o ta l
6
13
C u m u l. F re q .
165 ←
C . R . F . (% )
100
The logarithm of the relative
distribution
function,
48
159 ←
96
53
146
88
frequency
← 98
31
←
59
45
27
distribution
12
←
14
8
2
←2
165
←
1
of Nstf is well approximated
6 .3 -
1 3 .5 - 3 6 .3
with following
log normal
Log Nstf=1.13•}0.38
where
means that 84- and 16-percentile
values are 1/2.4 and 2.4 times of the median value respectively.
4 other CRF curves give 27-52-91 or VTSs with 9 or more radars, 14-32-66,
9-17-46 and 5-10-20 for VTSs with
5-8 radars, 3 or 4 radars and 0-2 radars, respectively.
Median values indicate
that 4(Nr+l)
staffs are usually
regarded to be necessary in a VTS with Nr radars. Most of VTSs has staffs ranging from 2(Nr+1)
to 8(Nr+1).
This example may show usefullness
of CRF and 16-50-84 percentile
values in the analysis.
2.3
Answers
We are very much obliged to continuous cooperation
to our surveys, especially
of governmental organizations
of Canada, Japan, Germany and U.S.A. from the first survey in 1978 for their well arranged answers to our inquiry
and those of China and Finland from the third survey. A variety of organizations
in U.K. have been contributing
-3-
•ž
1989,
to our surveys from the beginning. New data from Spain has joined recently. However, data of France and CIS
have not been updated and those of India, Indonesia,
Korea, Mexico, and South Africa are still very limited.
Information from manufacturing companies (with
mark) has helped us to cover this gap though, this information
is usually insufficient
on VTS area and management.
Updating data is also difficult
when systems in a country is being renewed. For example, Finnish Maritime
Administration
informed us of the situation
of VTSs which is dramatically
changing as following.
High quality
VTS stations,
a sort of centralized
pilot station
with very advanced VTS-features
are being built which are
supported by a large centralized
information
system (maritime information
network) already in operation,
at the
same time when the number of independent
pilot stations is reducing considerably.
Radar coverage is going to
extend over Finnish sea traffic area and their ultimate goal is to have the whole sea area of Finland under VTS
control.
Table 2 gives the number of VTSs, Nv, and that of VTS radars, Nr, together with those in previous surveys
where considerable
increases in Nv and Nr are recognized. Nv and Nr in the world are estimated to be about 400
and 800 respectively
and this survey may cover two thirds, or at least more than half, of VTSs with radar
surveillance
in the world. The IALA-IAPH-IMNPA World VTS Guide, started in
provides ample information
particularly
on operation side. However, the number of VTSs with G marks in-our survey, i.e., registered
in the
Guide, amounts to 43 and with PI (being planned) to 25.Therfore,
this report, the authors wish, may provide an
information
source for the time being until the Guide covers most of VTSs in the world.
Table
:
-4-
3
RESULT
3.1
Distribution
2 The number of VTSs, Nv, and the number of surveillance
group in 3 previous surveys and present one
D a ta w it h ◎
m a rk
D a ta w ith ○
m a rk
radars,
Nr, classified
by data
1 st
surv ey
2n d
su rv ey
3rd
su rve y
4 th
s u rv e y
N v
N r
N v
N r
N v
N r
N v
N r
68 145
104
25
2 22
25
16 1
42
341 6 2
91
2 03
40 3
2 40
51 56 20
10 4
76
91
50 7
3 16
64 1
Sum
68
145
129
2 47
D a ta w it h ◇ o r △
150
159
151
151
T ota l
218
314
280
3 98
94
29 7
14 9
388
of Locations
Table 3 gives geographical
distribution
of the number of VTSs, Nv, and the number of surveillance radars, Nr,
in the world together with data group marks and size index grouped by the size of cost to establish
VTS. The table
also gives size distribution
by size index (defined by the cost to establish
VTS, not by area size). As stated in the
3rd report, the answers from small VTSs often lack data on cost to establish
VTS. Similar to the 3rd report, cost
data for such VTS is estimated by that of VTS with similar conditions.
Approximate shares of continent in the world VTS are Europe 57% (=141/240),
Asia 20%, America 13% and
Oceania 8%. Present distribution
of VTS reflects not only the necessity of traffic
service but its history of
development as shown below.
Modern VTS was born in the United Kingdom with a radar installed by the Mersey Docks Harbour Company,
a port authority,
to have efficient
and safe pilot operation. Such European style VTS spread along the coast of the
North Sea in 1960's as countermeasure against traffic accident and congestion in port and its approach. Maritime
administrations
and port authorities
soon after established
VTSs for both routes and ports. Our previous and
present surveys show the history of the development and propagation
of such European style VTS. It spread
eastwards to the Baltic coast and westwards to the French Atlantic
coast. Then, it reached Iberian coast in
1990's and has entered the Mediterranean Sea. European style VTS has leapt to Oceania since 1960 and West Asia
since1980.
VTS of American style operated by coast guard originated
in North America in 1970's. Japan followed a little
later. VTS is rapidly
spreading
in China since 1980's and, toward the end of this century, in South Asia.
Considerably
long time may be required to have VTSs along African and South American coast.
•¢
•ž
Table
3
Distribution
in their size.
of VTSs in the world in the 4th survey
number, Nv, and that of surveillance
◎+ ○
L L
G E R M
M
L
N r
1
U K
N v
413 437 215
N r
7
N v
12 239 56
A N Y
F R A N C E
B E L
&
N E T H
D N K + S W
S P N
1
1 63 74
D + N O R + F IN
+ P R T G + IT L Y
1
6
7
SN v
N r
10 4
C H IN A
6
JA P A N
4
S O U T H -E A S T
W
E S T
31 12 3
17
2
1
N r
N v
N r
N v
N r
17
4 4
4
4
21
48
15
5 9
15
59
34
4
2
5
7
1 1
3 2
2
2
13
2
3
5
5
10
55
1
1
11
56
16
33
36
5 7
56
103
13
19
69
122
5
1 48 7
5
2
18
32
1
1
19
3 3
4
1
4
1
2
2
6
3
10
23
18
20
28
4 3
14 1
3 49
4 1
49
182
39 8
33
95
4 6
84
A S IA
7
43
C A N A D A
3
14
25
9
18
4
7
10
32
10
32
5
5
2 3
3 24 4
23
3 4
1
0
12
12
16
44
4
5
2
2
6
3
4
4
16
14
24
48
11
14
7
3
12
49
10
108
16
16
6 5
124
1
1 35 3
1 05 4
3
1
2
1
15
22
15
22
2
1
3
2
12
21 62 3
3
1 53 4
15
32 15 7
3
30
60
18
3 7
78
18
19
3
3
2 1
22
10
9
9
11
19
546
76
95
3 16
64 1
9
U . S . A .
M
A M
X + P N + O T H E R S
1
E R IC A
5
8
2
4
26
15
29
5
2
5
2
4
5
7
11
O C E A N IA
A F R IC A
W
3.2
1
O R L D
Note : Size
5 2
A S IA
A S IA
2 1
distribution
of Nv with
10
175
or
T o ta l
N v C IS + E S T + L A T + L T H
10
Nr, grouped
S u m
N r
IR E + G R C + S L V N
E U R O P E
radars,
◇+ △
N v
74
184
66
8
1
67
10 7
76
2
80
2 40
7
mark, LL-1, L-9, M-10, S-56
Type of Area and Authority
Types of VTS area such as port, port and approach, strait, etc. are used to categorize VTSs into 5 groups, sea,
route, integrated,
terminal and protection. When a VTS area has canal/river
as inner port passage, it is grouped
as terminal VTS. A VTS covering a canal or a large river which connects seas/bays/ports,
is regarded as route
VTS.
Table
4 gives geographical
distribution
of types of VTS and its authority.
"Maritime Administration"
in
Table 4 includes "Waterway Administration".
It shows that sea VTS and protection
VTS form minority groups
while terminal VTS occupies majority.
Type and size of VTS area, type of authority,
and mode of management are closely connected. Table 5 shows
relation
of area type and authority
type. All Sea VTSs and Route VTSs are operated by coast guard, maritime
administration
or defence(navy
or army) with one exception of Messina Strait operated by pilot organization.
Table
••+•›,
-5-
with thier
4 Geographical
(Data :
distribution
240VTSs)
of types of VTS and its authority.
T yp e of V T S
Sea
E u ro p e
A m e r ic a
3
R te
It s
3 11
-1 65
T y p e o f A u th o rity
T m l
P r tc
Sum
7 391 160- 1 1- -53 - 5 5 - 81 4 1 1
30
A s ia
49
O c e a n ia
A fr ic a
18
2
T o ta l
S h a re
7
3%
42
40
18 %
17 %
145
60%
6
240
2%
100 %
D fn c
1
4
2%
C s tG
M a rA
C n lA
P r tA
12 520
114 147
2--- 1-
47
73
3
67
20 %
30 %
1%
28 %
61 14 -361
B rg A
-5- 11
5
2%
P ilt
-- 3 -7 - 2- -
C m pn
-3
39
2
16%
1%
-
Integrated
VTSs are operated by various organizations
group, are operated mainly by maritime administration,
small share of coast guard.
Table 5 Frequency
••+•›,
(Data
distribution
:
C s tG
M arA
C n lA
1 2564
412 021
-3-
1
S ea V T S
R o u te V T S
of Nv with respect
240VTSs)
D fn c
excluding pilot
port authority
organization.
Terminal VTS, the majority
or pilot organization
with comparatively
to area type and authority
P r tA
- - 51 124
B rdA
P ilt
type.
C m pn
S um
- - - 5 - 1 3- 8 -- 2 - -1 2- --
-
7 -
3 -%
42
In te g r a t e d V T S
T o ta l
1 8%
17%
40
145
T e r m in a l V T S
P r o te c tio n V T S
3.3
S h are
4
47
73
3
67
5
39
2
6 0%
6
2%
2 40
10 0 %
Management and Participant
Report of the 3rd survey indicates
that the degree of control, i.e., the antonym of degree of freedom, is higher
in America than in Europe. This may also be attributable
to high share of coast guard in VTS authorities.
Though
the degree of control is not a measurable quantity, type of management might be put in order of the degree of
control. Let us see the relation
among VTS area, authority
and mode of management.
Traffic
management in a wide sense may involve management in narrow sense (mainly by VTS), traffic
regulation,
and traffic rule. Traffic rule is independent
on time or space, in general, and has commonprinciple even
in different
modes of transport,
i.e., air, vessel, road, and railway. Traffic regulation
is generaly space-dependent,
i.e., regulation
changes from area to area, and time-independent,
with some exceptions such as passage forbidden
at low tide, or passage to the direction
of tidal current only. Route-setting,
one of the most important factors for
a VTS belongs to regulation
in this sense. Rules and regulations
are the same to individual
vessels in principle,
though some of them may different
by ship size, kind and cargo.
Traffic
management in narrow sense is "real time operation", i.e., time dependent, and individual
vessel may
receive different
information.
Modes of management have been categorized in our surveys and are put in order of
the degree of control (level of severeness) as following where positive or active management gets high scores.
Clr(Vmr requiring clearance)
> Vmr(vessel movementreporting system)
> Sgn(signal
control)
> Org(Traffic
organization)
> Rpt(Report
and approval of entry/depart.)
> Plt(Pilot
dependent management)
> Ass(Traffic
assistance)
> Mnt(monitor traffic)
> SAR(Search
and rescue)
> Inf(information
service)
Table 6 gives relationship
of type of VTS authority/type
of area and mode of management where mode of
management is defined with highest grade of management operated in a VTS, e.g., it is graded as Vmr when type
of management is written as VmrMntInf.
Table 6 Relationship
(Data :
••+•›,
M o d e o f m a na g em e nt
D e fe n c e
C o ast G u ard
of type of VTS authority
240VTSs)
C lr
V m r
20
512 31
-
Sgn
2
or area and mode of management
R pt
-
-
6-2 - 5 13
P it
A ss
M nt
SA R
1
-
- -6 141 - 12 - - 23 56061 - - 11- - -- -7-41 - - - - 1-12 -2 - -
- -
1 -
-
C a n a l A u to r ity
A u th .
P o r t A u th o r ity
B r id g e A u th o r lity
67
5
39
P ilo t O rg a n iz a tio n
2
C om pa n y
Sum
S h a re
S ea V T S
27
90
13
1 1%
38 %
2
2 26
-
10
23 39
-8
20
5%
-
64
8%
3-
4
27%
-
19
2
2%
8%
1%
1
-5
--
11
1
15 81
13 -
- 8-
-1 2
24 0
1
0%
-7
In te g r a te d V T S
53
2 1- 7 -
--
--
10 0%
7
42
R o u te V T S
A rea
ty p e
1 4
47
73
3
M a r itim e A d m in .
V T S
Sum
In f
-
40
145
6
•‡.
Table
degree of
Integrated
homology,
in North
6 shows that Clr and Vmr occupies about half of VTSs where Clr belongs to Vmr family with high
control, i.e., requiring clearance. As shown in Table 7,Vmr family has dominant share in route VTS or
VTS. Also, its share is large in VTS operated either by coast guard or maritime administration.
A
a biological
technical
term, is recognized between maritime administration
in Europe and coast guard
America, in adaptive radiation
to VTS areas covered by route VTS or integrated
VTS.
Table 7 Shares of mode of management with respect
(data from Table 6)
M od e of m a n ag e m en t
V TS
A u th o r it y
C
M
P
P
A re a typ e
R o u te V T S
C lr + V m r
o ast G u ard
a r itim e A d m in is .
o rt A u th o r it y
ilo t O rg a n iz a t io n .
S ig
73 054 %%
-- 1 3 %%
783 932 %
-
to authority
R ep
2 2413 %
6 %7 %
-
7 %1 2 %
or area type
(N v )
Plt
O th e rs
39 802 %%
- 1 532 %
(4 7 )
(7 3 )
(6 7 )
(3 9 )
4 50 %
1 450 %
(4 2 )
(4 0 )
(1 4 5 )
Size of participating
vessel under a certain management is also related to the degree of control. When
mandatory participation
is required to vessels, the degree is highest and it is lowest when participation
is voluntary.
Exceptinal
cases of passenger boats or vessels with dangerous/pollutant
cargo are excluded in this analysis.
Answers to our inquiry from most of VTSs give ship size either in gross tonnage or in length over which
participation
is required.
Since gross tonnage is well approximated
by L /250 where L is the ship length
between perpendicutiars,
they are easily scaled on the same logarithmic
coordinate.
Table 8 gives 84-50-16
percentile values of ship size over which participation
to VTS is required. Voluntary means that infinitesimally
large vessels are required to participate
obligately
and the size corresponds to infinity,
However, the result in
Table 8 give relative frequency(=share)
distribution
curves far from bell-shaped
ones.
Table
••+•›,
S h i p s iz e
A llm
8 Nv and ship size over which participation
is required.
(Data :
240 data, 36 VTSs operated by pilot organization
are included in Voluntary
by referring
similar VTSs)
25 0 tm
1 30 0 mt
3 40 0 mt
5 50 0 tm
gS oe ina -g
1 7 0 km t
1 2 05 km t
1 50 0 km t
2 03 0 km t
∞V in t . 0 S u m
L pp
D e fe n c e
C o a st G u a rd .
M a rit. A d .
C anal A .
P o rt A .
B r id g e A
P il o t O r g .
P e r c e n t il e
1 1 1 7
- - - -
15
-1 42 29
3
45
1
3
Sum
-
-
-
-
-
-
26
4
3 62
18
10
5 7 .5
5 0 .0
87
7 1 .2
2
6 0 .4
4 6 .3
4 2 .9
4 0 .4
12
49
1
C lr
-
16
12
3
-
ll
-
-
-
57
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
18
V m r
Sgn + R pt
31
15
Plt
15
A ss+ M n t
S A R + In f
20 - 30-∞
m
73
0 - 50-∞
m
-
5
0 - ∞ 0 -- ∞5 0 m ∞
39
2
2 40
3 9 .6
R o u te V T S
P r o te c tn . V T S
447
2 40
100
S ea V T S
In te g . V T S
T erm n . V T S
-
3
67
C om pa n y
S h a r e (% )
C R F (% )
84- 50- 16
m
7
42
0 - 50 -∞
m
40
0 - 20 - 70 m
145
6
27
5
-
0 - 50 -∞
-
-
-
-
-
-
0 - 40 -∞
m
2 0- 2 5- 4 0 m
22
90
0 - 40-∞
m
0 - 10-∞
0 -∞ -∞
m
41 036
33
64
23
0-
m
3
60-∞
••
•›
Table 8 indicates
that participant
is clearly defined in Clr mode where there is no voluntary participation.
On
the contrary, participation
is voluntary
in 71% of VTS operated in Plt mode. Relations
of area type, type of
authority,
mode of management is discussed in 4.1 Considerations.
3.4
Area Factors
APPENDIX 2 indicates
that most of traffic accidents occur at joints, bends and narrows and ports. VTSs have
been generally established
to cover such critical
areas. 177 VTSs have data of the size of area in 240 data with
or mark. About a quarter of VTSs, 63, does not provide area size data of which 35 VTSs are operated by pilot
organizations.
The diameter of area is taken as the size in general but, when its shape is like a belt, the length of
the belt is used.
3.4.1 •@Areasize, type of area and VTS authority
of VTS in area size are given in Table 9 grouped either by area type and authority
Frequency distributions
type together with 84-50-16 percentile
values of their CRF distribution
curves.
Table 9 Frequency distribution
of VTS, Nv, with respect to the area size, grouped
the column with ? is the number of VTSs without data of area size.
A r e (k
a ms )iz e
0- 5
S ea V T S
- - - - - - R o ute V T S
1 6 - 10
11-20
1 1 2 1-40
4 1 -80
8 1 -1 6 0
1 6 13 -2 0
2 1 4 3 2 9 8 2 8 9 2 1 10 6 - 4 57 4 by the type of area or authority.
3 2 1∼
Sum
5
84
- 50- 16
P e r c. (km)
?
Nv in
T ota l
7
7
2 0 -- 25 76 - -802 615 0020
08 - 3- - 6 3 5 4 8 7
42
In t e g ra te d V T S
37
3
40
T e rm in a l V T S
92
5 3-
14 5
T otal
C R F(%)
6
6
4 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 2 9 3 .2 86
2 - - - - 2 5 4 1 4 5 .4 7 2 .3 18 4 9 .1 1 1 2 3 .6 1 3 . 6 13
177
12 - 40- 150
63
24 0
7 .3
45 9
17 - 55- 320
6
51
M a r A d + C a n a lA
71
1 8 - 35 15 -- 2 60 508
11
82
P o r tA
50
11
61
11
35
46
D e fe n c e + C s tG d
B r d g A + P ilt + C m p
1 1 5 9 4
8 7 3 1 4
0
3
4
21 43
-
8 3
-
7 1
-
24 -
-
7 1 138
4
(Open) Sea VTS usually covers coastal and international waters whose main task is search and rescue (SAR)
and hence, its area size is large. On the contrary, protection VTSs cover areas of their interest, e.g., the vicinity
of bridge or offshore structure. Therefore, they cover very limited waters. Protection VTSs in this survey with ••
or •› mark are all for protection of bridges. Sea and protection VTS groups belong to minority. CRF distributions
on area size of route VTS and that of integrated VTS overlap each other to considerable extent while that of
terminal VTS is shifted to smaller size. Terminal VTS is dominant for areas smaller than 40km and rare in areas
larger than 80km.
Table 9 also shows CRF distributions of VTS authority. It shows that the CRF distribution of coast guard and
that of maritime administration overlap each other while that of port authority is considerably small. VTS
operated by port authority is dominant for areas smaller than 60km and rare in areas larger than 80km. 84-50-16
percentile values of all VTS are given as 12-40-150km and it is slightly larger than previous values, 10-32-120km
in the 3rd survey and 7-28-100km in the 2nd survey.
The relationship of type of VTS area and that of VTS authority indicates that sea VTSs and route VTSs are
operated mainly by MarAd or CstGd. Integrated VTS and terminal VTS are operated by PortA, MarAd or CstGd.
Some VTSs are established by MarAd and operated by PortA or pilot organization.
3.4.2 Width of main channel
A little less than half of surveyed VTSs have data on the width of main channel. Table 10 gives frequency
distribution of channel width.
APPENDIX 2 gives a guideline showing examples of the relation of route width, W, management and critical
ship size. Survey on the distribution of shipsize of traffic on the main route, using the over all length, L, gives the
critical ship length, Lc. Lc should be determined so that ships with length over Lc has a small share, in between
0% and 10%. Ships larger than PC should be specially managed. The guideline in APPENDIX 2 gives following
examples for Pc=100m.
‡@ W12.8Lc=1.38km : Twoway, 4 lanes, free passage
‡A 12.8Lc>W6.4Lc=0.64km : Twoway, 2 lanes, reasonable speed limit,
no overtaking except when all navigating vessels are smaller than Lc/2.
‡B 6.4Lc>W3.2Lc=0.32km : Oneway, 1 lane, reasonable speed limit,
Twoway with speed limit when all navigating vessels are smaller than Lc/2.
‡C 3.2Lc>W1.6Lc=0.16km : Oneway, 1 lane, rigorous speed limit,
Table
10
•›••
Frequency distribution
of route width. Oneway includes 1 lane-both directions.
Data in?
number of VTS with description
of oneway or twoway, but without width data. (Data : with
description
of oneway or twoway and/or data on the route width.)
R o u t e w id t h
(km)
- 0 .0 5
- 0 .1
R o u te
o ne w ay
01
50
V T S
tw o w a y
In te g r a t .
o n ew a y
V T S
tw o w a y
T e r m in a l
o n ew a y
V T S
tw o w a y
A ll
o n ew a y
V T S
tw o w a y
A ll V T S
total
1
A ll , 3 r d
s u rv e y
2
Note : # includes
:
‡A,
- 0 .2
- 0 .4
- 0 .8
01
0
80
06
3 .2 -
02
Sum
02
15
P e r c e n tile
?
0 . 0 6 - - 10 . 21 2 - 20 . 01 8 0 . 9
4#
10
0
10
0
0
7
1
01
16
13
21
24
13
8
02
4
22
26
25
26
20
4
04
12 0
50
16 0
6
02
00 0
01 5
20
0 40
15
6
4
1
01
2
0
30
2
1
2
2
3
6
3 VTSs with inland water route whose route width is extraordinary
Comparison with such values in our last (3rd)
-9-
- 3 .2
0
10
0 .5 - 1 . 1 - 2 .5
24 8
0 .1 1 - 0 .2 1 - 0 .3 6
14
23
0 .3 1 - 0 .6 3 - 1 .6
3
36 4
0 .0 8 - 0 .1 6 - 0 .3 2
18
43
0 .4 2 - 0 .8 1 - 1 .6
5
10 7
0 .1 1 - 0 .2 8 - 1 .0
23
75
0 . 10 - 0 .2 0 - 0 .5 0
small,
1
10m-12m.
Twoway with speed limit when all navigating
vessels are smaller than Lc/4
1.6Lc>W : Oneway, 1 lane, rigorous speed limit, special management with traffic
clearance
is required.
Signal control for ships smaller than Lc/4 is recommended.
Note Lc value in between 100m and 200m is suggested.
Table 10 shows that 63% of VTSs have narrow channels allowing only 1 lane, oneway passage which may
cause heavy traffic congestion. The share of oneway channel in terminal VTSs is very large, 70%. On the contrary,
it is small, 9%, in integrated
VTSs. VTS with oneway channel in route VTS has a share over half where most of
them are, canals and rivers.
The median value of oneway channel width in terminal
VTS, 210m, is almost equal to case (4) for 3,000 grt
ship. The median values for twoway channels in route VTS and integrated
VTS clear case
even for Lc=170
m(15k grt).
3.4.3
:
- 1 .6
column gives the
or
mark, with
survey shows the trend of increasing
channel width.
Traffic
APPENDIX 2 indicates
that 8L is necessary for minimum separation between ships in course direction.
Therfore, traffic volume and size distribution
are necessary to estimate the degree of congestion, i.e., the ratio of
the traffic volume to the traffic capacity. More detailed data such as traffic density and ship track distribution
is
necessary to estimate the loss due to accidents, an important factor in cost-benefit
analysis of VTS. However, as
stated before, such quantities
cannot be obtained without radar-visual
observation
and traffic
analysis.
In the
inquiry format, 3 quantities
per year are used as indices for traffic
Table 11
N o . o f sh ip s
-30 0
-
Traffic
quantities
in VTS areas
-1 k
-3 k
- 10 k
-3 0 k
-100 k
-300 k
- 12 -
1 2361
712 54
21 83
13 0695
3-74
30 0 k -
S um
254 2 -4 4
-2 8
7 k -3 5 k -120 k
27
5 k -2 7 k -160 k
73
0 .6 k - 6 k - 6 0 k
R o u te V T S
T o ta l
12 8
A m ou n t o f c arg e
- 0 .3 M
-
- 1M
-
-3M
-10M
-3 0M
-100 M
-300M
1 322
31 -57
2 205
13 237
13610
1
30 0M -1 1 -1 1
R o u te V T S
o f g rt .
- 0 .3 M
-
- 1M
-
-3M
- 10M
-30 M
-100M
-3-
-6
1 19
35-8
1 -
-300M
1-67
30 0M -2 1 - -
R o u te V T S
-2 61 6
1 0 M -8 4 5 M - 9 0 M
73
2 M - 1 4 M -6 8 M
104
3M -20 M -8 0M
S um
52
3
6
3
Note : When frequency of integrated
6k-30k-150k,
S um
31
39
T o ta l
(a)
1 .2 k - 1 4 k - 8 0 k
10
T o ta l
Sum
P e r c e n t ile
(b)
VTS and route VTS are added, percentile
8M-44M-100M
and (c)
11M-44M-220M
4M -2 0M -160M
4 M -2 4M -160M
values are given as follows
1ß
(a) the number of vessels entered or passed,
(b) the amount of cargo handled and
(c) sum of gross tonnage(=grt)
entered or passed.
Some answers give 3 quantities,
(a), (b) and (c). For example, Tokyo Bay VTS gives (a) 250k vessels passed
Uraga Strait(the
entrance to Tokyo Bay, in and out), (b) 600M tons of cargo is handled in ports in Tokyo Bay
(mostly import) and (c) by vessels of 450M grt. These figures give an average size of vessel, 3.6k grt. (=450M/125
k) with 4.8k tons of cargo.
Canadian and German VTSs give (a) number of vessels entered and Chinese data give (a) and (b). Table 11 gives
such size distribution.
CRF distributions
of integrated
VTS and route VTS are very much alike. The average amount of cargo
carried by a vessel at median value is 2.3k ton(=14M/6k)and
3.3k grt. When frequency of integrated
VTS and
route VTS are added, 2.9k ton(=44M/15k)
for cargo and 2.9k grt. There may be a dispute to use 30k or 15k for
the denominator.
Above figures suggest that 3k grt vessel may be regarded as median size with a length of 100m, very easy to
memorize. Considering
on the lower limit of participating
vessel, 100 grt(30m)•`500
grt(50m),
and 300 grt(40m)
adopted by the GMDSS (global maritime distress and safety system), the distribution
of the length of participating
vessel is represented
roughly as 30m-100m-300m (100grt-3k
grt-100k grt).
CRF distribution
of the traffic volume (per year, both directions)
is 1.2k-12k-120k
for terminal VTS and 6k30k-150k
for integrated
VTS and route VTS. Note that traffic
volume over 300k/year,
i.e., approximately
800
vessels a day, is very seldom and is found in Japanese data, Bisan and Akashi with over-the-strait-bridges.
Appendix 2 gives the basic traffic
capacity
per lane of 3k grt ship per lane at 12k not as 27.7ships/hour(=243k/
year) and 300k/year
on 2 lanes with a peak hour ratio of 2 gives 34.2 ships in "rush hours".
3.4.4 Hydro-meteo condition
Data on hydro-meteo conditions
are not ample. We regret that number of route junctions is not included in the
format. Table 12 gives such data. The CRF distribution
of low visibility
less than 1km is obtained as 60h-230h650h in a year(8760hours),
or 0.68%-2.6%-7.4%,
where "frequent low visibility"
is regarded
as•…1000h/year
group.
Table
12
Bydro-meteo
n o
2
B en ds
V is ib i lt y ≦ 1 k m ( h o u r )
≦
30
3
≦2
8
≦
2m
4
M a x . C u r re n t (k n o t)
M a x . T id e (m )
3.5
Installation
3.5.1
Radar
factors
Data is given
1 a 2n d 2
≦
6-9
1
10 0
5
≦
300
15
≦
100 0
12
4
≦
8
9
≦
10
4m
7
≦
6m
3
≦
8m
3
≦
9
≦
only when format
3 -5
4
A is filled
10 -
M a ny
11
T ota l
20
> 1000
1
F r e q ,2 1 . v .
T ota l
38
T ota l
26
≦
10m
3
T o ta l
20
Prevention of collision/grounding
requires detection of accident candidates
which is effectively
accomplished
with land-based surveillance
radars. Radar data processing, RDP, and its simplified
model, ARPA (automated
radar plotting
aids), save burden of VTS staffs at watch and, furthermore, work as tenacious assistants
by
detecting
collision/grounding
candidates
automatically
with alarm.
However, the coverage of land-based surveillance
radar is imited, since the distance to radar horizon is 4
km where H is the height of radar antenna in meter. Radar also cannot detect target in the shadow such as those
of island, building
and large vessel. The coverage of a VHF radio station is wider and more flexible to reach than
that of radar since its antenna is small and light to allow installation
at higher position, both on the shore and on
board.
There is another factor. The horizontal
beam width of surveillance
radar determines its resolution
primarily
and it is between
(=l/60radian)
and l/4ß(=1/240radian)
which is very inferior to that of human eyes(1/5000,or
10 times better with binoculars).
A horizontal resolution of 200m at a distance of 12km is not satisfactory
to detect
accident candidates.
Therefore,
high resolution
radars at many stations
are desirable
for large VTS areas,
especially
in port VTS. The result of inquiry allows analysis of the relation of the number of radars, r, that of radar
stations,
s, and the size of VTS area. Which is more important for VTS, s or r? The number of station seems to
be more plausible.
Sea VTS generally cover large area, operated mainly for SAR (Search And Rescue), and they depend on
communication. Therefore, 7 Sea VTSs are not provided with radars. Some route VTSs covering large area have
no radar or 1 or 2 radars, e.g., Tofino (Canada) and Deutsche Bucht (Germany) where radar covers only a part of
-10-
10s10r,
11s11r,
15s10r
10s11r
VTS area. They show marked contrast to VTSs equipped with many radars, e.g., Rotterdam, Scheldmond, Yantse
River, Malacca Strait and Elbe.
On the contrary, protection
VTSs cover small area, not larger than 20km and 5 out of 6 protection
VTSs have
1 or 2 radars each. One exception is the Tasman Bridge in Australia
has no radar and covers a very small area,
1km.
Each of following
20 VTSs has 5 or more radars :
-Integrated
VTS : Rotterdam 26s26r, Schdeldemond
(Netherlands-Belgium)
18s18r, Malaysia
10s20r, Puget
Sound
Eastern Coast (Urguay)
8s8r, Vancouver 5s5r, Finistere
(Spain)
3s6r, Thames 7s7r and
Shanghai 4s7r
-Route VTS : Elbe
Weser 8s8r, Kiel 5s5r, Lower Weser 7s7r, Cape Cod Canal (USA) 5s5r, Yantse
River
and Suez Cana
-Terminal VTS : Hamburg10s10r, Le Havre 6s13r, Hong Kong 7s7r, and Singapore 7s7r
These VTSs are, in general, equipped well with high grade radars. CRF distribution
curves of average area
size per radar and per radar station give following
84-50-16
percentile
values for above 20 VTSs:
-Average area size in km
4-13-40 per radar station and 4-11-33 per radar,
-Cost to establish
in M US$ 1-4-7 per radar station and 1-3-5 per radar, and
-Number of staff
2-6-12 per radar station and 3-6-10 per radar.
