STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

Transcription

FOR THE PROPOSED NORTH GLENGARRY
REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
CLASS EA
VARIOUS LOTS
GEOGRAPHIC TOWNSHIPS OF
KENYON AND CHARLOTTENBURG
FORMER COUNTY OF GLENGARRY
AND
GEOGRAPHIC TOWNSHIP OF CORNWALL
FORMER COUNTY OF STORMONT
NOW IN THE TOWNSHIPS OF
NORTH AND SOUTH GLENGARRY
CURRENT UNITED COUNTIES OF
STORMONT, DUNDAS AND GLENGARRY
PAST RECOVERY
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SERVICES
FOR THE NORTH GLENGARRY REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY
PROJECT CLASS EA, VARIOUS LOTS,
GEO. TOWNSHIPS OF KENYON AND CHARLOTTENBURG,
FORMER COUNTY OF GLENGARRY,
AND GEO. TOWNSHIP OF CORNWALL,
FORMER COUNTY OF STORMONT,
NOW IN THE TOWNSHIPS OF NORTH AND SOUTH GLENGARRY,
CURRENT UNITED COUNTIES OF S,D&G
Prepared for:
Andre Bourque, P. Eng
Project Manager with CH2M HILL Canada Limited
1011 Prince of Wales Drive, Suite 330
Ottawa, Ontario K2C 3W7
Phone: (613) 723-0233 ext.73106
Fax: (613) 723-7489
E-mail: [email protected]
Re:
Municipal Class Environmental Assessment, Schedule C (Phase 5)
Prepared by:
Stephanie Cleland, M.A.
Past Recovery Archaeological Services
4534 Bolingbroke Road, R.R. #3
Maberly, Ontario K0H 2B0
Phone/Fax: 613-268-2426
E-mail: [email protected]
PRAS Project No.:
PR12-16
Licencee:
Jeff Earl, Licence P031
Principal
P.I.F. No.:
P031-060-2012
Date:
February 22, 2013
Original report
Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment
North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Mr. Andre Bourque, P. Eng., Project Manager with CH2M HILL provided direction,
preliminary project mapping, and background information related to this project.
Mr. Robert von Bitter, Data Coordinator, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and
Sport, provided a current listing of archaeological sites within 1 kilometre of each of the
four study areas included in the present assessment.
PROJECT PERSONNEL
Project Manager/Licence Holder Jeff Earl, M.Soc.Sc., (P031)
Historical Research
Stephanie Cleland, M.A., (R381)
Site Inspection
Jeff Earl
Dan Goss
Report Writing
Stephanie Cleland
Jeff Earl
Dan Goss
Adam Pollock, M.A., (P336)
Report Review
Jeff Earl
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Past Recovery Archaeological Services was retained by CH2M HILL to undertake a
Stage 1 archaeological assessment as part of the North Glengarry Regional Water
Supply Project Class Environmental Assessment.
The assessment included four
spatially discrete study areas: three potential tank sites in Maxville located in Part Lots 6
through 11, Concession 17 and Part Lot 7, Concession 18, in the Geographic Township
of Kenyon; two potential pump station sites and three alternative transmission main
crossing routes in Martintown located in Part Lot 27, Concession 1 N.S.R.R. (North Side
Raisin River) and Part Lot 26, Concession 1 S.S.R.R. (South Side Raisin River), in the
geographic Township of Charlottenburg; a transmission main route along the
unopened portion of the Cashion Road right-of-way lying between Part Lot 26, Second
or Third Range S.S.R.R., Part Lots 1 and 2, Concession 3 I.L. (Indian Lands) and Part Lot
2, Concession 4 I.L. in the geographic Township of Charlottenburg; and, a watermain
route option along a former concession road between Part Lots 1 through 6 and A
through D, Concessions 2 and 3, and within Part Lots 4 and 5, Concession 3, in the
geographic Township of Cornwall, and Part Lots 15 and 16, Concession I.L., in the
geographic Township of Charlottenburg. The first three study areas lay within the
boundaries of the historical County of Glengarry, while the fourth lay within the
boundaries of the historical County of Stormont. All four study areas are presently
located within the Townships of North and South Glengarry, in the United Counties of
Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry.
The purpose of the Stage 1 assessment was to assess the archaeological potential of the
four study areas and present recommendations for the mitigation of any significant
known or potential archaeological resources. To this end, preliminary historical and
archaeological research was conducted, a list of known cultural heritage resources
within the study area was compiled, historical mapping and aerial photographs were
consulted, and an environmental profile of the study area was generated. In addition,
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visual inspections of the study areas were undertaken on August 10, 2012 and February
21, 2013, in order to augment the archaeological potential evaluation.
The results of the Stage 1 archaeological assessment form the basis for the following
recommendations:
1) Should the proposed water supply project involve impacts (soil disturbances or other
alterations) to the portions of the four study areas determined to exhibit archaeological
potential (see Maps 35 to 39), a Stage 2 archaeological assessment will be required prior
to the initiation of development-related activities. It should be noted that impacts
include all aspects of the proposed development, including temporary access roads,
staging/lay down areas, connecting watermains/pipes, and any other works. Portions
of the four study areas identified as exhibiting archaeological potential include:

Maxville Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations A, B, and C;

Martintown Transmission Main Crossing Alternatives A and B; and,

the Transmission Main Route along the un-opened portion of the Cashion Road
ROW.
2) Any future Stage 2 archaeological assessment(s) should be undertaken by a licensed
consultant archaeologist, in accordance with the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant
Archaeologists (MTCS 2011). This would involve having any of the Maxville Potential
Tank Site Alternative Locations that have been determined to exhibit archaeological
potential ploughed, weathered by rain, and assessed by means of a pedestrian survey at
5 metre intervals. Should ploughing of these areas not be viable, the Stage 2 assessment
would be conducted by means of a shovel test pit survey at 5 metre intervals. Portions
of the any of the proposed transmission main routes in Martintown or along the
unopened portion of the Cashion Road ROW identified as exhibiting archaeological
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potential would be assessed by means of a shovel test pit survey conducted at 5 metre
intervals.
3) If development-related impacts are proposed in lands lying immediately adjacent (i.e.
within 5 metres) to the historical cemetery identified immediately to the south of
Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A in Maxville (see Map 35), following the
completion of the Stage 2 archaeological assessment, a Stage 3 assessment will be
required in accordance with the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists
(MTCS 2011). The purpose of this assessment would be to confirm the presence or
absence of unmarked graves beyond the currently marked cemetery limits, to ensure no
graves will be disturbed. This work should involve the mechanical removal of topsoil
with heavy equipment (i.e. Gradall or backhoe) under the supervision of a licensed
consultant archaeologist, followed by shovel shining of the exposed surface and an
inspection of the subsoil for grave shafts;
4) Should the proposed water supply project require impacts (soil disturbance or other
alterations) to areas lying outside of the four study areas included in this assessment
(see Maps 1, 3, 5, 7 and 8), the initiation of development-related activities should be
preceded by archaeological assessment undertaken by a licensed consultant
archaeologist, in accordance with the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant
Archaeologists (MTCS 2011). It should be noted that impacts include all aspects of the
proposed development, including temporary access roads, staging/lay down areas,
connecting watermains/pipes, and any other works.
The reader is referred to Section 4.0 below to ensure compliance with the Ontario
Heritage Act as it may relate to this project.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
Acknowledgments
Project Personnel
Executive Summary
List of Images
List of Maps
List of Tables
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x
xii
1.0 Introduction
1
2.0 Project Context
2.1 Development Context
2.2 Access Permission and Limitations
3
3
4
3.0 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment
3.1 Historical Context
3.1.1 Previous Historical Research
3.1.2 Regional Pre-contact Cultural Overview
3.1.3 Regional Post-contact Cultural Overview
3.1.4 Property-Specific History
3.2 Archaeological Context
3.2.1 Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites
3.2.2 Previous Archaeological Research
3.2.3 Identified Local Cultural Heritage Resources
3.2.4 Heritage Plaques/Monuments
3.2.5 Cemeteries
3.2.6 Local Environment
3.2.7 Site Inspection
3.3 Archaeological Potential
3.3.1 Determination of Archaeological Potential
3.3.2 Stage 1 Recommendations
5
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5
5
9
15
27
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28
30
31
32
33
36
41
41
48
4.0 Advice on Compliance with Legislation
50
5.0 Limitations and Closure
51
6.0 References
52
7.0 Images
65
8.0 Maps
85
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page No.
Appendix 1: Photographic Catalogue
Appendix 2: Glossary of Archaeological Terms
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LIST OF IMAGES
Image No.
1
2
3
4
5
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15
16
17
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Page No.
Post card showing the grist mill and covered bridge at Martintown in
1908, looking north-west
Post card showing Kings Road in Martintown looking west from the
bridge, 1908
View showing Kings Road in Martintown looking east towards the
covered bridge, c.1900
View of the Martintown Potential Pump Station Site West showing the
former Martintown Community Centre in 2010, looking north-west
View of the Martintown Potential Pump Station Site East showing the
former Martintown fire hall in 2010, looking west
View of north end of Maxville Alternative Location A from Carr Street
East, looking south-east
View of the central portion of Maxville Alternative Location A from
County Road No. 22, looking west
View of the south end of the Maxville Alternative Location A from County
Road No. 22, looking south towards the Maxville Cemetery
View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location A from the
corner of County Road 22 and Main Street, looking north-east
View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location A from
County Road No. 22 showing the historic residence within the study area,
looking north
View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location A from
County Road No. 22 showing the historic residence excluded from the
study area, looking north-west
View of the Maxville Cemetery from County Road No. 20, looking east
View of the west end of the Maxville Alternative Location B from Fair
Street, looking east with a catch basin in the foreground
View of the east end of the Maxville Alternative Location B from Fair
Street, looking south-west across the library parking lot
View of the north end of the Maxville Alternative Location C from George
Street, looking south-west
View of the central portion and north end of the Maxville Alternative
Location C from County Road No. 20, looking west
View of the south end of the Maxville Alternative Location C from County
Road No. 20, looking west
View of the Martintown Potential Pump Station Site East from the new
Community Centre parking lot showing the adjacent residential structures
and the recent disturbance, looking south-east
viii
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LIST OF IMAGES (Continued)
Image No.
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35
36
37
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Page No.
View of the Martintown Potential Pump Station Site East from the new
Community Centre parking lot showing the recent disturbance, looking
south
site of the former Community Centre with the recreational courts in the
background, looking west
site of the former Community Centre, looking north-north-west
View of the Raisin River north shoreline in the vicinity of Crossing
Alternatives A and B, looking south-west across the permanently wet area
View of the Raisin River south shoreline in the vicinity of Crossing
Alternative B from the north side of the river, looking south-west
View of the north side of the Kings Road Bridge showing recent
disturbance, looking south-south-west
View of the south side of the Kings Road Bridge from the Martintown
Grist Mill showing recent disturbance, looking south-west
View of the Martintown Mill and the Raisin River, looking north-east
View along Cashion Road from Street Road, looking south-east
View along the central portion of Cashion Road from within the
Summerstown Swamp, looking north-west towards the higher ridge
across the north end of the road
View along the southern section of Cashion Road from the edge of
Summerstown Swamp, looking south-west
View of the wooded section of Summerstown Swamp along the southern
part of Cashion Road, looking south-west
View of the residence at No. 6079 Cashion Road, looking north-east
View of a residence at the corner of Cashion Road and Glen Road, looking
north-west
View of the west end of Tollgate Road immediately east of the intersection
with McConnell Avenue, looking north-west
View of the approximate location of the proposed watermain route option
alignment from Tollgate Road, through the Highway 401 ROW, to Service
Road, looking south
View of the west end of Service Road, looking east
View of the central section of Service Road, looking south-west
View of the east end of Service Road, looking north-east
View of the intersection of Boundary Road and Glen Road, looking south-east
View of Glen Road towards the east end of the proposed watermain route
option alignment, looking east
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LIST OF MAPS
Map No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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9
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15
16
17
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19
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Page No.
Locations of the four study areas
Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville
Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown
Location of the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road
Location of the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road
Location of the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option
Segment of the 1862 H. F. Walling map of the Counties of Stormont,
Dundas, and Glengarry showing the Potential Tank Site Alternative
Locations in Maxville
Segment of the 1879 H. Belden map of Kenyon Township showing the
Segment of a pre-1946 topographic map showing the Potential Tank Site
Alternative Locations in Maxville
Segment of a 1946 aerial photograph showing the Potential Tank Site
Alternative Locations in Maxville
Segment of the 1862 H. F. Walling map of Martintown showing showing
Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives
Segment of the 1879 H. Belden map of Martintown showing Potential
Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives
Goad’s Fire Insurance Plan of Martintown, 1885, showing Crossing
Alternative C
Segment of a 1937 topographic map showing Potential Pump Station Sites
and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown
Segment of a 1946 aerial photograph showing Potential Pump Station Sites
Segment of a 1953 topographic map showing Potential Pump Station Sites
Segment of a 1969 aerial photograph showing Potential Pump Station Sites
Dundas, and Glengarry showing the Transmission Main Route on
Cashion Road
Segment of the 1879 H. Belden map of Charlottenburg Township showing
the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road
Segment of a 1937 topographic map showing the Transmission Main Route
on Cashion Road
x
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LIST OF MAPS (Continued)
Map No.
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24
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Page No.
Segments of 1946 aerial photographs showing the Transmission Main Route
on Cashion Road
Segment of a 1953 topographic map showing the Transmission Main Route
on Cashion Road
Dundas, and Glengarry showing the Tollgate Road/Service Road
Transmission Main Route Option
Segments of the 1879 H. Belden maps of Cornwall and Charlottenburg
Townships showing the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main
Route Option
Segment of a 1937 topographic map showing the Tollgate Road/Service
Road Transmission Main Route Option
Segments of 1957 aerial photographs showing the Tollgate Road/Service
Segment of a 1957 topographic map showing the Tollgate Road/Service
Segment of a physiographic map of eastern Ontario showing the locations
of the four study areas
Locations and directions of photographs taken during the property
inspection at the Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville and
used in this report
inspection at the Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives
in Martintown and used in this report
inspection at the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road and used in
this report
inspection at the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route
Option and used in this report
Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville showing
archaeological potential
showing archaeological potential
Location of the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road showing
archaeological potential
Location of the west portion of the Tollgate Road/Service Road
Transmission Main Route Option showing archaeological potential
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LIST OF MAPS (Continued)
Map No.
39
Page No.
Location of the east portion of the Tollgate Road/Service Road
Transmission Main Route Option showing archaeological potential
123
LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
1
2
Page No.
Listing of Registered Archaeological Sites within a 1 km Radius of the
Centre of the Study Area
Inventory of the Documentary Record
xii
28
38
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Past Recovery Archaeological Services was retained by CH2M HILL to undertake a
Stage 1 archaeological assessment of aspects of the proposed North Glengarry Regional
Water Supply Project Environmental Assessment Study. This involved the examination
of four separate study areas along the proposed pipeline route (Map 1). Study Area 1
was located in Maxville and consisted of three alternate sites for an elevated water
storage tank totalling approximately 100 acres or 40.8 ha, including Part Lots 6 through
11, Concession 17 and Part Lot 7, Concession 18 in the geographic Township of Kenyon
(Maps 2 and 3). Study Area 2 was located in Martintown and consisted of two alternate
sites for a water booster pumping station totalling less than one hectare and three
alternate locations for the transmission watermain to cross the Raisin River on Part Lot
27, Concession 1 N.S.R.R. (North Side Raisin River) and Part Lot 26, Concession 1
S.S.R.R. (South Side Raisin River) in the geographic Township of Charlottenburg (Maps
4 and 5). Study Area 3 consisted of a two kilometre un-opened section of Cashion Road
between Glen Road and Street Road flanked by Part Lot 26, Second or Third Range
S.S.R.R., Part Lots 1 and 2, Concession 3 I.L. (Indian Lands) and Part Lot 2, Concession 4
I.L. in the geographic Township of Charlottenburg (Maps 6 and 7). Study Area 4
consisted of a 4.6 kilometre corridor watermain route option located along a former
concession road allowance between Part Lots 1 through 6 and A through D,
Concessions 2 and 3, and within Part Lots 4 and 5, Concession 3, in the geographic
Township of Cornwall and Part Lots 15 and 16, Concession 3 I.L., in the geographic
Township of Charlottenburg (Map 8). The first three study areas lay within the
boundaries of the historical County of Glengarry, while the fourth lay within the
boundaries of the historical County of Stormont.
The objectives of the present Stage 1 archaeological assessment were as follows:
 To provide information about each study area’s geography, history, previous
archaeological fieldwork, and current land condition;
 To evaluate each study area’s archaeological potential; and,
 To recommend appropriate strategies for Stage 2 archaeological assessment in
the event further assessment is warranted.
This report presents the results of the Stage 1 assessment and is divided into eight
sections. Section 2.0 provides general project information in order to set the
archaeological assessment in the context of the proposed development. This is followed
by the Stage 1 assessment (Section 3.0) which includes a brief review of relevant
previous archaeological and historical research undertaken, an outline of the precontact and historic sequences of occupation in the vicinity and a detailed account of the
property history. Also within this section is a summary of the property inspection, a
discussion of the local environment, a listing of past archaeological research and known
1
cultural resources in the vicinity, a determination of the archaeological potential of the
study area in terms of pre-contact and historic period cultural resources and Stage 1
recommendations. Following Section 3.0 is advice on compliance with archaeological
legislation, (Section 4.0), a statement of limitations and closure regarding this project
(Section 5.0), and all references consulted during the background research and cited in
this report (Section 6.0). The final sections of the report (Sections 7.0 and 8.0) contain all
of the referenced images and maps. A catalogue of photographs taken within each
study area follows as Appendix 1. Finally, a glossary of archaeological terms is
included as Appendix 2.
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2.0 PROJECT CONTEXT
This section of the report provides the context for the archaeological work undertaken,
including a description of the study area, the related legislation or directives triggering
the assessment, any additional development-related information, as well as
confirmation of permission to access the study area for the purposes of the assessment.
2.1 Development Context
The Glengarry Regional Water Supply Project (GRWSP) is a regional capital
infrastructure project spearheaded by the Township of North Glengarry, but also
involving the Township of South Glengarry and the City of Cornwall. The project is
aimed at addressing water quantity and quality challenges in the villages of Maxville
and Alexandria, and will involve installing a watermain and related pumping and
storage infrastructure to take treated drinking water from the City of Cornwall into
Maxville and Alexandria. The pipe will be designed in such a way as to ensure that
communities lying along the proposed route, including Glendale, Martintown, Apple
Hill, and Dominionville would be able to connect in the future.
This archaeological assessment has been triggered by a Municipal Class Environmental
Assessment (MCEA), Part II: Municipal Water and Wastewater Projects, and has been
identified as a ‘Schedule C’ activity, and as such is required to complete all five phases
of the Class EA process (Municipal Engineers Association 2000). Phases 1 and 2 of the
MCEA were completed in 2002 and 2007 (at that point the project was named ‘the
Maxville Water Supply Project’). Phases 3 and 4 of the EA have subsequently been
undertaken and, in 2010, an Environmental Study Report (ESR) was completed as part
of an EA amendment. The MCEA is currently in Phase 5 (implementation of the
project) and is in the pre-approval stage.
The 2010 ESR (entitled “North Glengarry and South Glengarry Regional Water Supply
Environmental Study Report, January 2010, The Thompson Rosemount Group)
recommended the Cornwall connection (Alternative B1-2) as the preferred alternative
regional water supply source for the communities of Maxville and Alexandria, and, in
the future, other communities in North and South Glengarry. The preferred alternative
includes the construction of:





