“European Puzzle”

Magazine
“European Puzzle”
Nr.2
2011
1
TRADITIONAL BULGARIAN ARCHITECTURE
The territory of Bulgaria is rich with
various
architectural
monuments
built in different eras. At the earliest
monuments
- building more than
architectural,
prehistoric
dwellings
belong (IV and III millennium BC), a
real architectural
development
in
the Bulgarian lands began in and
around towns built by the Greeks,
Thracians and Romans.
The architecture of the
Bulgarian
Middle Ages (VII - XIV century)
established
by the Bulgarians
on
the basis of the architecture of the
peoples
who
inhabited
earlier
Bulgarian
lands, and under the
influence of Byzantium.
Build up
strong fortifications,
palaces and
monumental
cations
palaces,
majestic temples
During the Ottoman rule XV - XVII
in
monumental
construction
disappear.
Being
built
mainly
church and residential
buildings
typical for this period - residential
towers defense. They continue old
local traditions (Boyar towers) and
associated
with Bulgarian
folk
house.
The architecture of the
Bulgarian
Renaissance (the end of the XVIII
to 1877)
reflects
the general
economic,
political
and cultural
progress in the life of Bulgarian
people.
Housing
occupies
a
significant
part of the Revival
residential architecture, has a major
influence on her character and a
wealth of different types of houses.
enriched with more rooms. During
the Renaissance
architecture
is
enriched
with
various
public
buildings
- monasteries,
clock
towers,
cultural
centers
and
schools.
In the late nineteenth
and early
twentieth
century
architectural
monuments
are becoming
more
diverse.
Along
with
West
eclecticism in architecture entering
rationalism
and neoclassicism,
to
interpret the Bulgarian architectural
heritage (national romanticism)
Vratsa, Ethnographic Museum. The
building was built in 19 century.
Cherepish monastery near Vratsa
Vratsa, residential
defense
Х tower
ІІ
V c.
Vratsa, Cathedral Church of St.
Nikolai
Vratsa, Public Library by mid-
nineteenth century
Monuments under UNESCO protection
Ivanovo rock Monastery -
ХІІІ ХІ
- Vc
Rila Monastery
Church in Nessebar
Bulgarian traditional costumes
• Thrace
Thrace occupies a geographical area of the Thracian lowland.
• North Bulgaria
Northern folklore region covers
North-western Bulgaria. Geographic
area includes two sub - Danubian
hilly plain (without Florida) and
northern Balkan system.
• Shopluk
Shoppe folklore area includes the western part of
Srednogorie (Sofia field and Vitosha) and Kraishte.
• Dobrudja
Dobrudja occupies the northeastern part of Bulgaria - the north
is bounded by the Danube to the East - from the Black Sea to
the west - of Northern folklore field.
• Pirinsko
Pirin folk covers land area of the
Pirin Mountains.
• Rodopi
Rhodope folklore region coincides with
the geographical area Rodopi.
Bulgarian traditional crafts
Smith
Smith is a master dealing with metals. One of the oldest
professions.Main material for working blacksmith metals are:
iron, steel, as well as bronze, copper, precious metals
Weaving
Weaving is an old Bulgarian craft. Distinctive
techniques are used in the manufacture of woven
fabrics for home use. The main materials are wool,
fur, flax, hemp and cotton
Cooperage
Cooperage is a tradition in Bulgarian life. Cask entered in IX
century and since then our masters now improve their skills
Fur and millinery
Millinery and fur - fur products were widely used in
everyday life of the Bulgarians - for making belts,
sandals, harness, saddles
Bookbinding
Bookbinding -construction, restoration, bookbinding. Production
of luxury articles and menus. The materials we use are leather,
synthetic leather, textiles and others
Woodcarving
Only a gifted master in the
kind of tree shows what can
be done by him. Infinite
love and patience are
needed to breathe life
created on a
simple piece of wood woven
twigs, birds and flowers
Ceramics
Pottery is an
ancient craft
handed down
from generation
to generation,
from the genus
of the genus
Bulgaria traditional children's games
A brood-hen and an eagle
The game objective is mother hen to protect
their Chicks from eagle predator who wants
to eat them. It is a dynamic game associated
with running
Cat and mouse
Goal is the child who plays a cat to catch the child
who plays a mouse. Mouse may be hiding in his
house, which is a circle formed by a group of
children holding hands
sack-race
race going on with sacks of sand, with
rapid win
The little big creators
On the beach sand castles and figures
are made with a lot of fantasy and
craftsmanship. The most attractive are
the winners
Czech architecture
The Czech Republic is being visited by thousands
of tourists from all over the world every year. One of the
main reasons is our architecture.
There are many places known for its architecture
that are worth visiting.
At first, it is necessary to mention our capital
Prague situated in the middle of our country. There are
many interesting facts about Prague, but when focusing
on the architecture, it is necessary to mention these most
outstanding sights.
The Prague Castle founded in the 9 th century is the
dominant of the city. There is a wonderful view of the
city from the square outside the castle.
The Charles Bridge is the second oldest bridge in Central
Europe. It comes from the 14 th century and is 515 metres long
and 10 metres wide. It is decorated by baroque statues.
Old Town Square is famous for its Old Town Hall, the
Astronomical Clock with the procession of the Apostles, the
monument of Master John Hus and the Gothic Church.
Wenceslas Square is situated in the city centre. The statue of the
Czech patron St. Wenceslas and the National Museum are
situated there.
There are many other sights as for example st. Vitus Cathedral,
Golden Lane, the Lesser Town, the National Theatre, The
Municipal House or Petrin Lookout Tower – 60 metres high
copy of the Eiffel Tower.
Another real jewel among the towns is Český Krumlov. Its well-preserved medieval
centre and the 13 th century castle overlooking the Vltava River make it one of the most
picturesque towns in Europe.
There are many castles that are worth visiting – e.g. Karlštejn, Křivoklát or Konopiště,
famous spa towns as Karlovy Lázně (Carlsbad) or Mariánské Lázně (Marienbad).
