October 2006 Weather Report

Transcription

PITSFORD HALL WEATHER STATION
MONTHLY WEATHER REPORT
Alex Deakin
Michael Fish MBE
Official Patrons
October 2006
©
Northamptonshire Grammar School
ISSN 1741-4733
Pitsford Hall Weather Station – Monthly Weather Report – October 2006
PITSFORD HALL WEATHER STATION
Pitsford Hall weather station is an independent meteorological station maintained by
Northamptonshire Grammar School in the village of Pitsford, 4 miles north of Northampton. The station
was set up in 1998 and uses both traditional instruments and electronic sensors to maintain an
accurate weather record. Daily and Monthly Weather Reports are released free of charge to subscribers
via automated online registration. Observers are fully trained and are recruited from both the school’s
sixth form and the local community. The station is a corporate member of the Royal Meteorological
Society and grade A registered member of the Climatological Observers Link (station no. 91012).
Registered Office
Northamptonshire Grammar School
Moulton Lane
Pitsford
Northampton
NN6 9AX
Tel. 01604 880306 Extension 314
Email. [email protected]
Web. www.northantsweather.org.uk
Patrons
Alex Deakin and Michael Fish MBE
Station Manager
Mr M J Lewis, BSc(Hons), FRGS, FRMetS
Chief Observer
Christopher Boyson
Assistant Observers
Patricia Scurfield
Stuart Sims
Catherine Symmers
Anna Trott
Michael Wearmouth
Page 2
Review of the Month
Mean Temperature and Rainfall
October 2006
Pitsford Hall weather station
25
17
Rainfall (mm)
20
15
14
15
13
10
12
11
5
Temperature (C)
16
10
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
0
Headline: The warmest October since 1985 and the second warmest since 1949. Sunshine
recorded above average.
October began with low pressure dominating the weather across the UK. On the 1st a depression lay
off the north-west coast of Scotland whilst a frontal wave straddling central parts of the British Isles.
Areas of rain moved eastwards delivering small amounts at Pitsford. The main low moved eastwards
past the north of Scotland over the next few days to allow a ridge of high pressure to build up from the
south. A spell of dry weather followed and with a good south-westerly airflow daytime maxima at
Pitsford climbed to 27.0C on the 6th. However, a weak warm front did move across the region on the
5th and whilst this gave a fair amount of cloud and rain in places, its passage was hardly noticeable
across the county.
High pressure had become established west of Ireland
on the 7th and over the next few days this drifted
slowly eastwards across the British Isles producing a
fine and settled spell of weather. Winds remained
generally light although overnight clear skies allowed
temperatures to fall away quite smartly. Lows
overnight leading to the 8th dropped to around 7.5C
with subsequent daytime maxima struggling to top
20C. There were some misty early mornings with
some particularly dense fog recorded on the 10th. In
fact, many inland areas became very warm on the
10th and at Pitsford temperatures rose to 26.5C.
A warm and southerly airflow was introduced on the
11th forcing temperatures at Pitsford to climb to
Page 3
Analysis chart at 0000hrs on 8th
29.3C during the afternoon making this the warmest October day since 1921. The warmth triggered
some showers, but amounts were slight at Pitsford compared with elsewhere until the 13th when a
thunderstorm delivered 7.7mm of rain in just over 3 hours. On most mornings visibility was quite poor
with mist recorded on several occasions.
The UK lay beneath a col on the 15th and the next few days saw a fairly uneventful spell of weather
across the county. A gentle northerly airflow saw temperatures fall away and mist continued to plague
many areas on most mornings. Frontal systems pushed eastwards on the 17th and 18th, but these
generally broke up through the county delivering only a token amount of rain.
The period from the 21st to the end of the month
was largely unsettled. The remnants of hurricane
Gordon began to push into the south-west of the UK
on the 21st, finally reaching the county on the 22nd
delivering some 15.3mm rain over the course of 5
hours. Fortunately, the strong winds which were
anticipated never materialised. The residual low of
Gordon remained to the west of Ireland over the next
few days gradually filling, kept in check by an
extensive high over continental Europe.
High pressure built up from the south on the 26th
ahead of the remnants of a second hurricane,
The remnants of hurricane Gordon
Helene, which pushed a fairly vigorous frontal
systems eastwards on the 28th. This system remained
across the county on the 29th delivering 6.0mm rain in the space of 3 hours. As the month came to a
close on the 30th, low pressure remained the dominant influence with a further 7.3mm of rain
recorded.
Overall, this was the warmest October in Northampton since 1985 and the second warmest since 1949.
Climatological Statistics
The following statistics constitute the station’s official record for October 2006. Climatological
observations are made at 0900hrs daily. Averages refer to period 1971-2000 computed from stations in and
around Northampton.
Air Temperatures
The Highest Maximum:
The Lowest Maximum:
The Highest Minimum:
The Lowest Minimum:
The Mean Maximum:
The Mean Minimum:
The Overall Mean:
Difference from the Monthly Mean:
21.0C
11.7C
13.9C
5.2C
16.7C
9.5C
13.1C
+2.8C
on
on
on
on
10th
23rd
11th
27th
Relative Humidity:
Highest Relative Humidity (at 0900):
Lowest Relative Humidity (at 0900):
Mean Relative Humidity (at 0900):
100.0%
76.1%
91.2%
on
on
18th
31st
Dew Point:
The Highest Dew Point (0900):
The Lowest Dew Point (at 0900):
The Mean Dew Point (at 0900):
15.9C
7.1C
11.5C
on
on
9th
31st
Page 4
Rainfall:
Total:
Duration:
Highest 24 hour fall (0900 to 0900):
Rain Days (>/=0.2mm):
Wet Days (>/=1.0mm):
70.0mm
127.0%
33.6hrs
23.2mm on
14
10
Sunshine:
Total Duration of Bright Sunshine:
Sunniest day:
No. of days without sunshine:
Cloud cover (mean at 0900):
75.1hrs
8.7hrs
on
6
86%
6.2oktas (77.5%)
Pressure (reduced to sea level):
The Highest Pressure:
The Lowest Pressure:
Mean Pressure (recorded at 0900):
1031.8mb on
987.6mb on
1009.4mb
Winds
Run of wind (mean over 24 hrs):
Mean daily wind speed:
Highest mean daily wind speed:
Run of wind (cumulative):
Highest Maximum Gust:
No. of gusts of 50mph or more:
Highest wind strength (at 0900):
Mean wind strength (at 0900):
106.8miles
5.8mph
10mph
on
3311.2miles
35mph
on
0
13.8mph on
6.5mph
11th
29th
13th
20th
5th
31st
26th
Winds from the Following Directions:
N 2 NE 2 E 3 SE 3 S 12 SW 5 W 1 NW 3 Calm 0
Ground Temperatures:
Lowest Grass Minimum:
Mean Grass Minimum:
Lowest Concrete Minimum:
Mean Concrete Minimum:
Lowest Bare Earth Minimum:
Mean Bare Earth Minimum:
0.6C
5.9C
3.2C
7.8C
1.9C
8.3C
Soil/Earth Temperatures:
Surface mean:
5cm mean:
10cm mean:
20cm mean:
30cm mean:
40cm mean:
50cm mean:
100cm mean:
12.4C
12.1C
12.6C
13.1C
13.8C
13.8C
14.1C
14.5C
Days with:
Thunder:
Hail <5mm:
Hail >/=5mm:
Snow or snow & rain:
Fog:
Air Frost:
1
0
0
0
4
0
on
27th
on
27th
on
4th
Page 5
Ground Frost:
Gales:
0
0
Total (Tank) Evaporation:
19.05mm
All data © Pitsford Hall weather station.
Page 6
REGISTERS
Register of Automatic Weather Station Observations
The following represents a statistical summary of the observations recorded by the online automatic
weather station at Pitsford Hall during October 2006. The automatic weather station provides real-time
weather data for the general public, although it does not contribute the station’s official climatological
record. The data, archived at 10 minute intervals, can be downloaded without charge from the web site.
