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Gawoli mwachidule
Bukuli linalembedwa ndi chithandizo chochokera kwa anthu a ku America kudzera m’mabungwe a President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) ndi a U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) kupyolera mu Contract nambala GHH-I-00-07-00032-00, USAID | Project SEARCH, Task Order 01. Zolembedwa mkatimu ndi za Go Girls! Initiative ndipo sikuti zikuonetsera kwenikweni maganizo a PEPFAR kapena boma la United States. 3 4 Zamkatimu Zothokoza.......................................................................................................................................................................7 Mau Otsogolera............................................................................................................................................................9 Gawo 1: Tiyeni Ophunzira! - Tiyembekezere zotani?............................................................................... 11 Gawo 2: Mphamvu ndi Zolinga Zanga ........................................................................................................... 23 Gawo 3: Mubokosi langa, kutuluka m’bokosi langa ............................................................................... 26 Gawo 4: Maubwenzi abwino .............................................................................................................................. 28 Gawo 5: Yankhulani! Kulumikizana ndi ena................................................................................................. 32 Zowerenga Aphunzitsi 1: Kuyankhula zomwe tikufuna ndi momwe tikumvera ................................ 36 Gawo 6:Akulu monga othandiza ...................................................................................................................... 37 Gawo 7: Thupi langa likusintha- Ndiri bwinobwino? Mbali yoyamba............................................ 41 Zowerenga Aphunzitsi 2: Mmene tingayankhulirane ndi achinyamata nkhani zokhuza kugonana.................................................................................................... 43 Gawo 8: Thupi langa likusintha-Ndiri bwinobwino? Mbali yachiwiri ............................................. 48 Zowerenga Zowonjezera 1: Njira za momwe tingathandizilane kuti tikhale ozidalira ..................... 51 Gawo 9: Kodi mimba?............................................................................................................................................. 52 Zowerenga Zowonjezera 2: Ziwalo zoberekera , Msambo ndi Mimba.................................................... 55 Gawo10: Thumba la katengedwe ka HIV....................................................................................................... 63 Zowerenga Aphunzitsi 3: Mgwiriza omwe ulipo pakati pa HIV ndi ndi Matenda opatsirana pogonana ndi zinthu za m’thumba la katengedwe ka HIV......................... 65 Gawo11:Kupanga zisankho zabwino.............................................................................................................. 68 Gawo12: Ndipange chiyani ndi zilakolakozi?............................................................................................. 65 Gawo13: Ndine wokonzeka kuchita zogonana?........................................................................................ 72 Gawo14: Kunena kuti “ayi” ku zogonana..................................................................................................... 75 Gawo15: Sindinkafuna kuchita zogonana................................................................................................... 78 Zowerenga Aphunzitsi 4: Mmene tingachitile ndi achinyamata omwe anachitilidwapo nkhaza zogwirilidwa kapena kukamizidwa kuchita zogonana................................. 82 5 Gawo16: Kukambirana ndi akuluakulu za kugonana............................................................................. 89 Gawo17: Kugonana ndi akuluakulu................................................................................................................ 93 Gawo18: Mfundo zanga, ndalama zanga...................................................................................................... 98 Gawo19: Kugonana inu nokha .......................................................................................................................101 Gawo20: Zotsatira za mowa...............................................................................................................................104 Gawo21: Kugwira ntchito kulumikizana kuti tidziteteze tokha......................................................108 Zowerenga Aphunzitsi 5: Zitsanzo zowonjezera za kulumikizana..........................................................112 Gawo22: kulemekeza mbiri yathu, kuteteza tsogolo lathu ..............................................................114 Gawo23: Ndiri pachiopsezo?............................................................................................................................116 Gawo24: Kukonzekera za cholinga changa...............................................................................................120 Ndandanda wa matanthauzo...........................................................................................................................122 Mafomu owunika mmene ntchito yayendera ..........................................................................................127 6 Zothokoza Bukuli linalembedwa ndi Maryce Ramsey komanso Judy Palmore. Maluso ena anaperekedwa ndi Joanna Skinner, Patricia Poppe, Jane Brown, Carol Underwood, Jessica Fehringer, Tinaye Mmusi, Maipelo Madibelo, Assana Magombo, Dorothy Nyasulu, Enni Panizzo ndi mamembala ena a gulu la PEPFAR Gender Technical Working Group komanso ndi magulu PEPFAR am’maiko a Botswana, Malawi ndi Mozambique. Tikufuna tithokoze mabungwe angapo omwe ntchito ya zolemba zawo yagwiritsidwa ntchito bukuli. Mabungwe ake ndi monga: International HIV/AIDS Alliance, www.aidsalliance.org • “Sexuality and Life-Skills: Participatory Activities on Sexual and Reproductive Health with Young People” • “Our Future Sexuality and Life Skills Education for Young People, Grades 4-5” • “Our Future: Sexuality and Life Skills Education for Young People, Grades 6-7” • “Our Future: sexuality and life skills education for young people Grades 8-9” United States Agency for International Development, www.usaid.gov • “Doorways I: Student Life Skills Manual on School-Related Gender-Based Violence (SRGBV),” unadapted version, February 2006. • “Doorways II: Counsellor Training Manual on School-Related Gender-Based Violence (SRGBV),” unadapted version, November, 2006. Family Care International, Inc., www.familycareintl.org • Pictures on male and female reproductive systems, menstrual process and pregnancy from “Healthy Women, Healthy Mothers, An Information Guide.” 1995, 2nd Ed., Arkutu, A. EngenderHealth, www.engenderhealth.org • Male reproductive system text adapted from Introduction to Men’s Reproductive Health Services—Revised Edition: Participant Handbook. 2008. New York. PATH. www.path.org, Population Council, www.popcouncil.org and Kenya Adolescent Reproductive Health Project (KARHP) • Female reproductive system, pregnancy, and menstruation text adapted from “Tuko Pamoja: Adolescent Reproductive Health and Life Skills Curriculum.” 2006. Campaign for our Children, Inc. www.cfoc.org • “Talking to Your Parents about Sex,” in “Teen Guide” Found at: http://www.cfoc.org/index.php/ teen-guide/talking-to-your-parents-about-sex/ Namibian German Reproductive Health Project, [email protected] • Pictures of puberty development from pages 7 and 9 of their booklet “The questions adolescents ask most frequently about Growing Up and their answers”, Vol. 1 Cover photo by Patrick Coleman/CCP, Courtesy of Photoshare. 7 8 Mau Otsogolera Mwalandiridwa ku Tiyeni Ophunzira! Buku la aphunzitsi la Maluso okhudzana ndi umoyo wa Atsikana ndi Anyamata m’sukulu. Bukuli lalembedwa kuti lithandize aphunzitsi pophunzitsa ophunzira maluso osiyanasiyana omwe angawathandize iwo kudziteteza ku mliri wa HIV/Edzi. Mbiri yokhudzana ndi Tiyeni Atsikana! Tiyeni Atsikana! Buku la Aphunzitsi la Maluso okhudzana ndi umoyo wa Atsikana ndi Anyamata m’sukulu linalembedwa ndi gulu la Tiyeni Atsikana lomwe limadziwikanso ngati Go Girls! Initiative (GGI). Gulu la GGI lomwe limathandizidwa ndi bungwe la U.S. Agency for International Development kudzera ku bungwe la U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, inali pulojekiti ya zaka zitatu (2007-2010) yomwe cholinga chake kunali kufuna kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa kachilombo ka HIV pakati pa atsikana omwe ali pachiopsezo kwambiri a msinkhu wa pakati pa zaka 10 mpaka 17 m’maiko a Botswana, Malawi, ndi Mozambique. Ntchito yomwe inagwiridwa ndi a Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health/Center for Communication Programs (CCP), Tiyeni Atsikana! Inayesetsa kulimbikitsa ma pulogalamu okhudza amuna komanso akazi dziko lonse pokhazikitsa njira zatsopano komanso kukweza njira zomwe zinalipo kale zochepetsera chiopsezo cha atsikana ku mliri wa HIV. Pofuna kugawana ndi dziko lonse zotsatira za ntchito ya Tiyeni Atsikana! Mabuku othandizira kuphatikizapo buku lothandiza kupima chiopsezo cha atsikana ndi zipangizo zothandizira ma pulogalamu, kuphatikizapo bukulizilipo zaulere kuti zithandize anthu omwe amakhazikitsa mfundo komanso mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana kuti the kulimbikitsa atsikana ndi Madera kukhala amphamvu padziko lonse. Kuti muthe kupeza zipangizo zones za Tiyeni Atsikana, funsani a U.S. Agency for International Development pa adiresi ya intaneti ya [email protected] kapena pezani a CCP pa www.jhuccp.org. Tanthauzo la atsikana osatetezedwa Atsikana omwe ndi “osatetezedwa” ku kachilombo ka HIV ndi amene amakhala pa chiopsezo chachikulu chotenga kachilomboka kusiyana ndi anzawo. Atsikana ali pachiopsezo chachikuluwa ndi monga ana amasiye, osiyira sukulu panjira, opanda maubwenzi abwino, nzika za maiko ena zomwe zangofika kumene kapena zopanda chilolezo ndi omwe amakhala m’moyo wa umphawi.Zinthu zimenezi kuphatikizapo zina monga kuzindikira, kudzikhulupirira, kumwa mowa, mphamvu ya maubwenzi, ndi ubwenzi ndi makolo nthawi zambiri zimalowana powaika atsikana kukhala pachiopsezo chachikulu chotenga kachilombo ka HIV. 9 Buku la aphunzitsi la Tiyeni Ophunzira! Maluso okhudzana ndi umoyo wa Atsikana ndi anyamata m’sukulu limazindikira kuti anyamata ndi atsikana, abambo ndi amayi onse ali chiopsezo ku mliri wa HIV/EDZI. Komabe, kafukufuku amaonetsa kuti atsikana ali pa chiopsezo kwambiri ku mliri wa HIV/EDZI. Mwachitsanzo: 99 Atsikana ali ndi mwayi wochepa wopita ku sukulu komanso kumaliza maphunziro awo; 99 Atsikana ali ndi mwayi wochepa wodziwa zambiri zokhudza za HIV/EDZI; 99 Atsikana ali ndi mwayi wochepa wopezera chuma kusiyana ndi anyamata zomwe zimawapangitsa kuti azisinthanitsa matupi awo ndi ndalama; 99 Maudindo omwe atsikana ali nawo pachikhalidwe amawalepheretsa iwo kukhala ochangamuka; 99 Atsikana amakwatiwa ndikuyamba mchitidwe wogonana akadali achichepere kusiyana ndi anyamata; ndi, 99 Atsikana ndi omwe amakhala opalamulidwa kwambiri pa nkhani ya nkhanza zokhunzana ndi kugonana kusiyana ndi anyamata. Mapulogalamu ambiri okhudzana ndi kapewedwe ka HIV kawirikawiri saganizira za mfundozi komanso zina zomwe zimapangitsa atsikana kukhala pa chiopsezo ku HIV ndipo sakhala ndi chidwi chapadera choti atsikanawonso atengepo mbali. Tiyeni Atsikana! Inali ndi chiyembekezo chosintha zimenezi poyika chidwi pazosoweka za atsikana otha msinkhu. Kugwiritsa ntchito mabuku a Tiyeni Atsikana! Ndandanda wa mabuku a Tiyeni Atsikana analembedwa kuti athandizire pulogalamu yomwe cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha atsikana ku mliri wa HIV/EDZI pofikira Madera, sukulu, makolo, anyamata ndi atsikana achichepere pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe anthu amatenga nawo mbali powazindikiritsa, Madera kuchitapo kanthu, komanso zida zokwezera maluso osiyanasiyana. Mabukuwa ayesedwapo kaye m’maiko atatu omwe agwiritsiridwe ntchito a - Malawi, Mozambique ndi Botswana – ndikusinthidwa potengera mayankho ochokera kwa Otsogolera komanso ophunzira mu dziko lirilonse la maiko atatuwa. Mabuku asanu a Tiyeni Atsikana mu ndandanda wawo ndi awa: • Tiyeni Atsikana! Maluso okhudzana ndi umoyo wa Atsikana ndi anyamata m’sukulu: buku la Mphunzitsi – bukuli limathandiza aphunzitsi pophunzitsa maluso osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi umoyo womwe angathandize ophunzirawo kuti athe kudziteteza ku mliri wa HIV/EDZI. • Tiyeni Aphunzitsi! Kukonza malo oteteza ndi olimbikitsa atsikana m’sukulu: buku lophunzitsira la aphunzitsi ndi atsogoleri ena pa sukulu – bukuli limathandiza atsogoleri a pasukulu kumvetseta ndi kulimbikitsa maudindo awo monga oteteza atsikana omwe ali pachiopsezo komanso ngati othandizira kusintha m’sukulu mwawo polimbikitsa njira zophunzitsira zosasiyanitsa amuna ndi akazi ndi kuthetsa makhalidwe onse omwe amayika atsikana pa chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo ka HIV. 10 • Tiyeni Mabanja! Kukweza maluso anthu akuluakulu kuti athe kulankhulana ndi achinyamata: Buku lophunzitsira – bukuli limathandiza makolo, opereka chithandizo, ndi achikulire onse omwe ali okhudzidwa kuti athe kuyankhulana ndi achinyamata. Cholinga cha pulogalamuyi ndi kulimbikitsa maluso a achikulire pa kayankhulidwe, kukhala zitsanzo zabwino komanso ubale wawo ndi achinyamata. • Tiyeni Madera! Buku lolimbikitsa Madera kuchitapo kanthu pochepetsa chiopsezo cha atsikana ku mliri wa HIV/EDZI – bukuli ndi mlozo wa tsatanetsatane wolimbikitsa Atsogoleri omwe amalimbikitsa Madera kuthana ndi chiopszo cha atsikana ku mliri wa HIV/EDZI. • Tiyeni Atsikana! Maluso okhudzana ndi umoyo wa atsikana m’madera- buku lophunzitsira – bukuli lalembedwa kuti lirimbikitse maluso a umoyo wa atsikana a zaka za pakati pa 13 mpaka 17 omwe sali pasukulu kapena ali m’malo osatetezedwa. Pa m’ndandanda wa mabukuwa palinso mabuku awiri omwe ndi milozo pa 1) Kulimbikitsa njira zopezera chuma kwa atsikana omwe ali pachiopsezo ndi mabanja awo komanso 2) Kukweza chithandizo cha m’Madera kwa atsikana omwe ali pachiopsezo kudzera pa wailesi. Mndandanda wa mabuku a Tiyeni Atsikana! Unakhazikitsidwa pofuna kuthana ndi nkhani zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapangitsa atsikana kukhala pa chiopsezo ku mliri wa HIV kotero kuti mapulogalamu onsewa ndi oyenera kuchitidwa pamodzi. Komabe, ngati ndalama zoyendetsera mapulogalamu onsewa nthawi imodzi palibe, mapulogalamuwanso angathe kuchitidwa paokha paokha. Kugwiritsa Ntchito bukhuli 1. Tiyeni Ophunzira! Mlozo wamaluso okhudzana ndi moyo wa achinyamata omwe ali mu sukulu uli ndi magawo okwana makumi awiri ndi mphambu zinayi(24). Magawowa ayalidwa motere: • • • • • • • • • • Mutu wagawo Kufotokozera za gawolo Zolinga za phunziro Nthawi Zipangizo Kukonzekera kwa wotsogolera Zochitikachitika ndi malangizo akachitidwe kake pa ndime iliyonse. Kuomba mkota wa chigawo Phunziro Lotsatila “Zoyenera kudziwa mphunzitsi/mtsogoleri” Pena paliponse pamene pakuyenera kutero m’chigawomo. No final do Manual existe um glossário com as definições das palavras e dos conceitos nele utilizados. 11 2. Zipangizo ndi uthenga wofunika 1. Mapentopeni ndi matchati kapena choko ndi bolodi ndi zofunika mmagawo ambiri. Ngati zinthuzi palibe pezani njira zina zoyenera. 2. Zolemba zoonjezera ndi zofunikanso mmagawo ena. Zolemba zoonjezerazi zaphatikizidwa kumapeto kwa gawo. Ngati simungapange zolemba zoonjezera zokwanira anthu onse otenga mbali, yesetsani kupanga zochepa zomwe anthu otenga mbali angagawane. 3. Buku la Tiyeni Atsikana! Uthenga m’zithunzi lingakhale lothandiza kwa wotsogolera maphunzirowa ndipo liyenera kukhala pafupi kuti lithe kuthandizira pamene pakuyenerera. 4. Maphunzirowa asanayambike, mphunzitsi akhale kuti akudziwa za: • • • Kulera Kayezetsedwe ndi kulangizidwe pa mliri wa HIV Mmene amayi angapewere kupatsira kachilombo ka HIV kwa mwana wamngono 5. Ayitaneni achipatala komanso mabungwe okhudzana ndi za kulera komanso kachilombo ka HIV kuti adzakhale ngati ”wophunzitsa Ongobwera” kuti athandizire pa maphunziro. Dziwani Ophunzira Anu Kutengera ndi gulu la anthu omwe mukugwira nawo ntchito, mangafunike kusintha njira yotsogolerera gawo. Kwa gulu la anthu odziwa pang’ono kulemba ndi kuwerenga mungafunike kujambula zithunzi zambiri komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro kwambiri polemba pa tchati kapena pa bolodi.Gwiritsani ntchito mawu omveka bwino. Onetsetsani kuti malangizo amveka bwino musanayambe zochitika ziri zonse. Musafunse mafunso oposa atatu kumapeto kwa phunziro lironse. Kukula kwa gulu Gulu labwino ndi lomwe liri ndi ophunzira a pakati 15 ndi 20. Tiyeni Atsikana! Limagwiritsa ntchito njira zophunzitsira zomwe ophunzira amatenga nawo mbali komanso zimalimbikitsa kukambirana. Pokhala ndi gulu laling’ono, ophunzira onse adzakhala ndi mwayi wotenga nawo mbali mu pulogalamuyo ndipo wotsogolera maphunzirowa adzakwaniritsa kumaliza zokambirana zonse mu Ola limodzi ndi theka. Khalani okonzeka ku zovuta ndi zolepheretsa Phunziro lirilonse lingathe kubweretsa zovuta kapena zolepheretsa. Njira yabwinno yogonjetsera vutazi ndi kukhala okonzekera. Dziwani zomwe mukuyenera kukaphunzitsa ndipo yesezerani kuphunzitsa ndi mnzanu kapena mphunzitsi wina musanakaphunzitse. 12 Phunzitsani magawo a mu bukuli motsata ndondomeko Magawo a mu bukuli analembedwa kuti gawo lirilonse lidziwonjezera ndi kupitiriza pomwe phunziro la m’mbuyo lalekezera, choncho ndi bwino kuti magawowa adziphunzitsidwa mwandondomeko kuyambira gawo 1 kukafika gawo 24. 3. Tiyeni Atsikana! Njira zophunzitsira Zomwe ndamva, ndimaiwala. Zomwe ndaona, ndimakumbukira. Zomwe ndachita, ndimazimvetsetsa. Magawo a m’bukuli amagwiritsa ntchito njira zophunzitsira zomwe ophunzira amatenga nawo mbali pa zokambirana monga kukambirana m’magulu, kulingalira, timasewero, tintchito ta m’magulu, masewera ophunzitsa, zisudzo, kuzenga nkhani zosiyanasiyana ndi kukamba tinthano. Ophunzira adzakhala ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito maluso omwe angopeza kumene monga kutha kulumikizana ndi anzawo komanso kupanga zisankho zoyenera. Ubwino wa njira zophunzitsira zomwe ophunzira amatenga nawo mbali ndi: • • • • Kukweza luso lotha kuganiza mozama; Ophunzira ali ndi mwayi wonse wokumbukira zomwe aphunzira ndikutha kufotokozera ena; Kulimbikitsa chikoka pa phunzirolo; komanso Kukweza luso lotha kulumikizana ndi anthu ena. Njira zomwe ophunzira amatenga nawo mbali Kulingalira: Kulingalira ndi njira yomwe pamakhala kufukufuku wa mfundo ndipo ndi yabwino kuyambira zokambirana. Pamene njira ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, munthu aliyense sayenera kutsutsa zomwe wina wanena. Yankho lirilonse limangolembedwa papepala kapena pabolodi kuti gulu lonse lithe kuona. Njirayi imalimbikitsa ophunzira kukweza kaganizidwe kawo pa mutu womwe apatsidwa ndipo amalingalira za mutuwo pa ngodya zosiyanasiyana. Kukambirana m’magulu: Kukambirana m’magulu kumabweretsa mayankho osiyanasiyana kuchokera kwa ophunzira pa mutu womwe waperekedwa ndipo zimamuthandiza wotsogolera kapena mphunzitsi kuzindikira zina zomwe samazidziwa kapena zomwe analakwitsa. Kupambana kwa njirayi kumadalira luso la wotsogolera kapena mphunzitsi pa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mafunso omwe amafuna mayankho ofotokozera, osati mayankho ake ongoti “eya” kapena “ayi”. Mafunso amenewa amathandiza kutulutsa zakukhosi pa mutu womwe ukukambidwa kapena pa chochitika. 1. “Kodi mwaphunzirapo chiyani pa chochitikachi?” ndi funso lomwe limafuna yankho lofotokoza chifukwa limamufunsa munthu kuti afotokoze maganizo ake. ”Kodi chochitikachi chakukhudza bwanji?” ndi chitsanzo chinanso cha funso lofuna yankho lofotokozera. 13 2. “Waphunzirapo china chilichonse?” si funso lofunika yankho lofotokozera, chifukwa ophunzira akhoza kungoyankha kuti “eya” kapena “ayi”. “Zikumveka?” ndi chitsanzo chinanso cha funso lomwe silifuna yankho lofotokoza. Timasewero: Kuchita timasewero zimathandiza ophunzira kukhala ndi mwayi wochita zinthu zomwe zimachitikadi mmoyo popanda kukumanadi ndi mavuto enieni omwe munthu amakumana nawo. Ndikofunika kuti ophunzira akamakonza timaseweroti tizikhala nkhani yowona osati zongopeka. Malamulo okhudzana ndi kapangidwe ka timaseweroti ndi awa:: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Kambiranani zokhudzana ndi sewerolo ngati gulu Gwirizanani za mmene sewerolo liyendere Gwirizanani za omwe atenge mbali ndi zomwe ati achite, aliyense apange Yesezerani Pangani sewerolo ku gulu lonse Zochangamutsa-Musanayambe : zokambirana tsiku lilonse, atsogoleri akhonza kufuna kuwaphunzitsa ophunzira kasewero komwe kangawachangamutse ophunzira, kuti akhale omasuka, asangalare komanso athe kulumikizana wina ndi mzake. Ophunzira nawo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zitsanzo zabwino za masewero ochangamutsa. Mungathe kufunsa ophunzira mmodzi kapena awiri mu gawo lirilonse atsogolere zochitika zachidule zochangamutsa ndi kulipanga gulu kukhala lochangamauka tsiku lonse. Zitsanzo za zochitika zochangamutsa: 1. Mtsogoleri ndi ndani? • Ophunzira ayimirire kapena kukhala atapanga bwalo. Munthu mmodzi wodzipereka atuluka panja. • Akatuluka, gulu lotsalira lija lisankha mtsogoleri. • Mtsogoleri yemwe ali mbali imodzi ya bwalo apanga zinthu zingapo (kuomba mmanja, kugwedeza mwendo, kuseka) zomwe gulu lonse liti liwonerere. • Wodzipereka uja ayitanidwa kuchokera panja ndipo auzidwa kuti aiyimirire kapena kukhala mkati mwa bwalo. Iye afunsidwa kuloteza yemwe gulu lija linamusankha kukhala mtsogoleri. • Gululo limuteteza mtsogoleri uja kuti asagwidwe posamuyang’ana kapena posaonetsera kuti akutsatira iyeyo. • Wodzipereka akakwanitsa kuloza mtsogoleri (patha kutenga kanthawi) iyeyo akhoza kukhalano mtsogoleri ndipo mtsogoleri woyamba uja asanduka wodzipereka. • Bwerezani mpaka pomwe mutopere. 2. Kuyesezera kunama • Funsani ophunzira kupanga bwalo. • Mtsogoleri ayamba ndi kuyesezera kupanga chinthu. • AKafunsidwa ndi yemwe ali naye kumanja kwake kuti “ukupanga chiyani?”, mtsogoleriyo atchula chinthu china chosiyana kwambiri ndi chomwe amayesezera chija. Mwachitsanzo, mtsogoleri ayesezera kusambira koma ayankha kuti “ndikutsuka tsitsi langa”. 14 • • Munthu yemwe ali kumanja kwa mtsogoleriyo naye ayesezera zomwe mtsogoleri uja ANANENA kuti akuchita (kutsuka tsitsi). Munthu yemwe ali kumanja kwa iyeyu afunsa kuti “ukupanga chiyani?” ndipo ayankha chinthu china chosiyana kwambiri ndi chomwe amachitacho. Zungulurani bwalo lonse mpaka aliyense atapangako. 