Twelve places are on the World Heritage List of UNESCO. These are Historic Centre of
Český Krumlov (1992), Historic Centre of Prague
(1992), Historic Centre of Telč (1992), Pilgrimage
Church of St. John of Nepomuk at Zelená Hora
(1994), Historical Town Centre with the Church of
St. Barbara and the Cathedral of Our Lady at Sedlec
(1995), Lednice-Valtice Cultural Landscape (1996),
Gardens and Castle at Kroměříž (1998), Holašovice
Historical Village Reservation (1998), Litomyšl
Castle (1999), Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc
(2000), Tugendhat Villa in Brno (2001), Jewish
Quarter and St. Procopius´ Basilica in Třebíč
(2003).
But our architecture does not mean just well-known cities. We should not forget many
picturesque little towns and villages along our country. (Pictures taken from
www.praguewelcome.cz – Photo 1 – Prague Castle and St. Vitus Cathedral, Photo 2 – the
Charles Bridge, Photo 3 – the Old Town Square)
Czech national costumes
The folk costumes comprises clothing characteristic of a certain region.
Firstly, it is necessary to say, that at present,
folk costumes in the Czech Republic are no
longer commonly worn. But people still wear
them during traditional popular celebrations and
entertainment events such as banquets and
carnivals. This tradition is strongest in the
eastern part of the country and in Moravia.
Generally speaking, the traditions connected
with wearing folk costumes are related more to
the country.
Cause of the fact there are really big differences
among the regions and sometimes even villages,
it is impossible to describe the typical Czech
folk costume. Our traditional folk costumes are
well-know for being beautifully embroidered.
As we are situated in the region, where the
traditions connected with wearing the folk
costumes have been no more hold, we would
like to show some samples of the folk costumes
of different regions.
(Photos taken from
www.goeasteurope.about.com, www.wikipedia.org, www.nasemimi.cz) ,
Czech crafts and jobs
The Czech Republic is a country with a rich history and that is why there are more traditional
jobs.
No doubt, glass industry belongs to our
traditional jobs. The tradition of Czech
glass-blowing comes back to the 12
century. The oldest glass factories were
situated in the area of Krušné hory,
Lužické hory
or
Šumava,
but
the
tradition has
spread to other
parts of the
country. The
Czech glassblowing has played an important role in Europe since the middleages. The Czech glass-workers have brought new techniques.
The Czech glass has become goods that can be found around the
world. Many Czech glass blowers worked in foreign countries
too.
th
From our point of view, our country is famous for brewing. The history of brewing in the area
of our republic goes back to the 4 th century BC. The brewers have been developing beer
producing since that time. There have been many breweries of different sizes in our country.
Some of them became world famous as Pilsner Urquell or Budwiser Budvar, but there are
hundreds of smaller ones. Beers produced in the Czech Republic are exported to different
countries around the world.
Some quotations concerning the Czechs and jobs are
well-known in our country. One of them is “Co Čech, to
muzikant”, which means “Each of the Czech people is a
musician.” Throughout the history, there were many
famous musicians and composers. Among famous ones,
there have been many others making money by playing
the musical instruments.
Another important point concerning the Czechs and
music have been violinmakers. There has been a long
tradition in Czech. The main centres of violinmakers have
been Prague and other big cities and the area of
Podkrkonoší and Krušnohoří (e. g. towns called Kraslice
and Luby u Chebu). When mentioning musical
instruments producing, we should hint at Petrof – the
company that has been producing concert grand pianos
from 1864.
Today, many Czech people work in a car industry. The biggest company is Škoda Auto. Tatra
or Jawa were famous in the past.
(Photos taken from www.wikipedia.org)
Czech game
Footballtennis (Nohejbal in Czech)
This ball game is a mixture of football, volleyball
and tennis. FT was developed in Czechoslovakia in 1920s.
FT was considered purely recreational sport up to 1962,
when the Czech footballtennis league was founded. Since
1980s FT has spread into other countries. International
Football Tennis Association was founded in 1987.
European championships have been held since 1993, world championships since 1996.
Today, Footballtennis is played in many variations all over the world. Its greatest
advantages are easy mastering of game basics, simplicity of non-contact rules convenient for
men and women of all ages, attractivity for both players and spectators and minimal demands
for court and equipment.
BASIC RULES
1. Categories
Under number of players: singles, doubles, triplets; Under gender: men, women, mixed
doubles; Under age: adults, juniors, youngsters, children; Under skill level: basic, medium,
professional
2. Playing court
The playing court is split into two halves by a net (110 cm high, 100 cm for children up to
twelve). Dimensions are adjusted to volleyball and tennis courts.
3. Start of the game– service
A service is executed by hitting the ball by any part of the body except for arm and hand from
the zone behind the base-line. The ball shall cross the net and should be pointed at the
opponent’s service zone. The service is always carried out by the team who scores a point.
4. Ball inplay
There must be one player´s touch of the ball between two ball drops on the ground.
The maximum number of ball drops on the ground: singles: basic 2, medium 1,
professional 1; doubles: basic 3, medium 2, professional 1; triplets: basic 3, medium 2,
professional 1
The maximum number of ball touches by the player: singles: 2, doubles: 3, triplets: 3
The player may touch the ball with any part of his/her body except for his/her arm and his/her
hand. With the exception of singles, the player is not allowed to touch the ball twice in
succession.
5. Some faults resulting inloss of point
The ball touches the court twice in sequence without being touched by any player. Any player
touches the net by any part of his/her body. A player touches the ball with his/her hand or
arm. The ball played by a player lands outside the opponent’s court.
6. Scoring apoint, winning aset and the match
The team wins a point if the opponent commits a fault, each such a fault being one point. All
the disciplines are played up to two winning sets. A set is won by the team who first scores 11
points with a minimum lead of two (2) points (11:9, 12:10 etc.).
If you are interested in this game, you can watch the video presentation. Go to
www.youtube.com and write these keywords: Footballtennis European Puzzle Borohradek –
click on Nohejbal 1. část, then Nohejbal 2. část
Hungarian architecture
Hungary is home to the largest synagogue in Europe, the largest medicinal bath in Europe
(Széchenyi Medicinal Bath), one of the largest basilicas in Europe (Esztergom Basilica), the
second largest territorial abbey in the world (Pannonhalma Archabbey), and the largest Early
Christian Necropolis outside Italy (Pécs).
Notable architectural styles in Hungary include Historicism and Art Nouveau, or rather several
variants of Art Nouveau. In contrast to Historicism, Hungarian Art Nouveau is based on the
national architectural characteristics. Taking the eastern origins of the Hungarians into account,
Ödön Lechner (1845–1914), the most important figure in Hungarian Art Nouveau, was initially
inspired by Indian and Syrian architecture, and later by traditional Hungarian decorative
designs. In this way, he created an original synthesis of architectural styles. By applying them
to three-dimensional architectural elements, he produced a version of Art Nouveau that was
specific to Hungary.