TEMPERATURE (°C), RAIN
(mm), WIND SPEED (mph)
HEAT COOL
AVG
MEAN
DEG
DEG
WIND
DOM
DAY TEMP HIGH
TIME
LOW
TIME
DAYS DAYS RAIN SPEED HIGH
TIME
DIR
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 14.7 16.7
10:50 12.3
7:20
3.6
0.0
1.5
6.9 28.0
23:20
S
2 13.7 18.1
15:10 11.0
00:00
4.6
0.0
0.0
5.4 25.0
1:50
SSW
3 11.1 13.6
16:10
8.4
6:50
7.3
0.0
0.3
4.4 18.0
13:00
WNW
4 10.6 14.5
15:00
7.3
7:20
7.7
0.0
0.0
3.6 19.0
12:50
W
5 11.4 15.4
19:30
6.3
3:40
6.9
0.0
4.3
6.0 25.0
13:30
S
6 14.8 17.4
11:50 12.5
23:50
3.5
0.0
2.0
8.8 35.0
14:40
SSW
7 11.7 15.5
15:30
8.9
6:30
6.6
0.0
0.0
6.5 24.0
9:50
W
8 12.2 16.8
16:20
8.2
7:40
6.1
0.0
0.5
5.6 20.0
15:20
S
9 14.8 17.6
14:20 11.3
23:50
3.5
0.0
1.8
5.2 20.0
11:40
S
10 15.2 21.4
15:20 11.1
0:20
3.4
0.3
0.5
2.5 14.0
1:20
SSE
11 15.0 16.7
15:50 12.6
00:00
3.3
0.0 21.8
2.8 16.0
7:10
SSE
12 12.4 17.2
14:00
8.1
8:00
5.9
0.0
0.0
2.5 13.0
12:30
SSW
13 12.4 18.6
16:50 10.4
5:20
5.9
0.0
0.3
0.8
7.0
21:20
S
14 12.9 18.3
15:30
9.5
3:40
5.4
0.0
0.5
3.0 12.0
13:40
E
15 13.4 17.3
15:00 11.7
23:30
4.9
0.0
0.0
6.2 20.0
16:50
E
16 13.3 18.3
16:20 10.0
6:20
4.9
0.0
0.0
3.8 14.0
1:00
ESE
17 12.4 15.3
13:50
8.9
5:10
5.9
0.0
0.0
2.2 14.0
17:00
ESE
18 14.2 18.5
15:10 12.7
0:10
4.1
0.0
0.3
1.7 11.0
21:30
ESE
19 14.3 16.9
14:50 11.0
00:00
4.0
0.0
3.6
6.4 26.0
16:00
S
20 12.9 16.4
14:20 10.5
0:50
5.4
0.0
6.1
6.0 24.0
8:00
SSW
21 13.2 16.7
15:20 10.3
23:10
5.1
0.0
0.0
7.0 27.0
15:20
S
22 11.7 14.7
19:10 10.1
23:10
6.7
0.0
8.1
7.2 33.0
4:50
SSW
23 10.4 12.0
13:00
8.9
8:30
7.9
0.0
0.5
2.9 14.0
3:20
NW
24 10.7 14.5
15:30
7.4
00:00
7.7
0.0
1.3
5.6 22.0
8:00
SSW
25 10.1 14.7
23:50
6.7
6:00
8.2
0.0
3.6
4.6 22.0
20:50
ESE
26 13.5 16.4
10:50
8.1
23:20
4.8
0.0
0.0
8.4 32.0
11:30
SSW
27
8.8 12.2
14:00
5.4
6:20
9.5
0.0
0.0
3.5 16.0
0:10
SSW
28 13.6 15.9
14:10
8.6
0:10
4.7
0.0
0.0
5.5 20.0
10:40
SSW
29 12.7 16.7
14:10
9.8
7:30
5.6
0.0
0.0
3.8 25.0
3:50
NW
30 13.0 15.6
14:40 10.8
0:10
5.3
0.0
0.0
6.6 22.0
17:50
SSW
31 10.3 13.0
0:10
4.1
00:00
8.0
0.0
0.0
9.5 36.0
14:10
NNW
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12.6 21.4
10
4.1
31
176.2
0.3 56.9
5.0 36.0
31
SSW
Register of Climatological Station Observations
See appendix 2 for an explanation of the coding system used in this report, specifically for:
Cloud Cover
Present Weather
Visibility
States of the Ground, Concrete and Grass.
Recorded at 0900hrs GMT at Pitsford Hall. The data on the foregoing pages constitutes the station’s official
climatological record and is © Pitsford Hall weather station. Permission to use if for commercial purposes
must be sought in writing from the station manager, Pitsford Hall weather station, Pitsford Hall, Moulton
Lane, Pitsford, Northampton NN6 9AX.
Page 7
Observations at Pitsford Hall
1st
2nd
Time of Observations (GMT)
9
9
Total Cloud (oktas)
2
5
Wind
Direction
s
ssw
Speed (knots)
7
4
Weather
2
1
Visibility
7
6
Screen (C)
Dry Bulb
15.2
14
Wet Bulb
14.5
13
Max
18
20.5
Min
12.2
11.6
Ground Observations (C)
Grass Min
8.4
8
Conc. Min
10.3
9.4
Bare Earth Min
10.9
8.5
Soil/Earth Temperatures (C)
Surface
14
13
5cm
14.3
13.2
10cm
14.7
13.6
20cm
15.4
14.1
30cm
16
15.1
40cm
15.9
15.5
50cm
16.2
15.8
100cm
16
16
State of the Ground
Without snow
1
1
With snow
_
_
Snow depth
_
_
State of the Grass
3
3
State of the Concrete
1
1
Tank
Evaporation (mm)
Evap. over interval
>
>
Rainfall (mm)
Total
0.9
0.2
Duration (hrs)
0.8
0.1
Intensity (mean over 24 hrs, mm/hr)
1.1
2
Run of Wind
Miles (over 24 hrs)
166.07 178.11
Mean (mph)
9
9.6
Gust (mph)
24
17
Sunshine (hrs)
2.2
6.5
Humidity Statistics
Saturated
VP(Twb)
1.652 1.499
VP
1.604 1.431
Saturated
VP
1.728 1.599
RH %
92.8
89.5
Dew Point (C)
Pressure (mb)
Days with
thunder
hail<5mm
hail>/=5mm
snow
fog
3rd
9
0
4th
9
5
5th
9
8
6th
9
8
7th
9
0
8th
9
8
nw
7
5
7
sw
6
1
8
sse
6
50
5
s
11
2
7
w
10
0
8
s
3
2
7
12
11
16
7.8
12.1
10.1
15.7
5.8
12.1
11.8
17
6.2
17
16
18
11.8
10.1
8.9
16.9
8.7
11
10.2
17.7
8.1
3
6
8
2.2
4.8
1.9
2
4.8
4.8
10.5
11.5
11.1
3.7
6
7.1
4
6.1
6.9
11
11.4
12.2
13
14
14.5
15.3
15.6
12
11.2
11.4
12.2
14
13.9
14.5
15.6
12.5
11.2
11.4
12.4
13.1
13.8
13.5
15.2
15
12.8
13.2
13.3
14.2
14.1
14.5
15
10.1
11.3
11.9
13.3
14.4
14.1
14.6
14.9
11.4
11.2
11.5
12.5
13.6
13.5
14.3
14.8
1
_
_
3
1
1
_
_
1
1
1
_
_
3
1
1
_
_
1
1
1
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
1
0
>
>
>
>
>
>
_
_
_
tr
_
_
6
3.8
1.6
2.6
0.3
8.7
0.1
_
_
0.6
0.1
6
96.93
5.3
18
3.1
79
4.3
18
2.8
1.313
1.245
1.237
1.101
1.385
1.365
1.819
1.75
1.141
1.059
1.245
1.191
1.403
88.7
1.413
77.9
1.413
96.6
1.939
90.3
1.237
85.6
1.313
90.7
185.44 154.56 115.14 120.66
10
8.4
6.2
6.5
25
30
24
19
0
2.3
7.5
4.5
14
12.3
10.2
8.4
11.6
15.4
7.8
9.5
1001.8 1001.9 1001.6 1010.8 1012.6 1000.6 1013.4 1018.4
_
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_
_
_
_
_
_
_
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Page 8
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_
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_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Total Cloud (oktas)
Wind
Direction
Speed (knots)
Weather
Visibility
Screen (C)
Dry Bulb
Wet Bulb
Max
Min
Grass Min
Conc. Min
Bare Earth Min
Surface
5cm
10cm
20cm
30cm
40cm
50cm
100cm
State of the Ground
Without snow
With snow
Snow depth
State of the Grass
Tank
Evaporation (mm)
Evap. over interval
Rainfall (mm)
Total
Duration (hrs)
Run of Wind
Miles (over 24 hrs)
Mean (mph)
Gust (mph)
Sunshine (hrs)
Humidity Statistics
Saturated
VP(Twb)
VP
Saturated
VP
RH %
Dew Point (C)
Pressure (mb)
Days with
thunder
hail<5mm
hail>/=5mm
snow
fog
9th
9
6
10th
9
9
11th
9
8
12th
9
4
13th
9
9
14th
9
9
15th
9
8
16th
9
8
s
6
1
6
nne
1
42
2
nne
1
12
5
s
4
2
7
sse
1
45
2
ene
4
43
3
ene
7
10
5
e
4
10
5
17.6
16.5
18.3
11
14.4
14.3
21
11.2
16.1
15.7
16.7
13.9
11.8
11.4
17
7.5
12
11.9
15.2
9.9
13.1
12
16.6
9
12.9
11.3
17
12.1
13.6
12.8
17.2
9.9
7.9
9.9
9.9
9.7
11.2
10.9
10.1
11.5
11.5
2.7
6
7
5.4
7.9
6.6
5.4
7.5
8.6
8.1
10.7
11.3
6
8.1
8
15
13.5
13.7
13.5
13.9
14.2
14.3
14.7
14.3
13.7
13.9
13.6
14
14.3
14.4
14.6
15.3
14.2
14.6
14.5
14.8
14.8
15
14.7
11.5
11.9
12.3
13.5
13.9
14.4
14.7
14.6
13.1
12.3
12.9
13.4
13.7
14.2
14.5
14.7
13
12.4
12.6
13.2
14
13.9
14.4
14.6
12.9
13
13.5
13.8
14.3
14.1
14.6
14.4
12.5
12.3
12.7
13.4
14.2
14.2
14.3
14.3
1
_
_
3
1
1
_
_
3
1
1
_
_
3
1
1
_
_
3
1
1
_
_
1
1
1
_
_
1
1
1
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
1
1
>
>
6.86
>
>
>
>
>
2.9
1.4
2.1
1.1
0.7
1.6
23.2
3.8
6.1
0.2
_
_
0.1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
64.16
3.5
17
1.5
60.61
3.3
16
2.7
65.68
3.6
16
0.4
44.37
2.4
<15
2.9
35.18
1.9
<15
1.3
70.97
3.8
15
2.3
124.01
6.7
21
2.2
53.04
2.9
15
1.2
1.878
1.803
1.631
1.624
1.785
1.758
1.349
1.322
1.394
1.387
1.403
1.328
1.34
1.231
1.479
1.424
2.014
89.5
1.641
99
1.831
96
1.385
95.5
1.403
98.9
1.508
88.1
1.489
82.7
1.558
91.4
15.9
14.2
15.5
11.1
11.8
11.2
10
12.2
1012.1 1017.9 1006.6 1020.4 1031.8 1030.4 1028.6 1021.2
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1
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Page 9
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1