Watermains and a primary valve-metering station chamber in Cornwall;
A transmission watermain from Cornwall to Maxville;
A booster station near Martintown;
A distribution system, storage, treatment, and pumping station in Maxville;
A transmission watermain from the County Road 43/20 intersection to
Alexandria; and,
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 Pumping station upgrades at the Alexandria Water Treatment Plant.
While the preferred alternative for the overall project has been selected and the project
is currently in the implementation phase (wherein the design of the preferred solution
is being undertaken), several pre-design studies have not yet been completed. In order
to meet requirements under the MCEA process and the Ontario Environmental
Assessment Act, EA amendments were required for the Martintown booster pumping
station, the Maxville storage, treatment, booster pumping station and distribution
systems, and any locations where the transmission main route will pass outside existing
municipal road allowances (as determined during the design phase of the EA). The
completion of an archaeological assessment was a requirement under this process.
Past Recovery Archaeological Services was retained to complete a Stage 1
archaeological assessment of four study areas (see Map 1):
1. the Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Sites (three alternative sites) (see Maps
2 and 3);
2. the Martintown Water Booster Pumping Station Sites (two alternative sites) and
Transmission Main Crossing Alternative Routes (three alternative routes across
the Raisin River) (see Maps 4 and 5);
3. the Transmission Main Route along the unopened portion of the Cashion Road
right-of-way (ROW) (see Maps 6 and 7); and,
4. the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option (see Map 8).
The locations and boundaries of all four study areas and each of the alternative
sites/routes within them were provided to PRAS on mapping supplied by the project
planners (see Maps 2, 4 and 6) 1. These maps were used by PRAS staff to determine the
limits of the areas of investigation in the field, using visible lot boundaries and other
fixed landmarks as reference points.
2.2 Access Permission and Limitations
Permission to access the study area and complete all aspects of cultural heritage
resource assessment activities, including photography, was granted by the project
proponent on behalf of the municipalities. Permissions extended only to publiclyaccessible rights-of-way (ROW) or municipally-owned lands.
1
A map showing the location and alignment of the fourth study area, the Tollgate Road/Service Road Maine Route
Option was supplied in an early draft form and is not reproduced in this report.
4
3.0 STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
3.1 Historical Context
This section of the report includes an overview of human settlement in the region with
the intention of providing a context for the evaluation of known and potential
archaeological sites, as well as a review of property-specific detailed archival research
presenting a record of land use history.
3.1.1 Previous Historical Research
General histories of the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry consulted
in the preparation of this report include Belden (1879), Harkness (1946), Marin & Marin
(1982) and Pringle (1980). Rhodes Grant (1974 and 1976) has written a general history of
the founding of Martintown to the beginning of World War II.
3.1.2 Regional Pre-contact Cultural Overview
It should be noted that our understanding of the pre-contact sequence of human activity
in the area is very incomplete, stemming from a lack of systematic archaeological
surveys in the region, as well as from the destruction of archaeological sites caused by
development prior to legislated requirements for archaeological assessments to be
completed. It is possible, however, to provide a general outline of pre-contact
occupation in the region based on archaeological, historical and environmental research
conducted in eastern Ontario.
The earliest human occupation of southern Ontario began approximately 11,000 years
ago with the arrival of small groups of hunter-gatherers referred to by archaeologists as
Palaeo-Indians (Ellis and Deller 1990:39). These groups gradually moved northward as
the glacial ice of the last Ice Age retreated and the water levels of the meltwater-fed
glacial lakes increased. While very little is known about their lifestyle; it is likely that
Palaeo-Indian groups travelled widely, relying on the seasonal migration of caribou as
well as small animals and wild plants for subsistence in a sub-arctic environment. They
produced a variety of distinctive stone tools including fluted projectile points, scrapers,
burins and gravers. Most archaeological evidence for the Palaeo-Indian period has been
found in south-western and south-central Ontario at sites located on the former
shorelines of glacial Lake Algonquin. First Nations settlement of eastern Ontario was
late in comparison to these other parts of the province as a result of the high water
levels of the St. Lawrence Marine Embayment of the post-glacial Champlain Sea
(Hough 1958:204). The St. Lawrence Valley remained very much on the fringe of the
portions of the province occupied by Palaeo-Indian colonizers. The earliest reported
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finds in the general area are late Paleo-Indian non-fluted lanceolate points from
Akwesasne at Thompson Island down river from Cornwall.
During the succeeding Archaic period (c.7000 to 1000 B.C.), the environment of
southern Ontario approached modern conditions and more land became available for
occupation as water levels in the glacial lakes dropped (Ellis, Kenyon, and Spence
1990:69). Populations continued to follow a mobile hunter-gatherer subsistence
strategy, although there appears to have been a greater reliance on fishing and gathered
food (e.g. plants and nuts) and more diversity between regional groups. The tool kit
also became increasingly diversified, reflecting an adaptation to environmental
conditions similar to those of today. This included the presence of adzes, gouges and
other ground stone tools believed to have been used for heavy woodworking activities
such as the construction of dug-out canoes, grinding stones for processing nuts and
seeds, specialized fishing gear including net sinkers and plummets and a general
reduction in the size of projectile points. The middle and late portions of the Archaic
period saw the development of trading networks spanning the Great Lakes, and by
6,000 years ago copper was being mined in the Upper Great Lakes and traded into
southern Ontario. There is increasing evidence of ceremonialism and elaborate burial
practices and a wide variety of non-utilitarian items such as gorgets, pipes and
‘birdstones’ were being manufactured.
More extensive First Nation settlement of eastern Ontario began during the Archaic
period, sometime between 5,500 and 4,500 B.C. (Kennedy 1970:61; Ellis, Kenyon and
Spence 1990:93). Artifacts from Archaic sites in eastern Ontario suggest a close
relationship to the Laurentian Archaic stage peoples of New York State. Laurentian
peoples occupied the Canadian biotic province transition zone between the deciduous
forests to the south and the boreal forests to the north. The Laurentian Archaic artifact
complex contains large, broad bladed, chipped stone and ground slate projectile points,
and heavy ground stone tools. This stage is also known for the extensive use of coldhammered copper tools including “bevelled spear points, bracelets, pendants, axes,
fishhooks, and knives” (Kennedy 1970:59). The first significant evidence for occupation
of the St. Lawrence Valley appears at this time. Dailey and Wright (1955a, 1955b)
identified a number of Laurentian or Middle Archaic sites in the vicinity if Cornwall.
Late Archaic sites have also been identified at Jessups Falls and in the Pendleton area
along the South Nation River (Watson 1982; Daechsel 1980).
The introduction of ceramics to Ontario marked the beginning of the Woodland period
(c.1000 B.C. to A.D. 1550). Local populations continued to participate in extensive trade
networks that, at their zenith at circa A.D. 200, spanned much of North America and
included the movement of conch shell, fossilized shark teeth, mica, copper and silver.
Social structure appears to have become increasingly complex, with some status
differentiation evident in burials. It was in the Middle Woodland period (c.300 B.C. to
6
A.D. 900) that distinctive trends or ‘traditions’ evolved in different parts of Ontario for
the first time. The Middle Woodland tradition found in eastern and south-central
Ontario has become known as ‘Point Peninsula’ (Spence, Pihl and Murphy 1990:157).
Investigations of sites with occupations dating to this time period have allowed
archaeologists to develop a better picture of the seasonal round followed in order to
exploit a variety of resources within a home territory. Through the late fall and winter,
small groups would occupy an inland ‘family’ hunting area. In the spring, these
dispersed families would congregate at specific lakeshore sites to fish, hunt in the
surrounding forest and socialize. This gathering would last through to the late summer
when large quantities of food would be stored up for the approaching winter.
Towards the end of the Woodland period (circa A.D. 800) domesticated plants were
introduced in areas to the south of the Canadian Shield. Initially only a minor addition
to the diet, the cultivation of corn, beans, squash, sunflowers and tobacco gained
economic importance for late Woodland peoples. Along with this shift in subsistence,
settlements located adjacent to corn fields began to take on greater permanency as sites
with easily tillable farmland became more important. Eventually, semi-permanent and
permanent villages were built, many of which were surrounded by palisades, evidence
of growing hostilities between neighbouring groups.
The proliferation of Woodland period sites suggests an increase in the population of
eastern Ontario, with the general study area falling within a very active region for First
Nation populations through this period. A number of Middle Woodland sites,
attributed to what archaeologists have labelled the Point Peninsula complex, have been
identified in this part of eastern Ontario, with Ault Park near Cornwall, being one of the
most significant in eastern Ontario (Fox 1990:183-186). Other local archaeological sites
with occupations dating from this time period include the Long Sault Island Mounds
(Ritchie and Dragoo 1960), and the Malcolm Site (BgFp-2) (Daily and Wright 1955).
Slightly further afield, significant Middle Woodland components have been found at
the Leamy Lake sites (Laliberté 2000) and at a recently discovered site in Vincent
Massey Park which also contains Late Archaic material (Jacquie Fisher, personal
communication 2011). Fragments of an early ceramic vessel were recovered from the
Deep River Site (CaGi-1) on the Quebec side of the Ottawa River across from Chalk
River (Mitchell 1963). The Meath Sites (BkGg 1-10), located on Mud Lake in the
Muskrat River Basin south of Pembroke, have yielded a range of occupations from the
Archaic through to Middle Woodland (Robertson and Croft 1971, 1973, 1974, 1975; Croft
1986). The Wilbur Lake sites on the Bonnechere River near Eganville are centered
around the Kant Site (BjGg-1), which is primarily related to aspects of the Middle
Woodland period, although they also contain elements spanning the Late Archaic to
Late Woodland periods (Mitchell 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991; Pendergast 1957). Middle
Woodland sites have been noted in the South Nation Drainage Basin and along the
7
Ottawa River including the north-west part of Ottawa at Marshall’s and Sawdust Bays
(Daechsel 1980, 1981).
There appears to have been a hiatus in the occupation of the St. Lawrence Valley
through the early stages of the Late Woodland period. By the end of the period,
however, a considerable population belonging to what archaeologists refer to as the St.
Lawrence Iroquois had become established in the region. Settlement clusters have been
identified near the Spencerville/Prescott area, and lying just north of Lake St. Francis
(sometimes identified as the ‘Cornwall cluster’; see Adams 2003:43), with a large
number reported for Jefferson County in New York State and further east into Quebec.
The ‘Cornwall cluster’ of villages includes Summerstown Station (BgFp-1), Glenbrook
(BgFp-5), Berry (BgFo-3), and MacDougald (BgFp-36). In addition to these village sites,
numerous special purpose camps (i.e. fishing camps along tributaries of the St.
Lawrence River) have been found in the area2, including the Salem (BgFp-4), Gray’s
Creek (BgFp-6), Cooper (BgFp-16), Casgrain Hill (BgFp-20), Sugarbush (BgFp-21),
Salem Suburb (BgFp-22), Mice Mucking Hollow (BgFp-24), Kaneb Road (BgFp-27), Big
Boulder Camp (BgFp-28), Track (BgFp-29), and Home Property (BgFp-34) sites. The
material culture and settlement patterns of the fourteenth and fifteenth century St.
Lawrence Iroquoian sites are directly related to the Iroquoian-speaking groups that
Jacques Cartier and his crew encountered in 1535 at Stadacona (Quebec City) and
Hochelaga (Montreal Island) (Jamieson 1990:386). Following Cartier’s initial voyages,
subsequent journeys by Europeans found only abandoned settlements along the St.
Lawrence River. High mortality from the European diseases introduced by Cartier and
continued conflict with their neighbours probably accounts for the disappearance of the
St. Lawrence Iroquois. At this time, there was a significant increase of St. Lawrence
Iroquoian ceramic vessel types on Huron sites, and segments of the St. Lawrence
Iroquois population may have relocated to the north and west either as captives or
refugees (J. Wright 1966:70-71; Sutton 1990:54). Mohawk oral tradition suggests that
some of the people from the Hochelaga area joined the Mohawks.
The portions of eastern Ontario lying within the Ottawa River watershed, including the
South Nation River, appear to have seen continued use by groups retaining a hunter
and gatherer-based subsistence strategy, in some cases incorporating limited
horticulture. The hunter/gatherers of this region are primarily regarded as having been
Algonkian-speaking populations practicing lifeways with roots in the Archaic period.
The origins of these groups and the nature of their relationships with their neighbours
remains a matter of debate, which has been hampered by the low intensity of
archaeological investigation in the area.
The majority of these sites were found through the work of a local amateur archaeologist and were
recorded in the 1960s as part of the Archaeological Survey of Canada. While these sites have
subsequently been entered into the provincial Archaeological Sites Database, limited information has
been published, and information on their location is incomplete.
2
8
The population shifts of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries were
certainly in part a result of the disruption of traditional trade and exchange patterns
among all First Nations peoples brought about by the arrival of the French, Dutch and
British along the Atlantic seaboard. Control of the lucrative St. Lawrence River trade
became a source of contention between neighbouring peoples as the benefits of trading
with the Europeans became apparent. While prolonged occupation of the region may
have been avoided as a result of hostilities between Iroquoian speaking populations to
the south and Algonquin populations to the north, at least the northern reaches of the
South Nation River basin were undoubtedly used as hunting territories by the
Algonquin at this time. There is virtually no archaeological evidence for contact
between Europeans and First Nations populations in this area during this time period,
suggesting that the region remained largely abandoned and that any remaining Native
groups may have deliberately avoided the newcomers.
3.1.3 Regional Post-contact Cultural Overview
The first European to venture deeper into what would become southern Ontario was
Étienne de Brûlé, who was entrusted by Samuel de Champlain in 1610 to strengthen
relations between the French and First Nations and to learn their language and customs.
Other Europeans were subsequently sent by the French to train as interpreters, many of
whom became coureurs de bois (Gervais 2004:182). Champlain himself made two trips
into Ontario, initially in 1613 and again in 1615. At this time he travelled from the
Ottawa River up the Mississippi River to the south-east shore of Mississippi Lake and
then overland along an Indian trail to the Rideau River. He and other French explorers
and missionaries travelling in the region in the early seventeenth century encountered
groups of people speaking different dialects of an Algonquian language, including the
Matouweskarini along the Madawaska River to the west, the Kichespirini at Morrison
Island, the Otaguottouemin along the Ottawa River northwest of Morrison Island, the
Onontchataronon in the Gananoque River basin to the southwest, and the Weskarini in
the Petite Nation River basin to the north (Pendergast 1999; Trigger 1976). These
loosely aligned bands subsisted by hunting, fishing and gathering, and undertook
limited horticulture. While Champlain made note of the South Nation River during his
1613 visit to the area, it is difficult to determine what use, if any, was made of the river
by the early French traders and missionaries that followed him. At least some travel on
the river system during the 17th and early 18th centuries was likely.
The first centuries of contact between First Nations peoples and Europeans contributed
to a period of significant change in the region. The endemic warfare of the age and
severe smallpox epidemics in 1623-24 and again between 1634 and 1640 brought about
drastic population decline among all First Nations peoples in southern Ontario,
particularly the Huron, who had become an important ‘middle man’ in the French fur
trade (Hessel 1993:63-65). Following the dispersal of the Huron from the present
9
Simcoe County area by the League of Five Nations in 1649, these Iroquoian groups from
the later New York State area began to make tentative attempts to settle the northern
shore of Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River.
In 1673, Fort Frontenac was established at the present site of Kingston, and another fort
was constructed at La Presentation (Ogdensburg, New York) in 1700. These forts were
erected both to solidify control of the fur trade and to enhance their ties with local
Native populations. The French also encouraged the establishment of indigenous
villages near their settlements to create closer alliances. This policy had some success;
however Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) traders cultivated ties with both the French on the
St. Lawrence and the British in the Mohawk Valley, and eventually Oswego, to ensure
that they had competing markets for furs. Akwesasne, part of the Haudenosaunee
hunting grounds for over a century and a half, became their permanent settlement
towards the middle of the eighteenth century. With the Royal Proclamation of 1763 the
British acquired all French possessions in North America. The terms of the
Proclamation, which included rules for the purchase of Indian land, were
communicated to the Mohawk settlement by the Imperial Indian Department and at the
Niagara Congress in 1764.
Settlement in the St. Lawrence Valley area was not actively encouraged by the British
colonial government until the late eighteenth century. With the end of the American
Revolutionary War (1775-1783), an exodus of United Empire Loyalists and disbanded
soldiers moving north across the St. Lawrence required the acquisition and settling of
new lands. In response, the British Government sought to acquire the rights to lands
along the north shore of the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario through hurried
negotiations with their Mississauga military allies, who were assumed, erroneously, to
be the only Native peoples inhabiting eastern Ontario.3 Captain William Redford
Crawford, who enjoyed the trust of the Mississauga chiefs living in the Bay of Quinte
region, negotiated on behalf of the British government. In the so-called ‘Crawford
Purchase,’ the Mississauga were cajoled into giving up Native title to most of eastern
Ontario, including what would become the counties of Stormont, Dundas, Glengarry,
Prescott, Russell, Leeds, Grenville and Prince Edward, as well as the front townships of
Frontenac, Lennox, Addington and Hastings and much of what is now the City of
Ottawa (Lockwood 1996:24). There were numerous problems with this transaction as it
ignored other Native groups’ rights to some of the lands it purported to cover, crucial
documents were missing and the extent of compensations was never clear.
Nevertheless Major Samuel Holland, Surveyor General for Canada, began laying out
these lands in 1784, with such haste that the newly established townships were assigned
numbers instead of names. The westernmost surveyed township (Elizabethtown) was
At this time, there was a significant Algonquin presence in eastern Ontario and Mohawk Reserves had
been established at Tyendinaga near Desoronto and at St. Regis near Cornwall.
3
10
originally called Township No. 8, while the easternmost (Charlottenburg) was
Township No. 1 (Leavitt 1879:17). Euro-Canadian settlement along the north bank of
the St. Lawrence River and the eastern end of Lake Ontario began in earnest about his
time.
A government store was constructed in 1784 to anchor the planned settlement of New
Johnstown (later Cornwall) which was to become the district headquarters, and settlers
who had been moved from Quebec to populate the village subsequently began the
work of clearing the forests (Harkness 1946:45). Cornwall soon boasted a canal, the
Hodge Mill and various military buildings. The town was also noted for its early textile
industry (Belden 1879). Arriving at the village, Loyalists drew settlement lots in the
district, with each soldier receiving a grant of 100 acres fronting on the St. Lawrence
River and an additional 200 acres further inland in the same township. Officers were
entitled to much larger grants based on their rank, and the children of Loyalists also
obtained free land. As a result, the entire river frontage within the Townships of
Charlottenburg, Cornwall, Osnabruck, Williamsburg and Matilda was settled almost
simultaneously.
In 1788, Sir Guy Carleton, the Governor General of Quebec, established four
administrative districts for Upper Canada and associated land boards to facilitate
settlement. Territory along the St. Lawrence at the eastern end of the later Province of
Ontario was initially made part of the Lunenburg or Eastern District with New
Johnstown as the district town. This included the later counties of Dundas, Glengarry,
Ontario, Prescott, Russell, Stormont, Carleton, Grenville and Leeds. Carleton, Grenville
and Leeds became the Johnstown District in 1792, and Prescott and Russell the Ottawa
District in 1816. Dundas, Glengarry and Stormont became the United Counties of
Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry in 1849. The most easterly county in Ontario,
Glengarry County fronts on the St. Lawrence River and Lake St. Francis to the
southeast, the Quebec counties of Soulanges and Vendreuil to the east, Prescott County
to the north and Stormont County to the west. Historic Glengarry County comprised
two of the original eight Royal Townships of Upper Canada: Lancaster and
Charlottenburg. Each of these townships was then subdivided to create the four
townships which defined the county until recently (Archives of Ontario 2009). Kenyon
Township was created from Charlottenburg in 1798.
Scottish Highlanders made up a large segment of the Glengarry County population.
Many had initially emigrated to the Mohawk Valley in New York, but were displaced
after the Revolutionary War. Others arrived directly from Scotland, 500 settling at St.
Raphael in 17864 and hundreds more immigrating in the 1790s and 1800s (Glengarry
St. Raphael is situated on the 7th concession back from the St. Lawrence River, Charlottenburg
Township, where a large stone church was built by the Gaelic-speaking Catholic Highlanders who had
settled in the easternmost county of Upper Canada (St. Raphael’s Ruins 2012).
4
11
Historical Society 2012; Bowering 2006:3). Another early community developed around
a stone church built in 1786 in the nearby Scottish settlement of St. Andrews along the
banks of the Raisin River (Northeastern Archaeological Associates Limited 2011:4).
Following the war of 1812, several projects were begun to fortify eastern Ontario,
including the construction of the Rideau and Grenville Canals, which employed many
Glengarry men during the first half of the 19th century (MacGillivray and Ross
1979:303). The area around Williamstown became popular among veterans of the
North-West Company, a fur trading syndicate that operated between 1779 and 1821
(Glengarry Historical Society Website). Development of the county was also aided by
its position on the direct route between Toronto and Montreal. This ensured that
travellers would be passing through at all times of the year and led to improved roads
in the area (MacGillivray and Ross 1979:283).