Museum of Applied Art: This Art Nouveau building was built to the
plans of Ödön Lechner.
Turning away from the style of Lechner, yet taking inspiration from
his approach, the group of "Young People", which included Károly Kósand Dezsö Zrumeczky, were to use
the characteristic structures and forms of traditional Hungarian architecture to achieve the same end.
Besides the two principal styles, Budapest also displays local versions of trends originating
from other European countries. The Sezession from Vienna, the German Jugendstil, Art
Nouveau from Belgium and France, and the influence of English and Finnish architecture are
all reflected in the buildings constructed at the turn of the century. Béla Lajta initially adopted
Lechner's style, subsequently drawing his inspiration from English and Finnish trends; after
developing an interest in the Egyptian style, he finally arrived at modern architecture. István
Medgyaszay developed his own style, which differed from Lechner's, using stylised traditional
motifs to create decorative designs in concrete. In the sphere of applied arts, those chiefly
responsible for promoting the spread of Art Nouveau were the School and Museum of
Decorative Arts, which opened in 1896.
Foreigners are often surprised, but a great portion of the citizens live in old and architecturally
valuable buildings. In Budapest downtown area almost all the buildings are about hundred
Hungarian national costume
It was in the beginning of the 18th century that the present style of Hungarian folk art took
shape, incorporating both Renaissance and Baroque elements, depending on the area, as well as
Persian Sassanide influences. Flowers and leaves, sometimes a bird or a spiral ornament, are
the principal decorative themes. The most frequent ornament is a flower with a centerpiece
resembling the eye of a peacock's feather.
The finest achievements in their textile arts are the embroideries which vary from region to
region. Those of Kalotaszeg in Transylvania are charming products of Oriental design, sewn
chiefly in a single color – red, blue, or black. Soft in line, the embroideries are applied on altar
cloths, pillow cases and sheets.
In Hungary proper Sárköz in Transdanubia and the Matyóföld in the Great Hungarian Plain
produce the finest embroideries. In the Sárköz region the women's caps show black and white
designs as delicate as lace and give evidence of the people's wonderfully subtle artistic feeling.
Hungarian folk games
1. Dancing around chairs
Children arrange the chairs forming a circle. (There is one less chair than children.) They
walk around the chairs while music is on. When the music stops children try to take a seat.
The one who can’t take a seat drops out and takes a chair with herself, himself. So the
number of chairs constantly decreases in every round. At the end there’s only one chair and
two players. The one who can sit down wins.
2. Give me a soldier, king!
Children form two groups and line up about 10 metres apart holding each other’s hands
tight. Both groups choose a ’king/captain’. One of the kings/captains starts the dialogue:
A: ’Give us a soldier, King.’
B: ‘No!’
A: ‘Then I break!’
B: ‘Break if you can.’
The king/captain names one of the soldiers, ’Soldier XY’.
The called soldier runs towards the other group and tries to break through the line formed
by the other group. If he/she is successful he/she can take a soldier with him/her. If not
he/she has to stay with the other group. The group which can get more soldiers (or all the
soldiers)
of
the
opponent
group
wins.
Hungarian professions
Shepherding
The Hortobágy is the most extensive grazing land in Hungary, it is home to one of the typical
ancient professions, that of animal husbandry which, (shepherding) with its traditional forms, is
still preserved here.
Hungarian horse-herder
Lime burner
Burned lime (a powder) was the chief component of plaster
and was widely sought after by the building industry. Lime
kilns were used to burn the lime rock. Kilns were stone
towers from 28 to 36 feet high and about 8 feet in diameter
on the inside. The fires are then lighted in the flues which
are kept continually full of wood.. The kilns are kept
running night and day, Sundays as well as week days from February till December, and 12
hours is a day’s work. Good wages are paid but the work is hard and continuous.
Greek architecture
NEOCLASSICAL architecture was
an architectural style produced by the
neoclassical movement that begun in the
mid-18th century. It is considered a
reaction against the Rococo style of
naturalistic ornament, and an outgrowth
of some classicizing features of Late
Baroque. In its purest form it is a style
principally derived from the architecture
of
Classical
Greece
and
the architecture of Italian Andrea Palladio. In form, neoclassical architecture
emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each
of its parts.
Neoclassical architecture appeared in Greece when the state was founded after the
revolution, since it was considered the most appropriate style in order to combine the
modern state with the glorious ancient past of Greece. The first buildings that were
built in Athens after 1832 when Athens became the capital of Greece were: Otto’s
Palace, designed by Frederic Gardner, the building of the University by Christian
Hansen, “Grand Bretagne” Hotel building, the Academy, the National Library and three
temples: St. Irene, St. George and St. Constantine.
Our presentation building for the January
2011 Comenius visit in Bulgaria is one of the
few surviving neoclassical buildings of the
City of Agrinio and the only one still standing
in the central Harilaou Trikoupi street. It was
the first building built for the National Bank of
Greece and has been of late the subject of
much debate which led finally to its being
bought by the Municipality of Agrinio in order
to be passed over to the local University. An
interesting incident in the history of its erection was that its wooden door, that is
currently in the main entrance and that was added a long time after the initial
construction of the building, made to replace the old one that was burnt to ashes along
with the archives in a fire that nearly destroyed the Bank, cost the same amount of
money that was paid for the purchase of the entire building ground!
Greek traditional dress - “Fustanella”
Fustanella is a traditional skirt-like garment worn by men of many
nations in the Balkans, similar to the kilt (in terms of use, not of
appearance). In contemporary Greece, the fustanella is part of
traditional Greek dresses, worn mainly by ceremonial Greek military
units (such as the Evzones, namely, the Presidential Guard) and Greek
folk dancers. . Its origins are traced back to ancient garments such as
the chiton (tunic) and the chitonium (short military tunic). Along the
way, it may also have been influenced by the roman toga and the knee-length, pleated kilts
worn by emperors’ statues. Byzantine Greeks called the fustanella (or pleated kilt)
“podea”. The wearer was either associated with a hero or an Acritic (of the country’s
borders) guard-warrior (some 12 th-century finds are attributed to Manuel I Komnenos. The
fustanella was originally thought to have been a South Albanian outfit of the Tosks,
introduced in Greece during the Ottoman occupation after the 15th century.