When the spans between 84 and 16 percentile
values are compared, they are smaller for "per radar" than those
per radar station. This suggests the number of radars may be more suitable in the analysis than that of radar
stations.
Table 13 gives the the frequency distribution
of VTSs with respect to the number of radars/radar
stations and
the area size. There may be many terminal VTSs not equipped with surveillance
radar and not covered by this
survey. Therefore, VTS without radar are not included in the calculation
of average number of radar stations/
(radars per VTS). The number of VTSs with 3 or more usually provide size data as is seen on the column?
where
number of VTSs without size data is shown.
The table shows not a few VTSs have 2 radars at a radar station, often combination
of a 9GHz radar and a
3GHz radar where the latter is for large coverage and/or for adverse weather. Though only the number of radars
was used in our previous survey reports, following
table gives some analysis on the numbers of radar stations and
Table
13
of the number of VTSs with respect to the number of radar stations/radars
and the size of VTS area.
(Data: VTSs with
or mark. Nv, Ns and Nr: number of VTSs, radar stations,
and radars respectively.?:
without size data)
•›••
-11-
S iz e o f V T S
area , A
0∼
10
(k m )
8
1 s 123 rr1
1 1∼
2 0
2 1∼
4 0
80
4 1∼
10
1 72
5-
8 1∼
160
2- 1 2 3- 4 - 7 - 3 1 - 6
1 6 1∼
320
321
S u m
∼
-
?
T ota l
25
45
1-
33
2
1 + 24 0
-
10 + 72 01
- 510 + 29 10
-
10 +-+ 2101- - -- - 0-+--+- 11 - - - - 1 -+ 1- 1001-1- 2 -- 1 1-7 4 -
2 s3 r + 4 r
8 + 1
3 s3 r
34
2
2
2 s2 r
70
-
2 5-
42
9
18
20
3 s4 r + 6 r
2 + 1
3
4s4r+ 7r
6 + 1
7
5n 5r+ 10r
4 + 1
5
6s13r + 7s7r
1 + 3
8 s 8 r + 1 0 s10 r
2 + 2
4
1 0 s 1 1 r + 1 08 s 21 08 r 1 1
1 + 1
2
0 + 2
2
1
1
17
8
6
2--------
4
S u m , N v
18
22
39
4 2
152
53
205
S u m , N s
21s
37s
72s
116s
78s
26s
36s
386s
82s
468 s
S u m , N r
29r
42r
8 4r
142r
85 r
34r
48r
464r
82r
546 r
6 .0 0
2 .5 4
2 .2 8
3 .0 5
2 .6 6
1 .3 3
1 .2 0
1 .17
N s/
N v
1 .8 5
2 .7 6
4 .59
3 .2 5
N r/
N v
1 .6 1
1 .9 1
2 .1 5
3 .3 8
5 .0 0
4 .2 5
N r/
N s
1 .3 8
1 .1 4
1 .1 6
1 .22
1 .0 9
1 .3 1
0 s0 r
T ota l
26s26r
1.17
1.68
8.00
6
3
2
2
2
3
7
25
10
35
24
25
41
44
19
11
13
17 7
63
240
1s3r)
1s
1s2r,
1s1r,
1r,
radars. The 50 percentile
values of CRF distribution
curves of area size divided by number of radar stations or of
radars, Ds or Dr, are calculated.
Ds for
(including
and
is 28km per radar, and it is 32km, 17km,
14km and 13km for 2s, 3s, 4s and 5s or more, respectively.
Dr is 25km, 20km, 16km, 14km and 12km for
2r,
3r, 4r and 5r or more, respectively.
Though the number of radar stations seems to be more deeply concerned with the size of area than the number
of radars does, the dispersions
for Dr is smaller than those for Ds. Furthermore, Dr decreases smoothly with the
area size while Ds has a hump at 2s. With these reasons, number of radars is hereafter
used as one of most
important variables
for analysis on VTS.
Next, the dependence of the number of radars on the type of VTS is examined. Table 14 gives 50 percentile
values and average values where average values of the area size, A, are calculated
from CRF distribution
curves,
approximating
with log normal distribution
curves.
••or•›)
Table
14 Avesrge size and average number of radars
S e aV T S
N u m b e r of V T S , N v
(Data
with
R te V T S
I tg V T S
T m lV T S
1 431 267
1 463 06
12 452 568
7
P tc V T S
675
0
N um be r o f rad a rs, N r
N o . o f V T S w it h r a d a r , N v '
T o ta l
240
546
205
N r/N v '
100 0 0 k m
732 84. 2k m5
942 10. 6k m1
231 47. 0k m0m
164 .k4mm0 -
A v e r a g e a r e a s iz e , A
A
/ ( N r / N v ')
2 .6 6
5 2 km
20 km
These data indicate
that one radar per 20km may be necessary. When considerably
enough surveillance
is
required, many VTS authorities
install 1 radars per 10km and, 16 percentile
value for VTS with 5 or more radars
is 4km per radar as shown before.
Table
15 gives frequency distributions
of the number of radars for 5 types of VTS. It is obvious that large
area require more radars however, the correlation
of the area size and the number of radars fail to give linear
correlation,
partly because of VTSs with radars covering only small part of area and partly of defficiency
of
sample number.
••or•›)
Table
15 Frequency
N o . o f ra da rs
distribution
of VTS and the number of radars
0
1
2
3
4
7
6-
-
9-
-
in a VTS (Data
5& 6
7& 8
9& 10
S u m
R o ute V T S
T otal
RDP
and
8 4 - 5 0 - 1 6 p c t l.
7
S ea V T S
3.5.2
with
11∼
8-
-
7 -
4-
2
2
1
3
42
-1 .0 - 2 .8 - 7 .0
3
2
3
1
3
40
1 .3 - 3 .0 - 8 .0
145
1 .2 - 2 . 1 - 2 .9-
4
8
9
7
1 7
50
5 7
15
1
3
2
3 5
70
7 6
-
-
2
-
29
1
-
9
1
2
-
-
6
5
6
4
6
2 40
0 .9 - 2 .2 - 3 .6
ARPA
Radar data processing was a topic in our 2nd survey. The share of VTS radars equipped with RDP or ARPA
function has been increasing
quite rapidly.
In our 1st survey, 16 radars had data processing function, i.e., 16/145=
11% in 1978,78/246=32%
in the 2nd survey in 1984,198/279=71%
in the 3rd survey in 1989 and now, VTS radars
with RDP or ARPA function have occupied about 80%. The shares in route or integrated
VTS exceed 90% as
shown in Table 15 while that in terminal
VTS is about 2/3.
Table
16
•••›
Numbers and shares (in parentheses)
processing
(Data: VTSs with
or
N v
Sea V T S
R o u te V T S
N v w it h
ra d ar
of VTSs or radars with information
mark)
N v w ith
R D P /A R P A
N r
N r w ith
R D P
-117
166
- 8 0 (6 8 % )
7
0
42
36
- 3 5 (9 7 % )
3 5 (8 8 % )
6 2 (4 8 % )
40
36
T e rm in a l V T S
P r o te c t io n V T S
14 5
6
12 8
5
T otal
2 40
20 5
5 (1 0 0 % )
1 3 7 (6 7 % )
-12-
256
7
546
1 4 8 (8 9 % )
1 0 8 (4 2 % )
N r w ith
A R P A
- 3 5 (3 0 % )
7( 4% )
5 9 (2 3 % ) -
7 ( 10 0 % )
3 4 3 (6 3 % )
1 0 1 (1 8 % )
3.5.3
Communication and information
processing
Communication is the basic means of VTS. The importance of VHF radio telephone is well recognized and
VHF communication facilities
have been installed
in almost all VTSs(98%).
HF, MF and satellite
communication
supplement long distance communication. Table 17 gives frequency distribution
of the number of VHF stations in
a VTS.
Since coverage of VHF radio teleophone
is considerably
wider than that of radar and antenna for VHF
communication is small and light so that its installation
at a high position has few problems. The average size per
VHF station is examined and 84-50-16 percentile
values for VTSs with 4 or more radars are 9-32-70km. Roughly
speaking,
1 VHF station covers about 30km.
•›••
Table
17 Frequency
N o . o f V HF
s t a t io n s
distribution
0
of the number of VHF stations
1
2
in a VTS. (Data:
3
4, 5
VTSs with
6-8
or
mark)
m9 oo rre
Sum
?
32
N v (sh a r e , % )
5 (2 % )
1 3 0 (6 3 % )
2 8 (1 3 % )
1 2 (6 % )
1 9 (9 % )
6 (3 % )
8 (4 % )
2 08
P r e v io n s s u rv e y
4 (3 % )
9 0 (5 7 % )
2 7 (1 7 % )
18 (11% )
8 (5 % )
6 (3 % )
7 (4 % )
159
Advanced VTSs have equipped with integrated
information
processing system with data link to related
organizations.
5 categories
are indicated for information processing in the VTS Survey Format B as following :
Traffic Data Processing system (TDP), Ship Data Processing system (SDP), Integrated
Data Processing system
(IDP), Data Link (Lnk) and Other system. Since recent development in land radio communication for mobile use
and information network is quite rapid, data processing in VTS may change greatly in the near future, connecting
VTSs and related organizations.
Table 18 shows result of the 4th survey, which indicates that the shares of VTS with information
processing
function has increased from 33% in the last survey to 43% and data processing has spread in route VTS and
integrated
VTS but not so much in terminal VTS.
Table
18
•••›
Number of VTSs with information
processing system. Some VTSs with data processing
system are accompanied with data link and their numbers are given in the parentheses.
(Data: VTSs with
or
mark)
W ith o u t
W ith d a ta p r o c e s sin g
S D P T D P ID P
S u m (sh a r e )
1
S ea V T S
2 1 36
12 67
32 356 (5
(8
(6
(7 0821 % )
(T D P + L n k
( (
ID P + L n k )
1 -15
-81 1
) ) -5 4
D P
3
2-
R o u te V T S
10
12
13
3 5 (2 4 % )
(
2
T ota l
19
41
39
1 0 4 (4 3 % )
(
15
3
)
8
)
7
16
5
42
40
3
110
6
145
136
2 40
In t e g ra te d V T S
P r o te c t V T S
T e rm in a l V T S
Sum
3.5.4
11
Direction
finder and closed circuit TV
VHF direction
finders have been employed to identify
a target on a radar scope communicating with a VTS
station. This identification
is particularly
important when vessels enter VTS area. Another mission is to identify
a vessel continuing transmission
of VHF carrier wave after necessary communication. Most of VTSs with VHF
DFs are in Canada, China, France, Germany, Netherlands,
Russia, Spain and U.K.
The number of VTS with VHF-DF has been increasing considerably.
7 DFs in 5 VTSs (share 5/58=9%)
in the
first survey, 19 DFs in 13 VTSs(13/129=10%)
in the 2nd, 39 DFs in 22 VTSs(22/203=11%)
in the 3rd and 79 DFs
in 46 VTSs(46/239=19%)
in this survey.
TV is effective
to watch traffic
as extended eyes and suitable for port entrance or canal lock. However, fog
disables
such visual survey. Most of VTSs with TVs are in U.S.A and Japan. There are 189 TVs at 30 VTSs and
its geographic
distribution
is very much localized,
102 TVs in Panama Canal VTS, 10 TVs in Cape Cod Canal VTS
and
TVs in St. Lawrence Seaway VTSs.
Table 19 gives frequency distribution
of number of VTSs equipped with VHF-DF, TV, radar and VHF station.
Table
•›••
-13-
19
Frequency
VTSs with
distributions
of VTSs with equipments,
or
mark)
N u m b e r o f e q u ip m e n t s
N v w ith T V s
N v w it h V H F
2
13
D F s
N v w it h r a d a r s
N v w it h V H F
1
st n .
3
4
4
3
28
10
70
130
VHF-DF, TV, radar and VHF station
5,6
2
3
1
4
3
2
77
29
9
28
12
-
7, 8
9∼
Sum
(Data:
S h a re
Z e ro
3
30
13 %
210
-
46
19 %
19 4
20 5
85 %
35
20 8
98 %
5
5
6
9
12
8
4
8
240
?
32
3.5.5
Other Equipments and Systems
Besides installations
for communication
and surveillance,
various
navigation
systems and equipments
are used
in VTSs.
(1)
(2)
3.6
•›••
Navigation
aids
Differential
GPS has appeared in this survey, e.g., Liverpool and Dover, which is useful as low cost and high
accuracy navigation aid. Racon is installed
widely. Navtex has adopted in some sea VTS, integrated VTS and
route VTS as means of information
service.
Meteorological
and hydrographical
sensors
Various weather hydro- and meteo- sensors including
those for visibility,
current, tide, etc. are installed.
Readers may refer to APPENDIX 1 for these.
Cost to Establish
VTS
Cost for a VTS depends mainly on the cost to establish
and on the number of staffs operating the system. After
15 to 20 years, considerable
cost is required to reestablish
VTS.
Cost to establish
VTS includes cost to install
surveillance,
communication, data processing,
information
network and navigation
aids together with construction
of office and tower. However, there may be cases where
only additional
cost to install a surveillance
radar at an existing building
is written in the inquiry format.
Table 20 Frequency distribution
of VTS to examine the dependence of the cost to eatablish
VTS, Ce (Million
U.
S.$) on the area size, the number of radars and the type of VTS (Data: VTS with area size and
or
mark, Size?:
without size data)
S iz e In d e x
C e (M $ )
U p- t2o 0 1k0m k m 1 1
M
- 0 .1
7
- 0 .2
L
- 0 .5
21
76921
-1
-
34521 --
L L
1-2
2-5
1-2751
6 1 -230
-10
-5
-2 0
-50
69162 --
4
- 421
2 1- 40km
3
4 1 - 8 0 km
2-
-
- 142 -
- - 12
84 - 5 0 - 1 6
S u m
50 -
- -
p e r c e n t i le
24
0 .1 - 0 .3 - 1 .6
25
0 .1 - 0 .6 - 3 .0
4 1
0 .2 - 1 .2 - 4 .0
4 5
0 .3 - 1 .6 - 1 2
1 811
8 1 - 1 6 0 km
0 .6 - 6 - 2 0
16 1 - 3 2 0 km
2 .4 - 7 - 3 0
3 21km -
3-10 -30
S um
20
2
12
2
5
5
36
-4
2 6325
2 1
22
2 6
25
19482
169423
8
10
177
4
S iz e
?
0 . 1 - 1 .1 - 8 .0
63
0 .0 5 - 0 .2 2 - 1 .2
10
45
13
50
0 . 1 6 - 1 .1 - 5 .0
2 5
0 .2 0 - 0 .5 0 - 4 .0
2 6
28
0 . 5 0 - 2 .4 - 7 .3
2--
1
1 .1 - 5 .3 - 2 0
50 .. 06 -1 2- 04 -. 55 0- 2 0
7
37
T m l. V T S
12
92
0 .11 - 0 .4 7 - 3 .0
P r tc . V T S
1
6
N o rad a r
1 rad a r
2 rad a rs
5 2941- 1-
-267421
-
- 24 - -
37 - - - 1-3
- -25
3---
3 r a d ar s
9
4 or ar d ma ro sr5 e
20
S e a V T S
4
R o u te V T S
2
In tg . V T S
1 241
-
-
3 321 -
Table 20 shows the dependence
-9
1 -362
-372 -5 -
of cost to establish
5
18 3
5
7
11
- 32 -
- 34
- -2
-
3 -5
VTS, Ce, on the area size, the number of radars
3
5 3-
and type
of VTS.
Table 20 gives rough estimate of cost to establish a VTS, $0.03 M per km of area diameter. Table 20 also gives
following
cost estimation
per radar : about $0.2M for VTS with 1 or 2 radars, $1M for VTS with 3 or 4 radars
and $3M for VTS with 5 or more radars. High cost to establish
a VTS with many radars is caused by installation
of sophisticated
equipment and transmission/processing
of radar data within the VTS. However, considerable
reduction of cost may be expected thanks to recent development in information
network in developed society.
3.7
•~
-14-
Staff
Number of staff for VTS is the most important factor in the running cost of VTS, especially
in the developed
countries where a million U.S.$ may be necessary per staff during 20 years. Table 21 indicates
the dependence of
the number of staffs for a VTS, Nstaff, on the area size, the number of radars and type of VTS.
Table 21 indicates
that the number of staffs in most(84%
or more) of VTSs is 5 or more which enables 24 hour
watch with at least 1 staff since 8760h/5 staffs is equal to 1752 hours/person-year.
The 50 percentile value of the
number of staffs is an increasing function of the number of radars and is approximated
with Nstaff=3.5(Nr+2)
Table
21
•›
•›
••
-15-
of VTS to examine the dependence of the number of staffs, Nstaff,
on the area size, D, the number of radars and the type of VTS (Data: VTS with area size and
or
mark, Size?:
without size data, Staff?
without number of staffs)
N u m b er o f
0 -2
3-5
6 - 1 0 11 2 0-
2 510-
15 01 0-
10 1-
s ta ffs
S u m
84 - 5 0 - 1 6
S taff
?
p e r c e n tile
1 41
- 27 0
3 2 . 5 -17 . 3 - -1 01
24
6 .3 - 9 .7 - 2 1
1
36
6 .0 - 12 - 2 5
5
4 1 - 8 0 km
40
9 .0 - 1 7 - 4 0
5
8 1 - 1 6 0 km
1 511111 3 - 2 8 - 7 0
U p- t2o 0 1k0m k m 1 1
4 1
2
1
1 32
2 11 3147 - 7 1 52- -
-3 -- 32-- - - -22 1- -61 1
2 1 - 4 0 km
161-3 20km
7-15 -60
3 21km -
7-18 -35
S iz e
?
4
3-
15 7
6 .3 - 1 2 - 3 7
20
6 3
2 0
3 .5 - 7 .1 - 1 7
5
10
1 rad a r
41
4 .8 - 9 .6 - 2 0
42
6 .2 - 1 2 - 2 4
4
2
8
25
2 rad a rs
3 rad a rs
28
9 .2- 1 6 - 3 5
0
4 rad a rs
8
S um
N o ra d a r
6
11
1
48
4
1 4914
4 8
34
9
1 2174
86 8 82 - 2-
1
-- -61- - 2 - --3- 1 1 6-6
18
5 o r m o re
S ea V T S
21
1-
2 36
- 1 40- -
6 1- 1 --4 - - - -- - 1 1
5 116 9
26
2--
1
2
2 0- 4 0 - 8 0
13
4
1 3
R o u te V T S
32
7- 13-40
In tg . V T S
33
9- 22-50
T m l. V T S
81
3 .0-5 .6-12
P rt c . V T S
5
1
8
-
3
411
7
3
5 3-
1
D. It should be emphasized that Nstaff in terminal
VTS is large, i.e., two or three times larger.
VTS is rather
small while that
in route VTS and integrated
4. SUMMARY
4.1
Summary of Survey Results
The number of VTSs in the report of the 4th survey consisting
of 149 VTSs with new or up-dated data and
91 VTSs with non-updated data amounts to 240 showing a gradual increase from 68 in the first report in 1978, 129
in 1984 and 203 in 1989. It should be mentioned here that 14 VTSs have been established
in Spain recently and
Finnish VTSs are being reorganized to an integrated
system.
Though the number of VTSs in the world depends on the definition
of VTS, present report covers almost all
route VTSs and integrated VTSs in the world. Many terminal VTSs without surveillance
radars or pilot dependent
VTS may not be listed though, more than half of terminal VTSs with radars might be included. However, the share
of surveyed VTSs in sea VTS or protection
VTS is not clear since such VTSs may not be considered as VTS by
many people and organizations.
The results are summarized as following.
(1) Geographical
distribution
Europe still has been holding a large share of the number of VTS, Nv, and that of radar, Nr, in surveyed VTSs,
i.e., with
or
mark, 57% in Nv and 64% in Nr, similar to the previous surveys. Asia has an increasing share
of 20% in Nv. The share of North America and Oceania have 13% and 8% in Nv, respectively.
There are two styles of VTSs, European style operated mainly by port or water authorities
and American type
by coast guard. Oceanean VTSs and Arabic VTSs belong to the former while Japanese VTSs to the latter.
(2) Type of VTS
VTS may be grouped by type of VTS area, type of VTS authority,
or type of management. Here, main
categorization
is made with the type of VTS area. Sea VTS, Route VTS, Terminal VTS, Integrated
VTS
(combination
of route and terminal VTS) and Protection
VTS.
Shares of Sea VTS and Protection
VTS are small, 3% and 2% respectively,
while those of Route, Integrated
and Terminal VTSs are 18%, 17% and 60% respectively.
Route and Integrated
VTSs have many common
aspects but Terminal VTSs are considerably
different
with their peculiarities.
For example, the share of Vmr (vessel movement reporting system) and Clr (Vmr requiring clearance) occupy
about 80% in the mode of management either Route VTS group or Integrated
VTS group while that in
•›,sum
••
••
Terminal VTS group is small, only 32%. This may be caused by the fact that Route or Integrated
operated mainly by coast guard or water authority
with high degree of control. Table 22 indicates
such factors.
Table 22 Shares of VTS authority
and mode of management,from
Table 4 and 5 (240 VTSs with
or
of shares may not be equal to 100%)
T y p e o f V T S A u th o r ity
C s tG
M a rA
P r tA
C n lA
Plt
C lr
V m r
Sgn
4%
3 8%
3 7%
17%
4%
1%
21 %
6 0%
1%
2 8%
3 6%
26 %
6%
2 7%
-
T m lV T S
M od e o f m a n ag e m en t
D fn c
R te & I tg V T S
VTSs are
shares of
-
R pt
P it
M nt
-
4%
6%
7%
6%
12 %
40%
8%
It may be agreed that the degree of control of Clr is the highest and Inf (information
service) is the lowest.
Shares of Clr and Vmr in the mode of management indicate that the degree of control is much higher(21%+
60%)in
Route and Integrated
VTSs than that(6%+27%)
in Terminal VTSs. Compulsory participation
is
another factor to measure the degree of control and "All", i.e., vessels over Omin length is required to take
part, is the highest degree of control while "Voluntary", i.e., only infinitesimary
large vessel is required, is the
lowest. Though there is not much difference
in Tml VTS versus Rte/Itg VTS in the distribution
of the ship
size over which participation
is required. However, the degree of control in terminal VTSs is comparatively
low compared with those in Rte/Itg
VTS. Table 23 gives CRF distribution
of the degree of control and
participants.
Table 23 CRF distribution
of the degree of control and ship size over which participation
is required (240
VTSs with
or•›)
S h ip siz e o v e r w h ic h p a r tc p . re q .
M o d e o f m a n ag em en t
C lr
V m r
S gn
R pt
P it
M nt
R t e & Itg V T S
100%
87 %
17%
17 %
13%
7%
T m lV T S
100 %
9 4%
67 %
6 1%
49 %
A ll
9%
50t 100
t
300 t 1 k t 10 k t Vl n t
10 0%
78%
55 %
52%
35 %
29%
24 %
10 0%
66 %
6 3%
52 %
4 4%
42 %
39 %
Size of area, route width and other quantities
Main service by sea VTSs is SAR (search and rescue) over are as including
coastal and international
waters
which are usually very wide. The diameter or length of the area, A, of 7 surveyed VTSs range from 200km
to 4000km. Their service depend on communication, but not on radar.
On the contrary, protection
VTSs cover small areas. All of 6 surveyed VTSs are for protection
of cross-route
VTSs are equipped with 1 or
bridges and their size, A, range from 1km to 15km. 5 in 6 surveyed protection
2radars.
CRF distribution
curves of area size, A, route width, W, traffic quantities,
Q, cost to establish,
C, and number
of staffs, Nst, give 16-50-84 percentile
values shown in Table 24.
Table
24. 16-50-84 percentile
number of staffs
A rea
L o g
s ize
(km ), A
A
R o u te
w id t h
(km )
T r a f f ic
L og
of area size, route
width,
traffic
quantities
cost to establish
R o ute V T S
In t e g rt d . V T S
T o ta l
20-5 6-2 10
20-8 0-25 0
8-2 7-60
12 -40- 150
1 .8 1± 0 .5 1
1 .8 5± 0 .5 5
1 .3 4± 0 .4 4
0 .6 3±
0 . 1 1 - . 2 1 - .3 6
0 .0 8 - .1 6 - .3 2
.3 1 - .6 3 - 1 .6
.4 2 - .8 1 - 1 .6
0 .0 9± 0 .2 9
0 .5 5
O n ew a y
0 .0 6 - . 1 2 - .1 8
T w o w ay , W
0 .9 - 1 .2 - 2 .0
0 .5 - 1 . 1 - 2 .5
L o g
0 .1 2 + 0 .1 8
0 .0 5 ± 0 . 3 5
- 0 .1 5±
0 .6 k - 6 k - 6 0 k
7k -35k -120 k
5 k -2 7k - 160k
1 .2 k - 1 4 k - 8 0 k
2 . 7 8 ±1
4 .4 6±
4 .4 5±
3 .9 9±
W
(s h ip s / y e a r ) , Q
Q
C o st to
values
e s t a b li s h
(M $ )
0 .6 2
0 .75
0 .9 1
1 .1 - 5 .3 - 2 0
0 .6 - 4 .5- 2 0
0 .1 - 0 .5 - 3 .0
0 . 1 - 1 .1 - 8 .0
0 .6 7±
0 .5 4±
- 0 .2 6±
5 . 9 5± 0 .9 5
0 .63
0 .76
L o g
C e s (C e s i n
N
b e r o f st a ffs
7-13 -20
9-22 -50
3-6 -12
6 - 1 2- 3 7
N s tf
1 .0 7 + 0 .2 3
1 .3 3 + 0 .3 7
0 . 7 8± 0 .3 0
1 .1 7±
N u m b er o f ra d ars
1 .0 - 2 .6 - 5 .0
1 . 3 - 3 .0 - 8 .0
1 .2 - 2 .1 - 2 .9
1 .2 - 2 .6 - 3 .7
L og
0 . 3 5± 0 .3 5
0 . 5 0± 0 .3 9
0 .3 2±
0 .3 0±
um
L o g
N r
M $)
.00
0 .3 5
-16-
0 .7 4
0 . 19
0 .4 0
0 .2 7
and
•}1.0
•}0.7
•}0.3,
(4)
:
4.2
:
The dispersion
of data can be represented by the ratio of 84 and 16 percentile
values. When the frequency
distribution
is approximated
with the Log normal distribution,
standard deviations,
or
means that 68% of such data are in between 1/2 and 2,1/5 and 5 or 1/10 and 10 times of the 50 percentile
value,
respectively.
Table 24 shows that the dispersion
of data is comparatively
small for the route width and the number of
radars, medium for the number of staff and area size and large for the cost to establish
and the traffic volume.
Installation
and cost
98% of VTSs are equipped with VHF communication equipment and 85% with surveillance
radars. The rate
of installation
of VHF DF, an effective
and important device for ship identification,
is 19% and that of
surveillance
TV is 13%.
It is evident that surveillance
over large area needs many VHF and radar stations. 63% of surveyed VTS have
1VHF station per VTS while 29% have 1 radar each. The number of radars depends much on area size. Table
14 gives the average size per radar of VTS with radar (VTS without radar is not included in this calculation)
is 20km(24km
for route VTS, 20km for integrated
VTS and 17km for terminal VTS). These figures indicate
that 1 radar per 20km of area size gives rough estimate of the number of radars at present.
Survey on the number of staffs gives that 3.5(Nr+2)is
the median value and most of data are in between
1/2 and 2 times of this value.
Dispersion
of the frequency disdtribution
of VTSs on cost to establish
is large and Table 24 gives following
median values $5.3 M and 2.6 radars for route VTS, $4.5 M and 3.0 radars for integrated
VTS, and $0.5
Mand 2.1 radars for terminal VTS. These figures give cost per radar of terminal VTS is $0.24 M which is
very small compared with $2.0 M of route VTS and $1.5M of integrated
VTS. Cost to establish
a radar tower
at a remote station with data link to VTS center is much higher than that to equip an ARPA at the top of VTS
office. The median value of cost per radar of 20 VTSs with 5 or more radars is about $3M/radar.
Considerations
The sum of shares of three groups, route VTS(18%),
integrated
VTS(27%)
and terminal VTS(60%)
is
dominant, 95% in the 240 surveyed VTSs. There are many aspects commonto route VTS and integrated
VTS,
while the difference
between terminal VTS and route/integrated
VTS is conspicuous.
Route VTS is operated by coast guard or maritime administration,
and some by defence organization
or canal
authority. The authorities
are governmental or semi-governmental organization
except Messina Strait VTS. Area
of route VTS is either river/canal
type, mostly focusing narrow waters allowing oneway passage
0.06-0.12-0.
18
km as 84-50-16 percentile
values, or strait/bay/semi-open
sea type, allowing usually twoway passage with
considerably
large width; 0.9-1.2-2.0km.
Some VTSs serve concurrently as sea VTS. 1.2km is almost satisfactory
wide for twoway-4 lanes free passage of 100m long ships(3k
grt).
Integrated
VTSs may be subdivided
to two. One is intrinsically
a route VTS taking care of ports in its area,
and may serve concurrently
as sea VTS. These are operated by maritime administration
or coast guard(1
case : Eastern Coast VTS, Uruguay, by navy). The other is originally
a terminal VTS and its traffic
service is
extended from port approach area to open sea. They are operated by port authority.
Area characteristics
of
integrated
VTS resemble to those of route VTS.
Terminal VTS is operated by various organizations,
including
port authority,
maritime administration
and
pilot organization,
each with a share of about one third. Traffic managenemnt in most of terminal VTSs is made
either by VMRS or by Plt. Majority
of terminal
VTSs have narrow oneway passages; 0.08-0.16-0.32
km and
1/3 of them have twoway passages ; 0.42-0.81-1.6km,
where 0.8km is not wide enough for twoway-4 lanes
passage of 3k grt ships.
Following gives a sketch of a typical VTS belonging to route or integrated
VTS group. Traffic in most of such
VTSs (about 80%) is managed by VMRS, including VMCL and ships over 300 grt should participate.
Typical size
of VTS area is 80km and several (from 4 to 6) radars with RDP function, a few VHF stations and data link are
installed
and operated by 20-30 staffs.
A VHF-DF may be installed for ship identification.
Cost to establish
VTS
is about 10 million
U.S.$. When the traffic is heavy or condition for navigation is in favorable,
more radars and/
or more staffs might be necessary.
Following gives a sketch of a typical terminal VTS. Traffic is managed either by VMRS or by Plt and all ships
should participate.
Typical size of VTS area is 30km and a few radars with ARPA function, a VHF station and
traffic
data procrssing system are installed.
5 staffs operate the system allowing a staff at watch. Cost to establish
VTS is about 1 million U.S.$.
Above statement may give sketchs of typical VTSs in 1990s. We do not dare to image VTSs in the near future
since positionning
system with high accuracy, i.e., DGPS or like, and rapid development of mobile telephone and
information
network may give revolutionally
change, particularly
in terminal VTSs. There is no doubt that the
secondary radar system will play very important role in future VTS. Authors wish that the result of this survey
may contribute to select new technology to vessel traffic
management.
-17-
5.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors wish to represent our sincere gratitude to late Prof. Dr. Ing. Gerhard Wiedemann, +25.4. 1997, for his
continuous encouragement to our survey. They owes much to the cooperators
who have given answers to
questionnaires,
J. M. Uribe
especially
to Mr. S. Bellez (Canadian
C.G.), Dr. Ing. U. Klinge,
(Spanish
SSM) in preparing
their voluminous
data.
