BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CARTRIDGE CASE, HEADSTAMP, AND

Transcription

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CARTRIDGE CASE, HEADSTAMP,
PROJECTILE, AMMUNITION MANUFACTURE,
AND ARTILLERY STUDIES
Donald B. Ball
Though firearm and munition related artifacts typically comprise only a small portion of the aggregate assemblage
recovered from the vast majority of historic era sites, their interpretive value is all too frequently overlooked or
underestimated by many archaeologists due to a lack of familiarity with this class of artifact. This listing draws
together a variety of useful and authoritative sources which may serve to identify an almost bewildering variety of
metallic cartridge cases, headstamps, and projectiles which may be encountered in archaeological contexts. Sources
relating to small arms ammunition cover both North America and Europe. References relating to artillery projectiles
are restricted to the United States. Sources relating to the production of small arms ammunition are also included.
This listing will be of both archaeological and forensic interest.
So much has already been written about everything that you can't find out anything about it.
- James Thurber, The New Vocabularianism , in Laterns and Lances, 1961
While firearm related artifacts are typically few in
number on the vast majority of sites examined by
archaeologists, the sheer diversity of forms, manufacturers,
and applications serve to suggest many lines of fruitful
investigation. Far too often, however, the potential
information which might be gained from these remains is
unappreciated due to a lack of familiarity on the part of
many analysts. It is the purpose of this effort to bring
together an extended sampling of the literature referable to
this artifact group to facilitate the identification and
interpretation of both antique and modem metallic
cartridge cases and the projectiles associated with small
arms and Civil War era artillery. Though this body of
literature is indeed rather voluminous, but rare examples
have appeared in mainstream archaeological publications
and it is reasonable to say that the vast majority of these
works are effectively unknown to the profession. The
present approach to organizing these materials has resulted
in the following sequence of presentation:
I. Small Arms
A Cartridges/Cartridge Cases
1. Articles and Books
2. Trade Publications
B. Headstamps
C. Bullets
D. Shot Pellets
E. Ammunition Production
1. Cartridge Case Manufacture
Donald B. Ball 312 Iowa Avenue Louisville, Kentucky
40208-1427
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2. Reloading/Firearm Maintenance Tools
F. Forensic Residue Studies
II. Artillery
A Projectiles
B. Weapons, Tactics, and Fortifications
III. Internet Sites of Related Interest
These categories are not mutually exclusive. For
example, some references on cartridge case identification
also include information on headstamps and some
headstamp sources are likewise useful for identifying cases.
Thus, when searching for potentially applicable references,
readers are advised to take a few minutes to examine the
complete bibliography.
It may reasonably be asked why sources referable to so
many obviously "exotic" cartridges have been included
herein (Section I-A). The answer is both simple and direct.
Beginning with the period of earliest settlement, the
colonies had (and the later United States has) a long
tradition of importing firearms from many and diverse
nations. Indeed, since World War II, literally billions of
rounds of foreign produced ammunition have been
imported into the United States. Though some European or
Asian cartridge types are unlikely to be found on a
"typical" site, it remains a truism of archaeological
fieldwork that we do not put things in the ground, we
merely excavate them. Some soil conditions are very
unkind to brass and lead and but a few years can cause
extensive corrosion and oxidation. What appears to be
quite old may in fact be of much more recent vintage.
Ohio Valley Historical Archaeology
15(2000):80-99
Though the shape and dimensional attributes of some
cartridge cases are quite:: distinctive, others dosely resemble
examples produced decades and nations apart. Further,
while headstamps (Section 1-B) are inordinately useful as
a means of identifying (and sometimes dating) better
preserved cases, in some instances this portion of a
cartridge case is so corroded as to be illegible while some
cases were never marked at all. Thus, relatively small
differences in dimensional attributes can sometimes
become very important in separating "old" from "modern"
materials.