During the Turkish occupation of Greece, the fustanella was
worn by the armatoli
(armed forces) and the kleftes
(i.e.
thieves/bandits, former farmers who took to the mountains,
unable to bear the Turkish yoke, and were looked up to as
heroes celebrated in folk songs). At that time, it was rendered a
national symbol, as its 400 pleats stood for the 400 years of Turkish rule over Greece.
National heroes of the 1821 Revolution, such as General Theodoros Kolokotronis and
our own (from Lepenou) Katsadonis, were always seen and depicted wearing a
fustanella. Moreover, it served as an armour, since the great number of pleats – hence, the
multiple layers – shielded the bearer from Turkish bullets and yataghans (cutlasses) that
could not penetrate them, as well as from the harsh weather of the mountains where the
rebels abode. It was very labour-intensive and thus costly, which made it also a status
garment that advertised the wealth and importance of the wearer (the armatoli and kleftes
took great pride in it).
The style varied. Initially (18
th
-19th centuries), the skirts hung
below the knees, the hem was gathered together with garters and
tucked into the boots to create a “bloused” effect, while later
(Bavarian regency) they were shortened to a billowy pantaloon
stopping above the knee, worn with hose and either buskins or
decorative clogs (tsarouhia).
Greek “endangered” professions
FARRIER - HORSESHOER
was the craftsman who shoed the horses, the mules and the
donkeys.
It was a profession common mainly in large villages,
where the owners from nearby villages brought their
animals to have them shoed. The farrier performed two kinds of horseshoeing: the fitting
of new horseshoes and the so-called ‘kayari.’
The fitting of new horseshoes was performed when the animal’s shoes had been
worn out by daily use. In this case, the farrier fastened the animal’s bridle rope in a
special bitt and after placing, one by one, each foot of the animal steadfastly upon his
knee on a circular leather strap, he used the tongs to take off the worn-out shoe. Then he
cut with a special nail-clipping scythe the animal’s nail that had grown long and,
afterwards, fitted the new shoe upon the clipped nail and nailed it to place with special
big-headed horseshoe nails, in such a way that the point of the nail went sideways
through the animal’s hoof and stuck out of the side of the hoof without hurting the live
flesh of its foot. As soon as the new shoe was nailed to place, the farrier put the foot on a
wooden round log and severed the points of the shoe-nails that stuck out. The final step
was to scrape the nail with a special rasp until hoof and shoe are even.
TINKER OR TINSMITH
The tinker or tinsmith was the craftsman who veneers the
copperware with tin. Their profession is one of the oldest existing.
It is said that it was instituted during the Byzantine period when their
work was useful, saving people from the life-threatening brazen
copperware. In the olden days, most wares used by people in their
everyday activities and especially in cooking were copper. Over time and extensive use,
these utensils were oxidized and could cause poisoning. So it was imperative for them to
get tinned, that is, to cover their surface with a special protective metal, “solder” (tin).
After the utensils were properly cleaned, the tinker coated their interior with vesta
(Hydrochloric acid) and rubbed it with grated onion or sand. Next, he heated the
copperware well over a fire and poured sal ammoniac to obtain a better coating of the tin.
then he wiped it well and applied the melted tin on the surface of the utensil with a thick
cotton cloth. Finally, he wiped it with a clean piece of cotton to make it shine.
Greek game
“Apples”
The game “apples” is played outdoors. Two children are chosen and are called “goalposts”.
Two lines are marked on the ground at a distance of ten steps one from another. These two lines
are the goalposts and the two players stand behind them facing each other. The rest of the
children stand behind another line which is marked on the left
of the other two lines. It is decided by lot which of the two
children (“goalposts”) will be the first to throw the ball in
order to hit the children that are in the centre. The children
need to keep running back and forth in order to avoid being hit
by the ball. If the “goalpost” does not hit anyone with the ball,
he/she is out of the game and stands behind the left line. Then, one of the other children becomes
the “goalpost” and throws the ball.
When only one child is left in the centre, then the “apples” is played which involves
throwing the ball twelve times (each “goalpost” throws it six times). Each time the “goalposts”
throw the ball they count aloud saying “one apple”, “two apples” etc. The child that is in the
centre needs to keep running back and forth in order to avoid being hit by the ball. If he manages
to do so, he/she has the right to ask all the other children to return to the centre and the game
starts again with the same children being the “goalposts”. But if he/she is hit by the ball, he/she
loses and the game starts again having other children as the “goalposts”.
“Perna Perna i Melissa”
(The bee goes by)
Children choose two leaders, who are called “mothers”. Each “mother” decides on a question
that she/he will ask the children that walk in front of him/her, e.g a “mother” may decide to call
herself/himself a white horse, a white carriage etc.
The two “mothers” stand facing each other and raise their hands
making a bridge (or an arch) with them. The children form a line
and pass under the “bridge” singing “perna perna i melissa me ta
melissopoula kai me ta pedopoula” (the bee goes by with the little
bees and the little children). When the song ends, the “mothers”
stop the child that is between them and ask him/her secretly “do you want the white horse or the
white carriage?” The child gives his/her answer quietly so that the other children do not hear it
and depending on the answer he/she stands behind the corresponding “mother”. The game goes
on until there is only one child left. Then, the two “mothers” ask him/her aloud “Last and best,
what do you want the white horse or the white carriage?” The child (who is called “last and
best”) decides and stands behind the corresponding “mother”.
Then, the two “mothers” hold each other’s hands tightly
and behind them there is a line of children holding each
other tightly from the waist (tug-of-war).
The winning team is the one that manages to pull the other team towards its.
Greek poetry from Homer to Elytis
Greek hospitality in Homer
According to the ethimotypical of “filoxenia”
(hospitality) in the
Homeric society, the host (the person that puts up a guest), is
obliged to:
•
Welcome him cordially dress and offer to accommodate him; if the
stranger has got a spear, horses, a chariot, make sure to be taken care
of.
•
Offer him a bath (after having bean bathed–usually by some servants,
spread him with oil and dress him up with clean clothes.
•
Treat him (giving him a honorary seat, bringing him water to wash
himself, a table to eat, offering him a fine portion of food and drink).
