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Oceans
97.5%
1.365 billion km3
Freshwater
35,000,000 km3
2.5%
26,880,000 km3 76.8%
7,980,000 km3 22.8%
126,000 km3 0.36%
14,000 km3 0.04%
1,400 km3 0.004%
1. Tectonic Processes
2. Volcanism
3. Landslides
4. Glaciations
5. Lakes Formed by Rivers
6. Solution Lakes
7. Shoreline Lakes
8. Meteor Impact
9. Desert Lakes
10. Biogenic Lakes
11. Human Made Lakes
Ice and glaciers (1.92%)
Groundwater (0.57%)
Lakes (0.009)%
Atmosphere (0.001)%
Rivers (0.0001)%
1. Tectonic Processes
a. Grabens
Crustal faulting creates many long,
narrow and deep lakes
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1. Tectonic Processes
a. Grabens (faults)
b. Folds
1. Tectonic Processes
a. Grabens
b. Folds
b. Reverse drainage basins
Uplifting forms a dam and dendritic lake
e.g. Lake Kioga, Uganda
1. Tectonic Processes
a. Grabens
b. Folds
c. Reverse drainage basins
d. Uplifting
Uplifting forms large but fairly shallow lakes
e.g. Lake Victoria, East Africa
1. Tectonic Processes
a. Grabens
b. Folds
c. Reverse drainage basins
d. Uplifting
e. Subsidence
Local depression or basin
e.g. Toshka lakes, Egypt
1. Tectonic Processes
2. Volcanism
3. Landslides
4. Glaciations
5. Lakes Formed by Rivers
6. Solution Lakes
7. Shoreline Lakes
8. Meteor Impact
9. Desert Lakes
10. Biogenic Lakes
11. Human Made Lakes
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2. Volcanism
a. Craters
2. Volcanism
A small crater may form at the central vent,
floored by solidified lava that plugs the vent
a. Craters
b. Calderas: After collapse into the old magma chamber
Deriba Crater, Jebel Marra 3,042 m
Mount Kilimanjaro (The White Mountain)
3,042 m
3,500 Ma
dormant
Deriba Crater, Jebel Marra 3,042 m
3,042 m
3,500 Ma
dormant
Jeju Island, Korea
0
0
1
km
1
km
3
Lake Nyos
Northwest Region of Cameroon
Part of East African Rift
Lake Eyasi
2. Volcanism
a. Craters
b. Calderas
c. Volcanic damming
Ngorongoro Crater
.
e.g. Kivu L., central Africa
Tana L., Ethiopia
Crater Highlands, Tanzania
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Volcanic Damming Lakes
Volume: 28 km3
Area : 3,600 km2
Elev. : 1,800 m
Origin : Volcanic
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tectonic Processes
Volcanism
Landslides
Glaciations
Blue N
ile
3. Landslides
5. Lakes Formed by Rivers
6. Solution Lakes
7. Shoreline Lakes
8. Meteor Impact
9. Desert Lakes
10. Human Made Lakes
3. Landslides
Damming Rivers
1. Tectonic Processes
2. Volcanism
3. Landslides
4. Glaciations
5. Lakes Formed by Rivers
6. Solution Lakes
7. Shoreline Lakes
8. Meteor Impact
9. Desert Lakes
10. Biogenic Lakes
11. Human Made Lakes
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Where do we find ice?
National Geographic WORLD (February 1977
• High latitudes
• High elevations
Glacier: a Flowing Stream of Ice
Where do we find ice?
GLACIER:
A body of ice which flows under its own weight and does not
entirely melt during the summer.