Mr. Lu De Fu (China
MOT),
and Mr.
References
:
:
:O.
O.
-18-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Y. Fujii and H. Yamanouchi
A Semiquantitative
Analysis
on Marine Traffic
Management Systems, Electronic Navigation
Research Institute
(ENRI)
Papers, No.20, Aug. 1978.
Y. Fujii, H. Yamanouchi, and T. Matsui : Survey on Vessel Traffic
Management Systems and Brief Introduction to Marine Traffic
Studies,
ENRI Papers, No.45, Apr. 1984.
N. Mizuki,
H. Yamanouchi and Y. Fujii
The Result of the Third Survey on Vessel Traffic
Services
in the
World, ENRI Papers, No.59, Jan. 1989.
N. Mizuki and Y. Fujii : Analysis
for the Effectiveness
of VTS, 7th International
Symposium on VTS,
Vancouver, Canada, June 1992. Also, ENRI Papers, No. 88, Nov. 1997.
W. Young : What Are Vessel Traffic
Services,
and What Can They Really Do?, NAVIGATION,
Vol. 41,
No. 1, Spring 1984.
D. Larsen
Ship Collision
with Bridges,
Structual
Engineering
Documents 4, IABSE,
1993.
D. Larsen, Y. Fujii,
D. Olsen, P. T. Pedersen and M. A. Knot : Ship Collisions
with Bridges,
IABSE
Symposium on Bridge, Copenhagen,
Denmark, June 1996
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
1.1 List C (Short
N am e
1
LISTS
list)
GC arpteg
- Sotf-D
ry m tr-C ost
T y p e rity
A uth o -
ST erv
y pe. Ao fre a
M an a g em en t
Pcipa rtia nt
RD a dtaars/
pro ce ssing
Sea
Sea
Sea
Sea
Sea
C stG d
N av y
C stG d
C stG d
C stG d
C st In t
C st In t
C st
P rtA p p R ec
P rtC st In tn
S A R M n t In f
V o ln t
S A R V m rM n t
V oln t
C lrM n tS A R P rc ≧
20m
C lrM n tS A R P rc ≧
20m
V m rS A R In f
V oln t
No
No
No
No
No
M a rA d
M arA d
O p en sea
C stO p en sea
S A R Inf
A ssS A R In f
N o r ad a r/Id p
N o rad a r
S ea V T S
JA S R E P , J ap a n ◎ S IS C O N T R A M , B r asil ○
M a r . R eg . O p . C n . C a n ad a ◎
Iq a lu it, C a n ad a ◎
H elle nic R C C , G ree ce ◎
10
-5
-50
2
400 0k
400 0k
20 00k
10 00k
6 00k m
P alm a , S p a in ◎
V a le nc ia , S p ain ◎
-10 3 00k m
-10 2 00k m
10 M
(2M )
2M
S
S
S Sea
S Sea
V o ln t
V o ln t
ra d ar S D P
ra d ar
ra d /Idp Ln k
ra d /T dp Ln k
ra d a r/T d p
R o ute V T S
L es E sco u m ins , C a n ad a ◎
T ofin o, C a n ad a ◎
Y an tse R ive r, C h in a ◎
-50 405 k m
-20 362 k m
-50 360 k m
5M
5M
10 M
R te
R te
R te
C stG d
C s tG d
M arA d
R vr
C st In t
P rtR v rB rg
C lrM n tP rtc t
C lrM n tP rtc t
V m rM nt In f
-100 195 k m
-2 0 193 k m
◎ -2 0 165 k m
5M
10 M
2 0M
R te
R te
R te
C an lA
C stG d
W tw y A
C nlP rt
S trC st In t
C st
P ltM nt
V m rM n t In f
V m O rS gM n S A R
Elbe,Germany ◎ -50
K iel C an a l, G erm a n y ◎
W e ser, G erm an y ◎
C R O S S M A O u e ss an t
0
P a n am a C an a l, P a na m a ◎
150 k m 1 0 0 M
-10 0 99 k m
2M
-2 0 9 4k m
50M
9 0k m 1 0 M
-10 0 8 4k m
10M
R te
R te
R te
R te
R te
W
W
W
M
M
R v rA p p
C n lA p p
R v rA p p
S trA p p
C n lP rtB a y
V m O rg S g n M nt ≧
5 0m D ng 1 1s 1 1rA rp /T d p L n k
V m rO rg S g n M n
A ll
5s5 rA rp
V m rO r S g M n S A R ≧5 0 m D n g 8s8 rR dp / T d p L n k
V m r M n t Inf
V o ln t 1 s2 rR dp / T d p
C lrP ltS g n R p t
A ll
2s4 rA rp /Idp
C R O S S M A -G r isN ez ○
E m s, G e rm an y ◎
T o k y o B a y , Ja pa n ◎
Ja de , G erm a n y ◎
T a rifa , S pa in ◎
G rea t B elt, D e nm a rk ◎
O sa k a B a y , Ja p an ◎
B isa n S eto , Ja p an ◎
- 10
- 100
- 10
- 30
- 20
-50
-50
S u e z C a na l, E g yp t ○
C h an n el, U .K . ◎
D e utsch e B u ch t, G erm a ny
tw y A
tw y A
tw y A
a rA d
A dW w y
≧
≧
20 m 1
s2rR d p /Idp L nk
20 m 2 s 2 r / I d p
V o lnt 1 0
s 1 1rR d p /S d p
A ll
V o lnt
≧ 5 0m D ng
5s 1 0rR d p/ T d p S d p
3s3r R dp /Id p
1 s 1rR dp /T d p L n k
8 0k m 1 0 M R te
70k m 1 0 M R te
70k m
50M R te
60k m
20M R te
60k m (10M ) R te
50k m 1 0 M R te
47k m
20 M R te
45k m
50 M R te
M a rA d
W tw y A
C stG d
W tw y A
M a rA d
N avy
C stG d
C stG d
S trA p p
P rtA pp R v r
B ay A p p
B ay R v rA p p
S trA pp
S tr
B ay S tr
C stP rt
V m r M n t In f
V m O rS g M n tS A R
V m r M n t In f ≧
V m O rS g M n S A R
V m rM n tS A R A ss
In f
V m rS g nM n tlnf
V m rS g n M n t Inf
V o ln t 1
50m D n g
200 m
≧5 0 m D n g
A ll
V o ln t
≧
20 0m 1
≧
20 0m
s2 rR d p/ T d p
4s4 rA rp /
3s3 rR d p/ T d p
4s 4rR d p /T d p L n k
3s 3rR d p /Id p
3 s3rA rp / S d p
s 1rR d p /T d p
3 s3rR d p /T d p
R te
R te
R te
R te
R te
R te
R te
M a rA d
W tw yA
W tw yA
W tw yA
A rm y
C stG d
M arA d
S trA pp
B ay A pp
C n lB a y R vr
R vr
C n lA pp
C st
R v rA p p
V m rM nt In f
V m rS g n M n tS A R
V m rO rg M n tS A R
R ptM nt ≧
C lr In f ≧
V m r In f
V oln t 1
≧ 20 m D ng
≧3 0 m D ng
≧5 0 m D ng
65 ft
20 0g rt
A ll 1
s2rR d p /T d p
2s2rA rp
1 s2rA rp
7s7rR d p /T dp L nk
5s5r R d p /S d p
3s4r R d p /T dp
s2r R d p /T dp
C R O S S M A -J ob o u rg ○
S a ssn itz , G erm a ny ◎
R o sto k , G e rm an y ◎
L ow er W eser , G erm a ny ◎
C ap e C od C a na l, U .S .A ◎
F edje, N o rw ay ◎
V ig o , S p a in ◎
-10
-20
-20
-10
-20
-10
40k m
37k m
30k m
28 k m
35 k m
28 k m
28 k m
T r av em u n de , G erm a n y
B rev ik , N orw a y ◎
-1 0
-2 0
20 k m
19 k m
2M R te
(1 M ) R te
W tw y A
C stG d
R v rB a yA pp
Cst
C lr In f ≧
A lge cira s, S pa in ◎
K uru sh im a S trait ◎
- 10
- 10
10 k m
4km
(1M ) R te
1 0 M R te
M arA d
C stG d
B ay
C st
V m rM n tS A R In f
V o ln t 1
V m rS g n M nt In f ≧
2 00m
s 1r R dp
2s2r R dp / T d p
S t. L aw ren ce Sea w ay ,U .S .A ◎
S tra lsu nd , G e rm an y ◎
W olg a st, G erm an y ◎
W ism ar, G e rm an y ◎ - 1
L o u isville, U .S .A ◎
-2 0 200 k m
- 10 90 k m
-5 7 0k m
0 3 0k m
- 10 2 0k m
N
N
N
N
N
◎
T ro ll, N o rw a y ◎
M e ssin a, Italy ○
H aa m ste de , N eth e rlan d s
D en H e lde r, N eth e rlan d s
H uisd u in en , N ethe rla nd s
Sh ie rm on nik oog , N e th erla nds
B ra nd a ris, N eth erla n ds
○
○
○
○
○
10 M
1 M
2M
10 M
5M
5M
S
≧
20 0M
0 .5
0 .5
0 .5
S
R te
R te
R te
R te
R te
W w yA
W tw y A
W tw y A
W tw y A
C stG d
C n lR vrL a k B a y
B a y S trA p p
R v rA p p
R v rA pp
P rtR v rA pp
V m rS g n M nt
V m rS g n M ntS A R
V m rS gn M ntS A R
V m r S gn M ntS A R
V m r S A R Inf
(5M )
S
S
S
S
S
S
R te
R te
R te
R te
R te
R te
R te
C stG A d
P ilo t
C stG d
C stG d
C stG d
C stG d
C stG d
C st In t
S tr
C st
C st
C st
C st
C st
C lr In f
P lt
M nt
M nt
M nt
M nt
M nt
-19-
≧ 6m W D n g 3s3r A rp
50 g rt 1 s 1r R dp /T d p
A ll
≧ 2 0m D ng
≧ 7 0m D n g
≧ 70m D n g
V o ln t
V o lu nt
V o lu n t
V olu n t
V olu n t
V olu n t
o
o
o
o
o
ra da r/Id p
ra da r
ra da r
ra d ar
ra d ar
(3r3s) R dp /T d p
N o ra d ar
1 s 1rA rp
1 s 1rA rp
1 s 1rA rp
1 s 1rA r p
1 s 1rA r p
N ame
Grp-Stf
Category
-D mtr-Cost
T ype ri
Aut
tyho-
Serv.
Type Aofrea
M anagem ent
ci
Parti
pant-
Data
Radars/
processing
N avy
CstGd
M arA d
CstPrtRvr
CstInt
PrtStrApp
V m rM ntSA R
A ll
8s8rRdp/T dp
ClrM ntPrtct ≧
20m
5s5rRdp/Idp Lnk
ClrPltM ntFsh ≧ 50g28m 10 s20rRdp/Sdp
Integrated VT S
Eastern Coast,U ruguay ○
V ancouver,Canada ◎
M alaysia,M alaysia ◎
400km
-50 386km
-50 370km
Finistere,Spain ◎
PugetSound,U .S.A ◎ -1
Quebec,Canada ◎ A lm eria,Spain ◎ -
-30
00
50
10
(50M ) Itg
20M Itg
50M Itg
300km (20M )
280km
50M
241km 10 M
200km (1M )
Itg
Itg
Itg
Itg
M arA d
CstGd
CstGd
M arAd
CstInt
PrtBayStr
PrtRvr
PrtA ppCst
Vm rM ntSA RAss
Vm rM ntInf ≧
ClrM ntPrtct ≧
Vm rM ntA ssSAR
160km
160km
139km
130km
130km
120km
km
100km
100km
90km
Itg
Itg
Itg
Itg
Itg
Itg
Itg
Itg
Itg
Itg
CstGd
CstGd
CstGd
CstG d
CstG d
PortA
M arAd
CstG d
PortA
PortA
PrtRvrCst
PrtRvr
PrtBayApp
PrtBayRvr
PrtCnlCst
RvrPrtA pp
PrtStrA pp
PrtBayApp
PrtRvrA pp
PrtRivApp
ClrM ntPrtct ≧
20m
2s2rRdp/Idp Lnk
ClrM ntPrtct ≧
20m 1
s2rRdp/Idp Lnk
ClrM ntInf ≧
20m
3s3rRdp/Idp Lnk
V mrA ncInf
Volnt 1 s2rArp/IdpLnk
ClrM ntPrtct ≧
20m 1 s1r/Idp
V mrM ntPltAss
All
3s4r
V m rM ntInf ≧
300gr
2s2rRdp
V m rM ntInf
≧
300
gr 1 s1rRdp/Tdp
V m rRptM ntInf ≧ 50gr
7s7rRdp/Tdp
PltM ntA ssInf
Seago
26s26rRdp/Idp
◎-100
74km
80km 100
10 M Itg
CstGd
M arAd
PrtBayA
PrtRivCst
pp
VVm
m rRpt
rM ntAssGrd
M ntInf
Port aux Basques,Canada ◎ -10
ShanghaiPort,China ◎
-50
M arseille,France ○
K anm on Strait,Japan ◎
-50
Gothenburg,Sweden ◎
-20
Bahrain,Bahrain ○
-5
70km
S Itg
50km 10 M Itg
50km (10M ) Itg
43km
20M Itg
41km
5M Itg
45km (1M ) Itg
CstGd
M arA d
PortA
CstGd
PortA
PortA
PrtAppCst
PrtRivApp
PrtCnlRvr
PrtStr
PrtStrA pp
PrtCst
ClrM ntPrct ≧
Vm rM ntInf ≧
1
Vm rM ntAssIf
Vm rSgnM ntInf
RptM ntInf ≧
Vm rRpt
20m 1 s1rRdp/IdpL nk
kgrt
4s7rRdp/Sdp
A ll
2s2rRdp/Tdp
V olnt
4s4rRdp/T dp
300gr
3s3rRdp/IdpLnk
A ll 1
s1r Rdp/Tdp
T ees,U.K . ○
M elbourne,Australia ◎
T arragona,Spain ◎ -
30km
25km
28km
PortA
PortA
M arA d
PrtRvrApp
PrtRvrApp
CstPrtA pp
Vm rAssM nt
Vm rRptM ntA ss
SA RInf
A ll
A ll
V olnt 1
PortA
M arA d
M arA d
PortA
PortA
PortA
PrtRvrBay
PrtBay
PrtBayApp
PrtRvrApp
PrtRvrCst
PrtStrApp
Vm rM ntInf ≧
82m
3s3rRdp/T dpSdp
PltM ntInf
≧
50m
3s3rRdp/Sdp
M ntInf ≧
300gr 1 s1rRdp/Sdp
Vm rRptA ssM nt
A ll
4s4rRdp/Tdp
InV mrM ntInf ≧
50
grt
3s3rRdp/Idp
PltM ntInf
All
2s2r
0.5 Itg
5M Itg
1M Itg
CstGd
CstGd
CstGd
PrtB ayApp
PrtCstInt
PrtR ivLak
ClrM ntInf ≧
ClrM ntPrtct ≧
V mrM ntInf ≧
(0.5) Itg
5M Itg
(1M ) Itg
M arAd
PortA
PortA
PrtStrA pp
PrtCstInt
PrtCstInt
V mrInf ≧
RptA ssInf
RptAssInf
300gr
All 1
All 1
5M Brg
2M Brg
BrdgA
BrdgA
BrgA pp
BrgApp
SgnInf
SgnInf
Volnt 1
V olnt 1
4km
5M Brg
1km 1 M Brg
1km 1 M Brg
BrdgA
BrdgA
M rdgA
BrgA pp
BrgApp
BrgApp
SgnInf
SgnInf
SgnInf
V olnt
V olnt
V olnt
PortA
PrtBrA pp
PltGrd
A ll
Saint John,Canada ◎ 20
M ontreal,Canada ◎
-50
Placentia,Canada ◎
-20
San Francisco,U.S.A ◎
-50
Canso,Canada ◎
-20
Rouen,France ○
Oxelosund,Sweden ○
110
H ouston-Galveston,U .S.A . ◎-50
Tham es,U .K. ○
-100
Rotterdam ,Netherlands ◎ -200
Scheldem ond,N etherlands
-20
-20
10
Liverpool,U.K . ◎
Nakhodka,Russia ◎
D alian Dayaow an,China ◎
M ilford H aven,U .K. ○ -1
Harw ich,U .K . ◎
Kolsky Sound,Russia ⃝
Sarnia,Canada ◎
Prince Rupert,Canada ◎
St.M arys River,U .S.A ◎
Stockholm ,Sweden ⃝
JebelA li,U .A .E. ⃝
Abu Dhabi,U.A .E. ⃝
10 M
10 M
5M
10 M
1 M
(5M )
0.5
10 M
20M
100 M
2M Itg
5M Itg
(1M ) Itg
-100 20km
2M
-50 20km (5M )
-20 20km 1 M
0 15km
2M
-50 12km
2M
-40 12km (1M )
-50 700km
-20 466km
-10 21km
-5
-5
Itg
Itg
Itg
Itg
Itg
Itg
V olnt
3s6rRdp/Idp
300gr 10 s10rRdp/TdpLnk
20m 1
s1rRdp/Idp Lnk
V olnt
2s2rRdp/Idp
≧
≧
300
1 kgrt
gr
2s2rRdp/Tdp
18s18rRdp/IdpLnkPrince Williams Sou
3s3r
3s3r Arp/Sdp
s1rRdp/Idp
20m
20m
20m
No rad/Idp Lnk
N o rad/Idp Lnk
N o radar
N o radar/Tdp
s2rArp/T dp
s1r
Protection V TS
Kurushima Strait,Japan ◎ -10
T okyo Bay Bridge,Japan ◎ -10
A kashi,Japan ◎
Innoshim a,Japan ◎
Om ishim a,Japan ◎
T asm an Bridge, Angola
-10
0
0
○
1
15km
15km
km
S Brg
-20-
s1rRdpTdp
s1rRdpTdp
1 s1rRdpTdp
1 s2rRdp
1 s2rRdp
No radar
-21-
N am e
Grp-St
Category
f-Dm tr-Cost
Type ri
A ty
utho-
Serv.
T ype Area
of
M anagem ent
ci
Part
pant
i-
Dat
Radars/
a processing
Term inalV T S
Jubail,Sudi Arabia
○
-20 185km
(5M ) T m l PortA
PrtApp
V m rM nt
H um ber Port,U.K . ⃝
N ew Y ork,U .S.A ◎
-10 130km
-50 100km
(1M ) Tm l M arAd
20M T m l CstGd
PrtRvrA pp
PrtApp
V m rM ntRptSgn ≧
50 grt
Vm rM ntInf
≧
300gr
Beilun Port ◎
Brisbane,Australia ⃝
V aasa,U.S.A ◎
Berm uda,U.K . ○
Forth,U .K . ○
H ong Kong,China ◎
Southam pton,U.K. ◎
T enerife,Spain ◎
Singapore,Singapore ◎ -1
M arjaniem i,Finland ◎
G ironde Estuary,France ○
Le H avre,France ○
Ajos,Finland ◎
Ema salo,Finland ◎
Ham ina,Finland ◎
Helsinki,Finland ◎
Nyham n,Finland ◎
Orrengrund,Finland ◎
Uto,Finland ◎
Bilbao,Spain ◎
Gijon,Spain ◎
Las Palm as,Argentina ◎
Bandal Abbas,Iran ◎
H alifax,Canada ◎
Ijmuiden,N etherlands ○
Sanct Petersburg,Russia ◎
-50
-20
-20
-10
-10
-50
-50
-10
00
-10
70km
2M T m l M arA d
60km (1M ) T m l M arA d
60km
0.5 T m l M arA d
64km 1 M T m l M APtA
60km
1M T m l PortA
60km
50M Tm l PortA
56km
1M T m l PortA
56km (2M ) Tm l M arA d
56km
20M Tm l PortA
50km
0.5 Tm l M arA d
50km (1M ) Tm l PortA
50km (50M ) Tm l Por A
-20 50km
0.5 Tm l M arAd
-20 50km 0.5 Tm l M arAd -20 50km
0.5 Tm l M arAd
-50 50km
0.5 Tm l M arAd
-20 50km
0.5 Tm l M arAd
-20 50km
0.5 Tm l M arAd
-20 50km
0.5 Tm l M arAd
-20 50km
(2M ) Tm l M arAd
-20 50km
(2M ) Tm l M arAd
-20 50km
(2M ) Tm l M arA d
-10 50km 10 M T m l M arA d
-20 48km 10 M Tm l CstGd
-50 45km (5M ) T m l M arA d
-50 45km (5M ) Tm l PortA
PrtApp
PrtRvrApp
PrtApp
PrtApp
PrtRvrApp
PrtApp
PrtApp
PrtApp
PrtA pp
PrtApp
PrtA pp
PrtChn
PrtA pp
PrtA pp PrtA pp
PrtA pp
PrtA pp
PrtA pp
PrtA pp
PrtApp
PrtA ppCst
PrtApp
PrtApp
PrtAppRec
PrtCnlA pp
PrtApp
M ntInf ≧
RptAdvInf
PltInf
ClrM ntA ss
Vm rRptM ntA ss
M nt ≧
ClrPltM ntInf ≧
AssSARInf
M ntInf ≧
300
PltInf
Vm rM ntInf
Vm rM ntSgnIf
PltInf
PltInf
PltInf
PltInf
PltInf
PltInf
PltInf
V mrM ntAssSA R
V m rM ntA ssSA R
V m rM ntAssSA R
M nt
ClrM ntPrtct ≧
RptM ntInf
PltM ntInf
300gr
4s4rRdp/Sdp
A ll 2s3r
V olnt
2s3rA rp
A ll
2s3rRdp
A ll
4s4rRdp
300gr
7s7rRdp/Idp
20m
3s3r
V olnt 1 s1rRdp/Idp
gr
5s5rArp/T ,Sdp
V olnt
2s3rArp
A ll 1
s2r
A ll
6s13rRdp/Sdp
V olnt 1 s2rArp
V olnt 1 s2rArp
Volnt 1
s2rArp
Volnt 1 s2rArp
Volnt 1 s2rArp
Volnt 1 s2rArp
Volnt 1 s2rArp
Volnt 1 s2rRdp/Idp
Volnt 1 s2rRdp/Idp
V olnt 1 s2rRdp/Idp
A ll 1
s1rA rp
20m
3s3rRdp/Idp Lnk
Seago
3s3rRdp/T dpLnk
A ll 3s3rArp
M edway,U .K . ○
Lian Yun Gang,China ◎
Dunquelque,France ⃝
Qingdao Port,China ◎
Barcelona,Spain ◎
Coruna,Spain ◎
V enice,Itary ◎
Port Hedland,Australia ◎
N ante-St N azaire,France ○
Scapa Flow ,U.K . ◎
T ianjin Port,China ◎
Istanbul,Turky ⃝
-10 40km
5M T m l
-20 40km
5M T m l
40km (1M ) T m l
-50 40km
2M T m l
-20 40km (5M ) T m l
-10 40km (5M ) T m l
-30 40km
0.5 T m l
-10 37km 1 M Tm l
35km (0.5) T m l
-20 35km
0.5 Tm l
-50 32km
5M Tm l
30km
31km
0.5
S Tm l
PortA
M arA d
PortA
M arA d
M arA d
M arA d
Pilot
PortA
PortA
PortA
M arAd
Pi
PortA
lot
PrtRvrApp
PrtApp
PrtChn
PrtBayA pp
PrtApp
PrtBayA pp
PrtApp
PrtA pp
PrtChnApp
PrtA pp
PrtApp
Pr
Prt
tAStr
pp
RptM ntInf ≧
100
V m rM ntInf ≧
Vm rM ntInf
V m rM ntInf ≧
Vm rM ntAssSAR
Vm rM ntSA RAss
Pit
RptM ntA ssInf
M ntAss
M ntInf
ClrM ntInf ≧
Pl
Plt
tM ntInf
gr 1
200gr 1
A ll 1s1r
500gr 1
Dng 1
A ll 1
A ll
A ll 1
A ll 1
All
300gr 1
Al
Seago
l
Ham burg,Germ any ◎
Tankar,Finland ◎
Dunquelque Quest,France ○
M utsuogaw ara,Japan ◎
Berw ick Bay,U .S.A ◎
Frem antle,A ustralia ⃝
O tago,NewZealand ⃝
Qinhuandao Port ,China ◎
-50 30km
-20 30km
30km
0 30km
-10 30km
-5 30km
-5 28km
-50 28km
PortA
M arAd
PortA
Com pny
CstGd
PortA
PiltA
M arAd
PrtA pp
PrtA pp
PrtChn
PrtA pp
PrtRvr
PrtA pp
PrtA pp
PrtA pp
Vm rOrgM nt
Seago 10 s10rRdp/T dpLnk
PltInf
Volnt
2s3rArp
Vm rM ntInf
All 1s2r
Guard
Volnt 1 s1rRdp
ClrM ntRptBay ≧
100 gr 1 s1rRdp/T dp
RptAdvInf
All 1
s1r
Vm rPltRptSA R
All 1
s1r
ClrVm rM ntInf ≧
500
grt 1 s1rRdp/Sdp
50M
0.5
(0.5)
2M
0.2
S
(0.2)
2M
Tm l
Tm l
Tm l
Tm l
Tm l
Tm l
Tm l
Tm l
≧
150gr
1 s1rRdp/Tdp
1 s2r
3s3rArp/Idp
s1rRdp/T dp
s1rRdp/Sdp
s2rRdp/Sdp
s3rRdp/Idp
s3rRdp/Idp
2s2rA rp
s1r Arp
s1r
2s2rA rp/Idp
s1rR dp/Sdp
2s2rA
2s2rGenoa,Italy
rp
◎ -30
Tokyo Port,Japan ◎
Yokoham a,Japan ◎
Chiba,Japan ◎
24km 10 M Tm l CstGd
24km
2M Tm l CstGd
24km
5M Tm l CstGd
PrtA pp
PrtA pp
PrtApp
SgnM ntInf ≧
SgnM ntAssInf ≧
SgnM ntInf ≧
10
Raum a,Finland ◎
-20
Brem en,Germ any ◎
-10
Kushiro,Japan ◎
-20
Dalian Huanbaizui,China ◎
-10
Dam m am ,SaudiA rabia ⃝ -1 0
Adelaide,Australia ◎
-5
W akam atsu,Japan ◎
-20
Long Beach,U.S.A ◎
-5
Scheveningen,Netherlands ○ -10
M antyluoto,Finland ◎
-10
Sydney H arbor,A ustralia ○ -20
W ellington,NewZealand ○ 11
20km
0.5 Tm l
20km
5M Tm l
20km
5M Tm l
20km
0.5 Tm l
20km (0.5) Tm l
18km
S Tm l
16km 10 M Tm l
16km
S Tml
16km (0.2) Tm l
15km
0.5 T m l
15km
S Tml
km
0.5 T m l
M arAd
PortA
CstGd
M arAd
PortA
M arAd
CstGd
M A-Pl
PortA
M arA d
M arA d
PortA
PrtA pp
PrtA pp
PrtApp
PrtA pp
PrtChnApp
PrtRvrA pp
PrtApp
PrtStr
Prt
PrtApp
PrtBayA PP
PrtApp
PltInf
V m rOrgSgnM nt
A ssInf
M ntInf ≧
V m rRptSgnPlt
V m rM nt 100
SgnM ntInf ≧
Vm rInf
RptM ntInf ≧
PltInf
Vm rRptM nt
Vm rPLT SgnSA R
Volnt
2s3rArp
Dng
2s2rArp/Sdp
V olnt 1 s2rRdp
500gr 1 s2rRdp
A ll 1
s1rRdp
grt 1 s1r
300grt 1 s1rRdp/Tdp
V olnt 1 s2rA rp
6m 1
s1r
V olnt
2s3rA rp
A ll 1
s1r
A ll 1
s1r
K askinen,Finland ◎
V entspils,Latvia ○
K laipeda,Lithuania ○ Y an TaiShan,China ◎
Osaka Harbor,Japan ◎
Botany Bay,Australia ◎
Calais,France ○ 10
Yuzhnuy,Russia ○
Odessa,Russia ○
K am igoto,Japan ◎
D over H arbour,U.K . ◎
Port Kem bla,A ustralia ◎
Plym outh,U.K. ○
10km
10km
10km
10km
10km
10km
km
8km
6km
5km
5km
4km 1
1km
M arA d
PortA
PortA
M arA d
CstGd
M arA d
PortA
PortA
PortA
Com pny
PortA
M arAd
PortA
PrtApp
PrtApp
PrtApp
PrtApp
PrtApp
PrtApp
PrtA pp
PrtApp
PrtA pp
PrtA pp
Prt
PrtA pp
Prt
PltInf
M ntAss
M ntAss
M ntInf ≧
RptAssInf
RptM ntAss
Vm rM ntSigIf
PltM ntInf
PltM ntInf
PltInf
PltM ntSgnInf
Vm rRptM nt
SgnRptM nt
V olnt 1
Seago 1
Seago 1
300gr 1
V olnt 1
A ll 1
A ll 1
A ll
A ll 1
Volnt 1
A ll
A ll 1
A ll 1
s2rA rp
s2r
s2r
s2rA rp/Sdp
s1rRdp
s1r Arp/Idp
s1r
2s2r
s2r
s1rRdp
2s3rR dp/Sdp
s1r
s1rA rp
Launceston,Australia ○
74km
S Tm l PortA
Clydeport,U .K . ○
-20 50km
0.5 Tm l PortA
Saint John's,Canada ◎
-20 20km
0.5 Tm l CstGd
Kobe,Japan ◎
-10 15km 1 M Tm l CstGd
Belfast,U .K . ⃝
-5 10km
S Tm l PortA
D ublin,Ireland ⃝
-5 10km
S Tm l PortA
Dar Es Salaam,Tanzania ⃝
5km
S Tm l PortA
N ew Castle,U.S.A ⃝
4km
S Tm l M A RAd
H onolulu,U.S.A ◎
-10 3km
S Tm l M arAd
PrtRvrApp
PrtRvrApp
PrtA pp
PrtA pp
Prt
Prt
Port
PrtRvrA pp
PrtA pp
Vm rRptSig
ClrInf
ClrM ntPrtct ≧
SgnInf ≧
RptM ntInf
RptA ssInf
Sgn
V m rRptM nt
V mrInf ≧
A ll
All
20m
15kgrt
All
A ll
All
All
500gr
N o radar
N o radar
N o rad/Idp Lnk
N o radar
N o radar/T dp
N o radar
N o radar
N o radar
N o radar
Antw erp,Belgium
Shuaiba,Kuw ait
Ilichevsk,Russia
Prt
PrtA pp
PrtChnA pp
M ntInf
M ntA ss
PltM ntInf
Seago
All 1
All
2s2rRdp/Idp
s1rArp/T dp
3s3rRdp/Sdp
⃝
⃝
⃝
-20
-20
-10
-10
-10
10
-20
-20
-5
-10
-10
0
-10
-5
-2
-20
0.5
(0.5)
(0.5)
0.2
5M
2M
(0.2)
(0.5)
(0.5)
2M
1M
M
S
Tml
Tml
Tml
Tml
Tml
Tml
Tm l
Tml
Tm l
Tm l
Tm l
Tm l
Tm l
(1M ) Tm l PortA
(2M ) Tm l PortA
(2M ) Tm l PortA
Pirie 5 ports ◎
Finland 13 ports
◎
SW EDEN 4 ports ○
SW EDEN 20 ports
⃝
S
S
S
S
Tm l
Tm l
Tml
Tml
M arAd
Pilot
M arAd
Pilot
PrtApp
PrtA pp
PrtRvrA pp
PrtApp
V m rM nt
PltInf
V m rM ntInf
Pit
Lisbon,Portugal ⃝
Galw ay,Ireland
⃝
Lim erick,Ireland
⃝
Bankok Bar,Thailand
⃝
Gizan,SaudiA rabia
⃝
Bandal Bushire,Iran
⃝
Bandal Chababar,Iran
⃝
Bandal Khom einy,Iran
⃝
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Tml
Tml
Tml
Tml
Tml
Tml
Tm l
Tml
PortA
PortA
Pilot
M arA d
PortA
PortA
PortA
PortA
PrtAppRvr
rtBayApp
rtRvrApp
rtRvrA pp
PrtApp
PrtChnApp
PrtChnApp
PrtChnApp
Rpt
RptPltAssInf
RptPlt
Plt
Vm rRptSgn
RptInf
RptInf
RptInf
-22-
5kgDng 1s1rRdp
15kgDn 1s1rRdp
kg 1 s1rRdp
A ll
1
Volnt 1
≧ 300gr
V olnt
30kgr
A ll
A ll
V olnt
A ll
A ll
A ll
A ll
s1r
s1r
2s2r
2s2r
N o radar
No radar
N o radar
No radar/Tdp
N o radar
No radar
No radar
No radar
APPENDIX 1.2 List A (Based
on FORMAT A data, supplemented
Ⅰ C o u n tr y
Ⅱ N a m e o f V T S A u th o r ity
Ⅲ S c a le / A re a T y p e / A re a S ize
Ⅳ Y e a r / C o st / S ta ffs
A U S T R A L IA
P or ts C o r p o r a tio n S o u th A u str a lia
S / P r t R v r A p p / 18 k m
19 6 0 / $ - / S ta ff : 3 - 5
A U S T R A L IA
M a r in e S er v .B o a r d o f N e w S o u th W a le s
L / P r t A p p / 9 .5 k m × 7 .5 k m
19 7 4 / $ 2 M / S ta ff : 3 - 5
N
A
M
R
with data on the previous
am e of V T S
u th o r ity / M a n ag e m e n t / R e g u la tio n
a in c h a n n e l / H y d r o -M e te o c o n d it io n
a d a r / D a ta P ro c ./ V H F / O th e r fa c ility
A d e la id e -O u te r H a r b o r C o n tr o l
M a rA d / V m r M n t / S p R
1 - la n e , 18 k m ×1 1 0 m -1 9 0 m
1 s 1r / - / V H F : 1s 1z / B e a c o n
P or t C o n t .C en t.-P o r t o f B o ta n y B a y
M a rA d / R p t M n t A s s / N o O v
1 - 1a n e
1 s 1r A R P A / ID P / 1 s 1 r / 1T V B e a c o n
A U S T R A L IA
D e p ar tm e n t o f H a rb o u r s a n d M a r in e
M / P rt R v r A p p / 6 0 k m × 4 5 k m
1 9 6 2/ 6 6 / $ - / S ta ff : 1 1- 2 0
P o rt o f B risb a n e
M a r A d / R p t A d v In f / S p R
A U S T R A L IA
P o rt O p e ra tio n s , F r e m a n tle
P o rtA / R p t A d v In f
F re m a n tle P o rt A u th o rity
S / P rt A n / 3 0 k m × 2 0 k m
1 9 5 3 /7 2 / $ - / S ta ff : 3 - 5
A U S T R A L IA
P o r t H e a d la n d P o rt A u th o rity
M / P o r t A p p / 3 7k m × 3 7 k m
1 9 7 0 /8 7 / ≦ $ 1 M / S ta ff : 6
A U S T R A L IA
M a r . S e rv . B o a r d o f N e w S o u th W a le s
M / P rt A p p / 4 k m ×1 .5 k
1 9 7 4 / 7 8 / ≦ $ 1 M / S ta ff : 3 - 5
A U S T R A L IA
P o rt o f L a u n c e sto n A u th o rity
S / P r t R v r A p p / 4 0n m ×1 n m
19 5 9 / ≦ 0 .1 M / S ta ff -
69 k × l .3k m
2s 3 r / - / V H F : 3 s 2 z / B e a c o n
A b o u t 5 0 0k ㎡
1 s 1r / - / V H F : 1s 1 z / B e a c o n
P o r t H e d la n d H a rb o u r
P o r tA / R p t A ss M n t In f
1 - 1a n e , 4 0 k m × 1 8 0 - 3 00 m
1 s 1r A R P A / - / V H F : 1s 1z / B e a c o n
P o r t C o m m . C en tr e P o r t K e m b la H a rb o u r
M a rA d / V m r R p t M n t / K p L N o O v N o X
1 s 1r / - / V H F : 1s 1z
P o rt o f L a u n ce s to n / R iv e r T a m a r
P o rtA / V m r R p t S g n
1 - la n e , 6 8 k m × 12 0 m / b e n d s
N o ra d a r / - / V H F : s1 1 z / B e ac o n
report)
D a ta / L o c a tio n
P a rtic ip a n t
T ra ffic
R e m a r k s / M a n u fa c .