•
In special occasions the host organizes a formal welcome in honor of the
guest, a fest or even games.
•
Inquire about his identity, his homeland and the purpose of his visit only
after he has been treated accordingly.
•
Satisfy his requests to the best of their ability after having listened to him.
•
Offer the guest accommodation for as long as the guest wants.
The Aegean’s Poet
Odysseas Elytis (November 2, 1911 – March 18, 1996) was a
Greek poet regarded as a major exponent of poetic modernism in
Greece. In 1979, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Elytis' poetry has marked, through an active presence of over forty
years, a broad spectrum of subject matter and stylistic touch with an emphasis
on the expression of that which is rarefied and passionate. A parallel manner
concerning technique resulted in introducing the inner architecture, which is
evident in a great many poems of his; mainly in the phenomenal landmark work
Worthy It Is (Το Άξιον Εστί). This work due to its setting to music by Mikis
Theodorakis as an oratorio, is a revered anthem whose verse is sung by all
Greeks for all injustice, resistance and for its sheer beauty and musicality of
form.
Latvian architecture
9th and 10th century
Latvian tribe named “latgaļi” inhabited a
fortified settlement on the island of Lake Araisi.
It's a wooden island village. These houses had a
fire in the middle and smoke came out of the
little windows in the side of the houses.
18th and 19th centuries and at the beginning
of the 20thcentury
It was the time when the majority of the rural
population lived in individual farmsteads – detached
households. Individual farmsteads are the cradle of
the Latvian character and treasuries of the traditional
culture, they present a special environment where a
human being can live in harmony with nature.
Architectural diversity in Riga
Riga is fascinating example of various
architectural styles: here you can find the
samples of functionalism of the twenties and
thirties ("new businesslike manner" or Momo),
the pompous buildings of the Stalin period,
apartment buildings ofKhrushchev’s period, the
impersonal blockhouse districts of the eighties,
the quest for aesthetics in the modern
architecture with small wooden buildings which
still preserve the breath of the centuries in their
window shutters and doors. According to the
legend, the construction of Riga will never be completed, or it will sink in the Daugava River.
Latvian folk costumes
ANCIENT LATVIAN DRESS
During the 7th-13th centuries, the territory known today as Latvia was already
inhabited by its indigenous people: Baltic and Finno-Ugric tribes. This was a
period of freedom and relative prosperity. During this time, no written or drawn
records of people’s dress were created. Therefore the only evidence of dress can
be found through the help of archaeological excavations.
LATVIAN ETHNIC DRESS
There are five regions in Latvia with their own specific traditions in dialect,
housing, and dress.
Zemgale
Vidzeme
Latgale
Kurzeme
Sēlija
Latvian professions and crafts
Pottery and Latgale ceramics
The ceramics of eastern Latvia’s Latgale province are considered unique not only in Latvia, but in all of
Europe. Their origins can be found not only in ancient ethnography, but also in archeology. These clayworks date back to 5,000 B.C. Here we have pit-comb, plastered, glazed, scratched, corded or polished
burnished pottery
Wood Crafts
Wooden handicrafts are one of Latvia’s craft masterpieces that will be
nice and practical gift from Latvia. There are a lot of skilled craftsmen
in Latvia and they can create a variety of items such as wooden toys,
spoons, butter knives, combs, salad spoons and wooden sauna
accessories, as well as modern design products.
Weavers
Latvian traditional game
The Stream
To play this game participants have to be odd number.
Find the best partner and stand opposite each other in a line. This line is the stream
watercourse.
All couples have to hold and lift their hands up.
One participant has to start running through the watercourse and clasp somebody by
the hand. New couple stand in front of the line. That participant who has stayed alone
has to run to the line ending and do the same like first runner.
Polish traditional architecture of the 19th century
During the XIX century the rules were taken from the past. At the beginning there were
neoclassical and neo-Gothic patterns then neobaroque and neorenaissance patterns, while during
the second half they were joined together and that style were called eclecticism. At the end of the
century a new style of architecture ,which was created, initiate the secession secession in the XX
century.
Few characteristic buildings from this period:
The Juliusz Slowacki Theatre in Cracow built in 1889; architect : Jan Zawiejski
Architectural: eclectic style with a predominance of neo-baroque This exquisite theatre was
opened in 1893. It's a miniature version of
Charles Garnier's famous Paris Opera House.
It's virtually impossible to get in here during the
day, but paying the very reasonable price of
tickets, it's worth catching a performance even
if the show turns out to be unspectacular - the
building itself certainly is spectacular - an absolute treasure.
The Old Theatre In Cracow built 1781, Art Nouveau
One of the most interesting art deco buildings in Poland. The
original building was erected in 1843 in historical
style, the remainder of the Romanesque-Gothic
of the time window frames. A crucial fact was
used in building the first reinforced-concrete
structures on a large theater hall, one of the first
Polish territory.
European Hotel in Warsaw Architectural: style Neoclassical Built: 1855
Architect: Henryk and Leandro Marconich
The Warsaw hotel, built in the years 1855-1878,
designed by Henry and Leander Marconich.
Recognized as the most luxurious in Warsaw.
Every year, the European hotel organizes many
events, including the exquisite New Year's Eve.
Polish crafts
Dying out professions in Poland
Carpentry
Carpentry is a craft and technique of kneading of wood
building components and furniture and everyday objects.
Some
towns
are
specialized
professionals.
Famous
Kolbuszowscy were carpenters, whose furniture and even
decorative carefully kneaded, was acquired for the Crown
Courts throughout and Lithuania. Carpentry is a relatively
young profession has identified the cities in the Middle
Ages and in the countryside at the turn of the Eighteenth
and Nineteenth Centuries. Carpentry is a new product windows Among others, doors, floor
boards and paneling.
Pottery
Pottery is a craft and technique of kneading clay vessels,
primarily for everyday use.
The whole process is turning the potter's wheel.
To move around in circles used both legs. This ability is known
in Poland for over a thousand years.
Homemade baking bread
Bread was the most important product of the grain in the
peasant farm, which is why his baking skills were one of the
basic classes of women. The oven was hot enough, if a
handful of flour thrown to it blushed immediately. Each lady
before the wedding had to be able to bake bread.