3. Kupanga mvula • Funsani ophunzira kupanga bwalo. • Funsani ophunzira kutsatira zomwe mtsogoleri awalamule kuchita. Muwauze kuti munthu aliyense adzitsatira malamulolo pamene mukuzungulira bwalo lonse kuyambira kumanja kumapita kumanzere. (Malamulowo ndi: ikani manja pamodzi ndi kuwatikita; kodolani zala; menyani ndi manja anu mumtunda mwa ntchafu; pondani pansi mwamphamvu ngati perete). • Kumbutsani ophunzira kuyamba lamulo lina pokhapokha yemwe ali kumanja kwawo wayamba. • Mtsogoleri ayamba ndi kuyika manja ake pamodzi ndikumawatikita. Mtsogoleri achite lamulo limeneli mpaka aliyense bwalomo atayamba kutsanzira zomwezo. Zikatero, mtsogoleri ayambitse lamulo lina. Kuchita lamulolo mosalekeza kungatulutse phokoso la ngati chiphaliwali. • Bwerezani mozungulira bwalolo kangapo. • Pamene mtsogoleri waona kuti seweroli lafika kumapeto angoika manja ake mbali osachita chilichonse. Zimenezi zitsanziridwa ndi aliyense mu bwalomo monga momwe amachitira poyamba paja mpaka pakhala bata. 4. Maluso ndi mfundo zofunikira zokhudza otsogolera magawo a mu Tiyeni Atsikana! Mpoyenera kuti mtsogoleri kapena mphunzitsi akhale wamkazi woti: • • • Anaphunzirapo za kaphunzitsidwe kogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe ophunzira amatenga nawo mbali pa zokambirana; Akudziwa za nkhani zokhudza kusasiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi; ndi, Kutha kudzindikira yekha za mfundo za moyo wake pa nkhani zokhudza achinyamata; ndi zofunikira kuti atsogoleri azigwira ntchito ndi achinyamatawa atawavomereza mmene anyamata alili osati mmene akufunira kuti iwo akhalire. Nzeru kwa Aphunzitsi M’munsimu muli mfundo zina zomwe zingakuthandizeni inu monga otsogolera kuti mupange ntchito yapamwamba. Mphunzitsi wabwino: • Amaona ophunzira ake ngati akatswiri omwe ali ndi nzeru komanso maluso oti angapereke osati kudziwona ngati iye yekha ndiye wodziwa kwambiri kuposa aliyense m’chipindamo; • Amalimbikitsa aliyense kuphunzira kuchoka kwa mzake, ndipo amadzitenga iye kukhala wongotsogolera chabe osati kuwatenga ophunzira kukhala ngati zitini zopanda kanthu zongobwera kudzapeza nzeru kuchokera kwa mphunzitsi; 15 • • • • • • Amakhulupirira kuti timaphunzira kudzera mu kuchita, kuyeserayesera ndi m’malingaliro osati kuloweza ndi kumangobwereza chimodzimodzi kapena kungosunga zomwe tamva; Amakonzekera bwino koma amakhala olora kusintha zomwe wakonza molingana ndi mmene ophunzira akufunira Amakhala osangalala ndi phunziro komanso ophunzira Amasunga malonjezo omwe walonjeza gulu=amawalora ophunzira kuyankhulapo komanso kupumila Amakhala odekha komanso omvetsera bwino Amadziwa mmene angachitile ndi momwe iye akumvera. Aphunzitsi akumbukile izi: • Werengani buku lonseli musanayambe kuphunzitsa; • Dziwani magawo onse musanayambe kuphunzitsa magawowa ndipo muonetsetse kuti muli ndi zida zophunzitsira zokwanira musanayambe kuphunzitsa; • Sinthani, poyenera kutero, zochitika ndi zokambirana zam’magulu kuti magawowa akhale ogwirizana ndi msinkhu ndi nzeru za ophunzira anu; • Ganizirani ndi kukonzekera za nkhani “zovuta” zilizonse zomwe zingadze mkatimkati mwa magawo “ovuta”; • Nthawi zonse yesetsani kupereka zitsanzo zodziwika bwino ndipo zochitachita zanu zikhale zoti zikugwirizana ndi moyo ndi zosowa za ophunzira anu; • Ngati nkotheka, yambani kuphunzitsa zophweka kumalizila ndi zovuta; • Khalani ndi “pamalo posunga nkhani” pomwe mungamaike mitu yina yomwe yalowa mkati mwa phunziro/gawo, yomwe sikugwirizana ndi zolinga za phunzirolo. Mungathe kudzayikambirana nthawi yina kapena kufotokozera pamampeto pa gawoli kuti mituyo inali yofunikira koma simagwirizana ndi mutu womwe umaphunzitsidwa; • Konzani zochita zina zapadera zomwe zingakhale zothandizira pamene mukuchoka pa gawo lina kupita pa gawo lina kapena pamene ophunzira chidwi chachepa kapena atopa; • Onetsetsani kuti pamene zokambirana zili mkati wotsogolera akutola mfundo zofunikira ndi kuzilemba pa tchati kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito powomba mkota wa gawolo kapena phunzirolo. Pangakhale povuta kuti inu nomwe mutsogolere komanso mulembe mfundozo kotero khalani ndi wina wokuthandizani kulemba mfundozo; • Onetsetsani kuti mukumaliza maphunziro anu mwabwino/mosangalatsa, ndi uthenga woti ophunzira atenge. Poyenera kutero, fufuzani zina zozaphunzira mtsogolo komanso pezani njira zothetsera vuto lomwe liripo. • Onani ngati simukuyankhula kwambiri kuposa ophunzira. Ngati mmwapeza kuti mukuyankhula kwambiri kusiyana ndi ophunzira, alimbikitseni kuti adziyankhana okha mafunso omwe afunsa, mwachitsanzo, ngati wina wafunsa funso, liperekeni kwa ophunzira, “pali yemwe ali ndi yankho ku funsoli?”; • Mmene mukuchitila pamene mukuphunzitsa zingathandize kuti muphunzitse momveka bwino. Mwachitsanzo kumuyang’anitsitsa ophunzira ndi kugwedeza mutu zimalimbikitsa ophunzira kudziwa kuti zimene akuyankhula ndi zaphindu, Kuyang’ana kumbali kungamuuze munthu kutiasayankhule komanso asatenge nawo mbali • Sangalalani! 16 Kuyankhula nkhani zokhudzana ndi kugonana Nkhani zambiri zomwe zili m’bukuli ndi zokhudzana ndi kugonana, maubwenzi ndi HIV zimene zikupangitsa kuti wotsogolera pamodzi ndi ophunzira adzikambirana nkhani zomwe zili zowoneka zolaula. Aphunzitsi ena angaganize kuti pokambirana ndi ophunzira nkhani zokhuza kulera ndi kugonana ndiye kuti akulimbikitsa mchitidwe wogonana. M’malo mwake, Kafukufuku akuonetsa kuti pokambirana ndi achinyamata nkhani zotere komanso powapatsa mfundo ndi zotsatira zokhudza kugonana zimawalimbikitsa achinyamata kuchedwa kuyamba mchitidwe wogonana komanso kuganizira zoti akhale wodziletsa. Aphunzitsi asaone ngati ophunzirawo sachita mchitidwe ogonana. Mmene mungawaonetsere ophunzira kuti muli omasuka kukamba nkhani zoterezi: • Vomerani mawu omwe ali achilendo. Mungathe kuwafunsa matanthauzo ake a mawuwo ngati simuwakudziwa. • Nenani kuti simukudziwa, ngati musakudziwa. Koma muwauze kuti muwapatsa yankho la funso lawo nthawi ina; kambani ndi wazachipatala kapena katswiri wina aliyense yemwe angathe kukupatsani yankho loyenerera ndi kudzawayankha ophunzira anu. • Musaweruze. Fotokozani mfundo zowona zokhazokha osati kunena maganizo akukhosi kwanu. • Musayankhe mafunso okamba za nkhani yanu yomwe yokhudzana ndi kugonana. • Masukani. Mozama bwino, kambiranani kaye ndi aphunzitsi amnzanu pa gulu lanu kuti mukakhale omasuka mukamakakambirana nkhani zotere ndi ophunzira anu. Kuthana ndi mkwiyo Ophunzira angathe kukhumudwa mkati mwa zokambirana. Aphunzitsi azitha kuthana ndi vuto lotero zinthu zisanafike povuta kwambiri ndikusokonezetsa gulu lonse kapena kuapangitsa wokhumudwayo kuvutika m’maganizo. Zina mwa njira zothanirana ndi kukhumudwako ndi monga: kusintha nkhani yomwe yabweretsa mkwiyoyo, kufananitsa nkhaniyo ndi nkhani yina, kuyamba mutu wina kapena kuyamba mwapuma. Ophunzira angathe kukhumudwa chifukwa cha mitu yomwe ili m’bukuli. Atha kukhala ozikayikila okha kapena omangika kuti akambirane ndi achinyamata anzawo nkhani zokhudza kugonana. Zochitika zina za m’pulogalamu zingathe kuwakumbutsa zinthu zina zomwe zinayamba zawachitikirapo mwina kusukulu kapena ku kunyumba kwawo. Ngati wophunzira wakhumudwa chifukwa chifukwa cha chochitika, mphunzitsi amutengere pambali kukakambirana za chomwe chamupangitsa kuti akhumudwe. Mphunzitsiyo angathe kupereka mwayi kwa wophunzirayo kuti achokepo pagululo. Mphunzitsi sayenera kukakamiza wophunzira kufotokoza zomwe zamupangitsa kuti akhumudwe. Mvetserani ku zomwe wophunzirayo akufotokoza. Udindo wanu ndi kumumvetetsa, kupereka chilimbikitso komanso chithandizo. Musamuwuze mmene ayenera kumvera kapena mmene mukuganizira kuti iye akumvera. Mulimbikitseni kuti ndi umunthu kukhumudwa. Dziwani: muyenera kukhala okonzeka kumuthandiza wophunzira yemwe wachitiridwa nkhanza za komwe angakamupatse uphungu woyenera. Mudziwiretu za malo ngati amenewa kuyambirira komwe musanayambe kuphunzitsa gawo loyamba. 17 Muuni wa zizindikiro Mubuku lonseli, zizindikiro zina zochepa zaikidwa ndi cholinga chofuna kukuthandizani kupena zinthu zosiyanasiyana: Nthawi yomwe yaperekedwa pa gawo kapena chochitika Zipangizo zofunikira Aphunzitsi adziwe izi Tsamba lokhala ndi zothandizira pa phunziro 18 Gawo 1 Tiyeni Atsikana! (GGI) – Tiyembekezere zotani? Gawoli mwachidule Kufotokozera za gawo: Ophunzira akhala ngati atolankhani ndipo afunsana mafunso kuti apeze zolinga za pulogalamuyi. Wotsogolera afotokoza zolinga za pulogalamu ya GSI ndipo ophunzira ndandanda wa malamulo wotsogolera, kudzera mu njira yolingalira n’cholinga chokonza chiyambi chabwino cha malo ophunzirira omwe ndi otetezeka ndi osangalatsa. Zolinga zaphunziro: Pakutha pa gawoli ophunzira athe: 1. Kufotokoza zolinga za GGI. 2. Akhazikitse zoyembekezera zawo pa za GGI. 3. Alingalire ndi kugwirizana malamulo wotsogolera pa za GGI. Nthawi: Mphindi 50 Zipangizo zofunikira: 99 Bolodi/choko kapena tchati/pentopeni 99 Dziwani cholinga cha pulogalamu ya GGI (onani m’munsimu) 99 Lembani cholinga cha pulogalamu ya GGI pa bolodi kapena pa tchati Cholinga cha pulogalamu ya Tiyeni Ophunzira! “Cholinga cha pulogalamu ya GGI ndi kupereka maphunziro omwe ndi oteteza komanso osangalatsa amene amapatsa ophunzira maluso okhudzana ndi umoyo ndi nzeru pofuna kuwathandiza kukhala m’moyo wosangalala ndi wabwino,kukhala m’sukulu ndi kudzimva kukhala otha kudziteteza okha ku mliri wa HIV/EDZI “ Mphindi 20 Zochitika 1: Kodi chichitike ndi chiyani mu GGI? 1. Lembani ndandanda wa zochitika za mu pulogalamuyi, kuphatikiza zinthu zina monga komwe ophunzira adzikumanirana, masiku ake, nthawi ndi zina. Lembani ndi kumata mu chipindamo, ngati ndi kotheka. 2. Mwachidule lembani cholinga cha pulogalamu ya GGI, yomwenso yalembedwanso pa bolodi: “Cholinga cha pulogalamu ya GGI ndi kupereka maphunziro omwe ndi oteteza ndi osangalatsa amene amapatsa ophunzira maluso okhudzana ndi umoyo ndi nzeru pofuna kuthawandiza kukhala m’moyo wosangalala ndi wabwino, kukhala m’sukulu ndi kudzimva kukhala otha kudziteteza okha ku mliri wa HIV/EDZI.” 19 3. Funsani ophunzira kuti akhale awiri awiri. Funsani ophunzira kuti aliyense akhale ngati mtolankhani ndipo afunse mnzake mafunso otsatirawa: • Ndi chiyani chingapangitse kuphunzira kukhala kosangalatsa? • Kodi ndi chiyani mukuyembekezera kupeza kuchokera mu pulogalamu ya GGI? 4. Pamene wophunzira aliyense wafunsa mnzake ndi kufunsidwa, afunseni ophunzira kuti apange bwalo. 5. Afunseni ophunzira: Ndi chiyani chomwe chimakupangitsani ambiri a inu kuphunzira kukhala kosangalatsa? Ndi chiyani chomwe chimakupangitsani kuti mukhale ndi chidwi chotenga nawo mbali pa phunziro? 6. Fotokozani kuti zochitika za GGI ndi zoti aliyense adzitenga nawo mbali ndipo afunseni ndi kuwalimbikitsa kuti adziyankhula, kukambirana ndi kusewera. Afotokonzereni kuti patsogolo pa gawloli akhonza malamulo wotsogolera n’cholinga choti kukambirana kukhale kwabwino ndi kowasangalatsa. 7. Funsani wophunzira aliyense kuti apeze chomwe akuyembekeza kupindula mu kutenga nawo gawo pa za pulogalamuyi. Lembani zimenezi pa bolodi kapena pa tchati. Kwa mayanko omwe abwerezedwa lembani mzereb kunsi kwake pofuna kusonyeza kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe apereka yankho limenelo. Funsani ophunzira kuti adzifotokoza maganizo awo, ngakhale pamene wina wanena kale maganizo ofanana ndi omwewo. 8. Onani ndandanda wa mayankho pamene ophunzira onse amaliza kupereka mayankho awo ndipo perekani ndamanga pa za mayankho omwe ali olondola ndi omwe ali osalondola mokhudzana ndi pulogalamu ya GGI. Zochita 2: Malamulo Aphunzitsi a GGI Mphindi 15 ZOYENERA KUDZIWA WOTSOGOLERA: Malamulo otsogolera: Malamulo otsogolera ndi ndandanda wa mfundo zotsogolera zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa ndi ophunzira mothandizana ndi wotsogolera pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti malo ophunzirirawo ndi otetezedwa, aulemu, ndi achilimbikitso. Malamulo amenewa nthawi zonse ayenera kumatidwa mu m’kalasi ndipo ophunzira adzikumbutsidwa za malamulowa pachiyambi cha gawo lililonse. 1. Funsani ophunzira ngati amadziwa za malamulo otsogolera kapena malamulo a pagulu. Funsani ophunzira kuti akambirane kufunika kokhazikitsa malamulo owatsogolera mu pulogalamu monga ya GGI. 2. Auzeni ophunzira kuti ngakhale mu pulogalamu imeneyi aliyense akuyenera kutenga mbali, palibe amene adzakakamizidwe kutero ngati asakufuna. Alimbikitseni ophunzira kudzibetchera koma osati kutenga nawo mbali pamene ali omangika kapena osatakasuka. Limbikitsani ophunzira “kuyesera, kukhala omasuka, ndi kulemekeza malire awo.” Pofuna kuthandiza ophunzira kukhala omasuka malamulo otsogolera ayenera kukhazikitsidwa. 20 3. Funsani ophunzira kuti alingalire za malamulo otsogolera. 4. Lembani malamulowa pa tchati kapena pa bolodi ndi kuwamata kuti adzigwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse mu pulogalamuyi. ZOYENERA KUDZIWA WOTSOGOLERA: Mukuyenera kumasinthasintha malamulo amenewa mogwirizana ndi ophunzira amene muli nawo panthawiyo monga zaka zawo, ndi ubale womwe ulipo pakati pawo. Kuomba mkota pa gawoli Mphindi 15 1. Unikaninso malamulo otsogolera amene mwagwirizana. 2. Unikaninso za zolinga za pulogalamu ya maluso okhudzana ndi umoyo ya GSI. 3. Athokozeni ophunzira potenga nawo mbali pa zochutika zonse. Fotokozani kuti kwa ena zikhoza kukhala zachilendo kukhala omasuka kutenga nawo mbvali pa gulu chonchi koma muwalimbikitse kuti pakupita pa nthawi azolowera ndi[po zikhala zophweka ndi zosangalatsa. 4. Fotokozani kwa ophunzira aliyense kuti ali ndi ufulu: wosatenga nawo mbali; okhal momasuka; opangazinthu mosakakamizidwa; kuyankhula ndi aphunzitsi; kufunsa mafunso ndi zina zambiri. Phunziro lotsatira 1. Athokozeni ophunzira chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali. 2. Kambiranani za kalazi yotsatira: • • • NTHAWI YAKE ; MALO AKE; komanso MITU/MUTU odzakambirana. 21 Malamulo oyembekezereka a Tiyeni Atsikana! • Chinsinsi: Zokambidwa muno siziyenera kunenedwanso kwina kulikonse. • Kutenga mbali– Konzekerani kutenga mbali pa zokambirana ndi zochitika zonse. Lamulo lokhudzana ndi chinsinsi lidzalimbikitsa chidwi cha ophunzira kuti adzitenga mbali ndi kukhala omasuka kunena zakukhosi. • Osaweruzana: Nzoloredwa kutsutsa koma nzosaloredwa kunena mnzanu kapena kumuzenga mlandu chifukwa cha maganizo ake. • Kulemekezana: Izi zingatanthauze mosiyana kwa anthu osiyanasiyana, koma kwambiri zikutanthauza kumvetserana, kusaweruzanandi kuchitira anzathu zomwe ife tikufuna kuti iwo adzitichitire. • Mvetserani ndipo osamudula mnzanu pakamwa: Mvetserani amnzanu ndipo muwapatse chidwi chanu chonse oswadula pakamwa. Aliyense adzapatsidwa mpata wotenga mbali. • Ndi ufulu wa aliyense kukana kutenga nawo mbali: Ngakhale kuti pulogalamuyi ikulimbikitsa aliyense kutenga mbali, nkoloredwa kungokhala osayankha kapena osatenga mbali pamene akufunsani. • Palibe funso lopusa kapena lopepera: Funso lina lirilonse ndi lanzeru. Pamakhala mwayi wonse woti wina akhonza kukhala ndi funso lofanana ndi lomwelo. • Osaganizirana: wophunzira ndi mphunzitsi asamangothamangira kutsirizitsa za maganizo, mfundo, kapena khalidwe la munthu wina popanda umboni wokwanira. 22 Gawo 2 Mphamvu ndi Masomphenya a moyo wanga Gawoli mwachidule Kufotokozera za gawo: Pogwiritsa ntchito chithunzithunzi cha mumtima, ophunzira aganizira za ziyembekezo ndi maloto a tsogolo lawo. Mtsogoleri awathandiza ophunzirawa kudzera mu chochitika chomwe chili ndi cholinga chodziwika bwino powathandiza kuti athe kukhazikitsa cholinga chimodzi chodziwika bwino cha tsogolo lawo. Zolinga za phunziro: Pakutha pa phunziroli, ophunzira athe: 1. Kutchula maonekedwe abwino a kakhazikitsidwe ka cholinga. 2. Kupanga cholinga chimodzi cha moyo wawo. 3. Kupeza njira zogonjetsera anthu komanso zinthu zobetchera zolinga zathu. Nthawi: Mphindi 45 Zipangizo zofunikira: 99 Bolodi/choko kapena tchati/pentopeni 99 Pepala kwa ophunzira aliyense 99 Lembani mfundo zofotokozera za cholinga chomwe chingatheke kukwaniritsidwa pa bolodi Ntchito 1: Masomphenya anga Mphindi 40 1. Funsani ophunzira kuti aganizire za mafunso awa: • • Ndi chinthu chiti chomwe amanyadira kuti anakwaniritsa? Nanga ali ndi cholakalaka chanji chokhudzana ndi tsogolo lawo? 2. Funsani ophunzira kuti auzane zomwe amanyadira. Auzeni kuti adziomba m’manja mokweza wina akamaliza kunena zomwe iye amanyadira m’moyo wake. 3. Momveka bwino adziwitseni ophunzira kuti ali ndi zowayenereza chifukwa ngati si choncho sakanatha kukwaniritsa zinthu zomwe akunyadirazi. Afunseni ophunzirawa kuti atchuleko zina mwa zomwe zinawathandiza kuti akwaniritse zimenezi. Zilembeni pa bolodi kapena pa tchati. Zina mwa zomwe angatchule ndi monga: nzeru, kudekha, kukula, luntha lotha kupeza zosowekera ndi zina zambiri. 23 4. Funsani ophunzira kuti aganizirenso za chinthu chomwe anakwaniritsapo chija. Pa nthawi yomwe ankakwaniritsa chinthu chimenechi kodi padali zotchinga ndi zobetchera zilizonse? Nanga anatha nazo bwanji? Anaika luso lanji? Nchiyani chomwe chinawapangitsa kuti asagwe mphwayi? 5. Afunseni ophunzira kuti atseke m’maso ndipo aganizire za tsogolo lawo. Afunseni iwo kuti alingalire za masana ano poyankha mafunso awa: • • • • Muli kuti? Mukutani? Ndi chiyani chomwe mukusangalala nacho? Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe mwasintha m’moyo wanu? 6. Tsopano awuzeni kuti adzilingalire mu mwezi ukubwerawu…? Chaka chikubwerachi…? M’zaka zisanu…? M’zaka khumi…? 7. Fotokozani kuti pofuna kukwaniritsa zolinga za m’moyo wathu pamafunika kukhala ndi ndondomeko yoyenera kutsatira. Masomphenya omwe angathe kukwanitsidwa akhale: • Owona: khazikitsani masomphenya omwe ali otheka ndi achilungamo. Ndi zosangalatsa kukhala ndi Masomphenya odzakhala osewera mpira mwa ukadaulo, koma kodi palibe masomphenya ena omwe mungathe kukwaniritsa mwachangu? • Achindunji: khazikitsani masomphenya omwe ali achindunji ndipo mungawaloze (mwachitsanzo, kumaliza maphunziro aku sekondale, kukhoza malikisi abwino zedi m’masamu). Pewani kukhazikitsa masomphenya omwe ndiwovuta kuwaloza komanso opanda chindunji (mwachitsanzo, kukhala wopambana, kukhala wosangalala, kapena kutsatira maloto anga). • Osinthika: Khazikitsani njira zingapo zomwe mungakwaniritsire masomphenya anu. Khalani okonzeka kukumana ndi zobetchera ndipo gwiritsani ntchito zinthu zomwe muli nazo m’moyo wanu kuti mugonjetsere zobetcherazi. Zikhulupirireni nokha, mwagonjetsapo zobetchera zina m’mbuyomu. • Osangalatsa/Olimbikitsa: sankhani masomphenya opatsa chidwi kuti muwakwanitse, osati omwe wina akufuna kuti iwe uwakwanitse kapena kutengera za dera lanu, kalasi lanu kapena chifukwa choti ndiwe mnyamata kapena mtsikana. 8. Fotokozani za masomphenya omwe angathe kukwanitsidwa: 9. Funsani ophunzira kukhala ndi mphindi zisanu zoti akonzere masomphenya a m’moyo wawo pogwiritsa ntchito zofotokozera za masomphenya omwe angatheke amene alembedwa m’bokosi liri pamwambali. Yenderani ophunzirawa ndi kuwathandiza kukonza cholinga cha m’moyo wawo aliyense. 24 ZOYENERA KUDZIWA WOTSOGOLERA: Ophunzira ena sangathe kupeza masomphenya awo chifukwa amadziona osowa chithandizo ndi opanda chiyembekezo. Muyenera kuwalimbikitsa mwapadera kuti athe kukhazikitsa masomphenya omwe angawasangalatse ndi kuwalimbikitsa. Ophunzira ena angathe kukhazikitsa zinthu zomwe zimayembezereka kuchokera kwa iwo monga kukwatira ngati masomphenya a m’moyo wawo, alimbikitseni amenewa kuti akhazikitse masomphenya omwe ndiwogwirizana ndi maphunziro awo. 10.Funsani ophunzira kuti anene kwa anzawo za masomphenya awo m’chiganizo chimodzi. Ngati kalasiyo ndi yaikulu mungathe kuwagawa ophunzirawo m’magulu kuti awuzane masomphenya awo m’magulumo. 11.Fotokozani kuti ophunzirawa akhala akugwiritsa ntchito masomphenya awowo mu pulogalamu yonse ya GGI. 12.Chidwi chikhale pa kukakamira ndi kupirira kwa achinyamata pa kufuna kukwaniritsa maloto awo ndi zolinga zawo ngakhale pamene akumana ndi zobetchera. Akumbutseni ophunzirawo kuti ali ndi zowayenereza zonse kugonjetsa zovuta ndi kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo. ZOYENERA KUDZIWA WOTSOGOLERA: N’kofunika kuthandiza ophunzira kuika chidwi chawo pa masomphenya omwe angathe kuwakwaniritsa. Ngakhale kukhala katswiri wampira kapena woyimba wotchuka ndi maloto abwino, ophunzira ayenera kupeza masomphenya ena oyambawa atalephereka. Kuomba mkota Mphindi 5 1. Akumbutseni ophunzira kuti anakwaniritsapo kale zina zomwe amanyadira zija. Anagonjetsapo kale zobetchera ndi zotchinga. 2. Tsimikizani kuti tsopano akhazikitsa masomphenya a m’moyo wawo ngati imodzi mwa mbali ya gawo, ndipo apeza njira zomwe angagonjetsere zobetchera zilizonse ku masomphenyawa. Phunziro lotsatira 1. Thokozani ophunzira chifukwa chotenga nawo gawo pa zokambiranazi 2. Kambiranani mmene kukumana kotsatira kudzakhalire: • • • NTHAWI YAKE; MALO AKE; komanso, MUTU/MITU yodzakambirana. 25 Gawo 3 M’bokosi langa, kutuluka bokosi langaa Gawoli mwachidule Kufotokozera za gawo: Pogwiritsa ntchito mabokosi owoneka, ophunzira athe kupeza zomwe dziko limayembekezera kuchokera kwa iwo monga anyamata ndi atsikana komanso zomwe dziko limawaletsa anyamata ndi atsikana kuchita. Zolinga zaphunziro: Pakutha paphunziroli, ophunzira athe: 1. Kupeza mmene zoyembekezereka kuchita mnyamata kapena mtsikana zingawabwezere m’mbuyo. 2. Kukonza njira zotulukira mu maudindo okakamizawa. Nthawi: Mphindi 45 Zipangizo zofunikira: 99 Bolodi/Choko kapena tchati/pentopeni 99 Jambulani mabokosi awiri pa bolodi kapena pa tchati. Alembeni yina “mnyamata” yina “mtsikana”. 99 Unikani chitsanzo cha mndandanda wa maudindo ogwira amuna ndi maudindo a akazi ngati ophunzira angapeze vuto lolingalira( onani ntchito yoyamba). Ntchito 1:Sewero lochita ngati mnyamata/kuchita ngati mtsikana Mphindi 25 1. Gawani kalasi yanu m’magulu awiri: anyamata gulu lina atsikana gulu lina. 2. Funsani anyamata kuti akonze kasewero komwe azipanga zinthu ngati atsikana. Sewero lisankhale lonena za munthu yemwe alipo m’kalasimo. Funsani gulu la atsikana kuti lichite zomwezo ndipo lipange zinthu ngati anyamata. 3. Funsani gulu lirilonse kuti lowonetse kasewero kawo kwa mphindi ziwiri. 4. Pogwiritsa ntchito timasewero tija, afunseni ophunzira kuti alingalire zilizonse zokhudza atsikana zomwe akuganiza kuti “amaloredwa kapena amayembekezereka kuchita” ndi chikhalidwe, dziko, dera, banja, anzawo ndi ena otero. Lembani mayankho awo mwachidule mkati mwa bokosi la “atsikana”. 26 5. Kenaka funsani ophunzira kuti alingalire zonse zokhudza atsikana zomwe akuganiza kuti atsikanawo “saloredwa kapena sayembezereka kuchita” ndipo muzilembe kunja kwa bokosi la “atsikana”. 6. Ophinzira angathe kugwiritsa ntchito timasewero tija koma alimbikitseni kuti aganizirenso zoyembekezera zina zomwe sanaonetse m’timaseweroto koma zoti zimachitikanso. 7. Bwerezaninso zomwezi ndi bokosi la “anyamata” Mwachitsanzo: Mnyamata Kukhala wawukali, wolimbika ntchito,ophunzira, wandeu,ofunsa mafunso ambiri,okwatira, okhala ndi ana ambiri, kukhala bwana, ovuta, omwa mowa kwambiri Mtsikana Kuthandiza ntchito za pa khomo, kukhala odekha, kukhala ofatsa, kukhala ndi ana, Kusamala apa banja lake, kuphika, opanda makani, aziyang’ana pansi akamayankhula, Kukhala wawukhondo,wooneka bwino Anyamata (Kunja kwa bokosi): Kusamalira, kusamala ana, ofatsa Atsikana (Kunja kwa bokosi): Kulira, Kuchita bwino mkalasi, kufunsa mafunso, Awukali, aukhondo 8. Fotokozani kuti anyamata ndi atsikana amakembezereka kuchita zinthu zina chifukwa choti ndi mnyamata kapena chifukwa ndi mtsikana. 9. Funsani anyamata: pali chirichonse mu bokosi la atsikana chomwe mukulakalaka chikadakhala m’bokosi la anyamata? Chifukwa? Pali chilichonse m’bokosi la anyamata chomwe mukulakalaka kuti sichidakhalamo? Chifukwa? Pali chilichonse chomwe chiri panja pa bokosiri chomwe mukulakalaka chikadakhala mkati mwa bokosiri? 10.Funsani atsikana: pali chirichonse chomwe chiri mu bokosi la anyamata koma mukulakalaka chikadakhala mubokosi la atsikana? Chifukwa? Pali chirichonse mkati mwa bokosi la atsikana chomwe mukulakalaka chidakachokamo? Chifukwa? Pali chiriconse chomwe chiri panja pa bokosiri chomwe mukulakalaka chikadapezeka mkati mwa bokosiri? Ntchito 2: Maudindo oyenera Amuna kapena oyenera Akazi ndi Ine Mphindi 15 1. Funsani ophunzira ngati, monga mmene ziriri mu mabokosimo, anauzidwapo kuchita china chake kapena osachita chifukwa choti ndi amuna kapena ndi akazi? Funsani zitsanzo. 2. Funsani ophunzirawa mmene anamvera mumtima mwawo atuzidwa kuti apange choncho chifukwa choti ndi amuna kapena akazi? 27 3. Funsani ophunzira zomwe zimachitika ngati mtsikana wapanga zinthu ngati mnyamata? Chimachitika n’chiyani mnyamata akapanga chinthu ngati mtsikana? 4. Kodi tiri ndi mayina apadera a anthu amene amaterowo? Mayina ndi oti chiyani? Kodi mayina amenewa ndi abwino kapena oyipa? 5. Ndi ubwino wanji womwe ungabwere pamene anyamata ndi atsikana akupanga zokhazo zomwe amayembezereka kuchita? Nanga zimenezi n’zolakwika bwanji? 6. Funsani ophunzira ngati pali chirichonse chomwe tingachite pa zomwe timayembezereka kuchita monga ife poti ndi anyamata kapena atsikana koma zoti sitisangalala nazo? Kodi tingazisinthe? Mwa njira yanji? 7. Fotokozani kwa ophunzira kuti cholinga cha ntchitoyi sikuzenga mlandu aliyense koma kuwathandiza kusankha “zoyembezereka za ine monga mnyamata kapena monga ine mtsikana zomwe ndi zaphindu ndipo sindikufuna kuzisintha; ndi zoyembezereka za ine monga mnyamata kapena mtsikana koma sindisangalala nazo ndipo ndikulakalaka kuti ndizisinthe.” 8. Funsani ophunzira ngati pali zoyembezereka za anyamata kapena atsikana zomwe kalasi lonse likufuna zitasintha mkati mwa pulogalamuyi. Kuomba mkota Mphindi 5 1. Funsani ophunzira kuti auze gulu zomwe iwo aphunzira zokhudza maudindo a amuna ndi a akazi. 2. Funsani ophunzira ochepa kuti ofotokoze chomwe akuganizira kuti kuzindikira za maudindo okhudza amuna ndi maudindo okhudza akazi ndi kothandiza pa moyo wawo. 3. Funsani ophunzira mmene nzeru zimenezi zisinthire moyo wawo. Phunziro lotsatira 1. Athokozeni ophunzira chifukwa chotenga mbali pa zokambiranazi. 2. Kambiranani za mmene kukumana kotsatira kudzachitikire: • • • 28 NTHAWI; MALO; komanso MUTU/MITU yodzakambirana. Gawo 4 Maubwenzi abwino Gawoli mwachidule Kufotokozera za gawo: Pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zochitika ophunzira afufuza zoyenereza mnzawo komanso kukhazikitsa malire a ubwenzi wawo. Zolinga zaphunziro: Pakutha paphunziroli, ophunzira athe: 1. Kutchula zoyenereza maubwenzi abwino. 2. Kunena malire a maubwenzi. 3. Kuonetsera malire a maubwenzi abwino. Nthawi: Mphindi 45 Zipangizo zofunikira: 99 Bolodi/choko kapena tchati/pentopeni 99 Pepala limodzi losalembapo kwa wophunzira aliyense Zopinira 99 Lembani zitsanzo zochitika m’maubwenzi pa bolodi (onani Ntchito 2) Ntchito1: Kufufuza mnzako Mphindi 20 1. Funsani ophunzira kuti aganizire za munthu amene angalakalake kuti akhale mnzawo wabwino kapena amene akufuna kuti akhale mnzawo 2. Funsani ophunzira kuti aganizire za chiganizo ichi: ‘mnzanga wa pa mtima ndi mnzanga mnzanga wa pamtima chifukwa ….’ Funsani wophunzira wina aliyense kuti anene makhalidwe awiri amene mnzawo wa pamtima ali nawo ndipo lembani mayankho pa bolodi kapena pa tchati, monga wa chidwi, wamnsangala ndi zina. 3. Tsopano funsani ophunzira kuti akonze choyitanaira malonda ndi mutu woti “Amene akufufuza mnzake” Malondawo awonetse zimene zimakusangalatsani, zokonda zanu ndi makhalidwe abwino amene mukudikilira mwa munthu amene mukufuna kuti akhale mnzanuyo. 