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1
_
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_
_
_
_
Total Cloud (oktas)
Wind
Direction
Speed (knots)
Weather
Visibility
Screen (C)
Dry Bulb
Wet Bulb
Max
Min
Grass Min
Conc. Min
Bare Earth Min
Surface
5cm
10cm
20cm
30cm
40cm
50cm
100cm
State of the Ground
Without snow
With snow
Snow depth
State of the Grass
Tank
Evaporation (mm)
Evap. over interval
Rainfall (mm)
Total
Duration (hrs)
Run of Wind
Miles (over 24 hrs)
Mean (mph)
Gust (mph)
Sunshine (hrs)
Humidity Statistics
Saturated
VP(Twb)
VP
Saturated
VP
RH %
Dew Point (C)
Pressure (mb)
Days with
thunder
hail<5mm
hail>/=5mm
snow
fog
17th
9
6
18th
9
9
19th
9
6
20th
9
5
21st
9
7
22nd
9
7
23rd
9
8
24th
9
8
ese
3
10
4
se
1
45
2
s
9
1
6
nw
4
1
7
s
6
_
_
ssw
10
_
_
ssw
2
2
6
nnw
9
10
5
12.1
11.9
17.5
8.6
13.1
13.1
18.3
8.5
15.5
14.6
18
12.7
13.4
13
17.4
10.6
13
12.6
17.4
11.4
11.3
9.8
15
10.3
10.1
10
11.7
9
11
10.6
14.6
9
4.8
7
7.2
7.7
9.6
11
9
11.1
11.2
8.4
8
9.5
8.5
9.5
10.6
7.1
7.9
8.5
7.6
8.5
9.4
5.6
7.5
8.4
12.5
11.8
12.2
13.4
13.7
14.2
14.1
14.3
14.1
13.4
13.6
13.6
14.1
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.8
14.2
14.6
14.4
14.5
14.5
14.6
14.4
13
13
13.4
13.6
14.1
14.3
14.4
14.1
13
13.5
13.5
13.6
14.6
14.6
14.4
14.4
10.5
10
12
12.5
14
14
14
14.5
10.2
11.9
12.3
12.8
13.4
13.4
13.8
14.1
11.9
11.7
12
12.5
13.2
13.2
13.7
14
1
_
_
1
1
1
_
_
1
1
1
_
_
3
1
2
_
_
3
2
2
_
_
3
2
1
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
3
1
1
_
_
3
1
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
6.98
_
_
_
3.1
1.4
2.2
11.7
4.8
2.4
0.1
_
_
_
_
_
9.8
7.7
1.3
2.5
1.1
2.3
tr
_
_
55
3
<15
0
59.5
3.2
20
1.5
122.66
6.6
24
3
144
7.8
24
3
168
9.1
27
4.4
98.28
5.3
33
0
82.83
4.5
20
0
148.4
8
22
4.1
1.394
1.38
1.508
1.508
1.663
1.601
1.499
1.472
1.46
1.433
1.212
1.11
1.229
1.222
1.279
1.252
1.413
97.7
1.508
100
1.762
90.9
1.538
95.7
1.499
95.6
1.34
82.8
1.237
98.8
1.313
95.4
11.7
13.1
1009.3 1005.4
14
988.8
12.7
987.6
12.3
993.8
8.5
995.1
9.9
994
10.3
994.2
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
_
_
_
_
_
Page 10
Total Cloud (oktas)
Wind
Direction
Speed (knots)
Weather
Visibility
Screen (C)
Dry Bulb
Wet Bulb
Max
Min
Grass Min
Conc. Min
Bare Earth Min
Surface
5cm
10cm
20cm
30cm
40cm
50cm
100cm
State of the Ground
Without snow
With snow
Snow depth
State of the Grass
Tank
Evaporation (mm)
Evap. over interval
Rainfall (mm)
Total
Duration (hrs)
Run of Wind
Miles (over 24 hrs)
Mean (mph)
Gust (mph)
Sunshine (hrs)
Humidity Statistics
Saturated
VP(Twb)
VP
Saturated
VP
RH %
Dew Point (C)
Pressure (mb)
Days with
thunder
hail<5mm
hail>/=5mm
snow
fog
25th
9
8
26th
9
8
27th
9
3
28th
9
8
29th
9
2
30th
9
8
31st
9
1
se
1
11
6
ssw
12
2
7
ssw
2
2
7
ssw
9
3
7
nnw
6
2
7
ssw
8
5
5
sw
10
2
7
9.3
9
16.6
6.3
15.8
14.6
16.7
9.5
9.9
8.5
14.3
5.2
14.6
13.9
16.4
8.4
10.8
9.8
15.4
9.1
13.5
12.9
15.8
10.2
11.1
9
13.3
9.6
2
4.5
4.6
8.5
8
8.7
0.6
3.2
4.4
3.7
5.7
6.8
3.8
6.4
7.8
4.9
7.5
8.6
4.5
7.1
8.1
9.5
9.5
10
11.4
12
12
12.5
13.8
13.6
12.7
12.8
12.5
13
12.7
13.3
13.7
8.5
8.9
9.4
11.1
12.3
12.1
13
13.5
12.6
11.2
11.4
11.4
12
12
12.6
13.5
10.6
11.5
12.1
12.6
13
12.7
13
13.3
12.6
11.9
12.1
12.2
12.6
12.5
12.8
13.3
10.4
11.3
11.8
12.5
12.9
12.6
13
13.2
2
_
_
3
3
1
_
_
3
1
1
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
1
0
>
>
>
>
>
>
5.21
4.7
7.5
0.6
0.1
_
_
0.1
0.1
1
tr
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
132
7.2
25
0.2
61.26
3.3
25
8.7
153.46 173.73
8.3
9.4
26
35
0
3.1
84.07
4.6
23
0
113.78 100.26
6.2
5.4
28
<15
2.6
1.1
1.149
1.129
1.663
1.581
1.11
1.015
1.589
1.541
1.212
1.144
1.489
1.448
1.149
1.006
1.172
96.3
1.796
88
1.22
83.2
1.663
92.7
1.296
88.3
1.548
93.5
1.322
76.1
8.7
1005.9
13.8
996.6
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
7.2
13.4
8.9
12.5
7.1
1020.1 1020.4 1024.6 1019.2 1004.8
_
_
_
_
_
Page 11
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_
United Kingdom Weather Diary – October 2006
The NE'ward passage of fronts and troughts on the 1st made for an unsettled day, especially with a low
centre moving from SW Ireland to NW England during the day. Rain and showers resulted across Britain
- these were heavy in places with thunderstorms over S and E England later in the morning and in the
early afternoon. A waterspout was reported off the west pier at Brighton shortly after dawn. The Met
Office reported a fall of 17mm in less than an hour at Rotherhamsted, although between the showers
there were widespread sunny spells. At Gloucester 37.1mm of rain fell during 0855-1055 GMT; there
was a little thunder but not much wind and no particular change of temperature. There was a fall of
flat disc-shaped hailstones, up to 2cm diameter, in a thunderstorm at South Darenth (Kent) at about
133GMT; the stones did not have the usual onion structure and appeared to have been partly melted
and re-frozen. In Wishaw therewas a torrential rainstorm just after 1700GMT; the observer noticed
quite a lot of rotation in the clouds and a funnel cloud was seen by another observer. (Jersey 21C,
Aboyne 3C, Liscombe 39mm, Jersey 9.6h.)
As the low centre moved towards Norway on the 2nd a NW'ly flow became established from the W.
Showers continued in places overnight and intensified during the day, with some heavy thundery falls
reported in S England in the afternoon. Flooding was reported from Poole in the afternoon. Again,
there were sunny intervals between the showers and in the evening the showers tended to die down in
much of Ireland, Wales and Cent and S England, with a widespread clearance in the cloud cover.
Scotland remained generally cloudy in the evening, with rain falling from fronts that wavered across
the country. (Torquay 22C, Katesbridge 6C, Charlwood 35mm, Cromer 7.6h.)
Cloud and rain continued to affect Scotland early on the 3rd, with light rain also falling in parts of NE
England. Elsewhere, skies were largely clear with a touch of ground frost in some sheltered areas.
After a sunny start in these clear areas cloud soon developed and brought some showers again on a
NW'ly airflow. The showers were more widespread over N Britain due to a lingering frontal system after sunset skies again tended to clear across much of S Britain. (Falmouth 19C, Benson 4C,
Ballypatrick Forest 18mm, Weymouth 9.7h.)
The 4th saw winds turning to a more W'ly direction, with troughs/fronts bringing bands of rain and
showers from the W during the day. There were largely clear skies overnight across much of Ireland
and S Britain with a slight ground frost in some sheltered, inland areas. Scotland had rather more cloud
to start the day, but even here there were some breaks leading to ground frosts. The rain and showers
tended to steer away from S Britain - being heaviest across parts of N England and S Scotland. While an
advancing occlusion led to cloudy skies later in the day over Ireland and W Britain, skies rapidly cleare
in the evening across much of E England. (Guernsey 19C, Altnaharra 1C, Walney Island 19mm,
Falmouth 9.6h.)