The Grand Trunk Railway linking Brockville to Montreal was constructed in 1855 with
a stop in Lancaster and a year later was expanded to Toronto. The Canada Atlantic
Railway was completed in 1882 linking Montreal and Ottawa, passing through what
would become Maxville. This railway amalgamated with the Grand Trunk in 1914,
which in turn became part of the Canadian National Railway in 1923. The Canadian
Pacific Railway Co. constructed a line through the county to the south of the Canada
Atlantic in 1888. The Glengarry and Stormont Railway Co. constructed a line between
Cornwall and Soulanges in 1914, which was taken over by Canadian Pacific the
following year. This line included a total of 19 stations across the county, connecting
Cornwall with the main Canadian Pacific line. These advancements in the county’s
transportation routes opened up the townships of North Glengarry to markets in
Ottawa, Montreal and the United States (Bowering 2006:6).
Population decline among the Scottish population before World War I was counterbalanced by a wave of migration from neighbouring Quebec, where there were severe
land shortages, which led to an increased French-Canadian population in Glengarry
County (Bowering 2006:7). Historical maps of the county show the intensification of
rural settlement that occurred through the late nineteenth century, as most of the land
in the four townships came to be settled and the original lots were subdivided.
Still part of the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, Glengarry
County was divided into North Glengarry and South Glengarry in 1998. In general, the
population has changed little over the last century, ranging from 22,447 in 1892 to
19,270 in 1976 and 23,515 in 2006 (MacGillivray and Ross 1979:2; Glengarry County
2010).
12
Kenyon Township
Historically, the Township of Kenyon was bounded on the north by the Township of
Caledonia, on the east by the Township of Lochiel, on the south by the Township of
Charlottenburg and on the west by the Township of Roxborough. Created in 1798, the
township was named after the Welsh Chief Justice of England at the time of settlement,
Lord Kenyon (Bowering 2006:4).
The settlement history of this township is similar to that of other townships in
Glengarry County. The south-east portion was settled by numerous members of the
McMillan clan, while the McGregor, McDonald, McLeod, McTavish, McRae,
McDiarmid, McIntosh, McNaughton, McKay, McDougall and other Highland as well as
many Lowland families were also present. The population of Kenyon Township was
more dense than in other rural districts given the quality of the agricultural lands and
the quantity of lumber available (Belden 1979:13).
Charlottenburg Township
Historically, the Township of Charlottenburg was bounded on the north by the
Township of Kenyon, on the northwest by the Township of Lochiel, on the east by the
Township of Lancaster and on the west by the Township of Cornwall. It was named
after Charlotte of Macklenburg-Strelitz, Queen Consort of King George III (Bowering
2006:3; Harkness 1946:45).
Gourlay and Mealing’s Statistical Account of Upper Canada, originally published in 1822,
indicates that the Township of Charlottenburg was settled in 1784 by soldiers of the
Kings Royal Regiment of New York, consisting primarily of Scots. As of 1818 the
population was approximately 2,500 people residing in 500 houses. Other notable
buildings of the period included a stone Presbyterian Church, three Presbyterian
meeting houses, a stone Catholic Church, a Catholic meeting house, 12 schools, 12
stores, 18 taverns, four grist mills, six saw mills and a carding mill (Gourlay and
Mealing 1822:277). Fur traders of the North-West Company also settled here during the
late 18th and early 19th centuries (Lankan 2010).
French-Canadian immigrants from Quebec moved into the area at the start of the 19th
century, when the agricultural, forestry and potash industries were dominant in the
county. By the mid-19th century over 6,500 acres of land within the township were
under cultivation, and the township boasted three sawmills and a population over 2,500
(Smith 1846:113). Further commercial prosperity came to Charlottenburg in 1855 with
the opening of a Grand Trunk Railway Station at Camerontown. The main historic
thoroughfare until this time was the Matilda Road, which ran north from Matilda
Township along the St. Lawrence River and was graded and planked in 1852
13
(MacGillivray and Ross 1979). As the 1800s came to an end, the township had become
famous for its cheese making and for buggy manufacture (Lankan 2010).
Cornwall Township
Historically, the Township of Cornwall was bounded on the north by the Township of
Roxborough, on the west by the Township of Osnabruck, on the south by the St.
Lawrence River, on the east by the Township of Charlottenburg, and on the northeast
by the Township of Kenyon. It was named after Prince Frederick, son of King George
III, whose title was Duke of Cornwall (Bowering 2006:4).
Permanent Euro-Canadian settlement of Cornwall Township dates to 1784 when Lt.
Col. Sir John Johnson and the First Battalion King’s Royal Regiment of New York along
with members of the 84th Royal Highland Regiment established New Johnstown.
Census records from 1784 show 215 men, 87 women, and 214 children in Cornwall
Township, although only 99 of these were settled on their allotted land grants and a
certain proportion of the total may have subsequently moved to land in adjacent
townships (Cornwall LACAC n.d.).
The town plot for Cornwall was surveyed in 1785, but a survey undertaken by Wm.
Chewett in 1792 provided the earliest official plan of the town to survive. This map lists
40 land owners in the settlement as well as a school, a church, and a doctor. Three years
later, the erection of the district court house established Cornwall as the principal town
in the township of Stormont, Dundas, and Glengarry. Also significant in the early
development of Cornwall was the arrival of the Rev. John Strachan in 1803 and his
establishment of the Cornwall Grammar School in 1807. With Strachan's presence,
Cornwall became a centre of learning and political influence where many members of
the Family Compact were trained.
Given its strategic location, Cornwall played an important role during the War of 1812,
serving as a garrison town and a communications and supply depot (Carter-Edwards
n.d.). The construction of the Cornwall Canal provided the town with an immense
source of water power which, combined with an abundant local labour force and the
nearby market of Montreal, meant that Cornwall quickly became the industrial leader
in Canada West. When the canal was completed in 1845, local entrepreneurs
immediately began petitioning the government Board of Works to survey and auction
off canal lots and water rights (Senior 1984:224). By 1847 Cornwall was a thriving
community of 1,647 with numerous services, trades people, and commercial
establishments.
The Walling map of 1862 shows the nine square mile town plot surrounded by the
developing township. This map provides the first depiction of the industrial
14
development taking place within the town. The mills of Cornwall continued to grow
and prosper through a deep economic depression that affected the rest of the country in
the 1870s. This growth is reflected in the population of the town, which was 2,033 in
1871, but by 1881 had more than doubled to 4,468 (Cornwall LACAC n.d.). The next
available plan, Belden’s 1879 map of the township, shows the continued growth of
Cornwall and intensification of agriculture in the surrounding township. The City
continued to prosper through the early decades of the twentieth century, including
during the Great Depression, however in the post Second World War period, overseas
competition began to have an impact on the mills. Many closed in the 1950s (Cornwall
LACAC n.d.). In 1954, construction began on the St. Lawrence Seaway and the
associated power project that created the R. H. Saunders Generating Station just west of
Cornwall. The Three Nations Bridge (Seaway International Bridge) also dates to this
period, opening in 1962.
3.1.4 Property-Specific History
A complete review of the property history for each of the lots within the four study
areas is beyond the scope of the present undertaking. The following discussion will
focus on the main developments of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,
particularly as they relate to the archaeological potential of each area. Each of the three
sites will be discussed separately. Information was principally drawn from a series of
historical maps, in particular H.F. Walling’s 1862 plan of Glengarry and Stormont
Counties and H. Belden’s 1879 maps of Kenyon, Charlottenburg, and Cornwall
Townships. Other nineteenth and twentieth century maps, fire insurance plans and
aerial photographs were also consulted on a limited basis.
Area 1 - Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Sites
The three alternative locations for the Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank are all
found within the Village of Maxville on Part Lots 6 through 11, Concession 17 and Part
Lot 7, Concession 18, in the geographic Township of Kenyon.
The settlement that was to become Maxville had its beginnings as four farms situated at
the intersection of what are now Marlborough, Main and Mechanic Streets (North
Glengarry Community Economic Development Group 2000). The town was relatively
late to develop in comparison with most of the other settled areas in the Glengarry
County. From 1847 to 1852 the first post office in this area was called Macs Corners,
then Macsville, after the large number of Scots living in the vicinity (Glengarry
Historical Society 2012). Post master John McEwan renamed the settlement Maxville
when the railway arrived in 1882. With this development and the construction of a new
railway station, Maxville soon became the business centre for the district, and was
incorporated as a village separate from Kenyon Township in 1892 (Harkness 1946:275).
15
By 1905 Maxville had a population of 800 (Bowering 2006:33). Although the downtown
core of Maxville was ravaged by fire multiple times between 1910 and 19405, it was
rebuilt each time and changed very little.
The earliest available information comes from an 1862 map of Glengarry County
produced by H.F. Walling (Map 9), which provides an overview of the settlement of the
Maxville area at that time. The map shows the names of several structures and/or
occupants, including two members of the McRae family on Lot 6, Concession 17, each
with their own homestead, the home of John McEwen and a church along the east side
of present day Main Street on Lot 8, Concession 17, P. McDougall residing on Lot 11,
Concession 17, and although no one was listed on Lot 7, Concession 18, a D. Robertson
is shown on Lot 8, Concession 18. The future County Roads Nos. 20 and 22 were
present by this time.
Illustrated Historical Atlas of Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, Ontario,
published in 1879 by H. Belden & Co., contains several maps of interest to the present
study area. The map of Kenyon Township shows the names of the owners/occupants
of the lots, as well as the locations of farmsteads. It is worth noting, however, that these
historical atlases were sold by subscription, and for this reason the absence of names
and/or structures from individual lots does not constitute evidence that the lot was not
settled at the time of the making of the maps. In addition, as with any of the other
historical maps reproduced in this report, not all structures erected at the time would
have been illustrated on the maps, and a variety of sheds and special purpose buildings
(eg. barns, outhouses, smokehouses, etc.) may also have been present.
The map of the township for the present study area shows owners/occupants in
association with each of the lots (Map 10). John McRae is depicted residing on both
Lots 5 and 6, Concession 17, and two buildings are illustrated within Lot 6 along the
south side of the present day County Road No. 22. John McEwen is listed in association
with both lots 7 and 8, Concession 17, though no structures are depicted on Lot 7 at this
time. Unlike Lot 7, multiple buildings are illustrated on Lot 8, including a church, a
cemetery and another dwelling along the east side of the present Main Street at the
intersection with the present County Road No. 22, as well as a cluster of buildings at the
intersection of Main and Mechanic Streets. It is important to note that as the church is
shown to the north of the cemetery, and the Potential Tank Site Alternative Location ‘A’
study area abuts the cemetery, the footprint of the old church may fall within it. The
house at the intersection of Main Street and County Road No. 22 and the westernmost
of the two McRae dwellings also fall within this study area. Donald McDougall is listed
on both Lots 9 and 10, Concession 17. His home appears to be situated on Lot 9 on the
west side of Main Street, slightly north of the church. At the northern end of the lot, on
5
Fires destroyed parts of downtown Maxville in 1910, 1914, 1921, 1935 and 1940 (Bowering 2006:33).
16
the south side of Mechanic Street, two other buildings are depicted and are noted as
belonging to A. and D. McDougall. No other buildings are shown on Lot 10. Peter
McDougall is listed as owning both Lots 11 and 12, Concession 17, although no
structures appear on Lot 11, and the McDougall homestead is located on Lot 12. At this
time both Lots 7 and 8, Concession 18, were owned by Mrs. A. Robertson, but the house
was located on Lot 8.
Historic land records categorize some of the lots in the study area as “formerly Indian
Lands”. These lands, also known as the Nutfield Tract, were a 3.2 kilometre wide
corridor running north from the St. Lawrence River to the height of land (or the 21st
Concession) along the northern border of the county. The lands are believed to have
been a First Nations passage from the St. Lawrence River to the Ottawa River and, as
they were not part of the original Loyalist land grants, the First Nations at St. Regis
were given hunting and gathering rights on this 30,690 acre plot under Treaty No. 57.
This land was, in theory, intended to appease the Mohawk group after they had been
displaced from the north shore of the St. Lawrence River from land earmarked by the
government for the United Empire Loyalists. While the land was set aside, however, no
formal deed or grant was given, and the Mohawks in turn found it unsuitable for
hunting or settlement. Accordingly, they began leasing the land to settlers instead, with
rents paid going to St. Regis. In 1809, the Indian Lands were resurveyed by Jeremiah
McCarthy (MacGillivray and Ross 1979:24-26). The passage of the Municipal Act of
1847 ended Mohawk claims to the land and by 1852 the government had assumed
control, with many lots subsequently granted to former tenants and squatters
(Bowering 2006:4 and 5).
This probably explains why the Land Registry Abstract Index (LRAI) for the Village of
Maxville area began relatively late, and does not record the awarding of Crown patents
for any of the seven lots included in this study area. All of the lots apart from Lot 7,
Concession 18, are noted as being “formerly Indian Lands”. The Village of Maxville
was not formally divided into town lots until 1892, as shown on Plan 39 in the land
registry office. The subdivision included parts of Lots 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, Concession 17,
and parts of Lots 7 to 12, Concession 18. All of the land transactions for these lots postdate this plan, and thus probably only refer to the remaining portions. The town lots
were later extended into Lot 7, Concession 17.
In 1898, when John McEwen, the previous property owner of Lots 6 and 7, Concession
17, died, the entire lot was left to Alexander McEwen (LRAI 194). In 1909 Alexander
sold a portion of the lot to Andrew T. Morrow (LRAI 644), while other parts of the lots
remained in the McEwen family until the latter half of the 20th century. John McEwen
had also owned Lot 8, Concession 17, which he left to his wife Janet after his death in
1898 (LRAI 194). Janet deeded part of the property to Elizabeth Morrison in 1899 (LRAI
17
207). The remainder was sold to Alexander McEwen in 1903 (LRAI 383). Portions of
this lot remained in the McEwen family until at least 1946.
By the time of the earliest land registry instruments, Lot 9, Concession 17, had already
been subdivided into smaller subsections. In 1900 Donald McDougall and his wife
deeded at least a portion of the property to Duncan McTavish (LRAI 241). Another
portion remained in the McDougall family until 1921, when Thomas McDougall sold it
to Dan Kennedy and George Reid (LRAI 1118 and 1156). Between 1895 and 1901
Donald McDougall and his wife subdivided Lot 10, Concession 17, and sold two
portions to John Smillie and Duncan Robertson (LRAI 64 and 305); a third parcel was
acquired by Duncan McKinnon (LRAI 229). In 1894 Duncan McDougall and his wife
deeded the entirety of Lot 11, Concession 17, to Alex McDougall (LRAI 22). In 1899,
Duncan Robertson and his wife deeded two parts of Lot 7, Concession 18, to John Cass
and Mary Kennedy respectively (LRAI 224 and 231). They deeded part of the lot to
Donald McRae in 1903 (LRAI 390).
The Kenyon Agricultural Society (KAS) Fair Grounds moved to their present location at
the end of Fair Street in 1907. The old site, located on the east side of Peter Street, was
along the northern border of the Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A study area.
The new property began with only five acres bought from A.D. McRae, but slowly
expanded over time. In 1948 KAS jointly sponsored the first Glengarry Highland games
with the Williamstown Agricultural Society, which has been held on the property each
subsequent year (North Glengarry Community Economic Development Group 2000).
An early topographic map, pre-dating 19466 (Map 11), clearly illustrates all three of the
Maxville elevated water storage tank sites. Within Potential Tank Site Alternative
Location A three structures are depicted along the north side of County Road No. 22
near the intersection with Main Street South. At the southern edge of this study area
the boundaries of the Maxville cemetery are shown along the west side of County Road
No. 20, although by this time the church illustrated on the Belden map had disappeared
(see Section 3.2.5). The two former McRae houses along the south side of County Road
No. 22 had also disappeared. Much of the area to the north of County Road No. 22 is
denoted as a gravel pit, though this appears to have been mostly confined to Lot 5. A
road connects County Road No. 22 to Carr Street East along the east side of Lot 6. A
second cemetery is indicated to the north of Carr Street East just north of the limits of
Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A. There is also a structure depicted within
this second cemetery, possibly indicating a church. Very little is shown within the
study area for Potential Tank Site Alternative Location B. Fair Street is only depicted as
running between Robert and Marlborough Streets at this time and did continue towards
the fair grounds. There is anecdotal evidence to suggest that Fair Street was not
This topographic map appears to pre-date the 1946 aerial photograph based on the presence or absence
of dated structures.
6
18
extended towards the fairground property until much later when better access to the
grounds was required.7 At least one structure is shown at the end of Highland Drive in
the vicinity of the present fair grounds, but it appears to be outside of the study area
boundaries. The parcel associated with Potential Tank Site Alternative Location C
appears to be mostly vacant farmland at this time; however there is a designation
indicating a sawmill connected with various larger buildings just to the north of the
study area limits. A residence is shown along the west side of Main Street, as well as a
number of structures in the vicinity of Catherine Street, Church Street, and George
Street – all of which appear to be outside of the study area limits.
Aerial photography of the study area dating from 1946 (Map 12) shows that the earlier
rural pattern of settlement still prevailed in the majority of the area. The downtown
core of the village appears much the same as it does today. The Grand Trunk railway
line, Mechanic Streets East and West, as well as County Roads No. 20 and No. 22 are all
clearly visible. Within the Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A study area there
were now only two residential structures and associated outbuildings along the north
side of County Road No. 22 near the intersection with Main Street South. The structure
closest to the intersection that appeared on the earlier topographic map facing Main
Street is no longer visible. The cemetery along the southern border of the study area is
barely visible. The fair grounds are shown adjacent to the Potential Tank Site
Alternative Location B study area. There are a number of residential structures along
the north side of Fair Street, but the south side remains vacant; by this time Fair Street
had been extended all the way to the fair grounds. The Potential Tank Site Alternative
Location C study area appears mostly as farm lands, although adjacent properties show
residential structures along Main Street, Catherine Street, Spring Street and George
Street. A farm complex is visible along the west side of County Road No. 20, the same
farm depicted on the Belden map (see Map 10). Although most of the complex falls
outside of the study area, there is some disturbance associated with it in the field to the
south-west.
The Maxville and District Sports Complex,
officially opened in 1978. The complex was
the Glengarry Sports Hall of Fame building
Potential Tank Site Alternative Location B
Development Group 2000).
erected on the north side of Fair Street,
enlarged in 1991 with the construction of
on the south side of the road adjacent to
(North Glengarry Community Economic
A tourism pamphlet about the Village of Maxville published by Tourism North Glengarry (North
Glengarry Community Economic Development Group 2000) provides a date of 1967 for the expansion of
Fair Street; however the full length of the road is clearly visible in an aerial photograph dating to 1946,
indicating that the construction likely predates this time.
7
19
Area 2 - Martintown Water Booster Pumping Station Sites and Transmission Main
Route Options
The two alternative pumping station sites and three transmission route options are
located within the Village of Martintown on Part Lot 27, Concession 1 N.S.R.R. (North
Side Raisin River) and Part Lot 26, Concession 1 S.S.R.R. (South Side Raisin River), in
the geographic Township of Charlottenburg.
The town of Martintown was founded on land from which Mohawks had been
displaced by the British Crown in 1784. The Land Registry Abstract Indices for the
Martintown lots indicate that the Crown patent for Lot 26, Concession 1 S.S.R.R. was
awarded to Donald McDonell in 1804, and that the Crown patent for the 57 acres
making up Lot 27, Concession 1 N.S.R.R. was awarded to Malcolm McMartin in 1806.
McMartin, a native of Perthshire Scotland and a New York Loyalist, was attracted by
the available waterpower afforded by a series of rapids along the Raisin River in this
location. Between 1801 and 1803 he dammed the river at the head of the rapids about
183 metres south of the present bend, and built a sawmill, a planing mill, a carding mill
and an ashery on the west side and a wooden flour and grist mill and a little later a
store on the east side. The early dam was made in three sections from large timbers,
which were raised and lowered by hand with a chain and windless to control the water
levels in the head pond (Martintown Grist Mill 2012). The small village that developed
was appropriately originally called McMartin’s Mills. Other United Empire Loyalists
and Scottish Highland crofters, tradesmen and shopkeepers were also attracted to the
Raisin River area (Mayer 1987: 3). The flour and grist mill was replaced in 1847 by a
stone mill erected by McMartin’s son, Alexander (Grant 1974:42).
The 1851 census for Martintown indicates that the village included a Presbyterian
church, a free common school, a grist mill, two tailors, a sawmill, a tavern, six
shoemaker’s shops, five blacksmith shops, four weavers, two coopers, a carpenter, two
wagon makers, two tanners, six stores and asheries, two saddlers, one cabinet maker, a
physician and a female school teacher (Martintown Grist Mill 2012). Less than a year
later, W.H. Smith describes Martintown as having a population of about 300, as well as
carding and fulling mills, a distillery, a post office and two churches (Smith 1851:386).
After Alexander McMartin’s sudden death in 1853, the grist mill, now owned by his
widow Mary Carlyle and his brother Duncan McMartin, was operated by a manager,
possibly Samuel Clingen, until it was leased for a ten year period between 1860 and
1870 by William Sylvester (Mayer 1987:6). Through a succession of owners and millers
the Martintown mill served the community as a custom mill. Local residents and
farmers would bring their grain to the mill to be ground into flour, typical orders
involving a bushel at a time of wheat, corn, buckwheat, oats and malt (Martintown
Grist Mill 2012).
20
In 1861 severe spring floods washed out the original bridge and dam. William Sylvester