4. Funsani ophunzira kuti apachike malonda awo pa khoma kuti akambirane. Funsani ophunzira mafunso awa woti akambirane: • • Kodi ndi makhalidwe ati ofunikira amene mukuyembekezera, mogwirizana ndi malonda anu? Kodi ndi makhalidwe ati amene ali ofunikira kwambiri? 29 • • • • • • Kodi ndi khalidwe liti limene ndi losavuta kulipeza mwa mnzako? Kodi ndi khalidwe liti limenen ndi lovuta kulipeza mwa mnzako? Kodi mumayembekeza makhalidwe ofanana kuchokera kwa amnzanu amuna kapena kwa amnzanu akazi? Kodi mukuganiza kuti nthawi zambiri anyamata kapena atsikana amafuna makhalidwe ofanana kuchokera kwa amnzawo? Chifukwa chiyani? Kodi ndi makhalidwe wotani amene amnzanu angaone kuchokera kwa inu? Kodi anyamata ndi atsikana amasiyana makhalidwe awo pa ubwenzi? Ntchito 2: Ndingatani? Mphindi 20 1. Mzanga atandipempha kuti ndimwe mowa, ndinga… 2. Mzanga atandipempha kuti ndisalowe mkalasi, ndinga… 3. Mzanga atandipempha kuti ndimuthandize kuwerenga kukonzekera mayeso, ndinga… 4. Mzanga atandipempha kuti ndibe, ndinga… 5. Mzanga atandilimbikitsa kuti ndizigonana mosinthana ndi ndalama, ndinga… 6. Mzanga atandipempha kuti ndiname mmalo mwake, ndinga… 7. Mzanga atandipempha kuti ndimuthandize kuyang’anila mwana wa kwawo, ndinga… 8. Mzanga atandiuza kuti ndikagonane, ndikakana ndiye kuti sindine mkazi/mamuna, ndinga… 9. Mzanga atandipempha kuti ndimuthandize kunyamula dengu lolemera kupita nalo kumsika, ndinga… 10.Mzanga atandiuza kuti ndisiye kchita ntchito yakusukulu yochitila kunyumba, ndinga… 1. Funsani ophunzira akhale awiri awiri. 2. Funsani magulu a ophunzira asankhe zina mwa zitsanzo zili bokosizi ndipo akambirane mmene iwo akanachitira. Funsani iwo kuti ayesetse kuchita izi mwa chilungamo. 30 3. Bwezerani ophunzira pamodzi. 4. Kambiranani ntchito iyi ndi gulu, potsatira mafunso awa: • • • • Kodi ndi zinthu ziti ziwiri zimene mungachite pofuna kuthandiza mnzanu? Kodi ndi zinthu ziti ziwiri zimene simungawachitire amnaznu ngakhale zitavuta bwanji? Kodi pali zinthu zina zimene simungachite, koma mungathe kuchita ngati mnzanu wabwino atakufunsani kutero? Ophunzira sayenera kuwulutsa zimenezi, koma yesetsani kuwafotokozera kapena kumvetsetsa chifukwa chimene munthu angathe kuchitira Ndi nthawi iti yomwe ubwenzi umakhala wosasangalatsatso kwa inu? Kuomba mkota Mphindi 5 1. Funsani ophunzira zomwe angachite pofuna kupeza ndi kusunga maubwenzi abwino omwe akukwaniritsa zimene analemba ngati zofunikira pamene amasatsa malonda awo mu Ntchito1. 2. Akumbutseni ophunzira kuti maubwenzi abwino ndi wofunika pachinyamata chawo, koma nthawi zina akuyenera kukhala ndi malire. Awuzeni “nthawi zina amnzanu amafuna kuti muchite zomwe inu simukufuna ndipo muyenera kukhala olimba ndi kuchita zokhazo zomwe zilim zokukomerani” poganizira za phunziro la kukhazikitsa masomphenya lomwe anali nalo m’mbuyomu, akumbutseni ophunzira kuti ali ndi zonse zowayenereza zomwe zingawathandize pa nthawi ngati zimenezi. 3. Funsani ophunzira zina zomwe aphunzira mu gawo limeneli ndi mmene ziwathandizire mu moyo wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Phunziro lotsatira 1. Athokozeni ophunzira potenga mbali pa zokambiranazi. 2. Kambiranani za momwe phunziro lotsatira lidzayendere: • • • NTHAWI; MALO; komanso MUTU/MITU yodzakambirana. 31 Gawo 5 Yankhulani! Kulumikizana ndi Ena Gawoli mwachidule Kufotokozera za gawo: Ophunzira awone njira zosiyana zolumikizirana monga kuyankha modzikhulupirira, modzikaikira, ndi mwamakani ndipo pamapeto pake athe kugwiritsa ntchito luso loyankha modzikhulupirira. Zolinga zaphunziro: Pakutha paphunziroli, ophunzira athe: 1. Kutanthauzira kulumikizana modzikaikira, mwamakani, modzikaikira. 2. Kupeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito maluso abwino olumikizirana. ndi Nthawi: Mphindi 45 Zipangizo zofunukira: 99 Bolodi/choko kapena tchati/pentopeni 99 Pali chionetsero pachiyambi penipeni pa Ntchito 1. Chiwonetserochi chiri pa kulumikizana modzikhulupirira, modzikaikira ndi mwamakani. Wotsogolera atha kuchita chiwonetserochi ndi wophunzira kapena mphunzitsi mnzake- muyenera kukonzekera mwapadera gawoli lisanayambike. 99 Lembani matanthauzo a kulumikizana modzikhulupirira, modzikaikira ndi mwamakani pa bolodi (onani Ntchito 1). Ophunzira mwina angazunguzike ndi mawu oti”modzikhulupirira”, “modzikaikira”, ndi “mwamakani”. Ngati ndi choncho gwiritsani ntchito “mwamphamvu”, “mwaulesi”, ndi “mwandewu”. 99 Kugwiritsa ntchito manja poyankhula komanso ndi akapandamneni ndi zina mwa zitsanzo zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito. Mukulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe chanu kapena dera lanu. Zolembedwa zoonjezera zomwe ziri m’munsizi zonena kuti “Kuyankhula zomwe tikufuna ndi zomwe tikumva m’mtima mwathu” zomwe ziri kumapeto kwa gawoli zingathandize kukhala ndi mfundo zothandiza kuti timvetsetse za mitundu itatu yakayankhulidweka. Ntchito 1: Njira zitatu zonenera chinthu chimodzi Mphindi 15 1. Fotokozerani ophunzira kuti mupanga chiwonetsero cha njira zochepa zosiyana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana, pogwiritsa ntchito wophunzira kapena mphunzitsi mnzanu kuti akuthandizeni. Funsani ophunzira kuti akutengeni ngati inunso ndi wophunzira 32 mnzawo amene mukufuna kufunsa ophunzira winayo kuti akuthandizeni ntchito yochitira kunyumba yomwe akupatsani kusukulu. • Mwaulesi/mopanda mphamvu: Mopanda kumuyang’ana mnzanu amene mukumuyankhulayo nenani kuti”Zikadakhala zosangalatsa ngati wina anakandithandiza ntchitoyi, chifukwa popanda kundithandiza ndiye ndilakalakwa”. • Mwamakani/Mwandewu: Muyang’aneni mnzanuyo ndipo mumuyandikire ndikumuuza mokweza kuti “ukuganiza ndiwe wochenjera, uyenera kundithandiza ntchito yangayi kupanda kutero ndikakalakwa ndi iweyo.” • Modzikhulupirira/Mochangamuka: Muyang’aneni mnzanuyo koma mwaulemu, “ndikuganiza ndiwe wanzeru ndipo ndikufuna munthu woti andithandize ntchito yangayi. Kodi ungandithandizeko ntchitoyi tikamaliza makalasi leroli?” Funsani ophunzira zomwe angotha kuonazi. Afunseni zomwe angachite pa njira iliyonseyi? Ndi njira iti yomwe inakawapangitsa kuti amuthandize mzawoyo kapena kuti asamuthandize? Ndi njira iti yomwe ingawapangitse kuti iwo amve kulemekezeka? Ndi njira iti yomwe ingawawopse? Chifukwa? 2. Kumbutsanani matanthauzo a kulumikizana aja tinawapeza kumayambiriro kwa gawoli. Afunseni ophunzira pa njira zomwe zinawonetsedwa pa chiwonetsero paja kuti ndi iti yomwe ili chitsanzocha kulumikizana kwa ulesi? Kwa mphamvu? Kwa ndewu? Njira zitatu zolumikizirana ndi matanthauzo ake • Mwamakani/mwandewu: kupereka uthenga mwankhanza mopanda kuganizira kuti winayo amva bwanji; kuyankhula mwamavuvu. Kulumikizana “mwandewu”. • Mwaulesi/mopanda mphamvu: kupereka uthenga mosanena zowona zenizeni zomwe ukufuna kapena ukuganiza ndipo nthawi zina umangokhala chete. Kulumikizana “mwaulesi”. • Modzikhulupirira/mwamphamvu: Kupereka uthenga poyankhula mwachilungamo zakukhosi; mwachindunji ndi momveka; mopatsana ulemu. Kulumikizana “mwamphamvu”. 3. Funsani ophunzira kuti anene nthawi zomwe kungakhale koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolumikizirana za makani kapena za ulesi. 4. Dziwani kuti, monga zitsanzo za ophunzira zikuonetsera, pali nthawi zomwe njira za makani kapena zaulesi zingakhale zabwino kugwiritsa ntchito polumikizana, koma gawo lino chidwi chake chikhala pokweza maluso a njira ya mphamvu/yodzikhulupirira. 33 Chochitika chachiwiri: Mmene tingakwanitsire njira yolumikizirana yodzikhulupirira Mphindi 10 Perekani ndi kufotokozera njira zinayi zokwanitsira njira yolumikizirana ya kudzikhulupirira: 1. “Ndikumva …”pamenepa wophunzira ayenera kunena mmene akumvera mtima mwake. 2. “Pamene iwe wa…” pamenepa wophunzira amanenena zomwe mnzake wamuchitira kuti iye amve mmene akumveramo. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti cholinga cha ichi sikumunena mnzathuyo koma kufotokoza mmene ife tikumvera. 3. “Chifukwa…” wophunzira amafotokoza chifukwa chomwe chochitikachomchimamupangitsa kuti iye amve choncho. 4. “Ndipo ndikufuna…. Kodi wophunzira akadakonda chikadachitika ndi chiyani kuti amve bwino? Zina mwa zitsanzo zomwe mungapereke: a. Ndimamva kuwawa… pamene ukandiitana kuti mwana... chifukwa sindifuna kusuta chamba kapena kuchita zachiwerewere ndi anyamata omwe sindikuwadziwa… ndipo ndikufuna kuti iweyo udzivomelemekeza mmene ine ndimamvera zokhudzana ndi makhwala ozunguza bongo komanso chiwerewere. b. Ndimachita mantha… ukandiyandikira kwambiri... chifukwa ndi nzopatsa mantha... ndipo ndikufuna uzinditalikira c. Sizimandisangalatsa… pamene ukundiuza ndisamapite ku sukulu... chifukwa ndimaganiza kuti umandiona opusa … ndipo ndikufuna iwe uzindivomereza maganizo anga opita ku sukulu Ntchito 3: Ndinganene chiyani? Mphindi 15 1. Funsani ophunzira kukhala awiri awiri ndipo aliyense atenge mbali poyankha mafunso okhudzana ndi njira yolumikizirana ya kudzikhulupirira/ya mphamvu. • • 34 Mnyamata/Mtsikana amene umamukonda akufuna mupite kukamwa mowa. Munthu amene sukumudziwa wakumana nawe panjira ukupita kusukulu ndiye wakupatsa mwayi woti akutenge pagalimoto. 2. Funsani ophunzira mafunso okambirana awa: • • • Mukumva bwanji za kugwiritsa ntchito maluso a njira yakudzikhulupirira/mphamvu polumikizana? Munamvapo mawu aliwonse amphamvu omwe inu nmungagwiritse ntchito? Mawu oti chiyani? Kodi mawuwa munawamva bwino? Panali povuta kuwadzudzula amnzanu? Chifukwa? Kuomba mkota Mphindi 5 1. Funsani ophunzira afotokoze mmene kuyankhula mochangamuka kungawatetezere iwo komanso amnzawo? 2. Funsani ophunzira mmene luso lokhala ochangamuka lingawathandizire kukwaniritsa cholinga cha tsogolo lawo ZOYENERA KUDZIWA WOTSOGOLERA: Fotokozani kwa ophunzira kuti nthawi zambiri pamakhala povuta kuwadzudzula amnzathu chifukwa chofuna kuteteza zinthu monga kutchuka, kunenedwa kapena kunyozedwa. Fotokozani kuti kutsogolo kwa maphunzirowa kuli njira zomwe tingagwiritse ntchito pothana ndi mavuto ngati amenewa. 3. Auzeni ophunzira kuti mu nthawi zoopsa, pamene anthu akulamuliridwa ndi mphamvu ya mowa kapena chamba, kulumikizana kudzera m’njira ya kudzikhulupirira/mphamvu sikungathandize ndipo chomwe akuyenera kuchita ndi kungochokapo pamalopo mwachangu. Phunziro lotsatira 1. Athokozeni ophunzira chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali pa zokambirana. 2. Kambiranani mmene phunziro lotsatira lidzayendere: • • • NTHAWI; MALO; komanso MUTU/MITU yodzakambirana. 35 Kunena mmene tikumvera ndi zomwe tikufuna Njira zingapo za mmene timakhalira Mabanja athu amatiphunzitsa mmene tikuyenera kukhalira kuymbira tikadali ang’ono. Pali njira zosiyanasiyana za mmene tingachitire pamalo ndipo izi zimabweretsa zotsatira zabwino kapena ziopa malinga ndi mmene tachitira. Timapanga zinthu mopepera ngati: • • • • • • • • • Sitikupangapo kanthu pofuna kudziteteza tokha Pololera kuchita zinthu zomwe ena akufuna. Pokhala chete pamene sitikugwirizana kapena sitikusangalala ndi zomwe zikuchitika Tikuvomereza chilichonse Kunena kuti “pepani” nthawi zambiri Tikubisa zokhumba zathu Sitikufuna kuyamba chinthu chatsopano chifukwa tikuopa kulephera pamapeto Tikulora ena adzingonena okha zoti zichitike Tikungotsatira chigulu kapena kuonera anzathu Timaonetsa m’khalidwe wamakani/wandewu pamene: • • • • • • • • Tikupanga chinthu osaganizira kaye anzathu Tikunena kuti timupangira wina choipa n’cholinga chokwaniritsa zomwe ife tikufuna Tikudziika patsogolo ngakale ena akupwetekeka nazo Tikungolamula osamva kaye maganizo komanso zomwe amnzathun akufuna Tikukwiya msanga pamene ena atsutsana nafe Tikukalipa, kukankha kapena kuumiriza amnzathu Tikupangitsa ena kumva kuti akufunika kudziteteza Tikupangitsa anthu ena kuoneka ang’ono kuti ife tioneke akulu Timagwiritsa ntchito m’khalidwe wochangamuka pamene: • • • • • • • • • • 36 Tikudzichitira kanthu mosakhumudwitsa ena Tikudzilemekeza tokha pamodzi ndi anzathu ena Tikunena maganizo ndi zokhumba zathu mwachilungamo ndi momveka Tikakamira pa mfundo zoyendetsera moyo wathu Tigwirizanitsa zonena zathu ndi zochita zathu Tichita zinthu molimba mtima koma mwaulemu Tivomera kutiyamikira ndi kusangalala tokha ndi zochita zathu Tikuvomereza maganizo abwino kuti atisinthe ndi kuphunzirako kuchokera ku maganizo amenewo Tinena kuti “ayi” mosakhumudwa Titsutsa koma osakwiya Gawo 6 Akuluakulu ngati othandiza Gawoli mwachidule Kufotokozera za gawo: Ophunzira aunika zomuyenera munthu wamkulu wothandiza. Ophunzira anena nkhani zomwe zikuonetsera maonekedwe a munthu wamkulu wothandiza ndi wosathandiza. Zolinga zaphunziro: Pakutha paphunziroli, ophunzira athe: 1. Kufotokoza mmene ubale wabwino ndi munthu wamkulu umakhalira. 2. Kunena maonekedwe a munthu wamkulu wothandiza. Nthawi: Mphindi 45 Zipangizo zofunkira: 99 PBolodi/choko kapena tchati/pentopeni 99 Zomatira kapena zopinira 99 Lembani ndandanda wa Mkulu Wothandiza womwe uli m’munsiwu ndipo muwumate pakhoma mchipinda, ngati chithunzi kapena pabolodi. Mkulu wothandiza... • Amamvetsera zokamba achinyamata. • Amakhulupirira kuti achinyamata nawo ali ndi zofunikira zomwe zingathandize ku dziko. • Amazindikira kuti achinyamata ali ndi ufulu. • Amadziwa kuti achinyamata nawo ali ndi zolinga m’moyo wawo. • Amawapatsa zofunikira ndi kuwathandiza kuti apeze zofunikira. • Amalemekeza achinyamata. • Amaona achinyamata kukhala anthu omwe ali ndi mwayi wotha kuchita bwino osati ngati ovuta, ongoyendayenda. • Amamasuka kwa achinyamata. • Amakhala chitsanzo chabwino. Ntchito 1: Maonekedwe othandiza/osathandiza Mphindi 15 1. Funsani ophunzira kuti alingalire ena mwa maubwino wokhala ndi munthu wamkulu wothandiza pa moyo wawo. Fotokozerani mwachidule. 37 2. Fotokozani kuti nthawi zina ophunzira amathandizika ndi kuwunikira, kuthandiza, ndi kuphunzitsa komwe akulu akulu wothandiza amachita. Nthawi zina akulu akulu amenewa amatchedwa atsogoleri. Funsani maina ena omwe akulu akulu wokhulupirikawa, wothandizawa angadziwike nawo. 3. Funsani ophunzira aganizire nthawi yomwe anapindulapo kuchokera ku ubale wangati umenewu. Kodi anakuchitirani chiyan? Anakuphunzitsani chiyani? Ndi chithandizo chanji chamumtima chomwe munapeza kuchokera kwa munthuyu? 4. Gawani ophunzira kukhala magulu awiri. Fotokozani kuti malingana ndi zochitika zotsatira titchula kuthandizika kwabwino ndi akuluku kuti ”Wamkulu wothandiza”. Funsani gulu limodzi kuti liringalire ndi kulemba pa tchati ”wamkulu wothandiza ndi amene...”. Funsani gulu linalo kuti lilingalire ndi kulemba pa tchati ”wamkulu wosathandiza ndi amene…” 5. Khomani matchati onsewa pabolodi ndi kukambirana. 6. Mukuloza patchati yandandanda “wabwino”, funsani ophunzira kuti afotokoze chifukwa chomwe mfundo zimenezi zikuonetsera mkulu wothandiza? Tingadziwe bwanji kuti zitsanzozimenezi zikuonetsera kuthandiza kwabwino? 7. Mukuloza pa tchati ya ndandanda wa “zoipa”, afunseni ophunzira chifukwa chomwe mfundo zimenezi zikuonetsera mkulu wosathandiza? Tingadziwe bwanji kuti zitsanzo zimenezi zikuonetsera kuthandiza kolakwika? 8. Funsani ngati akulu wosathandiza amaganizako kuti akukhala akulu wothandiza? chifukwa? Ntchito 2: Munamva? Mphindi 25 1. Funsani ophunzira kukhalanso m’magulu awiri ngati mmene anachitira poyamba muja. Gulu lililonse likonze nkhani ziwiri zosiyana zomwe auze anzawo kudzera mu kucheza. Fotokozani kuti nkhani zonse zikhale ndi mutu wofanana, kuonetsera maonekedwe abwino a mkulu wothandiza. 2. Funsani ophunzira kuti agwirizane “zoti zikhale m’nkhanizo”. Mwachitsanzowophunzira apite kwa wamkulu chifukwa ophunzira ena akumuwopseza kuti amumenya. 3. Lolani kuti ophunzira akonzekere nkhani zoti auze anzawozo mokwanira. Nkhanizo zikhale zopatsa mudyo ndipo ziwonetsere mmene zinthu zimakhalira muja ana akamakamba nkhani ndi makolo kapena agogo awo. 4. Abweretseni ophunzira onse pamodzi kuti akambe nkhani zawo. 38 ZOYENERA KUDZIWA WOTSOGOLERA: Ophunzira ambiri apusitsidwapo kapena kunyengeleredwa kuchita zachiwerewere ndi akulu akulu pomanamizira kuwathandiza. Nthawi zina akulu otere amayamba amuthandiza mwanayo kwa kanthawi asanamuchite chipongwe. Zikatero anawa akhumudwa chifukwa chachimenechi ndipo amadzida. Ndo koyenera kuwafotokozera ophunzira za choopsachi, komwe angapeze chithandizo, ndi kuti si vuto lanu kotero sayenera kudzida. 5. Gulu lirilonse likamaliza kufotokoza nkhani yawo; afunseni: • • • • • Ndi chiyani chomwe mwamva kuchokera m’nkhaniyi chomwe chinali chabwino kapena chothandiza kwa wophunzira yemwe amathandizidwayo? M’nkhaniyi, ndi chiyani chomwe mwamva chomwe chinali chosathandiza kapena choipa kwa wophunzirayo? Mungaganizeko nthawi yomwe wamkulu angathe kumupusitsa wophunzirayo ndikumuchita chipongwe m’njira iliyonse? Kodi ukuyenera kuchita chiyani pamene wamkulu wakuchita chipongwe mokupusitsa? Kodi ungapite kuti kukapeza chithandizo nzoterezi zitakuchitikira? 6. Perekani maganizo a komwe ophunzira angapite kukapeza chithandizo. Kuomba mkota Mphindi 5 1. Akumbutseni ophunzira za maonekedwe a wamkulu wothandiza. 2. Limbikitsani ophunzira kukhala atcheru ngati maonekedwe a mkulu wothandiza akuwakayikitsa kapena akuwachititsa mantha. Akumbutseni kuti akuyenera kutsatira zomwe mtima wawo ukuwauza. 3. Akumbutseni ophunzira kuti ngati wamkulu wagwiritsa molakwika ubale wawo ndi kuphwanya ufulu ndi chikhulupiriro cha wachinyamata yo ndipo izi n’zosaloledwa. 4. Afunseni ophunzira, kutengera ndi zomwe aphunzira, komwe angapite kukapeza chithandizo ngati zimenezi zitawachitikira. Unikani anthu/malo omwe kungapezeke chithandizo ngati wamkulu aliyense atagwiritsa molakwika udindo wake ngati wamkulu wothandiza. 39 Phunziro lotsatira 1. Athokozeni ophunzira chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali pazokambiranazi. 2. Kambiranani momwe phunziro lotsatira lidzayendere: • • • 40 NTHAWI; MALO; komanso MUTI/MITU yodzakambirana. Gawo 7 Thupi langa likusintha-ndiri bwinobwino? Gawo 1 Gawoli mwachidule Kufotokozera za gawo: Ophunzira akambirana kusintha m’maganizo ndi m’thupi kosiyanasiyana munthu akatha msinkhu. Zolinga zaphunziro: Pakutha pa phunziroli, ophunzira athe: 1. Kufotokoza kusinthika m’maganizo komanso m’thupi pamene munthu watha msinkhu. 2. Kuzivomereza zosinthika zones m’thupi mwawo akathera msinkhu. Nthawi: Mphindi 45 Zipangizo zofunikira: 99 Bolodi/choko kapena tchati/pentopeni 99 Mapepala a notsi owonetsa kusintha kwa thupi la mtsikana komanso mnyamata pamene watha msinkhu (kumapeto kwa phunziro): ngati n’kotheka aliyense akhale ndi mapepala awiri onsewa. 99 Pepala losalembapo kanthu pa gulu la ophunzira asanu aliwonse 99 Unikaninso ndi kumvetsetsa notsi zosonyeza kusinthika kwa mnyamata/mtsikana akatha msinkhu zomwe zili kumapeto kwa gawoli. 99 Unikaninso ndi kumvetsetsa tsamba lowunikira la “Mmene Tingayankhulire ndi Achinyamata Zokhudzana ndi Kugonana” lomwe lili kumapeto kwa gawoli. Ntchito 1: Kutha Msinkhu– N’zabwinobwino Mphindi 40 1. Auzeni ophunzira kuti kutha msinkhu ndi nthawi yosangalatsa kwambiri pa moyo wa munthu pamene pamakhala kusinthika kosiyanasiyana kosangalatsa. Afunseni ophunzira kuti aganizire mawu oti “kutha msinkhu”. Amawamva bwanji mawuwa? Chimachitika ndi chiyani pa nthawiyi? Lembani mayankho awo papepala kapena pa bolodi. 2. Fotokozani kuti kusintha komwe kumachitika panthawiyi kumachitika m’thupi ndi m’maganizo. Afunseni ophunzira kuti muthandizane kugawa mayankho kuchokera pa 1 m’magawo awiri: m’thupi kapena m’maganizo. 41 3. Afotokozereni ophunzira mfundo zokhudza kusintha kwa m’thupi ndi m’maganizo komwe kumachitika munthu akamatha msinkhu. Pamene mukufotokazapo muzichonga zomwe ophunzira aja ananena kale ndipo muwonjezere zomwe ophunzirawo sanazinenem pa ndandanda wawo uja: • AKutha msinkhu kumayamba ndi kutha nthawi zosiyana kwa anthu osiyananso (anyamata ndi atsikana). Ophunzira amasintha pa mlingo wosiyana malinga ndi thupi lawo. Zimenezi sizingasinthidwe chifukwa ndi chibadwa. Kusiyasiyana kumeneko ndi kwabwinobwino. • Atsikana nthawi zambiri amatha msinkhu mwamsanga kuposa anyamata. Kusiyana kumeneku ndi chilengedwe kotero ndi kwabwinobwino. • Panthawi yomwe munthu kutha msinkhu, thupi limatulutsa zinthu zotchedwa mahomoni omwe amapangitsa kuti thupi lisinthe m’makhalidwe ndi m’zikhumbokhumbo. Zimatheka nthawi zina kudzimva mphamvu kwambiri ndipo nthawi yosakhalitsa ndi kudzimva kufooka. Kusinthasintha kwa m’thupiku ndi kwabwinobwino. • Panthawi yotha msinkhuyi, anyamata komanso atsikana amakhala ndi chikhumbokhumbo chogonana. Chikhumbokhumbochi chimaonekera mu kusinhtha kwa m’thupi monga kuthamanga kwa mtima ndi/kapena kuwala kwa nkhope ndi/ kapena ziwalo za kumaliseche zikakhudzidwa. Nthawi zina anyamata amalota akagona. Izi zimaoneka m’kunyowa kwa zofunda chifukwa chodzithira umuna ndipo n’chifukwa chake zimenezi zimatchulidwa kuti “maloto onyowa”. Chikhumbokhumbo cha usikuchi chimachitikanso mwa atsikana koma chifukwa sipamakhala kudzikodzera n’chifukwa sizimaonekera kwambiri. N’kofunika kudziwa kuti chikhumbokhumbochi komanso malotowa ndi zabwinobwino ndipo ndi chizindikiro cha thupi labwinobwino. • Pa nthawi yotha msinkhu, anyamata komanso atsikana amanyadira kusinthika komwe kumachitika pathupi lawo. Kusintha komwe kumachitikaku ndi chizikiro choti munthu wakula ndipo n’chosalakwika kunyadira kukula. Anyamata ndi atsikana nthawi zina amachita manyazi ndi kusintha kwina kwa thupi lawo. Zimenezi zimachitikira aliyense ndipo pakapita nthawi zimatha. • Pa nthai yotha msinkhuyi, pamakhala kusintha kwina kowonekeratu mwa anyamata ndi atsikana. Atsikana tsopano atha kutenga mimba ndipo nawo anyamata atha kupereka mimba. Tikuyenera kudziwa kuti kukhala okonzeka kutenga mimba kuthupi ndi zosiyana kwambiri ndi kukhala okonzeka kutenga mimba m’maganizo. Fotokozani kuti kalasi idzakambirana zambbiri za izi m’phunziro la, “Kodi Makamaka Mimba Imatengedwa Bwanji?” 4. Gawani ophunzira kukhala m’magulu a anthu asanu, amuna pawokha akazinso pa okha. Perekani mapepala osalembapo ndipo pagulu lirilonse ajambule chithunzi cha thupi la mnyamata kapena mtsikana amene akungotha kumene msinkhu. Magulu a atsikana ajambule mtsikana ndipo anyamata ajambule mnyamata. DZIWANI: ngati gulu la ophunzira anu pali gulu limodzi la anthu (amuna /atsikana) okha ndiye muuze magulu ena ajambule zagulu la anthu lomwe palibewo n’cholinga chokhala ndi zithunzi za mnyamata komanso mtsikana. 42 5. Gawani zolembedwa zokhuza “Kusintha kwa Thupi la Mtsikana Akamatha Msinkhu” ndi “Kusintha Thupi kwa Mnyamata Akamatha Msinkhu”. Afunseni ophunzira kuti afananitse zomwen ajambula ndi zithunzi zomwe mwawapatsazi. Auzeni kuti munthu wamng’ono wachiwiri kuchokera kumanjayo ali pa chithunzipo ndi amene amakhala ali mkati mosintha msinkhu. Afunseni awone ngati pali kusiyana kulikonse pakati pa zithunzi zinayizo. 6. Funsani ophunzira ngati zosintha zomwe zalembedwa m’munsi mwa zithunzizo zingachititse manyazi munthu. Mwanjira yanji mmene zingachititsire manyazi? Kodi achinyamata anayamba asekedwapo chifukwa cha kusinthikaku? Ndi ndani? N’chifukwa chiyani munthu wina angaseke mnzake chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe ndi zabwinobwino? N’chifukwa chiyani wachinyamata angaseke wachinyamata mnzake pa zinthu zoti zikuchitikira onse? Kuomba mkota Mphindi 5 1. Tsimikizirani kuti kusinthika komwe kumachitika m’thupi la munthu pamene watha msinkhu ndi kwabwinobwino ndipo zimaonetsera thupi lolongosoka (kutanthauza kusintha mu kamvekedwe ka mawu, kusinthasintha kwa m’maganizo, kukula kwa mabere ndi zina) ndipo akumbutseni ophunzira kuti aliyense wa iwo kusinthaku kumachitika pa nthawi yake yake. 2. Apempheni ophunzira kuti azilimbikitsana pa nthawi yotha msinkhuyi. 3. Malizani powauza achinyamata za ubwino wa kutha msinkhu. 4. Pali mfundo zina zabodza zokhudza zomwe zinafotokozeredwa mu notsi za “Mmne tingayankhulirane ndi achinyamata nkhani zokhudzana ndi kugonana” zomwe zaikidwa kumapeto kwa gawoli. Chonde adziwitseni achinyamata za komwe angapite kukaphunzira zambiri zokhudzana ndi kutha msinkhu komanso kusiyanitsa nkhambakamwa ndi mfundo zenizeni. Phunziro lotsatira 1. Athokozeni ophunzira chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali pa phunziroli. 2. Kambiranani za momwe phunziro lotsatira lidzayendere: • • • NTHAWI; MALO; komanso MUTU/MITU yodzakambirana. 43 Mmene tingayankhulirane ndi achinyamata pa nkhani zokhudzana ndi kugonana. 1. Vomerani mawu aliwonse ngakhale olawula. Ngakhale funso litakhala ndi mawu olawula kapena osakhala bwino mvetserani ndipo akamaliza libwerezeni funsolo pogwiritsa ntchito Chichewa cholondola. 2. Nenani kuti simukudziwa, ngati simukudziwadi. Ngati funso laperekedwa mkati mwa gawo ndipo wotsogolera sakudziwa kuti ndi zoona kapena ndi zabodza, lilandireni funsolo ndipo lonjezani kudzapereka yankho lake mu phunziro lotsatira mukakapeza yankho. 3. Musazipangitse kukhala zovuta. Osapangira zinthu kuti akutameni kapena kuwaopseza ophunzira. Fotokozani m’chichewa chomveka bwino kuti asavutike kumva. 