◎ - - / S 35E 139
≧1 0 0 G R T
C 8M
R A CA L
⃝ G - / S 3 4E 1 4 1
A ll
C 7M G 13 M
A T LA S
⃝ - - / S 2 7 E 15 6
A ll
S 12 0 0 C 1 3 M G 1 9 M
RACAL
○ - - / S 3 2 E 1 16
A ll
C 16M
RA CA L
◎G - /
S 2 0 E 1 19
A ll
S 7 10 C 3 7M G 2 1M
A T LA S
◎ - - / S 3 4E 1 5 1
A ll
C 27M S 640
K E L V IN -H U G H E S
○ - - / S 41E 147
A ll
S 50 9 C 5 M G 6 M
A U S T R A L IA
P o rt o f M e lb o u r n e A u th o r ity
L / P o r t R v r A p p / 2 5k m × 25 k m
19 6 2 / 8 7 / $ 2 -5 M / S ta ff : 1 1- 2 0
P o rt o f M e lb o u r n e
P o rtA / V m r R p t A ss M n t
◎ G - / S 3 8E 1 4 5
A ll
1- la n e , 2 4k m × 12 2 - 1 8 3 m
3 s 3r A R P A / S D P / V H F 2 s 2z / B e a c o n
A U S T R A L IA
M a r .S e rv . B o a rd o f N e w S o u th W a les
S / P rt R v r A p p / 4 k m × 2 k m
1 97 4 / $ - / S ta ff : -
P o rt C o m m .C e n tre , N e w C a stle H a r b o u r
M arA d / V m r R pt M n t
C 19 M
A T LA S
○ - - / S 3 3 E 15 2
A U S T R A L IA
S y d n e y H a rb o u r C on tro l
M arA d / V m r R pt M n t
⃝ G - / S 34E 151
1 s1r / - / V HF :3s3z / B eacon
K E L V IN -H U G H E S
◇ G - / S 34E 151
M a r . S e rv ic e s B . o f N e w S o u th W a le s
M / P o rt B a y A p p / 1 5 k m ×1 0 k m
1 9 6 4/ 7 4 / $ - / S ta ff : 1 1- 2 0
N o r a d a r / - / V H F : 1s 1z
A U S T R A L IA
M a r. S e r v . B d . o f N e w S o u th W a le s
M / C oast / 400km× 90km
1 9 7 4 / $ - / S ta ff : -
S y d n e y M a ritim e
M a r A d / R p t In f
A U S T R A L IA
M a rin e B o a r d o f H o b a r t
S / P r t B rg A p p / 1k m × O .2 k m
N av ig a tio n , T a s m a n B r id g e
P o r tA / P lt G rd / N o O v K p S
1 9 8 4 / $ - / S ta ff : A U S T R A L IA
A ll
C 14 M
A ll
C 2 2M
A ll
-
N o rada r / - /1 s1z
1k m× 73m
N o ra d a r / - / V H F : 1s 1 z
○ - - / S 4 3 E 14 7
A ll
S 18 6 C 1 .2 M G 1 .9 M
F o llow in g p o rts o f P O R T S C O R P in S o u th A u s tr a lia h a v e V T S : P o rt P ir ie , P o rt L in c o ln , T h e v e n a r d , W a lla ro o , W h y a lla
-23-
Ⅰ C ou ntry
N am e of V T S
A uthority / M anag em ent / R egu lation
D ata / L ocation
Ⅱ N am e o f V T S A u th ority
Ⅲ S cale / A rea T ype / A rea S ize
M ain chann el/ H ydro-M eteo con dition
Ⅳ Y ear / C ost / S ta ffs
R ad ar / D ata P roc./ V HF / O ther facility
T raffic
R em ark s/M anufac.
B A H R A IN
B ah rain P ort C ontrol
P ortA / R ep V m r / S pR
A ll
B ahra in P o rt A uthority
M / P rt C st / 44km×
1984/ $ - / S taff :3-5
1r1s R D P / TD P / V HF : 1s1z / racon
B E L G IU M
A ntw erp C oordin ation C en tre
P ortA / P rt A ss Inf /
A ntw erp P ort A uth ority
L / P rt
1970/88/ $ - / S taff-
2s2r R D P / ID P / V HF : 2s1z
B e lgiu m an d T he N etherlan ds
M in. V l.G em .(B el.)+ M in. V er.(N eth .)
L L / P ort R vr C st / 80k m× 3k m
1991/$ 50-100/ S taff : 51- 100
V essel T raffic S erv ice-S ch eldem ond
M arA d / V m r M n t G rd In f A ss/K p L
2-lane,130km× 300m / visibility≦1000hours/ year,B ends
18s18r R D P / ID P L nk / V HF : 5s8z / 2 DF
P articip ant
⃝- - / N 26E 51
RA YT H EO N N O RCO N
⃝- - / N 51E0 4
SeaG B arge
S 80k C100 M
RA CA L
◎G B / N 5 1E0 3
≧1140G R T
B R A Z IL
S IS C O N T R A M -Inf.S .on M aritim e C ontro l
P H IL IP S
O - - / S 23W 43
C O M C O N T R A M -N av al C ontro l of Sh ip C om m .
L / C oast Internt./ 4000k×3000k
N av y / S A R V m r In f/ A ntipo lution
V o luntary
1983/ $ - / Sta ff : 3-5
N o radar / TD P / V HF : 4s4z / H F S A T C O M
C A N A DA
C anso V T S
C stG d / C lr M n t Inf P rotect (F sh + E nv )
C anad ian C oast G uard
M / P rtC nlStrC stF sh /
k m×
km
1993/$0 .5-1M / S taff : 11-20
◎G B / N 46W 61
A ll com m r.20m
S 19k
1s1r / ID P L nk / V H F : 1s1z /1 D F
H a lifax (N ova S cotia) V T S
R A CA L
◎ G B / N 45W 64
C ana dian C oast G uard
L / P rt A p p R ec / 48km× 35km
1972/85/ $ 6-10M / S taff : 11-20
C stG d / C lr M n t Inf P rotect (F sh + E nv )
A ll com m r.20m
2-lane, 48km×1 km×2 (m in .15m )
3s3r R D P /ID P L n k /V H F :2s2z/l D F R ac on
CA N A D A
Iq alu it V T S (A rctic W aters-N O R D R E G )
S 47k
N O RC O N
◎ G B / N 64W 69
C an adia n C oast G u ard
S / C st Intern ./ 2000km× 1500km
1977/94/≦ $ 0.1M/ S taff : 2
C stG d / C lr M nt In f S A R P rtc (F sh + E nv )
CA N A D A
CA N A D A
C an adian C oast G u ard
L / R vr / 405k m× 20km
1974/82/≦$ 2-5M / S taff :2 1-50
N o radar / TD P L n k
L es E scoum ins V T S (St.L a w rence W w y .)
◎ G B / N 48W 49
C stG d / C lr M nt In f P rt F sh E nv
A ll com m r.20m
2-lane 700K m / T ide : 10m , C ur : 5k n, Ice
1 s2r R D P / ID P L nk / V HF : 8s8z / L O R A N -C
S101k
CA N A DA
C anadian C oa st G u ard
M aritim es R egiona lO perations C entre
C stG d / C lr M nt Inf SA R P rtc (F sh + E nv )
L / C st / 2000k m× 200k m
1976/94/ $1-2M / Staff : 21-50
N o ra dar/ID P L n k/M F H F V H F /R acon
C A N A DA
M ontrea l V T S
C stG d /C lr M nt P rtc (F + E )/S pR N o O v N oX
L/
P rt R vr / 160km× - k m
1967/91/ $ 6-10M / S ta ff : 21-50
A ll com m r.20m
S2 .3k
L E IG H
◎- B / N 45W 63
A ll com m r.20m
S 48k
160k m ,m in .w idth :10 .7m/
1 s2r R D P / ID P L n k / V HF :4s3z/
i)- B / N 46W 73
A ll com m r.20m
S 56k
CAN ADA
C ana dian C oast G ua rd
P lacentia B ay V T S
C stG d / C lr M n t Inf
◎ G B / N 47W 54
L / P rt B ay A pp / 139k m x 83k m
3-5M / S taff : ll-20
2-lane111k m m in .w idth11m
3s3r R D P /ID P L n k /V H F :4s2z/R acon
S 4k
CA N A D A
P ort a ux B asques V T S
C stG d/C lr M nt P rtct(F + E )/N o O v N o X K pL
C a nadian C o ast G u ard
S / P rt A p p C st / 70km× 20k m
1978/78 /≦ 0 .1M / S taff : 6-10
1 km× m in. 10m / F requ en t low visivilty, Ice
1 s1r R D P /ID P L nk /V H F : 1z/ 1 R acon
CA N A DA
C anad ian C o ast G u ard
L / P rt S tr C st Intn / 466km× 169k m
P rince R upert V T S
C stG d /C lr M nt Inf P rotect(F sh + E n v)
1972/84/$ 2-5M / S taff : 11-20
ID P L ink /V HF : 11s2z/3 D F 1 T V N A V T E X L R N C
A ll com m r.20m
RACAL
◎ G B / N 48W 59
A ll com m r.20m
S8 .7k
RA CA L
◎ G B / N 54W 130
A ll co m m r.20m
S 43k
-24-
-25-
Ⅰ C oun try
Ⅱ N a m e of V T S A uth ority
Ⅲ Sc ale / A rea T ype / A rea S ize
N am e of V T S
A u th ority / M anagem ent / R egulation
D ata / L ocation
Ⅳ Y ear / C ost/ Staffs
R ad ar / D ata P roc./ V HF / O ther fa cility
P articip ant
T raffic
R em ark s/M anu fa c.
C A N A DA
Q uebec V T S
C stG d/C lr M nt Inf P rotect (F sh + E nv )
◎-B/
N 47W 71
A ll com m r.20m
T w o w ay 241km× 150m C ur.4-8k n .
1s1r R D P /ID P L n k/V H F 5s3z/1D F R acon
S66k
L / P rt R vr / 241km× 249km
1972/84/ $ 6-10M / S taff :21-50
M ain ch anne l/ H ydro-M eteo con ditio n
Sa rnia V T S
RA CA L
◎-B/
N 43W 82
C stG d / C lr M nt In f
T w o w a y, 129k m / 10 bend s, C urr : 4 .k n
S 13 .6k
N o rada r / ID P L nk/
S aint John V T S (B ay of F und y)
◎ G B / N 45W 66
C stG d / C lr M nt P rotect (F sh + E nv )/K p L
A ll com m r.20m
1975/95/ $6-10M / Staff : 11-20
T w o w ay, 18 .5km
2s2r9/3G H z R D P /ID P L nk /V H F 5s3z
S 70k
RA CA L
CA N A D A
S t.Joh n's V T S (N ew F ou ndland)
◎ G B / N 48W 53
C an adian C o ast G u ard
M / P rt A p p / 20k m×10 k m
C stG d / C lr M nt Inf P ro tect(F sh + E nv )
A llc om m r.20m
S 20k
CA N A D A
C an adia n C oast G ua rd
M /P rt R vr L ak App R ecr/700k m× 60km
1973 / $0 .3-0 .5M / S taff :2 1-50
CA N A D A
C an adian C oa st G u ard
L / P rt R vr / 160k m× 90k m
1975/$0 .3-0 .5M / Staff : 11-20
O ne w ay
N o r./ID P L n k/2s1z/1T V N A V T E X R acon
CA N A DA
C a nad ian C o ast G uard
T offino V T S
C stG d / C lr M nt Inf P rotect(F sh + E nv )
L / C st Intn / 362k m× 19k m
1978/$ 3-5M / S taff : 11-20
2s2r3G H z/ID P /V H F :5slz/1D F N A V T EX LO R A N C
CA N A DA
L L / C st Intn / 386k m× 56km
1974/ $ 10-20/ Staff : 21-50
P eople 's R epub lic of C H IN A
N in gbo H arbour Su perintendency
L / P rt A pp / 70k m× 5k m
1982/95/ $1 -2M / S taff :2 1-50
P eople's R ep ublic o f C H IN A
D a lian H a rbou r S uperintendency
M/
P rt B a y A pp / 20km× 7km
1993/$0 .5-1M / S taff : 11-20
P eop le's R ep ublic of C H IN A
D alia n H arbou r S uperintendency
M/
P rt App / 20km×10 km
1988/$0 .2-0 .5M / S taff : 6-10
A ll com m r.20
◎GB/
N 49W 125
A ll com m r.20m
S 18k
V ancouv er V T S
C stG d / C lr M nt Inf P rotect(F sh + E nv )
Sep areation route0.5N M× 2/
5s5r R D P /ID P L n k/V H F 12s4z/4 D F 1 T V
A IL
◎ G B / N 49W 123
A ll com m r.20m
S 340k
A IL R A C A L
◎ P IB / N 30E 122
B eilu n P ort V T S
M arA d / M nt Inf / K p L
≧300G R T
T w o w ay60 km× 700m
4s4rR D P / S D P / 4s4z / M F H F R acon
C 58M , S 76k
R dA c/RA CA L N O RCN
D alia n P ort D aya ow an V T S
◎ P IB / N 39E 122
T w o w ay1 .4km× 160m
1 s1r R D P / SD P /1 s1z / M F H F
C 2M S 5 .5k
R dA c / R /D S
◎ P IB / N 39E 122
D alia n P ort H uan baizu i V T S
M arA d / M nt Inf / K p L S pR
≧300 G R T
1 s2r R D P / - /1 s1z / ID F M F H F
≧500G R T ,50m
C 60M S 77k
R d A c/ST N A T L A S
P eop le's R epublic of C H IN A
L ian Y un G ang H a rbou r S uperintendnc .
L ian Y un G ang V T S
M arA d / V m r M n t Inf / K pL S pR
◎PlB/N
35E1 19
≧ 200G R T
L / P rt A pp / 40km×10 km
1990/ $ 2-5M / S taff : 11-20
O ne w ay10k m×160 m
1 s1r R D P / S D P /1 s1z /1 D F 1 T V M F H F
C 15M S 24k
R dA c/N O R C O N
P e op le's R epub lic of C H IN A
Q ing dao P ort V T S (T sin g T ao )
◎ PlB / N 36E 120
Q ing dao H arb our S up erintend ency
L / P rt A p p / 40k m× 20k m
M arA d / V m r M nt In f/ Sp R K p L
≧500 G R T
T w o w ay 34k m× 560m
1 s2r R D P / SD P /1 s1z / 1V H F D F M F H F
C 40M S28k
R dA c/N O R C N A T L A S
Q inh uang dao P ort V T S
M arA d / C lr V m r M nt In f / S pR K p L N oX
◎ PlB / N 40E 120
O ne w a y17km× 120m
1 s1rR D P / - /1 s1z
C 80M S 37k
R dA c/O K I
1990/95/ $1 -2M / Staff : 21-50
P eople's R epub lic of C H IN A
Q in huan dao H arb our Sup erin ten dency
L / P rt A p p / 28k m× 20k m
1986/91/$1 -2M / S taff :2 1-50
P eop le 's R epu blic o f C H IN A
Sh angh ai H arb our S up erintend ency
L / P rt R vr A pp / 50km× 5km
1994 / $5-10M / Staff : 21-50
T w o -w ay10k m× 3700m
Sh angh ai P o rt V T S
M arA d / V m r M nt Inf / S pR K pL
T w ow ay15km× 250m /C u r≦8kn T ide2m
4s7rR D P / SD P / 2s4z / 2 V H F D F
≧ 500G R T ,50m
◎ PlB / N 31E 122
≧1000 G R T
C 160M S 215k
R dA cC g /ST N A T L A S
Ⅰ C oun try
Ⅱ N am e o f V T S A u th ority
Ⅲ Sc ale / A rea T ype / A rea S ize
Ⅳ Y ear / C ost / Staffs
P eople's R epub lic of C H IN A
T ianjin H arb our S up erintend ency
L / P rt A pp / 32k m× 2k m
1995/ $2-5M / Staff : 21-50
P eop le's R epu blic o f C H IN A
N am e o f V T S
A uth ority / M a nagem ent / R eg ula tion
D a ta / L ocation
M ain ch annel/ H yd ro-M eteo cond ition
R ada r / D ata P roc./ V HF / O ther facility
P articipan t
T raffic
R em arks/M anufac.
T ianjin P o rt V T S
M arA d/C lr V m r M n t/S pR K pL N oO v N oX
≧300 G R T
T em p ,on ew ay : 24km× 150m /
C 46M S 11.5k
1s1rR D P / S D P / V HF : 1s1z /1 V H F D F M F H F
N O RC ON
◎ PlB / N 38E 121
Y an T ai Sh an V T S
◎ PlB / N 39E 118
Y anta i H arbou r S uperintendency
≧300 G R T
M/Prt App/
10k m× 5k m
1993/$0 .1-0 .2M / S taff : 11-20
one lan e :2 .2k m×100 m
1s1r A R P A / SD P / V HF : 1s1z / M F HF
C11 M S 18k
P eop le's R ep ublic of C H IN A
Y ang tse R iv er N anjing-L iuh ek ou V T S
M arA d / V m r M nt Inf / S pR K pL
C h angjiang D istrict harb our S up erin .
L L / P rt R vr B rg / 360km× 2km
1991/95 /$ 6-10M / Staff21-50
D EN M A RK
A d m iral D an ish F leet
L L / S tr / 50k m× 17k m
1993/96/ $ 10M / S taff : 19
M an y bends,C urrent≦8 k nots
10s11r R D P / SD P / 4s4z
V essel T raffic S ervice G reat B elt
N avy / In f
F U RU N O
◎ PlB / N 32E1 19
V olun ta ry
C 50M S 500k
N O R CO N
◎ - B / N 55E11
V olu ntary
S26k
T w o lanes : 4 .8k×0 .5kx 2
3s3r A R P A /SD P /V H F :6s1z/2 D F ,4 T V ,1 G u ard V s K R U P P -A T L A S
DENM ARK
F ollo w ing land -based station s are equ ipped w ith surveillance rad ar (s):
H an stholm (N 57E0 9)w ith A T L A S A R P A , H irtsha ls (N 58E10 )w ith A T L A S A R P A
A rab R epub lic of E G Y P T
A lex andria P o rt A uthority
A lexan dria V esse l T raffic M anag em ent S ystem
P ortA/-
M / P rt A pp
1s1r R D P /T D P /V H F : 1s1z
-/$/
s taff
A rab R epub lic of E G Y P T
Su ez C anal A uthority
L L / C nl P rt / 195km×0
.3km
1980/ $5M / S taff : 51-100
F IN L A N D
M erenk ulk uha llitus
P rt A pp / 50k m× 50km
JRC
◎ - B / N 30E 33
C anlA / Plt M n t
A ll
T w ow ay :68k m ,on ew ay :127km , 190m w id e
5s10r R D P /T D P S D P /V H F : 9s3z/L O R A N C
M 364M S 16k
EA T ON -M EGA PU LSE
A jos
M arA d / Plt In f
◎--/
O n e lane40k m
1986/$0 .2-0 .5M / S taff : 11-20
1s2r A R P A / V HF : 1s1z / D E C C A
E m asa lo
M arA d / Plt Inf
1987/$0 .2 -0 .5M / Staff : 11-20
F IN L A N D
M erenk ulku hallitus
M / P rt A pp / 50k m× 20k m
-
S uez C an al V essel T raffic S erv ice
F IN L A N D
M erenk ulk uha llitu s
M/
P rt A p p / 50k m× 20k m
◇ - - / N 31E 30
O n e lane : 40km
1 s2r A R P A / V HF : 1s1z / D E C C A
H am ina
M arA d / Plt Inf
N 65E 24
V olunta ry
S 500C1 .4M
SE LESM A R
◎ - - / N 60E 26
V oluntary
S 2 ,400C10 .6M
SE L E S M A R
◎- - / N 6 1E 2 7
V olu ntary
O ne lan e : 75km / b ends
S1 .000C 3 .9M
SE L E S M A R
H elsink i
M arA d / Plt Inf
◎ - - / N 60E 25
1986/$0 .2-0 .5M / S taff :21-50
O ne lan e :35k m/
F IN L A N D
K ask in en
S 4 .500C 65 .2M
SELE SM A R
◎ - - / N 62E 21
M erenk ulk uha llitu s
M / P rt A pp/10 k m× 5k m
1986/$0 .2-0 .5M / S taff : 6-10
M arA d / Plt In f
O n e lane :9km / 3 bend s
V o luntary
S 400C0 .2M G0 .8M
SEL ESM A R
◎ - - / N 62E 2 1
1987/$0 .2-0 .5M / Staff : 11-20
F IN L A N D
M eren ku lku hallitus
P rt A pp / 50km× 50k m
F IN L A N D
M erenk ulkuh allitus
M/
P rt A p p / 15k m×0 .2k m
1986/$0 .2-0 .5M / S ta ff : 6-10
M a ntylu oto & T ah k oluo to
M arA d / Plt Inf
O n e lane : 15km / 4 bend s
-26-
V olu ntary
V olun tary
S1 .300C 2 .0M
SE L E S M A R
Ⅰ C o untry
Ⅱ N am e of V T S A u th ority
Ⅳ Y ear / C ost / S taffs
N am e of V T S
A uthority / M anag em ent / R egu lation
M a in chann el/ H ydro-M eteo con dition
R a dar / D ata P roc./ V HF / O ther F acl.
F IN L A N D
M eren k ulk uh allitu s
M arjan iem i
M a rA d / Plt Inf
M/Prt App/50km×20km
1983/ $0 .2-0 .5M / Staff : 6-10
O n e lane :50km / 10 bend s
2s3r A R P A / V H F : 1s1z / D E C C A
F IN L A N D
N yham n
M arA d / Plt Inf
M erenk ulk uh allitus
M / P rt A p p / 50k m× 50k m
1983/ $ 0 .2-0 .5M / Sta ff : 11-20
D ata / L ocation
P articip ant
T raffic
R em ark s/M anu fa c.
◎--/
N 65E 25
V olun tary
S250C0 .8M
SE L E S M A R
◎--/
N 60E 20
V olu ntary
O ne lane :40k m/
S2 ,400C10 .6M
S E L E SM A R
F IN L A N D
O rren grun d
◎- - / N 60E 26
M erenk ulku hallitus
M / P rt A pp / 50k m× 50k m
1986/ $ 0 .2-0 .5M / S taff : 11-20
M arA d / Plt Inf
V o luntary
O ne lan e :8k m
S 2,400C 5 .2M
SELE SM A R
F IN L A N D
R aum a
M arA d / Plt Inf
◎ - - / N 61E 21
M eren ku lk uha llitus
M / P rt A pp / 20km× lOkm
O ne lane :20k m / 5 bends
1987/ $0 .2-0 .5M / S taff : 11-20
F IN L A N D
T ank ar
M arA d / Plt Inf
M erenk ulk uha llitus
M / P rt A pp / 30km× 20km
1987/ $0 .2-0 .5M / S taff : 11-20
F IN L A N D
M erenk ulk uh allitus
M / P rt A p p / 50k m× 50k m
1987/ $ 0 .2-0 .5M / Staff : 11-20
F IN L A N D
M erenk ulkuh allitus
M / P rt A pp / 60k m× 20k m
1987/ $ 0 .2-0 .5M / Staff : 11-20
O n e lane : 20km / 6 bend s
U to
M arA d / Plt Inf
O ne lane :50km
1 s2r A R P A / V H F : 1s1z / D E C C A
V a asa
M arA d / Plt Inf
O new ay :60k m / b ends
2s3r A R P A / V H F1 s1z / D E C C A
V o lunta ry
S1, 800C 2 .7M
SE LESM A R
◎ - - / N 64E 23
V oluntary
S 720C1 .5M
SE L E S M A R
◎ - - / N 60E 2 1
V olu ntary
S 1,100
SE L E S M A R
◎ - - / N 63E 21
V olu ntary
S 500C 7 .4M
S E L E SM A R
F IN L A N D
F ollow ing 11pilot stations are equipped w ith surv eillance rad ars :
H an k o, H a lm aja ,Iso ka ri,K y lm apih laja, M arienha m , M ask ar, N orrskar, P orka la, R aahe, R onnsk ar, and S a lg run d
FRA N C E
P ort of C alais
M / P rt A pp /10 km×
1979/ $/ Staff
FR A N CE
P ort A utono m e de D unk erqu e
M / P rt C h n / 40k m
1960/8 1/$ / Staff
F RA N CE
P ort A uton om e de D unk erq ue
M / P rt C h n / 30k m×
1960/81/ $ / S ta ff
F RA N CE
P ort A uton om e d e V erdon
M / R vr P rt A pp / 50km× 40k m
1962/ $/ S taff
FRA N C E
A ffaires M aritim es
L / C h n Intn / 80k m× 30k m
1973/83/ $/ S taff
C ala is V essel T ra ffic S erv ice
P ortA / Sgn M nt V m r Inf
⃝ - - / N 51E O2
19k m
1 s1r / V H F : 1s1z
S 88k C 7M
RA Y T H EO N
T our de control d u trafiqu e
P ortA / M n t V m r In f
⃝ - - / N 5 1E0 2
33km×0
.6k m and 15k m×0 .2km
1 s1r / V H F : 1s1z
C ap itain e d e D un kerq ue Q u est
P ortA / M nt V m r In f
18km× O .6km and 30k m× O .2k m
1 s2r / V HF : 1s1z
G ironde E stu ary R ada r S ystem s
P ortA / S en M nt V m r Inf
40k m1×0 .7km
1 s2r / V HF : 2s1z
V T S o f C R O S SM A -G ris N ez
M arA d / V m r M nt Inf
Sep R 8k m× 2k m×2/ T ide : 7m
1 s2r R D P / T D P / V HF : 1s1z /1 D F
-27-
M anda tory
≧ 30m
C 27M
RA Y T H E O N
⃝ - - / N 51E0 2
≧ 30m
C11M
RA Y T H EO N
⃝ - - / N 45W0 2
≧ 70m
C0 .4M
P H IL IP S
⃝--/
N 51E01
A ll
S 140k
R d-ac / T H O M SO N
Ⅰ C oun try
Ⅱ N am e of V T S A uth ority
Ⅲ Sca le / A rea T ype / A rea S ize
F RA N CE
A ffa ires M aritim es
L / C hn Intn / 40k m× 35k m
19 73/83/$ / S taff
FRA N C E
P ort A u tonom e du H avre
L L / Prt C hn A n c / 50k m× 50k m
1950/73/ $ 10M / S taff
FR A N CE
P ort A u tonom e de M a rseille
L / P rt C nl R vr A pp / 50k m× 35k m
1974/79/$/
S taff
F RA N CE
C a pitain erie de S ain t N azaire
M / P rt C h n A nc A pp / 35k m×10 km
1980/81/ $0 .2-0 .5M / S taff
F RA N CE
A ffaires M aritim es
L / C hn Intn / 90km
N am e of V T S
A uth ority / M an agem ent / R eg ulation
D ata / L o ca tion
M ain cha nnel/ H yd ro -M eteo cond ition
R ada r / D ata P roc./ V H F / O ther F ac.
T ra ffic
R em ark s/M anufac .