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2000
alloys (typically with a small percentage of antimony) for
both bullets and shotgun pellets are a 20th century
development. Jacketed (metal covered) bullets were a late
19th century development which came about in response to
the higher velocities afforded by the use of then new
"smokeless" powders which generated both increased
muzzle velocities and chamber pressure. In most instances,
bullets designed for use in revolvers and pistols are shorter
than those of equal caliber (diameter) used in longarms.
Viewed simply as artifacts, cartridge cases are
associated with their own specialized fabrication
techniques (Section 1-E). Accordingly, their evolution
must be understood in the context of both the equipment
needed to produce and reload them and the applications
(firearms) to which they are put.
For general purposes, two references in particular Barnes (1997) and Barber (1987) - are essential sources
suitable for identifying most cartridge cases likely to be
recovered on both rural and urban sites. The study by
Barnes illustrates and presents appropriate dimensional
and historical data for hundreds of modern and obsolete
rim:fire and centerfire cases. Although he does not discuss
a wide variety of early proprietary (e.g., lip fire, Maynard,
and Crispin cartridges; cf Thomas 1991:94-97, Layman
1998:62-80, and McDowell 1997, respectively) and
experimental (cf. Lewis 1972; Treadwell 1873)
ammunition, his coverage of most post-1870 metallic
cartridges types is generally thorough and more than
suitable for basic identification needs. Conversely, the book
authored by Barber is devoted solely to rim:fire cartridges
which have traditionally been the least expensive rounds
available to most civilian consumers and accordingly are
among the more frequently encountered. The paper by Ball
(1997a) should serve as a convenient introduction to
cartridge identification for those not familiar with basic
case terminology. Less research has been directed toward
shotgun shell headstamps. In this regard, Ball ( l 997b) is a
useful synthesis of production and chronological data
concerning Winchester shotgun shells, one of the more
commonly encountered brands in archaeological contexts.
Above and beyond simple identification, artillery
projectiles (Section II-A) in their many forms represent
unique interpretive problems. Accordingly, it was felt
appropriate to include sources referable to both the
weapons and related uses to which these items were put
(Section 11-B). The Internet listings presented in Section
m are intended to serve as a guide to but a sampling of
both commercial and educational web sites relating to
cartridge cases, projectiles, Civil War artillery, ballistics,
forensic science studies, gunflint production, and a myriad
of firearm related topics.
As it relates to archaeological analysis, small arms
projectile identification will involve only two basic
configurations: round ball and elongated (Section 1-C).
Though most small round projectiles can reasonably be
assigned to usage in shotguns (Section 1-D), it should be
remembered that round projectiles were also used in
virtually all early handguns and longarms. Indeed, until
the advent of rifled barrels, any muzzle loading firearm
could be used as a shotgun dependent upon the number and
size of the projectiles placed above the powder charge.
Elongated bullets (which required more lead per projectile)
were not needed until they offered greater accuracy when
used in conjunction with rifling. In general terms, "pure"
lead bullets are best used at comparatively slower muzzle
velocities (about 1,100 feet per second or less). "Hard" lead
As a more than appropriate word of caution, excavators
and analysts alike are advised of two important safety
rules: (1) always remember the health hazards associated
with handling lead and wash hands thoroughly after
touching same; and (2) always treat any unexpended round
of ammunition or artillery projectile as "live", for example
Civil War artillery rounds which are notorious for doing
surprising things despite being in the ground for well over
a century. Never manhandle these materials or subject
them to any rough treatment - the hand you save may be
attached to you. Should there ever be any remote doubt as
to the explosive potential for a recovered round (notably
artillery), promptly call the nearest police department or
sheriffs office for appropriate disposal. It is far better to
lose an artifact than a life.
This section (Section 1-F) of the bibliography
concludes with sources referable to forensic investigations.
Indeed, in years to come it may be anticipated that serious
students of firearm related artifacts will increasingly
examine and routinely apply the micro-analytical
techniques developed for forensic studies while
simultaneously exploring new interpretive vistas for this
category of artifactual remains.
