Spurenstoffe im urbanen Wasserkreislauf – Review zur Bewertung

Spurenstoffe im urbanen Wasserkreislauf – Review zur Bewertung

Behaviour of Trace Organics During Drinking
Water Production via Subsurface Passage
G. Grützmacher
B. Wiese, T. Heberer, G. Massmann, M. Jekel, U. Dünnbier
11.02.10
1
Outline
1. Drinking Water Production via Subsurface Passage
•
•
•
General Principle Bank Filtration & Artificial Recharge
Berlin‘s Drinking Water Production
BF & AR for Drinking Water Production World-Wide
2. Processes that Reduce Trace Organics‘ Concentrations in the
Subsurface
3. Results of the Research Project „Natural and Artificial Systems
for Recharge and Infiltration“ (NASRI)
•
•
•
Concept and Objectives
Key parameters
Comprehensive Data Analysis
4. Conclusions
2
Drinking Water Production via Subsurface Passage
General Principle Bank Filtration & Artificial Recharge
Bank filtration (BF)
Aquifer recharge via
infiltration ponds (AR)
well
well
infiltration pond
river / lake
aquifer
aquifer
Pre-requisites
aquifer with sufficient thickness (> 5 m) and hydraulic conductivity
(kf > 1*10-4 m/s), hydraulic connection between surface water and aquifer
History
BF in use since > 150 years
3
Havel
well fields
Havel
Spree
Dahme
E. Wittstock, R. Gnirss
4
Trace Organics in Berlin’s Treated Waste Water
Average values WWTP Ruhleben, Berlin (12 samples, Nov. 2004 - Jun. 2005 )
1 ng·L-1
10 ng·L-1
EDC:
Estron
17β-Estradiol
17α-Ethinylestradiol
0,1 µg·L-1
1 µg·L-1
PhACs:
Bezafibrate
Clofibrinsäure
Naproxen
Phenazone
Propyphenazone
Ketoprofen, etc.
PILOTOX, KWB 2005
5
10 µg·L-1
XRM:
Iopamidol, etc.
PhACs:
Carbamazepin
Diclofenac
100 µg·L-1
AOI
DOC
(~11 mg/L)
Drinking Water Production in Berlin
60 %
30 %
6
10 %
7
8
9
10
11
12
Post-treatment after Recovery
Principle of post-treatment in all Berlin waterworks
aeration
filtration
storage
well
Fe & Mn removal
no chlorination,
no addition of chemicals
13
pumping
BF & AR as Drinking Water (Pre-)Treatment World Wide
30
25
25
20
number of sites
number of sites
20
15
10
15
10
5
5
0
0
< 10,000
- 50,000
- 100,000
- 250,000
- 500,000
> 500,000
< 10
capacity (m³/d)
-20
-50
-100
>100
max. aquifer thickness (m)
average
aquifer thickness (m)
capacity (m³/d)
25
20
20
number of sites
number of sites
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
< 1*10-4
to 1*10-3
to 5*10-3
to 1*10-2
to 5*10-2
≤ 50
>1*10-1
51-100
101-250
251-500
501-1000
average travel distance (m)
max. hydraulic conductivity (m/s)
max. hydraul. conductivity (m/s)
> 1000
average distance bank to well (m)
14
Outline
1. Drinking Water Production via Subsurface Passage
•
•
•
General Principle Bank Filtration & Artificial Recharge
Berlin‘s Drinking Water Production
BF & AR for Drinking Water Production World-Wide
2. Processes that Reduce Trace Organics‘ Concentrations in the
Subsurface
3. Results of the Research Project „Natural and Artificial Systems
for Recharge and Infiltration“ (NASRI)
•
•
•
Concept and Objectives
Key parameters
Comprehensive Data Analysis
4. Conclusions
15
filtration
die-off
(bio-)
degradation
„elimination“
mineralization
„attenuation“
„observed removal“
Processes that Reduce Trace Organics’
Concentrations in the Subsurface
transformation
decay
inactivation
adsorption
precipitation
mixing
16
Outline
1. Drinking Water Production via Subsurface Passage
•
•
•
General Principle Bank Filtration & Artificial Recharge
Berlin‘s Drinking Water Production
BF & AR for Drinking Water Production World-Wide
2. Processes that Reduce Trace Organics‘ Concentrations in the
Subsurface
3. Results of the Research Project „Natural and Artificial Systems
for Recharge and Infiltration“ (NASRI)
•
•
•
Concept and Objectives
Key parameters
Comprehensive Data Analysis
4. Conclusions
17
Berlin
Past
and Current Research Projects on Recharge Systems
NASRI: Natural and Artificial Systems for Recharge and Infiltration
NASRI-1: 2002 – 2006
IC-NASRI: 2007 - 2009
18
NASRI Transsects
Havel
Brunnengalerien
Havel
Spree
Dahme
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What does a Transect look like?