V T S of C R O S SM A -Job ourg
M arA d / V m r M nt Inf
⃝ - - / N 50W0 2
S epR 8km× 2km x 2/ tide :7m
1s2r R D P / T D P / V HF : 1s1z /1 DF
S 70k
R d-ac / T H O M S O N
C entre de contro le portu laire
P ortA / M nt V m r S gn Inf
O G - / N 49E OO
2-ln.20k×0 .5k &1-1 n 13k m×0 .3k m
5S 13r R D P / S D P / V HF : 3s5z / 2 DF
C 73M
T H O M SO N
C entre de controle de M a rseille
P ortA / M nt V m r A ss Inf
⃝ G - / N 43E0 5
40km×0
.7k m
P articip ant
A ll
^ SOOG R T
A ll
S 7900C10 3M
2s2r : R D P / T O P / V HF : 1s1z/
T H OM SO N
C entre d e con trole de N ante-S aint N .
P ortA / M n t A ss
1 -/2-lane : 35km× 4k -0 .3 k / tid e :6m
⃝G-/
1 s1r / - / V H F 2s1z
RA Y T H EO N
⃝ - - / N 48W0 5
V T S of C R O SS M A -O uessant
M arA d / V m r M nt In f
N 47W0 2
≧ 75m
S 1500C 12M
A ll
1978/81/$ 6M / S taff
/ tide7m
1 s2r :R D P / T D P / V HF : 1s1z /1 D F
F RA N CE
C entre de c ontrole d e R ouen .
T H O M SO N
⃝ G - / N 49E00
A ffa ires M ar.-P ort A u tonom e de R ou en
L / R v r P rt A p p / 120k m×10 k m
M arA d-P ortA / Plt V m r M nt A ss
A ll
T ide :7m
3s4r / - / V H F : 1s1z
C 2 1M
1960/70/ $ / Sta ff
FRA N C E
P ort A uto nom e d e S ette
M / P rt A pp / 25k m× 25k m
/$/
Staff
GE RM A N Y
B rem en P ort A uthority
L / P rt A pp / 20km× 250m
1977/88/ $ 2-5M / S taff6-10
GE R M A N Y
C entre de contro le d e Sette
P ortA / R pt Plt M nt
S 50k
P H IL IP S
⃝ G - / N 43E0 4
A ll
1 s1r / - / V H F1 s1z
V T S B rem en P o rt
P ortA /V m rO rg Sg nM ntA ss/Sp R N oO vN oX E sc
◎ PlB / N 55E0 8
O new ay : 20km× 150m / v < 1000h , tide :4m
2s2r A R P A / SD P L n k / V HF : 1s3z
S 12k C 14M
R dC g / A T L A S
V T S D eutsch e B uch t
W tw y A /V m rO rg Sgn M n tSA R /S pR N oO v N o X K pL
T w ow ay :96k m Sep aration/v< 1000h
◎ PlB / N 54E0 8
W asser- u nd S ch iffahrta m t W ilhelm sh aven
L L / C st / 165k m× 60k m
1983/84/ $10-20M / S taff : 11-20
1 s1r R D P /T D P S D P L n k /V H F :2s2z/1D F
G ER M A N Y
W . S . C ux ha ven und H am bu rg
V T S E lb e
W tw yA /V m rO rgS gnM nt/S pR K pL N oO v N o X
M and atory
≧ 50m D ng
S68k
R dA cC g / D A S A
◎ PlB / N 54E0 9
≧ 50m D ng
S 68k
L L / R v r A pp / 150km× 4 .6-0 .2k m
1960/94/&50-100 M / S taff : 21-50
O n ew ay : 150km× 200m /v < 1000h ,4-8k nots tide : 3m
11 s11r R D P /T D P SD P L nk /V H F :2s12z/2 D F
G ER M A N Y
W asser- und S chiffah rtam t E m d en
V T S Em s
W tw yA /V m rO rgS gnM ntS A R /Sp R N oO vN oX K pL
L / R v r A pp C st / 70k m×1 k m
1966/67/ $6 -10M / Sta ff : 6-10
O new ay 60km× 200m / v < 1000h ,tide :3m
G E RM A N Y
V T S H am burg P ort
P ortA /V m r O rg M nt/S pR N oO v N oX E sc
◎ PlB / N 54E10
O new ay : 30km× 60m / v < 1000h ,b ends
10 s10r R D P / TD P S D P L n k / V HF : 1s6z
S 43k C 60M
R dC g /P H IL IP S D A S A
◎ PlB / N 54E0 8
H am bu rg P ort A uthority
L L / P rt A pp / 30km
1962/77/ $ 20-50M / S taff :21-50
G ER M A N Y
W asser- un d Sh iffahrtam t W ilhelm sh aven
L L / B a y A pp / 60km×1 km
1974/79/ $10-20M / S taff :6 -10
4s4r R D P / V HF : 2s3z / D E C C A
V T S Jade
W w yA /V m rO rg Sg nM ntSA R /S p R N oO v N o X K pL
O n ew ay : 54km× 300m / v < 1000h, tide : 3 .3m
4s4r R D P /T D P SD P L n k /V H F : 1s2z/V H F D F 5
-28-
R d A cC g / D A S A
◎ PlB / N 53E0 7
≧ 50/40m D ng
S 14k C1 .6M
R d A cC g / P H IL IP S
S eagoing sh ip
≧ 50m D ng
S 6 ,500C 33M
R dA cC g / D A S A
Ⅰ C ou ntry
N am e of V T S
A uthority / M anagem ent / R egulation
D ata / L ocation
P articip ant
M ain ch annel / H y dro -M eteo con ditio n
T raffic
G E RM A N Y
W .S .B run sbuttel u nd K iel-H oltenau
L / C n l A pp / 99km× 162m
1950/70/ $ 1-2M / S taff : 51-100
V T S K iel C an al
W tw yA / V m r O rg S gn M nt/S pR N oO v N oX
G E RM A N Y
V T S L ow er W eser
W tw yA /V m r O rg M nt S A R /S pR N oO v N o X
◎ PlB / N 53E0 9
O n ew ay : 28k m× 150m / v < 1000h ,b en ds
S 14k
R dC g/A T L A S D A S A
W asser- un d Sch iffahrta m t er B rem en
L / R vr / 28km×0 .15-0 .25km
1955/88/ $5-10M / S taff : 11-20
O new ay : 99k m× 162m / v < 1000h ,b en ds
5s5r A R P A / V HF :2s2z / Sgn
7s7r A R P A / S D P L n k / V HF : 1s3z
◎- B / N 54E10
M and atory
S 39k
R dC g / R A C A L
≧50m D ng
G E RM A N Y
W asser- un d Sch iffahrta m t S tralsun d
V T S R o stok an d W arnemu nde
W tw yA /V m rS gn M ntS A R /S pR K pL N oO v N oX
◎ PlB / N 54E 12
L / C n l B ay R v r A pp C st/30km× 25km
1989/89/$1 -2M / S taff : 11-20
O n ew ay : 11k m× 80m / v < 300h
S 19K C 8 .4M
R dA cC g /
GE RM A N Y
1 s2r A R P A / V HF :2s1z
≧30m ,D ng
V T S Sa ssn itz u nd M uk ran
W tw yA /V m rSgn M ntS A R /S pR K pL N oO v N oX
◎ P 1B / N 55E 14
O new ay :15km× 150m / v < 300h
2s2r / V H F1 s1z
S29k
R d R dC g /
V T S S tralsund
W tw yA / V m rSg nM n tSA R /S pR K pL N oO v N oX
≧20m ,D ng
O new ay :90k×50m / v < 300h ,ben ds
N o rad ar / V HF : 1s1z
S10k
N o prom .ef.
G ER M A N Y
V T S T ravemu nde
W asser- un d S ch iffahrtam t Lu beck
L / R iv B ay A pp / 20k m×0 .15k m
1964/86 / $1-2M / Staff : 6-10
W tw yA / V m rSg nM n tSA R / Sp R K p L N o O v N o X
◎ PlB / N 54E11
≧6m (w idth ) D ng
GE R M A N Y
W asser- un d S ch iffahrtam t B rem erh av en
L L / R v r A pp / 94k m×0 .3km
V T S W eser
W tw yA /V m rO rg Sg nM ntSA R /S pR N oO O v N oX K pL
≧50m D ng
O n ew ay : 94km× 150m /v < 1000h ,tid e :3 .9m
8s8r R D P /T D P SD P L n k /V H F :2s7z/D ecca
S24k C 35M
R dC g / D A S A
W asser- un d S ch iffahrtam t S tralsun d
M / B a y A pp / 37km× 7km
1989/89/&0 .5-1M / S taff :6 -10
GE R M A N Y
W asser- un d S ch iffahrtam t S tralsun d
M / B a y Str A pp C st / 90km×10 km
1989/89/ $0 .2-0 .5M / S taff :6-10
1960/85/ $20-50M / S taff : 11-20
G ER M A N Y
O n ew ay : 20km×100 m / v < 1000h ,b ends
3s3r A R P A / V HF : 2s2z / D ecca
≧20m ,D ng
◎ PlB / N 54E 13
S2 1k C 13M
R d -cg / A T L A S
◎ PlB / N 54E0 9
V T S W ism ar
W tw yA / V m rSg nM n tSA R /S pR K pL N oO v N oX
◎ PlB / N 54E11
W asser- un d S ch iffahrtam t Lu b eck
M / B a y A pp / 30km×10 km
1983/89 / $0 .2-0 .5M / S taff :6-10
O n ew ay30k m× 60m / v < 300h ,ben ds
N o rad ar / V H F2 s1z
S4K C 2M
G ER M A N Y
V T S W olg ast
W asser- und S chiffah rtam t S tra lsun d
M / R vr A pp / 70km×0 .07k m
W tw yA / V m rSg nM ntSA R /S p R K pL N oO v N oX
O n ew ay : 60k× 40m / v < 300h ,bend s
≧70m ,D ng
1989/89/$0. 2-0 .5M / S taff : 3-5
G RE ECE
N o rad ar / V HF : 1s1z
N o prom inen t ef.
⃝- - / N 38E 24
H ellenic C oast G uard
S / P rt C st Int / 600k×500km
H ellenic R escue C o ordinatio n C entre
C stG d / SA R V m r Inf
≧70m D ng
N o p rom .effect
◎ PlB / N 54E 14
S6K
V olun tary
1969/1994/ $/ Staff
V H F1 s1z M F H F
H ONG
H ong K ong V T M S
P ortA / V m rO rdM ntInf / S pR K pL E sc
◎ G B / N 22E1 14
T w ow ay : 800m× 2/ B en ds
K ON G
H ong K ong M arine D epa rtm en t.
L L / P rt A pp / 60k×20k
≧300G rt
1965/89 / $26M / Sta ff : 40-50
7s7r R D P / ID P / V HF : 4s2z / 4 D F , B erth A id
S 31k C1 18M G 145M
R dC g / N orco n
IN D O N E S IA
B ontan P ort Service
P ortA / M nt A ss
V olun tary
B ontan P ort A utho rity
M/
P rt A pp
/ $ / Staff
◇- - / N E
1 s1r R D P / T D P / V HF : 1s1z
JR C
IR A N
P orts and S hippin g O rgan izatio n
L / P rt A pp / 50k m× 30k m
S hahid R ajaei V T S (B and ar A bb as)
◎- B / N 27E 56
M arA d / M nt / K p L N oO v N o X
T w ow ay / v≦300 h
M and atory
1994/ $ 2-5M / S taff : 6-10
1 s1r A R P A / - / V H F : 2s2z
-29-
S 780C10 M
Ⅰ C ountry
Ⅱ N am e of V T S A utho rity
N am e of V T S
A utho rity / M an agem en t / R egu lation
D ata / L ocatio n
Ⅲ S cale / A rea T y pe / A rea S ize
M a in chann el/ H ydro-M ete o c ondition
T raffic
R em arks/M an ufac.
IR A N
B and al B ush ire P .S .O .
S / P rt A pp C hn / 20k m
P ort O p .M arine A ff. B and al B ush ire
P ilot O rg./ R ep Inf
1960
IR A N
N o rad ar / - / V H F1 s1z
B and al C h abah ar P o rt A uthority
S / P rt A pp C h n
R adar / D ata P roc ./ V HF / O th er F ac .
T w o w ay :13k m×135m
P o rt O p .M ar.A ffa irs B an dal C habah ar
P o rt A ./ R ep In f / S pR N oO v N oX E sc.
1 960
N o rad ar / - / V HF : 1s1z
IR A N
P o rt O p .M ar.A f.B and al K h om jeiny
P ort A ./ R ep Inf / N oO v K pL .
P ort of K ho m ein y A uthority
S / P rt A pp C h n
IR E L A N D
D ublin P ort R ad io
P ortA / R pt A ss In f / K pL N oO v N oX
IR E L A N D
G a lw ay H arb our C om m issioners
S / P rt B ay A pp / 10km
1 960/$/
Staff
IR E L A N D
L im erick H arb our C om m issioners
⃝-M a ndatory
C0 .8M
⃝-M andato ry
⃝ G - / N 53W0 6
M anda tory
S 3966C 7 .6M
G alw ay H arb our
P iltA / R pt Plt A ss Inf
⃝- - / N 53W0 9
M and atory
S 200C0 .4M
N o radar / V HF : 1s1z
L im erick H arbo ur (R iver S han non)
⃝ - - / N 53W0 9
P iltA / R pt Plt / K pL N oO v N oX
M and atory
S 1500
N o radar / V HF : 1s1z/
G en oa H arbo ur P ilots
M / P rt A pp / 30km× 30km
/$0
M and atory
C0 .8M
V HF : 1s1z/
S / P rt R vr A pp / 50k m
1988/
IT A L Y
⃝- - / N 29E 51
C .3 .5M
1960
D ub lin P ort and D ock es B oard
S / Prt / 10k m×0 .2k m
1986/$ / S taff :5
P artic ipant
.5M / Staff : 30
IT A L Y
G eno a P ilo t T raffic
P iltA / Plt
◎ - - / N 42E0 9
2s2r A R P A / - / V HF :2s2z /
SE LESM A R
⃝ - - / N 45E 12
V enice H arb our P ilots
M / P rt C hn A pp / 40k m× 40k m
V en ice P ilot T raffic
P iltA / Plt/
1 o r 2-w ay : 40km / v≦1000 h
1965/73/ $0 .5M
1 s1r A R P A / - / V H F : 2s2z/
IT A L Y
L ivo rno V T S
P ort A / In f M nt
L iv orn o P ort A u th ority
M/
P rt / 40k m× 40k m
M and atory
C 48M
M and atory
C 28M S 9370
SE LESM A R
◇- - /
M and atory
1995/ S taff2-5
1 s1r A R P A / TD P /
SE L E S M A R
JA P A N
A k ash i S trait V . T . S igna l S tation
B rdgA / In f S gn
◎ - - / N 35E 135
H onsh u-S hiko ku B ridge A uth ority
L / B rg A pp / 3 .6km× 3 .7k m
2 lanes : 1400m / C ur.≦8 k nots
1990/ $ 2-5M / S taff : 6-10
1 s1r R D P / - / V H F : 1s1z
JA P A N
B isan Seto T raf.A dv .S erv ice C enter
C stG d / V m rM ntS gnIn f/ K pL S pR N oX E sc
M aritim e S afety A gency
L L / Inla nd S ea & P ort / 42k m× 8k m
1987/89/$20-50M/
Staff21-50
JA P A N
M aritim e Safety A gen cy
L / P rt A p p / 24k m× 24k m
1986/ $2-5M / S taff :6- 10
JA P A N
H o nshu -S hikok u B rid ge A uthority
M / B rg A pp / 0.3k m×1.0 k m
1984/$0 .5-1/ S taff : 0
1 or 2-w ay :61k m× 700m / C ur.≦8 k nots
3s3r R D P / TD P / V HF : s11z / R acon s
C h iba P ort T raffic C ontro l C enter
C stG d / Sg n M n t Inf / S p R
1 or 2w a y :2 .4-4 .0km× 250m , 500m
1 s1r R D P / - / V HF : 1s1z / 2T V
Inn osh im a B ridge V .T .S ig nal S taton
B rdg A / Inf Sg n
T w ow ay : 1k m× 300m
2s2r R D P / V HF : 1s1z
-30-
V olun tary
S400k
JR C
◎ G - / N 34E 134
≧200m
S 500k
OK I
◎ - - / N 36E 140
≧10 k t D ng
90k C 159M G 125M
O ki
◎ - - / N 34E 133
V o luntary
S 60k
OKI
-31-
Ⅰ C ou ntry
N am e of V T S
D ata / L ocation
Ⅱ N am e of V T S A uthority
Ⅲ S cale / A rea T yp e / A rea S ize
A uthority / M anag em ent / R egulation
M ain ch ann el/ H ydro-M eteo con dition
P a rticip ant
T raffic
JA P A N
R a dar / D ata P roc./ V HF / O ther F ac.
Japan S hip R ep orting Sy stem (JA S R E P )
◎- - / N 36E 140
L / C st In tn l/ 4000k m× 4000k m
1975/ $ 6- 10M / Sta ff : 6-10
C stG d / S A R M o n In f
JA P A N
K a m ig oto O il S torag e C om pany
L / O ff A pp / 5k m× 5k m
K am ig oto V essel T raffic S ign al S tation
C o m p any / Inf Plt
◎--/
1988/ $1 -2/ Sta ff : 0
1s1rR D P / V HF : 1s1z /1 D F , 2 T V
JA P A N
K a nm on K aiky o T ra ffic A d visary S erv ice C enter
C stG d / V m rM ntSg nInf / K p L E sc
O K I-A N R IT S U
◎ G - / N 34E 129
M aritim e Sa fety A g en cy
L L / InlandS ea P o rt / 43k m× 5k m
1989/ $10-20/ S ta ff : 21-50
JA P A N
M aritim e S afety A g ency
L / P rt A pp / 24k m× 24k m
1973/ $2-5M / Sta ff : 11-20
JA P A N
M / P rt A pp / 12k m× 6k m
1984/ $0 .5-1M / Staff : 6-10
JA P A N
H onshu-Sh ik ok u B ridge A u th ority
L / B rg A pp / 4 .0k m× 3 .7k m
1990/$ 2-5M / S taff :6-10
JA P A N
M aritim e S afety A gen cy
L L / Inland S ea / 42k m× 22k m
S D P / V HF : 19s19z / M F H F S A T C O M
2 lan e : 19k m× 500m / C ur.≦8 k nots
4s4r R D P / T D P / V HF : 1s1z / R acons D E C C A
K aw asak i P ort T raffic C on trol C en ter
C stG d / S gn M nt In f /
1 or2-lan e /11 km× 300m -500m
N 33E 129
V olu ntary
S300 k C 93M G 51M
OKI
◎-- / N 35E 140
1s1r R D P / - / V HF : 1s1z / 7T V
≧1000 g rt
S 70k C100 M G 98M
OKI
K obe P ort T raffic C o ntrol C enter
◎ G - / N 35E 135
C stG d / S ig In f/
≧15 kt D ng
1 or 2-lan e :1 .4km× 300m
N o rad ar/P ort In f.P .S ./V H F : 1s1z/ 1 T V
S100k C 169M G 302M
K urush im a Strait V essel T raffic S ign al S tation
B rdg A / Inf Sg n
◎ P l- / N 34E 133
2 lan e :700m× 2
1 s1r R D P / V HF : 1s1z
S 300k
JR C
K urush im a K aiky o T raf.A d v.S er. C en.
C stG d / V m rM ntSg nInf / K p L K pS N o X E sc
◎G-/
1 or 2 lane : 16k m× 700m / C ur.≦8 k nots
S500k
OKI
◎-/ N 43E 144
1987/98/ $ - / Staff : 6-10
2s2r R D P / T D P /1 s1z / R acons
JA P A N
K u shiro H arb or V T S S tation
C stG d / A ss In f /
M aritim e Sa fety A g ency
L / P rt A p p / 20k m× 20k m
1964/87/ $ 2-5M / S taff : 11-20
V oluntary
/
1 s2r R D P / - / V H F : 1s1z
V olu ntary
N 34E 133
≧200m
V oluntary
S 35000C 24M G 15M
OKI
.◎--
/ N 41E 141
JA P A N
M utsu O g aw ara O il S torag e C o. L td.
L / P rt A pp / 30k m× 30k m
M-O . S ingle P oint M ooring B uoy G ua rd S ystem
C om pan y / G rd (S ing le poin t m oor. b.)
1984 / $1-2M / Staff : 0
1 s1r R D P/ /
V HF : 1s1z/
N a goy a T raf. A dv isory S ervice C enter
N EC
◎--/
C stG d / S gn M nt A ss In f/
≧ 5k t D ng
1994/ $6- 10M / Sta ff : 21-50
1 or 2 lan e : 10km× 400m
1 s1r R D P / TD P / V HF : 1s1z/
S80k C 134M G 204M
OK I
JA P A N
O m ishim a B ridge V essel T raffic S ign al S tation
◎--
H onsh u-S hik oku B ridge A u th ority
M / B rg A pp / 0 .3k m×1.0 km
BrdgA/
V olu ntary
JA P A N
L / P rt A pp / 28km× 7km
1984/ $ 0 .5- 1/ S taff : 0
JA P A N
M aritim e S afety A gen cy
L L / B ay S tr / 47k m× 5k m
Inf Sgn
N 35E 137
/ N 34E 132
2 lan es : 400m
2s2r R D P / - / V H F : 1s1z
S 70k
NEC
O sak a W a n T raffic A dv isary S erv ice C en ter
C stG d / V m rM ntSg nInf / K pL K pS N o X E sc
◎ P l- / N 34E 135
2 lan es :6 .7k m× 750mx 2
1993/ $ 10-20M / S taff :2 1-50
2s2r R D P / T D P / V HF : 1s1z / R ac ons
JA P A N
O sa ka H arbor V T S S tation
C stG d / R pt A ss Inf /
M aritim e S afety A g ency
L / P rt A pp / 10k m×10 k m
1964/87/ $ 2-5M / S taff : 11-20
V oluntary
1 .4-3 .8k m× 70m -300m
1 s1r R D P / - / V HF : 1s1z / 1T V
≧ 200m
S 400k
OKI
G - / N 35E 135
V o luntary
S 80k C 92M G 139M
OKI
Ⅰ Country
Ⅲ Scale / A rea T ype / A rea Size
Ⅳ Y ear / Cost / Staffs
JA PA N
T okyo B ay B ridge A uthority
M / Brg A pp / 15km×
10 km
1989/$2-5/ Staff :6-10
JA PA N
M aritim e Safety A gency
L / Prt A pp / 24km× 24km
1980/ $6-10M / Staff : 11-20
N am e of V T S
M ain channel / H ydro-M eteo condition
R adar / D ata Proc./ V HF / Other F acl.
T okyo B ay B ridge V essel T raffic Signal Station.
BrdgA / Sgn Inf
JA PA N
LL / Bay A pp / 70km x 12km
1977/83/$20 -50M / Staff :51-100
JA PA N
L / Prt App / 16km×
1 .5km
1984/≦ $10M / Staff : 11-20
JA PA N
1974/≦ $2M / Staff : 11-20
Republic of K O RE A
Pohang (N 36E 129)w ith1s1r R D P
Pusan (N 35E 129)L in1987w ith1s1r/R D P/T D P (JRC )
U lsan (N 36E 129)L in1987w ith1s1r/R D P/T D P (JRC )
T okyo W an T raf.A dv.Service Center
CstG d / V m rM ntInf/ K pL SpR N oX E sc
1or2lane25km× 700m x2
3s3r R D P / TD P /1 s1z / R acons
W akam atsu Port T raf. Control O ffice
CstG d / Sen M nt A ss Inf /
O new ay : 12.5km× 250m
1s1r RD P / T O P / V HF : 1s1z/ 3T V
Y okoham a Port T rafic Control O ffice
CstGd / Sgn M nt A ss Inf/
K U W A IT
Shuaiba Port A uthority
L / Prt A pp
/ $/ Staff
K U W A IT
Shuaiku Port A uthority
Prt A pp
/ $/ Staff
LA T V IA
V entspils Port A uthority
M / Prt A pp / 10km x10 km
1s1r R DP / N o V HF
T okyo P ort T raffic ControlC enter
CstG d / Sgn M nt Inf /
1s1r R DP / T D P / V HF : 1s1z / 7 T V
6.3km× 400m
1s1r / R DP / V H F1s1z / 4T V
F ollow ing ports have V T Ss equipped w ith radars
D ata / L ocation
P articipant
T raffic
R em arks/M anufac.
◎- - / N 36E140
V oluntary
S250k C 600M G 450M
JR C
◎- - / N 36E 140
≧5kt D ng
S65k C73M G1 17M
OKI
◎G - / N 35E 140
≧200m
S250k
RdA c / O ki
◎- - / N 34E 131
≧300grt
S7400C 92M G82M
OKI
◎
G-/
N 35E 140
≧15kt Dng
S80k C 124M G265M
O K I A N R IT SU
Shuaiba Port Service
PortA / M nt A ss
⃝- - / N 29E48
A ll
1s1r R D P / T O P / V HF : 1s1z
Shuaiku P ort Service
PortA / M nt A ss
JRC
◇- - / N 29E48
A ll
1s1r A R PA / TD P / V HF : 1s1z
V entspils V essel T raffic Service
PortA / Plt M nt Inf
K ELV IN H U G H E S
○- - / N 57E 22
1s2r/ - / V H F : 1s1z /1 D F
1972/82/$/ Staff : 6-10
L IT H UA N IA
K laypeda V essel Traffic Service
PortA / Plt M nt Inf
K laipeda Port A uthority
M / Prt A pp / 10km×
10 km
1s2r / - / V H F : 1s1z /1 D F
1982/$/ Staff :6-10
M A L A Y SIA
M alaysia V T S
M arA d / C lrP ltM ntF sh / SplN ovN oxK pl
M aritim e A dm inistration
LL / Prt Str A pp / 200N M× 50N M
T w ow ay : 200N M
10s10r
RD P / SD P / V HF :10s5z/
1997/$ 30-50M / Staff : 21-50
M A LA Y SIA
Follow ing ports have V T Ss w ith surveillance radars
B intulu (N E )L ,in 1982 w ith 1s1r/ R D P / T D P (N OR CO N )
T rengganu(N E )L, in 1983 w ith 1s1r/ RD P / T D P (N O RC ON )
Seago
Okean
⃝- - / N 56E21
Seago
◎ - B / N0 3E101
≧50G28m
S32k C 34M
L loyds D P
M EX ICO
Follow ing oilterm inals/offshore structures are equipped with surveillance radars
C am neche LL/1982/O ilCo/O ffs./9s9r/R D P/T D P/V H F : 8s (N O R CO N )
C oatzacoalcos L/1982/O ilCo/O ffs./2s2r/RD P/T D P/V H F : 1s(N O RCO N )
-32-
Ⅰ C oun try
Ⅲ S cale / A re a T ype / A rea S ize
N am e of V T S
A u th ority / M an agem ent / R egulation
R ada r / D ata P roc./ V HF / O ther F acl.
T HE
N ET H E RL A N D S
D irect.G en. of Sh ipp ing & M ar. A ff.
L / P rt C nl L o ck A nn / 45k m× 30k m
1951/83/$ / S taff :21-50
T H E N E T H E R LA N DS
R ot.P ort A uth .& D ir. G en .for S
L L / P rt R iv A DD / 90k m× 50km
1957/87/ $50-100 / Staff : 100-200
M ain ch annel/ H y dro -M eteo cond ition
D ata / L ocation
P articipan t
T raffic
R em ark s/M anufac.
Ijm uiden V T S
M arA d / R pt M n t Inf / Sp R E sc
⃝ G - / N 53E0 5
T w o/onew ay :50km×0 .5-2k m / F og
3s3r R D P /T D P L nk /V H F :2s4z/4D F /R acon D ecc
C 60M G 55M
P H IL IP S, N O R C O N
R o tterd am V essel T raffic M anagem ent
⃝ G - / N 52E0 4
P rtA & M a rA d / Plt M n t A ss Inf/
T w o /on ew ay25k m/
S eag oing v .
26s26r R D P /ID P /V H F : 12s12z/3 D F ,8 T V , D ecca
S eago ing v .
C 250M
H O L L A N D S IG N A L .
T H E N E T H ER LA N D S
M unicip al D ep. of H arbor & M arkets
M / P rt / 16k m× 3 .2k m
S ch evening en V T S
P ortA / R pt M nt Inf / S pR E sc
O new ay :3k m× 150m
≦ 6m
C1 .4M G 2 .3M
/ $/ S taff : 6
1 s1r / V H F : 1s1z / 2 T V
RA CA L
T HE
N ET H ER LA N D S
⃝ -- / N 52E0 4
F ollow ing sta tions are equipp ed w ith surv .radars
C oast G uard m on itors coast tra ffic w ith rad ars
B ran daris (1A R P A ),H aam stede (1A R P A ),D en H elder (1r), H uisduinen (1r), and S hierm n nik o og (1r)
N EW
ZEA LA N D
P ort O tago L td
M / P rt App / 28k m× 3km
1960/88/ S taff :5
N E W ZEA LA N D
W ellington H arb our B o ard
M / P rt App /11 km× 7km
/ $0 .2-0 .5M / S taff
N OR W A Y
N orw eg ian C oast D irectorate
M / C st (in shore)/ 10N M× 3N M
1978/ $ N .A ./ Staff : 11
N OR W A Y
N orw egian C oast D irectorate
L / C st / 15N M× 15N M
1992/ $ 4 .4M / S taff : 12
P ort O tas o L td.
⃝ - - / S 46E 171
P ilotA / V m r Plt R pt SA R / S pl
O new a y : 26k m× 180-90m / 7bend s
M anda tory
1 s1r / 2s1z / 2 T V
C1 .2M G 5 .2M
K O D EN
W ellin gton H arb our B oard
P ortA / V m r Plt S gn S A R/
⃝ - - / S4 1E 175
7km / 60 day s of w in ds over 60k n ots
C 5 .8M G 18 .8M
FU R U N O
1 s1r / 2s1z
B rev ik V T S
C stA d / C lr Inf / Sp l K pl
T w o /O ne w ay/
M an datory
◎ GB
≧ 50G t,24m
G0 .9M
1 s1r R D P / TD P /1 s1z / T est D G P S
F edje V T S
C stA d / C lr Inf / S pl K p l
◎ｰB /
≧ 200G t,24m
T w o w ay : 22k m×1 .2km / S 4200C 68M
3s4r R D P / T D P / V HF : s11z / T est D G P S
T roll V T S /Sh ip R ep orting S ystem
◎--
/
N O RW A Y
N orw egian C oast D irectorate
T o b e decided
M / Intern .w .O ffs./ T o be decid
1995/ $ / S taff : 4
T o b e decided
T o b e decided (3s3r?)/T D P /T est D G P S
N O RW A Y
O il C om pan y
C m p / G rd A ss
V oluntary
M / O ff A pp /
1985/ - / -
3s3r R D P / - / V H F : 3s3z
N O RC O N
G alfaks A /B /C
◇ --/
NORW AY
10 ports/p ilot sta tions are equipped w ith land -based rad ars
G alfak s offsh ore stations h ave 3s3r (A R P A ).
N OR W A Y
an d U . K .
O il C o m p any
M / O ff App /
◇-
S tatofiordfield
C m p / G rd A ss
V olu ntary
1985/ - / -
3s3r R D P/-/
R enub lic of P A N A M A
P C C M arin e T raffic C on trol S ystem
M arA -W w yA /V m rM n tO rg A ssP ltA n c/Sp R etc
P anam a C .C om m ission T raf.M ang . D iv .