rebuilt the dam in concrete, topped by a white pine and shingle roofed covered bridge,
which stood until 1936 (Martintown Grist Mill 2012) (Image 1). The current dam was
built in 1987 to the north of the bridge (Martintown Grist Mill 2012).
The 1862 map of Glengarry County produced by H.F. Walling provides an overview of
the settlement history of the Martintown area at that time (Map 13). The map shows the
grist mill, sawmill and the bridge at the location of Crossing Alternative C. Nothing is
depicted at either of the other two river crossing alternative sites, with no roads shown
north of the present Kings Road. At the Potential Pump Station Site West location,
although names do appear on the map they are all associated with buildings on the east
side of Nine Mile Road, which interestingly appears to have continued north to the
Raisin River. The Potential Pump Station Site East location is well north of the
buildings shown along the east side of the present County Road No. 20.
As with Maxville, the Illustrated Historical Atlas of Counties of Stormont, Dundas and
Glengarry, Ontario, contains two maps of interest to the present study area (Belden
1879). The plan of the Township of Charlottenburg shows the names of the
owners/occupants of the lots surrounding Martintown, as well as the locations of
farmsteads. This map shows that the population in the village and surrounding area
had expanded greatly by this time. In addition, a more detailed plan of the Village of
Martintown was included (Map 14). While this map shows the layout of the streets and
town lots, as well as a few prominent buildings, it fails to provide any details of the
private residences within the village. Conroy’s Hotel is illustrated along the north side
of Dundas Street, as well as three churches, a post office and a school house. The name
of John McArthur Jr. is noted on Lot 27, Concession 1 N.S.R.R. The southern portion of
this irregularly shaped lot had been divided into 11 town lots by this time. The widest
portion of the Raisin River, which marks the southern boundary of Lot 27, is also
labelled “Mill Pond”, forming the headwaters for the waterpower to the mills. James
Rayside is shown as owning the land between the south shore of the Raisin River and
the north side of Dundas Street (now Kings Road). At the intersection of Nine Mile
Road and Dundas Street there is a small subdivision shown with 44 town lots and three
roads (McCann Street, Gordon Street and Mary Street), although this is not necessarily
indicative that the lots had been sold and residences erected. To the south of Dundas
Street D. McMartin is shown as residing on seven acres, James Rayside is shown on
12.5 acres, F.A. McMartin is shown on a lot, and the St. Andrews’s Church property is
also depicted. All of these fall outside of the current study area. Adjacent to the
location of the bridge, the McMartin Mill complex is depicted on Town Lot 17, and the
post office is also shown. This plan had clearly been copied from Plan No. 20 in the
county land registry office, dating to 1868, indicating that all of the village lots depicted
had been formally surveyed by that time.
21
An 1885 fire insurance plan (Map 15) shows the location for Crossing Alternative C.
The grist mill is illustrated at the intersection of Kings Road (shown as Dundas Street)
and North Branch Road (now County Road No. 20). The plan specifies that the mill
contained four runs of stones and a smut machine, and was powered by both water and
a sixty horsepower wood burning steam engine located in a shed immediately adjacent
to the south side of the building (Mayer 1987:7). On the opposite bank, J. and A.
Smith’s saw and shingle mill is also shown. The bridge is described as wooden and
covered. In the downtown core of the village, multiple general stores, a hotel, carriage
makers and a cabinet maker are illustrated. Unfortunately this and a later version of the
plan fail to show either of the potential pump station sites, or the other river crossing
alternatives. Two photographs illustrate Kings Road and/or the covered bridge
associated with Crossing Alternative C in the early twentieth century (Images 2 and 3).
A topographic map dating to 1937 (Map 16) shows the development of Martintown at
this time. There are numerous residences and businesses along Kings Road, County
Road No. 20, McMartin Street and Nine Mile Road. This last road did not extend north
of Kings Road at this time, nor did Andrew Street; McCaw Street had yet to be
constructed. Nothing of note is shown in the location of the Potential Pump Station Site
West, nor at Crossing Alternative A apart from a house set back from the river. A
sawmill is shown within Crossing Alternative B along County Road No. 20. Two other
buildings are also illustrated near the location of Potential Pump Station Site East,
though neither lie within the study area footprint. The grist mill is shown at the
location of Crossing Alternative C as well as several other buildings. A blacksmith shop
is also shown at the northern end of Nine Mile Road.
An aerial photograph dating to 1946 (Map 17) shows a farm complex or residence
immediately south of the location of Potential Pump Station Site West. Nothing
appears within Potential Pump Station Site East, but there are adjacent buildings along
the west side of County Road No. 20, both to the north and south. A home is visible
near to the location of Crossing Alternative A along the south side of the Raisin River.
At Crossing Alternative C little appears to have changed in the vicinity of the mills and
bridge; similarly no changes can be observed at Crossing Alternative B.
A topographic map dating to 1953 (Map 18) illustrates the extent to which the town had
expanded by this time. Nine Mile Road had been continued north to the Raisin River
where two buildings are shown near the location of Crossing Alternative A. A school
had been constructed at Potential Pump Station Site West. The sawmill at Crossing
Alternative B is no longer shown, but there are still two buildings along the west side of
County Road No. 20 that are likely adjacent to the footprint for Potential Pump Station
Site East. The grist mill is still shown at Crossing Alternative C.
22
Although an aerial photograph dating to 1969 (Map 19) is of poorer quality, it is still
possible to make out the school within Potential Pump Station Site West. The lands
associated with Potential Pump Station Site East appear vacant, and little had changed
at any of the Raisin River crossing alternative locations, although there does appear to
be more development along the south shore.
The school at Potential Pump Station Site West appears to have become the Martintown
Community Centre in the late twentieth century; it was recently demolished (Image 4).
A fire hall was constructed at Potential Pump Station Site East in the last quarter of the
twentieth century (Image 5). It was also recently demolished.
Area 3 - Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road
The lands in this study area are comprised of the Cashion Road ROW between Part Lot
26, Second or Third Range S.S.R.R., Part Lots 1 and 2, Concession 3 I.L. (Indian Lands)
and Part Lot 2, Concession 4 I.L., in the geographic Township of Charlottenburg.
Cashion Road is situated north-east of the City of Cornwall. It runs south from the
community of Cashion Glen and is located to the south of the south branch of the Raisin
River. Three out of the four lots included in this study area are denoted as “Indian
Lands Reservation” on land registry documents. As discussed above, much of this area
might have been settled at an earlier time, but the Crown patents were not released
until after 1852 when the government reclaimed the land.
Land registry documents indicate that the Crown patent for Lot 26, Second or Third
Range, S.S.R.R. was awarded to John Grant in 1802. Although the property was
subdivided into two lots shortly thereafter, both parcels remained in the Grant family
until 1851 when James and William Cashion took possession of the southern 30 acres
(LRAI 153). Other families residing on the property in the 19th and 20th centuries
included the Conroys, the McDonalds and the Dows.
The Crown patent for Lot 1, Concession 3 I.L. was awarded to Alexander McDougall in
1855. The property was shortly thereafter divided into multiple lots, but remained in
the McDougall family until the second half of the 20th century. The Crown patent for
Lot 2, Concession 3 I.L. was granted to Roderick MacLennan in 1856. Roderick sold the
lot to Angus MacLennan in 1863 (LRAI 1326), who in turn sold it to Roderick R.
MacLennan in 1873 (LRAI 213). In 1907 the entire lot was purchased by John
McDougall (LRAI 2283), who deeded it to Laurie McLaren in 1937, several years after
the McLaren family had begun leasing the property (LRAI 3717 and 3578). Margaret
McLaren, who had acquired the property through a quit claim deed in 1950, sold the
property the following year to William Cooper (LRAI 4247 and 4272). The property
remained in the possession of the Cooper family 1971, when the lot was subdivided
with multiple parcels being sold.
23
The Crown patent for the part of Lot 2, Concession 4 I.L. to the south of the branch of
the Raisin River crossing the lot was awarded to Alexander Grant in 1857 and the
section to the north to James Burton the following year. Grant sold his portion to
Donald MacDonell in 1858, who kept the property only until 1861 when he sold it to
Kenneth McLennan (LRAI 716 and 1077). McLennan and his wife sold the property to
Andrew Hodge, who had previously been leasing the land, in 1871 (LRAI 135). Michael
Hawn and his wife, who appear to have acquired the James Burton parcel, sold it to
John and Michael Conroy in 1881 (LRAI 549). John Dow purchased two portions of the
property from members of the Conroy family in 1897 (LRAI 1795 and 1796). Thereafter
the parcels were cycled through a number of other families, including the Esplins,
Kyers and Segins, up to the mid-twentieth century.
The 1862 Walling map of Glengarry County (Map 20) shows the development in the
Cashion Road area by that time. The residences of Mrs. A Grant and J. Grant are
illustrated along the south side of Street Road on Lot 26, Second or Third Range,
S.S.R.R. Another home, this one belonging to A.P. McDougall, appears set back from
Glen Road on Lot 1, Concession 3, together with another McDougall residence further
to the east. The home of R. McLennon is illustrated at the corner of Cashion and Glen
Roads on Lot 2, Concession 3, and one other structure is shown along the north side of
Street Road on Lot 2, Concession 4, belonging to a member of the Grant family. It is
interesting to note that this section of Cashion Road had been opened by 1862.
The Belden plan of Charlottenburg Township shows the Cashion Road study area in
1879 (Map 21). On Lot 1, Concession 3, Alex P. MacDougall is shown as owning the
entire lot, and there are three buildings illustrated, all in proximity to the intersection of
Cashion Road and Glen Road. One of these structures appears within a smaller subdivided lot exactly at the above mentioned intersection, though no additional name is
attributed to it. James Dow is depicted as owning the entirety of Lot 26, Second or
Third Range, S.S.R.R. There is a structure illustrated south of Street Road, as well as
one at the north end of the lot, on the north shore of the south branch of the Raisin
River. This second structure is listed as belonging to “JC”, likely a reference to J.
Cashion who owned an adjacent lot. Lot 2, Concession 4, is shown as being the
property of the estate of Andrew Hodge (the former Grant residence), with a homestead
on the north side of Street Road. A second structure is depicted on the lot, north of the
south side of the Raisin River, and is attributed to Michael Hawn. On Lot 2, Concession
3, Roderick R. McLennan is illustrated as owning the entire lot, and a structure is shown
at the intersection of Cashion Road and Glen Road, the same farm formerly owned by
his father shown on the Walling map.
A topographic map dating to 1937 (Map 22) provides additional insight into settlement
development in the area. At the north end of the study area, three homes are illustrated
on the east side of Cashion Road at the intersection with Street Road. In the central
24
portion the Canadian Pacific Railway line is shown, as is a bridge traversing the creek
known as Cooper’s Drain that runs through the Summerstown Swamp. As stated
above, the railway was completed through this area originally for the Glengarry and
Stormont Railway Co. in 1914. At the south end of the study area, at the intersection
with Glen Road, only two residences are depicted, one on each lot. Two of the
structures shown on the Belden map had been removed by this time.
An aerial photograph dating to 1946 (Map 23) also shows the study area. At the north
end two homes and associated outbuildings are visible set back from Street Road to the
east of Cashion Road, indicating that one of the structures shown on the 1937 map had
been removed. A new farm or outbuildings, however, had been constructed to the
south of Street Road on Lot 2, Concession 4. The southern end of the study area
remained unchanged. No changes appear to have been made by the time the 1953
topographic map was published, though in this case all of the larger barns were also
shown (Map 24). All of the historical structures appear to have been set back far
enough from the road to be outside of the current study area. Cashion Road appears to
have remained open though the mid-20th century. The Canadian Pacific Railway tracks
were removed after 1992.
Area 4 - Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option
The lands in this study area are comprised of portions of the Tollgate Road, McConnell
Avenue, Hwy 401, Service Road, Boundary Road, and Glen Road ROWs, running a
total of 4.6 kilometres along a former concession road allowance between Part Lots 1
through 6 and A through D, Concessions 2 and 3, and within Part Lots 4 and 5,
Concession 3, in the geographic Township of Cornwall and Part Lots 15 and 16,
Concession 3 I.L. (Indian Lands), in the geographic Township of Charlottenburg.
Land registry documents indicate that the Crown patents for many of the affected lots
were granted in the late 1790s to a number of United Empire Loyalist families and
soldiers. The two most prominent land holders were the Grays and the Andersons.
Captain Samuel Anderson received the patent for five of the lots containing the
proposed watermain route option, including Lots 1 and 2 on Concession 2 and 3 and
Lot 5 Concession 3. A historical plaque bearing his name was erected on the north side
of Montreal Road, immediately east of Dunbar Avenue, in Cornwall. The plaque’s text
reads:
‘Captain Samuel Anderson 1736-1836. This property formed part of the
extensive lands granted to Capt. Samuel Anderson, U.E.L., one of the first
persons to settle on the site of Cornwall. Born in New England of Irish parents,
he served with the British forces during the Seven Years War. At the outbreak of
the American Revolution Anderson was imprisoned by the rebels after he had
refused a commission in the Continental Army. He escaped in 1776 and was
appointed a captain in the 1st Battalion K.R.R.N.Y (King's Royal Regiment of New
25
York). He became a justice of the peace for this area in 1785 and later served as
the first judge of the Eastern District.’8
Some of the lots initially granted to Anderson were sold off in the early 19th century and
other properties were left to children and grandchildren of the family patriarch.
Portions of Anderson’s holdings remained in their possession until as late as 1890, when
land registry documents indicate that Alexander Anderson sold the last portion - the
east half of Lot 2 Concession 3.
Members of the Gray family also received Crown patents for a number of the lots
containing the proposed watermain route option. Elizabeth Gray was granted patents
to three lots and Robert Gray four lots from Lots B-D Concessions 2 and 3. All of the
Gray property appears to have been sold out of the family by 1825, with some
properties being sold by a lawyer and others passed on to the children of neighbours.
Other prominent families that owned properties in the study area included the
Camerons, McCuens, MacDonalds, and McDonells.
Interestingly, the preliminary examination of the land registry abstract index conducted
for the affected lots revealed a sale of a portion of the southeast corner of the west half
of Lot 3, Concession 2 to Trustees of School Section No. 7 for fifty dollars in 1887,
indicating that a school was erected in this location. Given the distance of this parcel
from the proposed transmission watermain route option, however, the presence of a
historical school does not impact the archaeological potential of the study corridor.
An examination of the 1862 Walling map of Cornwall and Charlottenburg Townships
provided a glimpse into the intensification of settlement in this area through the first
half of the nineteenth century (Map 25). While the quality of the copy of the Walling
map available at the time of the assessment was poor, a small number of farmsteads
could be seen fronting on the road between the 2nd and 3rd Concessions. Unfortunately,
none of the names associated with these farms were legible. Interestingly, Lot 5, in the
2nd Concession was shown as a ‘Clergy Lot’, with a structure shown fronting on the 1st
Concession road. Significantly, the map illustrates that the South Branch of the Raisin
River and the 1st Concession road were focal points for settlement.
The 1879 H. Belden & Co. map of Cornwall and Charlottenburg Townships provides
additional details concerning the development of settlement in this area during the
latter half of the 19th century (Map 26). The situation appears little changed from the
time of the 1862 Walling map, with a small number of structures, likely farmsteads,
fronting on the 2nd Concession road. No structures are shown on the relevant lots in
Charlottenburg Township. An examination of the 1937 topographic map shows nearly
identical conditions, although a branch of the Canada Pacific Railway had been built
8
Historical plaque erected by the Ontario Archaeological and Historic Sites Board.
26
through the 2nd Concession, crossing Boundary Road just south of the 2nd Concession
Road (Map 27). This was part of the same line observed crossing Cashion Road,
constructed in 1914 by the Glengarry & Stormont Railway Company. The map also
provides additional environmental information, with the majority of the 2nd Concession
road corridor lying within a location labelled as wooded areas bordering wetlands. The
presence of four small bridges or culverts in the central portion of the roadway suggests
that a considerable amount of effort had been made to overcome the wet conditions
prevalent in the area. Moreover, a significant portion of the eastern half of the roadway
is illustrated with dashed lines, suggesting it may only have been passable seasonally or
was unmaintained.
A 1957 aerial photograph shows recent development in the vicinity of the intersection of
Tollgate Road and McConnell Avenue, with small collections of buildings present on
the northwest, northeast, and southeast corners of the intersection (Map 28). Otherwise
the corridor appears largely unchanged, with two farmsteads shown lying to the north
of the 2nd Concession road in Lots 2 and 3. These farms correspond to the structures
illustrated on the 1879 H. Belden & Co. map, which are labelled with the names ‘A.
Anderson’ and ‘J. McB. McDonald’ (see Map 26). A significant portion of the land
bordering the 2nd Concession does not appear to have been under active cultivation at
the time, likely owning to the poor drainage conditions of this area. The entire length of
the 2nd Concession had been gravelled by this point. These conditions are reflected on a
1957 topographic map, although a farm is shown to the south of the 2 nd Concession in
Lot 1 whereas the aerial photograph from the same year shows no structures,
suggesting that the farm may have been demolished that year (Map 29).
Finally, recent high resolution satellite imagery shows industrial development
concentrated around the intersection of Tollgate Road and McConnell Avenue (see Map
8). Highway 401, constructed through this area in the early 1960s, crosses through a
significant portion of the former alignment of the 2nd Concession. Service Road,
constructed immediately to the north of the 401 ROW, follows the remainder of the
former alignment of the 2nd Concession. A small number of residential lots have been
severed and developed along the Service Road frontage. Recent disturbance associated
with development is visible on either side of the former CPR rail line at the intersection
of Service Road and Boundary Road. In addition, the alignment of the west end of Glen
Road has been recently altered to modify its intersection with Boundary Road.
3.2 Archaeological Context
This section describes the environmental and archaeological context of the study area
which, combined with the historical context outlined above, provides the necessary
information to assess the archaeological potential of the study area.
27
3.2.1 Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites
The primary source for information regarding known archaeological sites in Ontario is
the Archaeological Sites Database maintained by the Ontario by the Ministry of
Tourism, Culture, and Sport (MTCS). The database largely consists of archaeological
sites discovered by professional archaeologists conducting archaeological assessments
required by legislated processes under land use development planning (mostly since
the late 1980s). A request for a search of the Database for all registered sites located
within a one kilometre radius was made on August 3, 2012. Notification from the
Archaeological Data Coordinator was received on August 8, 2012 that two
archaeological sites have previously been recorded within one kilometre of the present
study areas. The results of the database search are presented below in Table 1.
No registered archaeological sites are located within the boundaries of the present
study areas.
Table 1. Listing of Registered Archaeological Sites within a 1 km Radius of the
Centre of the Study Area.
Site Name
Borden
Number
Cultural
Affiliation
Site Type
Date Range
Status
(none given)
BgFp-46
Euro-Canadian
farmstead
Second half of the
19th century
-
Martintown
Grist Mill
BgFq-3
Euro-Canadian
grist mill
Mid-19th to
present
-
3.2.2 Previous Archaeological Research
The earliest report of an archaeological site being located in the general area dates to the
mid- 19th century. Two Iroquoian sites in Augusta and Edwardsburgh Townships
were noted in the annual Smithsonian Report for 1865. Several additional sites were
reported in the late 19th century and early 20th century by David Boyle (1891, 1902,
1906, 1907), J. Smith Carter (1905) and Henri Marc Ami (Clark 1905) in the Spencerville,
Black Creek and Casselman areas. The first systematic investigations were conducted
in 1912, 1914, and 1933 by Harlin Smith and W.J. Wintemberg – this included initial
excavations at the Roebuck Site in Augusta Township. Tom Lee and Richard McNeish
are also reported to have surveyed the Casselman area in 1952 but there is limited
information on this project.
28
A number of artifacts collected from within the Nutfield Tract or Indian Lands in
Glengarry County were donated to the provincial museum (now the Royal Ontario
Museum) in 1898 by a Dr. D. McDiarmid (AARO 1898:10,12). The donated collection
(listed with accession numbers) included a cutting or scraping tool of soft stone (17,108),
a stone axe of schistose slate (17,109), a small stone axe (17,110), a small stone adze
(17,111), a slate gouge (17,112), a stone gouge “degraded to use as an axe” (17,113), a
soapstone pipe (17,114), and a broken clay pipe (17,161). No additional information
regarding these artifacts is available.
In anticipation of the construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway, the National Museum of
Man (precursor to the Canadian Museum of Civilization) sponsored a survey of the St.
Lawrence Valley in 1947 (Leachman and de Laguna 1949). This investigation was
followed up with a survey by James V. Wright and Robert Dailey of the University of
Toronto in 1954 (Dailey and Wright 1955a), which in turn led to excavations at the
Malcolm Site (Dailey and Wright 1955b) and at Ault Park (Emerson 1956), both Middle
Woodland occupations. Robert Pihl (1996) has more recently collated the results of
these various early investigations.
Beginning around this time, David Gogo was active in the Lake St. Francis area where
he identified a large number of sites. Gogo’s work was followed by that of James
Pendergast and J.V. Wright (1962, 1964, 1966, 1973, 1984), which focused on the St.
Lawrence Iroquoian occupation of the Upper St. Lawrence Valley. This resulted in the
excavation of a number of previously reported sites (for example the Beckstead Site)
and the identification of new sites at Jessup’s Falls and Casselman. Bruce Jamieson
(1980, 1982) has also conducted survey and excavation in this area, while Hugh
Daechsel (1980) has provided an overview of the archaeological resources of the South
Nation drainage basin.
Most of the recent archaeological work in the region has been undertaken through
cultural resource management studies. A brief description of some of this work is
provided below.9