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In a similar vein, persons conducting fieldwork in
military training areas or ordnance proving grounds are
cautioned to leave any and all pieces of ordnance
(grenades, mortar rounds, artillery projectiles, flares, etc.)
strictly alone. Do not handle them. Flag them, move on,
and notify the facility range officer as to their location.
These items can be deadly!
To the extent possible, the sources noted herein have
been personally examined and annotations added where
appropriate. As is the case with any bibliographic
compilation, this effort is presented as neither more nor
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less than a work in progress and it is recognized that there
are doubtless many additional sources which could well
prove to be useful and informative in the process of
identifying and interpreting cartridge cases and projectiles
likely to be encountered in archaeological contexts.
Regardless, despite any short-comings the present listing
should more than adequately serve the informational needs
of analysts and researchers in many areas of the United
States and provide a reasonable point of departure for
examining a wide variety of firearm related materials
recovered from civilian and military sites (both old and
modern) .
****************************
I. SMALL ARMS
A. CARTRIDGES/CARTRIDGE CASES
1. Articles and Books
Adkins, Charles R.
1997 Late 19th and Early 20th Century Cartridge Case
Analysis in Alaska. MA thesis, University of
Alaska, Fairbanks.
Anonymous
1878 Specifications and Drawings of Cartridges for
Small Arms Patented in the United States Prior to
January 1, 1878. Washington (reprinted 1986,
Armory Publications, Tacoma, Washington).
Ball, Donald B.
1997 Things Aren't Always What They Appear To
Be: A "Case" of Mistaken Identity. Ohio Valley
Historical Archaeology 12:141-146 (notes on "lookalike" cartridge cases likely produced as caps placed
on the non-pointed ends of knitting needles).
Barnes, Frank C.
1997 Cartridges of the World (8th edition; edited by
M. L. McPherson). DBI Books, Inc., Northbrook,
Illinois (among other chapters, has sections devoted
to current and obsolete American rifle cartridges,
world handgun cartridges, world military cartridges,
British and European sporting rifle cartridges,
American rimfire cartridges, and shotgun shells; all
cartridges are illustrated and historical and metrical
data is presented; a basic reference book; 480 pp.).
Bartlett, W. A and D . B. Gallatin
1956 Cartridge Manual: An Illustrated Digest
(Introduction and Notes by Martin Rywell). Pioneer
Press, Union City, Tennessee (originally published
1878, U. S. Government Printing Office,
Washington; "Lists every cartridge patent issued in
U.S., England, and Frani;;e prior to 1878"; 53 pp.).
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Bearse, Ray
1966 Center.fire American R~fle Cartridges, 18921963. A S. Barnes and Company, South Burnswick.
Bentsen, R. K., J. K. Brown, et al.
1996 Post Firing Visualization of Fingerprints on
Spent Cartridge Cases. Science & Justice 36(1):3-8.
Brandt, Jakob H. and Horst H. Hamann
1971 Jdentifizierung von Handfeuerwaffan-Munition
("Identification of Handgun Ammunition";
German). Jornal-Verlag, Schwend GmbH, Germany
(guide to revolver, pistol, rifle, and machine gun
cartridges; worldwide in scope; 228 pp.).
Bussard, Michael E.
1999 Finding Oddball Ammo. American Rifleman
147(8; August):26-29 (notes on contemporary
sources for rare and obsolete pistol and revolver
cartridges and cartridge cases).
Coates, Earl J. and Dean S. Thomas
1990 An Introduction to Civil War Small Arms.
Thomas Publications, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
(short descriptions of virtually all Civil War
handguns and shoulder weapons; illustrations of
each weapon and the ammunition used therein; see
also discussion of Civil War ammunition on pp. 6768; 96 pp.).
Conway, Gordon G.
1973 Small Arms Ammunition. In Small Arms in
Profile (A J. R. Cormak, editor), pp. 1-40.
Doubleday and Company, Garden City, New Jersey.
Datig, Fred A
1956 Cartridges for Collectors - Volume I
(Centeljire) . Borden Publishing Co., Alhambra,
California (illustrates and discusses a number of
metric, British, and American centerfire
cartridges; the headstamp lists of German
manufacturer DWM and Austrian manufacturer G.