4. Yesani kuyankha funso lenileni lomwe likuyenera kuyankhidwa. Nthawi zina mafunso amafunsa maganizo chabe a munthu (monga “Zimakhala bwanji anthu akamapsopsonana?”) malo moyankhula mfundo zovuta kuzifotokozera kapena zoti ndi zabodza (monga “nthawi zonse zimasangalatsa.”) yesani kuyankha funso lenileni lomwe linayenera kufunsidwa monga (kuchita manyazi kapena kuchita mantha) ndi umboni wake. Mungathe kunena kuti sizachilendo kukhala okhudzika kwambiri ndi nkhani za kugonana kapena chiwerewere koma mfundo yoyenera kugwiritsa ndi yakuti: a. kuvomerezana (kutanthauza; onse akufuna kupsopsonana) b. Onse ndi okhwima ndi okonzeka (ana ang’ono angathe kukhala okhudzika ndi zikhumbokhumbo za chiwerewere ndi kugonana, koma sindiye kuti ndi okonzeka kuchita molingana ndi zikhumbokhumbozi) c. Anthu awiriwa amakondana. 5. Osaweruza ndi kutengeka m’mayankhidwe anu. Kakamirani pa mayankho omwe ndi olondola osati zomwe inuyo mumaganiza. Kukmbukirani malangizo okhudzana ndi amene akutsogolera zokambiranazi kuti ayenera kukhala wosaweruza. M’kayankhidwe kanu musamveke mnyozo kapena chiyamikiro chilichonse koma kungoyankha mopanda mbali. 6. Osayankha mafunso okhudzana ndi moyo wanu. Kakamirani ku mfundo osati kuyamba kuyankha mafunso omwe pamapeto pake mupezeke mukufotokoza zam’moyo mwanu. 7. Masukani. Ngati mtsogoleri sali okonzeka kapena akuonetsa kumangika ophunzira sachedwa kuzindikira. Ngati ili nkhani yokuvutani, chitani chilungamo. Auzeni achinyamata simuli omasuka ndi mafunso ena ndipo ngati yokhudza kugonana imakuvutani nthawi zina kuti muyikambe koma ndi nkhani yofunika kukambirana ndin kudziwa mfundo zolondola pa nkhaniyi. Achinyamatawo amakumvetsetsani. 44 8. Landirani mafunso a “Nanga zitakhala kuti…” Iyi ndi nthawi yomwe achinyamata amakhala ndi chidwi kwambiri pa nkhani yokhudza kugonana ndipo wophunzira ambiri amakhala ndi mafunso a “Nanga zitakhala kuti…” powonjezera, pali maganizo ambiri abodza okhudzana ndi kutha msinkhu. Ena mwa mafunso omwe amafunsa nthawi zambiri ndi: F: kodi mtsikana angatenge pakati ngakhale mamuna atapanda kukodzera? Y: Inde. Pamakhala timadzi tomwe timatuluka kuchokera ku mbolo mamuna asanakodzere. Timadzi timeneti timakhala ndi umuna; umunawu umapita ku dzira la mkazi ndipo mimba ikhoza kutengedwa. F: kodi ndi zoona kuti kubunyula kumayambitsa matenda kapena kusawona? Y: kubunyula sikuyambitsa nthenda ina iliyonse. F: kodi mtsikana angatenge mimba nthawi yoyamba kumene kugonana? Y: ndi zotheka mtsikana ketenga mimba pa nthawi yake yoyamba kugonana. Nthawi iliyonse yomwe mtsikana agonana ndi mnyamata amakhala pachiopsezo chotenga mimba. Kutenga mimba kumatsogozana ndi kukhwima kwa dzira. Chifukwa choti mtsikana amakhwima kaye dzira lake asanapange msambo, ndi zothekanso kutenga mimba asapange msambo wake woyamba. Nthawi iliyonse mtsikana wagonana ndi mwamuna akhoza kutenga mimba. F: Kodi ngati mnyamata watota kapena walota ndipo sanagonane ndi mkazi aliyense angadwale kapena kukhala wosabereka? Y: ngati mnyamata watota kapena walota, sakuyenera kugonana kapena kubunyula. Ndipo ngati sapanga zimenezi sikuti amadwala kapena kukhala wosabereka. Kutota kapena kulota ndi zizindikiro za thupi la bwino bwino osati kuti munthu agonane ndi mnzake. 45 Kusintha kwa thupi la mtsikana akamatha msinkhu • • • • • • • • • • 46 Kumera tsitsi mkwapa ndi malo ena obisika Kukula thupi Kuchuluka mphamvu Thupi limasintha kaonedwe Chiuno chimakula Nthiti zimacheperapo Mabere amakula Amayamba msambo Nkhungu limakhala la mafuta ndipo amayamba ziphuphu Kuwonjezera kwa thukuta/mfungo la m’thupi Kusintha kwa thupi la mwamuna akatha msinkhu • • • • • • • • • • • Kumera tsitsi ku mkwapa, ku malo obisika, pa nkhope ndi pa mtima Kukula thupi Kuchuluka mphamvu Mapewa amakula Amakakhala ndi minyewa yambiri Mawu amayamba akulu Mbolo imakula Machende amakula Nkhungu limakhala la mafuta ndipo amayamba ziphuphu Kuchuluka thukuta ndi mfungo la m’thupi Amayamba kulota ndi kutulutsa umuna 47 Gawo 8 Thupu langa likusintha-Ndiri Bwinobwino? – Gawo 2 Gawoli mwachidule Kufotokozera za gawo: Gawoli lifufuza mmene kusinthika m’maganizo kwa achinyamata akamatha msinkhu kumachitikira. Ophunzira aone mmene angathandizirane pa nthawi yomwe akutha msinkhu. Zolinga zaphunziro: Pakutha paphunziroli, ophunzira athe: 1. Kuzindikira zosowekera zam’maganizo akamathera msinkhu. 2. Apeze njira zomwe ophunzira angathandizirane wina ndi mnzake pamene akutha msinkhu. Nthawi: Mphindi 45 Zipangizo zofunkira: 99 Bolodi/choko kapena tchati/pentopeni notsi zolembapo kuti “Njira zothandizira amnzawo kukhala odzikhulupirira okha”. 99 Unikani zolembera zoonjezera za “Njira zothandizira amnzathu kukhala odzikhulupirira okha” ndi njira zina za momwe anyamata ndi atsikana angathandizirane pa nthawi yomwe wina watha msinkhu. 99 Unikani ndi kuzindikira zolemba zoonjezera zomwe zili m’gawo 7 zonena za “Mmene tingayankhulire ndi achinyata zokhudza kugonana”. Ntchito 1: Kodi ndimamva bwanji za kutha msinkhu Mphindi 30 1. Akumbutseni ophunzira za phunziro lomwe langotha lokhudzana ndi kusinthika kwa thupi ndi maganizo pamene munthu akutha msinkhu. Mwachitsanzo, tinakambirana kuti kusinthaku ndi kwabwinobwino komanso nthawi zina ena amachita nako manyazi. Funsani wina anene chimodzi mwa zochititsa manyazi zokhudzana ndi nthawiyi? Tinakambanso kuti nthawi zina achinyamata amatha kusekana za kusintha kwa m’thupi lanzawo. Malizani kuwakumbutsa kuti tinakambirana za mmene tikuyenera kudziperekera pa kuthandizana wina ndi mnzake pa nthawi yomwe tikutha msinkhuyi. Auzeni kuti phunziro ili liwathandiza nzeru zomwe angagwiritse ntchito pothandizana wina ndi mnzake. 2. Gawani ophunzira m’magulu ang’oang’ono, anyamata pawokha, atsikana pawokhanso. Kagulu kalikonse kakambirane izi: 48 • • • • • • Zomwe amaziopa kwambiri kuchokera kwa anyamata ndi atsikana a msinkhu wawo zokhudzana ndi kutha msinkhu? (Ena mwa mayankho ake akhale oti: kunyowetsa yunifolomu yawo ndi msambo n’kusekedwa; kuopa kutota pakati pa atsikana n’kusekedwa ndi zina zambiri). Ndi chiyani chofunikira pa nthawi ngati imeneyi? Ndichiyani chochititsa manyazi pa nthawi ngati imeneyi? Ndichiyani chokhudzana ndi nthawi imeneyi chomwe ophunzira amnzathu angachite chomwe chingatithandize? Chinayenera kuchitika ndi chiyani m’nthawiyi kuti zikhale bwino? Mwachindunji, ndi chiyani chomwe ophunzira, osiyana nawo ziwalo, angawathandizire mu nthawi yomwe akutha msinkhuyi? 3. Funsani gulu lirilonse kuima pamodzi ndi kufotokoza zomwe akambirana ku gulu la amnzawo losiyana nawo ziwalo. 4. Mtsogoleri awombe mkota wa zonse zofanana zomwe ophunzira anena mwachitsanzo, • • • Osanyoza Osaseka Kuzindikira kuti onse akudutsa mofanana, uktha msinkhu, ndipo akuyenera kuthandizana wina ndi mnzake 5. Gawani “Njira zokhala zothathizirana kukhala odzikhulupirira”. Oanani chitsanzo chilichonse. Ntchito 2: kudzipereka Mphindi 10 1. Ikaninso ophunzira m’magulu a anyamata okhaokha ndi atsikana okhaokha ngati mmene anakhalira poyamba paja.. 2. kutengera pa zokambirana za m’Ntchito 1, funsani ophunzira kupanga ndi kugwirizana malonjezo awiri amene adzayetse kuwasunga pofuna kupanga kutha msinkhu kukhala nkhani yopepuka kwa anzawo osiya nawo ziwalo. Funsani kagulu kalikonse kuti afotokoze zomwe alonjeza ku gulu lonse. 3. Thokozani ophunzira chifukwa cha kulonjeza kwawo pa za kuthandizana n’choliga chopanga nkhani ya kutha msinkhu kukhala yopepuka. 49 Kuomba mkota Mphindi 5 1. Tsimikizirani mfundo yoti kusinthika kwa thupi munthu akamatha msinkhu ndi kwabwinobwino ndipo aliyense amasitha thupi lake mosiyana ndi mnzake. 2. Funsani ophunzira ngati akudzipereka kuthandizana m’nthawi kudzera mu maluso atsopano omwe aphunzirawa. Phunziro lotsatira 1. Athokozeni ophunzira chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali pa zokambiranazi. 2. kambiranani za mmene phunziro lotsatira lidzayendere: • • • 50 NTHAWI; MALO; komanso MUTU/MITU yodzakambirana. Njira za mmene tingathandizirane kukhala odzikhulupirira • Kuyamikirana wina akachita bwino ndi kunena zomwe zimatisangalatsa pa moyo wa mnzathuyo. • Kudziwa za zinthu zomwe timazichita bwino ndi kukumbukira za zimenezi zinthu zikakhala sizikutiyendera. • Ngati amnzathu achita zinthu zomwe sizikutisangalatsa, tikuwauza mwaulemu mmene ife tikufunira kuti zinthu zikhalire. • Sitikudzitichitira nkhaza tokha. Aliyense amalakwitsa ndipo tikuyenera kuphunzira kuchokera pa zimenezi. • Tikuthandizana ndi kulimbikitsana zikakhala kuti zasokonekera. • Tikugawana nzeru ndi kuphunzitsana pa masamu. • Tikulimbikira pa phunziro lililonse. • Sitiseka ndi kunyoza amnzathu m’zinthu zomwe zimawakwiyitsa. • Tikudzikhulupirira tokha kuti tingathe kukwanitsa, chinthu chimodzi pa nthawi yake. • Tikumverana ndi kuvomerezana wina ndi mnzake ngati anthu ofunikira. • Tikuganizira za zinthu zomwe takwaniritsa kale m’moyo wathu. 51 GAWO 9 Kodi Mimba Imayamba Bwanji Kwenikweni? Gawoli mwachidule Kufotokozera za gawo: Ophunzira aonenso zithunzi zokhunza uchembere wabwino ndi pakati. Zolinga Za Phunziroli: Pomaliza pa gawoli, ophunzira athe: 1. Kufokozera mmene ziwalo zoberekera za abambo komanso amayi zimagwirira ntchito. 2. Kufotokozera mmene kutenga mimba kumachitikita. 3. Kufotokozera msambo. 52 Nthawi: Mphindi 45 Zipangizo zofunkira: 99 Bolodi/choko kapena tchati/pentopeni 99 Zithunzi komanso kufotokozera mmene msambo umachitikira, ziwalo zoberekera za amyi komanso abambo ndi mmene mamba imachitikira. 99 Zindikirani za notsi zokhuza “Kodi tingalankhule Bwanji ndi Achinyamata Zokhudza kugonana”, (Onani gawo 7). 99 Potengera kupezeka kwa akatswiri a za uchembere wabwino mderamo, angathe kupempha akatswiri ochokera kwina kuti atsogolere gawoli. Komabe, onetsetsani kuti katswiriyo katakwedi pa nkhaniyi KOMANSO womasuka kugwira ntchito ndi achinyamata mosaweruza komanso mwaulemu pankhani zokhudza kugonana. 99 Zithunzi zikhale zokonzeratu. Ngati nkotheka, perekani zolembera zoonjezera kwa ophunzira aliyense. Khalani odziwa bwino za zithunzi za ziwalo zoberekera za abambo komanso amayi ndi matanthauzo ake munthawi yake kuti mukadziwitse ophunzira za mmene ziwalo za abambo ndi amayi ziliri, mmene mimba imachitikira, komanso msambo. Werengani mfundo zotsogolera pachithunzi chilichonse. 99 Khalani okonzeka kugawana ndi ophunzira zinthu zimene zingawathandize kuphunzira bwino zokhunza mimba. Zinthunzi zingathe kukhala zolemba kapena wamkulu wokhulupirika yemwe ali ndi uthenga wolondola pa nkhaniyi. 99 Pali mbali zina za gawoli zomwe zifunike kutengera chikhalidwe komanso kusinthidwa moyenerera. Mwa chitsanzo, mitu yambiri siyikukambiranidwa mmagulu ophatikiza amuna ndi akazi. Sinthani gawo molingana ndi chikhalidwe cha kuderako. Chochitika Choyamba: Zithunzi Zokhunza Kubereka Mphindi 30 1. Kumbutsani ophunzira kuti pa nthawi yakutha msinkhu, akazi amayamba kusamba kutanthauza kuti angathe kutenga pakati. Nthawi ya kutha msinkhu, anyamata amayamba kupanga umuna ndipo angathe kupereka pakati kwa akazi. Kumbutsani ophunzira kuti kusinthaku ndi kwabwinobwino mmoyo, bwinobwino ngati mmene analekera kukwawa ndi kuyamba kuyenda mmene anali ana ang’ono. Akumbutseninso kuti kutha kutenga pakati sikukutanthauza kuti ali okonzeka kutero mziwalo zawo, mmaganizo awo komanso m’chuma chawo. 2. Afunseni ophunzira ngati akudziwa mmene akazi amatengera pakati, kapena mmene ana amapangidwira. 3. Onetsani zithunzi ziwalo zoberekera za abambo ndipo fotokozerani. Mfundo zofunikira ziri pamodzi ndi zofotokozerazi. 4. Onetsani zithunzi za ziwalo zoberekera za amayi ndipo fotokozerani. Mfundo zofunikira ziri pamodzi ndi zofotokozerazi. 5. Onetsani zithunzi za msambo ndipo kufotokozerani. Mfundo zofunikira zili pamodzi ndi zofotokozerazi 6. Onetsani zithunzi za “Mmene mimba imachitikira” ndipo fotokozerani za mimba. Mfundo zofunikira zili pamodzi ndi zofotokozerazi 7. Perekani nthawi yayitali ya mafunso kuchokera kwa ophunzira. Chochitika Chachiwiri: Chinthu China Chatsopano Chokhunza Kubereka Mphindi 10 1. Funsani ophunzira kukhala awiri awiri amuna okhaokha komanso akazi okhaokha ndipo agawane zomwe aphunzira lero zokhunza msambo komanso kubereka. 2. Funsani ophunzira kugawananso ndi nzawoyo mmene uthenga watsopanowu ungapititsire patsogolo umoyo wawo komanso tsogolo lawo. 3. Auzeni ophunzira kugawana ndemanga zawo ndi gulu lonse. Osakakamiza munthu kupereka ndemanga yake; zikhale kudzipereka kwa munthuyo basi. 53 Kuomba Mkota Mphindi 5 1. Thokozani ophunzira chifukwa cha kutenga mbali m’kukambirana mutu womwe kawirikawiri umachititsa manyazi koma wofunikira kwambiri. 2. Kumbutsani ophunzira kuti ngakhale mimba ndi chinthu cha bwinobwino ndipo angakhale othekera kutenga mimba kapena kupereka mimba, ali aang’ono kwambiri. 3. Uzani ophunzira kuti “Thupi lanu (paliponse) ndilanu: mulilemekeze, kuliteteza, komanso kulemekeza ndi kuteteza anzanu.” Phunziro lotsatira 1. Athokozeni ophunzira chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali pa zokambiranazi. 2. Kambiranani momwe phunziro lotsatira lidzayendere: • • • 54 NTHAWI; MALO; komanso MUTI/MITU yodzakambirana. Ziwalo Za Abambo Zoberekera Ziwalo Za Abambo Zoberekera Ziwalo Zapanja Pa Thupi: Mbolo ili ngati paipi yomwe imatha kulimba kapena kutota; sichedwa kusintha ikagundidwa. Mutu wake ndiye womwe umasintha mwachangu ndipo umatchingidwa ndi khungu kwa amuna omwe sanajandulidwe. Mbolo ndi yomwe imakhala ndi njira yomwe mikodzo ndi umuna umadzera. Mbolo ndi yomwe imapereka umuna kwa mkazi nthawi yogonana. Machende ndi kathumba komwe kamakhala m’munsi mwa mbolo ndipo mkati mwake mumakhala timipira. Mu timipirati mumakhala umuna ndipo umatetezedwa ku kutentha kapena kuzizira ndimachendewa. Ziwalo za m’kati: Machende ndiwo mibulu iwiri yonga mazira a nkhuku yopezeka kutsogolo komansopakatipa ntchafu ndipo imakhala mkati mwa thumba lawo.tchende lirilonse limapanga ndi kusunga ukala umene umakumana ndi dzira kuti mimba iyambe mkazi akatha msinkhu. Tchende limapanga ukala wa ulamuliro umene umapangitsa mwamuna kukula mwa umuna (mawu a besi, ndevu) ndinso nyele. Pambali pa tchende pali njira zing’onozing’ono zopingizana za ukala.awa ndi malo omwe ukala umapangidwa, kusungidwa ndiponso kutulutsidwa panthawi yogonana. Njira zaukala ndizo ziwiri zimene ntchito yake ndi kutenga ukala kuchoka kumene umapangidwa kupita munjira ya mkodzo ndi ukala. Timatumba taukala tilipo tiwiri ndipo timatulutsa timadzi tomwe ndi mbali imodzi ya ukala (semen) Ukalawu umakhala woyera ngati mkaka ndipo ndi m’mene timadzira tachimuna (umuna) umadutsira. Ukala umathandiza kuti umuna uyende bwinobwino komanso ukhale wathanzi. Dzira lina lotchedwa “Prostate Gland” pachingerezi limatulutsa timadzi tomwe ndi mbali imodzi ya ukala. Pamusi paderali pali mnofu umene umatchitchiriza umuna kugwera munjira yomwe igapangitse umunawo kutuluka (urethra) pokhapokha ndi nthawi yothira umuna. Mnofu omwewu umateteza kuti mkodzo usamatuluke limodzi ndi umuna pokodzera. Dera la “prostate gland” ndi dera losachedwa kuzindikira kusintha komwe kukuchitika kwa ilo ndipo ndi malo obweretsa chisangalalo chachikulu nthawi yogonana. Chikhodzodzo ndi chiwalo chokhala ndi mphako m’mene mkodzo umasungidwira. 55 Ziwalo za abambo zoberekera 56 Ziwalo zobelekera za munthu wamkazi Ziwalo zowoneka za kunja: Ziwalo zoberekera zakunja za amayi zimatchedwa bumbu. Ziwalo zimene zimapanga bumbu ndi izi makutu akulu ndi ang’ono akumaliseche, nkongo ndi nyini. Makutu akumaliseche amatetezedwa ndi kuvindikira khomo la nyini. Mmilomo yankati ndi yakunja imakumana pamwamba pa malisechehe . Mkati mwa makutu amenewa ,muli kanyama kangati chala kotchedwa nkongo kamene kanapangidwa ndi khungu longa la mbolo ndiko kamapangitsa nyere. Nkongowu ntchito yake ndi yokhayo yobweretsa nyere ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwa mkazi. Nyini ndi malo omwe amuna amalowetsa mbolo yake panthawi yogonana. Ndiwo malo omwe nsambo umatulukira ngakhalenso mwana pa nthawi yobadwa. Ziwalo za mkati: Mayi aliyense amabadwa ndi mazira mazana ambiri m’mimba mwake. Mazirawa ndi ang’onoang’ono kwambiri motero kuti ndi kosatheka kuwaona ndi maso. Njira yamazira imalumikiza kopangira mazira ndi chibelekero. Dzira likatulutsidwa kuchoka kolipanga, limayenda mnjirayi mpaka pa malo pomwe likuane ndi umuna kapena ukala. Chibelekero ndi malo amene dzira lomwe lakumana/lafayidwa ndi ukala limakhala litadutsa mu njira yakeyo. Chibelekerochi chimakhala chitakonzeka bwino pozisandutsa malo a wofuwofu mkati mwake. Ngati mtsikana wagonedwa posachedwa kapena kuti m’masiku ochepa, dzira lisanatulutsidwe, panthawi imenelikufika mu njira mwake zimatheka kukumana ndi ukala omwe umadikilira.nkumanowu ukachitika dzira lofayidw a ndi ukala limasunthira mchibelekero nkumatilira m’mbali mwachibelekero. Ikatero ndiye kuti mimba yayamba. Ngati dzilaro silikumana ndi ukala mimba siyimachitika choncho palibe kukonzekera kulikonse kumene chibelekero chimachita kuti chitetedze dzilaro choncho limanyamulidwa pamodzi ndi chiwofuwofu chonse cha mkati mwa chibelekero limodzi ndi magazi komanso madzi ena a mthupi. Zimenezi zimayenda ndi kutulukira pa khomo la chibelrkero mpaka panja pa nyini. Kutuluka kwa zinthu zimenezi kumatchedwa msambo. Msambo umatuluka pang’onopang’ono pakati pa masiku atatu ndi asanu ndi awiri. Khomo lachibelekero ndi lomwe limakumaniza chibelekero ndi nyini. 57 Ziwalo zoberekera za Amayi 58 Mmene msambo umachitikira 59 Msambo Msambo umachitika kamodzi pa mwezi kwa amayi ambiri, n’chifukwa chake umatchulidwa kuti “kumwezi.” Nthawi zambiri, umatenga masiku osachepera atatu komanso osaposera asanu nd awiri. Iwo uli chizindikiro chakuti mtsikana kapena mayi angathe kutenga mimba ngati agonana ndi munthu wamamuna. Chimayambitsa msambo n’chiyani? Msambo umachitika ngati mtsikana asali ndi mimba. Pamapeto pa pa msambo uliwonse, chiberekaro chimayambanso kukonzekera kulandira kadzira komwe kakumana ndi umuna. Ngati kadzira komwe kakumana ndi umuna sikafika muchiberekero mpaka masabata awiri kapena atatu, chiberekero chimayamba kutulutsa magazi omwe anachikutira uku ndiko kusamba. Msambo umayamba mosiyanasiyana kwa anthu osiyana monga ena amatha msinkhu msanga kuposa anzawo. Atsikana ena amayamba kusamba ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi zinayi kapena khimi, ena sayamba kusammba mpaka zaka zingapo zitatha. Mzimayi amadziwa kuti wayamba kusamba ngati waona magazi akutuluka kumaliseche kwake. Magaziwa samatuluka ngati madzi apa mpopi, amatuluka pang’onopang’ono, ngati kudontha. Nthawi zambiri panthawiyi amazindikira kunyowa kwachilendo pa panti wake chifukwa cha magazi omwe agwera pa pantipo. Ichi n’chifukkwa chake kuli kofunika kumadziwa nthawi imene amasamba pamwezi kuti adzivaliratu zinthu zozitetezera kuti asaonongere zovala. Msambo ndi nthawi yomwe imayambira tsiku lomwe mayi wayamba msambo wake kukafika pa tsiku loti msambo wina uyambikanso tsiku lotsatiralo. Izi zimachitika pafipifupi mwezi uliwonse ndipo n’chifukwa chake amati “kumwezi”. Kusiyana kwa nthawi yomwe msambo wina wachitika kufiki nthawi yakuti wina uchitikenso zimakhala zosiyana mwa m’zimayi aliyense. Kwa ena pamatenga masiku 21 (kapena kucheperapo). Kwa ena, pamafika mpaka masiku 35 kuti msambo wina uchitike. Kusakhazikika kwa masiku a msambo kumachitika kwambiri kwa atsikana omwe angoyamba kumene kumapanga msambo. Zimatengabe ka nyengo kuti thupi lizolowere kusinthika kwa m’thupiku. Mwachitsanzo, mtsikana atha kupanga msambo masiku ofanana kwa miyezi iwiri kenaka mwezi wina osapanga msambo, kapena kupanga msambo wina patangopita masiku ochepa msambo wina utangotha kumene. Nthawi ya msambo yake imakhazikika ngakhale nthawi zina zimapitirira mpaka akakula. Nthawi zina amatha kudotha magazi kwa tsiku kapena masiku awiri mkati mwa msambo. Pamenepa palibe chodandaulitsa. Nkhawa ndi matenda zimatha kusokoneza nthawi ya kachitidwe ka msambo. Msambo ndi nthawi. 60 M’mene mimba imachitikira 61 mmene mimba imayambira Kufayiridwa kwa dzira kumachitika pokha pokha ukala wakumana ndi dzira la mkazi. Miyanda ya ukala imathiridwa mu nyini pa nthawi yogonana. Mwamuna akalowetsa mbolo yake mu nyini amathira ukala . Ukalawu umayamba kusambira kupita m’chibelekero kudzera pa khomo pachibelekeropo. Thupi la mayi limathandiza kuchengeta ukalawu mpaka ukafike m’njira yodutsa mazira. Ngati dzira lokhwima (kapena mazira akucha bwino potengera mapasa) likupezeka m’njiramu mnkumano umachitika. Ngakhale kuti mazana a ukala amathiridwa mu nyinimo, umodzi okha wa machawi ndi omwe umapanga nkumano ndi dzira. Ukala ungathe kukumanabe ndi dzira ungakhale utatha masiku asanu chipangireni zogonana. Ngati dzira lafayiridwa, limapita m’chibelekero kudzera mu njira ya mazira komwe limayamba kukula mwa mwana. Kudzalidwa kwa mwana kumachitika dzira likamamatira m’mbalimbali mwa chibelekero cha m’zimayi. Mmenemu mumapazeka zakudya zofunikira zimene mwana wopangidwayo amagwiritsa ntchito kufukira pokakhala mwana weniweni. M’zimayi sapanga msambo panthawi yomwe ali ndi mimba chifukwa chibekero sichinyanyala za mkati mwake zomwe chimataya pa msambo. Dzira lodzalidwalo limakakhala m’chibelekero ndi kumakula kwa miyezi isanu ndi inayi khanda lisanapangidwe. Kenako limatuluka mthupi la mzimayi(m’chibelekero) mu njira yotchedwa kubeleka. 62 Gawo 10 Thumba la katengedwe ka HIV Gawoli mwachidule Kufotokozera za gawo: Zolinga zaphunziro: Nthawi: Pogwiritsa ntchito zida zogwiritsa ntchito pasewero kuchokera m’thumba la katengedwe ka HIV, ophunzira akambirana m’magulu ang’onoang’ono ayesera kuthetsa mabodza okhudzana ndi kachilombo ka HIV ndi kulimbikitsa mfundo zoowa zokhudzana ndi kachilombo ka HIV. Pakutha paphunziroli, ophunzira athe: 1. Kuzindikira mfundo zoopsa zokhudzana ndi kachilombo ka HIV kwa achinyamata. 2. Kufotokoza njira za momwe angapewere kachilombo ka HIV. Mphindi 45 Zipangizo zofunikira: Mphindi 40 99 Phunziroli lisanayambe, pezani ndi kuika “m’thumba la katengedwe” zinthu zotsatirazi: 99 Kapu yomwera madzi; chithunzi cha mwamuna ndi mkazi atagwirana manja; chipanda chopanda mowa; pepala la mawu olembedwa kuti “kudziletsa”; kondomu ya mwamuna kapena chikutiro cha kondomu; chidole; ndalama; mankhwala olerela; mankhwala a nsikidzi; mpira; foni; diploma; mphete ya ukwati; chithunzi chosonyeza mwambo wa chinamwali; chithunzi cha mkazi yemwe ali ndi diso lakuda. 99 Ngati chimodzi mwa zinthuzi palibe, tikhoza kungojambula. 99 Onjezeraninso thumba lina lomwe mukhalemo mfundo zabodza zokhudzana ndi HIV. Mwachitsanzo, mu Madera ena mumakhala bodza lapakati pa sing’anga ndi kachilombo ka HIV. Mu Madera ena, pamakhala bodza lopanda umboni lokhudzana ndi momwe kachilombo ka HIV kamafalikira. 99 Unikaninso zolembera zoonjezera za “zinthu zathumba la katengedwe ka HIV ndi mgwirizano wake ndi Matenda opatsirana pogonana ndiponso kachilombo ka HIV” zomwe ziri kumapeto kwa gawoli. Ntchito 1: Zida zachionetsero 1. Gawani ophunzira m’magulu a ophunzira atatu kapena anayi pagulu. 63 2. Yendetsani thumba lija m’magulumu. Funsani ophunzira m’magulumu kuti atole chinthu kuchokera m’thumbalo mosayang’anamo. Yendetsani thumbalo mpaka zinthu zonse ziri m’thumbalo zitatha. 3. Funsani gulu lirilonse kuti likambirane za chinthu chomwe asankhacho kuti chikugwirizana bwanji ndi kachilombo ka HIV kapena matenda opatsirana pogonana. 4. Funsani ophunzira kuti afotokoze zomwe akambirana m’magulumo ku kalasi lonse za momwe chinthu chomwe anasankhacho chikugwirizirana ndi kachilombo ka HIV komanso matenda opatsirana pogonana. 5. Konzani zina zilizonse zolakwika (gwiritsani ntchito notsi za “zinthu za m’thumba la katengedwe ka HIV ndi mgwirizano wake ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana komanso HIV” zomwe zili kumapeto kwa gawoli). ZOYENERA KUDZIWA WOTSOGOLERA: Kumapeto kwa gawoli kuli kufotokozera za chinthu china chilichonse chomwe chatulutsidwa kuchokera m’thumba muja mogwirizana ndi kachilombo ka HIV. Komabe, achinyamata ali ndi luso lapadera ndipo akhoza kubweretsa mfundo zina kuwonjezera pa zimenezi. N’koyenera kuti zilandiridwenso. 6. Awuzeni ophunzira za malo omwe angapite kuti akayezetse ndi kulangizidwa pa za matenda opatsirana pogonana ndi kachilombo ka HIV. Kuomba mkota Mphindi 5 1. Bwerezani mwachidule mfundo zofunikira zonse m’gawoli. 2. Uzani ophunzira kuti n’zosadabwitsa ndipo n’zabwinobwino kuti anthu ena amachita manyazi komanso satakasuka ndi nkhani zokhudzana ndi HIV komanso matenda opatsirana pogonana, koma mpofunika kupeza nzeru zolondola zokhudzana ndi nkhaniyi ngakhale njira zake zitakhala zochititsa manyazi motani. Phunziro Lotsatira 1. Athokozeni ophunzira chifukwa chotenga mbali pa phunziroli. 