Amber processing
Folk Amber processing developed on Kurpie in the nineteenth century
Thanks to the fossil deposits of amber. Currently, almost disappeared,
but even after World War II Could be found at the fair on Kurpie
amber procession of people with their products. A collection of fossil
in Łomża, now has more than 1,000 exhibits.
amber at the Museum
Polish traditional folk costumes
Traditional Polish folk costumes vary by region but
are typically brightly coloured and decorated with
embroidery. Poland's folk costumes are sometimes
still worn for special occasions, like weddings, or in
the most rural parts of Poland by members of the
older generations. Traditional dress in Poland varies
by region. Headdresses range from hats to wreathes of
flowers, fabric colours vary greatly, and aprons, vests, and ribbons are used depending upon
the origin of the costume.
Krakowski folk dress
The most important part of this dress was a jacket. A red cap
with a peacock's feather was a headgear. Corsets were
decorated of beautiful embroideries, coloured beads and
imitation stones.
Góralski folk dress
The male folk dress consists of a fabrical shirt, trousers, a hat and a
belt. Women dressed a shirt with an embroiderly collar and cuffs,
coloured skirts, a herchief and a handkerchief.
Łowicki folk dress
Men wore long jackets in white or dark colour.
The ornament of this female dress
were beads or ambers. Dominated colour was red.
Rzeszowski folk dress
Corsets were decorated of sequins.
On the neck women wore red beads.
Men put a waistcoat on a shirt.
Polish school traditions
Zespół Szkół im. Jana Pawła II w Lipnicy Wielkiej has a vari
ety of traditions that teachers,
students as well as students’ parents care for. The most significant events are related with the
polish history. Nevertheless the school events are equally important. There are few examples
listed below.
Start of School Year, 14 X Feast of the National Education Commission, Oath of the first
–
–
class Basic School and Gimnasium, National Holidays
11 XI and 3 V, Carnival and
Andrew Day, Santa Claus, Class and School Christmas Eve, Grandmother and Grandfather's
Day, Valentine's Day, School Holiday - anniversary of the death of Pope John Paul II,
Mother's Day, Child Day - Feast of school sport, Leave of third class with end of School
Year.
National Holiday
–
11 XI - Anniversary of Independence
November
11th
is
the
national
celebration
of
independence. At the end of World War I Poland
regained independence after 123 years of partitions. On
this occasion the students presented patriotic academy.
Buildings are decorated with national flag.
National Holiday
–
anniversary of the Constitution of May 3th
Constitution of May 3, 1791 (Polish: Konstytucja
Trzeciego Maja) is generally regarded as Europe's first
and the world's second modern codified national
constitution. On this occasion the students presented
patriotic academy - a short presentation. Buildings are
decorated with national flag.
–
Oath of the first class Basic School and Gimnasium
In November, the first class
–
basic school and gimnazium
have taken the oath. Prepared in different performances, fun
competitions and other attractions.
Poland children game
Zespół Szkół im Jana Pawła II w Lipnicy Wielkiej
Game: Kluski (Dumplings) or Adam i Ewa (Adam and Eve)
Game rules:
-
Minimum of 3 players
-
Numbers of players are unlimited
-
Players should know their names
-
Starting player throws the ball and calls out the name of who is to catch it
- When a player does not catch the ball, the other players run away until he caught the
ball and say – STOP!
-
Now the player can do three steps and throws the ball in the chosen person
-
If he hit him by the ball, a person whom he hit has a point called “kluska”
-
But when he missed or player catch the ball – kluska goes to him
-
Game continues until someone has three kluski
-
Then other players consult and choose a nickname for him
-
The game goes on, but instead of the name, nickname are used
-
The game has no end, we play as long, as we want.
Portuguese traditional costume of minho
Minho is the northern Portuguese province where this
beautiful costume has its origins. It’s a celebration feminin costume,
made to wear only in special days and occasions, differently named
from place to place, but more frequently known as “Traje à
Lavradeira”.
Over the white shirt, embroidered of blue on the cuffs, front
and shoulders, the woman from Minho wears a vest decorated with
colourful
embroidery. The round skirt has got a large hem embroidered with the same floral
and romantic motifs of the vest. The apron is decorated with special embroidery that
recreates a magnificent embossed garden. The woman from
Minho wears white lacy socks and leather slippers
embroidered with floral, vegetal and geometrical motifs. On
her head she wears a red kerchief with floral and vegetal
motifs and cornucopias. She also wears lots of gold jewelry
as a ritual to show the family prosperity.
Traditional Costume of Nazaré
Cultural identity of a people, this costume ilustrates
the sea and fishing way of life.
Nazaré’s traditional costume is remarkable for its
beauty and harmony. Whether it is to work or to celebrate,
it mirrors the local women’s strong personality and is
perfectly adapted to their daily life: the cleaning, the selling and the drying of the fish.
Work costume: white underskirt topped by two or three coloured flanel skirts
with wool hem; pocket; terylene or cashmere overskirt; dark coloured apron with
pockets; simple cardigan or blouse; kerchief (“cachené”); shawl and slippers (or in
bare feet).
Celebration costume: white underskirt topped by several light
coloured skirts (the famous “seven skirts”); over these one more
pleated skirt in Scottish, cashmere or terylene fabric, or in blue calico
fabric with a black velvet hem; finishing the ensemble, a satin apron
with artistic embroidery, a blouse with flower patterns and lacy sleives
or a velvet coat with embroidered collar and cuffs. Kerchief
(“cachené”), black cape, polished slippers and “queen like” gold jewelry.
Portuguese crafts
Fishing
Fishing came into existence about 50
thousand years ago. It was one of the first
trades in Portugal.
Art “Xávega” is a traditional way of
fishing in Portugal. Nowadays it is not
very common to use this way of fishing; it
is almost extinct. It is a trawl fishing in which oxen push the rowing boats into the sea
and then people with the help of oxen, pull the nets onto the beach. Nowadays oxen
and people were replaced by tractors and instead of rowing boats they use motor
boats (the same boats but with a motor).
This type of fishing is still practised on some beaches, such as Furadouro beach
(Aveiro), Sesimbra beach (Setúbal) and Praia da Vieira beach (Leiria).
Shoemaker
A shoemaker is someone whose job is making
several works in the field of footwear. His tools are
old and traditional. When he wants to work, he sits
on a low wooden bench and wears a calf apron.
The most used raw material is the calf.