9
An archaeological assessment focussed on determining the potential for precontact First Nations archaeological sites in the Ontario Hydro Eastern Ontario
Route Stage study area (Pendergast 1981);
A survey of a hydro transmission corridor between Cornwall and Ottawa
(Mayer, Pihl and Poulton Inc. 1988);
An assessment of the St. Lawrence TS and Lunenburg Junction (Adams Heritage
1999);
Given that archaeological assessment work in the region is on-going, this list is necessarily incomplete.
29














A review of TransCanada Pipeline corridors in Charlottenburg, Osnabruck and
Cornwall Townships (Adams 1988, 1989);
An examination of the Eamers Corners/St. Andrews West area (Daechsel 1988);
Salvage excavations of an early to mid-nineteenth century historic site at the
Osnabruck Meter Station (Andeerson 1988);
Investigations at the original site of the Wood House museum just north of the
now closed Domtar Paper Mill in Cornwall and its new location in Lamoureux
Park (Bazely 1999);
Stage 1 investigations of the South Stormont Water Supply Project at Ingleside
and Long Sault (Daechsel and Wright 1999);
Stage 1 and 2 assessments of the McLeod Quarry 3 site, just north of the City of
Cornwall (Kennett 2000);
A Stage 1 assessment of the proposed Three Nations Bridge Crossing between
Cornwall and Cornwall Island (Kennett 2001);
An assessment of the Lafleche Gravel Pit in Roxborough Township (Earl &
Kennett 2000);
Multiple studies in the Moose Creek area for both the local water and sewer
works as well as for the Roxborough Landfill (Keatley and Desjardins 1990, 1991;
Kennett 1992a, 1992b; Wright 1999);
Water projects in Alfred (Daechsel 1980b), Crysler (Daechsel 1988a, 1989), St.
Albert (Daechsel 1990), Vars (Daechsel 1988b), and Fournier (Daechsel 1991);
A Stage 1 review of the Casselman-Lemieux project (ASI 1988);
Two Stage 1 assessments for the Proposed Cornwall Solar Farm (Henry 2010a,
2010b);
Multiple Stage 1 and 2 assessments for the Glendale Solar Project in the
Township of South Glengarry (Hoskins & Stilling 2010, 2011a, 2011b);
A Stage 1 and 2 assessment of the former Courtaulds Canada Inc. rayon mill in
Part of Lot 4, Concession 1, in the geographic township of Cornwall (Central
Archaeology Group 2010).
In addition, the Ontario Heritage Foundation has overseen work at the BethuneThompson House in Williamstown (Doroszenko 1994, 1995; Doroszenko & Henderson
1998, Earl 1990) while Parks Canada has excavated at Sir John Johnson’s home also in
Williamstown (Last 1994) and at the Glen Cairn Site in the Lake St. Francis area (Brian
Ross, personal communication 1999). Finally, Save Ontario Shipwrecks has been
involved in a number of projects examining wrecks in the St. Lawrence River and the
Cornwall Canal, as well as the sites of several of the submerged villages.
3.2.3 Identified Local Cultural Heritage Resources
The recognition or designation of cultural heritage resources (here referring only to
built heritage features and cultural heritage landscapes) may provide valuable insight
30
into aspects of local heritage, whether identified at a local, provincial, national, or
international level. Some of these cultural heritage resources may be associated with
significant archaeological features or deposits. Accordingly, the Stage 1 archaeological
assessment included the compilation of a list of cultural heritage resources that have
previously been identified within or immediately adjacent to the current study areas.
The following sources were consulted:




Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office online Directory of Heritage
Designations (http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/progs/beefp-fhbro/index.aspx);
Canada’s Historic Places website (http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/homeaccueil.aspx);
Ontario Heritage Properties Database (http://www.hpd.mcl.gov.on.ca/scripts/
hpdsearch/english/default.asp); and,
Ministry of Tourism, Culture, and Sport’s List of Heritage Conservation Districts
(http://www.mtc.gov.on.ca/en/heritage/heritage_conserving_list.shtml).
No previously identified local cultural heritage resources were found to be located
within or immediately adjacent to any of the potential tank or pump sites or alternative
transmission route alignments included in the four study areas. Given the heritage
plaque at the Martintown Grist Mill, however, this structure clearly has heritage value
(see Section 3.2.4).
3.2.4 Heritage Plaques/Monuments
A search of several listings of plaques and monuments was undertaken, given that
these markers typically indicate some level of heritage recognition. The following
sources were consulted:



The
Ontario
Heritage
Trust
Online
Plaque
Guide
(http://www.heritagetrust.on.ca/Resources-and-Learning/Online-PlaqueGuide.aspx);
An extensive listing of Ontario’s Heritage Plaques maintained by Alan Brown
(http://www.ontarioplaques.com/); and,
An extensive listing of historical plaques of Ontario maintained by Wayne Cook
(http://www.waynecook.com/historiclist.html).
This research resulted in the identification of a single heritage plaque associated with a
property lying immediately adjacent to Crossing Alternative C in Martintown. The
plaque was put up by the Ontario Heritage Foundation (now the Ontario Heritage
Trust) and the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Recreation (now the Ministry of
Tourism, Culture and Sport) at the Martintown Grist Mill. The mill has been protected
with a heritage easement.
31
3.2.5 Cemeteries
The background archival research has revealed that a single cemetery established in the
nineteenth century is located within or immediately adjacent to the Maxville Elevated
Water Storage Tank Sites study area. The cemetery is identified as the ‘Maxville
Cemetery’, and is located on the east side of County Road No. 20, approximately 145
metres south of County Road No. 22, in Lot 8, Concession 17, geographic Township of
Kenyon. A Presbyterian Church appears on the lot, just to the south of Potential Tank
Site Alternative Location A, on the 1862 Walling map of Glengarry County (see Map 9).
The name ‘John McEwen’ appears in association with the northern portion of the lot,
lying to the north of the current alignment of County Road No. 22. The church and
cemetery also appear on the lot, again in association with the name ‘John McEwen’, on
the 1879 Belden map of Kenyon Township (see Map 10). A pre-1946 topographic map
of the Maxville area shows the location of the cemetery, with a small bounded area
located in what is now the northern portion of the existing cemetery, lying adjacent to
the current alignment of County Road No. 20 (see Map 11). No church is shown on this
map, suggesting that it had been demolished or removed prior to this time. The
resolution of a 1946 aerial photograph of the area is not sufficient to clearly delineate the
boundaries of the cemetery at that time (see Map 12). Transcriptions of a number of the
grave
markers
in
the
cemetery
that
are
listed
online
(eg.
http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~clifford/Glengarry.htm) provide a
range of dates between 1841 and 2001. Currently, the cemetery property is maintained
by the Maxville Cemetery Board. The site is listed with the Cemeteries Branch of the
Ministry of Consumer Services with the number 03963.
The background archival research also revealed that the Presbyterian Church and
cemetery described above were preceded by the ‘Beech Ridge Church’ or ‘Beech
Cemetery’, built circa 1815 by Protestant Scottish settlers of three different
denominations: Presbyterian, Congregationalist, and Baptist (Scott 1979). This church is
reported to have been built on Lot 9, Concession 17, across the road from the south-west
corner of the present Maxville Cemetery. This area is currently occupied by a farm
machinery dealership. A burial vault is reported to have been located just to the north
of the church site. A cemetery associated with the church (and possibly pre-dating its
construction) was located on the south side of Concession Road 7, at the intersection of
Lots 12 and 13, Concession 17. By the 1820s a decision was made to build a new church
across the road on a lot offered by John McEwen (Anonymous n.d. in
http://www.maxvilleunitedchurch.ca/muc_website_003.htm). The new church, a
frame building, was reportedly built by the members of the Beech Church (though it
was subsequently deeded to the Church of Scotland) and opened in 1826 (Anonymous
1926). Following the schism in the Church of Scotland in 1843/44, the congregation of
the frame church divided and a new congregation formed in the 19th Concession in
connection with the Canadian Presbyterian Church. Between 1844 and 1875, the older
32
frame church was reportedly used only as a mission station. Sometime in the 1860s,
however, the church was remodelled and painted white, and was thereafter referred to
as the ‘White Church’ (Anonymous 1935). The growth of the Presbyterian congregation
eventually led to the need for the construction of a new church in Maxville, reportedly
built between 1879 and 1881/2. The building site was on the farm of Donald
McDougall and is the site of the present United Church (which was constructed in
1926).
3.2.6 Local Environment
The region in which the four study areas are located is underlain by limestones of
Ordovician age, belonging to the Lindsay and Bobcaygeon Formations of the Simcoe
Group. These bedrock formations have been overlain by more recent glacial materials
deposited during the Pleistocene Epoch, specifically during the Late Wisconsinan or last
glacial substage, which began approximately 23,000 years before present (Barnett 1992).
During the final retreat of the Wisconsinan Ice Sheet, glacial lake waters in the Lake
Ontario basin expanded to fill the Ottawa River valley, almost as far north as Ottawa.
Following the uncovering of the St. Lawrence River valley approximately 11,700 to
11,500 years ago, water levels dropped in the Lake Ontario basin and allowed seawater
to inundate the Ottawa and upper St. Lawrence River valley areas (which had been
depressed by the weight of the glacial ice), creating a large body that has been named
the Champlain Sea. During this time, sediments such as clay and fine sand were
deposited on the sea bottom. The action of waves built bars of sand and gravel along
the sea shores. With the retreat of the Champlain Sea and the re-emergence of the till
plain after 10,000 years before present, water laid sediments eroded from elevated areas
(Mathews and Richards 1954:24-26). The surficial deposits in this area have been
separated into a number of physiographic subdivisions on the basis of landform and
geological materials.
Physiographic mapping of southern Ontario produced in 1984 (at a scale of 1:250,000)
shows the four subject properties sitting within two distinct physiographic regions: the
Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Sites and the western end of the Tollgate
Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route are located within the Glengarry Till
Plain, while the Martintown Water Booster Pumping Station Sites and Transmission
Main Route Options, the eastern end of the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission
Main Route, and the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road are located within the
Lancaster Flats (Chapman and Putnam 1984). The Glengarry Till Plain is a region of
low relief forming the drainage divide between the St. Lawrence and the Ottawa rivers.
The surface is undulating to rolling, consisting of long morainic ridges and a few wellformed drumlins together with intervening clay flats and swamps. Mapping included
in the “Physiography of Southern Ontario” shows the Maxville study area as lying
astride sand plains (foreshore and basinal deposits) and beaches (littoral deposits)
33
associated with the Champlain Sea (Map 30) (Chapman and Putnam 1984:Map M2227).
The Lancaster Flats is characterized by the flat topography of water-lain deposits
(ranging from clay to very fine sand) which cover the underlying till plain, leaving only
the stony crests of a few drumlins and ridges.
More detailed surficial geological mapping of the region (produced at a scale of
1:50,000) shows the Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Sites as being located within
an area of coarse-textured glaciomarine deposits made up of foreshore and basinal
deposits and littoral deposits (Gwyn and Lohse 1973: Map P0906; Gorrell et al. 1982:
Map P2508; Terasmae and Mott 1965: Map 1175A). The Martintown Water Booster
Pumping Station Sites and Transmission Main Route Options are located within a
deposit of stone-poor, sandy silt to silty sand-textured till, though the north-western
portion of Crossing Alternatives A and B sits on fine-textured glaciomarine deposits of
silt and clay, minor sand and gravel. The Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road
crosses through several distinct surficial geological deposits, including (travelling south
to north) a deposit of stone-poor, sandy silt to silty sand-textured till followed by more
recent organic deposits associated with the Summerstown Swamp. This area is
bordered to the north by another deposit of stone-poor, sandy silt to silty sand-textured
till. The extreme northern portion of the Cashion Road allowance sits within coarsetextured glaciomarine (deltaic) deposits of sand, gravel, minor silt, and clay. The
Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route is dominated by a till deposit of
stone-poor, sandy silt to silty sand-textured till on Paleozoic terrain. However, the
western end of this route option passes through a beach gravel deposit created by the
Champlain Sea, lying along the former Tollgate Road allowance. Champlain Sea beach
deposits in this area tend to be relatively small in extent and are scattered throughout
the surrounding till-covered Paleozoic terrain. The western portion of this route option
also passes through a coarse-textured foreshore and basinal glaciomarine deposit
consisting of sand and gravel with minor amounts of silt and clay. Finally, the eastern
end of this route option passes through an organic deposit of peat, muck, and marl,
presently occupied by a portion of the Summerstown Swamp.
Detailed soils mapping of the region shows that the soils of the study area generally
correspond to the distribution of the parent materials described above (Matthews et al.
1957: Soils Map; Matthews and Richards 1954:Soils Map). Specifically, the Maxville
Elevated Water Storage Tank Sites straddle three distinct soil types, including in the
north Rubicon sandy loam, a ground water podzol developed over water-laid coarse
sands with imperfect drainage characteristics The central portion lies over Kars
gravelly sandy loam, a grey-brown podzolic developed over unstratified water-laid
gravels with good drainage characteristics. Also present is Matilda loam, a brown
forest soil developed over medium to very limey medium textured till with imperfect
drainage characteristics. The Martintown Water Booster Pumping Station Sites and
Transmission Main Route Options are spread across three identified soil types,
34
including North Gower clay loam, a dark grey gleysolic that developed over a waterlaid fine grey clay (with a distribution corresponding to the clay plains); Eamer loam, a
Brown Forest loam with good drainage characteristics (with a distribution
corresponding to the till plains); and Bottom Lands, which are areas of recent alluvium
accumulation that have been identified in low-lying areas bordering the Raisin River.
While the Bottom Lands soils tend to be relatively level, drainage characteristics are
variable, depending on the type of sediments that have accumulated. Finally, the
Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road straddles four distinct soil types, including
Eamer loam, a Brown Forest loam with good drainage characteristics and a distribution
corresponding to the till plains; Muck, an organic soil developed over deep organic
deposits underlain by sand, silt, or clay, which corresponds to the Summerstown
Swamp; Bottom Lands, areas of recent alluvium accumulation that have been identified
in low-lying areas bordering Cooper’s Drain, a tributary of the South Raisin River; and
Marionville silty loam, a dark grey gleysolic developed over water-laid silt over clay
with poor drainage characteristics.
Soils of the Tollgate Road/Service Road
Transmission Main Route are dominated by Eamer loam, a brown forest soil that has
formed on the till deposits lying over Paleozoic terrain. These soils have good drainage
characteristics. In contrast, soils that formed over the foreshore and basinal deposits of
the Champlain Sea have been identified as Allendale sandy loams, dark grey gleysolics,
with poor drainage characteristics caused by the underlying lacustrine sediments.
Finally, the soils that have formed over the organic deposits associated with the
Summerstown Swamp include both Belmeade muck and Muck, both with very poor
drainage characteristics, presenting significant limitations for agriculture.
The topography of the four study areas is variable (Ontario Basic Mapping web
application), with the Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Sites being situated within
an area that slopes gently down from the southeast to the northwest, from an elevation
of 115 metres to a low of 100 metres amsl. The Martintown Water Booster Pumping
Station Sites and Transmission Main Route Options are situated on both the east and
west banks of the Raisin River, which cuts through a relatively level plain lying at
approximately 60 metres amsl. Both the east and west river banks slope gently down to
reach 55 metres amsl, the approximate level of the Raisin River. Finally, the
Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road stretches over a relatively level plain lying
at approximately 60 metres amsl, which is crossed by an extension of the Summerstown
Swamp, which occupies the central portion of the Cashion Road ROW. The swamp is
found within a low-lying area with elevations between 55 metres and 60 metres amsl.
The Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route is relatively level, with
topographic highs of 65 metres at both the eastern and western extents, and lows of 60
metres amsl associated with the topographical depression containing this portion of the
Summerstown Swamp.
35
The four study areas lie within the Upper St. Lawrence sub-region of the Great Lakes St. Lawrence Forest Region, a region characterized by a mix of coniferous and
deciduous tree species. The upland forest of this region is comprised of sugar maple,
beech, yellow birch, red maple, and hemlock, as well as white, red and jack pine which
concentrate in areas with sandier soils. There are also smaller amounts of white spruce,
balsam fir, aspen, white birch, red oak, and basswood. Rather common are hardwood
and mixed wood swamps in which cedars, tamaracks, black spruce, black ash, red
maple and elm thrive. Much less common are butternut, burr oak, white ash and red
cherry (Rowe 1977). Most of the study corridor was cleared of original forest cover
during the nineteenth century through both lumbering and agriculture.
Three of the four study areas, the Martintown Water Booster Pumping Station Sites and
Transmission Main Route Options, the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main
Route Option, and the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road are situated within
the Raisin River watershed. The headwaters of the main branch of the Raisin River
originate in an organic-rich bog as Dixon Creek, near Lunenburg. Two large tributaries,
the north and south branches of the Raisin, rise near Monkland and Long Sault,
respectively. The Raisin River drains into the St. Lawrence east of Cornwall, at
Lancaster. The Martintown Water Booster Pumping Station Sites and Transmission
Main Route Options are located just east of the meeting of the north and south branches
of the Raisin River. In addition, several partially channelized un-named tributaries of
the Raisin empty into it at Martintown, and Crossing Alternative A passes through a
Provincially Significant Wetland associated with the river floodplain. Both the
Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road and the Tollgate Road/Service Road
Transmission Main Route pass through portions of the Summerstown Swamp, a
Provincially Significant Wetland. The alignment, following the Cashion Road ROW,
passes over a partially channelized tributary of the Raisin River, known as Cooper’s
Drain, one of several small streams cutting through the Summerstown Swamp. The
Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Sites study area is located within the South
Nation River watershed. The South Nation River rises from headwaters north of
Brockville and flows off to the northeast for 175 kilometres, empting into the Ottawa
River near Plantagenet. This study area is drained by several channelized tributaries of
the West Branch of the Scotch River, including the Cumming Drain.
3.2.7 Property Inspection
In order to gain first-hand knowledge of the geography, topography, and current
conditions of the four study areas to inform an evaluation of archaeological potential, a
preliminary property inspection was undertaken on August 10, 2012 and February 21,
2013. The property inspection was conducted according to the archaeological fieldwork
standards outlined in Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (Ministry of
Tourism and Culture 2011). Weather and lighting conditions varied over the course of
36
day, from clear skies to overcast with brief periods of light rain. These conditions
permitted visibility of land features and the identification and documentation of
features influencing archaeological potential.
The property inspection consisted of a “wind-shield” survey of those portions of the
study areas that were visible from public rights-of-way (ROW), as no permissions to
access private properties had been sought. Digital photographs were taken of each area
at intervals sufficient to maximize the possible coverage available. All identified
cultural heritage features were visually inspected and photographed from the closest
public ROW. Field conditions and features influencing archaeological potential were
documented with digital photographs. The complete photographic catalogue is
included as Appendix 1 and the locations and orientations of all photographs used in
this report are shown in Maps 31 to 34. As per the Terms and Conditions for
Archaeological Licences in Ontario, curation of all field notes, photographs, and maps
generated during the Stage 1 archaeological assessment is being provided by Past
Recovery Archaeological Services pending the identification of a suitable repository.
An inventory of the records generated by the assessment is provided below in Table 2.
Area 1 - Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Sites (Map 31)
Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A
The terrain at Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A consists mostly of open former
farm fields which have become recently overgrown with grass (Images 6 to 8). The
topography rises gently from north to south, peaking towards the centre of the property
and then falling slightly towards the southern end of the area to the south of County
Road No. 22, which runs east-west through the parcel. A mixture of mature and
immature trees line former field boundaries, with a large stand to the south-east of the
property and many to the west forming a boundary with the town lots. Four structures
lie within the boundaries of Site Alternative Location A. One of these, a veterinary
clinic on the southern side of the County Road No. 22/Main Street South intersection,
has clearly been constructed in the last few years. The other three lie to the north of
County Road No. 22, facing the right-of-way. The initial structure, just east of the
County Road No. 22/Main Street South intersection, is a historic farmhouse, the same
structure shown on the 1862 Walling map (Images 9 and 10; see Map 9). Next to it
further east is a second residence, built after 1879 as it is not depicted on the Belden
map (Image 11; see Map 10). The third structure, further yet to the east, is a recent Bell
communications building with an accompanying communications tower. The last three
properties all have surrounding tree growth. Immediately to the south of Potential
Tank Site Alternative Location A along County Road No. 20 is the Maxville Cemetery
(Image 12).
37
Table 2. Inventory of the Documentary Record.
Type of Document
Description
Number of Records
Location
Photographs
Digital photographs
documenting the Stage 1
property inspection
134 photographs
On PRAS computer
network – file PR12-16
Maps
Printed study area maps
with notations added
3 maps
PRAS office – file PR12-16
Potential Tank Site Alternative Location B
The terrain at Potential Tank Site Alternative Location B consists of open grassed field,
apart from the north-east corner which has been asphalted as a parking area for the
adjacent sports hall of fame building and arena (Images 13 and 14). The topography is
flat with a wooded area to the south and an isolated tree towards the south-east corner.
Evidence of utility disturbance can been seen in the form of drainage catch basins (see
Image 13), perhaps related to the use of the area for overflow parking during events at
the arena.
Potential Tank Site Alternative Location C
The terrain at Potential Tank Site Alternative Location C consists mostly of open,
cultivated farm fields apart from the north-eastern arm which has become recently
overgrown with grass (Images 15 to 17). The topography falls gently from east to west,
and contains a few small trees along some of the property boundaries. At the north end
next to the MacEwen Petroleum facility it borders a heavily wooded area. This study
area surrounds a historic farm constructed between 1862 and 1879, fronting on County
Road No. 20 but set well back from the road (see Maps 9 and 10). A transmission line
running from a sub-station next to County Road No. 20 cuts east-west across the
northern corner of the property (see Image 16).
Route Options (Map 32)
Potential Pump Station Site East
The study area at Potential Pump Station Site East is completely open, having been
recently disturbed by the removal of the village fire station (Images 18 and 19; see
Image 5). The gravel driveway in front of the former station remains, but the ground to
the west is very uneven, though it is now grass covered. The recently constructed
parking area for the new Community Centre abuts the northern edge of the
38
disturbance, and likely extends over part of the former fire station foot-print. The
terrain is otherwise fairly level.
Potential Pump Station Site West
The study area at Potential Pump Station Site West has been recently disturbed by the
removal of the Martintown Community Centre (Images 20 and 21; see Image 4). This
location has been landscaped and grassed and is much more even than Potential Pump
Station Site East, though both the Community Centre and fire hall were likely removed
at the same time. The topography is fairly level after a slight dip from Nine Mile Road.
A remnant asphalted pathway extends for a short distance into the area from the southeast corner, and part of the former Community Centre parking lot has been preserved
to the north. Sports facilities still stand further to the west (see Image 20).
Crossing Alternative A
Crossing Alternative A on the south bank of the Raisin River is confined to the Nine
Mile Road ROW, though north of McCaw Street this is little more than an earth
driveway. The south shoreline has been partially landscaped by the owners of the
adjacent residence. The north shore of the river in this area has been relatively
unaltered, with the proposed corridor crossing through a cultivated field on a rise in
topography before continuing east into a lower, permanently wet area associated with
several streams and a former river channel (Image 22). To the east of this, the corridor
crosses maintained lawn associated with the new fire hall and Community Centre.
Crossing Alternative B
Crossing Alternative B on the south bank of the Raisin River extends north from
McCaw Street through an unopened ROW next to a landscaped lawn maintained by the
owners of the adjacent residence (Image 23). The topography slopes down to the river
and is overgrown with scrub. The north shore of the river in this area has been
relatively unaltered, with the proposed corridor extending through rough terrain at the
eastern edge of the permanently wet area noted above with Crossing Alternative A
before crossing maintained lawn associated with the new fire hall and Community
Centre (see Image 22).
Crossing Alternative C
Crossing Alternative C follows the Kings Road ROW across the Raisin River on the
present bridge. The bridge has recently been renewed, and the edges of the river lined
with concrete walls (Images 24 and 25). The terrain around the abutments has also been
landscaped, and includes several buried utility lines (see Image 24). The historic
39
Martintown Mill is situated on the south-east side of the bridge (Image 26). It also has
recently been restored.
Area 3 - Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road (Map 33)
The study area portion of Cashion Road consists of a narrow, unmaintained gravel and
earth road with numerous large pot-holes. The northern end at Street Road is tree-lined
and fairly level, with cultivated fields on either side (Image 27). Further to the south the
elevation drops, passing over several areas of exposed bedrock down towards the
wetland known as Summerstown Swamp (Image 28). The former Canadian Pacific
Railway line crosses Cashion Road towards the southern edge of the open part of the
wetland area. The road ROW then enters a wooded area, much of which appears to be
permanently wet and includes the creek known as Cooper’s Drain (Image 30). Having
crossed the creek, Cashion Road then rises slightly and is soon bordered once again by
farm fields with trees along field boundaries until it reaches Glen Road. The north end
of the study area ROW is flanked by two farms, both set well back from Cashion Road.
That to the east is historic, appearing on both the Walling and Belden maps (see Maps
20 and 21). That to the west only consists of barns at present, the original farmhouse
having been located across the road. The south end of the study area ROW is also
flanked by two farms, both set much closer to the road and both appearing on the
Walling and Belden maps, indicating construction by 1862 (Images 31 and 32).
Area 4 - Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option (Map 34)
The draft alignment mapping and description of the Tollgate Road/Service Road
transmission main route option provided by the project planner indicate that the entire
length of the corridor will be contained within the ROWs of Tollgate Road East,
Highway 401, Service Road, Boundary Road, and Glen Road (see Map 8). The ‘windshield’ survey of these roadways revealed that the western end of the proposed corridor
(the Tollgate Road East ROW) is paved over a built-up crushed limestone gravel base
(Image 33). The lands lying adjacent to the roadbed have clearly been deeply and
intensively disturbed by the construction of gas stations and associated landscaping. To
the east of the gas station properties, the paved section of Tollgate Road gives way to a
gravel road passing through the area of a wetland shown clearly on the 1957 aerial
photograph. At this point, the proposed watermain route option alignment turns to the
north and crosses the width of the Highway 401 ROW, which includes an additional
lane associated with the eastbound onramp off of McConnell Avenue. The entire width
of the 401 ROW has obviously been clearly and intensively disturbed during the
construction of the highway (Image 34). Disturbances include not only the roadbeds,
but deep ditching and associated landscaping. These disturbances extend to meet
disturbances associated with the construction of Service Road on the north side of the
401, with a shallow ditch between the two ROWs. Owing to the poor drainage
40
conditions that prevail in this area, both the 401 and Service Road have been
constructed on elevated beds of gravel. Deep ditches have been excavated on either
side of the Service Road ROW in poorly-drained areas between McConnell Avenue and
Boundary Road (Images 35, 36, and 37). A ditch on the north side of the ROW runs
nearly the entire length of the study area. With the exception of a single active farm, a
small number of residential properties, a Cornwall Insulation Co. business at 2510
Service Road, and a Malyon Excavation Ltd. work yard at 2050 Boundary Road, the
remainder of the lands bordering the north side of Service Road ROW consist of scrub
brush woodlots. A vacant lot adjacent to 2510 Service Road, the former CPR rail line
and Highway 401 has recently been built up with truckloads of fill, raising this formerly
low-lying portion of Summerstown Swamp. The entire width of the Boundary Road
ROW has obviously been deeply and intensively disturbed by road construction, with a
built up road bed of crushed gravel and deep ditches on either side of a wide gravel
shoulder (Image 38). The 1937 topographic map and 1957 aerial photograph show this
area was formerly low-lying and wet, being part of Summerstown Swamp (see Maps 27
and 28). These conditions are identical over the course of the proposed watermain
route option alignment along Glen Road to the eastern end of the study corridor in the
vicinity of the CSI Logistics yard at 18060 Glen Road (Image 39). Lands lying adjacent
to the north side of the Glen Road ROW are currently wooded, likely having been
allowed to revert to bush owing to poor drainage conditions. A large field to the north
of 18060 Glen Road has been stripped of topsoil and is currently the site of a large fill
dump.
3.3 Archaeological Potential
3.3.1 Determination of Archaeological Potential
A number of factors are used to determine archaeological site potential. For pre-contact
sites criteria are principally focused on physiographic features such as the distance from
the nearest source of water and the nature of that water body, areas of elevated
topography including features such as ridges, knolls and eskers, and the types of soils
found within the area being assessed.
For historic sites, the assessment of
archaeological site potential is more reliant on historical research (land registry records,
census and assessment rolls, etc.), cartographic and aerial photographic evidence and
the inspection of the study area for possible above ground remains or other evidence of
a demolished historical structure. Also considered in determining archaeological
potential are known archaeological sites within or in the vicinity of the study area.
Archaeological assessment standards established by MTCS (Standards and Guidelines for
Consultant Archaeologists, 2011) establish minimum distances to be tested from features
indicating archaeological potential. Areas that are considered to have pre-contact site
potential and therefore require testing include lands within 300 metres of water sources,
41
wetlands or elevated features in the landscape including former river scarps. Areas of
historic archaeological site potential requiring testing include locations within 300
metres of sites of early Euro-Canadian settlement and 100 metres from historic
transportation corridors. Further, areas within 300 metres of registered archaeological
sites, designated heritage buildings or structures/ locations of local historical
significance are considered to have archaeological potential and require testing. These
guidelines were refined and applied to the study area after the research and site
inspection described above. The archaeological potential evaluations made for each of
the study areas is presented below.
Area 1 - Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Sites (Map 35)
The potential tank sites (A, B, and C) in Maxville exhibit several characteristics that
indicate potential for the presence of archaeological resources associated with precontact First Nations settlement and/or land uses. Specifically:




Large portions of the potential tank sites are located within 300 metres of
secondary water sources, including a tributary drainage network made up of
seasonal streams and (now) partially to wholly channelized water courses;
The study area is situated along the northern edge of an elevated bedrock plain
and the potential tank sites lie across beach deposits associated with the
Champlain Sea;
The study area is situated in an area of elevated topography (between till plains
to the south and sand and clay plains to the north) with adequate soil and
drainage characteristics to support pre-contact First Nations settlement and landuses;
While no pre-contact First Nations archaeological sites have been registered with
the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database in or within 300 metres of the study
area, several pre-contact artifacts have been reported from within the Nutfield
Tract or Indian Lands in Glengarry County.
The study area also exhibits several characteristics that indicate potential for the
presence of archaeological resources associated with historical Euro-Canadian
settlement and/or land uses. Specifically:


Large portions of the study area are located within 300 metres of early EuroCanadian settlement, including a former church and cemetery located
immediately to the south of Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A, as well as
a number of farmsteads and residences visible on historical mapping consulted
during the preparation of this report;
Portions of the study area lie within 100 metres of early historic transportation
routes (as visible on 19th century mapping consulted during the preparation of
42
this report), including County Road No. 20, County Road No. 22 and Mechanic
Street E/Carr Street E.
The background research and property inspection undertaken for the Stage 1
archaeological assessment have also indicated that portions of the three potential tank
sites have been disturbed (subject to extensive and deep land alterations that have
severely damaged the integrity of any archaeological resources). Specifically:
 A portion of the County Road No. 22 ROW passing east to west through the
southern portion of Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A has been the
subject of extensive disturbance through road and ditch construction (between
the excavated ditches);
 The footprints of existing structures, including a Bell Canada utility building and
antenna/tower within Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A have been
extensively disturbed;
 The presence of a storm sewer line and paved asphalt parking lot indicate
extensive disturbance of parts of the northern portion of Potential Tank Site
Alternative Location B;
Route Options (Map 36)
The potential Martintown Water Booster Pumping Station Sites (east and west sides of
the Raisin River) and the Transmission Main Route Options (A, B, and C) exhibit
several characteristics that indicate potential for the presence of archaeological
resources associated with pre-contact First Nations settlement and/or land uses.
Specifically:





All of the Martintown study area is located within 300 metres of a primary water
source, the Raisin River;
Large portions of the Martintown study area lie within 300 metres of secondary
water sources, including a drainage network made up of a wetland associated
with the floodplain of the Raisin River, seasonal streams and (now) partially to
wholly channelized water courses that drain into the Raisin;
The Raisin River would have been a significant pre-contact transportation
corridor;
The south-eastern and south-western portions of the study area (including
portions of each of the three crossing alternatives) include a slightly elevated till
plain lying on either side of the clay plain through which the Raisin River has cut
its channel;
Large portions of the study area contain adequate soil and drainage
characteristics to support pre-contact First Nations settlement and land-uses;
43



The presence of the Martintown Grist Mill, other mills and the associated dam on
the Raisin River in Martintown suggests that a falls or rapids was in this location
prior to the introduction of artificial water controls. This feature(s) may have
necessitated a portage route, and therefore portage-related archaeological
resources may be located within the surrounding area;
The presence of a falls and/or rapids along this stretch of the Raisin River prior
to the introduction of artificial water controls would have presented attractive
conditions for pre-contact First Nations groups to exploit spring-spawning fish.
Therefore fishing-related archaeological resources may be located within the
surrounding area;
Tract or Indian Lands in Glengarry County.