Roth appear as appendices; 174 pp.)
1958 Cartridges.for Collectors - Volume II
(Centerfire-Rimjire-Patent Ignition) . Borden
Publishing Co., Los Angeles, California (illustrates
and discusses a number of metric, British, and
American center.fire, rimfire, and patent ignition
cartridges; appendices include German and British
military headstamp codes; 176 pp.).
1967 Cartridges for Collectors - Volume III
(Centerfire-Rimfire-Plastic). Borden Publishing Co.,
Alhambra, California (illustrates and discusses a
number of metric, NATO, British, American,
rimfire, and plastic cased cartridges; 176 pp.).
1990 Soviet Russian Tokarev "TT" Pistols and
Cartridges, 1929-1953. The History and
Development ofImperial and Soviet Russian
Military Small Arms and A mmunition Volume 13,
Michael Zomber Company, Culver City, California
(see pp. 129-163 for extended discussion on the
specifications, types, and headstamps of the 7.62 x
25 mm Tokarev cartridge; 168 pp.).
Department of the Army
1981 Army Ammunition Data Sheets - Small Caliber
Ammunition, FSC 1305. Technical Manual TM 430001-27. Headquarters, Department of the Army,
Washington (covers all metallic cartridges from .22
caliber to 30 mm and shotgun shells used by the
U. S. Army at the time of issuance of this manual;
paginated by section).
Departments of the Army and the Air Force
1953 Japanese Explosive Ordnance (Army
Ammunition, Navy Ammunition). Army Technical
Manual TM 9-1985-5; Air Force Technical Manual
TO 39B-1A-12. Government Printing Office,
Washington (see Volume 2, chapters 4 and 5 for
descriptions of Japanese military small arms
ammunition; these chapters reprinted 1993 by Julin
Books, Palm Beach Gardens, Florida).
Dickey, Pete
1983 How to Find Hard-to-Find Cartridges.
American Rifleman 131(4; April):26-27. 76-79.
Donnelly, John J.
1987 The Hand/oader 's Manual of Cartridge Case
Conversions. Stoeger Publishing Company, South
Hackensack, New Jersey (gives detailed
measurements of hundreds of antique and modern
metallic cartridges; 1,055 pp.).
Erlmeier, Hans A and Jakob H. Brandt
1967 Manual of Pistol and Revolver Cartridges:
Volume 1, Centerfire Metric Calibers. J. E.
Erlmeier, Wiesbaden, Germany.
Ezell, Edward C.
1981 Handguns of the World: Military Revolvers and
Self-Loaders from 1870-1945. Stackpole Books,
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (sec chapter entitled
"Military Handgun Cartridges 1870-1945", pp. 678-
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692; index; 704 pp.).
Fleming, Bill
1993 British Sporting Rifle Cartridges. Armory
Publications, Seattle, Washington (312 pp.).
Fox, Richard Allan, Jr.
1993 Archaeology, History, and Custer's Last Battle.
University of Oklahoma Press, Norman and London
(note especially pp. 3 9-131 detailing the application
of forensic firearm techniques to analyze the
recovered cartridge cases to determine the
numbers and types of firearms used and the
progression of the battle; xviii+ 411 pp.).
Fox, Richard Allan, Jr. And Douglas D. Scott
1991 The Post-Civil War Battlefield Pattern: An
Example from the Custer Battlefield. Historical
Archaeology 25(2):92-103 (synthesis of application
of forensic cartridge and bullet analytical methods
discussed in Fox 1993).
Frigiola, Jim
1999 20th Century U. S. Service Cartridges. American
Rifleman 147(3; March):46-47, 65, 67 (clearly
written guide to .30-40 Krag, .30-'03 and .30-'06
Springfield, .30 Carbine, 7.62 NATO, and 5.56
NATO rounds).