An area of low pressure approached NW Britain on the 5th, pushing frontal bands across the British
Isles ahead of it. As a result the clear skies in E England had largely clouded over by dawn - and the
rain across SW Britain at this time was associated with rising temperatures. By 0600GMT 16C was being
reported at Valentia. With a cold front moving only slowly SE across Ireland and N England much of S
Britain had a warm and damp day with temperatures remaining fairly constant at around 15-16C in the
evening. There was some heavy rain from this moist air over the higher ground of W Britain - although
across Scotland falls were much lighter. With falling pressure from the W there were gusts to 45kn in
some exposed W parts of Britain and Ireland during the day. (Ballykelly 18C, Aboyne 1C, Capel Curig
50mm, Lerwick 6.0h.)
A low pressure corssed the Northern Isles on the 6th with MSL pressure down to 985mb at Lerwick at
2400GMT. As the low centred pushed NE it dragged frontal cloud and rain E across the British Isles,
giving some heavy falls of rain in parts of S England as a cold front cleared to the SE, and bringing
some heavy showers to other areas. Around the W coasts there were gusts to 40kn while in the evening
there was a general clearance of the cloud from the W - across Ireland, wales and much of England.
Page 12
However, a moderate to fresh wind prevented temperatures falling too much here. (Coningsby 19C,
Baltasound 5C, Kenley 34mm, Torquay 5.8h.)
Pressure rose during the 7th as a weak ridge of high pressure crossed S Britain. The result was a mostly
dry and bright day across England and Wales, although there was some light rain in the N. Across
Scotland and N Ireland a further frontal system brought cloud and rain after some clear overnight
skies, and in N Scotland gusts to 40kn continued for much of the day in exposed places. S Ireland also
turned cloudy during the morning with rain showers falling in the W. (Guernsey 19C, Bournemouth 6C,
Eskdalemuir 12mm, Clacton 9.6h.)
Scotland dawned cloudy on the 8th with a band of rain pushing N - and it remained cloudy throughout
the day, except in some E areas, as further rain spread here later from the SW. The early rain fell from
a warm front, with most places having a mild night as a result - excpot where the skies cleared before
dawn in parts of E England. This latter rain also brought cloudy and wet weather across Ireland and W
Britain during the day, but in East Anglia and parts of SE England this rain failed to arrive until the
evening, with a sunny day here as a result. (London 18C, Charlwood 6C, Glasgow 14mm, Hastings
9.2h.)
The 9th dawned with frontal cloud and rain clearing E Ireland and giving a cloudy, damp start to the
day over Britain; as the skies cleared the temperature fell a little so Ireland had a fresh start to the
day. By midday rain was confined to Shetland and E of a line Hull-Exeter - with little cloud
development as the rain cleared due to building high pressure. By the evening the movemant of the
rain area had stopped, and the rain was confined to SE and Cent S England, and to parts of the E
Midlands. According to the Met Office the rain became quite heavy in the early evening across the
Home Counties and parts of East Anglia with some minor flooding reported. A secondary area of rain
affected the Outer Hebrides for a while in the evening, but elsewhere across the British Isles
temperatures fell after sunset under clear skies. (Guernsey 23C, Katesbridge 7C, Sennybridge 23mm,
Isle of Man 8.6h.)
The 10th saw a strengthening S'ly flow developing as a meandering warm front pushed N, intrdoucing
warm air to much of Wales, Ireland and England by midnight. However, to start the day there were
clear skies across much of Scotland, Wales and Ireland and this meant a ground frost in parts of
Scotland and Ireland. There was patchy rain and drizzle in S and E England at dawn, with some fog
patches in Cent S England. Cloud spread N and W during the day, although W Scotland remained mostly
cloudfree. The evening gave some moderate to heavy rain in S Wales and SW England, and this turned
thundery in parts of SW England just before midnight. Away from the clear area of W Scotland
temperatures were quite high at midnight, with 16-18C reported in S England and the Channel Islands.
(Pershore 22C, Aboyne 3C, High Wycombe 12mm, Anglesey 9.6h.)
Mostly warm, S'ly to SW'ly winds blew across the British Isles on the 11th with rain the main feature for
many as frontal bands pushed E during the day. Thundery conditions before dawn in Cornwall spread
rapidly towards Cumbria and Kent by midday with heavy rain, local flooding and lightning strikes
resulting. Two people were taken to hospital after lightning struck three homes near Gunnislake in
Cornwall. There were also lightning strikes in Crediton, Devon. Flash flooding closed streets in the
Keyham and Devonport areas of Plymouth. Elsewhere in Devon, Tavistock, Okehampton and Barnstaple
were also affected by flooding. Firefighters have rescued two men from the roof of their truck
following flooding in Merseyside. The pair were stranded in 1.5m deep water when a road flooded in
Bootle in the morning. Torrential rain caused flash flooding across parts of Oxfordshire, affecting
motorists and householders. The Oxford eastern bypass reopened after flooding, but a lightning strike
in Kidlington cut power to 200 homes. The fire service said around 50 homes in Pontarddulais, Mumbles
and Swansea city centre were affected by floodwaters. Across Ireland there were showers and sunny
spells during the morning and these clearer conditions then spread E into Wales and W Britain in the
afternoon and evening. Further cloud and rain spread into W Ireland in the evening, and by midnight
ther earlier cloud and rain was mostly confined to the E coast of Britain. (Gravesend 20C, Aviemore 5C,
Mumbles 34mm, Falmouth 4.2h.)
The rain in the E had cleared from all but Shetland by dawn on the 12th, while the rain across Ireland
weakened and gave little more than showers for many as it crossed Britain before running into an area
Page 13
of high pressure. MSL pressure was up to 1029mb in Kent at 2400GMT. Between the two areas of rain
there were clear skies overnight with a ground frost in some shletered areas of Cent England. S'ly
winds and prolonged sunshine for many made for a generally pleasant day, although W ireland saw
some cloud and light rain in the evening, and it tended to become cloudy and misty across S Wales, SW
and Cent S England in the evening. (Saunton Sands 20C, Shobdon 4C, Wick 18mm, Jersey 9h.)
High pressure led to mostly dry conditions on the 13th. Under the cloudy skies across much of S
England, and also under clear skies in Cent and NE Engkland, it turned misty and foggy by dawn. The
Met Office reported visibility lower than 50m in some locations. While the fog cleared from most
places by mid-morning, it did linger for much of the day in parts of Yorkshire, and it also remainbed
misty and dull in parts of the Midlands and E Wales. The cloudy start in S England and W Scotland led
to some rain or drizzle here. MSL pressure rose to 1032mb in NE England by 2400GMT, while under
clear skies mist and fog returned to many parts of the Midlands and Cent S England in the evening.
(Bournemouth 21C, Aboyne 1C, Weymouth 1mm, Clacton 8.8h.)
High pressure continued to prevail on the 14th. Early mist, fog and low cloud was widespread across
England by dawn and, although must of the mist and fog soon dissipated, low cloud persisted
throughout the day in many places - notably in S and NE England. There was also early mist in S Ireland
- but both here and in Scotland the day was mostly a warm, sunny one. The Northern Isles, however,
had mist and cloud throughout the day - while in the evening fairly extensive low cloud returned to
cover much of England. (Jersey 20C, Altnaharra 2C, no measurable rain, Anglesey 9.9h.)
Although the high pressure weakened a little on the 15th, it remained another sunny, dry and sttled
day for most places. Clear skies in parts of N and Cent Scotland led to a ground frost in places; across
England and S Ireland the day dawned rather cloudy and misty, while Cent and S Scotland also had a
misty start. Across England the cloud tended to break up from the SE, with only N England having much
cloud by mid-afternoon. Wales, N and Cent Scotland and much of Ireland also had a sunny day once
early cloud/mist had cleared. By midnight, cloud had again returned to much of E Britain, and to S
areas of Ireland, Wales and England. (Lee-on-Solent 20C, Kinbrace 0C, no measurable rain, Anglesey
9.1h.)
Clear skies in N and Cent Scotland led to an air frost in places by dawn on the 16th. Further S, and
across Ireland, there was patchy cloud and mist. An area of thundertorms spread from the Channel
Islands around dawn, to Wales by late afternoon. This produced some heavy downpours and reports of
hail. A lightning strike, set a house on fire in Perranporth. Some intense thunderstorms in Cornwall
completely missed the official gauges; in Penzance 8mm fell in 30 minutes from 0930GMT, but that
was nothing compared to Padstow where they used gritting lorries to clear the roads after a heavy fall
of hail. For many areas it was a fairly cloudy, if warm, day, until clear skies spread into S, Cent and E
England in the evening. Showers, some of then thundery, continued in SW England into the evening.
However, Kinloss reported just 7C at 1200GMT as fog persisted locally. (Northolt 20C, Glenlivet -2C,
Milford Haven 5mm, Margate 8.5h)
The 17th followed a generally mild night (except in an area of NE Scotland) , and dawned with thick
fog in parts of the Midlands and NE England with visibility dropping below 100m in places. A trough
brought some overnight rain to parts of E Ireland, N England and S Scotland - and there was also some
frontal rain in the Northern Isles before dawn. An area of heavy rain was, by dawn, already affecting S
Ireland, Cornwall and the Channel Islands - and this pushed steadily N and E to lie over S Scotland and
E England by midnight. There were also sferics reported across SW Ireland and Cornwall early in the
morning. Behind the rain there was a partial clearance in the cloud across SE Ireland, Wales and SW
England, while ahead of it much of Scotland had a rather cloudy day. (Highest temperature unknown,
Lossiemouth 1C, Camborne 21mm, Herne Bay 7.8h.)