The study area is entirely located within 300 metres of the historical core of the
community of Martintown;
Large portions of the study area lie within 100 metres of early historic
transportation routes, including County Road No. 20, County Road No. 18, Nine
Mile Road (the former location of Gordon Street), and McCaw (formerly
McCann) Street;
Crossing Alternatives ‘A’ and ‘B’ pass through the location of a sawmill and/or
foundry/blacksmith that first appear on a 1937 topographic map;
Large portions of the study area are located within 300 metres of a previously
registered Historic period Euro-Canadian archaeological site, the Martintown
Grist Mill (BgFq-3);
The Martintown Grist Mill, which has previously been recognized as a cultural
heritage resource of local and provincial significance, lies adjacent to Crossing
Alternative C.
archaeological assessment have also indicated that both Potential Pump Station Sites
East and West and Crossing Alternative C have been disturbed (subject to extensive and
deep land alterations that have severely damaged the integrity of any archaeological
resources) or contain low-lying permanently wet soils (areas of no archaeological
potential). Specifically:
44






Potential Pump Station Site West was formerly the location of the Martintown
Community Centre (recently demolished) and recent satellite imagery shows the
area as having been extensively graded;
Potential Pump Station Site East was formerly the location of a firehall (recently
demolished) and recent satellite imagery, verified during the site visit, shows the
area as having been extensively graded;
The entire length of Crossing Alternative C is to be contained within the
previously disturbed portions of the ROWs of County Road No. 20 and Kings
Road/County Road No. 18 (including the elevated bridge over the Raisin River);
The portions of Crossing Alternatives A and B lying within the footprints and
parking lot for the new Community Centre and fire hall have been extensively
disturbed;
The portions of Crossing Alternatives A and B lying within the wetland
associated with the Raisin River floodplain are low-lying and permanently wet;
The portions of Crossing Alternatives A and B lying within the previously
disturbed portions of the McCaw Street, Nine Mile Road, and Kings
Road/County Road No. 18 ROWs exhibit no archaeological potential.
Area 3 –Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road (Map 37)
The Transmission Main Route along the un-opened portion of the Cashion Road ROW
exhibits several characteristics that indicate potential for the presence of archaeological
Specifically:





The majority of the study area lies within 300 metres of secondary water sources,
including the Summerstown Swamp and a drainage network made up of (now)
partially channelized streams (including Cooper’s Drain) that are tributaries of
the South Raisin River;
The study area includes portions of slightly elevated till plains lying on either
side of the peat and muck deposits associated with the Summerstown Swamp
and south of the clay plain through which the South Raisin River has cut its
channel;
Portions of the study area contain adequate soil and drainage characteristics to
support pre-contact First Nations settlement and land-uses;
Tract or Indian Lands in Glengarry County;
Pendergast (1981:90-91, 97-98, Map 16) had previously identified the south-facing
slope of the elevated till plain running parallel to the Summerstown Swamp as
having potential for Terminal Woodland period settlement (specifically St.
45
Lawrence Iroquoian agricultural villages) on the basis of environmental criteria:
that this area lies near the headwaters of small streams remote from major
waterways on till ridges and hills, on south and north facing slopes and on small
sandy knolls.


The northern and southern portions of the study area are located within 300
metres of early Euro-Canadian settlement, as indicated by the historical maps
consulted during the preparation of this report;
Given that the Cashion Road ROW is shown as an open road on the 1862 Walling
and 1879 Belden maps of Charlottenburg Township, the entire study area
(currently an un-opened road allowance) should be considered an early historic
transportation route, although it is unlikely the road was ever more than a
minimally-improved cart path.
archaeological assessment have also indicated that portions of the study area have been
disturbed (subject to extensive and deep land alterations that have severely damaged
the integrity of any archaeological resources) or contain low-lying permanently wet
soils (areas of no archaeological potential). Specifically:




A utility cable has been installed along the length of the Cashion Road study
area, although the extent of this disturbance is likely limited and could not be
illustrated on mapping produced for this report;
A railway line built in 1914 passes through the central portion of the study area;
A small bridge first appearing on a 1937 topographic map appears to have been
constructed over Cooper’s Drain, although the extent of disturbance associated
with this bridge construction is not clear and so could not be mapped;
The central portion of the study area runs through the low-lying and
permanently wet Summerstown Swamp and exhibits no archaeological potential.
Area 4 - Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option (Map 38 and 39)
The Tollgate Road/Service Road transmission main route option study area exhibits
several characteristics that indicate potential for the presence of archaeological
Specifically:
46





The majority of the study area lies within 300 metres of secondary water sources,
including the Summerstown Swamp and a drainage network made up of (now)
partially channelized streams that are tributaries of the South Raisin River;
The study area includes portions of slightly elevated till deposit on Paleozoic
terrain bordering a low-lying, poorly drained area that was historically part of
Summerstown Swamp;
A portion of the western end of the study corridor along Tollgate Road East
passes through a coarse textured glaciomarine littoral or shoreline deposit;
Portions of the study area contain adequate soil and drainage characteristics to
support pre-contact First Nations settlement and land-uses;
area, several pre-contact artifacts have been reported from the surrounding
region.


Portions of the study corridor are located within 300 metres of early EuroCanadian settlement, as indicated by the historical maps consulted during the
preparation of this report;
Given that the majority of the study corridor follows early historic transportation
routes, as shown on the 1862 Walling and 1879 Belden maps of Cornwall and
Charlottenburg Townships, the entire study area should be considered to be
located within 100 metres of an early historic transportation route.
archaeological assessment have revealed that virtually the entire length of the study
area has been disturbed (subject to extensive and deep land alterations that have
severely damaged the integrity of any archaeological resources), with the single
exception consisting of an area containing low-lying permanently wet soils (areas of no
archaeological potential). Specifically:


The majority of the proposed watermain transmission route option alignment is
to be constructed either under the road surface or along the road shoulder of
existing roadways, which would fall within the disturbed portions of the ROWs
of Tollgate Road East, Highway 401, Service Road, Boundary Road, and Glen
Road;
A short, circa five metre long, section of the proposed watermain alignment is
located within a low-lying, permanently wet area lying between the east end of
the Tollgate Road East ROW and the Highway 401 ROW.
47
3.3.2 Stage 1 Recommendations
The results of the background research discussed above indicated that portions of the
study area exhibit archaeological potential. These findings form the basis for the
following recommendations:
1) Should the proposed water supply project involve impacts (soil disturbances or other
alterations) to the portions of the four study areas determined to exhibit archaeological
potential (see Maps 35 to 39), a Stage 2 archaeological assessment will be required prior
to the initiation of development-related activities. It should be noted that impacts
include all aspects of the proposed development, including temporary access roads,
staging/lay down areas, connecting watermains/pipes, and any other works. Portions
of the four study areas identified as exhibiting archaeological potential include:



