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Phonetics and Phonology
Phonetics and Phonology Announcements -‐ Office hours: Tues 12-‐1, Wed 3-‐4 -‐ Slides and grades on MyCR -‐ First blog post: due midnight Thursday Blog assignment By special request: Effects of memory span People with smaller short term memory... -‐ were better at hearing their name in the background (ie, get more distracted) -‐ searched a wider range of (possibly irrelevant) knowledge -‐ were more likely to find simple, experience-‐based solutions -‐ were more variable in their moral choices Source: Cognition (Ashcraft and Radvansky 2009) The vocal tract The larynx (the ‘voicebox’) -‐ Contains the vocal folds and glottis Voicing • Voiceless sounds: vocal folds held apart; air flows freely through glottis • Voiced sounds: vocal folds held loosely together and vibrate as air passes through glottis • Try with [s] and [z]! What it actually looks like Consonants -‐ Involve a major obstruction in the airstream. -‐ Described by: -‐ voicing (yes/no) -‐ place of articulation -‐ manner of articulation http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/ frameset.html X-‐ray of vocal tract in action circa 1964! Vowels -‐ no major obstruction in vocal tract -‐ demo Vowels -‐ Praat: Vowel Editor, formants Vowels -‐ Exemplar theory... -‐ Exemplar theory... Vowels Vowels -‐ Spanish: Mexican v. Peninsular Putting gestures together Frequency effects -‐ Gestures overlap and reduce -‐ [dɪd.ju] > [dɪdʒu] > [dʒu] -‐ [goʊiŋtu] > [gənə] > [ənə] > [ə] -‐ [aɪ.æm] > [aɪm] > [əm] -‐ memory ~ mammary -‐ [hiɹ] ~ [hɪɹ] -‐ Why? -‐ neuromotor practice -‐ listener-‐oriented theories -‐ exemplars (self-‐feeding loop) The wug test Voicing assimilation This is a wug. Now there are two of them. There are two ____. This is a plip. Now there are two of them. There are two ____. The wug test Voicing assimilation After p, t, k [s] voiceless b, d, g, v, m, n, r, l [z] voiced The wug test Voicing assimilation After p, k, s, ch, sh [t] voiceless b, g, v, m, n, r, l, j [d] voiced Experiment -‐ Can work solo or in groups -‐ Make up 5 words that will test one of these patterns -‐ Let me check them -‐ Draw a picture of each -‐ Write a sentence that will get someone to say the word -‐ Experiment on someone that has not taken this class -‐ Give them a cookie at the end