Low pressure and various frontal bands continued to bring winds from a mainly S'ly direction on the
18th, leading to an unsettled but mild day for most areas. There was also widespread mist and fog
around dawn in NE England, the Midlands and Cent S England. N and Cent Scotland had a dull day with
rain from a slow-moving front. There were some sunny spells over parts of S Scotland, Wales and
Ireland, but during the afternoon frontal cloud, followed by rain, spread N into S Ireland and S England
- there were also thundery outbreaks in the Channel Islands and Cornwall in the evening. Mist and fog
Page 14
then returned in the evening to NE England and the Midlands. (Cent London 20C, Lerwick 6C,
Altnaharra 22mm, Saunton Sands 8.6h.)
A low pressure centre moved from Cornwall to S Wales during the second half of the 19th, with an
unsettled day resulting. Scilly reported MSL pressure down to 979mb at 1200GMT. Bands of rain
associated with frontal systems gave spells of rain and showers throughout the day across the British
Isles - although N Ireland and S Scotland had a mostly dry start to the day. As the low in the S moved N
it brought some heavy rain to SW England and S Wales, with the wind gusting to 45kn. Earlier in the
day there were thunderstorms across oparts of Cornwall. (Cromer 19C, Lerwick 6C, Cardiff 29mm,
Hastings 5.1h.)
The low centre moved slowly across Wales and N England on the 20th, before heading out to the North
Sea. In addition, frontal systems lingered close to N Scotland throughout the day, leading to an
unsettled and wet day for most parts of the British Isles. Across Irelnd there was some rain during the
day, but it was generally brighter and drier here than in Britain. As the low moved N skies brightened
in S England and the rain gave way to showers and these then spread N during the remainder of the
day. In Oxfordshire, for the second time in less than ten days, the village of Nuneham Courtenay in
south Oxfordshire was struck by flooding following heavy rain. In Abingdon, homes, gardens and roads
flooded after the rainfall overwhelmed the drainage systems. The town's football club ground was also
inundated with 15cm of water when the nearby River Thames broke its banks. (Guernsey 19C,
Katesbridge 5C, Larkhill 33mm, Tiree 6.5h.)
Another low pressure centre moved NE across Ireland during the 21st, driving frontal bands N across
the British Isles ahead of it, while frontal systems again lingered close to N Scotland. The result was
another generally mild day, with spells of rain and showers. The rain was heavy in places, and
accompanied by widespread thunder during the afternoon over N and W Ireland, S Wales, W Midlands
and NW England. There were also thunderstorms in the Channel Islands around dawn. At 1200GMT the
main front associated with the low has moved across much of England and Wales and lay from Cent
Ireland to Norfolk; showers developed to the S of this line in the afternoon, along with sunny intervals.
(Gravesend 19C, Lerwick 11C maximum, West Freugh 6C minimum, Jersey 26mm, Torquay 7.7h.)
Low pressure areas and associated frontal systems lying over the British Isles led to a cloud and damp
day on the 22nd. Despite the rain there were some large breaks in the cloud, noticeably from Ireland
to E Scotland at first - although much of Ireland subsequently clouded over. There was also some
morning sunshine in parts of E England before frontal rain spread N here. The heaviest rain tended to
be across S wales and SW England. There was 32mm of rain in Penzance 1115-1215h; the A30 was
flooded at the entrance to Penzance, with much more flooding in the Carbis Bay and St Ives area.
(Guernsey 17C, Aboyne 2C, Sennybridge 33mm, Aberdeen 6.6h.)
While low pressure and frontal cloud remained close to N Scotland on the 23rd, over s England one low
moved away E as another pushed NE towards Dorset in the afternoon and evening. N Scotland
consequently had a rather wet day, and while N England and S Scotland dawned rather cloudy there
were some clearances in the cloud at this time across much of Ireland, and in parts of Wales and S and
Cent England. This led to mist and fog patches in the Midlands and Cent S England before they cleared
and thickening cloud arrived from the SW - with rain in Cornwall and the Channel Islands by midday.
The cloud broke during the day in S Scotland and N England - and with it remaining clear here into the
evening the temperature dropped quite quickly after sunset. S Ireland, Wales and remaining areas of
England continued to cloud over from the SW with rain falling across S and Cent England by midnight with some heavy rain in SW England. N and Cent scotland remained cloudy throughout the day. (Herne
Bay 17C, Aviemore 3C, Wick 39mm, Manchester 8.0h.)
The low pressure centre near Dorset (981mb at Portland at 0000GMT) early on the 24th moved towards
N Holland by midday, after giving some heavy overnight rain in S England, along with some
thunderstorms in Cent s England and East Anglia. N and Cent Scotland were again cloudy with some
rain during the day, although as the offending front moved slightly S it did lead to a clearance of much
of thr cloud over Shetland. There were a few showers over Ireland in the morning but by midday most
of England and Wales was experiencing sunny spells and little cloud. Later in the afternoon and
Page 15
evening further cloud spread N into SW England, S wales and S Ireland - where there was also some
light rain by midight. (Teignmouth 17C, Katesbridge 0C, Herne Bay 30mm, Falmouth 7.8h.)
During the 25th low pressure pushed N into Northern Ireland (centre 981mb at 2400GMT), drawing
frontal rain N across England, Wales and Ireland. Throughout the day much of N and Cent Scoptland lay
under another front, with gave rain and drizzle - and some particularly heavy rain in parts of W
Scotland overnight. Early clear skies across much of England soon disappeared as the fronts pushed N,
with widespread rain S Ireland and much of Wales, S and Cent England by midday. Gusts of 30-40kn
occurred around Irish Sea coasts and by midnight the rain had spread into Cent Scotland, albeit with a
drying up across much of S England, Wales and the Midlands. (Jersey 19C, Lerwick and Baltasound 7C
maximum, Baltasound 2C minimum, Tiree 50mm, Lerwick 2.7h.)
The low deepened during the morning of the 26th, the centre being 973mb over the Moray Firth by
midday. It brought some very heavy rain to parts of Scotland, with severe gales and gusts above 60kn
in exposed places there. As the low then moved E, pressure rose across Scotland and the rain was
replaced by showers from the W. England, Wales and Ireland had variable amounts of cloud, with
showers in many areas - these tended to die down in the evening. Thousands of people were left
without power and 40 people had to be rescued from their flooded homes in Dingwall by lifeboat
volunteers from Kessock RNLI. Police told people not to travel in Ross-shire, Caithness and Sutherland
due to the danger of falling trees. The 1612BST train from Glasgow to Inverness was forced to stop
after hitting tree branches on the line between Carrbridge and Inverness. A railway line was washed
away at Helmsdale, and storms have flooded houses and premises in Kirkwall in Orkney, where most
schools have been closed. 23 houses in Dingwall were without power and there were reports of failures
in Lairg and the Black Isle. In SE England it was a mild day for the time of year. (Margate 20C, Lerwick
6C, Kirkwall 85mm, Falmouth 7.2h.)
Although much of Cent and E Britain was largely cloudfree into the 27th, frontal cloud encroached
from the W across Ireland and W parts of Britain by dawn, with some rain in W Scotland and W Ireland.
Before the cloud arrived there was a slight air frost in parts of E Scotland, while a few sheltered parts
of Cent England had a ground frost. By midday rain had reached E Scotland and Wales, and cloud had
spread E into much of England. During the afternoon the rain spread into N England and then spread E
into Cent and S England - although amounts were slight in these latter areas as pressure was rising here
(1025mb MSL pressure in Kent by midnight). In parts of W Ireland there was rain for much of the day,
turning to drizzle in the evening. (Guernsey 18C, Tulloch Bridge -1C, Lerwick 15mm, Margate 6.4h.)
Despite high pressure in S England on the 28th, the British Isles was affected by several fronts during
the day, and this led to a generally cloud day until late afternoon. It was, however, mostly mild temperatures at 0600GMT were in the range 10-15C across the British Isles. Rainfall tended to be light
and patchy, although there were some heavier falls in Wales and N Scotland. During the evening skies a
high pressure centre became established over SW Ireland (1025mb), and skies tended to clear over E
Scotland, N England, Wales and parts of E Ireland; however, light rain continued to fall over much of S
England, W and N Scotland. (Credenhill 19C, Coningsby 6C, Capel Curig 27mm, Aberdeen 2.3h.)
The high pressure centred drifted SE on the 29th, but still managed to give a warm and sunny day in
most parts. As the high intensified slightly, early rain in S England amd W Scotland gradually
dissipated. By midday much of E Scotland, Wales and England was clear of cloud, but a warm front was
bringing cloud and some light rain to S Ireland. This cloud then spread E and N to affect all but the
extreme SE corner of England, with rain across much of Scotland by midnight. Rain and drizzle also
affected parts of SW England, with fog around the coasts of Cornwall at midnight. (Cardinham 20C,
Castlederg 6C, Scilly 19mm, Margate 8.7h.)
A warm front made for a generally cloudy start to the 30th with warm air following behind the front as
it spread rain and drizzle N and E. By midday the rain was mostly confined to N Scotland, although
under rather persistent cloud there were outbreaks of drizzle elsewhere. Around Cornwall mist and fog
lingered until midday. A rapidly-moving cold front moved across Ireland, N England and Scotland in the
afternoon and evening, brining another spell of rain followed by clearer skies and some showers. At the
same time pressure fell, especially in W Scotland as a low centre headed towards there; MSL pressure
Page 16
was down to 985.7mb at Stornoway at 2400GMT and the low also brought further rain to W Scotland in
the evening along with gusts to 55kn. (Credenhill 20C, Aboyne 5C, Lusa 47mm, Prestatyn 8.7h.)