2. Kambiranani za momwe phunziro lotsatira lidzayendere: • • • 64 NTHAWI; MALO; komanso MUTU/MITU yodzakambirana. Zinthu za m’thumba la katengedwe ka HIV ndi mgwirizano wake ndi Matenda opatsirana pogonana komanso kachilombo ka HIV Kapu yomwera madzi; mpira; telefoni • • Palibe kufalikira kwa kachilombo ka HIV komanso matenda opatsirana pogonana kudzera m’kapu yomwera madzi, chotsekulira chitseko, foni, masewera ndi zina zotere. Zimenezi zimatchedwa kukhudzana wamba. Kachilombo ka HIV ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana safalikira kudzera mu kukumbatirana, kugwiritsa ntchito mpando umodzi ndi zina. Zinthu zamadzi zomwe zimafalitsa matendawa ndi monga: magazi, umuna, ukazi ndi mkaka wamawere. Malovu samafalitsa kachilombo ka HIV. Chithunzi cha mwamuna ndi mkazi atagwirana manja • • Anthu awiriwa pachithunzipo akuchepetsa kufalikira kwa kachilombo ka HIV ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana chifukwa akugonana awiriwa basi Kukhala ndi abwenzi angapo ogonana nawo pa nthawi imodzi zimawonjezera chiopsezo chotengakachilombo ka HIV. Chipanda chopanda mowa • • • • Mowa umasokoneza kuganiza kwa munthu koyenera, kotero umatha kukupangitsa zinthuzomwe zingakuike pachiopsezo chotenga kachilombo Ka HIV ndi matenda ena opatsirana pogonana. Mowa umachititsa mtsikana kukhala pachiopsezo chogwiriridwa. Ngakhale atakana kugonana ndi munthu, mowa ungathe kumulepheretsa iye kukakamira pa chisankho chakecho. Mwamuna amene waledzera samvera mtsikana akamukanira kugonana naye. Anyamata ndi atsikana omwe aledzera amapanga zisankho mosaganiza zimene sangapange ali osaledzera. Mowa ungapangitse munthu kuyamba waiwala kaye za chidziwitso chomwe ali nacho pa za matenda opatsirana pogonana komanso kachilombo ka HIV ndipo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito kondomu molakwika kapena kuchita zomwe akadati sanaledzere sakadachita. Kudziletsa • • • • • • Kudziletsa ku m’chitidwe uliwonse wogonana ndi chisankho chabwino zedi kwa achinyamata. Kudziletsa ndiye njira yokhayo yapamwamba zedi yopewera mimba, matenda opatsirana pogonana ndi kachilombo ka HIV. Kumawalola ophunzira kulimbikira maphunziro awo. Achinyamata ayenera kukhala okonzeka pa za nthawi yomwe angayambe kugonana. Achinyamata ayenera kupeza anzawo omwe angathe kuwalimbikitsa pa chisankho chakudziletsa. Ayeneranso kudziwa zambiri zokhudzana ndi mimba ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana ndi, kupewedwe ka mimba ndi kapewedwe ka matenda opatsirana pogonana. Achinyamata ayenera kupeza chithandizo ngati wina akuwaumiriza kuchita nawo chiwerewere. Kondomu ya amuna • Imathandiza kupewa kufalikira kwa matenda opatsirana pogonana komanso kachilombo ka HIV pamene yagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenerera. 65 • Makondomu ndi otetezeka. Chidole • • • Kupatsirana kwa kachilombo ka HIV kuchokera kwa amayi kupita kwa mwana kumachitika pamene mayi yemwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV apatsira mwanayo kudzera mu mkaka wamawere, pobereka, ndi nthawi yomwe akutenga kumene mimba. Ngati mayiyo akumwa ma ARV, pamakhala mwayi wonse woti mwanayo asapatsiridwe kachilomboko. Njira yoyenera ya momwe mayi amene ali ndi HIV angayamwitsire mwana wake, zimadalira chisankho cha mwini wakeyo komanso zinthu zomuzungulira iye. Kuyamwitsa mwana mwakathithi kumafunika miyezi 6 yoyambirira kwa mayi amene ali ndi kachilomboko kupanda apo kusinthanitsa ndi mkaka wina nthawiyi isanathe kumavomerezedwa ngati zili zotheka. Ngati zili zotheka kusinthanitsa, amayi omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV amalimbikitsidwa kuti asamayamwitse ana awo mkaka wamawere. Pali udindo waukulu womwe umafunika pamene wakhala bambo wa munthu ukadali ku sukulu. Mwachitsanzo, bamboyo amakhala ndi nthawi yochepa yosewera ku bwalo la zamasewera ndipo amafunika nthawi yambiri yogwira ntchito kuti apeze chakudya, pogona, makhwala, zovala ndi zina zambiri zoti apereke kwa mwana ndi mayi amwanayo. Ndalama • • • Amene alibe ndalama amatha kupanga zinthu zomwe zimawaika pachiopsezo chotenga kachilombo ka HIV chifukwa chofuna kupeza ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, mtsikana atha kuchita chiwerewere ndi munthu wamkulu, kapena kuchita chiwerewere mosadziteteza kapena kusinthanitsa thupi lake ndi ndalama kapena chakudya. Kusinthanitsa matupi ndi zinthu monga ndalama, zovala, sopo kuchitiridwa ubwino ndi zina, kumaika atsikana pachiopsezo chifukwa choperewera mphamvu zokambapo maganizo awo pa zakugonana modziteteza. Ngakhale nthawi zovuta zimapangitsa anthu kupanga zisankho zomwe sakufuna, nthawi zina anthu mwakufuna kwawo amatha kuchita m’khalidwe wogonanawo pofuna kupeza zinthu zoti atha kukhala bwino bwino ngakhale atati alibe. Pali chiopsezo chachikulu chosinthanitsa matupi Njira ndi mapilitsi olerela • Njirazi zimathandiza kwambiri ku kapewedwe ka mimba koma sizimathandiza pa kapewedwe ka kufalikira kwa HIV ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana. Nkhanza • • • • • 66 Nthawi zina achinyamata sakhala ndi mwayi wosankha kugonana kapena ayi kapenanso ngati angagwiritse ntchito kondomu pakakhala kuti pali nkhaza zoumiriza wachinyamatayo kapena waledzeretsedwa. Achinyamata ayenera kumapewa kupita ku malo owopsa kapena ayenera kamakhala pagulu. Ngati wachinyamata akuchita mantha kapena akuona kuti akukakamizidwa ndi munthu wina ndi bwino kuwuza wamkulu wothandiza za mantha awo. Anyamata ayenera kuganizira zochita zawo kwa atsikana komanso azimayi. Ngakhale ataona abambo womwe amawapatsa ulemu akuchitira nkhanza mtsikana kapena mzimayi, iwo akuyenera kukhala abambo ozindikira omwe angathe kusinthitsa m’khalidwe wa nkhanzawo. Ngati mzimayi wagwiriridwa, ayenera kufunsa munthu wamkulu kuti apite naye kuchipatala. Diploma • • • Aliyense atha kutenga kachilombo, ngakhale ophunzira kwambiri. Kuphunzira kumapereka mwayi wodzakhala pabwino mtsogolo ndi ntchito zabwino. HIV kapena mimba ndi kukhala mzibambo pamene sunakonzeke, zingathetse maloto a maphunziro. Mphete ya ukwati • • • • • Banja limamuteteza munthu ku kachilombo ka HIV ngati anthu onsewo ayezetsa, alibe kacholomboko, ndipo akukhala okhulupirika kwa wina ndi mnzake. Kwa ena, kudikira osagonana mpaka m’banja ndi mbali ya chipembedzo chawo. Ena amaona kuti kugonana ndi kwaphindu kwambiri ngati kwasungidwira m’banja. Patha kukhala kukambirana ngati zili zotheka kudikira mpaka mu banja- nkhaniyi ndi yofunika kwambiri ndipo iyenera kulandiridwa ndi manja awiri. Kwa atsikana achichepere, kulowa m’banja kukutanthauza mapeto a maphunziro awo ndi chiyembekezo cha tsogolo labwino komanso kuwaika pachiopsezo cha HIV. Chizindikiro cha chinamwali • • • Kwa zinamwali zomwe mumakhala mdulidwe, kachilombo ka HIV kangafalikire kuchokera kwa yemwe ali ndi kachilomboko kupita kwa amne alibe ngati agwiritsa ntchito chida chimodzi komanso chosawilitsidwa mokwanira. Mduludwe wa amuna ngati utachitidwa molongosoka ndi motsata mwambo, kungathandize kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa matenda a edzi. Miyambo yachinamwali yomwe imalimbikitsa achinyamata kugonana ndi akuluakulu kapena anyamata anzawo kapena kumwa mankhwala olimbikitsa kugonana angalimbikitse kufalikira kwa kachilombo ka HIV/EDZI chifukwa chowalimbikitsa achinyamata kuyamba m’chitidwe wogonana asanankhime. 67 Gawo 11 Kupanga zisankho zabwino Gawoli mwachidule Kufotokozera za gawo: Ophunzira ayamba kudzikhulupirira okha pa maluso otha kupanga zisankho zoyenera za m’moyo wawo, pamene akukumbutsidwa za zisankho zina zomwe anapanga kale. Kudzera mu luso lachibadwa lotha kupanga chisankho apanga ntchito yomwe iwunikire za zotsatira za bwino komanso zoipa zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha zisankho zomwe amapanga. Zolinga zaphunziroli: Pakutha paphunziroli, ophunzira athe: 1. Kuzindikira kuti timapanga zisankho m’moyo wathu wa tsiku ndi tsiku. 2. kudziwa kuti chisankho chirichonse chomwe chimapangidwa chiri ndi zotsatira zake, zabwino kapena zoipa. Nthawi: Mphindi 45 Zipangizo zofunikira: 99 bbolodi/choko kapena tchati/pentopeni 99 Werengani nkhani ya Beatrice ndi Oto mu ntchito 2 ndipo mudziwe njira zingapo zopangira zisankho zomwe akukumana nazo. Ntchito 1: Ndapangako Chisankho lero? Mphindi 10 1. Funsani ophunzira kuti aganizire za tsiku la lero, kuchokera pa nthawi yomwe adzuka mpaka panopa. Afunseni kuti aganizire zisankho zomwe apangapo. 2. Afunseni ophunzira kuti anene zisankho zimenezi. Tengani ndi kukambirana chisankho chimodzi potengera yankho lomwe lakondedwa ndi aliyense. Mwachitsanzo, ndidya chiyani, ndivala chiyani, ndiyankhule ndi ndani, ndidzere njira iti popita ku sukulu ndi zina zambiri. 3. Fotokozani kuti tsiku lirilonse pamakhala nthawi zosiyanasiyana zomwe timapanga zisankho za zinthu zomwe tikuyenera kupanga. 4. Funsani ophunzira za chisankho chomwe akambirana m’mwambamu. Mwachitsanzo, njira yoyenera kudzera popita ku sukulu. Funsani ophunzira anene mmene njira zomwe anatsata popanga chisankho chawo. Zitsanzo za mayankho awo zingakhale: njira yomwe ndi yofulumira ndi iti? Njira yomwe mnzanmga amafuna kudzera? Ndi njira yomwe ndidzera nthawi zonse? 68 Ngati ndimafuna kudzera kaye kumsika ndi zina zotero. 5. Fotokozani kuti ena amapanga chisankho kutengera pa zomwe angokhumba (ndikungomva ngati ndiyende choncho kapena poti ndi mmene ndimayendera) pamene ena amapanga zisankho kutengera pa zomwe aganiza (ndinadziwa kuti ndachedwa ndipo inali njira yachangu; ndimafuna kuti ndiyiime kaye kumsika ndiye njira yake ndi yomweyo). Funsani ophunzira kuti akambe maganizo pa njira ziwiri zopangira zisankhozi – kupanga zisankho pogwiritsa ntchito mutu wathu kapena pogwiritsa ntchito mtima wathu. 6. Fotokozani kuti nthawi zina zilibe ntchito kuti wagwiritsa ntchito mtima kapena mutu wanumwachitsanzo, kuti tidya chiyani ngati chakudya cha mmawa koma nthawi zina ndi zofunika monga ngati kuti mukwere galimoto limodzi ndi munthu wina kapena ngati mukuyenera kulandira zinthu zabwino kuchokera kwa m’zibambo kapena kupita ku chisangalalo ndi munthu wina komanso ngati n’koyenera kugonana ndi munthu wina wake ndi zina zotero. 7. Pamene chisankho chili chovuta kupanga pamafunika kuika mtima ndi maganizo ako onse kuti upange chisankho cholondola. Ntchito 2: Zisankho ndi zotsatira zake Mphindi 30 1. Fotokozani kuti Ntchito yotsatira ndi ya masewera otchedwa “nthawi yopanga chisankho” ndipo nd mwayi kwa ophunzira otha kuphunzira kutha kupanga zisankho zam’moyo pogwiritsa ntchito mtima komanso maganizo awo. Fotokozani kuti muwerenga nkhani yokhudzana ndi Beatrice ndi Oto. 2. Fotokozani kuti nthawi iliyonse yomwe mwasiya nkhaniyi ndi kuomba manja kawiri (PHWA, PHWA) zikutanthauza kuti Beatrice ndi Oto akuyenera kuima ndi kupanga chisankho. Ophunzira akambirana ndi kupanga chisankho m’malo mwa Beatrice ndi Oto. 3. Werengani: “mzibambo wina wachinyamata, dzina lake Oto, ayimitsa galimoto yake kuti ayankhule ndi mtsikana wa sukulu dzina lake Beatrice, ndipo pamapeto pake amufunsa ngati akufuna kuti amutenge pagalomoto”. 4. IMANI: Ombani m’manja kawiri (PHWA, PHWA) ndipo funsani ophunzira: • • • • • Ndi chisankho chanji chomwe Oto wapanga? Ndi zotsatira zanji zabwino zomwe zingabwere ngati Beatrice atavomereza kukwera galimotoyi? Ndi zoopsa zanji zomwe zingadze ngati Beatrice atavomera kukwera galimotoyi? Mukuganiza mtima mwake akumva chiyani? Nanga mukuganiza kuti maganizo ake akumuuza kuti chiyani? 5. Werengani: “mtsikana uja avomera kukwera galimoto ndipo mzibambo uja amuuza mtsikanayu 69 kuti aime kaye pamowa kuti amugulireko mowa asafike kaye ku nyumba kuchokera ku sukulu.” 6. IMANI: Ombani mmanja kawiri (PHWA, PHWA) ndipo kambiranani ndi ophunzira: • • • • • • Ndi zabwino zanji zomwe mtsikanayu angapeze atavomera kuti ayime kaye pamowapa kuti amweko? Ndi zovuta zanji zomwe zingadze ngati atavomera? Ngati atagwiritsa ntchito zokhumba zake, mukuganiza kuti angatani? Ngati ataganizira za kuipa ndi ubwino wa chisankhochi mukuganiza angati chiyani? Nanga Oto? Ndi zisankho zanji zomwe akuyenera kupanga? Ndi zotsatira zanji zabwino/ zoipa zomwe zingadze chifukwa cha zisankho zomwe angapangezo? Kodi nanga bwanji Oto atazindikira kuti walakwitsa kumukweza Beatrice galimotoyi ndi kumuyitanira ku mowa? N’chifukwa chiyani angamve choncho? Nanga akuyenera kuti atani tsopano? 7. Werengani: “mtsikana wa sukulu uja auza mzibambo kuti alola kupita kumowako ngati akulonjeza kuti akangomwa botolo limodzi lokha kenaka ndikumapita ku nyumba. Mzibamboyo avomera. Mu bar muja agula mowa umodzi wina aliyense kenaka iye adziyitanitsira wina wambiri mpaka aledzera. Mtsikanayo ayesera kuthawa koma amugwira dzanja kumuletsa kuti asatuluke. Kenaka mtsikanayu pamapeto pake akwanitsa kuthawa ndi kutuluka panja koma akaona kuti kunja kwada ndipo ali pamalo posatetezeka. Tsopano akufunitsitsa kumapita kunyumba.” 8. IMANI: Ombani mmanja kawiri (PHWA, PHWA) ndipo afunseni ophunzira : • • • • • • • Kodi ndi nthawi ya chisankho yanji yomwe mtsikanayu wakumana nayo? Ndi zina mwa zotsatira zabwino/zoipa zanji za zisankho zimenezi? Kodi mtsikanayu apange chiyani tsopano? Kodi inu mukadatani? Mukuganiza n’chifukwa chiyani Oto anali wabwino poyamba paja kenako ndikusintha? Kukadakhala kotheka kubwezeretsa nthawi m’mbuyo kwa Oto ndi zisankho ziti zomwe anayenera kuzisintha kuti zisafike pomwe zafikapa? Kodi Oto angadzatani mtsogolo muno kuti zisadzamucitikirenso? 9. Funsani ophunzira: • • • • • 70 Ndi nthawi ziti zachisankho mu kaseweroka? Ndi zisankho zanji zomwe Beatrice anapanga ndipo zotsatira za zisankho zakezo zinali zotani? Mukuganiza n’chifukwa chiyani anapanga zisankho zotero? Mukuganiza kuti anapanga zisankho zimenezi moganiza ndi mutuwake kapena anangotsatira zomwe mtima wake unkakhumba? Ndi zisankho zotani zomwe Oto anaganiza, nanga zotsatira zake zinali zotani? N’chifukwa chiyani mukuganiza kuti Oto anapanga zisankho zimenezi? Kodi nanu mukadapanga zisankho zotero? Kodi Oto anapanga zisankho moganiza bwino bwino kapena anangotsatira zokhumba za mtima mwake? Kuomba mkota Mphindi 5 1. Funsani ophunzira kugawana zomwe aphunzira kuchokera ku Ntchito ya m’gawoli. Unikaninso kuti kupanga chisankho sikudalira zikhumbokhumbo zokha komanso kuganiza. Zikuphatikizapo kiringalira za zotsatira zabwino/zoipa zomwe zingadze malingana ndi chisankho chathu. Zikutanthauza kuganiza za zotsatira zomwe sungathe kuzilamulira (mwachitsanzo, kumwa moledzera kwambiri kapena ayi.) 2. Funsani ophunzira za momwe akagwiritsire ntchito m’moyo wawo zomwe aphunzira m’gawoli. 3. Funsani ophunzira aliyense kudzipereka kuti adziomba kaye mmanja asanapange ( PHWA, PHWA) ndi kulingalira kaye za zotsatira zoipa kapena zabwino zomwe zingathe kubwera pa nthawi iliyonse yomwe akupanga chisankho m’moyo wawo. Phunziro Lotsatira 1. Thokozani ophunzira chifukwa chotenga mbali pa phunziroli. 2. Kambiranani za momwe phunziro lotsatira lidzayendere: • • • NTHAWI; MALO; komanso MUTU/MITU yodzakambirana 71 Gawo 12 Kodi ndichite chiyani ndi zilakolakozi? Gawoli mwachidule Kufotokozera za gawo: Ophunzira akambirane za ubale umene ulipo kapena kusowa kwa ubale pakati pa chikondi ndi kugonana. Ophunzira anene zinthu zimene munthu angachite kuti amuonetsera wina kuti akumukonda posachita naye zogonana. Zolingaza maphunziro: Potsiriza pa chigawochi ophunzira ayenera kuchita izi: 1. Kukambirana kusiyana kwa kugonana ndi chikondi. 2. Apeze njira zomwe zingaonetse chikondi posachita zogonana. Nthawi: Mphindi 45 Zipangizo zofunkira: 99 Mumvetsetse nkhani ya Martina ndi Moffat, mu ntchito 2. 99 Ngati ophunzira amatha kuwerenga bwinobwino, alembe nkhani za Tim/Mary; Martina/Moffat; ndi James/Gertrude pa bolodi. Mbali ina ya bolodi alembe ziganizo izi: • Awa awiri amkondana ndipo amachita zogonana. • Awa awiri amachita zogonana koma sakondana. • Awa awiri amkondana koma samachita zogonana. Ntchito 1: Chikondi kapena kugonana Mphindi 15 1. Werengani nkhani zotsatirazi kwa ophunzira kapena zilembeni pa bolodi ngati ophunzira amatha kuwerenga bwinobwino: • • • 72 Anzake a Tim amamuseka chifukwa sanayambe wachitako zogonana. Mary anatengeka ndipo akufuna kuti ayesere ngati angathe kukwanitsa kuvina bwino pochita zogonana. Tim wamuona Mary akupita kunyumba pochokera ku sukulu ndipo wamufunsa kuti agonane naye. Iye wavomera. Martina ndi Moffat amakondana kwambiri ndipo agwirizana kuti adikira kudzachita zogonana akadzalowa m’mbanja. Amapeza njira zambirizowonetsera kuti amakondana posachita zogonana. James ndi Gertrude amakondana koma sangakwanitse kumanga banja. Akufuna kumasangalala pa moyo wawo wokhuza kugonana tsono agwirizana kugwiritsa ntchito kondomu nthawi zonse pamene akugonana 2. Mukatha kuwerenga nkhani, werengani ziganizo zotsatirazi kapena mulembe pa pepala kapena pa bolodi ngati ophunzira amatha kuwerenga bwinobwino. Afunseni ophunzira alumikize nkhani iliyonse ndi ziganizo zotsatirazi: • • • Awa awiri amakondana ndipo amagonana modziteteza. Awa awiri amachita zogonana koma sakondana. Awa awiri amakondana koma samachita zogonana. 3. Tsopano funsani ophunzira mafunso otsatirawa: • • • • Nzotheka kuchita kugonana popanda chikondi? Nzotheka kukhala pa chikondi koma osachita zogonana? Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa chikondi ndi kugonana? Kodi James ndi Getrude amaonetsera bwanji chikondi chawo kwa wina ndi mzake? Ntchito 2: Ndondomeko yayitali Mphindi 25 1. Agaweni ophunzira mu magulu a atsikana paokha ndiponso anyamata paokha. 2. Werengani: “Martina ndi Moffat amakondana koma sachita zogonana. Iwo amati anapeza njira zimene zimaonetsera chikondi pa wina ndi nzake. Monganso Martina ndi Moffat, tsiku lina mukhonza kudzakhala ndi chilakolako chofuna kumuonetsera munthu wina chikondi chanu mu njira yina osati yogonana.” 3. Funsani gulu lirilonse litulutse ndondomeko ya zinthu zimene zingaonetsere munthu wina kuti mumamukonda popanda kugonana naye. Gulu lirilonse likhale pa mpikisano woti lione kuti gulu limene lipange ndondomeko yayitali pakati pa anyamata kapena atsikana. Zina mwa zitsanzo ndi izi: • • • • • • Kumpatsa wokondedwa wako switi yomaliza. Kunena kuti “Ndimakukonda” Kumutonthoza pamene wakhumudwa. Kumuyamikira Kuwalembera ndakatulo kapena nyimbo. Wosamachita za mseri. 4. Bwezerani anyamata ndi atsikani pamodzi ndipo afunseni kuti agawane ndondomeko zomwe anapanga, azinena chinthu chimodzi chimodzi pa ndondomeko zawo mosinthana mnyamata ndi mtsikana mpaka atamaliza zonse. 5. Funsani mfunso wokambirana awa: • Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zimene zikufanana pakati pa anyamata ndi atsikana? 73 • • • • Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zimene zikusiyana pakati pa anyamata ndi atsikana? Kodi ndi mfundo iti imene atsikana ayikonda kwambiri? Kodi ndi mfundo iti imene anyamata ayikonda kwambiri? Mungamve bwanji munthu wina atakuchitirani zoterezi? Kuomba mkota Mphindi 5 1. Nenani izi: “Pamene mwangotha msinkhu mumakhala ndi zilakolako zochuluka pa munthu wina. Anthu amati ukamamva chonchi ndiye kuti uyenera kuyamba kugonana ndi munthuyo kuti umuwonetse chkondi. Ngati munthu wina atakuuza kuti ugonane naye kuti utsimikizire chikondi chako ndiye kuti munthu ameneyo wasokonekera maganizo pa nkhani yosiyanitsa pakati pa kugonana ndi chikondi. Kumbukirani Moffat ndi Martha amene ali pa chikondi koma samagonana pofuna kuonetsera chikondi chawo. Ndipo Tim ndi Mary awonetsa kuti kugonana sikutanthauza chikondi popeza amagonana koma sanali pa chikondi.” 2. Pakutha tsiku la lero mudziwa kuti pali njira zambiri zimene mungaonetsere chikondi pa munthu wina popanda kugonana naye. Mafuno abwino pa maganizo anu abwino. Phunziro Lotsatira 1. Thokozani ophunzira chifukwa chotenga mbali pa phunziroli. 2. Kambiranani za momwe phunziro lotsatira lidzayendere: • • • 74 NTHAWI; MALO; komanso MUTU/MITU yodzakambirana. Gawo 13 Ndine wokonzeka kuyamba zogonana? Gawoli mwachidule Kufotokozera za gawo: Pochita sewero ndi zokambirana, ophunzira amaphunzira kusiya kulingalira za kuchita kapena kusachita zogonana, zimene zimathandiza kuchepetsa zotsatira zimene zingakhale nthawi yayitali chifukwa cha zilakolako za kanthawi yochepa. Zolingaza maphunziro: Potsiriza pa gawoli ophunzira achita: 1. Amvetsetsa zifukwa zimene achinyamata amachitira chiwerewere. 2. Amvetsetsa zotsatira zochita chiwerewere. Nthawi: Mphindi 55 Zipangizo zofunkira: 99 Ziduswa za mapepala zoti ophunzira agwiritse ntchito mu ntchito 1 chigawo chachiwri. Ngati palibe ziduswa za mapepala ophunzira athe kukumbukira mafunsi awo. 99 Werengani gawoli ndipo mumvetsetse zinthu zopambana pa mafunso amene ali mu ntchito 1,mugawo 2 ndi mafunso amene ali mu ntchito 2, mugawo 4. 99 Musanayambe chigawochi, funsani wophunzira wa mkazi kapena wamwamuna ngati angakhale wokondweretsedwa kuchita sewero lomwe anthu awiri okondana akusinkhasinkha zochita kapena kusachita zogonana. Ngati palibe amene akufuna kuchita izi, kapena mukuganiza kuti izi ndi zochititsa manyazi kwambiri kwa ophunzira, funsani achikulire awiri kuti achite seweroli. Ntchito 1: Kodi ndilingalire chiyani ndisanachite Zogonana? Mphindi 15 1. Anthu awiri omwe apange sewero achokepo kukakonzekera magawo a sewero. Zinthu zimenene akufunika kukambirana zikhale mayina awo a pa sewero, nthawi imene anadziwanirana, anakumana bwanji, kumene anakumana, amamva bwanji pa wina ndi mnzake ndiponso zimene akuganiza pa zakuchita zogonana. 75 2. Pamene awiririwa akukonzekera sewero, ena onse akhale awiriawiri m’magulu a atsikana kapena anyamata okhaokha ndipo alingalire kuti iwo ndi wachinyamata, amene akuganiza zochita zogonana ndi munthu wina. Ndi mafunso ati omwe angawathandize kupanga chisankho chabwino? Mwachitsanzo, ndi chifukwa chiyani ndikufuna kupanga zogonana ndi munthuyu? Ndi mafunso ati amene angawathandize kulingalira za zotsatira za chisankho chawo? Mwachitsanzo,’’ungatani mtsikanayo atatenga mimba? Gulu lirilonse lirembe mafunso oti afunse anthu amene achita sewero panthawi imene abwelere m,malo mwao. • Musamalire kuti musawafunse anthu awiriwa mafunso wowulura mayankho amene mukufuna kumva. Mwachitsanzo: MUSAFUNSE KUTI: simukuganiza kuti ndi zolakwika kuchita zogonana musanalowe m’banja? MUFUNSE KUTI: mumaganiza motani pa nkhani yochita zogonana musanalowe m’banja? • Yesetsani kufunsa mafunso ogwirizana ndi mafunso amene mwangofunsa. Mwachitsanzo “Queres ter um filho com essa pessoa?” YANKHO: “AI” “ndiye mukuchitapo chiyani kuti mupewe kutenga mimba ngati mukuchita zogonana?” Ntchito 2: Tidzichita kapena tisamachite? Mphindi 20 1. Itanani awiri omwe amachita sewero kuti abwelere m’malo mwao. Akumbutseni kuti ali panthawi yofunika kupanga chisankho chofunikira. (m’manja) ndipo mulingalire zotsatira zina zilizonse zimene zingadze chifukwa cha chisankho chimene apanga. Adziwitseni kuti ophunzira anzawo awathandiza kupanga chisankho chosankha kuchita kapena kusachita zogonana powafunsa mafunso. Ophunzira anzao awathandiza kuchita chisankho moganiza osati monga m’mene akumvera. 2. Funsani awiri aja kuti anene mayina awo. Akhale mumaudindo awo apasewero pamene gulu liwafunse mafunso 3. Udzani ophunzira kuti afunse mafunso okhuza atsikana kapena anyamata ndi cholinga choti apange chisankho limodzi. 4. Ngati gululi lamalidza kufunsa mafunso, wonjezerani mafunso awa amene sanafunsidwepo: • • • • 76 Ndi chifukwa chiyani ukuganiza zochita zogonana ndi munthuyu? Ngati umalingalira zochita zogonana ngati njira yotsimikiza chikondi chako, unayamba waganizirapo njira zina zimene zingaonetse chikondi popanda kugonana? Unayamba wakambirana ndi munthuyu zokhudzana ndi kugonana? Ukumva kukamizidwa ndi munthu wina kuti ukachite zogonana? • • • • • Ndinu oledzera kapena mwagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ozunguza bongo? Ngati muli woledzera mukadafunabe kugonana ngakhale mudakati simudaledzere? Mupitiliza kukhala limodzi ngati anthu omwe ali pa chibwenzi kapena mukwatilana? Ngati simufuna kukhala ndi mwana, mungatani popewa kutenga mimba? Kodi moyo wanu ungasinthe bwanji mutakhala ndi mwana panopa? Mungadzapitiridze sukulu? Mungachite chiyani kuti mupewe kutenga kachilombo ka edzi kapena matenda opatsirana pogonana? Mudzakhala otetezedwa bwanji? Ntchito 3: kupanga chisankho choganiza Mphindi 15 1. Pamene awiriwa amaliza kuyankha mafunso onse, achokepo kwa mphindi zisanu kuti akakambirane: • • • • Atamva zonse zimene zanenedwa kodi akanasankha kuchita kapena kusachita chiwerewere? Kodi ndi zotsira zanji zoyipa kapena zabwino zimene zingadze chifukwa cha chisankhochi? Ndi mafunso ati amene anathandizira kwambiri kupanga chisankho? Kodi uku ndi “kulingalira” kapena “kulakalaka” kapena zones? 2. Pamene awiriwa achokapo ophunzira akambirane mafunso onsewa ndipo aponye mavoti yosankha ngati akufuna kuti awiriwa achite zogonana kapena ayi. 3. Awiriwa abwera ndipo anena chisankho chawo ndi zifukwa zake. Ndipo gulu liwauza m’mene anavotera. Kuomba mkota Mphindi zisanu 1. Kodi ndi zifukwa ziti zomwe mwamva zimene zingalimbikitse kwambiri kuti munthu achite zogonana? 2. Kodi ndi zifukwa ziti zomwe mwamva zimene zingalimbikitse munthu kuti asachite zogonana? 3. Kodi mukuganiza kuti achinyamata amadzipatsa nthawi (m’manja) yodzifunsa mafunso oterewa asanachite zogonana? 4. Kodi kukambirana uku kuthandiza bwanji chisankho chanu? 5. Thokozani awiri aja chifukwa cha sewero lao. 77 Phunziro lotsatira 1. Athokozeni ophunzira chifukwa chotenga mbali pa phunziroli. 2. Kambiranani za momwe phunziro lotsatira lidzayendere: • • • 78 NTHAWI; MALO; komanso MUTU/MITU yodzakambirana. Gawo 14 Kukana kuchita zogonana Gawoli mwachidule Kufotokozera za gawo: Ophunzira akambirane zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zimadza chifukwa chochita zogonana pamene uli msinkhu waung’ono. Zolinga za maphunziro: Potsiliza pa gawo ili ophunzira athe kuchita izi: 1. Kupanga mfundo zowathandiza kukana kuchita zogonana. 