Cirque lake, southern Poland
Glacial potholes, Norway
Hummocky moraine with many small lakes
southern Poland
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Glacial till
Moraine Lake
Peyto Lake, Canadian Rockies, Alberta
Glacial till
Morskie (Lake) Oko, Tatra Mountains,
southern Poland
Kettle Lakes, Northwest Territory, Canada
a. Oxbow lakes
1. Tectonic Processes
2. Volcanism
3. Landslides
4. Glaciations
5. Lakes Formed by Rivers
6. Solution Lakes
7. Shoreline Lakes
8. Meteor Impact
9. Desert Lakes
10. Biogenic Lakes
11. Human Made Lakes
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b. Plunge
pools
b. Plunge pools
1. Tectonic Processes
2. Volcanism
3. Landslides
4. Glaciations
5. Lakes Formed by Rivers
6. Solution Lakes
7. Shoreline Lakes
8. Meteor Impact
9. Desert Lakes
10. Biogenic Lakes
11. Human Made Lakes
Ras
Mohamed
Karst topography and Sink holes
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Ras Mohamed Area, Egypt
1. Tectonic Processes
2. Volcanism
3. Landslides
4. Glaciations
5. Lakes Formed by Rivers
6. Solution Lakes
7. Shoreline Lakes
8. Meteor Impact
9. Desert Lakes
10. Biogenic Lakes
11. Human Made Lakes
Deltaic Lakes
Brollos
Edko
Manzala
Mariuot
Bit
ter
La
ke
8. Meteor Impact
1. Tectonic Processes
2. Volcanism
3. Landslides
4. Glaciations
5. Lakes Formed by Rivers
6. Solution Lakes
7. Shoreline Lakes
8. Meteor Impact
9. Desert Lakes
10. Biogenic Lakes
11. Human Made Lakes
8. Meteor Impacts
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1.19 km; age: 49,000 years
Barringer Meteor Crater, Arizona
8. Meteor Impacts
Kebira Crater
Diameter: 4 km
Age: ?
Diameter: 31 km
Age: 100 Ma?
Landsat-7, March 15, 2001
17 km; age: 200 Ma
Aorounga Crater, Chad
2.5 km; Age: 3.7 Ma, Depth 40-90 m
Roter Kamm impact , Namibia
10
11 km
Bosumtwi Lake,
Ghana
Meteorite impact craters in Africa.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Forested tropical lowlands.
Hydrologically closed
Summer Precipitation = 1,380 mm/yr
Age: 1.3 - 1.7 Ma
lake level is 99 m a.m.s.l.
Max. depth is 74 m.
Average depth is 45 m.
Maximum lacustrine sediment 360 m.
Lake Bosumtwi,
Bosumtwi, Ghana
Bathymetric map of Lake Bosumtwi (Russell et al., 2003)
Lake Bosumtwi,
Bosumtwi, Ghana
Lake Bosumtwi is the only natural lake in all of Ghana.
Source of water: rainwater flowing inwards from the crater rim.
No river flowing out of the lake
Soda, Permanent, Natural
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An aerial photograph of the 1.13-km-diameter Pretoria Saltpan
impact crater (also known as the Tswaing Crater) in South Africa.
Deflation
Fine grained materials removed by wind,
lower elevation, leaving coarser residue.
1. Tectonic Processes
2. Volcanism
3. Landslides
4. Glaciations
5. Lakes Formed by Rivers
6. Solution Lakes
7. Shoreline Lakes
8. Meteor Impact
9. Desert Lakes
10. Biogenic Lakes
11. Human Made Lakes
1. Tectonic Processes
2. Volcanism
3. Landslides
4. Glaciations
5. Lakes Formed by Rivers
6. Solution Lakes
7. Shoreline Lakes
8. Meteor Impact
9. Desert Lakes
10. Biogenic Lakes
11. Human Made Lakes
Playas and Playa Lakes
• Playa lakes are closedbasin lakes in desert
regions, filled by surface
and groundwater
• Water filling the lake may
be fresh, but rapid
evaporation results in
saline waters and
evaporites.
• Dry playa lakes are called
simply playas, and are
typically floored in salt or
other evaporite minerals.
An example is the Great
Salt Lake, Utah
Atolls
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1. Tectonic Processes
2. Volcanism
3. Landslides
4. Glaciations
5. Lakes Formed by Rivers
6. Solution Lakes
7. Shoreline Lakes
8. Meteor Impact
9. Desert Lakes
10. Biogenic Lakes
11. Human Made Lakes
Nile
N
Aswan
Airport
High Dam
Lake
Nasser
High Dam
Toshka lakes
1,500 km2
Naser Lake
Area: 5,120 km2
Volume: 157 km3
20 km
World potential and hydropower production in 2004
Depth: 27 m
km3
Aquifer mining (annual withdrawals
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