Nowadays shoemakers not only make footwear
but also bags, purses, belts and wallets. Gonçalo
Anes Bandarra is one of the most famous Portuguese shoemakers; he lived in the
North of Portugal, in the city of Trancoso.
Joinery
Joinery is the art of working in wood, or of fitting
various pieces of timber together. Sometimes the objects
are used in furniture and some other times as decoration
objects. It has its origins in carpentry. The joiner pays
more attention to details and to the quality of the piece
produced.
This is a very ancient art. However, the technological
development and the Industrial Revolution made it less valuable than in the past.
Portuguese traditional game
•
Musical chairs
Material:
Chairs and some music
Players:
One player more than the number of chairs
How to Play:
Musical chairs is a game played by a group of people, often in an informal setting
purely for entertainment. The game starts with any number of players and a number of
chairs one fewer than the number of players; the chairs are arranged in a circle facing
outward, with the people standing in a circle just outside of that. A non-playing
individual plays recorded music or a musical instrument. While the music is playing, the
players in the circle walk around the chairs. When the music controller suddenly shuts
off the music, everyone must race to sit down in one of the chairs. The player who is
left without a chair is eliminated from the game, and one chair is also removed to ensure
that there will always be one fewer chair than there are players. The music resumes and
the cycle repeats until there is only one player left in the game, who is the winner.
Romanian traditional costume
The costumes that are in existence
today, and are recorded on
photographs and film, date mainly
from 19th and 20th centuries. There is
very little evidence, except for a few
paintings, showing costume worn
outside towns before 19th century.
In most countries the wearing
of traditional clothing died out by
1900 due to the process of
industrialization, but in Romania folk
costume has continued to be worn and
to develop through most of the 20th
century which is why there is such a
wealth of information available today.
Although over time the
embroidery on Romanian clothing has
become very detailed and elaborate
the basic garments retains a structure
which may date back to Neolithic or
Bronze Age times, the original
characteristics being retained due to
the remoteness of large areas of
Romanian.
NorthernTransylvania Area
Wallachia Area
Sibiu Area
All in all, we think that we
should be very proud of our
traditional costume as it remains a
testimony of Romania’s long history
and our glorious past.
Oas Area
Romanian traditional architecture
The spirit of Romanian architecture may be found in the simplest peasant house
and in the tiniest village church, hidden in grass and nettles. It is worth seeing how
the houses in the Romanian villages do not line up like the German ones, but are
separated by the green yards and gardens.
The Romanian architecture has a unity of conception and construction
techniques, though differences of style may be found due to the variety of relief
and of raw materials. The house sheds and barns, as well as the churches, fit
perfectly in the environment, increasing the originality of the landscape alternating in hillside and valleys. There is a perfect unity between the raw
materials, the techniques used and the utility.
In all Romanian houses we can find ancestral elements such as: the heating
system, the dowry chest and the line or the pole which polarize the visual
composition. The contrast between the bright whiteness of the walls and the dark
brown of some pieces of furniture (high and rectangular table, the chest of drawers,
the simple bed or the bed with a baldachin, the benches, the dish shelves, the
corner cupboard), is completed by the brightness of the earthenware and of the
tissues and carpets.
Everything is a happy combination between functionality and beauty,
creating an impression of equilibrium and harmony.
Romanian traditional crafts
Between peasant and land, there was
always a close connection. Everyday
life is conducted according to the
requirements of earth, a perfect union
with nature.
People have always been
faithful to wood, using this material to
make the bowl they were eating from,
the roof above the house, the churches
where they were praying in.
In recent centuries, peasant life
has
undergone
changes
and,
implicitly, his relationship with nature
has changed. Today, only a handful of
traditional crafts are kept.
Clay making pottery is a craft
whose roots are lost in time. If sixty
or seventy years ago pottery making
was
considered
a
profession,
nowadays it is a craft practiced only
by men who master its special
techniques.
Since the oldest times people
have bred sheep. Sheep breeding is an
occupation with deep roots in history
and our culture, even with some
mystical touches, creating traditions
and preserver of ancient models.
This trade is being practiced by
fewer and fewer people and the young
generation is not attracted to it
because they consider it unprofitable.
The technique is very old and has
been preserved with such strictness
that has become almost a cult.
Traditional occupations which
point to the rural life are at the
boundary
between
craft
and
profession, because they involve
dedication, passion and art to make
things beautiful.
Romanian traditional games
Children's traditional street games refer to the cumulative culture created by young
children. This body of knowledge is passed down from one generation of children
to the next.
It is most common in children between the ages of seven and twelve who are
traditionally free to "play out" in the streets. Children's street culture is invented
and largely sustained by children themselves.
Here is one of the many traditional games that Romanian children are still playing.
The Castle
Two children teams are involved. The first one put five stones one on
another building up "a castle". The second team throws the ball at the castle. If
they put it down, they put the ball near it and run away. The first team tries to
rebuild the castle.
Meanwhile the children of the second team hit them with the ball. If the first
team doesn’t succeed in rebuilding it, they are the losers and the second team gains
a point. And on the other hand the second team loses if the first team rebuilds the
castle gaining one point. The game goes on.
The winner is the team with the best result.
Slovenian architecture
Farmhouse of Prekmurje
In the past, houses used to be built
with materials from the nearby
environment, and thus wood, clay,
and straw were the main building
materials in the Goričko. Nowadays
wooden houses, called cimprača,
plastered with clay, pounded-clay
houses, called butanca, as well as
older single-story brick houses are
in great demand, since people have
started to use them as weekend
retreats; the majority of the population however lives in larger brick houses.
Clay-plastered and pounded-clay houses of Prekmurje used to be covered with rye thatch which was
20 to 30 cm thick on average and could protect the house from rainfall for 10 to 15 years. It was
first floor house, with small windows.