2. Awonetse maluso ponena “toto” Nthawi: Mphindi 45 Zipangizo zofunikira: 99 Pezani ma chati awiri (kapena jambulani zigawo ziwiri pabolodi) gawo limodzi mulembe “zabwino” ndipo linalo mulembe “zabwino.” Ntchito 1: Ubwino ndi Kuipa kwa kudziletsa Mphindi 10 1. Funsani ophunzira kuti aganizire za phunziro lomwe langothali ndi zonse zomwe zingadze chifukwa cholola kugonana. Auzeni kuti lero aphunzira mmene angaphunzirire kunena kuti ayi kapena kudziletsa kuchita m’chitidwe wogonana mpakana pamene ali okonzeka kulandira china chirichonse chomwe chingadze. Akumbutseni kuti kudziletsa kumatanthauza kusachita m’chitidwe wogonana. Akumbutseninso kuti kugonana kumatanthauza pamene mwamuna alowetsa mbolo yake kwa mkazi. ZOYENERA KUDZIWA WOTSOGOLERA: N’zofunika kukumbukira kuti anyamata atha kukakamizidwanso kuchita zogonana ngakhale pa nthawi yomwe sakufuna. Anyamata akhoza kuchita manyazi kunena zimenezi ndipo mungawathandize kumasuka kunena zokumtima kwawo. Akumbutseni kuti kukhulupirira kuti “mwamuna weni weni amachita zogonana” ndi njira ina yokhalira “m’bokosi”. Auzeni kuti mwamuna weniweni amadikira. 2. Funsani ophunzira kuti alingalire za zinthu zabwino zokhudzana ndi kudziletsa. Lembani pa bolodi pansi pa mawu oti “ubwino”. Akamaliza ophunzira onani ndi kuonjezera zina mwa zotsatirazi ngati sizinatchulidwe: 79 • • • • • • • • Titha kudikikira osogonana mu ubwezi okondana wina ndi mnzake komanso ngati tili okhulupilirana Ngati tidikira kufikira tili okonzeka, kugonana kwathu koyamba kungakhale kwabwino chifukwa tidzakhala tili okonzeka. Tidzakhala mu chiopsezo chochepa chongogwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kuchitidwa nkhanza. Kudzakhala kochepa kupezeka tikudandaula kuti tagonana ndi munthu oti samatikonda. Kudziletsa ndi njira yokhayo ya pamwamba yodzitetezera ku mimba, matenda opatsirana pogonana, kuphatikizapo. Makondomu amathandiza ngati atagwiritsidwa bwino ntchito nthawi ina iliyonse yomwe tikugonana. Nthawi zina amtha kuphulika ndipo palibe njira iliyonse yogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala olelera yomwe iri yodalilika kotheratu. Ngati tidziletsa, sitidzada nkhawa za mavuto oterewa. Ngati tigwiritsa pa mfundo yogonana pokhapokha titalowa m’banja, tidzakhala osangalala kuti tinasunga mfundo zathu.. Ngati anzathu kapena makolo athu amavomeleza mfundo yakugonana pokhapokha titalowa m’banja, adzatiganizira ife kukhala anthu abwino. Ngati tikhala odziletsa, tidzakhala ndi nthawi komanso mphamvu zokwanira pamaphunziro athu ndi maluso athu. 3. Tsopano funsani ophunzira kuti alingalire za zotsatira zoyipa zobwera chifukwa cha kudziletsa. Lembani mayankho awo pansi pa mawu oti”kuyipa” pabolodi kapena papepala. Ena mwa mayankho omwe angapereke ophunzira ndi awa: • • • • • • • Tidzamanidwa chisangalalo chomwe chimabwera chifukwa cha kugonana. Tikhoza kumva kukhala okhumudwa komanso otsalira zitapezeka kuti anzathu onse akupanga koma ife ayi. Tikhoza kuchita mantha kuti chibwenzi chathu chitha ngati titakana Sitikufuna kukhumudwitsa zokhumba za abwenzi athu. Anzathu atha kutinyoza. Anyamata amaona ngati atsikana omwe amakana kugonana ndi odzimva kotero amawakakamiza kugona nawo. Tithe kuziona ngati sitinakule ngati sitikuchita m’chitidwe ogonana. 4. Thokozani ophunzira chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali pa zokambiranazi ndi ndandanda omwe atulutsawo. Auzeni kuti akhala akugwiritsa ntchito ndandanda wa mfundozi mu zochitika zomwe zikubwerazi. Ntchito 2: kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti “ayi” ku kugonana Mphindi 30 1. Akumbutseni ophunzira za njira yolumikizana ndi anzathu ya kudzikhulupirira. • 80 “Ndikumva …” apa ophunzira anene zomwe akumva mu mtima mwawo • • • “Pamene…” apa wophunzira amanena chomwe mnzawoyo wachita chomwe chawapangitsa kuti amve choncho mtima mwawo. Tizindikire kuti apa cholinga sikumunena mzathuyo koma kunena mmene ife tikumvera. “chifukwa…” wophunzira amafotokoza chifukwa chomwe zomwe zachitikazo zawapangitsa kuti amve mmene akumvereramo. “ ndipo ndikufuna….” Ndi chiyani chomwe akufuna kuti akhalenso bwino? 2. Kodi kuyankhula modzikhulupiriraku kungagwiritsidwe bwanji ntchito ponena kuti “ayi” ku kugonana? Auzeni ophunzira za chitsanzo ichi: • • • • Ndimamva kusasangalala …pamene iwe ukuti sindimakukonda chifukwa choti sindikufuna kugonana nawe …chifukwa ine ndimakukonda …ndipo ndikufuna kuti mwalo mwake tidzingocheza ndi kukumbatirana. • • • • zimandikwiyitsa …pamene sukumva kuti ndikuti “ayi” …chifukwa ukudziwa kuti ndimakhulupirira kuti kugonana ndi kwa m’banja …ndipo ndikumapita kunyumba. 3. Auzeni kuti tsopano tigwiritsa ntchito njira yathu ya kuyankhula mochangamuka n’cholinga chofuna kugonjetsa amene angatiumirize kugonana pamene ife tisakufuna. 4. Agaweni kuti akhale awiri awiri. Mmodzi mwa ophunzira awiriwo ndi amene adzinena kuti “ayi”. Agwiritsa ntchito njira ya kuyankhula mochangamuka pofuna kunena kuti “ayi”. Akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito ndandanda wa “zabwino zonenera kuti “ayi” ku kugonana pofuna kuthandizika pa mfundo zanu. 5. Winayo ndi amene adzifunsira ndipo akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito ndandanda wa”kuipa konenera kuti “ayi” pofuna kunena mfundo zakezo. Akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito njira ina iliyonse yomukopera mzawoyo. 6. Zitsanzo za kuyesezera kwawoko zingakhale zotsatirazi: • • • • • Mtsikana akufuna kugonana koma mnyamata sakufuna. Mnyamata akufuna koma mtsikana sakufuna. Anthu osiyana zaka; mwachitsanzo mzibambo wachikulire akufuna kugonana ndi mtsikana wachichepere. Achinyamata awiri omwe ali m’chikondi. Mzimayi apereka ndalama kwa mnyamata kuti agone naye. Ngati wotsogolera, muyenera kuganiziranso zitsanzo zina zomwe ophunzirawa angakumane nazo m’madera mwawomo. 7. Atayesezera kuchita zitsanzo zingapo, afunsa ophunzirawo kuti asinthane mbali. Ofunsira akhale ofunsiridwa ndipo ofunsiridwa atenge mbali ya ofunsira. 81 8. Abweretseni ophunzirawa pamodzi ndipo funsani ena kuti awonetsenso zomwe amachita pamene amakambirana. Kuomba mkota Mphindi 5 1. Akamaliza ophunzirawo kupanga ziwonetserozo athokozeni ophunzirawo chifukwa chotenga mbali ndipo kenaka funsani gululo mafunso otsatirawa: • • • Nd njira ziti zomwe zinawathandiza kuti aime pa chisankho chawo cha kudziletsa? Ndi njira ziti zomwe ofunsira anagwiritsa ntchito ndi zinali zokomedwetsa? Ndi njira ziti zabwino zomwe zinathandiza kugonjetsera mayeserowo? 2. Malizani powauza ophunzira kuti tsopano apeza luso lotha kunena kuti “Ayi” ku mfundo zofuna kuti ife tigonjetsere mayeserowo akugonana komano mfundonso zochokera kwa winayo nthawi zina zimakhala zamphamvu. Njira yomwe angakhalirebe olimba ku mfundo zokopa choncho ndi kukhala othandizana wina ndi mnzake ku chisankho chathu chosalola kugonana mpaka m’banja. Phunziro lotsatira 1. Athokozeni ophunzira potenga mbali pa zokambiranazi. 2. Kambiranani za momwe phunziro lotsatira lidzayendere: • • • 82 NTHAWI; MALO;komanso MUTU/MITU yodzakambirana. Gawo 15 Sindimafuna kugonana Gawoli mwachidule Kufotokozera za gawo: Ophunzira aphunzire za njira zosiyanasiyana za mphamvu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pofuna kuwumiriza ophunzira kugonana asakufuna, kaya atavomera kapena asanavomere. Adziwe kuti kugonana komwe kwachitidwa mwa kusafuna kwawo si vuto lawo ndipo adziwe komwe angakapeze chithandizo. Zolinga zophunziro: Pakutha paphunziroli, ophunzira athe: 1. Kudziwa kuti kugonana komwe kumachitika mokakamizidwa kudzera m’maganizo kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi kugonana kosayenera. 2. Kudziwa malamulo a m’dziko lawo okhudza za nthawi yoyenera yomwe munthu angavomere kugonana. Nthawi: Mphindi 45 Zipangizo zofunikira: 99 Mudziwiretu malo ndi anthu omwe ophunzira omwe achitiridwa nkhaza zokhudzana ndi kugonana angapite kukapeza chithandizo. Funsani sukulu yanu zomwe zilipo zoti zingathandize pankhaniyi. 99 Unikaninso nkhani ya “Mmene Tingachitire Ndi Achinyamata Omwe Achitiridwa Nkhanza Zokhudza Kugonana” yomwe ili kumapeto kwa gawoli. 99 Unikaninso chaka chovomerezeka cha dziko lanu. Apa tikutanthauza chaka chomwe wophunzira angathe kuviomera payekha kuti agonane ndi munthu kapena asagonane naye kapena kuchita chinthu chilichonse choopsa (onani ZOYENERA KUDZIWA WOTSOGOLERA kumapeto kwa Ntchito 2). Ntchito 1: kodi ali ndi ulamuliro ndi ndani? Mphindi 25 1. Lembani mawu oti “ulamuliro” pa bolodi. 2. Funsani ophunzira tanthauzo la mawu oti ulamuliro. Funsani ophunzira zitsanzo za anthu omwe ali ndi ulamuliro. N’chifukwa chiyani umulamuliro uli wofunikira? Kodi ulamuliro ungagwiritsidwe bwanji ntchito? 83 3. Uzani ophunzira kuti ayimirire. 4. Konzani sikelo ya ulamuliro pansi pa kalasi lanu kapena pakhoma ndipo mulembepo 1 kumayambiriro kwa sikeloyo, 5 pakati pa sikeloyo ndi 10 kumapeto kwa sikeloyo. 5. Werengani nkhani zotsatirazi mwapang’onopang’ono. Funsani ophunzira kuti anene mmene nkhani iliyonse yawerengedwayo kuti munthu aliyense yemwe anali m’nkhaniyo anali ndi mphamvu zochuluka bwanji malingana ndi sikelo yomwe akonza ija. (1 kutanthauza kuti panalibe ulamuliro ndi 10 kutanthauza kuti panali ulamuliro wambiri). ZOYENERA KUDZIWA WOTSOGOLERA: Ngati palibe nthawi yokwanira kugwiritsa ntchito nkhani zonsezo mukhoza kungogwiritsa ntchito nkhani imodzi yomwe nkhaza zakuthupi zagwiritsidwa ntchito (Martha, Sara) ndi ina yomwe kunyengerela kwagwiritsidwa ntchito (Lucy, Peter). Mwachitsanzo, mu nkhani (a), pa sikelo kuyambira 1 mpaka 10 kuwonetsera kusiyana kwa ulamuliro; kodi Martha ali ndi ulamuliro wochuluka bwanji? Afunseni ophunzira kuti akaime pamene pakusonyeza mlingo wa ulamuliro womwe Martha ali nawo pasikelopo. Kenaka funsani ophunzira kuti aime pa sikelo kuti asonyeze mlingo wa ulamuliro womwe wophunzira wamkulu uja ali nawo. Funsani opphunzira kuti ndi ndani ali ndi ulamuliro wochuluka: Martha kapena wophunzira wamkuluyo? Afunseni kuti afotokozere yankho lawo. Tsatani njira yotsatirayi pa kankhani kalikonse. Nkhani zonse: a. Martha amachokera ku sukulu kupita ku nyumba kudzera njira yachidule yomwe inali mkati mwa minda ya chimanga chitalichitali. Pamene anafika pamalo poti panali chimanga chambiri zedi komanso chachitali, mnyamata wamkulu komanso wamphamvu wakusulu kwawo anatulukira ndi kumugwira Martha kumulowetsa m’chimnga muja. Mnyamatayu anamuuza Martha kuti asakuwe. Iye ananena kuti Martha ankachita matama kuti sanagonepo ndi mwamuna chibadwire ndiye akafuna kuti amukhaulitse. Mnyamatayo anamugwiririra Martha. b. Lucy ali ndi zaka 14 ndipo ali ang’ono ake anayi. Bamboo ake sali pantchito ndipo mayi ake ndi woyembekezera. Iye amawathandiza mayi ake popita kumsika kukagulitsa kapena kukagula zinthu. Panjira akumana ndi kufunsiridwa ndi njonda ina yomwe ili ndi malo omwera mowa. Njondayi ndi yachikulire komanso imadwaladwala. Amayi ndi azakhali ake amuuza kuti ndi chinthu cha mtengo wapatali kufunsiridwa ndi munthu ngati ameneyu ndipo amuuza Lucy kuti avomere. Lucy akana chifukwa bamboyo ndi wamkulu komanso sakumufuna. Bambo ake ndi amalume ake amuumiriza kuti apite kwa njondayo ndipo asiye kuchita matama. Lucy apita kwa njondayo ndipo kumeneko amupatsa ndalama 84 ndi mowa zoti atengere bambo ndi amalume ake popita kunyumba. Iye avomera ndipo mwakachetechete alira pamene akukhalira pamalo amodzi ndi njondayi. c. Amayi ake a Peter ali ndi mzawo woti mwamuna wake anamwalira ndipo wakhala ali ndi chidwi ku nkhani ya sukulu ya Peter. Pa nthawi ina, pamene makalo a Peter analephera kumulipirira sukulu, mayiyu anamuthandiza pomuuza kuti adzikamulimira kumunda wake. Peter anavomera. Poyamba zonse zinali bwino bwino kufikira panthawi yomwe mayiyu anayamba kumufunsa mafunso okhudzana ndi zibwenzi ndi zina zomwe amakonda. Ulendo winan anayamba kumagwiragwira ndipo mmene anadandaula anamuuza kuti ngati amafuna kukhala mwamuna weni weni weni anayenera kumapanga zimenezi kawiri kawiri. Anamulonjezanso kumulipirira fizi ya teremu yotsatirayo. Peter sakufuna kumagona ndi mayiyu komanso akufuna kupita ku sukulu. Tsopano wayamba kumagona ndi mayiyu kawiri kawiri koma sizikumusangalatsa. Aphunzitsi a Sara anamupempha kuti awanyamulire mabuku kupititsa ku nyumba kwawo tsiku lina ataweruka. Atafika anapeza kuti ali wokha m’nyumbamo. Anamufunsira. Sara anakana ndipo anawauza kuti ndi zosayenera chifukwa iwo ndi aphunzitsi ake komanso munthu wamkulu. Aphunzitsiwo anamukoka ndikuyamba kumugwiragwira uku akumukokera kuchipinda kwawo. Sara anayamba kukuwa ndipo anamusiya. Iye anathawa. 6. Funsani ophunzira, ndi zifukwa ziti zomwe zinapangitsa kuti anthu a m’nkhaniyi akhale ndi ulamuliro? Zina mwa zitsanzozo ndi: • • • • • • Akulu komanso amphamvu Wina amene umamukhulupirira ngati mnzako, wachibale kapena mphunzitsi Ali ndi ndalama Mphunzitsi ndi munthu yemwe amakhala ndi ulamuliro Mzimayi wamasiye uja amapereka fizi ndipo anali ndi ulamuliro pa tsogolo la Peter. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhalandi mphamvu za ku thupi, pa ndalama, ndi pa chikhalidwe. Abambo nthawi zambiri amatenga maudindo a pamwambakusiyana ndi amayi: mwachitsanzo, ufumu, m’boma, ku usilikali, ku mpingo ndi ma bizinezi. Mukumbukurani za mabokosi a m’gawo 3? Timayembekezera amuna kutenga maudindo a pamwamba pamene atsikana ndi amayi amaponderezedwa kuti atenge maudindowa. 85 Ntchito 2: kupereka chilolezo, kunyengereredwa ndi kugonana mosafuna Mphindi 15 1. Nenani “m’nkhani iliyonseyi ophunzira analibe ulamuliro- munthu winayo anali ndi ulamuliro”. Funsani “kodi wophunzira anapereka chilolezo pa zomwe zinamuchitikira mu nkhaniyi?” Tikati “kupereka chilolezo” tikutanthauza “wophunzirayo anavomera pa chochitikacho?” Funsani: • • • • Kodi Martha anavomera kugonana ndi wophunzira wamkulu uja? Kodi Peter anavomera kugonana ndi amnzawo a amayi ake aja? Kodi Sara anavomera kugwiridwa ndi aphunzitsi ake kapena kugonana nawo? Kodi Lucy anavomera kuti agonane ndi mwini wake wa malo omwera mowa uja? 2. Martha ndi Sara sanavomereze. Wophunzira ndi mphunzitsi uja anagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuti agone nawo ndi kuwagwiragwira. 3. Nenani: “zikuoneka ngati Peter ndi Lucy anavomera kuti agonane ndi anthu amene agonana nawowo kupanda apo sitikuwaona atakana. Koma kodi Lucy ndi Peter anasangalala nazo? Chifukwa chiyani sanangalale kapena anasangalala? • • • Ayi. Lucy analira pamene njonda ija anagona naye. Ayi. Peter sanasangalale nazo za kugonana ndi amayi aja. Ayi. Onse anakana kwa nthawi yayitali mpaka pamapeto pake mpamene anagonja. 4. Funsani ophunzira , “kodi n’chufukwa chiyani Peter ndi Lucy anapangabe chiwerewerechi ngakhale sankafuna kuvomera? Ophunzira afotokoze kuti: • • Lucy chifukwa choti makolo ake anamukakamiza. Peter chifukwa ankafuna ndalama zopitira ku sukulu. 5. Fotokozani kuti zonse zomwe zinachitikira Sara, Martha, Lucy ndi Peter ndi kugonana mwakusafuna kwa mwini wake kutanthauza kuti onsewa sanafune kugonana ndi anthu amene anagonana nawowo. • • • • • 86 Sara ndi Martha anachita kukakamizidwa mwamphamvu za kuthupi kuti agonedwe kapena kusisitidwa. Lucy ndi Peter sanavomere koma analibe mwayi wokana. Achinyamata amene amagonana ndi anthu mwakusafuna kwawo amakhala atawumirizidwa kapena kunyengeredwa ndi anthuwo, kotero amakhala alibenso mwayi woti angakane. Palibe wachinyamata aliyense yemwe wachita chiwerewere mwakusafuna kwake ayenera kunenedwa kapena kuimbidwa mlandu. Zomwe zinachitikira Martha, Sara, Peter ndi Lucysi vuto lawo. 6. Mu dziko lathu lino ana osakwana zaka (onani pa ZOYENERA KUDZIWA WOTSOGOLERA) savomerezedwa mwamalamulo kuvomereza zakugonana ndi munthu aliyense. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kugonana ndi aliyense yemwe sanafike msinkhu umenewu ndi mlandu. Dziko lathu limazindikira kuti akulu akulu ali ndi ulamuliro komanso mphamvu zambiri koposa ana kotero sakuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu powumiriza achichepere kuti apange nawo zogonana. ZOYENERA KUDZIWA WOTSOGOLERA: Ku Malawi, msinkhu wovomerezeka ndi 13. Ku Mozambique ndi 19. Ku Botswana, msinkhu wake ndi 16. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ana omwe sanafike zaka zimenezi sakuyenera kuvomera pawokha kuchita zogonana ndipo ngati munthu wamkulu achita nawo zadama ndi mlandu wogwiririra mwana ndipo akuyenera kumangidwa. Kuomba mkota Mphindi 5 1. RUnikaninso zomwe ophunzira omwe agwiriridwa angachite kuti apeze chithandizo. 2. Kumbutsaninso ophunzira kuti si vuto lawo pamene apezeka atagonana ndi munthu mwakusafuna kwawo. 3. Uzani ophunzira kuti Gawo 20 “kugwiritsa Ntchito kulumikizana Popewa Zoopsa” aphunzira za mmene angadzitetezere okha. Phunziro lotsatira 1. Athokozeni ophunzira potenga mbali pa zokambiranazi. 2. Kambiranani za momwe phunziro lotsatira lidzayendere: • • • NTHAWI; MALO;komanso MUTU/MITU yodzakambirana. 87 Mfundo zofunikira pamene mukuchita ndi ana omwe anagwiriridwapo ndi omwe anakakamizidwa kuchita zogonana Ndi zotheka kuti ophunzira ena omwe atenga nawo mbali mu angathe kukamizidwa kuchita zogonana kapena kugwiriridwa. Ena akhonza kuchitilidwa nkhaza zokhuza kugonana koma iwo osazindikira kuti ndi nkhanza. Chifukwa choti nkhanza zokhuza kugonana kapena kugwiririra ndi zochuluka mumadera ambiri, phunzirori lingapangitse ophunzira ena kukumbukira zomwe zinawachitila zomwe zingabweretse kuwawidwa mtima. Mmumsimu muli njira zomwe aphunzitsi angagwiritse ntchito kuwatonthoza ophunzira omwe angakmbikire zomwe zidawachitikila. Kuonjezera pa njira zimenezi aphunzitsi ayenera kupeza zinthu zina zomwe angagwiritse ntchito potonthoza omwe asweka mitima, monga kupeza anthu omwe angamawalangize, anamwino, atsogoleri achipembedzo kapena mafumu makamakanso omwe anaphunzitsidwa momwe angathandizire anthu omwe achitiridwa nkhanza zogonana kapena kugwiriridwa. Njira zolimbikitsa: 1. Mukhale okonzeka nthawi zones kumuthandiza ophunzira yemwe wagwiriridwa kapena wachitilidwa nkhanza zogonana. 2. Mtengereni ophunzirayo pa malo otetezeka kunja kwa kalasi, kutali ndi anzake. Onenetsetsani kuti malowo ndi otetezeka komanso kwa ophunzirayo. 3. Mufunseni ophunzirayo chomwe akufuna kuchita pa nthawi imeneyo, mwachitsanzo kupita kunyumba, kukhala mkalasi momo pamene akuphunzitsa phunzirori koma osatenga nawo mbali, kukhala panja osatenga nawo mbali pa phunzirori kapena kukhala malo ena apasukulu pomwepo kuyankhula ndi mulangizi kapena munthu wina amene angathe kuthandiza nthawi yomweyo kapena tsiku lina ndi zina). 4. Musaweruze.Muthandizeni ndi kumufotokozera ophunzirayo mosayang’ana mmene akumvera, zikhulupiliro zake kapena maganizo ake. 5. Musamuuze zinthu zambiri mbiri ophunzirayo,musamufunse mafunso ambiri kpaena kumupatsa malangizo ambirimbiri. Musaganize kuti ophunzirayo ndi okonzeka kulandira zones zomwe mungamupatse. 6. Mvetserani zomwe ophunzirayo akunena. Ntchito yanu ndikumumvetsetsa ndi kumuthandiza. Musamuwuze ophunzirayo momwe akumvera kapena momwe akuyenera kumvera. Muuzeni kuti sizolakwika kumva momwe akumveramo. 7. Khalani omasuka kuti muthe kumuthandiza opunzirayo. Aphunzitsi akhale okonzeka kuyitana aphunzitsi ena, muwawuze ophunzira kuti apumulire kaye kwa nthawi yochulukirapo komanso mukhale okonzeka kuyitana aphunzitsi ena ngati ophunzirayo angafune kuti aphunzitsiwo asakhalepo. 88 8. Mumutsatile ophunzirayo. Izi zimathandiza kuti ophunzirayo awone kuti mumamukonda komanso ndinu okhuzidwa ndi vuto lake ndipo mukufuna akhale bwino msanga. 9. Mukhale ndi mulangizi kapena munthu yemwe anaphunzitsidwa bwino kuti ayankhule ndi naye ophunzirayo za momwe akumvera. 10.Ngati ophunzira mbiri akhuzidwa , zikutanthauza kuti ophunzirawo siwokonzeka kuphunzira phunziroli chotero muyimitse ndipo muzapitilize tsiku lina kapena mulidumphe kumene. Zomwe sizimabweretsa chitonthozo 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Musamusokoneze, kumukalipila kapena kumuchititsa manyazi ophunzirayo. Musamuwonetse kuti iye ndi olakwa Musamufunse mafunso ambirimbiri. Musamuweruze ophunzirayo Musangomusiya. Musachepetse mmene akumvera. Musamupangitse ophunzirayo kumva kuopsezedwa Musamupangitse ophunzirayo kuti ayiware kapena chotse maganizo omwe ali nawowo Musamuwuze momwe akuyenera kumvera. Musakambirane zomwe zikumuchitikirazo ndi anthu ophunzira ena. 89 Gawo 16 Kuyankhula ndi akulu akulu zokhuza kugonana Gawoli mwachidule Kufotokozera za gawo: Ophunzira afotokoze makhalidwe a anthu akulu akulu omwe angathe kuwakhulupirirandi kukamba nawo nkhani zokhuza kugonanandipo ayesere angayambire kukambirana nawo nkhani ngati zovuta ngati zimenezi. Zolinga Zaphunziro: Pomaliza phunziroli, ophunzira adziwe momwe: 1. Angadziwire munthu wamkulu yemwe angathe kukambirana naye nkhani zokhuza kutha msinkhu, kukula ndi kugonana 2. Kupeza njira za momwe angayankhulirane ndi akulu akulu nkhani zogonana. Nthawi: Mphindi 45 Zipangizo zofunukira: 99 •Konzetserani bolodi kapena pepala lomwe mukugwiritsa ntchito ndi “njira zomwe tingagwiritse ntchito pofuna kuyankhula ndi akulu akulu nkhani zogonana” zomwe zikupezeka mu ncthito 2. Ntchito yoyamba: Ndi wachikulire wake uti yemwe ndingayankhule naye? Mphindi 15 1. Awuzeni ophunzira kuti muli ndi anzanu awiri omwe akufuna thandizo la momwe angapezere munthu woti ayankhule naye. Afotokozereni nkhani iyi pogwiritsa ntchito mayina omwe ali mdera lanu. • • 90 Mzawo wa abambo ake a Chimwemwe anamuuza chimwemwe kuti wayamba kuoneka bwino ndipo akufuna apite naye kokasangala. Iye sakufuna kuwachitira mwano abambowa, ndiye anavomera mwaulemu. Bamboyo anamufotokozera kuti akambirana nawo bamboo ake koma bamboo akewo sanamuuze china chiri chonse chokhuza ndi bambowa. Iye ali ndi nkhawa chifukwa bambowa samadziwa bwino bwino komanso sakudziwa kuti bamboo akuyembekezera chani kuchokera kwa iyeyo. Tsiku lija lafika ndipo sakudziwa kuti atani. Tsiku lina Zikani anali ndi maloto abwino kwambiri okhuza mzimayi wokongola yemwe amamukonda Zikani. Iye anamva bwino kwambiri kenako anadzuka ndi kupeza kuti malo omwe anagona anyowa komanso pali zonanda ngati mamina. Chinachitika ndi chani? Anakhuzidwa mu mtima mwake chifukwa cha malotowa naganiza kuti Mulungu wamulanga ndi nthenda yoopsa. Samadziwa kuti atani. 2. Afunseni ophunzira kuti akanakhala abwenzi a Chimwemwe ndi Zikania akanawauza kuti amuuze ndani zokhuza ndi mavuto awowo? Ophunzirawa sakuyenera kutchula dzina la munthu koma kutchula udindo wa munthuyo monga: adzakhali, amalume, mzanga wapamtima,mchimwene wanga wamkulu, azaumoyo, aphunzitsi, alangizi akusukulu, abusa, amayi ogwira nthcito kumsika ndi ena otero. Nanga akulu akulu omwe munawatchula mu gawo 6 aja? Lembani onse omwe awatchule. 3. Onani mndanda wa anthu omwe ophunzira anawatchula kuti ndi omwe angamuuze Chimwemwe ndi Zikana kuti akakambe nawo zokhuza mavuto awo. • • Ndi chani chomwe chakupangitsani kuganiza kuti munthu yemwe mwamutchulayi mungathe kukamba naye nkhani zogonana? Ndi makhalidwe ati omwe ali nawo omwe angakupangitseni kuona kuti ndi anthu oyenera kukamba nawo Cholinga chake ndichofuna kuwathandiza ophunzira kutchula makhalidwe omwe amabwera mumagaizo awo akamaganiza za anthu omwe awatchulawo. 4. Kumbukirani kuti ophunzira akhonza kukhala ndi maganizo omwewo koma angathe kugwiritsa ntchito mawu ena ndipo izi ndi zabwino ndithu. Asiyeni makhalidwewa momwe ophunzirawa atchulira. Munthu wamkulu okhulupirika amakhala… • • • • • Amatenga mavuto ngati ake: Iye amayetsetsa kuti akhuzidwe ngati momwe mwanayo wakhuzidwira Wawulemu: Iye amamuthandiza ophunzirayo molemekeza zisankho zake, zofuna zake, ufulu wake komanso ulemu wake. Wosaweruza: Iye amapereka thandizo la mtundu wina uli wonse mopanda kuweruza, kuonetsa kusagwirizana nazo kapena mopanda kukwiya kapena kukalipa. Wachinsinsi: Iye amasunga chinsinsi cha zonse zomwe zakambidwa pokhapokha itakhala nkhani yokhuza nkhanza, kufuna kudzichita chiwembu kapena kuchitira ena chiwembu. Oteteza: Iye sachita choyipa china chiri chonse. Samapereka malangizo otsutsana ndi zomwe akufuna ophunzirayo. Osamala:Iye amaonetsa kumvetsetsa, kuthandiza komanso kulimbikitsa ophunzira. 91 5. Awuzenu ophunzira kuti awonenso bwino bwino makhalidwe omwe atchulidwa ndipo muwafunse mafunso awa? • • • Kodi munthu angakhale ndi makhalidwe onsewa? Ngati ayi, alipo makhalidwe ena omwe akuwawona kuti ndi ofunikira kwambiri kuposa ena Afunseni ayerekeze makhalidwe a munthu wamkulu yemwe angamukhulupilire ndi omwe iwo anatchula kuti ndi makhalidwe amunthu wamkulu yemwe angayankhule naye. Alipo mayina ena omwe angawachotse pa mndanda wa anthu anatchula uja? Alipo ena omwe akufuna kuonjezera? Ntchito ya chiwiri: Momwe mungayambire kukambirana nkhani zokhuza kugonana Mphindi 25 1. Afunseni ophunzira ngati akuganiza kuti zikhonza kukhala zovuta kapena zophweka kuti Zikani ndi Chimwemwe akambirane akulu akulu omwe amawakhulupilira zokhuza mavuto awo? Pa yankho lomwe apereka penne zifukwa zake? 2. Awuzeni ophunzira kuti ndizotheka kuti angathe kumangika, kuchita chilendo kapena kuchita mantha kukambirana nkhani zogonana ndi akulu akulu. Afunseni ophunzira ngati ali ndi amaganizo a momwe Zikani ndi Chimwemwe angayambitsere nkhani zawo ndi akulu akulu. Lembani mayankho omwe ophunzira apereke. “ Werengani mndandanda wa “Momwe mungayambire kukambirana nkhani zokhuza kugonana ndi akulu akulu”, mwa pang’onopang’ono komanso momveka bwino mukupereka zitsanzo ndi kuona zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zomwe ophunzira ananena. “Momwe mungayambire kukambirana nkhani zokhuza kugonana ndi akulu akulu” a. Njira yoyankhula mwa chindunji “Tingayankhulane? Ndiri ndi funso lokhuza zomwe taphunzira ku suluku lero mu phunziro la maluso amoyo b. Njira yozungulira “Ndinamvera pologalamu yina yake pa wayilesi yokhuza tsikana omwe anali ndi ana koma ali ang’ong’ono. Mukuganiza kuti ana ngakhale makolo abwino? c. Njira yofunsa mokayilira “Ndi zotheka kuti munthu angakhale ndi mimba atagonana kamodzi ndi mwamuna?” 