Gander, Terry J. and Ian V. Hogg (editors)
1993 Jane 'sAmmunition Handbook: 1994 (2nd
edition). Jane 's Information Group, Coulsdon,
Surrey, United Kingdom (extensive coverage of
world-wide ammunition from small arms to
artillery; see particularly sections on "Small Arms",
pp. 1-35, and "Identification of Small Arms
Ammunition", pp. 415-429, which contain detailed
information on contemporary military ammunition
and their headstamps; xxiv + 447 pp.).
Gilbert, B. Miles
1971 The Use ofX-Rays in Cartridge Identification.
Plains A nthropologist 16(53):236-237.
Given, B. W.
1976 Latent Fingerprints on Cartridges and Expended
Cartridge Cases. Journal of Forensic Science
21:587-594.
Grove, C. A G. Judd, and R. Hom
1972 Examination of Firing Pin Impressions by
Scanning Electron Microscopy. Journal ofForensic
Science 20:701-707.
Hackley, Frank W., William H. Woodin, and Eugene. L.
Scranton
1978 History ofModern U.S. Military Small Arms
Ammunition: Volume 11-1940-1945. Gun Room
Press, place not given (more than 230 exact scale
drawings and I 00 photographs illustrate this well
research guide to the varieties of cartridges used in
this period; x.v + 297 pp.).
1998 History ofModern U. S. Mi Ii tary Small Arms
83
Ammunition: Volume I - 1880-1939 (revised).
(extensively research; covers revolver, pistol, rifle,
and machinegun am1mmition for subject period; xxv
+ 328 pp,),
Harmon, Dick
1987 Henry .44-Caliber. In Archaeological Insights
into the Custer Battle: An Assessment of the 1984
Field Season (Douglas D. Scott and Richard A Fox,
Jr., editors), pp. 68-74. University of Oklahoma
Press, Norman.
Hatcher, Julian, Frank J. Jury, and Jae Weller
1977 Firearms Identification, Investigation and
Evidence. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania (covers cartridge case and bullet
analysis).
Hogg, Ian V.
1978 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Firearms.
Chartwell Books, Inc. , Secasus, New Jersey (note
particularly the tables appearing on pp. 312-313
showing the dimensions of a number of pistol,
revolver, rifle, machine gun, and submachine gun
cartridges; 320 pp.).
1982 The Cartridge Guide: The Small Arms
Ammunition Identification Manual. Stackpole
Books, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
1985 The Illustrated Encyclopedia ofAmmunition.
Chartwell Books, Inc., Secaucas, New Jersey.
Hoyem, George A
1981 The History and Development of Small Arms
Ammunition - Volume I - Martial Long Arms:
Flintlock Through Rimfire. Armory Publications,
Tacoma, Washington (" ... traces the development of
ammunition for the military musket, rifle, and
primitive machinegun, worldwide, from the 17th
century ... through .. the rimfire"; xiv+ 230 pp.).
Ammunition - Volume III - British Sporting Rifles
from 4 Bore to .230 Inch. Armory Publications,
Oceanside, California (220 pp.)
Ammunition - Volume II - Centerfire: Primitive, and
Martial Long Arms (revised). Armory Publications,
Oceanside, California (" ... traces the development of
ammunition for the military centerfire rifle, carbine,
multi-barrel volley gun, and the early machine gun,
from 1812 through the end of the black powder era,
ca. 1890-1900"; first edition published 1982; ix+
303 pp.).
Ammunition - Volume IV - Nineteenth Century
American Percussion and Center.fire Rifle and
Primitiw Cartridges ofEurope and North America.
Armory Publications, Seattle, Washington (xii+ 235
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pp.).
Hughes, David R
1990 The History and Development of the Ml6 Rifle
and Its Cartridges. Armory Publications, Seattle,
Washington (294 pp.)
Hull, Edward A.
1986 The Burnside Breech Loading Carbines. Man at
Arms Monograph Series No. 1, Andrew Mobray,
Inc., Lincoln, Rhode Island (scattered comments and
illustrations on the distinctively shaped Burnside
cartridge; 95 pp.).