Maxville Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations A, B, and C;
Martintown Transmission Main Crossing Alternatives A and B; and,
the Transmission Main Route along the un-opened portion of the Cashion Road
ROW.
2) Any future Stage 2 archaeological assessment(s) should be undertaken by a licensed
consultant archaeologist, in accordance with the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant
Archaeologists (MTCS 2011). This would involve having any of the Maxville Potential
Tank Site Alternative Locations that have been determined to exhibit archaeological
potential ploughed, weathered by rain, and assessed by means of a pedestrian survey at
5 metre intervals. Should ploughing of these areas not be viable, the Stage 2 assessment
would be conducted by means of a shovel test pit survey at 5 metre intervals. Portions
of the any of the proposed transmission main routes in Martintown or along the
unopened portion of the Cashion Road ROW identified as exhibiting archaeological
potential would be assessed by means of a shovel test pit survey conducted at 5 metre
intervals.
3) If development-related impacts are proposed in lands lying immediately adjacent (i.e.
within 5 metres) to the historical cemetery identified immediately to the south of
Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A in Maxville (see Map 35), following the
completion of the Stage 2 archaeological assessment, a Stage 3 assessment will be
required in accordance with the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists
(MTCS 2011). The purpose of this assessment would be to confirm the presence or
absence of unmarked graves beyond the currently marked cemetery limits, to ensure no
graves will be disturbed. This work should involve the mechanical removal of topsoil
with heavy equipment (i.e. Gradall or backhoe) under the supervision of a licensed
consultant archaeologist, followed by shovel shining of the exposed surface and an
inspection of the subsoil for grave shafts;
48
4) Should the proposed water supply project require impacts (soil disturbance or other
alterations) to areas lying outside of the four study areas included in this assessment
(see Maps 1, 3, 5, 7 and 8), the initiation of development-related activities should be
preceded by archaeological assessment undertaken by a licensed consultant
archaeologist, in accordance with the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant
Archaeologists (MTCS 2011). It should be noted that impacts include all aspects of the
proposed development, including temporary access roads, staging/lay down areas,
connecting watermains/pipes, and any other works.
The reader is also referred to Section 4.0 below to ensure compliance with the Ontario
Heritage Act as it may relate to this project.
49
4.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION
In order to ensure compliance with the Ontario Heritage Act, the reader is advised of the
following:
1)
This report is submitted to the Minister of Tourism, Culture and Sport as a
condition of licensing in accordance with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act,
R.S.O. 1990, c 0.18. The report is reviewed to ensure that it complies with the
standards and guidelines that are issued by the Minister, and that the
archaeological fieldwork and report recommendations ensure the conservation,
protection and preservation of the cultural heritage of Ontario. When all matters
relating to archaeological sites within the project area of a development proposal
have been addressed to the satisfaction of the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and
Sport, a letter will be issued by the ministry stating that there are no further
concerns with regard to alterations to archaeological sites by the proposed
development.
2)
It is an offence under Sections 48 and 69 of the Ontario Heritage Act for any party
other than a licensed archaeologist to make any alteration to a known
archaeological site or to remove any artifact or other physical evidence of past
human use or activity from the site, until such time as a licensed archaeologist
has completed archaeological fieldwork on the site, submitted a report to the
Minister stating that the site has no further cultural heritage value or interest,
and the report has been filed in the Ontario Public Register of Archaeological
Reports referred to in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act.
3)
Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they
may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the
Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological
resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed
consultant archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance
with Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act.
4)
The Cemeteries Act, R.S.O. 1990 c. C.4 and the Funeral, Burial and Cremation
Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c.33 (when proclaimed in force) require that any
person discovering human remains must notify the police or coroner and the
Registrar of Cemeteries at the Ministry of Consumer Services.
5)
Archaeological sites recommended for further archaeological fieldwork or
protection remain subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act and may not
be altered, or have artifacts removed from them, except by a person holding an
archaeological licence.
50
5.0 LIMITATIONS AND CLOSURE
Past Recovery Archaeological Services has prepared this report in a manner consistent
with that level of care and skill ordinarily exercised by members of the archaeological
profession currently practicing under similar conditions in the jurisdiction in which the
services are provided, subject to the time limits and physical constraints applicable to
this report. No other warranty, expressed or implied, is made.
This report has been prepared for the specific site, design objective, developments and
purpose prescribed in the client proposal and subsequent agreed upon changes to the
contract. The factual data, interpretations and recommendations pertain to a specific
project as described in this report and are not applicable to any other project or site
location.
Unless otherwise stated, the suggestions, recommendations and opinions given in this
report are intended only for the guidance of the client in the design of the specific
project.
Special risks occur whenever archaeological investigations are applied to identify
subsurface conditions and even a comprehensive investigation, sample and testing
program may fail to detect all or certain archaeological resources. The sampling
strategies in this study comply with those identified in the Ministry of Tourism, Culture
and Sport’s Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (2011).
The documentation related to this archaeological assessment will be curated by Past
Recovery Archaeological Services until such a time that arrangements for their ultimate
transfer to an approved and suitable repository can be made to the satisfaction of the
project owner(s), the Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport and any other
legitimate interest group.
We trust that this report meets your current needs. If you have any questions of if we
may be of further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact the undersigned.
Jeff Earl
Principal
51
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1999 An Archaeological Assessment of the Proposed Wood Pole Transmission
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Andeerson, Marlyss
1988 Archaeological Testing of BgFr-3, The Osnabruck Meter Station Site,
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52
Barnett, P. J.
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exhibit
of
the
same
name.
Accessed
online
at:
http://www.library.cornwall.on.ca/New_DP/docs/Glengarry.pdf
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Carter, J. Smith
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Central Archaeology Group
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Chapman, L.J. and D.F. Putnam
1984 The Physiography of Southern Ontario. 3rd edition. Ontario Geological Survey,
Special Volume 2. Toronto, Ministry of Natural Resources.
53
Clark, T.E.
1905 “The report of the Council of Ottawa Field Naturalists Club for the year ending
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Croft, D.J.A
1986 Untitled Field Notes on the McLaren Site. On file, Ministry of Tourism, Culture
and Sport, Toronto.
Daechsel, Hugh
1980a An Archaeological Evaluation of the South Nation River Drainage Basin.
Report prepared for the South Nation River Conservation Authority, Berwick,
Ontario.
1980b Archaeological Evaluation of Proposed Watermain Routes to Alfred, Prescott
County, Ontario. Report prepared by the Cataraqui Archaeological Research
Foundation, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.
1988a A Heritage and Archaeological Study of the Proposed Water Transmission
Lines for Eamers Corners and St. Andrew’s West, Cornwall Township,
Ontario. Report prepared by the Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation,
on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.
1988b An Archaeological Assessment of Proposed Gas Pipelines in Matilda
Township, Dundas County, Ontario. Report prepared by the Cataraqui
Archaeological Research Foundation, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism,
1989 An Archaeological Assessment of Selected Locations of Facilities Associated
with the Proposed Sewage and Water Transmission Lines, Crysler, Finch
Township, Ontario. Report prepared by the Cataraqui Archaeological Research
1990 Phase 1 Study of the Heritage Resources of the Village of St. Albert,
Cambridge Township, Prescott-Russell County, Ontario. Report prepared by
the Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation, on file Ontario Ministry of
Tourism, Culture, and Sport, Toronto.
1991 Archaeological Monitoring Parlow Site, BfFt-4, Matilda Township, Dundas
County, Ontario. Report prepared by the Cataraqui Archaeological Research
Daechsel, Hugh and Phillip Wright
1999 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment South Stormont Water Supply Project,
Ingleside and Long Sault, Former Townships of Cornwall and Osnabruck,
Stormont County. Report prepared by Heritage Quest Inc., on file, Ontario
Ministry of Tourism, Culture, and Sport Toronto.
54
Dailey, R.C. and J.V. Wright
1955a “The Malcolm Site; a late stage of the Middle Point Peninsula Culture in Eastern
Ontario.” In Transactions of the Royal Canadian Institute, Vol. 31, Part 1,
Toronto.
Dailey, R.C. and J.V. Wright (Continued)
1955b An Archaeological Survey in the St. Lawrence Valley. Report on file,
Archaeological Survey of Canada, Canadian Museum of Civilization, Ottawa.
Doroszenko, Dena
1994 “Archaeological Investigation of Ontario Heritage Foundation Properties” In
Fifth Annual Archaeological Report Ontario. Toronto, Ontario Heritage
Foundation, pp 3-7.
1995 “Archaeological Investigation of Ontario Heritage Foundation Properties” In
Sixth Annual Archaeological Report Ontario. Toronto, Ontario Heritage
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PRIMARY DOCUMENTS:
National Air Photo Library (NAPL):
1946
1946
1946
1946
1969
A10344-139
A10369-99
A10369-352
A10245-356
A19486-38
Maxville
Martintown
Cashion Road
Cashion Road
Martintown
63
Library and Archives Canada (LAC):
National Map Collection (NMC):
1862 Map of the Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry. H.F. Walling.
NMC 21998
1885 Fire Insurance Plan of Martintown. C. E. Goad Co. NMC 9543
City of Cornwall - CornwallMaps-Interactive Mapping (http://maps.cornwall.ca/
mapguide/cornwallmaps.php):
1957 1096-312-13, 14, 15, 16, 17 Cornwall
64
7.0 IMAGES
Image 1. Post card showing the grist mill and covered bridge at Martintown in 1908,
looking north-west. (Bowering 2006:31)
Image 2. Post card showing Kings Road in Martintown looking west from the
bridge, 1908. (Bowering 2006:31)
65
Image 3. View showing Kings Road in Martintown looking east towards the covered
bridge, c.1900. (Bowering 2006:32)
Image 4. View of the Martintown Potential Pump Station Site West showing the
former Martintown Community Centre in 2010, looking north-west.
(Photograph courtesy of Google Earth)
66
Image 5. View of the Martintown Potential Pump Station Site East showing the
former Martintown fire hall in 2010, looking west. (Photograph courtesy of Google
Earth)
Image 6. View of north end of Maxville Alternative Location A from Carr Street
East, looking south-east. (PR12-16D001)
67
Image 7. View of the central portion of Maxville Alternative Location A from
County Road No. 22, looking west. (PR12-16D020)
Image 8. View of the south end of the Maxville Alternative Location A from County
Road No. 22, looking south towards the Maxville Cemetery. (PR12-16D027)
68
Image 9. View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location A from the
corner of County Road 22 and Main Street, looking north-east. (PR12-16D029)
Image 10. View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location A from
County Road No. 22 showing the historic residence within the study area,
looking north. (PR12-16D031)
69
Image 11. View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location A from
County Road No. 22 showing the historic residence excluded from the study
area, looking north-west. (PR12-16D033)
Image 12. View of the Maxville Cemetery from County Road No. 20, looking east.
(PR12-16D036)
70
Image 13. View of the west end of the Maxville Alternative Location B from Fair
Street, looking east with a catch basin in the foreground. (PR12-16D006)
Image 14. View of the east end of the Maxville Alternative Location B from Fair
Street, looking south-west across the library parking lot. (PR12-16D010)
71
Image 15. View of the north end of the Maxville Alternative Location C from George
Street, looking south-west. The study area fields lie beyond the line of rough grass.
(PR12-16D011)
Image 16. View of the central portion and north end of the Maxville Alternative
Location C from County Road No. 20, looking west. The study area fields lie beyond
the hydro infrastructure. (PR12-16D014)
72
Image 17. View of the south end of the Maxville Alternative Location C from County
Road No. 20, looking west. The study area fields lie beyond the line of rough grass.
(PR12-16D034)
Image 18. View of the Martintown Potential Pump Station Site East from the new
Community Centre parking lot showing the adjacent residential structures and
the recent disturbance, looking south-east. (PR12-16D037)
73
Image 19. View of the Martintown Potential Pump Station Site East from the new
Community Centre parking lot showing the recent disturbance, looking south.
(PR12-16D050)
site of the former Community Centre with the recreational courts in the
background, looking west. (PR12-16D066)
74
site of the former Community Centre, looking north-north-west. (PR12-16D068)
Image 22. View of the Raisin River north shoreline in the vicinity of Crossing
Alternatives A and B, looking south-west across the permanently wet area.
(PR12-16D047)
75
Image 23. View of the Raisin River south shoreline in the vicinity of Crossing
Alternative B from the north side of the river, looking south-west. (PR12-16D043)
Image 24. View of the north side of the Kings Road Bridge showing recent
disturbance, looking south-south-west. (PR12-16D054)
76
Image 25. View of the south side of the Kings Road Bridge from the Martintown
Grist Mill showing recent disturbance, looking south-west. (PR12-16D061)
Image 26. View of the Martintown Mill and the Raisin River, looking north-east.
(PR12-16D057)
77
Image 27. View along Cashion Road from Street Road, looking south-east.
(PR12-16D070)
Image 28. View along the central portion of Cashion Road from within the
Summerstown Swamp, looking north-west towards the higher ridge across the
north end of the road. (PR12-16D081)
78
Image 29. View along the southern section of Cashion Road from the edge of
Summerstown Swamp, looking south-west. (PR12-16D083)
Image 30. View of the wooded section of Summerstown Swamp along the southern
part of Cashion Road, looking south-west. (PR12-16D082)
79
Image 31. View of the residence at No. 6079 Cashion Road, looking north-east.
(PR12-16D084)
Image 32. View of a residence at the corner of Cashion Road and Glen Road, looking
north-west. (PR12-16D085)
80
Image 33. View of the west end of Tollgate Road immediately east of the intersection
with McConnell Avenue, looking north-west. (PR12-16D132)
Image 34. View of the approximate location of the proposed watermain route option
alignment from Tollgate Road, through the Highway 401 ROW, to Service
Road, looking south. (PR12-16D126)
81
Image 35. View of the west end of Service Road, looking east. (PR12-16D125)
Image 36. View of the central section of Service Road, looking south-west. (PR1216D111)
82
Image 37. View of the east end of Service Road, looking north-east. (PR12-16D105)
Image 38. View of the intersection of Boundary Road and Glen Road, looking
south-east. (PR12-16D096)
83
Image 39. View of Glen Road towards the east end of the proposed watermain route
option alignment, looking east. (PR12-16D093)
84
8.0 MAPS
Map 1. Locations of the four study areas. Study areas highlighted in black. (1:50,000 NTS
map sheets 31G/02 - Cornwall and 31G/07 - Alexandria)
85
Map 2. Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville.
(Map supplied by CH2M HILL)
86
Map 3. Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville.
(Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
87
Map 4. Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown.
88
Map 5. Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown.
89
Map 6. Location of the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road.
90
Map 7. Location of the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road.
91
Map 8. Location of the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route
Option . (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
92
Map 9. Segment of the 1862 H. F. Walling map of the Counties of Stormont, Dundas,
and Glengarry showing the Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in
Maxville. (LAC NMC 21998)
93
Map 10. Segment of the 1879 H. Belden map of Kenyon Township showing the
Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville. (Belden 1879:42-43)
94
Map 11. Segment of a pre-1946 topographic map showing the Potential Tank Site
Alternative Locations in Maxville. (Early edition one-inch-to-one-mile NTS map sheet
31G/07 - Alexandria)
95
Map 12. Segment of a 1946 aerial photograph showing the Potential Tank Site
Alternative Locations in Maxville. (NAPL A10344-139)
96
Map 13. Segment of the 1862 H. F. Walling map of Martintown showing showing
Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives. (LAC NMC 21998)
97
Map 14. Segment of the 1879 H. Belden map of Martintown showing Potential Pump
Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives. (Belden 1879:49)
98
Map 15. Goad’s Fire Insurance Plan of Martintown, 1885, showing Crossing
Alternative C. (LAC NMC 9543)
99
Map 16. Segment of a 1937 topographic map showing Potential Pump Station Sites
and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown. (Early edition one-inch-to-one-mile NTS
map sheet 31G/02 - Cornwall)
100
Map 17. Segment of a 1946 aerial photograph showing Potential Pump Station Sites
and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown. (NAPL A10369-99)
101
Map 18. Segment of a 1953 topographic map showing Potential Pump Station Sites
and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown. (Early edition 1:50,000 NTS map sheet
31G/02 - Cornwall)
102
Map 19. Segment of a 1969 aerial photograph showing Potential Pump Station Sites
and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown. (NAPL A19486-38)
103
Map 20. Segment of the 1862 H. F. Walling map of the Counties of Stormont,
Dundas, and Glengarry showing the Transmission Main Route on Cashion
Road. (LAC NMC 21998)
104
Map 21. Segment of the 1879 H. Belden map of Charlottenburg Township showing
the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road. (Belden 1879:46-47)
105
Map 22. Segment of a 1937 topographic map showing the Transmission Main Route
on Cashion Road. (Early edition one-inch-to-one-mile NTS map sheet 31G/02 - Cornwall)
106
Map 23. Segments of 1946 aerial photographs showing the Transmission Main Route
on Cashion Road. (NAPL A10245-356 & A10369-352)
107
Map 24. Segment of a 1953 topographic map showing the Transmission Main Route
on Cashion Road. (Early edition 1:50,000 NTS map sheet 31G/02 - Cornwall)
108
Map 25. Segment of the 1862 H. F. Walling map of the Counties of Stormont,
Dundas, and Glengarry showing the Tollgate Road/Service Road
Transmission Main Route Option. (LAC NMC 21998)
109
Map 26. Segments of the 1879 H. Belden maps of Cornwall and Charlottenburg
Townships showing the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main
Route Option. (Belden 1879:18-19, 46-47)
110
Map 27. Segment of a 1937 topographic map showing the Tollgate Road/Service
Road Transmission Main Route Option. (Early edition one-inch-to-one-mile NTS map
sheet 31G/02 - Cornwall)
111
Map 28. Segments of 1957 aerial photographs showing the Tollgate Road/Service
Road Transmission Main Route Option. (City of Cornwall 1096-312:13-17)
112
Map 29. Segment of a 1957 topographic map showing the Tollgate Road/Service
Road Transmission Main Route Option. (Early edition 1:50,000 NTS map sheet
31G/02 - Cornwall)
113
Map 30. Segment of a physiographic map of eastern Ontario showing the locations
of the four study areas. Study areas highlighted in white. (Chapman and Putnam
1984:Map M2227)
114
Map 31. Locations and directions of photographs taken during the property inspection at the Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville and used in this report.
Numbers refer to images in the report. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
115
Map 32. Locations and directions of photographs taken during the property inspection at the Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown and used in this report.
Numbers refer to images in the report. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
116
Map 33. Locations and directions of photographs taken during the property inspection at the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road and used in this report. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
117
Map 34. Locations and directions of photographs taken during the property inspection at the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option and used in this report. (Base: 2008-2009
DRAPE satellite imagery)
118
Map 35. Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville showing archaeological potential. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
119
Map 36. Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown showing archaeological potential. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
120
Map 37. Location of the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road showing archaeological potential. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
121
Map 38. Location of the west portion of the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option showing archaeological potential. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
122
Map 39. Location of the east portion of the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option showing archaeological potential. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
123
APPENDIX 1: Photographic Catalogue
Camera: Panasonic Lumix DMC-TS3
Catalogue No.
Description
Date
Phot. Dir.
PR12-16D001
View of the north end of Maxville Alternative Location ‘A’ from
Carr Street East
Carr Street East
Carr Street East
View of the eastern edge of the Maxville Alternative Location
‘A’ from Carr Street East
View of the west end of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘B’
from Fair Street
from Fair Street
looking along Fair Street
View of the east end of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘B’
looking along Fair Street
from Fair Street
from Fair Street
View of the north end of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘C’
from George Street
from George Street
from George Street
View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location
‘C’ from Main Street
‘C’ from Main Street
View of the south end of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘A’
from Main Street, showing the veterinary clinic
from Main Street, showing the adjacent cemetery
from Main Street, showing the veterinary clinic
View of the eastern edge of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘A’
from County Road 22
‘A’ from County Road 22
‘A’, looking along County Road 22
View of the south end of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘A’,
from County Road 22
‘A’, from County Road 22
View of the Bell Canada structure in the central portion of the
Maxville Alternative Location ‘A’, from County Road 22
10/08/12
JE
SE
10/08/12
JE
E
10/08/12
JE
S
10/08/12
JE
S
10/08/12
JE
SSE
10/08/12
JE
SE
10/08/12
JE
E
10/08/12
JE
W
10/08/12
JE
S
10/08/12
JE
SW
10/08/12
JE
SW
10/08/12
JE
S
10/08/12
JE
SE
10/08/12
JE
W
10/08/12
JE
W
10/08/12
JE
NE
10/08/12
JE
E
10/08/12
JE
N
10/08/12
JE
NW
10/08/12
JE
W
10/08/12
JE
SW
10/08/12
JE
SW
10/08/12
JE
NW
10/08/12
JE
NW
PR12-16D002
PR12-16D003
PR12-16D004
PR12-16D005
PR12-16D006
PR12-16D007
PR12-16D008
PR12-16D009
PR12-16D010
PR12-16D011
PR12-16D012
PR12-16D013
PR12-16D014
PR12-16D015
PR12-16D016
PR12-16D017
PR12-16D018
PR12-16D019
PR12-16D020
PR12-16D021
PR12-16D022
PR12-16D023
PR12-16D024
124
Catalogue No.
Description
Date
Phot. Dir.
PR12-16D025
‘A’, from County Road 22, showing a residential structure
from County Road 22
from County Road 22
‘A’, from County Road 22, showing an outbuilding/garage
‘A’, from the corner of County Road 22 and Main Street
‘A’, from the corner of County Road 22 and Main Street
‘A’. from County Road 22, showing a residential structure
View of the south end of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘C’
from Main Street
View of the south end of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘C’
from Main Street
View of the Maxville Cemetery from Main Street
View of the Martintown East Pump Location, showing adjacent
residential structures
View of the Raisin River shoreline at the Martintown East Pump
Location
View of the Raisin River shoreline and adjacent lands at the
Martintown East Pump Location
View of the Martintown East Pump Location
View of the Raisin River north shoreline at the Martintown East
Pump Location
View of the Raisin River south shoreline at the Martintown East
Pump Location
Pump Location
View of the Raisin River south shoreline at the Martintown East
Pump Location
Pump Location
View of the unnamed tributary of the Raisin River, at the
Martintown East Pump Location
Pump Location
View of the Martintown Mill from the corner of Kings Road and
County Road 20
View of the Martintown Mill and the bridge from the corner of
Kings Road and County Road 20
View of the north side of the bridge from the corner of Kings
Road and County Road 20
View of the north side of the bridge
10/08/12
JE
W
10/08/12
JE
S
10/08/12
JE
S
10/08/12
JE
NW
10/08/12
JE
NE
10/08/12
JE
E
10/08/12
JE
N
10/08/12
JE
NW
10/08/12
JE
NW
10/08/12
JE
W
10/08/12
JE
W
10/08/12
10/08/12
JE
JE
E
SE
10/08/12
JE
SW
10/08/12
JE
W
10/08/12
10/08/12
JE
JE
E
W
10/08/12
JE
W
10/08/12
JE
SW
10/08/12
JE
SW
10/08/12
JE
W
10/08/12
JE
W
10/08/12
JE
SW
10/08/12
10/08/12
10/08/12
10/08/12
JE
JE
JE
JE
E
SE
S
S
10/08/12
JE
SW
10/08/12
JE
SW
10/08/12
JE
SSW
PR12-16D026
PR12-16D027
PR12-16D028
PR12-16D029
PR12-16D030
PR12-16D031
PR12-16D032
PR12-16D033
PR12-16D034
PR12-16D035
PR12-16D036
PR12-16D037
PR12-16D038
PR12-16D039
PR12-16D040
PR12-16D041
PR12-16D042
PR12-16D043
PR12-16D044
PR12-16D045
PR12-16D046
PR12-16D047
PR12-16D048
PR12-16D049
PR12-16D050
PR12-16D051
PR12-16D052
PR12-16D053
PR12-16D054
125
Catalogue No.
Description
Date
Phot. Dir.
PR12-16D055
PR12-16D056
PR12-16D057
PR12-16D058
PR12-16D059
PR12-16D060
View of the bridge over the Raisin River along Kings Road
View of the north side of the bridge
View of the Martintown Mill and the Raisin River
View of the Martintown Mill and the Raisin River
View of the Raisin River at the Martintown Mill
View of the Ontario Heritage Foundation Plaque at the
Martintown Mill
View of the south side of the bridge from the Martintown Mill
View of the filled in arched opening in the wall for the penstock
at the Martintown Mill
View of the Raisin River shoreline from the Martintown Mill
View of the Raisin River and the bridge from the Martintown
Mill
View of the Martintown West Pump Location
View of the Martintown West Pump Location, showing the
recreational courts in the background
View of the Martintown West Pump Location, showing the
baseball diamond in the background
View of the Martintown West Pump Location
View north-west along Nine Mile Road, towards the Raisin
River
View along Cashion Road from Street Road
View along Street Road at Cashion Road
View along Street Road at Cashion Road
View along Cashion Road towards the intersection with Street
Road
View of the buried cable marker along Cashion Road
View along Cashion Road
View of the bend in Cashion Road
View along Cashion Road
View of the Summerstown Swamp west of Cashion Road
View of the old rail line through the Summerstown Swamp
View of the old rail line through the Summerstown Swamp
View along the central portion of Cashion Road
View of the Summerstown Swamp at the southern end of Cashion
View along the south end of Cashion Road
View of the residential structure at No. 6079 Cashion Road
View of a residential structure at the corner of Cashion Road
and Glen Road
View of the south end of Cashion Road
View of the southeast end of the Martintown Grist Mill
View of Glen Road east of Boundary Road
View from Boundary Road north of Glen Road
View from 100m east of end of Boundary Road
10/08/12
10/08/12
10/08/12
10/08/12
10/08/12
10/08/12
JE
JE
JE
JE
JE
JE
S
E
NE
NE
SE
SE
10/08/12
10/08/12
JE
JE
SW
E
10/08/12
10/08/12
JE
JE
W
NW
10/08/12
10/08/12
JE
JE
SE
W
10/08/12
JE
NW
10/08/12
10/08/12
JE
JE
NNW
NW
10/08/12
10/08/12
10/08/12
10/08/12
JE
JE
JE
JE
SE
S
E
NW
10/08/12
10/08/12
10/08/12
10/08/12
10/08/12
10/08/12
10/08/12
10/08/12
10/08/12
10/08/12
10/08/12
10/08/12
JE
JE
JE
JE
JE
JE
JE
JE
JE
JE
JE
JE
NW
NW
SW
SE
SW
NE
SW
NW
SW
SW
NE
NW
10/08/12
10/08/12
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
JE
JE
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
NW
NW
S
W
NW
NW
NE
E
SE
N
E
S
W
W
N
PR12-16D061
PR12-16D062
PR12-16D063
PR12-16D064
PR12-16D065
PR12-16D066
PR12-16D067
PR12-16D068
PR12-16D069
PR12-16D070
PR12-16D071
PR12-16D072
PR12-16D073
PR12-16D074
PR12-16D075
PR12-16D076
PR12-16D077
PR12-16D078
PR12-16D079
PR12-16D080
PR12-16D081
PR12-16D082
PR12-16D083
PR12-16D084
PR12-16D085
PR12-16D086
PR12-16D087
PR12-16D088
PR12-16D089
PR12-16D090
PR12-16D091
PR12-16D092
PR12-16D093
PR12-16D094
PR12-16D095
PR12-16D096
PR12-16D097
PR12-16D098
PR12-16D099
PR12-16D100
126
Catalogue No.
Description
Date
Phot. Dir.
PR12-16D101
PR12-16D102
PR12-16D103
PR12-16D104
PR12-16D105
PR12-16D106
PR12-16D107
PR12-16D108
PR12-16D109
PR12-16D110
PR12-16D111
PR12-16D112
PR12-16D113
PR12-16D114
PR12-16D115
PR12-16D116
PR12-16D117
PR12-16D118
PR12-16D119
PR12-16D120
PR12-16D121
PR12-16D122
PR12-16D123
PR12-16D124
PR12-16D125
PR12-16D126
PR12-16D127
PR12-16D128
PR12-16D129
PR12-16D130
PR12-16D131
PR12-16D132
PR12-16D133
PR12-16D134
View from west end of Service Road
View from east of McConnell Avenue on Tollgate Road
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
17/02/13
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
DG
127
E
S
W
N
E
S
W
N
E
S
W
N
E
S
W
N
E
S
W
N
E
S
W
N
E
S
NW
E
S
W
NE
E
S
W
APPENDIX 2: Glossary of Archaeological Terms
Archaeology:
The study of human past, both prehistoric and historic, by excavation of cultural
material.
Archaeological Sites:
The physical remains of any building, structure, cultural feature, object, human event or
activity which, because of the passage of time, are on or below the surface of the land or
water.
Archaic:
A term used by archaeologists to designate a distinctive cultural period dating between
8000 and 1000 B.C. in eastern North America. The period is divided into Early (8000 to
6000 B.C.), Middle (6000 to 2500 B.C.) and Late (2500 to 1000 B.C.). It is characterized by
hunting, gathering and fishing.
Artifact:
An object manufactured, modified or used by humans.
B.P.:
Before Present. Often used for archaeological dates instead of B.C. or A.D. Present is
taken to be 1951, the date from which radiocarbon assays are calculated.
Backdirt:
The soil excavated from an archaeological site. It is usually removed by shovel or
trowel and then screened to ensure maximum recovery of artifacts.
Chert:
A type of silica rich stone often used for making chipped stone tools. A number of chert
sources are known from southern Ontario. These sources include outcrops and
nodules.
Contact Period:
The period of initial contact between Native and European populations. In Ontario, this
generally corresponds to the seventeenth and eighteen centuries depending on the
specific area. See also Protohistoric.
Cultural Resource / Heritage Resource:
Any resource (archaeological, historical, architectural, artifactual, archival) that pertains
to the development of our cultural past.
128
Cultural Heritage Landscapes:
Cultural heritage landscapes are groups of features made by people. The arrangement
of features illustrate noteworthy relationships between people and their surrounding
environment. They can provide information necessary to preserve, interpret or
reinforce the understanding of important historical settings and changes to past
patterns of land use. Cultural landscapes include neighbourhoods, townscapes and
farmscapes.
Diagnostic:
An artifact, decorative technique or feature that is distinctive of a particular culture or
time period.
Disturbed:
In an archaeological context, this term is used when the cultural deposit of a certain
time period has been intruded upon by a later occupation.
Excavation:
The uncovering or extraction of cultural remains by digging.
Feature:
This term is used to designate modifications to the physical environment by human
activity. Archaeological features include the remains of buildings or walls, storage pits,
hearths, post moulds and artifact concentrations.
Flake:
A thin piece of stone (usually chert, chalcedony, etc.) detached during the manufacture
of a chipped stone tool. A flake can also be modified into another artifact form such as
a scraper.
Fluted:
A lanceolate shaped projectile point with a central channel extending from the base
approximately one third of the way up the blade. One of the most diagnostic PalaeoIndian artifacts.
Historic:
Period of written history.
settlement.
In Ontario, the historic period begins with European
Lithic:
Stone. Lithic artifacts would include projectile points, scrapers, ground stone adzes,
gun flints, etc.
129
Lot:
The smallest provenience designation used to locate an artifact or feature.
Midden:
An archaeological term for a garbage dump.
Mitigation:
To reduce the severity of development impact on an archaeological or other heritage
resource through preservation or excavation. The process for minimizing the adverse
impacts of an undertaking on identified cultural heritage resources within an affected
area of a development project.
Multicomponent:
An archaeological site which has seen repeated occupation over a period of time.
Ideally, each occupation layer is separated by a sterile soil deposit that accumulated
during a period when the site was not occupied. In other cases, later occupations will
be directly on top of earlier ones or will even intrude upon them.
Operation:
The primary division of an archaeological site serving as part of the provenience
system. The operation usually represents a culturally or geographically significant unit
within the site area.
Palaeo-Indian:
The earliest human occupation of Ontario designated by archaeologists. The period
dates between 9000 and 8000 B.C. and is characterized by small mobile groups of
hunter-gatherers.
Prehistoric:
Before written history. In Ontario, this term is used for the period of Native occupation
up until the first contact with European groups.
Profile:
The profile is the soil stratigraphy that shows up in the cross-section of an
archaeological excavation. Profiles are important in understanding the relationship
between different occupations of a site.
Projectile Point:
A point used to tip a projectile such as an arrow, spear or harpoon. Projectile points
may be made of stone (either chipped or ground), bone, ivory, antler or metal.
130
Provenience:
Place of origin. In archaeology this refers to the location where an artifact or feature
was found. This may be a general location or a very specific horizontal and vertical
point.
Salvage:
To rescue an archaeological site or heritage resource from development impact through
excavation or recording.
Stratigraphy:
The sequence of layers in an archaeological site. The stratigraphy usually includes
natural soil deposits and cultural deposits.
Sub-operation:
A division of an operation unit in the provenience system.
Survey:
To examine the extent and nature of a potential site area. Survey may include surface
examination of ploughed or eroded areas and sub-surface testing.
Test Pit:
A small pit, usually excavated by hand, used to determine the stratigraphy and
presence of cultural material. Test pits are often used to survey a property and are
usually spaced on a grid system.
Woodland:
The most recent major division in the prehistoric sequence of Ontario. The Woodland
period dates from 1000 B.C. to A.D. 1550. The period is characterized by the
introduction of ceramics and the beginning of agriculture in southern Ontario. The
period is further divided into Early (1000 B.C. to A.D. 0), Middle (A.D. 0 to A.D. 900)
and Late (A.D. 900 to A.D.1550).
131

STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

Transcription

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