L / P rt C n l L ak B ay / 83k m×0 .2k m
19 14/86/ $ 10M / S taff :64
V HF :3s3z
2 lan es :83k m×198m / T ide: 5m
2s4r A R P A / ID P / V H F 2s / T V / 102,R acon
-33-
-/
N OR CO N
◎-B/
N0 9W 80
.M andato ry
S 13k C 168M
R aytheon
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Country
N am e of V T S A uthority
Scale / A rea T ype / A rea Size
Y ear / Cost / Staffs
T H E PH ILIPPIN ES
Phillipine Coast Guard
Prt B ay A pp/
1987/$0 .1-0.2M / Staff
PO R T U G A L
Com ando da D efesa M artim a
S / Prt R vr A pp / 23km
PO R T U G A L
Leixoes Port A uthority
R U SSIA
K erch Port A uthority
M / Prt C hn A pp / 26km
1973/82/ $/ Staff : 6-10
RU SSIA
M urm ansk Port A uthority
M/ Prt A pp / 12km
1966/80/ $/ Staff : 11-20
N am e of V T S
R adar / D ata Proc./ V HF / Other Facl.
M anila Bay V T S
CstG d / M nt
1s1r/ A RPA / - / Post de V igilancia do Porto de Lisbo
N avy / M nt Rpt
N o radar
Leixoes
PortA
1s1r A RPA
K erch-Y enikale Channel R adar System
P ortA / Plt M nt Inf/
-/ -/
1s2r / - / V H F : 1s1z /1 D F
K olsky Sound V T S (M urm ansk)
PortA / Plt M nt Inf/
12km×
1 km
2s2r/ - / V H F : 3s1z / 2 D F
RU SSIA
N akhodka B ay V essel T raffic Service
N O R FES Ltd/N akhodka M arine A dm nst.
M arA d / P lt M nt Inf/
20km× 400m / Low v.1000h
L / Prt Bay / 20km×
10 km
1979/92/ - / Staff : 20-50
3s3r R DP / SD P / V HF : 1s1z/ 3 D P
R U SSIA
Sanct Petersburg V T S
Port A uth. of Sanct Petersburg
PortA / Plt M nt In f/
45km×
100 m/
1961/93/ - / Staff : 20-50
3s3r A R PA / - / V HF : 2s1z /1 D F
R U SSIA
Y udzhnuy V essel T raffic Service
Y udzhnuy Port A uthority
L / Prt A pp / 8km×
1965/84/ $/ Staff : 6-10
2s2r/ - / V H F : 2s1z /1 D F
R U SSIA
Zhdanov V essel T raffic Service
Zhdanov Port A uthority
M/
Prt A pp / 24km×
2s2r / - / V H F : 2s1z / 2 D F
1965/84/ $/ Staff : 6-10
RU SSIA Follow ing 14 ports in Russia (or, CIS) are equipped w ith surveillance radars
radars and port authority operate pilot dependent m anagem ent. S /△ /1 s1r
A rkhangelsk, B aku, Belgorod Dni., Beringow ski, K avkas. K holm sk, K rasnogorsk, M urm ansk,
N ovorosysk, P oronaisk,R iga,T uapse,U glegorsk, U st K am chadka, V anino (2s2r)
K ingdom of SA U DI A R A B IA
Saudi Port A uthority
M / Prt Chn A nn / 20km× 20km
1950/$/ Staff:6-10
K ingdom of SA U D I A RA B IA
Saudi Port A uthority
L/Prt Chn App/
50N M
1983/ $9M / Staff : 11-20
Dam m am Port C ontrol
M arA d / V m r Rpt Plt Sgn/
20km× 400m
1 s1r R D P / V HF : 1s1z
Jubail P ort Control
M arA d / V m r R pt Plt Sgn/
50N M× 2N M
1 s1r RD P / V HF : 8s2z/
-34-
D ata / L ocation
P articipant
T raffic
R em arks/M anufac.
△- - / N 15E121
V oluntary
SE LESM A R
a○ - - / N 38W 9
≧30,000grt
C .14M
◇- -
K R U PP -A T LA S
N 46E 37
Sea-go
⃝- - / N 69E33
M andatory
R A SK A T
◎ GB / N 43E 132
M andatory
S12k
OKI
◎ G B / N 43E132
M andatory
S16k G10M
⃝- - / N E
M andatory
OK EA N
⃝
--/
N 47E37
M andatory
O K EA N
⃝ - - / N 27E49
M andatory
S4,500C 13M
⃝ - - / N 27E 50
M andatory
S389C 2.4M
T H O M SO N
Ⅰ C ou ntry
K ing dom of SA U D I A R A B IA
S audi P ort A uth ority
S / P rt A pp /
1979/ $/ Staff
N am e of V T S
A uth ority / M anagem ent / R egulation
D ata / L oca tion
M ain ch annel / H y dro -M eteo cond ition
R ad ar / D ata P roc./ V HF / O ther F acl.
T raffic
R em a rk s/M anufac .
G izan P ort C ontrol
M arA d / V m r R pt Plt S gn /
M and atory
P articipa nt
⃝- - / N 27E 38
90n .m .×0 .5n .m .
G1l .7M
Y anbu P ort C ontro l
M arA d / V m r R pt Plt Sgn /
◇- - / N 27E 38
1983/ $ / S ta ff
1s1r R D P / TD P / V H F : 1s1z
JRC
K ingdo m of S A U D I A R A B IA
Ju'aym ar and R as T anura have been reported to have surveillance radar.
S IN G A P O R E
P ort of S inga pore A u th ority
S 'pore V essel T .In fo rm ation S erv ice
P ortA / Inf M n t / K pL
T w oW ay m in 527m /v≦1000 h≦8k nots tide :3 .5m
◎-B/
N00 E10 4
≧300 G rt
5s5r A R P A / T -SD P L n k / V HF:1s2z/2DF
M aritim e R C C (L ocal)/V T S A lgeciras
R dC g
◎--/
M arA d / V m r M nt SA R Inf
V o luntary
8k m
1s1r R D P /- /V H F : 3s1z/1 D F , C C T V
M ar. R C C (R egional)/V T S A lm eria
S 1400
M arA d / V m r M nt A ss S A R Inf
ship for anchor
K ing dom of SA U D I A R A B IA
S audi P ort A uth ority
L / P rt A pp /
L L / P rt A pp / 25N M× 4N M
1990/ $ 20M / S taff : 51-100
S P A IN
M aritim e A d m inistratio n, Sp ain
M/
B ay / 10km× 8km
1996/ - / Sta ff : 9
S P A IN
M aritim e A dm inistration, S pain
M / P rt A pp C st / 43200sq.k m
M and atory
C 290M G 679M S101 k
N 36W0 5
◎ - - / N 37W0 2
1994/96/ - / Staff : 10
2s2r R D P /ID P /V H F :2s1z/1 D F
S P A IN
M R C C (R egio nal)/V T S B arcelona
◎ - - / N 4 1E0 2
M aritim e A dm in istration ,S pain
L / P rt A pp / radius40k m from p ort
1993/96/ - / S taff : 16
M a rA d / V m r M n t A ss S A R Inf
D ng
S 15k Identified
T w ow ays,4k m×1 k m
2s3rR D P /ID P /V H F : 1s1z/
S P A IN
M R C C (R egional)/V T S B ilb ao
◎ - - / N 43W0 3
M aritim e A dm in istration ,S pa in
1994/96/ - / S taff :12
M arA d / V m r M n t A ss S A R In f
V olu ntary
S 3500
1 s2rR D P /ID P /V H F : 4s1z/1 D F
M R C C (R egional)/V T S C oru na
◎--
A ll
S 8k
1993/96/ - / S taff : 10
T hree w ays
1 s3r R D P /ID P /V H F : 6s1z/1 D F , N A V T E X
SP A IN
M aritim e A dm inistratio n, Sp ain
M R C C (Z ona l)/V T S F in isterre
◎--
M arA d / V m r M nt A ss SA R Inf
V o luntary
62×5 .6 & 56×5 .6k m
3s6r R D P /ID P /V H F : 4s1z/D F
M R C C (R egio nal)/V T S G ijo n
S 14 .4k Identified
◎--
V oluntary
1993/96/ - / Staff : 9-12
T w o chan nels
1 s2r R D P /ID P /V H F : 1s1z/1 D F
S2400 Id en tified
N O RC O N
S P A IN
M R C C (R egional)/V T S L as P a lm as
◎--
M aritim e A dm in istration, S pain
V olun tary
S 15k Identified
1993/96/ - / S taff : 15
2s2r R D P /ID P /V H F :4s1z/N A V T E X
S P A IN
M aritim e A dm inistration ,S pa in
M R C C (R egiona l)/V T S P alm a
◎ - - / N 40E0 3
M arA d / S A R Inf
V oluntary
S / B alearic S ea / 90000sq .k m
1993/96/ - / S taff :8-10
N o radar/ID P /V H F : 2s1z
S P A IN
M aritim e A d m inistration , Sp ain
L / P rt B ay A pp / 40k m× 22km
L L/Open Sea/5000square km
1992/94/ - / Staff : 18 -29
S P A IN
M aritim e A dm inistration, Sp ain
L / P rt A pp C st / 50km× 30km
S 40k
-35-
/ N 43W0 9
/ N 43W0 9
/ N 44W0 6
/ N 28W 16
-36-
Ⅰ C ountry
Ⅲ Scale / A rea T ype/ A rea Size
Ⅳ Year / Cost / Staffs
SPA IN
M aritim e A dm inistration, Spain
L / Str A pp / 60km× 20km
1987/96/-/ Staff:18-27
SPA IN
M aritim e A dm inistration,Spain
M / Cst P rt A pp / 14km× 28km
1994/96/ - / Staff : 10
SPA IN
M aritim e A dm inistration,Spain
1993/96/ - / Staff : 10
N am e of V T S
Radar / D ata P roc./ V HF / Other Facl.
M R CC (Zonal)/V T S T arifa
M arA d / V m r M nt A ss SA R Inf/K pL
T w ow ay :30km× 8km/
3s3r R D P/ID P/V H F : 3s1z/1 DF N A V T EX
M R CC (Local)/V T S T arragona
M arA d / SA R Inf
1s1r RD P/ID P/V H F :2s2z
M RCC (Regional)/V T S T enerife
M arA d / A ss SA R Inf
T enerife-G ran C anaria Channel
1s1r RD P/ID P/V H F : 1s1z/1 D F
M RC C (Regional)/V T S V alencia
M arA d / A ss SA R Inf
S PA IN
S / C st Opn
1994/96/ - / Staff : 10
N o radar/- /V H F : 1s1z
M R CC (Local)/V T S V igo
SPA IN
M arA d / V m r Inf
S / Firth A pp / 28km× 8km
T w o channels
(radar & D F under constr.)/V HF : 1s1z
1996/98/ - / Staff : 7-9
SW ED EN
G othenburg V T S
PortA / Rpt M nt Inf/SpR Esc
Port of G othenburg A B
L / Prt Rvr Str A pp / 41km×
11 km
T w ow ay20km× 200m / v≦
1000 h
1963/82/$ 2-5M / staff : 11-20
3s3r R DP / IDP Lnk / 2s1z
SW ED EN
Oxelosund V T S
M arA d / V m r M nt Inf/SpR E sc
Sw edish A dm in. of Shipping and N av.
T w ow ay :100m -500m /
M/Prt Rvr Str App/110Km×
2s2r R D P / V HF : 2s1z
1980/ $0.2-0.5M / Staff
SW ED E N
Stockholm V T S
M arA d / V m r/Spl Esc/
Sw edish A dm in. of Shipping and N av.
S / Prt Str App/
N o radar/ T DP / V H F : 2s1z
1980/
SW E DE N
T here are 4 m ore V T S stations along the Sw edish coast each w ith 2 surveillance radars :
Lurea,L ysekil,M alaren/Landsort, and M arstrand
Follow ing 21 pilot stations are also equipped w ith 2 surveillance radars each.
A hus, Bonan, Falkensburg, H elsingborg, H olm stad,H olm sund, K arm ar, K arlsham n.Ljusne
M alo Oskarsham n, Sandham n, Skagsunde, Skelleftea, Soderarm , Sodertaije,
Spikarna, Svartklubben, V arberg,V inga,and V isby
T H A ILA N D
Bankok B ar
M arA d/Pi
Pilot D ivision, H arbor Dept.
S / Prt Chn Rvr A pp/
N o radar/ V HF : 3s3z
T U RK E Y
Istanbul Port A uthority
S / Str Prt A pp / 31km× 24km
1972/82/ /
U K RA IN E
Ilichevsk Port A uthority
L / Prt A pp / 1981/$/ Staff : 11-20
Istanbul Port M anagem ent
PortA / Plt / SpR
600m w ide/
2s2r// V HF : 3s3z/
B lack Sea V T S (Ilichevsk)
3s3r RD P / SD P / V HF : 3s3z/
D ata / L ocation
Participant
T raffic
R em arks/M anufac.
◎ G - / N 36W0 6
D ng
S50k (identified)
◎- - / N 41W01
V oluntary
S2.5k G25M
◎- - / N 28W 17
V oluntary
S15k (identified)
◎- - / N 390
V oluntary
◎ - - / N 42W0 9
C om pulsory
S2k
⃝ G - / N 58E12
≧
300 Grt
S12k C 26M G 71M
N O RC O N
⃝
-- /
≧
300 Grt
S6000C9.5M
RA C A L
⃝ - - / N 59E 18
≧
300 Grt
⃝ - - / N 13E100
V oluntary
⃝ - - / N 41E29
≧
300 GR T
C0 .6M
RA CA L
⃝- -/ N E
M andatory
OK E A N K arat
Ⅰ C ountry
N am e o f V T S
A uth ority / M an agem ent / R eg ulation
D ata / L ocation
Ⅲ Sca le / A rea T ype / A rea Size
M ain cha nnel/ H yd ro-M eteo condition
R ad ar / D ata P roc./ V H F / O ther F acl.
U K R A IN E
O dessa V T S
P ortA / Plt M nt Inf /
○- - / N 46E 31
1s2r / - / V H F : 1s1z /1 D F
P ort of A bu D hab i V T S
O K EA N
○ - - / N 24E 52
P ortA / R pt A ss In f
A ll
1s1r / V H F : 1s1z
K E L V IN H U G H E S
○- - / N 25E 55
O dessa P o rt A uthority
M / P rt A pp / 6k m
19 72/84/ $ / S taff :6-10
U nited A R A B E M IR A T E S
P ort of A bu D hab i A uth ority
M/
P rt A pp/
/ $/ S taff : 3-5
U nited A R A B
E M IR A T E S
P ort o f Jebel A li A utho rity
L / P rt A pp /
P ort of Jebel A li V T S
P ortA / R pt A ss Inf
P articipant
T raffic
S eago
A ll
1981/ $2-5M / Staff : 3-5
1s2r A R P A / ID P L ink / V HF : 1s1z
SPE R RY
U N IT E D
B elfast P ort R adio
P ortA / R pt Inf / S p R E sc
⃝ - - / N 55E0 6
K IN G D O M
B e lfast H arbo ur C o m m issioners
S / Prt / 10k m×1 km
1960/≦ $0 .1M / Staff : 3-5
U N IT E D
K IN G D O M
1-lane :152m w id e
N o rad ar / P DP / V HF : 1s1z
M arin e and P orts A uth ority
B erm u da H arb our R adio
P ortA + M arA d / C lr M n t A ss /
M / P rt A pp / 64k m× 48km
1970/1986/ $0 .2-0 .5M / S taff :6
C han nels,27k m & 26k m lo ng, m in.150m
2s3r R D P / / V HF : 2s2z / racon
U N IT E D
C lyde P ort H arb our C ontrol
P ortA / C lr Inf / S pR K p L
K IN G D O M
C lyde P ort A uthority
M / P rt R vr A p p F sh / 50k m× 50k m
1970/1983/ $0 .2-0 .5M / S taff : 11-20
U N IT E D
K IN G D O M
D epartm ent of T ransp ort
L / S tr C st Int / 193k m× 55km
1972/1993/ $6-10M / Staff : 11-20
A ll
S 4000C 7M G 14M
1-lan e :600m w ide / tide : 7 .2m
N o rad ar / - / V HF : s11z/
D over S tra it C han nel N av. Inf. Serv .
C stG d / V m r M n t Inf / K p L
⃝ G - / N 32W 65
A ll
S670
RA CA L
⃝ - - / N 56E0 5
A ll
S10k C 8M G 19M
◎ G B / N 51E01
3s3r R D P / ID P / 3s3z / 5D F 3T V
V olu ntary
S 146k
R d-A c / R A C A L -H P
D over P ort C ontrol
◎ G B / N 51E01
D over H arbou r B oard
M/
P rt / 4 .8K m×0 .23k m
1977/90/ $ 0 .2-0 .5M / Staff : 9
P ortA / Plt M nt S gn Inf / S pR
2-w ay :2 .4k m ,m in .19m / tide :7m
2s3r R D P /S D P /V H F : 4s1z/1 D F , 3 T V B rtA D G P S
O b lig ed for all
U N IT E D K IN G D O M
F orth P ort A uth ority
F orth P o rts N avig ation S erv ice
P ortA / V m r R pt M nt A ss Inf / Sp R K pL
⃝ G - / N 56E0 3
M/
P rt R vr A pp / 60km×10 km
1964/1983/ $ 0 .5-1M / Sta ff : 6-10
1 -/2-lan e : 20N M×0
S 4600C 28M
N O R C O N R A Y T H EO N
U N IT E D
U N IT E D
K IN G D O M
K IN G D O M
H arw ich H av en A uthority
L / P rt R iv C st Int / 12k m× 2k m
1975/1984/ $ 1-2M / S taff : 21-50
U N IT E D
K IN G D O M
B ritish T ran sport D ock s B oard
M/
P rt R iv A pp / 130km×10 km
193k m× 9 .5km×2/tide : 10m , L ow v1000h
.3N M/
4s4r R D P / - / V HF : 1s1z / B rtA
S 24k G 14M C0 .6M
R dCg / T E R M A
A ll
H arw ich H arb our O perations
W w ayA /V m r M nt Inf/Sp R K p L N O v N ox E sc
◎--
T w o-w a y : 30k m× 450m / T d4m
3s3r R D P / ID P / V HF : s11z / 2 DF
S11 k G 121M
R dA c / M A R C O N I
○ - - / N 54E00
H um b er P ort O peration and In fo rm ation Serv ice
M arA d / V m r R pt S ig/
/ N 52 E01
≧ 50G R T
≧ 50G R T
M C 34M
R dA cC g /R A C A L
1966/ $ M / Sta ff : 6-10
1 s2r / - / V H F : 1s1z /
U N IT E D
L iverpool V T S
P ortA / V m r M n t Inf
◎ G B / N 53W0 3
2-lane : 33km× 900m / tide : 10m ,V sF
S 7 .4k G 45M C 29M
R dA cC g/R A C N O R
K IN G D O M
M ersey D ock s H arbo ur C o m p any
L / P rt R vr B a y / 90k m× 32k m
1948/1993/$1 -2M / S taff : 11-20
3s3r R D P / T O P S D P / V HF : 2s2z / D G P S
≧ 82m
M ed w ay P orts A uth ority
M edw ay N avig ation Serv ice
P ortA /P iltA / R pt M nt / S pR
⃝ - - / N 5 1E01
L / P rt R vr A pp / 40km× 7km
1960/1976/ $2-5M / taff : 6-10
1-lane : 10km× 250m/
S6k G 23M C11 M
RA C A L M A RC O N I
1 s1r R D P / TD P / V HF : 1s1z / Sg n
-37-
P artly obliged
Ⅰ C ountry
Ⅲ Sca le / A rea T ype / A rea Size
N am e of V T S
A uthority / M an agem en t/ R egu lation
M ain chan nel/ H ydro-M eteo condition
R adar / D ata P ro c./ V HF / O th er F ac l.
U N IT E D
M ilford H av en P ort A u thority V T S
P ortA / V m r R pt A ss M nt / S pR K pL E sc
K IN G D O M
M ilford H aven P o rt A uthority
L / P rt R vr A p p R ng / 15k m× 2 .4km
1973/1987/$1 -2M / Staff : 6-10
1-lan e :15k m× 300m / tide :8m
4s4r R D P / T D P P DP / V HF :4s4z/
D ata / L ocation
P articipant
T raffic
⃝ - - / N 52W0 5
O b liged
M C 33M
M ilb ay D ocks V T S (P lym outh )
SPER R Y
⃝ - - / N 50W0 4
P ortA / R pt Sg n Inf /
O b lig ed fo r all
S / Prt / 1k m×1 k m
1984/≦ $0 .1M / S taff : 1-2
1s1r A R P A / - / V H F : 1s1z/
U N IT E D
S capa F low a nd P entland F irth V T S
R A Y T H EO N
◎ - - / N 63W0 3
A ssociated B ritish P orts
K IN G D O M
O rkne y Island C ounc il-D ept.of H arbr.
M/
P rt A pp / 35km×10 km
1976/ 1987/ $ 0 .4M /11
U N IT E D
K IN G D O M
A ssociated B ritish P o rts
M/
P rt A pp / 30N M× 14N M
P ortA / M nt Inf / K pL
A ll
2 -lane : 11k m× 400m x2
2s2r A R P A / ID P / V HF : 2s1z
S 400
N O RCO N
Sou th am pton P o rt R a dio
P ortA / C lr Plt M nt Inf / S pR N O vN oX
◎ - - / N 51W01
1/2-lane : 12N M× 90m -1200m / tide :4 .7m
1972/88/ $ / S taff : 21-50
3s3r / - / V H F :3s1z /1 T V
U N IT E D
Su llom V oe H arb our R ad io
P ortA / Plt M nt Inf/S p R
K IN G D O M
S hetland Island s C ou ncil.
L / Prt / 26k m× 7k m
1978/88/ $2-5M / 18 p ilo ts
1-lane :20km× 150m w id e
2s2r A R P A / T D P / V HF : 1s1z / B rtA
T ees an d H artlepo ol P o rt A uthority
T ees an d H a rtlepo ol V T S
P ortA / V m r A ss M nt Inf /
L / P rt A pp R vr / 30k m× 15km
1963/$1 -2M / S taff : 11-20
13km× 244m / v≦1000 h, tide : 5 .6m
3s3r / - / V H F : s11z/
P ort of L N D O N A uthority
L L / P rt R vr A pp / 100k m× 2 -20k m
T h am es N av iga tion S ervice .
1959// $ M / S taff :5 1-100
7s7r R D P / T D P L n k / V HF : 4s2z/
U R UG U A Y
N av al M arin e T raffic C on trol
E astern C oast R adar C ha in S ystem
N avy / V m r S A R
L L / C st P rt R v r
198 1/82/ - /
8s8r R D P / TD P / V HF : 6s3z / 2 DF
U . S. A
U .S .C oast G uard
M/
P rt R v r / 30k m×0 .5k m
P ortA / V m r R pt M nt Inf / S pR
94k m×0 .3-3.6k m / v≦1000 h ,tid e :5 .5m
V essel T raffic Service B erw ick B ay
C stG d / C lr M nt R pt S A R / N oO v
≧ 20m
S 30k G 84M C 34M
RA CA L
◎ - - / N 60W01
M and atory
S400G 24M
RA C A L
○ G - / N 55W01
A ll
C 34M
RA C A L
⃝ G - / N 51E01
≧ 50G R T
C 48M C 34M
R A CA L
⃝ - - / S 35W 55
A ll
R A Y T H EO N
◎-/ N 30W 91
≧100 G R T
1-lane : 14k m×100 m / C urrent : 9kt
S 58k C 30M
1974/84/$0 .2M / sta ff : 6-10
1 s1r R D P / T D P / V HF : 1s1z /1 T V
U . S. A .
V irg in ia P .A s./A s. M ariland P ilots
C hesa peak e B ay P ilo t
P ilot/Plt In f
R A Y T H EO N
△ - - / N 37W 76
V o luntary
M / B ay A pp
S taff : 6-10
1 s2r / V HF :3s1z/
U . S. A .
C ap e C od C an al C entralized T raffic S
◎ - - / N 42W 70
A rm y / R pt M n t
1 -lane / 35km× 140m -2 10m / C r9k t
≧ 65feet
U .S .A rm y C orps of E ngin eers
L/Cnl App/
35k m×0 .2km
1971/84/ $2-5M / Staff : 6-10
5s5r R D P / S D P / V HF : 1s1z / 10L L L T V
U. S. A
P ort of P h iladelphia /P .A . D elaw are
D elaw are B ay P ilot
M arA d /P ilot / V m r Inf
M/
C 16M
R ay th eon A IL
△ - - / N 39W 75
V olu ntary
B ay R vr A nc P rt/
S taff6-10
1 s2r A R P A / V HF : 1s1z
U . S. A
V essel T raffic Serv ice H onolu lu
M arA d / V m r Inf
D ept. of T ra nsp ort
S / P rt A pp / 3km x O .5km
1963/ ^ $ 0 .1M / S taff :6-10
1-la ne :275m× 185m / C urrent : 9kt
◎ - - / N 21W 158
≧500 G R T
S 5k G 15M C 8M
N o radar/ V H F : 1s1z
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ EJ
a
-38-
Ⅰ C ou ntry
N am e of V T S
D ata / L ocation
A uth ority / M anagem ent / R egulation
M ain ch annel / H y dro -M eteo con dition
P articip ant
T raffic
R em a rk s/M anufac .
U . S. A .
V essel T raf.Serv .H ouston /G alveston
◎ - - / N 30W 95
U .S .C oast G uard
L / P rt B ay A pp / 100k m×
C stG d / V m r M nt Inf / N o O v
1-lane / 97k m× 90-300m/
≧300 G R T
1977/$ 6 -10/ S taff21-50
1s1r R D P / T D P /1 s1z / 1T V
U . S. A .
D ep t.o f T ransport/Jac ob sen P ilot S .
L os A n geles-L ong B each V T IS
M arA d /P ilot / V m r In f
S / P rt S tr / 16k m× 7k m
1983/≦ $0 .1M / Staff3-5
1-lane : 5k m× 200m
U . S. A .
L ou isv ille V essel M anagem ent S ystem
C stG d / V m r Inf S A R
U .S .C oa st G u ard
S / P rt R vr B rg A pp / 20km×
1973/84/≦ $ 0 .1/ S taff6- 10
U . S. A .
U .S .C o ast G u ard
L L / P rt A P P /-- k m× --k m
1978/94/ $11-20/ S taff21-50
U . S. A .
U .S .C oast G uard
L / P rt B ay A p p / 74k m× 46k m
1977/85/ $ 6-10/ Staff11-20
S 99k C 180M
RAYT HEON
⃝--/
N 34W1 18
V olun tary
S 14k (8k p artcp.)
1s2r A R P A / V HF : 1s1z
1-lan e :22km× 400m -900m/
N o rad ar / - / V HF : 1s1z /1 T V
V essel T ra f.S erv ice N ew Y o rk
C stG d / V m r M nt Inf /
1-lan e : 17k m× 610m / M an y b ends
3s3r A R P A / ID P / V HF : 3s3z / 6 T V
V essel T ra f.S .P rince W illiam S ound
C stG d / V m r R p t M nt In f / S pR K p L E sc
i)- - / N 38W 86
V olun tary
S 2k C 8M
◎ G B / N 41W 74
≧300 G R T
S 4k C 88M
R A Y T H EO N
◎ - - / N 61W 146
≧ 300G R T
1-lan e :110km× / H igh w inds
S 4k C 94M
2s2r R D P / T D P / V HF : 6s1z / 1T V
R A Y T H EO N
◎--/
N 48W 122
U . S. A .
U .S .C oast G uard
V essel T raffic S erv ice P uget S ound
C stG d / V m r M n t Inf / Sp R K pL N O O v
L L / P rt B ay Str A p p F sh / 28k m× 14k m
1972/84/ $ 21-50/ staff51-100
2 -lane : 74k m×1 N M x 2/ v1000h ,tid e :4 .4m
S 207k C 80M
10s10r R D P / TD P L ink / V HF : 11s3z / R acon
U . S. A .
V essel T . C on trol,S .L aw rence S ea w ay
W w ayA / V m r Sig D rc / Sp R K p S
1/2-la ne : 490k m× 135m/
A IL
◎ - - / N 45W 75
Sa int L aw rnc.S eaw ay D evelopm . C orp .
L L / C nl R v r L ak B ay / 200k m
1954/78/ $ 100-200/ S taff11
U . S. A .
U .S .C oast G uard
M / P rt R v r L aK A pp / 21k m× 9k m
1952/85/ $ 0 .5-1/ Staff6-10
U . S. A .
U .S .C oast G uard
L / P rt B ay R vr B rg F sh / 130k×33k m
1968/87/≦ $ 10 /≦ 50
≧300 G R T
M and atory
S 5700C 40M
N o radar / ID P L n k / 4s2z /11 T V
St. M arys R iv er V es.T raf.M an ag . S .
C stG d / V m r M n t In f A n c / Sp R N O v
1-lane : 13km× 150m / Ice D ec-A p r
◎--/
N 47W 84
≧ 20m
S 50k C 61M
N o radar / - / V H F : 2s1z / L O R A N -C
V essel T raffic S ervice S an F rancisco
C stG d / V m r A nc Inf
◎--
2-lane : 15k m× 229m x2 / v≦300h ,tid e :4 .4m
2s3r R D P /ID P L in k /V HF :3s3z/R acon ,L O R A N -C
S 83k C 71M
-39-
/ N 38W 122
≧ 300G R T
RA Y T H EO N
Appendix
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
1.3 List B (List of VTS with edited data from FORMAT B. Refer to our third
with similar data when their data is not listed here.)
:
of11-20
:
•†20m
:
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Type of water
Size od area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic
data
Communication
Navig. aids
Data Process.
Radar
: 101-200
: VMRS, MNTR,INFO, Protect fishing area
Keep within traffic
lane
Required for vessels•†1,140GRT
and inland barges
: Mandatory
Type : Port, river and coast, Size of area : 130km•~3km
Two-way,130km•~300m,
many bends,
: Low visibility
less than 1km 300-1000hours/year,
tide max : 6m
: Cargo 82M tons in 1980
: 5 stations/8
zones
: SATCOM, NAVTEX
: 2VHF DF
Integrated
data processing
system with data link
: 18 stations
/18 radars /9GHz PHILIPS
RDP (Daylight
mixed display with automatic tracking)
: 2 VHF-DFs linked to radars, 1TV
Evaluation
Remarks
CANADA
Name
Authority
History
Manned Centre
Size
VTS
in 1989 for VTSs
SHELDE
BELGIUM- NETHERLANDS
Name
Vessel Traffic
Service Scheldemond
(VTS-SM)
Authority
Ministerie
Vlaamse Gemeenschaft (Belgium)
and
Ministerie
Verkeer & Waterstaat (The Netherlands)
History
Established
in 1991, registered
in the World VTS Guide
Manned Centre
: At Zeebrugge (51ß21'N3ß11'E)
, Vlissingen
(51ß26'N3ß35'E)
,
Terneuzen (51ß20'N3ß49'E)
, Hansweert (51ß26'N4ß01'E)
,
Zandvliet
(5ß20'N4ß17'E)
Size of VTS
: Very large VTS /Cost
to establish
: $50M-100M
/ Staffs
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic
data
VHF radio
Other means
Navaids
Data process.
Radar
Radar proces.
Identificatn.
survey report
of VTS is under survey
CANSO
:
:
:
:
Canso (Northumberland
Strait)
Vessel Traffic Services
Canadian Coast Guard
Established
in 1993,World
VTS Guide registered
Canso Canal (45ß31'N,61ß14'W)
Medium / Cost to establish
: $0.5-1M / Staffs :
VMCL, MNTR, INFO, protection
of environment
: Canada shipping
Act
Mandatory for for commercial vessels
: Voluntary
Port, canal, strait,
130km long
2 sectors
with traffic
coast
and fishing
separation
area
scheme
In 1994, 19k vessel movements recorded
: VHF 1 station /1 zone
: buoys, light buoys, leading lights
: Integrated
Data Processing System with data link
1 station /1 radar(9GHz),
RACAL
-40-
Centre
and fishing
area
11-20
•†
•†
CANADA
Name
Authority
History
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Type of water
Size od area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic data
Communication
Navig. aids
Data Process.