The 31st dawned with rain continuing to fall in N Scotland, with gusts of up to 50kn being reported,
some light drizzle in S England and showers in W Ireland. There was also causing some light rain and
showers from wales to N England; as this pushed S it introduced air with noticeably lower dew points
from the N. During the day pressure built from the W and the wind over the British Isles veered to N'ly
direction, as a low pressure over N Scotland pushed E to Norway. In most areas the day was then one
of sunshine and showers, with the 50kn gusts transferring to E Scotland and NE England. The winds died
down a little during the evening; by midnight air frosts were being reported from Cent Scotland, dew
points were widely below 0C in E England and most places were reporting clear skies - the first real
taste of autumn for many. (Lee-on-Solent 15C, Aviemore 0C, Lerwick 40mm, Oxford 6.0h.)
Information provided courtesy of Roger Brugge, Department of Meteorology at the University of
Reading and the Climatological Observers Link.
Page 17
Notable Weather Events recorded at Pitsford Hall
11 October
Heavy rain tied into thunderstorms results in localised flooding across the county. 23.3mm falls in 3.8
hrs at Pitsford. Standing water on roads make driving conditions particularly hazardous.
Reports from Stations across
Northamptonshire
Reports received from weather stations affiliated to Pitsford Hall
across the county. Pitsford Hall weather station is not responsible for
any inaccuracy contained in these reports. They are supplied for
interest only.
From K Bulcock, Desborough: X
COL registered climatological site. Altitude 127m AMSL.
Total rain: 39.9mm (68% of average)
Max 24 hour rainfall: 10.7mm
Total number of raindays: 13
Highest maximum temperature: 28.9C on 11th
Lowest maximum temperature: 17.8C on 30th
Highest minimum temperature: 17.2C on 5th
Lowest minimum temperature: 5.6C on 8th
Mean maximum temperature: 21.2C
Mean minimum temperature: 12.9C
Overall mean temperature: 17.0C
Difference from the average: +3.4C
Days
Days
Days
Days
Days
Days
with
with
with
with
with
with
falling snow: 0
lying snow: 0
thunder: 2: 13th & 29th
fog: 4
hail: 0
air frosts: 0
Comments: Hottest October on record: sunny and dry. Mean 0.5C above 1949, 1865 and 1729.
From C R Bristow, Byfield:
COL registered climatological site. Altitude 159m AMSL.
Total rain: 85.4mm (133% of average)
Max 24 hour rainfall: 25.4mm on 11th
Total number of raindays: 16
Page 18
Highest maximum temperature: 19.1C on 10th
Lowest maximum temperature: 11.5C on 23rd
Highest minimum temperature: 14.0C on 11th
Lowest minimum temperature: 5.0C on 27th
Mean maximum temperature: 15.7C
Mean minimum temperature: 9.4C
Overall mean temperature: 12.5C
Lowest grass minimum: 0.6C on 27th
Days
Days
Days
Days
Days
Days
with
with
with
with
with
with
falling snow: 0
lying snow: 0
thunder: 0
fog: 4
hail: 0
air frosts: 0
From I Ager, Raunds:
Air temperatures
Highest maximum: 19.8C on the 10th
Lowest maximum: 12.7C on the 23rd
Highest minimum: 14.8C on the 11th
Lowest minimum: 5.7C on the 25th
Mean maximum: 16.6C
Mean minimum: 10.2C
Overall mean: 13.4C
Grass temperatures
Lowest grass minimum: 1.9C on the 27th
Highest grass minimum:12.8C on the 11th
Mean grass minimum: 6.9C
Rainfall
Total rainfall: 93.7mm
Highest fall 24 hour fall: 23.6 (obs to obs) mm on the 19th
Rain days: (>/=0.2mm) 9
Wet days: (>/=1.0mm) 10
Air pressure (reduced to sea level)
Highest air pressure: At obs: 1032.4mb on the 13th
Lowest air pressure: At obs: 995.3mb on the 22nd
Mean air pressure: At obs: 1009.9mb
Wind directions
N:0, NE:1, E:4, SE:3, S:9, SW:8, W:3, NW:1, Calm:1 .
Days with
Hail: 0 (</=0.5mm)
Hail: 0 (>0.5mm)
Page 19
Snow, or snow and rain: 0
Snow lying: 0
Fog: 4, on the 10th, 13th, 14th, 18th.
Air frost: 0
Ground frost: 0
Thunder: 1, on the 1st.
Comments
Very mild, very wet, rather dull month. (Warmest since 2001, 13.6C)
From J Borrett, Wilby:
WIND SPEED & WIND CHILL (LOCATED 8.3 METRES ABOVE THE GROUND)
HIGHEST WIND SPEED OVER 2 MINUTES 27.0MPH (31ST @ 2:49PM)
LOWEST WIND CHILL
-0.2°C (31ST @ 6:30AM)
TEMPERATURE
HIGHEST 22.4°C (10TH @ 12:27AM)
LOWEST 3.9°C (25TH @ 3:28AM)
HUMIDITY (RANGE: 5 - 98%)
LOWEST 51% (7TH @ 2:08PM)
HIGHEST 95% (12TH @ 8:54AM)
RAINFALL
WETTEST 24 HOURS FROM 7:30AM
16.2MM (19TH)
WETTEST HOUR
5.1MM (11TH – BETWEEN 12:30PM & 1:30PM)
MONTHLY TOTAL 68.7MM
AIR PRESSURE (TAKEN AT SEA LEVEL)
HIGHEST 1032MB (13TH @ 12:25PM)
LOWEST 985MB (24TH @ 3:16AM)
SUNSHINE DURATION & BRIGHTNESS
SUNNIEST DAY
MONTHLY TOTAL
MAX BRIGHTNESS
8.5 HOURS (7TH)
117.8 HOURS
90600 LUX (4TH @ 1:11PM)
SUNSHINE DURATION IS CALCULATED WHEN THE BRIGHTNESS IS ABOVE 20000 LUX.
From M Raymer, Thrapston:
TEMPERATURE (°C), RAIN
(mm), WIND SPEED (mph)
HEAT COOL
AVG
MEAN
DEG
DEG
WIND
DOM
DAY TEMP HIGH
TIME
LOW
TIME
DAYS DAYS RAIN SPEED HIGH
TIME
DIR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 14.9 18.7
11:40 12.3
7:30
3.4
0.0
5.3 10.0 32.0
16:50
S
2 14.7 19.4
15:00 10.6
00:00
3.7
0.0
0.0
6.4 28.0
1:00
SSW
3 11.9 16.5
13:20
7.6
6:50
6.3
0.0
0.3
2.3 17.0
10:30
WNW
4 11.5 16.9
14:10
6.8
00:00
6.8
0.0
0.0
1.8 19.0
12:10
W
5 11.3 15.2
20:30
5.7
3:20
7.0
0.0
3.8
7.7 31.0
14:30
SSW
6 15.3 18.5
12:30 11.9
00:00
3.0
0.0
4.8 10.8 31.0
15:10
SSW
7 12.4 16.9
13:40
8.7
7:00
5.9
0.0
0.0
4.4 24.0
12:10
W
8 12.6 17.2
14:00
8.2
7:30
5.7
0.0
1.0
6.8 24.0
15:40
S
9 15.6 19.3
12:20 12.2
00:00
2.8
0.1
2.5
6.1 22.0
0:50
S
10 15.2 20.3
14:30 11.8
1:20
3.2
0.1 12.4
4.3 13.0
15:20
SE
Page 20
11 15.2 17.4
16:30 12.7
00:00
3.1
0.0 14.0
4.6 20.0
6:00
SE
12 12.6 18.7
14:30
7.6
5:20
5.7
0.0
0.3
2.1 16.0
13:00
SW
13 11.8 16.9
15:40
8.4
7:50
6.5
0.0
0.0
0.4
6.0
12:10
SW
14 12.8 17.8
16:00
9.2
3:50
5.5
0.0
0.5
2.3 11.0
15:30
NE
15 13.7 17.1
14:50 12.0
23:20
4.6
0.0
0.0
4.9 19.0
20:50
ENE
16 13.8 18.0
15:40 11.0
6:30
4.5
0.0
0.0
4.1 17.0
20:30
ESE
17 12.7 16.5
13:20
7.7
5:40
5.6
0.0
0.3
3.3 16.0
13:50
SSE
18 13.8 17.9
14:00 11.6
4:00
4.5
0.0
0.0
2.0 12.0
21:20
ESE
19 14.8 17.6
12:30 12.0
00:00
3.5
0.0
5.6 10.0 32.0
12:00
SE
20 13.3 17.1
14:20 11.1
1:00
4.6
0.0 13.2
8.3 28.0
5:00
SSW
21 13.6 17.9
14:20 11.0
23:20
4.7
0.0
0.5
8.9 28.0
21:40
S
22 12.3 14.7
19:30 10.1
23:20
6.0
0.0 10.2
9.6 33.0
4:20
S
23 10.8 12.5
13:00
9.7
9:00
7.5
0.0
1.3
2.2 13.0
10:10
NE
24 10.8 15.3
14:20
6.9
00:00
7.5
0.0 14.2
4.0 18.0
9:40
SSW
25
9.9 14.8
00:00
5.1
5:10
8.3
0.0
5.1
6.0 26.0
19:50
ESE
26 13.9 17.5
10:50
7.9
23:00
4.4
0.0
0.0
8.7 29.0
9:50
SSW
27
9.2 13.1
14:10
5.8
5:00
9.1
0.0
0.0
3.6 18.0
0:20
SSW
28 13.9 16.6
15:00
8.2
0:10
4.4
0.0
0.5
6.5 22.0
14:20
SSW
29 13.0 16.7
13:00
8.9
7:20
5.3
0.0
0.0
2.3 20.0
4:10
SE
30 13.4 16.1
15:20 10.8
0:10
4.9
0.0
0.0
7.8 25.0
00:00
SSW
31 10.8 14.7
12:30
4.2
00:00
7.4
0.0
0.5
8.1 27.0
10:40
NNW
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------13.0 20.3
10
4.2
31
165.5
0.2 96.3
5.5 33.0
22
SSW
Station Notes
The end of October was another busy period for the weather station answering calls from the media
(press and local radio) for a response to the recently published Stern Review on climate change and
the UK government’s proposal to raise green taxes. This month’s Special Feature takes a look at the
review and the weather station’s press release on climate change.