92 d. Njira yoyamba ndi kunena kuti “ndinamva kuti” “Ndinamva kuti ukakana kugonana ndi munthu yemwe umamukonda, akhonza kukusiya. Nanga ungatani kuti ukane kugonana komanso usamukhumudwitse munthuyo?” 3. Afunseni ophunzira kuti akhale awiri awiri, atsikana okhaokha ndi anyamata okhaokha . Mu gulu lirilonse wina akhale wamkulu wina wachinyamata yemwe akufunsa thandizo pa vuto lomwe ali nalo ndipo achite izi mosinthana. Yemwe ali wachinyamata angathe kukamba nkhani ina ili yonse yomwe akufuna kapena ngathe kugwiritsa ntchito nkhani ya Zikani ndi Chimwemwe. Nkhani zake zikhale zokhuza kutha msinkhu kapena kugonana. Ayesere pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zalembedwa mpaka atamaliza zonse. 4. Yemwe akutenga mbali ya wamkulu wopereka malangizo awonenso makhalidwe omwe munthu wankulu wodalirika akuyenera kukhala nawo ndipo ayesere kuwawonetsera. 5. Awuzeni ophunzira kuti abwerere mmalo awo ndipo afunse mafunso awa: • • • • Mumamva bwanji momwe munal wamkulu wopereka malangizo? Zinali zophweka? Afunseni ophunzira kuti afotokoze momwe anamvera? Ndi makhalidwe ati amunthu wamkulu omwe munawakumbikira? Ndi makhalidwe ati amunthu wamkulu omwe nail ovuta kuwakumbukira Mumamva bwanji kukhala wachinyamata yemwe anapita kukafunsa thandizo kwa munthu wamkulu pa nkhani zokhuza kugonana? Munamva bwanji? Pali njira yoyambitsira kuyankhula yomwe anayiwona kuti inali yophweka? Kuomba mkota Mphindi 5 1. Nenani mwachidule momwe ophunzira anamvera momwe amatenga mbali ya wachinyamata yemwe amakafunsa thandizo kwa munthu wankulu: kumangika, kuchita mantha ndi zina. Athokozeni ophunzira chifukwa cholora kukambira nkhani zovutazi. 2. Akumbutseni ophunzira momwe amamvera mmene amatenga mbali yawamkulu wopereka malangizo ndipo ayerekeze ndi momwe amamvera momwe anali wachinyamata: kumangika chifukwa alibe mayankho olondora, kumangika ndi zina. 3. Akumbutseni za khalidwe lotenga mavuto ngati ako lomwe liri pamndandanda wa makhaldwe amunthu wamkulu yemwe tingathe kumudalira. Kutenga mavuto ngati ako zikutanthauza kuti kumva ngati momwe winayo akumvera ndikuziyerekeza ngati ndi iweyo. Nthawi yina akadzafuna kuyankhula ndi munthu wamkulu zokhuza kugonana, azakumbukire kuti munthu wamkuluyo azakhala womangika, komanso wamantha monga iwo analiri ndipo akhonza kugwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe aphunzira kuti ayambitse zokambiranazo. 93 Phunziro lotsatira 1. Thokozani ophunzira chifukwa chotenga mbali pa phunziroli. 2. Kambiranani za momwe phunziro lotsatira lidzayendere: • • • 94 NTHAWI; MALO; komanso MUTU/MITU yodzakambirana. Gawo 17 Kugonana ndi abambo akulu akulu Gawoli mwachidule Kufotokozera za gawo: Ophunzira akambirane zotsatira zogonana mtsikana ndi abambo akulu ndi kukambirana njira za momwe angachepetsere kapena kuthetsera vutoli. Zolinga za phunziro: Pa mapeto pa phunziro ili , ophunzira akhonze: 1. Kufotokoza zomwe zimawachititsa atsikana kugonana ndi abambo akulu akulu. 2. Kutchula zomwe zimawapangitsa atsiakana kugonana ndi abambo akulu akulu I. 3. Kupeza njira zochepetsera chiopsezo chomwe chimakhalapo chifukwa chogonana ndi abambo akulu akulu. Nthawi: Mphindi 45 Zipangizo zofunukira: 99 Nkhani ya maria ndi yina ya mafunso a nkhani ya Josofini mu ntchito 1. 99 Gawo ili likhonza kukhala lovuta.Mukuyenera kuwereng abwino nkhani yo khuza Mphamvu ndi kukakamiza mu gawo 15 “Sindimafuna kugonana”. 99 Mukuyenera kudziwa zaka za munthu yemwe amatengedwa kuti ndi wamkulu Mmalawi. Izi zizakuthandizani mu khwerero la chiwiri mu gawo lomaliza. (onani zoyenera kudziwa wophunzitsa kumapeto kwa phunziroli). Ntchito yoyamba: Wina amanena kuti “inde” wina “ayi” Mphindi 30 1. Kambiranani za chithunzichi powafunsa ophunzira mafunso awa… • • • • • Chikuchitika ndi chani mu chithunzichi? Izi zimachitika mdera lanu Izi zimachitika chifukwa chani? Atsikana amapeza phindu lanji akamachita zoterezi Abambo amapeza phindu lanji kamachita zoterezi 95 2. Agaweni ophunzira mumagulu awiri ang’onoang’ono. Awuzeni kuti akamba nkhani zokhuza atsikana apasukulupo omwe akuwaziwa. 3. Awuzeni kuti nkhani zawozo zikhale zatsatane tsatane, azikambe mwamphamvu, mosangalatsa komanso zoti ena ngathe kuyankhulapo monga momwe agogo awo amanenera nthano. 4. Funsani gulu lina kuti liganize za mzawo wotchedwa maria , yemwe avomere kuchita chibwenzi ndi abambo akulu. Akamakonzekera nkhani ya Maria yovomera kupanga chibwenzi ndi abambo, gulu lawo akambirane nkhani mafunso awa: • • • • • • • • Maria ndi wotani? Banja lakwawo ndi lotani? Kodi amachita bwino ku sukulu? Kodi zotsatira zabwino zovomera kukhala pa chibwenzi ndi abambo akulu ndi zotani kwa Maria? Nanga zotsatira zoyipa kwa Maria ndi zotani? Zoopsa zake ndi zotani? Ali ndi mphamvu mu chibwenzichi ndani? Maria anali ndi mwayi wosankha chani? Maria angachepetse bwanji chiopsezo chake mmene wavomera kukhala pa chibwenzi ndi abambo akulu? Maria angakane bwanji zogonana kapena kukamira kuti agwiritse ntchito kondomu? 5. Awuzeni agulu linalo kuti anena nkhani ya mzawo wa pasukulupo, Josofini, yemwe akane kukhala pa chibwenzi ndi abambo akulu. Akamakonzekera nkhani ya Maria yovomera kupanga chibwenzi ndi abambo, gulu lawo akambirane nkhani mafunso awa: • • • • • • • • • • Josephine ndi wotani? Banja lake ndi lotani? Kodi amachita bwino kusukulu? Chinamuchititsa Josofini kukana kukhala pa chibwenzi ndi abambo akulu ndi chani Anali ndi mphamvu ndani pa nkhani imeneyi? Josofini anali ndi mwayi wosankha chani? Kodi zotsatira zabwino za Josofini ndi chani? Kodi zilipo zotsatira zoyipa kwa Josofini chifukwa chokana? Kodi Josofini angatani kuti asakumane ndi zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zingabwere chifukwa chowakana abambowa Kodi Josofini angatani kuti achepetsebe chiopsezo chake? Awuzeni magulu awiriwa kuti azafotokoza nkhani za zawozo mu gawo linalo, awonetsetse kuti ayankha mafunso onse omwe afunsidwa. Ngati sakufuna kunena ngati nkhani cahbe angathe kupanga sewero. 6. Apatseni nthawi magulu awiriwa kuti akonzekere. 96 Ntchito ya chiwiri: Tsogolo la Maria ndi Josofini ndi lotani Mphindi 10 1. Magulu onse akumane malo amodzi ndipo gulu lirilonse linene nthano yawo; oyamba Maria kenako Josofini. 2. Afunseni ophunzira: • • • • Mungamuthandize bwanji Maria yemwe wavomera kukhala pachibwenzi ndi abambo akulu? Mungamuthandize bwanji Maria kuti akane kukhala pa chibwenzi ndi abambowa? Mungamuthandize bwanji Josofini kukana kukhala pa chibwenzi ndi abambo akulu? Mungamuthandize bwanji Josofini kukana kukhala pa chibwenzi ndi abambo akulu. 3. Afunseni ophunzira kuti aganizire kuti zotsatira za zisankho za atsikanawa ndi zotani? • • Chomwe chimutsane Maria ndi chani? Maria akhala ali pati pakamatha zaka zisanu? Akuchita chani? Chomwe chimutsatire Josofini ndi chani? Josofini akhala ali pati pakamatha zaka zisanu? Akuchita chani? Kuomba mkota Mphindi 5 1. Mu phunziri ili taphunzira zifukwa zomwe zimawapangitsa atsikana kuvomera kukhala pa chibwenzi ndi abambo akulu (Funsani zitsanzo) zotsatila zake (zoipa ndi zabwino) zakukhala pa chibwenzi ndi abambo akulu akulu (funsani zitsanzo), ndipomaliza, mmene tingachepetsere chiopsezo chokhala pa chibwenzi ndi abambo akulu (Funsani zitsanzo). 2. Awuzeni ophunzira kuti pambalipokhala kugonana koopsa, kugonana ndi akulu akulu ndi kuswa malamulo adziko luno. Akumbutseni ophunzira kuti mdziko lathu lino, malamulo amanena kuti, mwana wosakwana zaka 13 (wonani mumsimu) sangathe kukana kapena kuvomera kugonana ndi mwamuna. Ngati mwana yemwe ali pa chinthunzipa ndi wosakwana zaka 13, ndiye kuti bamboyi akuswa lamulo akamagonana naye. ZOYENERA KUDZIWA OTSOGOLERA: Malingana ndi malamulo adziko lino, munthu yemwe sanakwane zaka 13 amatengedwa kuti ndi mwana ndipo sangathe kupanga chiganizo china chili chonse pa yekha. Zomwe zikutanthauza kuti aliyense wa zaka zosaposa 13 sangathe kupanga ganizo linalilonse lokhuza kugonana. Wina aliyense wamkulu yemwe angagonane ndi mwa wosakwa zaka 13 akupalamula mulandu wogwiririra ndi akuyenereka kulangidwa monga mwa lamulo. 97 Phunziro lotsatira 1. Thokozani ophunzira chifukwa chotenga mbali pa phunziroli. 2. Kambiranani za momwe phunziro lotsatira lidzayendere: • • • 98 NTHAWI; MALO; komanso MUTU/MITU yodzakambirana. 99 Gawo 18 Zomwe ndimakhulupirira, Ndalama Gawoli mwachidule Kufotokozera za gawo: Kupyolera mukukambirana ndi zochitika zokhuza mtengo wa ndalama, ophunzira afotokoze zikhulupiliro zawo ndipo awone ngati njira zawo zopezera ndalama ndi momwe amagwiritsira ntchito ndalama zikugwirizana ndi zomwe amazikhulupirila. Zolinga zaphinziro: Pamapeto a phunziroli ophunzira aphunzire kuchita izi: 1. Kudziwa zomwe iwo amazikhulupilira. 2. Afufuze bwino bwino chidwi chomwe amayika pa zinthu ndi zomwe amachita kuti apeze zinthuzo. Nthawi: Mphindi 45 Zipangizo zofunukira: 99 Bolodi/choko kapena pepala ndi cholembera papela(pentopeni) 99 Pepala ndi pensulo (mungathenso kugwiritsa ntchito timitengo ndi kulemba pansi). Ntchito yoyamba: Kodi ndimakhulupilira chani? Mphindi 20 1. Afunseni ophunzira kuti mawu akuti zikhulupiliro amatanthauza chani? Funsani wina aliyense mkalasimo amene ali ndi choti anene mukutchula mobwereza mawu awa: • • Ndi mfundo ziti, zikhulupiliro, masomphenya kapena mfundo zomwe umazitsatila? Zimatithandiza kupanga chisankho cha zomwe ndingachite kapena ayi? Tinaphunzira kwa makolo athu, mdera lomwe timakhala, ku mtundu wathu, ku mpingo wathu, chifukwa ndife akazi kapena amuna, komwe timakhala ndi zina. 2. Perekani zitsanzo za zikhulupiro ndi makhalidwe omwe amafanana nazo: • • • • • 100 Chilungamo: Kunena zoona nthawi zonse Banja: Kusamala makolo anga kapena kukwatiwa Chipembezo: Kupemphera nthawi zonse Kumvera: kukhala bwenzi labwino Chuma: kukhala ndi ndalama zambiri • • Thanzi labwino: Kusamala thupi langaMaphunziro: Kukhonza bwino,kupitiliza maphunziro Miyambo ya chikhalidwe: Kulemekeza akulu, kupita kuchinamwali 3. Afunseni ophunzira kuti akahale awiriawiri ndipo akawuzane zomwe amakhulupilirat. ZOYENERA KUDZIWA OTSOGOLERA: Ndikofunika kuti ophunzira asamve ngati zikhulupililo zake zikuweruzidwa. Cholinga cha phunziroli sikuweruza zikhulupiliro za ophunzira koma kuwathandiza ophunzira kuti aganize kuti ziphunziro zawo ndi zotani. 4. Pakatha mphindi zisanu, ophunzira abwerere mmalo awo ndipo muwafunse kuti anene zikhulupiliro zawo. Mungathe kuzilemba pa bolodi kapena papepala ndipo muzichonga zomwe zabwerezedwa. Muwafunse kuti: • • Pali zikhulupiliro zina zomwe ndi zofanana kwa ophunzira onse zomwe sizinatchulidwe kwambiri? Kodi zinali zophweka kapena zovuta kukambira zikhulupiliro zawo? Ntchito 2: Mtengo wa ndalama Mphindi 20 1. Akumbutseni ophunzira za zikhulupiliro zawo ndikuwakumbutsa kuti zomwe amakhulupilira zimakhuza ziganizo zomwe amapanga . Awuzeni ophunzira kuti pakhala nthawi yowona momwe zikhulupiliro zawo zingakhuzire ziganizo zomwe amapanga pofuna kupeza kapena kugwirisa ntchito ndalama. 2. Afunseni ophunzira onse kuti ajambule mtengo ( papela kapena pansi) afotokozereni kuti mtengo wina uli wonse ukuyenera kukhala ndi masamba akulu akulu pakati pa 8 ndi 10 ndi mitsitsi ikulu ikulu ya pakati pa 5 ndi 8. Thunthu la mtengo likhonda kukhala laling’ono. Afotokozereni kuti masamba matengo akuyimira mmwe amagwiritsira ntchito ndalama zawo. Afunseni ophunzira kuti alembe pa tsamba lilonse zinthu zomwe amagula akakhala ndi ndalama. Chinthu chili chonse chilembedwe pa tsamba lakelake. Mitsitsi ya mtengowo ikuyimira njira zopezera ndalama . Afunseni ophunzira kuti alembe pa mitsitsi mmene amapezera ndalama ndi komwe amakapeza ndalama. 3. Afunse ophunzira mafunso awa: • • • Zomwe aphunzira pojambula mtengo Zilipo njira zomwe mungachepetsere kuononga ndalama kapena kusintha kuti muzigwiritsa bwino ntchito ndalama zanu? Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe mwalemba pa masamba zomwe mumazifunadi 101 • • Nanga ndi ziti zomwe simumazifuna koma mumangogula Mumangogula chifukwa chani? Ayikeni mayankho awo mumagulu, mwachitsanzo “chifukwa znanga li nazo” zimandipangitsa kuti ndioneke kuti ndine wapamwamba” ndi zina zotero. 4. Akumbutseni ophunzira za zikhulupiliro zawo zimene analemba . Afunseni mafunso awa: • • • Kodi zifukwa zomwe zimawapangitsa kugula zinthu izi zimaonetsera azomwe amakhulupilira Zikhulupiliro zake ndi ziti? Koma amatsutsana ndi kulimbana ndi zikhulupiliro zawo? 5. Afunseni ophunzira kuti awone njira zomwe amapezera ndalama. Afunseni mafunso awa? • • • • • • • Kodi njira zomwe ampaezera ndalama zikuonetsa zomwe amakhulupilira? Kodi zilipo njira zina zopezera ndalama zomwe simungazichite? Njira zake ndi ziti? Nanga ndi chifukwa chain simungazigwiritse ntchito? Chimachitika ndi chain munthu akakhala ndi zikhulupiliro ziwiri zomwe zikuoneka ngati zikutsutsana? Mwachitsanzo mtsikana wina makhulupilira kuti akhale ndi zovala zatsopano komanso kukhala moyo wathanzi ndi wautali. Kodi akhale pa chibwenzi ndi abambo akulu akulu kuti azimupatsa ndalama koma akhale pa chiopsezo chotenga kachirombo ka HIV? Kodi angatani kuti akwaniritse zikhulupililo zake zonsezi Kodi ndi chifukwa chani nthawi zina sitimatsatila zomwe timakhulupilira? Kodi anzathu apatipangitsa bwanji kuti tisinthe kapena kuyiwara zikhulupiliro zathu? Kodi tingatani kuti tisunge zomwe timakhulupilira? Kodi ngati abwenzi tingathandizane bwanji kusunga zikhulupiliro zathu? Kuomba mkota Mphindi 5 1. Athokozeni ophunzira potenga nawo mbali komanso chifukwa cha zomwe aphunzira? 2. Alimbikitseni ophunzira kuti azikambirana ndi abale awo zokhuzana ndi zomwe amakhulupilira. 3. Akumbutseni ophunzira za mbali yofunikira kwambiri yomwe angachite pothandizana wina ndi mzake kuti asunge zikhulupiliro zawo. 102 Phunziro Lotsatira? 1. Thokozani ophunzira chifukwa chotenga mbali pa phunziroli. 2. Kambiranani za momwe phunziro lotsatira lidzayendere: • • • NTHAWI; MALO; komanso MUTU/MITU yodzakambirana. 103 Gawo 19 Kugonana ndi bwenzi lako lokha Gawoli mwachidule Kufotokozera za gawo: Ophunzira aone mwakuya ngati ziri zotheka kwa mtsikana wa zaka 14 kulonjeza kuti azigonana ndi munthu mmodzi yekha ndi zotsatila zakusasunga lonjezoli. Zolinga Zaphunziro: Pamapeto paphunziroli ophunzira aphunzira: 1. Awuzeni kuopsa kokhala ndi mabwenzi ogonana nawo ambiri. 2. Pezani njira zomwe munthu angazigwiritse ntchito kuti akhale ndi bwenzi logonana nalo limodzi. Nthawi: Mphindi 45 Zipangizo zofunukira: 99 Jambulani bokosi pansi (kapena yikani pepala pansi) kutsogolo kwa kalasi lofanana mulitali ndi muli fupi. Ntchito yoyamba: Ndikulonjeza koma nanga…? Mphindi 40 1. Funsani mnyamata mmodzi ndi mtsikana mmodzi kuti abwere kutsogole . 2. Awuzeni ophunzira kuti anzawo omwe abwera kutsogolowo ali ndi zaka 14 aliyense: Maria ndi bwenzi lake Kwame. Iwo ali pa chibwenzi ndipo agwirizana kuti azigonana. Akunena kuti sazigonana ndi munthu winanso. 3. Afunseni achinyamata omwe ali kutsogolowa kuti ayime pa pepala lomwe lili kutsogolo lija ndipo awuzeni ophunzira kuti pepalali likuyimira kama wa Maria ndi Kwame. 4. Afunseni ophunzira kuti akambirane: • • Kodi chcingamuthandize Maria ndi Kwame kuti asunge lonjezo lawo ndi chani? Nanga chomwe chingapangitse kuti kukhale kovuta kukwanitsa ndi chani? 5. Awuzeni ophunzira kuti aganize kuti Maria ndi Kwame asunga lonjezo lawo. Afunseni mafunso awa: • 104 Ndi anthu angati omwe ali pa kama? (Yankho: awiri • • • • • • Kodi izi zingabweretse chani pa moyo wawo? Chinamuthandiza Maria ndi Kwame kuti asunge lonjezo lawo ndi chani? Kodi chiopsezo chawo ku HIV ndi matenda ena opatsirana pogonana ndi chani Nanga anthuwa ali pa chiopsezo chanji? Kodi ndi zoona kuganiza kuti anthu awiri azaka 14 angathe osakhala ndi mabwenzi ena ogonana nawo Kodi angatani kuti asagonanenso ndi munthu wina 6. Kodi Maria ndi Kwame sangathe kusunga lonjezo lawo angachite chani? Tsopano muwawuze ana suluku kuti Maria ndi Kwame amagonananso ndi anthu ena. Ophunzira asankhe Maria kapena Kwame ndipo osankhidwayo apite akasankhe munthu wina ndipo abwere naye pa kama paja. Funsani mafunso awa: • • • • • • • Ndi anthu ngati omwe ali pa kama? Ndi zikukwa ziti zomwe zingamupangitse Kwame kapena Maria kugonana ndi munthu wina? Kodi chiopsezo chawo ku HIV kapena matenda opatsirana pogonana ndi chotani tsopano? Zotsatila za khalidwe ili ndi zotani? What are the consequences of this behavior? Ngati Maria ndi Kwame anagwirizana kuti sazagonana ndi munthu wina, kodi yemwe akugonana ndi munthu winayo ndi wokhulupilika? Kodi yemwe akugonana ndi munthu winayo angabweretse mavuto anji kwa mzakeyo? Nanga iwo angatani? 7. Awuzeni ophunzira kuti aganizire kuti Maria ndi Kwame onse akugonana ndi munthu wina. Maria kapena Kwame apite akasankhe munthu wina bwere naye pa kama paja. Funsani mafunso awa: • • • • • • • • Ndi anthu angati omwe ali pa kama paj atsopano Kodi ndi chifukwa chani Maria ndi Kwame akugonana ndi anthu ena Kodi zotsatila za khalidwe limenli ndi zotani kwaonse awiri? Nanga chiopsezo chawo ku HIV ndi Matenda opatsirana pogonana ndi chotani? Kodi Maria ndi Kwame ndi okhulupilirika kwa wina ndi mzake? Kodi Maria ndi Kwame ali ndi udindo wanji kwa wina ndi mzake? Nanga ali ndi udindo wanji kwa anthu ena omwe akugonana nawowo? Nanga angachite chani? 8. Tsopano afunseni ophunzirawo kuti aganizire kuti anthu ena omwe amagonana ndi Maria ndi Kwame alinso ndi anthu ena ogonana nawo. Afunseni kuti awiri ena anayitanidwa aja akatenge anzawo ena. Funsani mafunso awa: • Ndi anthu angati omwe ali pakama ndi Maria ndi Kwame (yankho: 6) 9. Ophunzira aganizenso kuti anthu ena omwe ali pakama paja alinso ndi anthu ena ogonana nawo. Afunseni kuti nawonso akatenge anzawo ogonana nawo ndi kubwera nawo pa kama paja. 105 10.Afunseninso ena kuti abwere pakama paja kufikira anthu onse mkalasimo atabwera pakama paja. Izi zikhonza kukhala zosangalatsa kwa ophunzira chifukwa azikanganirana malo papepala paja. Akankhana kankhana afunseni mafunso awa: • Ndi anthu angati omwe ali pa bedi la kWame ndi Maria tsopano? 11.Muwawuze ophunzirawo kuti modzi wa iwo ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV komanso wina ali ndi matenda opatsirana kudzera pogonana. Koma munthu yemwe ali ndi matendawa sangadziwike pakungomuona momwe akuonekera. Funsani mafunso awa: • • • • Chiopsezo cha HIV ndi matenda opatsirana kudzera pogonana ndi chotani Kodi ophunzirawa anali okhulupirika ngati analonjezana ndi bwenzi lawo kuti sazagonana ndi wina? Kodi ophunzirawa ali ndi udindo wanji kwa wina ndi mzake? Nanga achite chani tsopano? Kuomba mkota Mphindi 5 1. Afunseni ophunzira kuti afotokoze chomwe aphunzira mu phunzirori chomwe chiri chothandiza kwa iwowo. 2. Akumbutseni ophunzira za gawo la kupanga chisankho pamene anapanga sewero lowomba mmanja kawiri nthawi ina ili yonse yomwe panali ganizo labwino. Ophunzira aganizire bwino za ganizo lina lirilonse lokhuza kukhala ndi bwenzi limodzi kapena ambiri ogonana nawo. Vuto lokhala ndi abwenzi ambiri ogonana nawo ndi lotani? 3. Awuzeni ophunzira kuti ngakhale zingakhale zosangalatsa kukhala ndi zibwenzi zambiri zogona nazo, zotsatira zake ndi zoipa kwambiri. 4. Akumbutseni ophunzira za phunziro lomwe anaphunzira njira zina zoonetsera chikondi kwa wina ndi mzako pambali pakugonana. Ophunzira anene njira zina zomwe Maria ndi Kwame akanachita kuti awonetse chikondi kwa wina ndi mzake. Phunziro lotsatira 1. Thokozani ophunzira chifukwa chotenga mbali pa phunziroli. 2. Kambiranani za momwe phunziro lotsatira lidzayendere: • • • 106 NTHAWI; MALO; komanso MUTU/MITU yodzakambirana. Gawo 20 Zotsatira za kumwa mowa Gawoli mwachidule Kufotokozera za gawo: Ophunzira awunikire momwe mowa ungawalepheretsere kukwaniritsa masomphenya awo ndipo aganizire za mfundo zomwe zingawathandize kuti asamamwe mowa mwa uchidakwa. Zolinga za phunziro: Pamapeto pa phunziroli ophunzira aphunzira izi: 1. Kufotokoza malamulo okhuza mowa kwa anthu amsinkhu wawo. 2. Ndi chifukwa chain anthu achinyamata ena amamwa mowa. 3. Kufotokoza zotsatila za kumwa mowa. 4. Kupeza njira zothanziza kuti asamamwe mowa kapena asamamwe mwa uchidakwa. Nthawi: Mphindi 45 Zipangizo zofunukira: 99 Kuwunika malamulo okhuza kumwa mowa ndi zaka zoyenera kumwa mowa ndi chilango chimene chimaperekedwa kwa achinyamata, eni ake malo ogulitsa ndi kumwera mowa ndi ena otero akalakwira malamulowa. Ntchito 1: Owa ndi masomphenya athu Mphindi 10 1. Afunseni ophunzira kuti anene kuti ndi chani chomwe chimabwera mumaganizo awo akamva mawu akuti mowa. Lembani pa bolodi zonsezi. 2. Jambulani chithunzi cha ophunzira , mbali inayi lembaniko mawu akuti masompohenya. 3. Fotokozani kuti munthu ukamwama mowa, umachita zinthu zomwe ulu bwino bwino sungachite. Munthu samaganiza bwino akamwa mowa. Afunseni ophunzira kuti ndi zinthu ziti zimene anthu amachita akamwa mowa zomwe sangachite akakhala kuti ali bwino bwino. Funsani kuti apereke zitsanzo. Afunseni kuti zimenezi zingawalepheretse bwanji kukwanilitsa masomphenya awo. Ngati kuli kotheka patseni chitsanzo chogonana mosadziteteza. Kugonana kosadziteteza kukhonza kuwalepheretsa kukwaniritsa masomphenya awo chifukwa kungapangitse kuti atenge mowa yosayembekezera komanso kachilombo ka HIV ndi zina. 107 4. Pa chitsanzo china chirichonse chomwe ophunzira apereka, afunseni kuti zingalepheretse bwanji kukwaniritsa masomphenya. Ophunzira onse akanena awuzeni kuti alembe cholepheretsa pakati pa chojambula chija ndi komwe kunalembedwa masomphenya kuja. 5. Onse akamaliza kujambula chorepheretsachi afunseni ophunzira awerenge kuti zolepheretsa zilipo zingati ndipo muwawuze kuti mowa umalepheretsa kukwaniritsa masomphenya athu. Malingana ndi zomwe zajambulidwa afunseni ophunzira kuti anene kuti ndi chifukwa chani achinyamata amamwa mowa ngakhale amadziwa kuti mowa umalepheretsa kukwaniritsa masomphenya awo. ZOYENERA KUDZIWA OTSOGOLERA: Muphunziro iri mukhonza kukambamo za mankhwala ena ozunguza bongo. Ntchito yachiwiri: Kuganiza musanachite Mphindi 30 Fotokozani kwa ophunzira kuti mbali ya chiwiri ya phunziroli iyankha funso lakuti ‘chifukwa chani’ pogwiritsa ntchito nthano. Werengani nthano ya Lute Lute anayamba kumwa mowa (vinyo) wokoma kukhala zochitika zosiyana siyana monga ngati pa mwambo wa sadaka.Akulu amakhala pakhomo, kugawana chakudya ndi zakumwa, achinyamata amakakhla kwa okha ku mdima kumamvetsera nyimbo ndikumwa mowa.Nthawi zambiri kukhala sadaka kumakhalanso mowa. Poyamba Lute amakana kumwa mowa koma mazimzkake amamuseka kuti ndi mwana. Iye amafuna nayenso akhale nawo mugulu lija komanso kuti akhale wamkulu ndipo achinyamata onse omwe amawasirira amamwa mowa. Izi zinamupangitsa kuti nayenso ayambe. Poyamba amasangalala ndi momwe amamvera akamwa, kutentha, kutchuka komanso kufuna zogonana-koma kenako anaymaba kumva kuwawa mmimba ndi mutu. Lute anapanga chisankho kuti sadzamwanso. Koama kuli sadaka ina, mnyamata wina yemwe amamukonda-Mapi- anamupatsa mowa ndipo anamupangitsa iye kumva kuti ndiofunikira kwambiri. Ndiye lute anavomera. Iye ndi Mapi anamwa mowa wawo ndi kukhala paokha kumakamwa ndi kukamba nkhani zawo. Lute sakanatha kudziwa kuti anamwa mowa wochuluka bwanji komanso zomwe zinachitika koma akuganiza kuti Iye ndi Mapi anagonana-ngakhale amaganiza kuti anakana. 1. Kodi ndi zovuta ziti zomwe zingakhale zotsatila za khalidwe la Lute lakumwa mowa? Zina mwa zovutazo zikhonza kukhala monga: kudwala mmimba/mutu, matenda opatsirana pogonana, kugwiriridwa, kutenga mamba/ matenda opatsirana pogonana kapena HIV, kudzichotsera ulemu wake ndi zina zotero. 108 2. Ndi chifukwa chani Lute anaganiza zomwa mowa? Zifukwa zina zitha kukhala monga: chifukwa chofuna kukhala ngati anzake, samafuna kunyozeka, amafuna kuti mzake mapi amukonde ndi zina zotero. 3. Tsopano poti tadziwa zina mwa zifukwa zomwe zinamupangitsa Lute kumwa mowa tiyene tibwerere mmbuyo timuthandize Lute kuonanso ubwino ndi kuona kwa ganizo lina lirilonse lomwe anapanga. 4. Akumbutseni ophunzira za nkhani yakupanga chisankho pamene mumawafunsa ophunzira kuomba mmanja kawiri nthawi yomwe pakufunika kupanga chisankho. Afunseni ophunzira za zisankho zomwe Lute mayenera kuchita. (Mwachitsanzo kumwa mowa atasekedwa ndi anzake,asamwenso mowa chifukwa choti unamudwalitsa, kumwa mzake Mapi atamufunsa kuti atero, kuchokapo onse limodzi ndi Mapi ndi zina zotero). 5. Tiyeni timuthandize Lute poyerekeza kuti tabweza nthawi mmbuyo ndipo zomwe zinachitikazo sizinachitike. Tiyang’ana ganizo lina lilinse (ndi kuomba mmanja kawiri) ndikuganizira za ubwino ndi kuipa kwa chisankho china chili chonse chimene anapanga. 