Radar
Radar Proces.
Identificatn.
CANADA
Name
Authority
History
Manned Centre
S
ize of VTS
Management
Regulation
Participant
P
ilotage
Area
T
raffic data
VHF radio
D
ata Process.
Radar
HALIFAX
Halifax
Vessel Traffic
Services Centre
Established
in 1972, present system since 1985,World
At Shannon Hill(44ß41'N,63ß31'W)
Large / Cost to establish
: $5-10M
/ Staffs :
of environment and fishing area
Keep within traffic lane, no crossing or overtaking,
Canada shipping Act
20m
Mandatory for vessel over 1500GRT
Port, river, coast and fishing
area
48km•~35km
48km•~1km•~2,
two lanes, minimum 15m, 3 bends
Tide : 1.8m max., current : less than 2 knots
VHF 2 stations /2 zones, other means : NAVTEX
VHF-DF, racon, sign, mark, buoy, light buoy, lighthouse,
leading light
Integrated
3 stations /3 radars(9GHz)
RACAL
RDP class, NORCON
1 VHF DF linked to radar
IQALUIT
Iqaluit Vessel Traffic Services Centre
Established
At Iqaluit(63ß44'N,68ß32'W)
Small/Cost
to establish
: less than 0.1M/Staffs
: 1-2
of environment and fishing
Canada shipping Act
Mandatory for commercial vessels
20m
Not provided
Type : Coast and International
water, Size : 2000km•~1500km
In 1994, 2.3k vessel movements recorded
1 station /1 zone
Integrated
data processing system with data link
area
No radar
CANADA
•†
100feet
5knots,
:
:
:
:
Name
Authority
History
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Type of water
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic data
VHF radio
Navig. aids
Data Process.
Radar
LES ESCOUMINS
Les Escoumins Vessel Traffic
Services Centre (Saint Lawrence Waterway)
Established
At Les Escoumins, Quebec (48ß19'N,49ß25'W)
Large/
Cost to establish
: $2-5M / Staffs : 21-50
Keep within traffic lane, no crossing or overtaking, Canada shipping Act
20m
Mandatory for non-Canadian vessel over
Port, river, coast and fishing
area
405km long, two lanes, 700m wide
Tide : 10m max., Max. current :
ice in winter
8 stations /8 zones
LORAN C, signal and other radio systems and optical aids
Integrated
1 station /2 radars(9GHz)
, RDP class, LEIGH
-41-
•†
1km•~2,
•†
11-20
•†
111km
11km
:
:
:
:
MARITIMES
CANADA
Name
Authority
History
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Management
Regulation
Participant
Type of water
Size of area
Main channel
Traffic data
Maritimes
Regional Operations
Centre
Established
in 1976, present system since 1994
Dartmouth (44ß40'N,63ß30'W)
Large/ Cost to establish
: $1-2M / Staffs : 21-50
VHF radio
Other means
Navig. aids
Data Process.
Radar
Through Canadian
VMCL, MNTR, INFO, protection of environment
Canada shipping Act
20m
and fishing
area
Coast
2000km•~200km
48km long, two lanes,
minimum 15m, 3 bends
In 1994,48k
vessel movements recorded
Coast Guard station
MF, HF, VHF
VHF DF, racon and optical
Integrated
Data Processing
No radar
aids
System
MONTREAL
CANADA
Name
Authority
History
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic
data
VHF radio
Navig. aids
Data Process.
Radar
CANADA
Name
Authority
History
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic
data
VHF radio
Navig. aids
Data Process.
Radar
(DARTMOUTH)
Montreal Vessel Traffic
Services Centre
Established
Longueuil,
Quebec (45ß32'N,73ß29'W)
Large /Cost
to establish
: $6-10M / Staffs : 21-50
VMCL, MNTR, INFO, protection of environment and fishing
Speed limit, no crossing or overtaking,
Canada shipping Act
20m
Mandatory
Type of water : Port and river, Size of area : 160km long
160km long, separation
route
Low visibility
less than 30hours/year,
ice in winter
4 stations
/3 zones
Sign, mark, buoy, light buoy, lighthouse,
leading light
Integrated
Data Processing System with radio link
1 station
/2 radars(9GHz),
RDP class, RACAL
area
PLACENTIA
Placentia
Bay Vessel Traffic
Services Centre
Established
Argentia (47ß18'N,53ß59'W)
Large/
Cost to establish
: $3-5M /Staffs
:
Canada shipping
Act
20m
Mandatory for all in Area A, for vessels over 223m in Area B
Type : Port, bay & approach. Size of area : 139km•~83km
long,
wide, separation,
route and 926m wide oneway route
Frequent low visibility(45%),
tide : max. 2.5m
4 stations /2 zones
Buoy, light buoy, lighthouse,
leading light, Loran C, Racon
Integrated
, Radar processing. : RDP class, RACAL
-42-
BAY
PORT AUX BASQUES
CANADA
•†
Name
Authority
History
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic data
Port aux Basques Vessel Traffic
Services Centre
Established
Port aux Baseques (47ß34'N,59ß08'W)
Small/Cost
to establish
: less than 0.1M/Staffs
VHF radio
Navig. aids
Data Process.
Istation
/1zone
Buoys, lights, leading lights, racon
Integrated
1 station /1 radar(9GHz)
RACAL
Radar
:
:
:
11-20
:
:
•†
:
:
11
:
:
:
:
: 6-10
No crossing or overtaking, keep traffic lane, Canada shipping
20m
Mandatory
area
Act
Type : Port and approach, Size of area : 70km•~20km
1km long, 10m wide, one lane, a few bends
Frequent low visibility,
ice in winter
PRINCE
CANADA
Name
Authority
History
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Prince Rupert Vessel Traffic Services Centre
Established
Prince Rupert (54ß19'N,130ß16'W)
: $2-5M / Staffs :
Management
Regulation
Participant
Area
Main channel
Traffic
data
Communication
Navig. aids
Data Process.
Radar
Identificatn.
Canada shipping
Act
20m
Type : Port, strait, coast and international
water, Size : 466km•~ 169km
466km
VHF radio :
stations /2 zones, Other means : NAVTEX
Loran C, VHF DF, racon and optical aids
Integrated
Data Processing System and data link
No radar
3VHF DFs1TV
QUEBEC
CANADA
1967
•†
:
:
:
:
-43-
Name
Authority
History
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic data
VHF radio
Navig. aids
Data Process.
Radar
Identificatn.
RUPERT
Quebec Vessel Traffic
Services
Centre
Established
in
, present system since1991
Quebec City (46ß48'N,71ß12'W)
: $5-10M / Staffs : 21-50
Speed limit, keep within traffic lane, Canada shipping Act
20m
Mandatory for St. Lawrence River
area
Type : Port, river, oast, and fishing
area, Size of area : 241km•~24km
241km long, two lanes, minimum 150m
Current less than Sknots, low visibility
less than 30hours/year,
ice in winter
5 stations /3 zones
VHF DP, racon, berthing aids and optical aids
Integrated
1 station /1 radar(9GHz)
, Radar processing : RDP class RACAL
:
:
11-20
:
•†
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
•†
:
:
:
:
:
:
11-20
•†
:
:
:
:
CANADA
Name
Authority
History
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic data
Communication
Navig. aids
Data process.
Radar
Identificatn.
: Saint John (Bay of Fundy)
Vessel Traffic
Services Centre
Established
: Saint John, New Brunswick(45ß14'N,65ß59'W)
: Large/Cost
to establish
: $5-10M/Staffs
:
: Keep within traffic
lane, Canada shipping
Act
: Mandatory
for for commercial vessels
20m
Mandatory for vessels in Port of Saint John, New Brunswick
: Type : Port, canal, bay, and coast, Size : 160km•~90km
: 60NM long, separated
route, each 2NM wide and a 10NM long channel
Tide 8m max., 1 bend
: In 1994, 70k vessel movements recorded
VHF : 5 stations /3 zones, UHF
: Buoy, light buoy, leading lights, VHF DF
Integrated
: 2 stations/2
radars(9GHz
and3GHz) , Radar procesing. : RDP class RACAL
: 1 VHF DF
SAINT JOHN
CANADA
Name
Authority
History
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
: Sarnia Vessel Traffic
Services Centre
Established
in 1973,present
system since 1973
: Sarnia (42ß59'N,82ß25'W)
: Medium / Cost to establish
: $0.2-0.5M
/ Staffs
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Type of water
Size
Main channel
Traffic
data
Communication
Navig. aids
Data Process.
Radar
: Speed limit, no overtaking,
Canada shipping Act
: Mandatory
20m
Mandatory for vessels ocean or foreign going
: Port, river, lake, approach, international
water and recreational
area
: 700km•~60km
: 129km long, twoway, many bends
VHF radio : 3 stations
/2 zones
Buoy, light buoy, leading lights
Integrated
: No radar
SARNIA
: 21-50
CANADA
Name
Authority
History
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
SAINT JOHNS
:
:
:
:
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Traffic
data
Communication
Navig. aids
Data process.
Surveillance
: VMCL, MNTR, INFO, protection
lane, Canada shipping Act
: Mandatory
20m
Mandatory for specified
vessels
Type : Port and coast, Size : 20km•~20km
: Narrow entrance-oneway traffic dependent on vessel size
: In 1994, 20k vessel movements recorded
VHF : 2 stations /1 zones, NAVTEX
: Buoy, light buoy, leading light, CCCTV
: Integrated
Data Processing System with data link, ECAREG Data Base
1 closed circuit
TV and remote sensors
Saint John's Vessel Traffic
Services Centre
Canadian
Coast Guard
Established
Saint John's, New Foundland(47ß33'N,52ß42'W)
Medium/Cost
to establish
: $0.2-0.5M/Staffs
-44-
:
11-20
:
:
:•†
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:4
:
:
:
:
:
•†
:
:
TOFFINO
CANADA
Name
Authority
History
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Type of water
Traffic data
Communication
Navig. aids
Data Process.
VMCL, MNTR, INFO, protection of environment and fishing area
Canada shipping Act
20m
Mandatory for all vessels entering Canadian ports within zone
Strait, coast, international
water and fishing zones, Size : 362km•~19km
VHF radio : 5 stations/1
zone Other means : NAVTEX
: VHF DF, racon, LORAN C and optical aids
: Integrated
Data Processing System
Radar
Identificatn.
: 2 stations
/2
: 1 VHF DF
CANADA
Name
Authority
History
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Type of water
Size of area
Main channel
Traffic data
VHF radio
Navig. aids
Data Process.
Radar
Identificatn.
Toffino Vessel Traffic Services Centre
Established
in 1978,World
Amphitrite
Point, Vancouver Island (48ß57'N,125ß29'W)
: $2-5M / Staffs :
radars(3GHz),
AIL
VANCOUVER
Vancouver Ves. Traffic Services Centre
Established
in 1974 ,World VTS Guide registered
West Vancouver (49ß19'N,123ß07'W)
: $10-20M / Staffs : 21-50
Speed limit, keep traffic
lanes, no overtaking,
Canada shipping Act
Mandatory for for commercial vessels•†
20m
Mandatory for vessels within the Vancouver zone
Port, river, strait, coast, inetrnational
water and fishing zone
386km•~56km
Two lanes, separated route, 0.5NM•~2
12 stations / zones
optical aids
Integrated
, AIL-RACAL, Radar processing : RDP class LEIGH
4 VHF DF, 1 TV
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Name, history
: Beilun Port Vessel Traffic
Service
Authority
Ningbo Harbour Superintendency
(a governmental
organization)
History
: Established
Manned Centre
: Beilun Shan (29ß56'N,121ß53'E)
Size of VTS
: Large / Cost to establish
$1-2M / Staffs : 21-50
Management
: MNTR, INFO
Regulation
lane
Participant
: Required
for vessels
300GRT, voluntary for others
Pilotage
: Mandatory
for foreign vessels
Area
: Type : Port and its approaches,
Size : 70km•~5km
Main channel
Two way, 60km long, min. width 700m, a few bends
Meteo-hydro
: Low visibility•…300hours/year,
max. current•…2knots
Traffic
data
: In 1994, cargo 58M tons handled, 76k ships entered
Communication
: VHF 4 stations /4 zones, HF, MF
Data Process.
Ship data processing system
4 stations
/4 radars(9GHz)
, RDP class, RACAL-NORCON
Radar
Remarks
Considerable
reduction
of accident
-45-
BEILUN
:
:
11-20
:
•†
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
PEOPLE'S
REPUBLIC
OF CHINA
Name
Dalian Port Dayaowan Vessel Traffic
Service
Authority
Dalian Harbour Superintendency
(a governmental
History
: Established
in 1993
Manned Centre
: Dayaowan (38ß59'N,121ß53'E)
Size of VTS
: Middle Cost to establish
: $0.5-1M
/ Staffs :
Management
Regulation
Participan
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo Hydro
Traffic
data
Radio
Data Process.
Radar
:
:
:•†
:
:
:
100hours/year,
•…
:
:
/2
:
:
•†
300Grt
:
1000Grt
•†
5000Grt
:
:
Considerable
REPUBLIC
Name,history
Authority
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic
data
Radio
Radar
Identificatn.
Remarks
PEOPLE'S
organization)
: MNTR, INFO
Keep within traffic
lane
: Required
for vessels
Mandatory for foreign vessels
Type : Port bay and approaches, Size : 20km•~7km
Twoway, 1.4km long, min. width 160m
Low visibility•…300hours/year,
In 1994, cargo 2M tons handled, 5.5k ships entered
: VHF 1 station/1
zone, HF, MF
Ship data processing
system
: 1 station/1
radar(9GHz),
RDP class, R/DS
Remarks
PEOPLE'S
DALIAN
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
reduction
of accident
DALIAN
OF CHINA
Dalian Port Huangbaizui
Vessel Traffic
Service, established
in 1988
Dalian Harbour Superintendency
(a governmental
organization)
Huan Bai Zui (38ß54'N,121ß42'E)
Middle,
Cost to establish
: $0.2-0.5M
/ Staffs : 6-10
MNTR, INFO
Keep within traffic
lane, Speed limit
Required
for vessels
500GRT or 50m, voluntary for others
Type : Port and its approaches,
Size : 20km•~10km
Two way, 10km long, min. width 3700m
Low visibility
In 1994, cargo 60M tons handled,
77k ships entered
VHF 1 station/1
zone, HF, MF
1 station
radars(9GHz),
RDP class STN ATLAS
Considerable
reduction
of accident
REPUBLIC
OF CHINA
: Hong Kong Vessel Traffic
Management System (Registered
in World VTS Guide)
: H.K. Port Comm./Control
Centre founded in 1965. Present VTMS since 1989
: Hong Kong Marine Department(38
Pier Road, P.O.Box 4155)
: At Hong Kong Macau Ferry Terminal(22ß18'N/114ß09'E)
: Very large / Cost to establish
: $26M / Staff : 40-50
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
VMRS, MNTR, INFO, Traffic
Organization
to specific
area
: Speed limit, Keep within traffic
lane, Escort vessel when required
Required for vessels
and v. with DG Cargo
Size : 60km•~20km
Two-way,min. 800m wide, approach channel 22km, 70km in total, several
: In 1993, cargo 118M tons handled, 31,000ships(145M
NRT) entered
Communication
Special
aids
Data process.
Radar
Identificatn.
: VHF radio : 4 stations
/2 zones, MF and HF
: Berthing
aids
Integrated
data processing system
: 7 stns./7
radars/9GHz
(RAYTHEON/PRONESTO/FARINON)
: 4 VHF-DFs linked to radars
Remarks
: Considerable
reduction
of congestion
-46-
RDP(VOC90
HONG KONG
bends
by NORCONTROL)
PEOPLE'S
11-20
:
•†
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic
data
Radio
Data Process.
Radar
Identificatn.
Remarks
: VMRS, MNTR, INFO
Keep within traffic lane, speed limit
: Required
for vessels
Size : 40km•~10km
One way, 10km long, min. width 160m, a few bends
24k ships entered
: VHF 1 station /1 zone, HF, MF
system
: 1 station
/1 radar(9GHz),
RDP class, NORCON
: 1 VHF DF linked to radar, 1 TV
Considerable
reduction
of accident
:
:
Remarks
•†
:
:
:
:
:
:
-47-
PEOPLE'S
Lian Yun Gang Vessel Traffic Service, established
in 1990
Lian Yun Gang Harbour Superintendency
(a governmental
Qi Tai Shan(34ß44'N,119ß28'E)
Large, Cost to establish
: $2-5M / Staffs :
REPUBLIC
Name
History
Authority
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic data
Communication
Data Process.
:
•†
:
:
:
:
:
:
LIAN YUN GANG
OF CHINA
Name,history
Authority
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
PEOPLE'S
:
:
REPUBLIC
organization)
QINDAO
OF CHINA
Qingdao Port Vessel Traffic Service (Qingdao was known as Tsingtao)
Established
: Qingdao Harbour Superintendency
(a governmental organization)
: 4, Da-Gang Road(36ß04'N,120ß20'E)
: Large, Cost to establish
: $1-2M / Staffs : 21-50
: VMRS, MNTR, INFO
Keep within traffic lane, Speed limit
Size : 40km•~20km
Two way, 34km long, min. width 560m wide, a few bends
In 1994, cargo 40M tons handled, 28k ships entered
system
1 station /2 radars(9GHz),
RDP class, STN ATLAS
Considerable
reduction of accident
REPUBLIC
QINHUANGDAO
OF CHINA
Name
History
Authority
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
:
:
:
:
:
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic
data
Radio
Radar
: VMCL, VMRS, MNTR, INFO
lane, speed limit, no crossing
500GRT or 50m, foreign vessels, voluntary
Size : 28km•~20km
One way, 17km long, min. width 120m, a few bends
: In 1994, cargo 80M tons handled, 37k ships entered
: VHF 1 station/1
zone, HF, MF
: 1 station/1
radar(9GHz),
RDP class, OKI
Remarks
Qinhuangdao
Port Vessel Traffic Service
Established
Qinhuangdao
Harbour Superintendency
(a governmental
Don Shan Park(39ß54'N,119ß37'E)
: $1-2M / Staffs : 21-50
Considerable
reduction
of accident
organization)
for others
PEOPLE'S
:
•†
:
:
:
:
:
:
REPUBLIC
Name, history
Authority
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic
data
Radio
Data Process.
Radar
Identificatn.
Remarks
:
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SHANGHAI
OF CHINA
Name : Shanghai Port Vessel Traffic Service, Established
in 1994
Shanghai
(a governmental
organization)
181 , Songpu Road(31ß22'N,121ß30'E)
: $5-10M / Staffs : 21-50
VMRS, MNTR, INFO
Keep within traffic
lane, Speed limit
Mandatory
for foreign vessels
Type : Port, river and approaches,
Size : 50km•~5km
Two way, 15km long, min. width 250m, many bends
max. current•…8knots, tide : 2.1m (average)
In 1994, cargo 160M tons handled, 215k ships entered
VHF 2 stations /4zones
system
4 stations
/7 radars(9GHz),
RDP class, STN ATLAS
2VHF DFs linked to radar
Considerable
reduction
of accident and congestion
PEOPLE'S
REPUBLIC
OF CHINA
Name,history
: Tianjin
Port Vessel Traffic
Service, established
in 1995
Authority
: Tianjin
(a governmental
organization)
Manned Centre
: East Pier of Tianjin
port(38ß59'N,117ß42'E)
Size of VTS
: Large, Cost to establish
: $2-5M / Staffs : 21-50
:
•†
:
:
:11.5k
:
:
:
11-20
•†
:
100hours/year,
•…
11M
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo Hydro
Traffic
data
Communication
Data Process.
Radar
Identificatn.
Remarks
TIANJIN
: VMCL, VMRS, MNTR, INFO
Keep within traffic
lane, speed limit, no overtaking
and crossing
: Required
for vessels
Size : 32km•~2km
: 24km long, min. width150m, no bend
ships entered
: VHF 1 station/1
zone, HF, MF
system
: 1 station/1
radar (9 GHz), RDP class, NORCON
: 1 VHF DF linked to radar
Considerable
reduction of accident
PEOPLE'S
REPUBLIC
OF CHINA
Name
: Yan Tai Shan Vessel Traffic
Service
Historey
Established
in 1993
Authority
: Yan Tai Shan Harbour Superintendency
(a governmental
Manned Centre
: East Yan Tai Shan(37ß32'N,121ß24'E)
Size of VTS
: Middle,
Cost to establish
: $0.1-0.2M
/ Staffs :
Management
: MNTR, INFO
Regulation
lane
Participant
: Required
for vessels
Pilotage
: Mandatory
for foreign vessels
Type of area
: Port and its approaches
Size
: 10km•~5km
Main channel
2.2km long, min. width : 100m, no bend
Meteo-hydro
: Low visibiliy
Traffic
data
: In 1994, cargo
tons handled, 18k ships entered
Communication
Data Process.
: Ship data processing
system
Radar
: 1 station
/1 radar(9GHz),
ARPA class, FURUNO
-48-
YAN TAI SHAN
organization)
:
:
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-49-
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Name
Yangtze River Nanjing-Liuhekou
VTS
History
: Estab. in 1991,present
system since 1995
Authority
Changjiang
District
(a governmental
organization)
Manned Centre
Nanjing (32ß05'N,118ß45'E)
, Zhenjiang,
Zhangjiagang
& Nantong
Size of VTS
: Very Large, Cost to establish
: $5-10M / Staffs : 21-50
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo Hydro
Traffic
data
Radio
Data Process.
Radar
: VMRS, MNTR, INFO
: Keep within traffic lane, Speed limit
Voluntary
type : Port, river, bridge, Size
360km•~2km
Two way, 360km long, many bends
max. current•…Sknots
In 1994, cargo 50M tons handled, 500k ships passed
VHF 4 stations /4 zones
system
: 10 stations
/11 radars(9GHz
10,3GHz 1) ,RDP class, NORCON
DENMARK
Name, Author.
History
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
: Name : VTS-Storebaelt
(VTS-Great
Belt) /Authority
Established
in 1993, new VTS since 1996. Registered
: At Sprogoe (55ß20'N10ß53E')
: Very large VTS / Cost to establish
: $10M / Staffs
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic
data
VHF radio
Navaids
Data process.
Radar
Identificatn.
Remarks
STOREBAELT
: Admiral
Danish Fleet
in World VTS Guide
: 19
Information
service
: Speed limit, keep traffic
lane, escort vessel when required
: Voluntary
in the international
strait
(eastern
zone) ,
mandatory for vessels over 50GRT in the domestic strait (western zone)
: Voluntary,
recommended for vessels with draft more than 13m
: Type : Strait
(bridges
and their approaches),
Size : 50km•~17km
Two-lane, 4.8km•~500m•~2
in the eastern zone
Low visibility•…1km
: 300-1000hours/year,
max. current : 4-8knots, Ice
: 26,000
ships in 1994
: 6 stations
/1 zone
: 2 VHF DFs
system
: 3 station
/3 radars /9GHz, ARPA ATLAS
2 VHF-DFslinked
to radars, 4 TV cameras and 1 VTS guard vessel
Considerable
reduction of accidents.
New and upgraded VTS since 1996
ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT
Name,history
: Suez Canal VTS/established
in 1980
Authority
Suez Canal Authority
(a governmental organization)
Manned Centre
: Ismailia
(30ßN,32ßE)
Size of VTS
: Very large VTS, Cost to establish
: $5M / Staffs : 51-100(10
Management
Participant
Pilotage
Water
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic
data
Radio
Data Process.
Radar
YANGTZE RIVER
SUEZ CANAL
per shift)
: PILT, MNTR
Required for all vessels
Mandatory for all vessels
: Canal, lake, port 195km•~0.3km
(Largest
diameter 13km : lake)
Two way, 68km long, oneway 127km, 195m in total, width 190m, many bends
In 1994, cargo 364M tons, 16,370
ships passed
: VHF 9 stations /3 zones
Integrated
data processing system
: 5 stations
/10 radars(9GHz
: 10,3GHz
: 1), RDP class, EATON-MEGAPULSE
:
:
:
:
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:
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11
:
GERMANY
Name, history
Authority
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
VTS Bremen Port/Established,
: Bremen Port Authority
(Port
: At Bremen (55ß04N08ß48'E)
: Large VTS / Cost to establish
BREMEN
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic
data
Radio, aids
Data process.
Radar
Identificat.
Remarks
: VMRS, MNTR, SGNL, INFO, ASST, ORGN, Antipollution
activities
: Speed limit, No overtaking/crossing,
Escort vessel when required
Mandatory
Required for vessels over 100GRT, vessels with dangerous cargo
Size : 20km, typical
width 0.25km
oneway, 20km•~200m, a few bends
Low visibility
300-1000hours/year
current : 2-4knots,
tidal difference
: 4.1m max.
: 12,000
ships, Cargo 14M ton in 1993
VHF radio 1 station/3
zones, Navaids : Light, mark
Ship data processing system and data link, using sailing
plans with ship data
: 2 stations/2
radars/9GHz,
ARPA class, Atlas Elektronik
Identification
with VHF communication
Considerable
reduction
of accidents
and congestion
GERMANY
Name,history
Authority
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
VTS Deutsche Bucht/Established
in 1983 , present system since 1984
: Wasser-und Schiffahrtsamter
Wilhelmshaven
(Waterway Authority)
: At Wilhelmshaven
(53ß31'N08ß08'E))
: Very large VTS /Cost to establish
: $10-20M / Staff : 10-20
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
: VMRS, MNTR, SGNAL, INFO, ORGN, SAR, Antipollution
Ac., Monitoring
Speed limit, No overtaking,
No crossing, Keep within traffic
lane
Required for vessels over 50m, vessels with dangerous cargo
: Required for vessels over 220m/300m,
vessels with dangerous cargo
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic
data
Radio, aids
Data process.
Radar
Identificat.
Remarks
Type : Coast and international
waters, Size : 165km•~60km
: 2-lane, 96km long separation
route
Low visibility
: 300-1000hours/year
: 68,000
vessels passed
: VHF 1 station/1
zone Navaids : Light aids, DECCA, VHF DF, SYLEDIS
Trafficand ship data processing system with data link
2 stations/2
radars/9GHz,
RDP class, DASA (Daimler-Benz
Aerospace)
: VHF DF linked to radar
Considerable
reduction
of accident and congestion
in 1977,
Authority)
present
system since 1988
: $5-10M
/ Staff
: 5-10
DEUTSCHE BUCHT
navaids
GERMANY
Name, history
Authority
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
ELBE
: Vessel Traffic
Service Elbe/Established
in 1960,present
system since 1994
Wasser- und Schiffahrtsamter
Cuxhaven und Hamburg (Waterway Authority)
: At Cuxhaven (53ß52'N08ß42'E)
and Brunsbuttel
(53ß53'N09ß08'E)
: $50-100M
/ Staffs : 20-50
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
: VMRS, MNTR, SGNL, INFO, ORGN, ASST, Antipol.,
Monitor navaids
: Speed limit No overtaking
No crossing Keep traffic lane
Required for vessels over 50m
Required for vessels over 90m/130m,
vessels with dangerous cargo
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic
data
Radio, aids
Data process.
Radar
Identificat.
Remarks
Type : River and its approaches,
Size : 150km•~4.6-0.2km
: 1-lane, 150km•~200m,
many bends
Low visibility
current : 4-8knots,
tidal difference
: 3m
: 68,000 ships in 1993
: VHF radio : 2 stations/12
zones Navaids : Light buoy/house/vessel,
VHF DF
Traffic
and ship data processing system with data link
:
stations/11
radars/9GHz,
RDP class DASA
: 2 VHF DFs linked to radars
Considerable
reduction
of accidents
and congestion
-50-
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
1.5Mton
:
:
GERMANY
Name, history
Authority
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
: Vessel Traffic
Service Ems/Established
Wasser- und Schiffahrtsamt
Emden (Waterway Authority)
: At Emden (53ß20N07ß01'E)
: $5-10M / Staffs : 5-10
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
: VMRS, MNTR, SGML, INFO, ORGN, ASST, Antipol., Monitor navaids
No crossing, Keep traffic lane
Required for vessels over 50m/40m
Required for vessels over 90m/130m, vessels with dangerous cargo
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic
data
Radio, aids
Data process.
Radar
Identificat.
Remarks
EMS
:
:
:
:
Type of water : River and its approaches
and coast, Size : 60km
1-lane, 65km•~200m, few bends
Low visibility
current : 4-8knots, tidal difference
14,000
ships, Cargo
in 1993
VHF : 2 stations/3
zones, Navaids : Light aids, SYLEDIS
Sailing
plan with ship data
4 stations/4
radars/9GHz,
RDP class PHILIPS
Identification
with VHF communication
Considerable
reduction of accidents and congestion
: 3m
GERMANY
Name, history
Authority
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
: VTS Hamburg Port/Established
Hamburg Port Authority
: At Hamburg Seemanshoeft
(53ß32'N
09ß52'E)
: $20-50M / Staffs : 20-50
:
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic
data
Radio, aids
Data process.
Radar
Identificat.
: VMRS, MNTR, SGNL, MNTR, ORGN, ASST
No crossing, Escort vessel when requied
Mandatory for all seagoing vessels
: Required
for vessels over 100GRT
Size : Largest diameter30km
1-lane
Low visibility
: 300-1000hours/year
: 43,000ships
in 1993, Cargo 60M ton in 1992
VHF : 1 station
zones Navaids : Traffic signal, light aids
Traffic and ship data processing
system with data link
: 10 stations
/10 radars /9GHz, RDP class, PHILIPS/DASA
Identification
with VHF comm.
:
Remarks
:
GERMANY
Name, history
Authority
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
: Vessel Traffic
Service Jade/Established
in 1974, present system since
Wilhelmshaven
: At Wilhelmshaven
(53ß31'N
08ß08'E)
: $10-20M / Staffs : 5-10
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
: VMRS, MNTR, SGNL, MNTR, ORGN, ASST, SAR, Antipol.
: Speed limit, No overtaking,
lane
Required for vessels over 50m or vessel with dangerous cargo
Required for vessels over 90/130m.
or vessel withg dangerous cargo
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic data
Radio, aids
Data process.
Radar
Identificatn.
Remarks
Type : Bay and its approaches,
Size : Largest
diameter 60km, width1km
: 1-lane, 54km•~300m
Low visibility
Tide : max. 3.3m
: 6,500 ships in 1993, Cargo 33Mt in 1993
: VHF : 1 station/2
zones Navaids : Traffic
signal, light aids, DECCA, SYLEDIS
Traffic
and ship data processing system with data link
: 4 stations
/4 radars /9GHz, RDP class, DASA
: 5 VHF DFs linked to radars
Considerable
reduction of accident and congestion
:
:
:
:
:
:
:/6
:
:
:
:
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:
HAMBURG
Considerable
reduction
of congestion
JADE
-51-
1979
:
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GERMANY
Name
Authority
History
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Vessel Traffic Service Kiel Canal
: Wasser- und Schiffahrtsamter
Brunsbuttel
und Kiel-Holtenau
Established
: At Kiel Holtenau(54ß22'N10ß08'E)
, Brunsbuttel(53ß53'N9ß08'E)
: $1-2M / Staffs : 50-100
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic data
VHF radio
Data process.
Radar
Identificat.