Page 21
Special Feature – The Stern Review on Climate Change
In 600 pages, Sir Nicholas Stern spells out a bleak vision of a future gripped by violent storms, rising
sea-levels, crippling droughts and economic chaos unless urgent action is taken to tackle global
warming.
His heavyweight review – which is broken down into six parts containing 27 separate chapters – stresses
that any delay will leave the world in "dangerous territory".
Climate change: the evidence
There is now "overwhelming" evidence that shows "climate change is a serious and urgent issue" and
has been created by man's actions. It now "threatens the basic elements of life for people around the
world – access to water, food production, health and use of land and the environment".
Temperatures are expected to rise by between 2 C and 5 C — an increase on the same scale as the last
Ice Age — though the increase could be as high as 10 C by 2100 if greenhouse gas emissions continue at
current levels.
The changes will see the area affected by "extreme drought" soar from one per cent of the world's land
mass to around 30 per cent. In other areas, there will be widespread flooding and more intense storms.
"The risk of abrupt and large-scale changes in the climate system will rise." Sea levels could rise by up
to 12 metres over the next few centuries.
The severity of the impact requires "strong and urgent global action to reduce greenhouse-gas
emissions". There will also need to be "major action to adapt to the consequences that now cannot be
avoided".
Impact on growth and development
By 2100, an extra 250,000 children a year will die in the poorest countries as a result of climate
change, while up to 220 million more people could fall below the $2 a day poverty line. A temperature
rise of just 1 C to 2 C could lead to the extinction of between 15 and 40 per cent of all species.
Rising sea levels will threaten countries like Bangladesh but also some of the biggest cities, including
London, New York, Tokyo and Shanghai. Ocean acidification could destroy fish stocks, crop failure will
leave hundreds of millions at risk of starvation and up to 200 million people will be displaced by rising
sea levels, floods and drought. It is already too late to avoid many of the problems facing people in the
Third World.
"Strong and early migration is the only way to avoid some of the more severe impacts," the report
warns.
The world's richest countries will suffer with more hurricanes and floods. Climate change could cost
between five and 20 per cent of global GDP.
The cost of stabilising greenhouse gas levels
Greenhouse gas levels have increased steadily since the Industrial Revolution from 280 parts per
million CO2 to 430 ppm but the process has accelerated in recent years. "Very strong reductions in
carbon emissions" are needed to ensure they are cut by 25 per cent by 2050 and "ultimately to less
than one fifth of today's levels."
The goal is to stabilise levels at 550 ppm, though existing fossil fuel stocks could take CO2 levels
beyond 750 ppm, "with very dangerous consequences".
Page 22
Early action is vital to stabilise greenhouse gas levels. This will require moves to ensure the price of
goods and services reflect their "full costs" to the environment, as well as the greater use of new lowcarbon technologies. Policies to reduce emissions
Carbon pricing must be at the core of any policy. Governments must put an "appropriate price on
carbon, through taxes, trading or regulation" – and encourage people to buy low-carbon goods and
services. There must also be an expansion of carbon trading schemes to give industry and business
financial incentives to reduce emissions.
At the same time, governments and the private sector need to step up investment in new technology
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The report calls for a five-fold increase in incentives for "low
emission technologies".
This will involve alternative ways to produce electricity, new forms or transport and other low-carbon
energy sources.
Policies to cope with existing climate change
Increases in greenhouse gases mean countries must adapt to cope with the "unavoidable impacts of
climate change to which the world is already committed". This could include, for example, farmers
switching to more climate-resistant crops.
However, this type of adaptation will only have a limited effect and "mute the impacts" of global
warming. It must exist alongside strong and ambitious policies to reduce emissions.
It is also expensive. It could cost the world's richest countries up to $150 billion a year – around £80
billion or 0.5 per cent of global GDP – to construct new buildings and infrastructure that can cope with
climate change.
Governments can help by investing in more accurate climate forecasting; regulations to encourage
better use of land and higher quality buildings; more coastal protection; and help for the poorest
families who cannot afford insurance.
International action
The report calls for "stronger, more co-ordinated" international action on climate change, although this
requires greater public support.
Such a strategy will require a "broadly similar price for carbon" across the globe and close involvement
of the private sector. More must be done to encourage developing countries to opt for low-carbon
technology.
Press Release from Pitsford Hall on 31st October
Critics of the Stern Review and the government's ambitions to raise green taxes were dealt another
blow today as the month of October ended with above average temperatures. Overall the mean
temperature for October in Northampton was 13.1C, 2.8C above the norm, and the month was also
devoid of any air frost. In fact the lack of a night-time frost in October now appears to be fairly
common looking back through records of recent years. With just one or two exceptions, we started to
lose our October frost in the 1990s and with several of the wamest Octobers on record occurring in the
past 20 years we do appear to be seeing winter arriving much later.
Increasing temperatures generally do appear to be a fact of life in Northampton. Although some
variability is to be expected from year to year, there is a discernible warming trend in the temperature
Page 23
record for Northampton particularly since the early 1960s. The 1970s did see an overall decrease in
temperatures, but this was in keeping with the overall trend for the northern hemisphere. During the
1980s and early 1990s temperatures in Northampton increased dramatically. With the exception of
March and June, the warmest months on record were all exceeded during this period. More recently,
although annual temperatures are still above average, they are not rising at quite the same rate.
However, in the past few years we have been starting to see more isolated extremes in daytime
temperatures particularly from spring through to autumn. Only this July did we record the hottest July
day on record (35.5C) and last November matched 1978 with the warmest November day.
Temperature record for Northampton. Data © Pitsford Hall weather station.
In addition to warmer temperatures, the impact of global warming for the UK and Northampton in
particular is likely to be expressed in a shortening of the winter season, an increase in rainfall and the
increased frequency of extreme events. In other words, more summer droughts followed by periods of
flash flooding. Looking back at the weather we have seen in Northampton this year we can see clues as
to what is likely to become commonplace in the future: prolonged dry spells (January and June)
putting increased stress on our diminishing water resources, episodes of torrential rainfall (July and
August) associated with the increase of summer thunderstorms which, falling on ground baked hard by
the summer heat, will see flash flooding and a repeat of events of Easter 1998, and damaging
winds linked with more vigorous winter depressions. Whilst the county has so far this year escaped
winds similar to those of January 2005 which caused major blackouts, these are another inevitable
consequence of global warming for our region.
One curious observation of the long term records is that a long term increase in annual rainfall is not
discernible. A warmer world, certainly for our region, doesn't necessarily mean a wetter world.
However, periods of fairly wet years do tend to alternate with drier years. Of far greater significance
is the way in which the rain is falling and over the town we are starting to see a change. The weather
station at Pitsford has been monitoring closely the intensity of rainfall and events such as that of 5th
Page 24
July this year when just over 6mm of rain fell within a ten minute period are on the increase. Much of
this rain simply washes off the surface and rather than replenishing groundwater reserves simply
presents a flood risk.
Predicting the weather for the remainder of 2006 presents may difficulties. With the onset of El Nino
in the Pacific, a displacement of warm water eastwards towards South America, we can expect to see
the impacts globally and generally this results in milder and wetter winters for the UK. However,
computer simulations are suggesting periods of below average temperatures. However, one thing is for
certain: we are unlikely to see any record breaking chills - 1940s still represent the coldest months on
record.
It is very difficult to say in the longer term what the worst case scenario will be for Northampton.
Models suggest that global temperatures could rise by nearly 6C by 2100, but these will be in the worst
affected areas (Africa and the polar regions). Higher temperatures in Britain could unleash a chain of
events which scientists are only recently coming to understand. If say temperatures were to rise by
this amount, the effect would be the melting of the Greenland ice sheet resulting in a major rise in sea
levels and a change in the salinity of the North Atlantic. The weakening of the Gulf Stream would be a
consequence of this, in fact it could cease altogether. The removal of a warm ocean current from
northern Europe would facilitate the reforming of Arctic ice in this region with some particularly
severe winters expected for the UK. There is some suggestion that this could happen in the next 50
years. In fact, temperatures rather than rising by 6C could fall by similar amounts. However, as global
temperatures continue to rise methane starts to become a more significant greenhouse gas which
could send the world's temperatures soaring and the cooling linked to a weakening Gulf Stream in the
UK would only be very temporary.