Peasant homes used to be outfitted with charming homemade furniture which has started to change
and to disappear. In the past bridges used to bring beautiful pieces of furniture with them into
their new homes. Home-made furniture, sparse in ornamentation, was made from the wood of fruit
trees which grew under the Goričko sun.
inside of house
Slovenian costumes
NATIONAL CLOTHES from PREKMURJE (part of Slovenia)
MAN
black hat (with decoration)
shirt (they put dark blue or black velvet
waistcoat over it)
white handkerchief in right waistcoat
pocket
-
shorter liner trousers
knee-high boots
WOMEN
head kerchief (dark or bright blue, red,
orange or green)
white blouse
bunch of lowers (pinned below the chest)
waistcoat
apron
wide white skirt with two black lines
(and richly pleated skirt under it)
Slovenian traditional crafts
POTTERY
Earthenware has been used for cooking, storing and acidification of food since time
immemorial. In Prekmurje, pottery has had a very long tradition due to its clayey soil giving
enough raw materials for the handicraft to flourish. The development of pottery in
Prekmurje – the flat agricultural region which lies along the Mura River in the extreme
northeast of Slovenia, bordering on Austria and Hungary – was possible because of the rich
quantities of suitable clay and the high demand for earthenware. In addition to weaving,
pottery was among the most important trades in Prekmurje and in some villages (Tešanovci,
Filovci, Pečarovci) the majority of the population was involved in it. Clay vessels and
products of various shapes and sizes for a wide variety of applications used to be made on
potter’s wheels and then fired, glazed, ornamented and re-fired in a potter’s kiln. The
procedure has remained the same up to the present day. Owing to the changed social
circumstances, the technical revolution (new cooking technology), the changed way of life
and work in the countryside, pottery in Prekmurje has almost died out today.
Slovenian game
Rotten eggs (Gnilo jajce)
Children sit or crouch in a circle. One child, who is chosen by the counting-out game, walks
around outside the circle holding a handkerchief or some other item. He silently puts it behind
any child he chooses.
While going around the circle he sings a song:
"Look at the water, the way it glitters,
whoever turns around is a cheater."
The children must not turn around. They can only check for the handkerchief behind their
back with their hands. When a child knows that he has the handkerchief, he gets up and tries
to catch the one who gave it to him. This child is the next one going around with the
handkerchief. If this child catches the other child, he becomes a "rotten egg" and must sit in
the middle of the circle and other children make fun of him. Also, a "rotten egg" becomes the
child who doesn't find the handkerchief behind his/her back in one round.
The game is finished when all children have become rotten eggs.
Free topic
We asked our pupils and teachers taking part in the project meetings, what they like most
about the project.
We all have come to a conclusion, that it was a great experience for us. The opportunity to
make friends from other European countries, practise and develop the use of foreign
languages, learn more about other states and cultures was really priceless.
These are some of the pupils´ comments:
“We met children not just from Slovenia, but also from other countries. We visited many
interesting places, the school and we could watch the education. Cooking and testing food
was good too. The funniest event was bowling. I would recommend taking part in the project
to everyone not just cause of practising the language, but in general, it was a good time there!
I am still in touch with a girl from Slovenia, who hosted me.” Dorota Cikánová
“Taking part in the project meeting was a good experience for me. Meeting people from other
countries, who were nice and happy, presentation, tasting food was fine. Everything was good
in the hosting family. We also saw many interesting places. I enjoyed staying in Slovenia a lot
and I recommend it to everyone.” Andrea Pavlíčková
“The best experience was staying in Lisbon and landing in the airport. Being in the hosting
family was fine too. And the very best was being washed over by the ocean wave in Nazaré.”
Michael Neubecker
“I really liked staying there. I enjoyed the fact, football was being played often. Lisbon is a
wonderful city. Playing beach football was super too.” Dominik Kunc
“I liked the meeting a lot. I especially liked Lisbon, beach football and Nazaré Beach with big
waves.” Jaroslav Šturm
“I enjoyed it there. There was no opportunity to be bored, the programme in Latvia was fine.”
Jakub Novotný
“The best experience was a walk over a bridge in Budapest, the old subterranean factory and
Hungarian meal.” Tereza Šiklová
“The very best was a walk around the capital city Budapest and a boat trip. I recommend
taking part in projects to everybody!” Kristýna Hrochová
Currently, we have been preparing the project meeting in our country. We are glad about the
fact all our pupils are very active in taking part in preparations. We had a Project Day, where
the partner countries were introduced by classes.
A performance is being organised to give our pupils an opportunity to present what they can
do and what they like. The pupils show a big interest in taking part in the performance and
they look forward to meeting our partners.
To conclude, we are glad for the opportunity to be part of such a project. All of us will never
forget about it.
Within the Comenius Project "European Puzzle" in the “Área de Projecto”,
the students of 9th grade, class c, have developed a work that aims to create
a website on Portugal and in particular about the school.
With the creation of this website we intend to give to the other partner
schools a little bit more information about our country, people, landscapes,
music and above all, the school, the space where we spend most of time
and which is of vital importance for our personal formation.
We intend to show the beauty of Portugal, located in the extreme southwest
of Europe, in the Iberian Peninsula, through its history, culture and the
diversity of its landscapes, from north to south, passing through the
archipelagos of Madeira and Azores.
It is also our intention to share some of this country’s personalities of today
and in ancient times, in the area of literature, music, theater and sports.
As we are young people, we could not leave out a theme that pleases us as
much as music does. So we’ve collected some Portuguese songs which we
like and we will share them with other people.
To complete this presentation, we will make a documentary about the dayto-day at school, titled "A
Day at School", where we
show our school and its way
of working through a video
and photos.
You may access our work
through the following site:
http://inportugal.pt.vu/
We hope you enjoy the work we have done and get curious to come to
Portugal and in particular to our school.
THANK YOU COMENIUS FOR BEAUTIFUL DAYS IN...
GREECE (for delicious food)
POLAND
(for first snow)
PORTUGAL (for rain and cold weather)
LATVIA (for Baltic see)
HUNGARY (for adventure)
CZECH REPUBLIK (for beautiful city)
BULAGRIA (for help)
AND
NEW FRIENDSHIPS...
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Participants:
Latvia
Greece
CzechRepublic
Hungary
Romania
Poland
Bulgaria
Portugal
Slovenia
Skujenes pamatskola
Γυμνασιο Λεπενους
Základní škola T.G. Masaryka Borohrádek, okres Rychnov nad Kněžnou
Balatonfűzfő Város Önkormányzata Irinyi János Általános Iskola és Alapfokú
Művésze tokta tási Inté zm ény
Scoala cu clase i-VII Boita
Zespół Szkółim. Jana PawłaII
Средно общообразователно училище„ Отец Паисий”
Agrupamento Escolas Rainha Santa Isabel–Carreira
Osnovnašolai Murska Sobota
"We have to get to know each other better...
...it makes us understand one another better,
trust each other more, and live together more peacefully."