Huon, Jean
1988 Military Rifle and Machine Gun Cartridges
(English edition). Ironside International
Publishers, Alexandria, Virginia (over 1,000
illustrations; covers "From 4.5 mm to 18 mm
Enfield, Mauser and Kalshnikov, and from .17 to
.60 Remington, Winchester, and Martini ... ";
includes historical data, metrics, and applications;
xii+ 378 pp.).
Keith, Elmer
1936 Big Game Rifles and Cartridges. Small-Arms
Technical Publishing Company, Plantersville, South
Carolina.
Kent, Daniel W.
1990 German 7.9 mm Military Ammunition, 18881945 (2nd edition). Published by author, Ann Arbor,
Michigan (exceptionally detailed study of all
German cartridges produced in this caliber from
1888-1945 including numerous case markings and
variant projectiles; xiv+ 153 pp. + 11 unpaginated
appendices).
Klat, Paul
1981 American Rimfire Cartridges: Part I. American
Rifleman 129(5; May):48-51, 81.
1981 American Rimfire Cartridges: Part II. American
Rifleman 129(6; June):48-51.
Labbett, Peter
1993 British Small Arms A mmunition, 1864-1938
(Other Than .303 Inch Calibre). Armory
Publications, Oceanside, California (covers revolver,
pistol, rifle, machine gun, and anti-tank firearms;
cartridges illustrated and described in detail; with
typical headstamps shown; vi+ 352 pp.).
Layman, George J.
1997 A Guide to the Ballard Breechloader. Pioneer
Press, Union City, Tennessee (note particularly pp.
121-128 devoted to the cartridges used in Ballard
rifles; viii+ 214 pp.).
1998 A Guide to the Maynard Breechloader
(2nd/revised edition). Pioneer Press, Union City,
Tennessee (note particularly pp. 62-80 devoted to
the distinctive cartridges used in Maynard rifles; v +
148 pp.).
Lewis, Berkeley R.
1951 Maynard Arms and Ammunition. American
R~fleman 99(8; August).
1955 Morse Arms and Ammunition. American
Rifleman 103(3; March):31.
1959 Notes on Ammunition of the American Civil
War, 1861-1865. American Ordnance Association,
Washington.
1960 Small Arms and Ammunition in the United
States Service, 1776-1865. Smithsonian
Miscellaneous Collections Vol. 129, Smithsonian
Institution, Washington.
1972 Small Arms Ammunition at the International
Exposition Philadelphia, 1876. Smithsonian
Studies in History and Technology No. 11,
Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington
(illustrates and describes hundreds of early metallic
cartridges and their projectiles; iii+ 68 pp.).
Logan, Herschel C.
1948 Cartridges: A Pictorial Digest of Small Arms
Ammunition. Standard Publications, Huntington,
West Virginia (long recognized as a "standard
reference" in the field; excellent pen and ink
illustrations; covers paper, combustible, separate
primed, self-contained, patent ignition, rimfire,
centerfire, shot, and blank cartridges and several
appendices including "Partial List of
Manufacturers Headstamps .. .Past and Present";
various printings; x + 204 pp.).
Mattenheimer, A
1989 Cartridges for Breech-Loading Rifles. Armory
Publications, Oceanside, California (one of the first
works on the history and development of selfcontained cartridges, this volume contains both
English translation and reprint of original German
language text published as Die Patronen der
Ruckladungs-Gewehre, 1868, by Eduard Zernin,
Darmstadt and Leipzig; 84 pp.)
Matunas, Edward
1979 American Ammunition and Ballistics.
Winchester Press, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
McDowell, R. Bruce
1984 Development of the Henry Cartridge and Sel.f
contained Cartridges for the Toggle-linked
Winchesters. A.M.B., Metuchen, New Jersey (useful
information on the development of a variety of early
cartridge types; iii + 69 pp.).
1997 A Study of Colt Conversions and Other
Percussion Revolvers. Krause Publications, Iola,
Wisconsin (contains useful infonnation concerning
the numerous varieties of oftentimes unusually
shaped proprietary cartridges made specifically for
percussion ignition Civil War era revolvers
converted to fire metallic cartridges; 463 pp.).