So by 2100, Northampton's climate could either be very similar to Helsinki or Seville. Of crucial
importance is what happens over the next few decades. Although in Northampton the records show
that since 2002 the annual temperatures have been falling from 0.6C above average to just 0.1C above
average last year we must remember that short term fluctuation is a natural condition of climate and
that round the corner could lie a sudden lurch forward into record temperatures that could have quite
a serious consequence.
Page 25
Appendix 1: Weather Station Inventory
Rooftop Enclosure and Office
Standard Pattern Stevenson screen with
Mahogany mounted maximum and
minimum thermometers
Large Pattern Stevenson screen with
Sheathed pattern maximum and
minimum thermometers
Sheathed pattern wet and dry bulb
ordinary thermometers
Thermograph (various patterns
employed)
Hygrograph (various patterns
employed)
Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorder (UK Met
Office MK2)
Electronic sunshine recorder (calibrated to Campbell-Stokes)
Snowdon Met Office pattern raingauge
British Association pattern raingauge
Tilting siphon rainfall recorder (UK Met Office
MK1 – daily clock)
Tilting siphon rainfall recorder (Casella
pattern – weekly clock)
Tipping bucket raingauge (Casella pattern –
bucket tips at 0.2mm)
Wind Vane (UK Met Office)
Totalising cup-counter anemometer (UK Met Office)
Generator-type anemometer and wind vane
(Maestro – Metcheck)
Fortin-pattern mercurial barometer
Precision Aneroid Barometer (Negretti and
Zambra, MK2)
Open-scale micro-barograph (UK Met Office –
Short and Mason)
Hook gauge Evaporimeter (Negretti and
Zambra)
Web Cam (Logitech QuickCam Pro 4000)
Networked computer system
Page 26
Climatological Enclosure
Standard pattern Stevenson screen with
Sheathed pattern maximum and minimum thermometers
Sheathed pattern wet and dry bulb ordinary thermometers
Standard Met Office pattern raingauge
Soil thermometers (surface, 5cm, 10cm, 20cm, 30cm, 40cm, 50cm and 100cm) (Negretti and Zambra,
Metcheck, Fairmount, Munro – all enclosed scale pattern)
Bare soil, concrete and grass minimum thermometers (sheathed pattern with radiation shields)
Bare patch and concrete slab
Online Automatic Weather Station
Davis cabled Vantage Pro system comprising
Tipping bucket raingauge
Temperature and relative humidity sensors
Anemometer
Wind vane
Solarimeter
Barometer
Networked PC running Weatherlink version 5.5. Update frequency 5 minutes via Broadband.
Archive
The station holds weather records for Northamptonshire dating from 1880. Access to these records is
restricted, although requests for data can be made in writing to the station manager at Pitsford.
Web site
The main URL for the station’s web site is www.northantsweather.org.uk
The site has pages containing local forecast information, recently collected weather data (including
real-time data gathered from the online automatic weather station), archived data from 1998 to the
present, as well as links to many useful sources of weather information. The site is hosted by Demon
Internet and Easyspace Ltd.
Page 27
Appendix 2: Code Descriptions used in the Register of Climatological
Observations
8 Rime - direct deposition of crystals from supercooled
freezing fog or falling ice prisms or fall ice crystals
9 Snow 9
Visibility codes
Present Weather
X Dense Fog <20m
E Dense Fog 20m
0 Thick Fog up to 40m
1 Thick Fog up to 100m
2 Fog up to 200m
3 Moderate Fog up to 400m
4 Very poor visibility up to 1000m
5 Poor visibility up to 2km
6 Moderate visibility up to 7km
7 Good visibility up to 20km
8 Very good visibility up to 30km
9 Excellent visibility 40km
00 -- clear skies
01 -- clouds dissolving
02 -- state of sky unchanged
03 -- clouds developing
Haze, smoke, dust or sand
04 -- visibility reduced by smoke
05 -- haze
06 -- widespread dust in suspension not raised by wind
07 -- dust or sand raised by wind
08 -- well developed dust or sand whirls
09 -- dust or sand storm within sight but not at station
Non-precipitation events
10 -- mist
11 -- patches of shallow fog
12 -- continuous shallow fog
13 -- lightning visible, no thunder heard
14 -- precipitation within sight but not hitting ground
15 -- distant precipitation but not falling at station
16 -- nearby precipitation but not falling at station
17 -- thunderstorm but no precipitation falling at
station
18 -- squalls within sight but no precipitation falling at
station
19 -- funnel clouds within sight
Precipitation within past hour but not at observation
time
20 -- drizzle
21 -- rain
22 -- snow
23 -- rain and snow
24 -- freezing rain
25 -- rain showers
26 -- snow showers
27 -- hail showers
28 -- fog
29 -- thunderstorms
Duststorm, sandstorm, drifting or blowing snow
30 -- slight to moderate duststorm, decreasing in
intensity
31 -- slight to moderate duststorm, no change
32 -- slight to moderate duststorm, increasing in
intensity
33 -- severe duststorm, decreasing in intensity
34 -- severe duststorm, no change
35 -- severe duststorm, increasing in intensity
36 -- slight to moderate drifting snow, below eye level
37 -- heavy drifting snow, below eye level
38 -- slight to moderate drifting snow, above eye level
39 -- heavy drifting snow, above eye level
Fog or ice fog
40 -- Fog at a distance
41 -- patches of fog
42 -- fog, sky visible, thinning
43 -- fog, sky not visible, thinning
44 -- fog, sky visible, no change
45 -- fog, sky not visible, no change
46 -- fog, sky visible, becoming thicker
47 -- fog, sky not visible, becoming thicker
48 -- fog, depositing rime, sky visible
49 -- fog, depositing rime, sky not visible
Drizzle
50 -- intermittent light drizzle
51 -- continuous light drizzle
52 -- intermittent moderate drizzle
53 -- continuous moderate drizzle
54 -- intermittent heavy drizzle
State of the Ground
(Relating to the bare patch in the
agro-met and/or climatological enclosures
and the representative
area*)
Without snow
0 Surface dry (without cracks)
1 Surface moist
2 Surface wet (with puddles)
3 Surface flooded
4 Surface frozen
5* Glaze on ground
6* Surface partly covered in dry dust
7* Surface covered in dry dust
8* Thick covering of dry dust
9* Surface very dry with cracks
With snow
0*
1*
2*
3*
4*
5*
6*
7*
8*
9*
Ground mostly ice covered
Wet/compact snow covering < half
Wet/compact snow covering half
Ground evenly covered by wet/compact snow
Ground unevenly covered by wet/compact snow
Dry/loose snow covering < half
Dry/loose snow covering half
Ground evenly covered by dry/loose snow
Ground unevenly covered by dry/loose snow
Complete snow cover, drifting
State of the Concrete Slab
(Relating to the concrete slab in the agro-met
enclosure)
0 Dry
1 Moist
2 Wet
3 Icy
State of the Grass
(Meaden's code, 1996)
0 Dry with no deposits
1 Wet with dew only
2 Wet from fog (some dew present)
3 Wet from falling rain or drizzle
4 Wet from the melting of frozen
deposits listed as codes 5-9, or from sleet
5 Ice resulting from the freezing of 1-3 or the
refreezing of 4
6 Ice of glaze resulting from freezing of rain or
drizzle on cold surface or ice from hail
7 Hoar frost - direct deposition of crystals from air
Page 28
55 -- continuous heavy drizzle
56 -- light freezing drizzle
57 -- moderate to heavy freezing drizzle
58 -- light drizzle and rain
59 -- moderate to heavy drizzle and rain
Rain
60 -- intermittent light rain
61 -- continuous light rain
62 -- intermittent moderate rain
63 -- continuous moderate rain
64 -- intermittent heavy rain
65 -- continuous heavy rain
66 -- light freezing rain
67 -- moderate to heavy freezing rain
68 -- light rain and snow
69 -- moderate to heavy rain and snow
Snow
70 -- intermittent light snow
71 -- continuous light snow
72 -- intermittent moderate snow
73 -- continuous moderate snow
74 -- intermittent heavy snow
75 -- continuous heavy snow
76 -- diamond dust
77 -- snow grains
78 -- snow crystals
79 -- ice pellets
Showers
80 -- light rain showers
81 -- moderate to heavy rain showers
82 -- violent rain showers
83 -- light rain and snow showers
84 -- moderate to heavy rain and snow showers
85 -- light snow showers
86 -- moderate to heavy snow showers
87 -- light snow/ice pellet showers
88 -- moderate to heavy snow/ice pellet showers
89 -- light hail showers
90 -- moderate to heavy hail showers
Thunderstorms
91 -- thunderstorm in past hour, currently only light
rain
92 -- thunderstorm in past hour, currently only
moderate to heavy rain
93 -- thunderstorm in past hour, currently only light
snow or rain/snow mix
94 -- thunderstorm in past hour, currently only
moderate to heavy snow or rain/snow mix
95 -- light to moderate thunderstorm
96 -- light to moderate thunderstorm with hail
97 -- heavy thunderstorm
98 -- heavy thunderstorm with duststorm
99 -- heavy thunderstorm with hail
Page 29
This Month’s Weather Image
Dust storms like the one pictured below in Fallujah, Iraq are expected to increase in a
warmer world.
Printed on behalf of Pitsford Hall weather station by Northamptonshire Grammar School, Moulton
Lane, Pitsford, Northampton NN6 9AX.
Individual copies are available for purchase for £1.50. A year’s subscription (if applicable) costs
£15. Back issues from October 1999 are available on request from the weather station.
This publication is distributed free to all libraries across Northamptonshire.
Page 30

October 2006 Weather Report

Transcription

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