: VMRS, MNTR, SGNL, INFO, ORGN, SAR, Antipollution
No crossing
Mandatory
Mandatory
Type : Canal and its approaches,
Size : 100km
1-lane, 99km•~162m, several bends
Low visibility
less than 1km : 300-1000hours/year
: 39,000 ships in 1993
: 2 stations
/2 zones Navaids : Traffic
signal (manned)
Navigation
strip system, sailing plan with ship data
: 5 stations
/5 radars /9GHz, ARPA class, RACAL
: Identification
with VHF communication, 2 TVs
KIEL CANAL
reduction
(Canal
authority)
activities
:
Remarks
Considerable
of congestion
:
:
:
:
11-20
:
:
:
:
:
:
:11km•~80m
:
:
:
:
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GERMANY
Name
Authority
History
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic
data
VHF radio
Navaids
Radar
Vessel Traffic
Service Rostok- Warnemunde
Stralsund
Established
in 1989
At Rostok-Warnemunde (54ß10'N12ß06'E)
Large VTS /Cost
to establish
: $1-2M / Staffs :
VMRS, MNTR, SGNL, MNTR, SAR
No crossing, Keep traffic
lane, Escort
Required
for vessels over 55/90m or vessel with dangerous cargo
Type : Canal, bay, river and approaches,
coast, Size : 30km•~25km
1-lane,
Low visibility
Current : 2-4knots
19,000 ships Cargo 8.4Mt in 1992
2 stations
/1 zone
Buoy, leading light
1 station /2 radars /9GHz &3GHz, ARPA
ofcongestion
reduction
and
:
Rpmarks
Considerable
:
:
:
:
:
GERMANY
Name
Authority
History
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Vessel Traffic Service Sassnitz and Mukran
Stralsund
Established
in 1989
At Sassnitz (54ß31'N13ß39'E)
Medium VTS / Cost to establish
: $0.5-1M
/ Staffs : 6-10
:
:
:
:
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
:
:
:1-lane,
:
:
:
Type of water
Size of area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic data
VHF radio
:
Remarks
Bay and its approaches
37km•~7km
15km•~150m,
a few bends
Low visibility
:100-300hours/year,
Current : 2-4knots
29,000 ships in 1993
1 station /1 zone Navaids : Buoy, leading light
2 stations
/2 radars /9GHz
Considerable
reduction of accident and congestion
ROSTOK
ves.
accident
SASSNITZ
-52-
STRALSUND
GERMANY
Name
Authority
History
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Vessel Traffic
Service Stralsund
Stralsund
: Established
in 1989
: At Rostok- Warnemunde (54ß10'N12ß06'E)
: Medium VTS / Cost to establish
: $0.2-0.5M
/ Staffs : 6-10
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
: VMRS, MNTR, SGNL, MNTR, SAR
No crossing
Required for vessels over 55/70m or vessel with dangerous cargo
:
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic
data
VHF radio
Type : Bay, strait and approaches,
coast Size : 90km•~10km
1-lane, 90km•~50m, many bends
: Low visibility
Current : 2-4knots
: 10,000
ships in 1992
2 stations
/1 zone Navaids : Buoy, leading light
:
prominent
:
Radar
Remarks
:
GERMANY
Name
:
Management
:
Area
:
VHF radio
:
Remarks
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
/
:
:
:
:
:
GERMANY
Name
Authority
History
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic
data
VHF radio
Data process.
Radar
Identificat.
Remarks
No radar
No
effect
TRAVEMUNDE
Vessel Traffic Service Travemunde
Lubeck (Waterway Authority)
Established
At Travemunde (53ß57'N10ß53'E)
Large VTS / Cost to establish
: $1-2M / Staffs : 6-10
VMRS, MNTR, SGNL, MNTR, SAR, traffic organization,
antipol.
Required for ves. with dangerous cargo, vessel with width over 6m
Required for vessels over 300GRT or vessel with dangerous cargo
Type : River, bay and approaches,
Size : 20km•~0.15km
1-lane, 20km•~100m,
many bends
Low visibility
Current : 0-2knots
21,000
ships, cargo 13M ton in 1993
2 station /2 zone Navaids : Buoy, leading light, Decca
3 stations
/3 radars /9GHz, ARPA class, ATLAS
Considerable
reduction
of congestion
LOWER WESER
Vessel Traffic Service Lower Weser
: Wasser- und Schiffahrtsamter
Bremen (Waterway Authority)
Established
in 1955,present
system since 1988
: At Bremen (53ß04'N08ß48'E)
: Large VTS
Cost to establish
: $1M / Staffs : 2
: VMRS, MNTR, SGNAL, INFO, Traffic organization,
SAR, Antipollution
Required for vessels over 50m, vessels with dangerous cargo
Required for vessels over 90m/130m, vessels with dangerous cargo
Size : 28km•~250-150m
Low visibility
tidal difference
: 4.1m
14,000 vessels and cargo 20M tons in 1993
1 station /3 zones Navaids : Light buoy/house
Traffic and ship data processing system with data link
: 7 stations/7
radars/9GHz,
ARPA class, ATLAS/DASA
With VHF communication
: Considerable
reduction of congestion
:
:
:
:
-53-
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
GERMANY
Name
Authority
History
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic
data
VHF radio
Data process.
Radar
WESER
Vessel Traffic
Service Weser
Bremerhaven (Waterway authority)
Established
At Bremerhaven (53ß32'N08ß34'E)
Very large VTS / Cost to establish
: $20-50M / Staff : 10-20
VMRS, MNTR, SGNL, INFO, Traffic Orgnization,
SAR, Antipol.
Monitor
lane
Required
for vessel over 50m, or vessels with dangerous cargo
Required for vessels over 90/130m,
or vessels with dangerous cargo
:
:
:
:
:
Size : 94km•~0.3km,
1-lane, 94km•~150m,
many bends
Low visibility
less than 1km :300-1000hours/year
: 24,000
ships, cargo 35M tons in 1993
2 stations /1 zone, Navaids : Light buoys/house,
Traffic/ship
data proc. system, data link, sailing
: 8 stations
/8 radars /9GHz, RDP class, DASA
Remarks
:
GERMANY
Name
:
Management
:
Type of water
:
VHF radio
Vessel Traffic
Service Wismar
Lubeck (Waterway Authority)
Established
At Wismar (53ß54'N11ß28'E)
Medium VTS /Cost to establish
: $0.2-0.5M
/ Staff : 6-10
No crossing
Bay and its approaches
mk01~•3
1-lane, 30km•~60m,
many bends
Low visibility
Current : 2-4knots
4,000 ships, cargo 2M tons in 1993
2 stations
/1 zone, Navaids : Buoy, leading
light
:
Remarks
No prominent
GERMANY
Name
Authority
History
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Vessel Traffic Service Wolgast
Stralsund
Established
in 1989
At Wolgast(54ß03'N13ß47'E)
Medium VTS / Cost to establish
: $0.2-0.5M
/ Staff : 3-5
VMRS, MNTR, SGNL, MNTR, SAR, traffic organization,
antipol.
No crossing
Required
for vessels over 70m or vessel with dangerous cargo
Required for vessel over 300GRT/70m
or vessel with dangerous cargo
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Type of water
Size of area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic
data
VHF radio
reduction
of accidewnt
Decca, Syledis
plan with ship data
:
:
:
Considerable
navaids
and congestion
WISMAR
effect
WOLGAST
:
:
:
:
:
River and its approaches
70km•~0.07km
Low visibility
Current : 0-2knots
: 6,000 ships in 1993
1 station
/1 zone Navaids : Buoy, leading light
No prominent effect
-54-
ISLAMIC
:
:
/
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:•†
•†
:
:
:
REPUBLIC
Name
History
Authority
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic data
Communication
Radar
OF IRAN
SHAHID
RAJAEI
Shahid Rajaei Vessel Traffic Service
: Established
in 1994
Ports and Shipping Organization
: 27ß06.2'N/56ß04.4'E
: $2-5M
Staffs
: 5-10
:
:
:
:
Monitor traffic
Speed limit, Keep within traffic
lane, No overtaking or crossing
Mandatory
Required for vessels•†1000GRT
Type : Port and its approaches, Size : 50km•~30km
: Two way separation route, 1NM wide 12NM long lanes
frequency of low visibilty
less than 1km : 100-300hours/year,
max. current<2knots
In 1994, cargo 10M tons handled, 780 ships entered
: VHF radio : 2 stations /2 zones, MF, HF and UHF
: 1 station /1 radar, ARPA
Remarks
Evaluation
of VTS is under survey
JAPAN
Name
Authority
History
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Osaka Wan Vessel Traffic
Advisory Service Center
Maritime Safety Agency
: Established
in 1993
: Matsuhosaki,
Awaji Island, 34ß36'N,135ß00'E
: Very large /Cost
to establish
: $10-20M / Staffs
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic
data
: VMRS, MNTR INFO
Keep traffic lane, keep separation,
no crossing, escort vessel
Obliged for vessels
200m
: Compulsory for vessels
10000GRT
: Type Bay and strait, Size : 47km•~5km
: Two lanes, 6.7km•~750m•~2
: Low visibility
: In 1994, Ship 400k
OSAKA BAY
Communication
VHF radio
: 1 station/1
: 21-54
when required
zone
snocaR
Traffic Data Processing System
2 stations /2 radars /214GHz radars, RDP class (OKI)
Akashi Strait Vessel Traffic Signal Station operates until
Radar
JAPAN
Name, history
Authority
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Management
•†
•†
:
Area
:
VHF radio
Radar
Remarks
1998
KURUSHIMA
:
:
:
:
Kurushima Kaikyo Traffic Advisory Service Center
Maritime
Safety Agency
Ohama, Imabari city, 34ß05' N,133ß00'
E
Very large/Cost
to establish
: $ 30-50M/Staffs
: 49
VMRS, MNTR INFO
Speed limit, keep traffic
lane, keep separation,
no crossing, escort
Obliged
for vessels
200m
Compulsory for vessels
10000GRT
Type : Bay and strait, Size : 47km•~5km
Separated routes, 16km•~700m•~2
Low visibility
In 1994, Ship 200k
1 station /1 zone
Racons, Signal stations for tide currents
Traffic Data Processing System
: 2 stations/2
radars /214GHz radars, RDP class (OKI)
: Kurushima Strait Vessel Traffic Signal Station operates
until
1998
vessel
STRAIT
MALAYSIA
:
Name, history
Authority
Manned Centre
Size
of VTS
MALAYSIA
Malaysian
Vessel Traffic Service, will be established
in 1997
: Marine Department, Ministry of Transport,
Malaysia (Maritime
: Lumut(04ß14'N100ß38'E)
, Johore (Tanjung
Piai,01ß17'N103ß31'E),
Klang (03ß00'N101ß24'E)
, Langkawi (06ß18'N99ß48'E)
: Very large/Cost
to establish
: $30-50M/Staff
: 50
administration)
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
data
Traffic
Communication
Data process.
Radar
: VMCL, VMRS, MNTR, INFO, PILT, Protection
of fishing area
: Speed limit/Keep
lane/No
overtaking
or crossing
Required to enter local harbours for vessels
200Grt or 20m
Required to enter local harbours for vessels
or 28m
: Type : Port, strait and approaches : Size : 200NM•~50NM
(strait
: 320km long, typical
width : 35km, 35m or deeper
Low visibility
: not frequent
: In 1994, cargo 33.6million
tons handled/32,000
ships(72.2GRT)
/5 zones, MF and HF
system (LLOYDS)
: 10 stations/109GHz
and 103GHz radars, RDP class
11
NORWAY
Name, history
Authority
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
: Fedje Vessel Traffic
Service, Present system established
Norwegian Coast Directorate
(Coast administration)
: Fedje(60ß47'N
/4ß42'E)
: Large/Cost
to establish
: $2-5M/Staffs
:
:
•†
:•†
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
: VMCL,VMRS, Protection
of fishing area
Speed limit, Keep traffic lane, Escort vessel when required
: Required
to enter local harbours for vessels
200GRT or 24m
Compulsory for vessels
4000GRT carrying dangerous or pollutant
:
:
:
:
:
:
:/39GHz
Type of water
Size of area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic data
Communication
Special
aids
Data Process.
Radar
: Coast and approaches, inshore and oil terminals
depending on fairway
: 15NM•~15NM
22-42km long, min. width : 1200m, temporary oneway, several bends
Low visibility
: 100-300 hours/year
In1994, petroleum products : 68M tons handled/4200
tankers entered
VHF radio : 1 station
/1 zone, Aeronautical
VHF
Norwegian Coast Directorate
Differential
GPS
Traffic Data Processing
System, Pilot dispatchs
system data base
3 stations /4 radars
radars and a 3GHz radar, RDP class
:•†
:•†
50Grt
:
:
:
:
:
:
35km•~35km)
entered
FEDJE
in 1992
cargo
REPUBLIC OF PANAMA
Name, history
Panama Canal Com., Marine Traffic Control System, established
in 1914. Present
Authority
Panama Canal Commission Traffic Management Division (Waterway Authority)
Manned Centre
: Balboa (8ß57'N 79ß34'W)
and Pacific Signal Station
at Flamenco (Cristbal)
Size of VTS
: Very large VTS/Cost
to establish
: $10M/Staff
: 64
Management
Area
GRT
Commumnication
Surveillance
Remarks
: VMRS, SGNL, MNTR, INFO, Canal operation
Speed limit/regulation,
Keep within traffic lane
: All vessels in Canal Operating Waters and intending to transit canal
: Type : Canal, anchrorage and approaches, Size : 83km•~0.2km
83km long, min.width : 198m, two way, partly oneway, several bends
: Fog in Gaillard
Cut : 8-9months/year,
3.8m tide at Pacific
entrance
: In 1996(project),
217M
transitted,
13.7k ships
: VHF 2s about 40 other supporting
stations.
CH12 and 18 monitored
Racon at Atlantic
Entrance
: Integrated
Processing System, Ship Data Processing System, Data Link
: 2s/2(9GHz)+2(3GHz),
ARPA (RAYTHEON RAYCAS)and
102 TVs
: Enhanced VTMS incorporating
GPS and DGPS monitoring
data processing system planned by 1999.
-56-
and more integrated
PANAMA
system in 1986
RUSSIA
NAKHODKA BAY
established
in 1979, renewed in 1992
under Maritime Administration
supervision
Vessel Surveil. System for the gulf of Nakhodka,
NORFES ltd., 8 Norwegian-Russian
joint venture)
Name, history
Authority
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Manag./Reglt.
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic data
Communication
Data process.
VHF radio : 2 stations /2
: Integrated
data processing
zones
system, NORCON VOC 5000
Radar
Identificatn
: 2 stations/2
: VHF-DF
RDP class,
SINGAPORE
Name, history
Authority
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
:
:
:
:
:
•†
:•†
Management
Participant
Pilotage
INFO, MNTR Regulation
: Mandatory for vessels
Compulsory for vessel
:
:
:
:
:GRT)
/92,700
Type of water
Size of area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic data
:
•†
:
:
1000hours/year,
•†
:
:
Communication
Data process.
Radar
Identificatn.
Remarks
UNITED
:
8knots,
-57-
42ß45'N
133ßE)
Large / Cost to establish•…10M
/ Staff : 21-50
MNTR / Speed limit, no overtaking-crossing,
keep traffic
Mandatory for vessels
20Grt
Compulsory for inner harbor vessels
Type : Bay, Size : 20km•~10km
Two-way, 20km long, min. width
Low visibility
In 1995, 12,000
vessels entered
radars/9GHz,
in 1997
: 400m, no bend
current<4knots,
lane, escort
ice, wind
NORCON
SINGAPORE
Singapore
Vessel Traffic Information
Service
Port of Singapore Authority
(Port Authority)
At Port Operation Centre (01ß16'N103ß51'E)
Very large VTS / Cost to establish
: $10-20M
(VTIS)
, Established
/ Staff
in 1990
: 51-100
: Keep within traffic lane
300GRT and passenger vessels entering
300GRT, liquefied
gas/chemical
carriers
Port, strait and approaches
30NM•~3-8NM, Port limit of Singapore
surrounding
Singapore
Two-way, 166km long, min. width : 527m
Low visibility(<1km)
Current : 4-8knots,
In 1993, cargo 273million
tons handled
ships(623M
port
Island
Tide : 3.5m
entered
: VHF radio : 1 station/2
zones
: Traffic/ship
data processing system and data link
: 5 stations/5
radars/9GHz
ARPA class)
2 VHF-DFs linked to radars
: Considerable
KINGDOM
Name, history
Authority
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Management
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic data
Communication
Navig. aids
D
ata Process.
Radar
Identificatn.
Remarks
DOVER
Dover Port Control, established
in 1977, present
Dover Harbour Board (Public
corporation)
Eastern Docks, Dover (51ß07'N,01ß21'E)
Large/
Cost to establish
: $0.2-0.4M
/ Staffs
: MNTR, INFO, PILT SGNL Regulation
: Speed
: Mandatory
Compulsory for vessels : L.O.A.80m or above
system
since 1990
:9
limit
Type : Port,coast
Size : 4.8km•~0.23km
2.4km long, two way, minimum width : 19m
Current less than
low visibility•…30hours/year,
vessels,14M
CRT entered, cargo : 0.6M
In 1994,24k
tidal different
tons handled
VHF radio : 4 stations/1
zone, UHF NAVTEX
Berthing aids, DGPS, Rader enhanced image of piers and entrances
Ship Data Processing System
2 stations /3 radars (one 9GHz, two 3GHz), RDP class
1 VHF DF linked to radar, 3TVs(infrared
facility)
Considerable
Agreement between principle
port users for establishing
entry/departure
: up to7m
times
11-20
UNITED KINGDOM
Name, history
Authority
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
•†
•†
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
LIVERPOOL
Liverpool
VTS, established
Mersey Docks and Harbour Company (Port Authority)
Maritime Centre Liverpool (53ß28'N,03ß02'W)
: $1-2M / Staffs :
MNTR, INFO, PILT, VMRS
Mersey Channel Collision
Rules
82m
82m, vessels with hazardous cargo, vessels
Type Port, river and bay Size : 90km•~32km
33km long, two way, minimum width : 900m, 1-3 bends
Current less than 4 knots, tidal difference
: 10m range
In 1994, 7k vessels, 45M CRT, entered, cargo : 29M tons handled
2 stations /2 zones
Traffic
and Ship Data Processing
System
2 stations /2 radars, RDP class
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic data
VHF radio
Data Process.
Radar
Remarks
Considerable
1
11-20
•†
•†
:
:
:
:
Southampton VTS, established
Associated British Ports (Port
Southampton
Large /Cost
and congestion
in 1972,
authority)
present
(50ß53'N,01ß24'E)
to establish
: $ M /Staffs
system since 1988
: 21-50
VMCL VMRS MNTR, INFO, PILT
Speed limit, escort vessel when required
20m
61m and gas tankers
Size : 30NM•~14NM
12NM long, two way (temporary oneway), minimum width : 90m
Current less than 4knots, tidal difference
: 4.7m
In 1994,30k
vessels, 84M CRT entered, cargo 34M tons handled
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic data
VHF radio
Radar
Identificatn.
UNITED
of accident
SOUTHAMPTON
UNITED KINGDOM
Name, history
Authority
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
•†
•†
reduction
with defects
3 stations/
zone
3 stations/3
1TV
radars
(9GHz,
RACAL DECCA)
HARWICH
KINGDOM
Name, history
Authority
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Harwich
Harwich
Harbour Operations,
Haven Authority
Large/
Cost to establish
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic data
VHF radio
Data Process.
Radar
Identificatn.
Remarks
MNTR,
INFO,
established
in 1975,
present
system since 1984
51ß57'N,01ß18'E)
VMRS,
: $1-2M
PILT,
/ Staffs
:
ORGN
Speed limit, Escort when request
50GRT
50m
Type : Port,
15NM long,
Current less
In 1994, 12k
river coast and international
water Size : 24NM•~6NM
two way, minimum width 360m, 4 bends
than 4knots, tidal difference
: 4m range
vessels, 121M CRT, entered
1 station/1
zones
Traffic and Ship Data Processing System
3 stations /3 radars, ARPA class
: 2 VHF-DFs linked to radars
Considerable
reduction
of accident
-58-
11-20
UNITED KINGDOM
Name
Dover Strait Channel Navigation
Information
Service
Authority
Department of Transport
History
Established
Manned Centre
: Dover (51ß08'N,01ß21'E)
Size of VTS
: Large /Cost
to establish
: $6-10M / Staffs :
:•†
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Management
Regulation
Participant
Pilotage
Type of water
Size of area
Main channel
Traffic data
Communication
Data Processz
Radar
Identificatn.
Remarks
:
:
:
U.
:
:
:
:
:
:/3
:
:
-59-
S.
DOVER STRAIT
: VMRS MNTR, INFO
: Keep within traffic lane, COLREG(1972)
, Rule 10
300GRT
Voluntary
Strait, coast, and international
waters, recreational
area
193km•~55km
193km long, separation
route, 9.5km•~2,
Meteo-hydro : Tidal difference
10m
In 1994, 146k vessels passed
/3 zones, MF, VHF, SATCOM, NAVTEX
Integrated
Data Processing System
3 stations/3
radars (9GHz)
5 VHF DFs linked to radars, 3 TVs, fixed wing aircraft
Considerable
reduction
of accident : 30 collisions/year
before 1970 to 4 per year after
A.
NEW YORK
Name, history
Authority
Manned Centre
Size of VTS
Vessel Traffic Service New York, established
in 1978, present
United States Coast Guard
: Governors Island (40ß41'N,74ß01'W)
: Very large / Cost to establish
: $10-20M
/ Staffs : 21-50
Management
Participant
Pilotage
Area
Main channel
Meteo-hydro
Traffic
data
VHF radio
Data Process.
Radar
Identificatn.
: VMRS, MNTR, INFO
Mandatory
Mandatory
: Type : Port Size : N.A.
Two way, 17km long, min. width : 610m, many bends
: Frequency
of low visibility
less than 100 hours/year,
current•…4knots
: In 1988, cargo 88M tons handled
3 stations
zones
: Integrated
Data Processing
System
: 3 stations
/3 radars(9GHz)
, ARPA (RAYTHEON)
6 TVs,
Remarks
1972
Evaluation
under survey
system since 1994
GRT
APPENDIX
2 GUIDE
SPECIFICATIONS
FOR VTS DESIGN
A field of marine traffic studies, the marine traffic engineering introduced by Fujii et al
has given data
on ship separation and method to estimate loss due to traffic accidents which are necessary for design of VTS.
AP 2-1 Ship Separation,
Lane Width and Traffic Capacity
Ship masters try to keep distance to other ships. Radar observations on ship pairs proceeding in the same
direction showed the existence of the ship domain around a ship into which other ships avoid to enter. When ships
are going in the same direction with an average speed roughly equal to the navigation speed, the size of ship domain
is 8.0Lpp in course direction and 3.2Lpp in side direction
where Lpp is the length between perpendiculars.
This
indicates that the size of ship domain is approximately
proportional
to the ship length and hence a proceeding ship
requires an area approximately
proportional
to the square of its length.
Further study on the ship separation
including head-on and crossing encounters gave the bumper models as
shown in in Fig. AP-1. Bumper model (A) can be widely used can be used in traffic simulation in various waters
so long as it is not too narrow, to estimate the capacity of a ship and the time delay due to congestion in a route
system, i.e., in a VTS area. When there is a ship with high speed, say over 20knot, be careful to use model (A) since
no data on such case has been reported.
(A) Bumper model at navigation
speed
(B) Reduced bumper model at harbor speed
Fig. AP-1 Bumper model for the traffic
simulation
The bumper model (B) in narrow water is for reduced speed which may be called "harbor speed", usually in
between 4 and 8knot. Note that extraordinary
behaviors such as whistling,
crush astern, or large deceleration
were
observed when bumper models of type (B) touch each other.
Based on these data, following mimimum separations are given as guideline for design of VTS where W is the
width of route. Lc, the critical
length of ship in a VTS area where most of traffic,
90% or 95%, has ship length
smaller than Lc should be determined. Usage of Loa, the overall length in place of Lpp is suggested for safety sake
and rewrite Loa as L hereafter. L is a little larger than Lpp, 10% for small ships and 5% for large ones. Table AP
-1 gives approximate
values of GRT, L(=Loa)
and navigation
speed.
is roughly estimated by (L /300)
where the overall length should be measured in m. DWT is generally in between 1.5 and 2 times of GRT.
Table
AP-1 Approximate
values of GRT, L (= Loa) and navigation
L (L o a ), m
16
22
28
45
56
G r o s s t o n n a g e , to n
20
50
100
30 0
500
N a v ig a t io n s p e e d , k n o t
7
N a v ig a t io n s p e e d , k m / h
13
8
9
15
10
17
19
11
20
1
70
100
k
3k
12
22
speed.
150
200
25 0
k
2 5k
50k 100
13
15
15
16
16
24
28
28
29
30
10
310
k
The minimum time separation to following ship on the same lane is 8L/V for navigation speed and 6L/V for
harbor speed. The basic traffic capacity of a lane is given as the inverse of time separation. Introduction
of 10L
in place of 8L or 6L may give sufficiently
high safety factor. Traffic separation zone as centerline is recommended
-60-
in twoway passage area.
Bumper models allow to categorize route and traffic management for ordinary navigation condition as
following.
Case 1. When W•†12.8Lc, twoway free passage on 4 lanes is possible at navigation speed.
-Overtaking is not allowed for ships larger than Lc.
Case 2. When 12.8Lc>W•†6.4Lc, twoway passage on 2 lanes is possible at navigation speed.
-Overtaking is not allowed for ships larger than Lc/2.
-Special management such as VMRS is necessary for passage of ships over Lc.
Case 3. When 6.4Lc>W•†3.2Lc, oneway passage, 1 lane, is possible at navigation speed.
-Special management is necessary for passage of ships over Lc/2.
-Twoway passage is allowed when all traffic is smaller than Lc/4.However, overtaling is not allowed.
Case 4. When 3.2Lc>W•†1.6Lc, oneway passage at harbor speed is possible.
-Special management is necessary for passage of ships over Lc/4.
-Two way passage at navigation speed is allowed when all traffic is smaller than Lc/8. However, overtaking
is not allowed.
When Lc is assumed to be 100m as an example, following indicates numerical values of the route width, W,
and the basic traffic capacity, Cb, of route.
Case (1) W= 1.3km, speed 22km/h, 4 lanes, Cb=110 ships/hour
Case (2) W=0.7km, speed 22km/h, 2 lanes, Cb=55 ships/hour
Case (3) W=0.32km, speed 22km/h, 1 lane, Cb=27 ships/hour
Case (4) W=0.16km, speed 11km/h, 1 lane, Cb=18 ships/hour
When the traffic volume is to be compared to the traffic capacity, use L -converted traffic volume. For
example, when Lc is 100m, multiply 9, to the traffic volume of vessels over 300m in length, 4, for that in between
100m and 200m, 1/4 for that in between 25m and 50m and so on. When the width of a straight route becomes
narrow, traffic congestion usually begins at a traffic equal to 60% of the basic traffic capacity for case (1).
Note that traffic capacity is very much smaller than above values in Case 3 and Case 4 when the length of
narrow passage is large and the route is used as alternative oneway.
AP 2-2 Loss Due to Traffic Accidents
Loss due to ship-ship collision can be estimated with the integration(=summation) over the VTS area and
time length of following term.
(Price of ship and cargo) •~
(Heinrich function, H, distribution function of the degree of damage)•~
(hydro-meteo factor, M, larger than 1 which corresponds to normal weather) •~
(Causation probabily, PC, human error rate to prevent accidents) •~
(Geometrical collision candidates, Ng)
These approximations, together with empirical values of H, M, and PC, allow estimation of accident loss.
Usually, the loss is very much localized at crossings, forks, joints, bends and narrows in the route system.
Calculation to estimate delays also shows that traffic jam starts at traffic junctions, crossings and narrows since
the number of encounter, Ne, is almost proportional to Ng.
The mathematical representation of Ng of ship-ship collision is given by Fujii as
Ng=
(ƒÏ /2){(L+L')/2} V-V'dt dS dL dL'
dV dV'
with examples of practical calculation where t, S, L, V ,and ƒÏ are the time, area, ship length, velocity (vector) and
ship density rexpectively.
Matsui et al. also gave following values in 1985 :
Pc =1/10,000(logPc=-3.96•}0.36)
M =10km/visible length or 1 when visibility is over 10km
The Heinrich function is roughly proportional to the square root of the grt ratio (=grt of other ship/grt of own
ship) and use following values :
H=0.01(grt ratio) for H•…0.1 or 0.1 when above value exceeds 0.1 for harbor area (reduced speed area)
and for other area,
H=0.03(grt ratio) for H•…0.3 or 0.3 when above value exceeds 0.3
Estimation of the loss due to grounding or collision to object such as bridge pier is possible with following
formula similar to inetrship collision:
(Price of ship and cargo) •~
(Heinrich function, H, distribution function of the degree of damage) •~
(hydro-meteo factor, M, larger than1which corresponds to normal weather) •~
(Causation probabily, PC, human error rate to prevent accidents) •~
(Geometrical collision/grounding candidates, Ng)
Ng is much simpler than that of intership collision and is given as
Ng=ƒ°
(ƒÏ‡X) {collision/grounding diameter} dt dL d‡X
where summation ƒ° is made over target of collision or grounding in and along route. M is almost the same as
that of intership collision. When a target is in or along route, use 1.6/10,000 for Pc(refer to Matsui et al and
O.D.
Larsen , logPc=-3.8•}0.4).
When it is on the extended line of course before a bent, Fujii introduced Pc= (1.6/10,000) •~exp(-D/6L) based
on Shoji's data on ship-bridge pier collision where D is the distance from the turning point to the target. This
means that the longer the distance to the target, the higher the chance for shipmaster to be aware of wrong course.
H for intership collision may be applied to collision with object. H for grounding has not been well studied. Use
average values, 0.04 in harbor area and 0.08 in other area for H.
AP 2-3 Various Notes
(1) Collisions and grounding concentrate at bends, crossing of routes and narrow route. Such area with considerable traffic should be covered with surveillance radar on the shore.
(2) Setting of separated lanes is of fundamental importance. When there is an object of collision or grounding, set
lane so as to keep distance from bent to the object, 6Lc or more, when possible.
(3) Estimation of loss due to traffic accidents is possible with AP 2-2. However, its accuracy is not so high with
a standard deviation of •}0.5 in logarithmic scale, i.e., most of the values lie in between 3 and 1/3 of the
calculated value. According to our survey on the effect of VTS with radar surveillance, 2/3 of loss or more
has been saved. This will enable rough cost-benefit analysis of planned VTS.
(4) When a VTS with surveillance radar(s) is established, accumulation of data on ship separation is recommended. A programmed photograph of radar scope with a digital camera or a video camera is suggested. Typical
exposure pattern is, 1 exposure for one rotation of antenna per minute over 4,6 or 10 minutes, skipping an
exposure before the last, e.g.,.•œ--•œ--•œ--•œ--•›--•œ--where •› means no exposure. Then, the
direction of ship movement is easily identified. This may catch the behavior of ship before an accident.
References (continued)
8. Y. Fujii & K. Tanaka: Traffic Capacity-Marine Traffic Engineering, J. of Navigation, Vol. 24, No. 4, Oct. 1971
9. Y. Fujii: The behavior of Ships in limited Waters, 24 Intern. Navigation Congress (PIANC), SI-3, Leningrad
（受付平成9年6月23日，9年10月7日再受付）
(1977)
10. T. Matsui, Y. Fujii & H. Yamanouchi: Risk and Probability of Marine Traffic Accidents, ENRI Papers No.
50,1985
11. K. Shoji: On the Design of Waterways Passing through Bridges in View of Analysis on Ship Collision, J. of the
Tokyo Mercantile Marine. No.36. 1985
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The Fourth Survey on Vessel Traffic Services in the World Abstract

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