6. Kuyang’ana za chisankho china chiri chonse, kodi angachite bwanji kuti apewe chiopsezo chomwe angakhale nacho chifukwa cha kumwa mowa pa zifukwa zimene anapereka? Mwa chitsanzo: Ndi chifukwa chani anamwa? Samafuna kusekedwa Ombani m’manja kawiri Chomwe akanachita mmalo momwa mowa Kumvera nyimbo ndi achinyamata ena koma akhlale ndi mzake wina yemwe samamwa ndipo alonjezane kuti alimbikitsana kuti asamwe mowa. Anamwa chifukwa chani Samafuna kunyozedwa . Ombani mmanja kawiri Kupeza njira mmalo mwakumwa Gwiritsani ntchito kuyankhula mozidalira Sizimandisangalatsa mukamandi nyoza chifukwa ndimmamva ngati sine mmodzi wa inu ndikufuna kuti musiye zimenezi.” Ndi chifikwa chani anamwa? Amafuna kumusangalatsa Mapi Ombani kawiri Kusankha njira yina mmalo mwakumwa Amuyitane Mapi kuti akacheze naye pamodzi ndi mzake Mary mmalo mwakumwa. 109 Kuomba mkota Mphindi 5 1. Ombani mkota mofotokozanso kuti zotsatila za kumwa mowa zingalepheretse kukwaniritsa masomphenya.Afunseni ophunzira kuti kuti apereke zitsanzo. Mwachitsanzo; Ngati lute ali ndi mamba sangathe kupitiliza maphunziro ake. 2. Akumbutseni ophunzira kuti aliyense ali di chifukwa chimene amamwera mowa . Awuzeni ophunzira kuti aganizire paokha za Lute ndi zifukwa zomwe anamwera mowa (samafuna kunyozedwa, amafuna kuti amzake asamusale, amafuna Mapi kuti amukonde). 3. Onaninso za malamulo okhuza kumwa mowa. Phunziro lotsatira 1. Thokozani ophunzira chifukwa chotenga mbali pa phunziroli. 2. Kambiranani za momwe phunziro lotsatira lidzayendere: • • • 110 NTHAWI; MALO; komanso MUTU/MITU yodzakambirana. Gawo 21 Kugwiritsa ntchito kuyankhula ngati njira yodzitetezera Gawoli mwachidule Kufotokozera za gawo: Ophunzira aphunzire njira zosiyana siyana zoyankhulirana kuti ziathandize kuziteteza. Zolinga zaphunziro: Pamapeto pa phunziroli ophunzira aphunzire: 1. Kufotokoza njira zisanu za momwe tingagwiritsire kuyankhulana kuti titetezeke. 2. Kuwiritsa ntchito njira zoyankhuliraan kuti achipetse chiopsezo chawo chogwiriridwa. Nthawi: Mphindi 45 Zipangizo zofunukira: 99 Kudziwa bwino za njira zoyankhulirana ndi zitsanzo zomwe zili mu ntchito 1. Ntchito 1 kuyankhula! Kukambirana! Kuthawa! Mphindi 40 1. Awuzeni ophunzira kuti aphunzira njira yomwe ingawathandize kuthana ndi zovuta zomwe angakumanae nazo. 2. Fotokozani njira zisanu zoyankhulirana pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zili musizi. Chitsanzo: “Popita kunyumba mnyamata akumukakamiza khrise kuti agonane naye Mtsikanayo sakufuna chifukwa ndi namwari.” 111 Momwe mungachitile Chitsanzo Kukhala ozodalira Gwiritsani ntchito izi kuti kufotokoza momwe mukumvera: Ndikumva ngati Ukama Chifukwa… Ndipo ndikufuna Ndimamva kukamizidwa ukamandiuza kuti ndigonane nawe chifukwa ndilamulo la kutchalitchi kwa kuti ndizisunge mpakana ndizalowe mbanja nndiye ndikukupempha kuti usiye kundivutitsa. Kanani Yankhulani molimba mtima Gwiritsani ntchito ayi ngati yankho lanu. Ayi. Ndikutanthauza ayi Ndakana sindikufuna kugonana nawe Imitsani zokambirana kufikira nthawi yina mutaganiza bwino . Sindingakupatseni yankho lero chifukwa ndikufuna ndikayankhule kaye ndi abusa nga kuti nditani. Ndikawafunsa lamulungu likubwerari Pemphani Pangani chiganizo chomwe nonse mungagwirizane nacho. Sindingagonane nawe koma utha kupita nane kutchalitchi ndi anthu akathu. Thawani/pewani Chokani pamalo pomwe mukuwona kuti mungathe kuchitidwa chipongwe. Njira yoyankhulirana Dikilani Ngati mnyamata akumuopseza khrise azingopita osamuyankha kapena abwerere kusukulu akawawuze aphunzitsi kuti amuthandize. ZOYENERA KUDZIWA OTSOGOLERA: Afotokozereni kuti njira zonse zoyankhulirana ndi zothandiza nthawi ina ili yonse. Musawone ngati mwalakwitsa mukapanda kunyengerera kapena kukambirana. Mukawona kuti ndinu wosatetezeka thawani kapena chokanipo pamalopo. 3. Zitsanzo zina za momwe mungayankhulilane ziri kumapeteku. 4. Agaweni ophunzira mumagulu okwana asanu. Mugulu lirilonse mukhale anyamata ndi atsikana. 5. Lipatseni gulu lirilonse chimodzi mwa zochitika zokhuza njira zoyankhulirana zomwe ziri kummapeto kwa phunzirori. 6. Gulu lirilonse likonzekere kupanga sewero lowonetsa njira yoyankhulirana yomwe yaperekedwa ku gululo ndi momwe njirayo ingawathandizire pankhani yomwe awerenge. 112 7. Apatseni nthawi ophunzira yokonzekera sewero lawo. 8. Awuzeni onse kuti akhalenso pamodzi. Afunseni onse kuti awonetse njira zoyankhulirana zosiyanasiyana kufikira njira zonse zoyankhulirana zitawonetsedwa 9. Onse akamaliza kuwonetsa sewero lawo, afunseni: • • • • • Ndi zovuta ziti zomwe anakumana nazo mmene amapanga masewerowa? Ndi njira yiti yoyankhulirana yomwe inali yophweka. Ndi chifukwa chani? Ndi jira iyi yoyankhulirana yomwe ikumakuwonekera yophweka? Chifukwa chani? Ndi njira ziti zoyankhulirana zomwe ziri zothandiza mukakhala pa chiopsezo? Ndi njira ziti zoyankhulirana zomwe ziri zosathandiza mukakhala pa chiopsezo? 10.Afunseni kuti anyamata angatani ataona mnyamata mzawo akuchita zoyipa kapena kukakamiza mtsikana kuti agonane naye? 11.Ophunzira angatani kuti azithandizana? Kuomba mkota Mphindi 5 1. Awuzeni ophunzira kuti pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyankhuliranazi, angathe kupeza njira zothanirana ndi chiopsezo chomwe akumana nacho. 2. Tsindikani kuti nthawi yina iriyonse yomwe ophunzira awona kuti ali pa chiopsezo achite chotheka kuchokapo ndi kukapeza thandizo. 3. Malizani ndi kuwawuza ophunzira kuti akuyenera kukhala othandizana. Akhonza kuyesera zomwe aphunzira poonetsetsa kuti akuyendera limodzi kuti athe kutetezana. Phunziro lotsatira 1. Thokozani ophunzira chifukwa chotenga mbali pa phunziroli. 2. Kambiranani za momwe phunziro lotsatira lidzayendere: • • • NTHAWI; MALO; komanso MUTU/MITU yodzakambirana. 113 Zitsanzo za ntchito 1 a. Marita amapita kunyumba kuchokera kusukulu ndipo anadutsa njira yachidule yodutsa mumunda momwe munali chimanga chitali chitali. Pamene amadutsa pomwe panali chimanga chambiri komanso chitali chitali, mnyamata wina wamkulu wa kusukulu kwawo anamudumphira Marita. Anamuuza kutiasakuwe.Mnyamatayo anamuua Marita kuti amayerekedwa chifukwa ndi namwari ndiye akufuna amuonetse kuti sangakane amuna. Kodi Marita anene kuti chani nanga achite chani kuti kuti aziteteze? Njira yoyankhulirana-kuthawa/ kupewa. b. Bambo wanyumba yoyandikana ndi ya kwa Esime anamuza kuti akufuna kuti Esime apite kunyumba kwake akamuthandize ntchito zapakhomo. Bamboyo anamuuza Esime kuti kuti poti iye ndi mzawo wa bamboo ake, azimutenga ngati wachibale ndipo azimuyitana kuti amalume. Esime samawakonda malumewa chifukwa samamasuka komanso amakhala ndi mantha akakhala pafupi. Amzake ena anamunong’oneza kuti amalumewa mawagwiragwira. Kodi Esime anganene chani kwa amalumewa. Njira yoyankhulirana-kudikira. c. Mayi ake a Peturo anali ndi anzawo omwe amuna awo anamwarira ndipo amakonda kukhala ndi chidwi ndi maphunziro a Peturo. Makolo a Peturo atalephera kumulipilira sukulu, Mayiyu anadzipereka kuti amulipirira akalora kumuthandiza ntchito zapakhomo. Peturo anavomera. Zonse zinayamba bwino koma kenako anayamba kmufunsa mafunso achinsinsi okhuza bwenzi lake komanso zomwe amakonda. Tsiku lina atapita kunyumba kwawo anayamba kumugwiragwira. Kodi Peturo awawuze chani amayiwa amasiyewa Njira yoyankhulirana -Kuwadandaulira– d. Tsku lina taweruka aphunzitsi ake a Sara anamuuza kuti akawasiyire mabuku awo kunyumba kwawo. Atafika kunyumba napeza kuti analimo yekha mnyumbamo. Anamufunsira ndipo anamuuza kuti alowe m’nyumba. Sara awawuze kuti chain aphunzitsiwa? Njira yoyankhuliranakukana. e. Madalitso amakonda sukulu koma amakhala ndi nthawi yochepa yowerenga chifukwa ali ndi abale ake ena ng’ono ang’ono okwana asanu. Akamamaliza ntchito zapakhomo madzulu amakhala atatopa ndipo skhala ndi nthawi yolemba ntchito yomwe aphunzitsi anamupatsa kusukulu. Lero iye anali osangala pamene aphunzitsi anamutchula mkalasi ya masamu chifukwa maona ngati akudziwa yankho lake. Koma malakwitsa. Aphunzitsi anamuseka ndi kunena kuti aliyense akudziwa kuti akazi sakhonza masamu . Anamuuza Madalitso kuti akungotaya nthawi yake kumapita kusukulu, kuli bwino angopeza mwamuna kuti amukwatire. Kodi amzake aMadalitso komanso Paul awauze chain aphnzitsiwa? Njira yoyankhulirana –Kuzidalira. 114 Njira zina zoyankhulirana o Chitsanzo: “Aphunzitsi amuna amene amatchuka ndi kupanga zibwenzi ndi atsikana ang’ono ang’ono amuuza mtsikana wa folomu 4 kuti akawasiyire mabukhu kunyumba kwawo’ Njira yoyankhurilana Mungayankhule bwanji Chitsanzo Kukhala ozidalira Gwiritsani ntchito izi kufotokoza maganizo anu : Ndikumva ngati… Mukamandi… Chifukwa … Ndipo ndikufuna … Ndimamva kumasuka mukamandiperekeza kunyumba chifukwa ndinu aphunzitsi anga ndipo sizoyenera kuti ndipite kunyumba kwanu ndipo ndikupempha musazanduuzenso zimenezi. Kukana Nenani molimba mtima . Kanani kotheratu. Ndakana! Ndakana ndithu Ndakana sindipita nanu kunyumba Kuchedwa/kudikira Musafulumire kuyankha kufikira mutaganiza bwino kapena kuchoka malo osatetezeka. Zikomo pondipempha kuti ndikuperekezeni aphunzitsi. Koma ndikawafunse kaye makolo anga. Ndikawuza ndipo ndizakuwuzani mawa Kukambirana Pangani chiganizo chimene nonse mugwirizane nacho. Sindingakuperekezeni chifukwa makolo anga sangandilore, komandikhonza kukuperekezani mpaka pamete pathera malo asukuyi. Kuthawa/kupewa Chokani pamalo pamene mukuona kuti chitetezo cahnu ndi chochepa kapena mukhonza kuchitidwa chipongwe. Musayankhe muzingopita. Kapena yendani nawo aphunzitsi koma mukafika pakhomo pa nyumba yawo thawani. 115 Chitsanzo: “Abambo akulu agalimoto yawo anamuuza mtsikana wa sitandadi 5 kuti akakwera mgalimoto yawo amugulira mowa komanso amupatsa ndalama. Njira yoyankhurilana 116 Mungayankhule bwanji Chitsanzo Kukhala ozidalira Gwiritsani ntchito izi kufotokoza maganizo anu : Ndikumva ngati… Mukamandi… Chifukwa … Ndipo ndikufuna … Sindingavomere kukwera galimoto yanu chifukwa sindikukudziwani ndipo musadzandiuzenso kuti ndikwere galimoto yanu. Kukana Nenani molimba mtima . Kanani kotheratu. Ndakana Sindikufuna Ndakana sindikwera o. Kuchedwa/kudikira Musafulumire kuyankha kufikira mutaganiza bwino kapena kuchoka malo osatetezeka. Zikomo pondipempha kuti ndikwere nawo galimoto yanu koma ndikawapemphe kaye makolo anga. Kukambirana Pangani chiganizo chimene nonse mugwirizane nacho. Izi ndi zovuta chotero kukambirana sikungathandize. Kunama kungathe kuthandiza di cholinga choti uchokepo. Chokani ndikukawuza munthu yemwe mukumudalira. Kuthawa/kupewa Chokani pamalo pamene mukuona kuti chitetezo cahnu ndi chochepa kapena mukhonza kuchitidwa chipongwe. Musayankhe, thawanirani ku malo komwe mungakhale otetezeka. Gawo 22 Kulemekeza kale lathu, kusunga tsogolo lathu Gawoli mwachidule Kufotokozera za gawo: Ophunzira awonenso bwino za chikhalidwe chawo ndi momwe chikuwirizirana ndi chiopsezo. Zolinga za phunziroli: Pamapeto pa phunziroli, ophunzira aphunzira 1. Zikhalidwe zomwe zimalimbikitsa kuti amunthu akhale ozilemekeza, olemekeza thupi lake komanso la anthu ena 2. Zikhalidwe zomwe zili zoyipa komanso zingathe kuyika munthu pa chiopsezo. Nthawi: Mphindi 45 Zipangizo zofunukira: Palibe Ntchito 1: Chikhalidwe chathu chimatiuza kuti Mphindi 25 1. Yambani ndi kuwafunsa ophunzira mafunso awa Ndizinthu ziti zomwe zili mu chikhalidwe chathu? • • • • Kuti zikhalidwe zimenezi ndi zothandiza? (mwachitsanzo, khalidwe loyang’anira abale ena ndi ana amasiye) Zikhalidwe zina ndi zoipa l? (Mwachitsanzo abambo akulu akulu kumagona ndi atsikana ng’onong’ono ndi cholinga chowakhwimitsa.) Pali zikhalidwe zina zomwe ndi zoipa komanso zabwino? (Mwachitsanzo, amayi kukana kugonana ngati njira yorela zimathandiza mayi komanso mwana uja kukula bwino. Koma ngati bamboo asakudziletsa, thanzi la mayi, bamboo ndi banja lonse likhonza kukhuzidwa ngati bamboyo akuchita zachiwerewere mosadziteteza, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zomwe banja lija likanagwiritsa ntchito ndi kutenga kachilombo ka HIV Kodi zikhalidwe zimasintha kapena zimakhala chimodzi modzi? Zikhalidwe zina zinali zothandiza kale kale koma pano zinthu zinasintha chotero ndipofunika kusintha kapena kuthetsa zikhalidwe zoterezi. Mwachitsanzo kuwaphunzitsa atsikana kugonana ndi amuna kulu akulu akatha msinkhu zinali zothandiza kwa atsikana akakwatiwa kale kalero ndipo kunalibe HIV. Masiku ano atsikana amapita kusukulu, ndikukwatiwa akamaliza sukulu komanso ali pa chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo ka HIV ngati angachite zomwe anaphunzitsidwa ku chinamwali. 117 2. Awuzeni ophunzira kuti zikhalidwe zikusintha mu madera osiyanasiyana. Izi ndi zabwino chifukwa malo omwe tikukhala nawonso akusintha choteo ndikofunika kusintha kuti miyoyo yathu nayo isinthe. 3. Awuzeni ophunzira kuti ndikofunika kuganiza bwino za momwe tingasungire ndi kulimbikitsa zinthu zomwe ziri zabwino zokhuza chikhalidwe chathu ndi kusintha kapena kusiya zomwe ziri zoyipa. 4. Agaweni ophunzira mumagulu, anyamata amsinkhu umodzi akhale gulu limodzi chimodzimodzinso atsikana. Funsani gulu lilonse kuti lilembe malangizo omwe amalandira kuchokera kwa akulu akulu okhuza kukula ndi nkhani zogonana komanso zokhuza kukhala mwamuna kapena mkaziweniweni. 5. Gulu lilonse lisankhe langizo limodzi kapena awiri ndipo alembe ubwino walangizo limeneli kmanso kuipa kwake. Ntchito 2: Zikhalidwe zomwe ndingasunge… zikhalidwe zomwe sindingazisunge Mphindi 19 1. Ngati ziri zovomerezeka awuzeni ophunzira abwerere mmumalo awo ndipo kambiranani za malangizo kapena miyambo yomwe analemba ija . Ngati ziri zosaloledwa kuti onse akhale pamodzi, aphunzitsi amuna akhale ndi anyamta paokha ndipo aphunzitsi akazi akhalenso ndi atsikana paokha. 2. Mu gulu lirilonse kambiranani ubwino ndi kuyipa kwa malangizo omwe analembedwa. Awuzeni ophunzira kuti akuyenera kuvotera khalidwe lina lirilonse ndipo mavoti atsikana ndi anyamata awerengeredwa ndi kulembedwa. Pa langizo kapena mwambo uli wonse funsani mafunso awa: • • • • Ndi angati omwe akuganiza kuti mwambo kapena langizoli likhale choncho? Ndi angati akuganiza kuti mwambowu kapena langizoli lisiyidwe? Ndi angati akuganiza kuti lisinthidwe? Ngati mukufuna kusintha mwambo, mukufuna usinthe bwanji? 3. Kwa ophunzira omwe anamva kuti miyambo yina ikuyenera kuthetsedwa kapena kusinthidwa, akuganiza kuti iwoiwo ngati ophunzira angachitepo chani kuti izi zitheke? 4. Alangizeni ophunzira kuti kuti akambirane ndi abwenzi awo, abale kapena oyandikana nawo nyumba zokhuza mwambo kapena langizo lomwe akufuna lithetsedwe kapena lisinthidwe pofunsa mafunso awa. 118 5. Mukufuna mutasintha, nanga tingasinthe bwanji. Ophunzira akuyenera kudziwa kuti kukamba za miyambo monga yachinamwari kukhonza kukhala kovutilapo chotero adziwe kuti anthu ena sangafune kukambirana za nkhani imeneyi. Omwe sakufunawo asawakakamize. ZOYENERA KUDZIWA OTSOGORELA: Kukamba zokhuza chinamwari kuknza kukhala kovutilapo chotero aphunzitsi awone ngati kuli koyenera kuti ophunzira akambe nkhani ngati imeneyi. Kuomba mkota Mphindi imodzi 1. Ayamikireni ophunzira chifukwa cholora kukambirana nkhani zimenezi. 2. Akumbutseni ophunzira kuti zikhalidwe zikusintha ndi kuti ngakhale tikufuna kusataya chikhalidwe chathu tiganizenso za tsogolo lathu. Phunziro lotsatira 1. Thokozani ophunzira chifukwa chotenga mbali pa phunziroli. 2. Kambiranani za momwe phunziro lotsatira lidzayendere: • • • NTHAWI; MALO; komanso MUTU/MITU yodzakambirana. 119 Gawo 23 Kodi Ndiri pa chiopsezo? Gawoli mwachidule Kufotokozera za gawo: Ophunzira afufuze za zinthu zomwe anyamata ndi atsikana amachitira limodzi ndipo alembe kuopsa kwa chili chonse. Zolinga za phunziro: Pomaliza phunziroli ophunzira aphunzira. 1. Makhalidwe omwe amapangitsa munthu kukhala pa chiopsezo chotenga HIV. 2. Kupeza njira zochepetsera chiopsezo. Nthawi: Mphindi 45 Zipangizo zofunukira: 99 Mu ntchito yoyamba mukuyenera kukhala ndi zitsanzo za zochitika zomwe ziri zofunika kwa anyamata ndi atsikana ndipo gwiritsani ntchito chiyankhulidwe chawo. Ganizilani za maphunziro ena ambuyomu kuti atahandize ophunzira kupeza zitsanzo . Mwachitsanzo, ngati mukukamba za mowa, tchulani zitsanzo zomwe ophunzira anapereka monga kukamwa mowa ku mtsinje ndi anzanga. Zinthu zomwe ophunzira amachita ngati mbali imodzi ya chisangalalo. Ntchito yoyamba: Izi ndi zosangalatsa komanso zoopsa Mphindi 40 1. Agaweni ophunzira anyamata ndi atsikana paokha. 2. Funsani gulu lirilonse kuti aganize za machitachita osiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo okhuza zogonana omwe anyamata ndi atsikana angachite kuti asangalale. Awuzeni kuti aganizire zinthu zonse zomwe akambirana mumaphunziro ammbuyomu. Apatseni zitsanzo monga zingapo, monga Kusewera mpira kapena masewera ena ali wonse. • • • • • • • 120 Kupita kunyumba ndi abwenzi Kupsopsonana Kugwiranagwirana malo obisika Kugonana kugwiritsa ntchito kondomu Kugonana osagwiritsa ntchito kondomu Kumvera nyimbo Kuyankhula ndi abwenzi • • • • • Kupita kuchinamwali limodzi Kusasa fumbi (kapena miyambo yina yomwe yakambidwa mu phunziro 21 Kukmwa mowa ndi kpita ku malo omwera mowa Kukagula zinthu kumsika Kugonana ndi abambo Kupita ku mzikiti/tchalitchi 3. Ophunzira azitchula zomwe alemba ndipo inu muzilembe pa bolodi. Mukalemba zonse pa bolodi , perekani chochitika chimodzi kwa ophunzira aliyense. Onjezerani machitachita ena kuti ophuzira aliyense atenge chimodzi. 4. Lembani mzere pansi. Lembani ‘chiopsezo chachikulu’ mbali ina, kapena ikani chizindikiro chosenya chiopsezo ku HIV. Pakati pa mzere lembani ‘chiopsezo pang’ono’ kapena ikani chizindikiro chosonyeza chiopsezo pang’ono ku HIV ndipo kumapeto amzere lembani ‘palibe chiopsezo’ kapena ikani chizindikiro chosonyeza kuti palibe chiopsezo ku HIV. 5. Awuzeni ophunzira kuti aganizire chochitika chomwe apatsidwa ndipo azifunse mafunso awa: • • Machitachita amenewa ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu, chaching’ono kapena alibe chiopsezo chotenga HIV? Ndichifukwa chani ndikuganiza choncho? 6. OPhunzira onse ayime pamzere malo omwe akusonyeza chiopsezo chochitika chomwe apatsidwa. 7. Kenako afunseni ophunzira kuti ndi chifukwa chani ayima pamene ayimapo. ZOYENERA KUDZIWA OTSOGOLERA: Awuzeni ophunzira onse kuti sakufotokoza kapena sakuyikira kumbuyo zomwe iwo amachita. MMalo ofunsa kuti ‘ndi chifukwa chani umachita zimenezi,’ funsani kuti ‘mukuganiza kuti ana asukulu amachita izi chifukwa chani’ 8. Afunseni ophunzira ena kuti anene ngati akugwirizana nazo kapena ayi komanso anene zifukwa chake. Onetsetsani kuti zokambiranazi ndi zosangalatsa. Onetsetsani kuti zomwe akukambirana ndi zoona. Mungathe kuonjezerapo mfundo zina zomwe ophunzira sanazitchule. Onetsetsani kuti pali kugwirizana pakati pa machitachitawa ndi chiopsezo ku HIV. Mwachitsanzo: • • Kumwa mowa sukungafalitse kachilombo ka HIV koma mutha kufunsa ‘mukuganiza kuti chimachitika ndi chani anyamata ndi atsikana akamwa mowa limodzi?’ Zimakhala zovuta kapena zophweka kukana kugonana? Mwamuna yemwe waledzera komanso anagulira mowa mtsikana angakwiye ngati mtsikanayo angakane zogonana? Chingachitike ndi chani? Ngati chochitikacho chiri chofunika ndalama, afunseni ophunzira kuti ‘mwana wa sukulu ndalamazo amazitenga kuti?’ 121 • Machitachita ena akhonza kukhala ongobisalilako koma cholinga chake chiri choti achinyamata akagonane. Mwachitsanzo, atsikana khonza kunena kuti ‘akupita kuchigayo kukagayitsa’ ngati njira yozembera kuti akakumane ndi anyamata kuti akagonane. Zikhonza kukhala bwino ngati muli ndi zitsanzo zambiri zaterezi. 9. Mutatha kukambirana kwa nthawi yayitali omwe akuona kuti anayima polakwika asunthe. Koma ngati anayima malo abwino asasunthe koma akhale pansi pa mzerepo. 10.Pitilizani kufikira aliyense atakhala pa mzere. Onjezerani machitachita ena ofunikira makamaka okhuzana ndi kugonana omwe sanawaganizire. 11.Afunseni ophunzira: • • • • Ndi machitachita ati omwe angabweretse chiopsezo chachikulu? Ndi machitachita ati omwe angabweretse chiopsezo chochepa Ndimachitachita ati omwe akuoneka achiopsezo chochepa kapena opanda chiopsezo koma angakhale ndi chiopsezo chochuluka? monga kumwa mowa. Ndi machitachita ati omwe alibe chiopsezo? Ndi machitachitati omwe munthu angasangalare nawo omwe sangamuyike pa chiopsezo chotenga kachirombo ka HIV. Kuomba mkota Mphindi 5 1. Awuzeni ophunzira kuti ndikofunika kuti anyamata ndi atsikana akhale ndi zinthu zomwe angapange limodzi mosangalala komanso ndi kupewa HIV. 2. Afunseni ophunzira kuti angachite chani kuti athandizane wina ndi mzake kucita machitachita osangalatsa omwe alibe chiopsezo ku HIV? 3. Afunseni ophunzira zomwe aphunzira kuchokera ku phunziro ili ndi zomwe ali okonzeka kukthandizana wina ndi mzake Phunziro lotsatira 1. Thokozani ophunzira chifukwa chotenga mbali pa phunziroli. 2. Kambiranani za momwe phunziro lotsatira lidzayendere: • • • 122 NTHAWI; MALO; komanso MUTU/MITU yodzakambirana. Gawo 24 Kukonza za tsogolo langa Gawoli mwachidule Kufotokozera za gawo: Kutengera pa zomwe ophunzira aphunzira mumaphunziro amubukhulu, ophunzira apange mapulani atsogolo lawo Pomaliza phunziro ili ophunzira aphunzira: Zolinga za phunziro: Pomaliza phunziro ili ophunzira aphunzira: 1. Kufotokoza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira yophweka yopangira mapulani amoyo wawo. 2. Kutchula masomphenya awo. Nthawi: Mphindi 45 Zipangizo zofunukira: 99 Bolodi/choko/pepala laikulu lolembapo/pentopeni Ophunzira aliyense akhale ndi pepala ndi cholembera. 99 Ganizilani kuti ndi nthawi yayitali bwanji imene yapitapo kuchokera pamene munaphunzitsa phunziro lachiwiri kudzafika pano. Mukhonza kulumpha funso loyamba, ndikufikira funso lachiwiri ngati papita nthawi yayitali kwambiri Ntchito 1, khwerero 7,ikukhuza kufunsa ophunzira zokhuza kukhala ndi masomphenya. Aphunzitsi angathe kulemba mafunsowa pa bolodi musanayambe kuphunzitsa. Ntchito 1: Ndondomeko zomwe ndingatsate pokhazikitsa masomphenya anga Mphindi 40 1. Akumbutseni ophunzira kuti mmene amayamba maphunziro a GGI anaphunzira mmene angakhazikitsire masomphenya amoyo wawo. 2. Afunseni ophunzira kuti aganize za masomphenya omwe akufuna kuwakwaniritsa. Akhonza kukhala masomphenya omwe anali nawo mu phunziro lachiwiri kapena osiyana omwe awaganizira momwe amaphunzira maphunziro a GGI. 3. Mpatseni ophunzira alayense pepala. Afunseni ophunzira kuti alembe kapena kujambula masomphenya awo kudzanja lamanja la pepala lomwe munawapatsa lija. Kumamzere alembeko dzina lake kapena ajambule chithunzi chake. 4. PAwuzenii kuti tsopano wina aliyense ali ndi masomphenya ake, ndi nthawi yoti tikambirane 123 zina ndi zina zokhuza masomphenyawa ndi momwe tingawakwaniritsire. Awuzeni ophunzira awone ngati pali nyanja pakati pa iwowo ndi masomphenya awo. Angafune chain kuti mange mulatho pakati pa iwowo ndi masomphenya awowo. Aloleri kuti aganize mwakuya. Lembani m,ayankho pa bolodi. 5. Ayamikireni ophunzira chifukwa chakuganiza mwakuya ndipo muwafunse ajambule miyala itatu ikulu ikulu pakati pa iwowo ndi masomphenya awo. 6. Pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe ophunzira apeza ataganiza mwakuya zija, athandizeni ophunzira kukonzekera masomphenya awo. • Mwala woyamba: Chifukwa chani masomphenyawa ali osangalatsa kwa ine? Ndizovuta kuti ukwaniritse masomphenya ako ngati usakusangalala nawo. Afunseni kuti chikuwapangitsa kuti akhale ndi masomphenya amenewa ndi chani ndipo mulembe yankholo mu mwala woyamba omwe uli pakati pa iwowo ndi masomphenya awo. • Mwala wachiwiri: Ndani kapena ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zingawathandize uti akwaniritse masomphenya awo? Zikhonza kukhala zophweka kuwoloka mulatho ndi thandizo lochokera kwa abwenzi, munthu payekha, gulu kapena mabungwe. Amenewa ndi ndani? Afunseni ophunzira kuti munthu/anthu amenewa angakhale ndani, lembani kapena jambulani chithunzi chawo pa mwala wachiwiri omwe uli pakati pa ophunzira ndi masomphenya awo. • Mwala wa chitatu ndi makhwerero ati omwe ndikuyenera kukwera kuti ndikwaniritse masomphenya anga? Zikhonza kukhala zophweka kukwaniritsa masomphenya ako ngati uli ndi njira kapena makhwerero okwaniritsira masomphenyawo. Afunseni ophunzira kuti alembe makhwerero amenewa pa mwal awachitatu uja omwe uli pakati pa iwowo ndi masomphenya awo. • Miyala yina : Pali miyala ina , yomwe yapezedwa nthawi yomwe amaganiza mwakuya yomwenso iri yofunika kwa wina liyense payekha payekha. Awuzeni ophunzira kuti awonjezere miyala ina yomwe angakwerepo kuti akafikire masomhenya awo. Pangani magulu ang’ono ang’ono a anthu atatu kapena anayi ndipo muwawuze ophunzira kuti afotokoze mapulani awo mosinthana ndi magulu ena. 7. Pangani magulu ang’ono ang’ono a anthu atatu kapena anayi ndipo muwawuze ophunzira kuti afotokoze mapulani awo mosinthana ndi magulu ena. Kuomba mkota Mphindi 5 1. Muwapatse opunzira zinthu zomwe zingawathandize kukwaniritsa masomphenya awo makamaka masomphenya okhuza kumaliza maphunziro kapena kubwerera ku sukulu. 2. Athokozeni ophunzira chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali mumaphunzilo amaluso la moyo a GGI. 124 125 Dzina Wotsogolera: M/F zaka Gired mudzie: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Maphunziro onse omwe mwaphunzira Kabweredwe (chonde ikani ‘x’ pofuna kuonetsa kuti munthu wabwera) sukulu: Mafomu owunikira za kabweredwe a GG Fomu yoyamba. Kabweredwe ka ophunzira ku maphunziro a maluso a umoyo m’sukulu
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