Picture TUB
lake
observation wells
production well
~ 40 m
monthly sampling for 2.5 years
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Process understanding - Hydrogeology
Multi-Tracer Approach for Assessing Residence Times and Dilution Factors
1. Residence times:
- Substances with clear seasonality / varying
concentrations (e.g. δ18O, δ D, B and
temperature)
Pekdeger et al. 2006
21
Lake Tegel, AR
Process understanding - Hydrogeology
Multi-Tracer Approach for Assessing Residence Times and Dilution Factors
2. Mixing:
- Waste water indicators (e.g. Gd-DTPA, EDTA,
Cl, Carbamazipine, AMDOPH, δ18O)
well 4
well 3
23%
43%
young BF
old BF
30%
groundwater
70%
34%
0% young
BF
Pekdeger et al. 2006
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Process understanding - Hydrogeology
Redox Zonation
Transsect Lake Wannsee
Picture TUB
aerobic
anaerobic
 Infiltrating water passes through different redox zones
 Different degradation mechanisms can apply
Data FU Berlin, Prof. Pekdeger
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Unfortunately, it‘s not that easy!
Pekdeger et al. 2006
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Substance Removal – Trace Organics (NASRI)
1) Pharmaceuticals:
•
•
•
•
•
Antibiotics: clarithromycine, clindamycine,
dehydroerythromycine, roxithromycine, sulfadimidine,
sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprime
Lipid regulators: bezafibrate, clofibric acid
Antiepiliptics: carbamazepine, primidone
Antirheumaticals: diclofenac, indometacine,
pain killers: phenazone, propyphenazone
Picture TUB
2) Industrial chemicals: 1,5 NDSA, 1,7 NDSA, 2,7-NDSA,
MTBE, NPS
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
30 substances
Compexing agents: EDTA
3 sum parameters
X-ray contrast media: iopromide
Metabolites: AAA, AMDOPH, AMPH, DP,FAA, o,p`-DDA,
Pesticides: bentazone, mecoprop
Sum parameters: AOBr, AOI, AOX
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Summary: Results – Substance Removal (NASRI)
Reduction
> 75%
Antibiotics
Lipid
regulators
Antiepileptics
Antirheumatics
Pain killers
Industrial
chemicals
Chelating
agents
X-ray contrast
media
Sum
parameters
higher
reduction
under O2/NO3
conditions
clarithromycine climdamycine
dehydroerythromycine
roxithromycine
trimethoprime
clofibric acid
higher
reduction
under Fe/Mn
conditions
sulfamethoxazole
persistent
(< 30 %
reduction)
relevant for
further Picture TUB
investigations
carbamazipine primidone
phenazone
propyphenazone
diclofenac
1,7-NDSA
2,7-NDSA
1,5 NDSA
MTBE
EDTA
iopromide
AOBr
AOI
AOX
without metabolites und substances with high statistical uncertainties
31
Conclusions
• For pharmaceuticals and X-ray contrast media (XRM) many substances show good
removal during BF & AR
• Some PhACs (e.g. carbamazipine) show redox-dependent removal
• Pharmaceuticals and X-ray contrast media of which field studies have shown
limited removal (< 50 %) in BF & AR systems are:
- regardless of redox zone: sulfadimidine, primidone, AMDOPH, carbamazipine
(< 20 % under oxic conditions), AOI (< 31 %under oxic conditions)
- under oxic conditions: sulfamethoxazole
- under anoxic conditions: phenazone, clindamycine
• Recommended residence times for the design of BF & AR sites:
- > 15 d for 95 % removal of most PhACs and XRM
- > 73 d for 95 % removal of additionally clofibric acid, diclofenac and
sulfamethoxazole (persistent: carbamazipine, primidone, AOI)
• For persistent substances: source control and enhanced waste water treatment,
optimization of drinking water treatment
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Ongoing Research
Optimization of design and operation for the removal of persistent trace
organics  OXIRED
• targeting persistent trace organics and bulk-DOC
• combining technical and nature-oriented methods (e.g. ozonation & AR)
• investigating methods to control redox conditions in AR ponds
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Take-home Messages
• Subsurface passage (bank filtration / artificial groundwater recharge) are widely
used methods for drinking water pre-treatment
• In Berlin 60 % of drinking water is bank filtrate
• PhAC and EDCs occur in Berlin’s surface water resulting from WWTP effluents
• During subsurface passage the concentrations of many PhACs and EDCs are
effectively reduced
• Key parameters to determine the amount of removal are
• residence time
• share of bank filtrate
• redox potential
• Some substances persist during subsurface passage (e.g. primidone, 1,5 NDSA,
MTBE, EDTA) or are only removed under certain conditions (e.g. carbamazipine)
• If these substances occur at relevant concentrations further actions are necessary
• source control
• enhanced waste water treatment
• optimized drinking water treatment
34
Acknowledgements
Fritz, B.
Pekdeger, Massmann et al.
Nützmann, Wiese
Greskowiak et al.
Jekel, Heberer et al.
Chorus,
Lopez-Pila et al.
35
Thank you
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