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Mention, Philippe and Christian Ramio
1988 Les Cartouches du Systeme Gras/Cartridges of
the Gras System (French and English text) Armory
Publications, Oceanside, California (detailed study
of the history, evolution, and varieties of the French
Gras cartridge in use from 1874 until after World
War I; xi+ 147 pp.).
National Rifle Association
1989 NRA Firearms Fact Book (3rd edition). National
Rifle Association, Washington (among many
information chapters in this volume, note pp. 31-70
concerning firearm, ignition system and cartridge
and bullet development; xii+ 318 pp.).
O'Connor, Jack
1968 Postwar Cartridges. Outdoor Life 141(March):
64.
1969 Changes in Shotgun Shells. Outdoor Life
143(March):130.
Reilly, Robert M.
1970 United States Mi Ii tary Small Arms, 1816-1865.
Gun Room Press, Highland Park, New Jersey (no
cartridges illustrated but provides information on the
application of the following rounds - Allen No. 56/
.36 cal., pg. 189; Henry .44 rimfire, pg. 46; Joslyn
.52 rimfire, pg. 141; Shapes & Hankins No. 56/.52
cal. rimfire, pp. 59, 61, 159; Smith & Wesson .32
Long rimfire, pg. 244; Spencer No. 56 1.52 cal.
rimfire, pp. 61 , 162, 165; and Warner .50 rimfire,
pg. 167-168; index; xxii + 275 pp.).
Romanini, Paolo
1991 Cartucce per Armi Corte (Italian). Editoriale
Olimpia, Vallecchi Editore S.p.A., Rome, Italy
(guide to civilian and military pistol and revolver
cartridges; 343 pp.).
Rywell, Martin
1979 Sharps Rifle: The Gun That Shaped American
Destiny. Pioneer Press, Union City, Tennessee
(originally published 1957; see pp. 117-118 for
illustrations of and comments on the cartridges used
in various models of Sharps rifles; 156 pp.).
Scott, Douglas D. and Richard A Fox, Jr.
1987 Archaeological Insights into the Custer Battle:
An Assessment of the 1984 Field Season. University
of Oklahoma Press, Norman and London (extended
discussion of cartridges, cartridge cases, bullets, and
gun parts found at this June 25, 1876, battlefield in
Montana; xiii+ 138 pp.).
Scott, Douglas D., Richard A. Fox, Jr., Melissa A. Conner,
and Dick Harmon
1989 Archaeological Perspectives on the Battle of the
Little Bighorn. University of Oklahoma Press,
Norman and London (final evaluation of over 5,100
artifacts including numerous cartridges, cartridge
cases, and bullets; notable for the application of
85
forensi~ investigative techniques for determining the
number and movement of weapons across the battle
field; see particularly pp. 103-121 and 153-186; xvii
+ 309 pp.).
Secretary of State for War
1887 Treatise on A mmunition, 1887. Her Majesty' s
Stationery Office, London (heavily oriented toward
artillery but contains useful information on military
long arm ammunition of the era; reprinted 1998,
John Searle, Oakey, Australia; x + 480 pp.).
Secretary of the Air Force
1983 Storage and Maintenance Procedures, Small
Arms Ammunition (revised edition). Technical
Manual T. 0. 11Al3-10-7, Washington.
Seidel, Fritz
1977 Das Patronenbuch ["The Cartridge Book"; in
German]. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft MGH, Munchen,
Germany.
Sheehan, Michael S.
1986 A Manual for the Identification of Small Arms
Ordnance Material. New York State A rchaeological
A ssociation Bulletin 93:27-50.
Smith, Carlyle S.
1954 Cartridges and Bullets from Fort Stevenson,
North Dakota. Plains Anthropologist 1(1):25-29.
1955 An Analysis of the Firearms and Related
Specimens from Like-a-Fishook Village and Fort
Berthold I. Plains Anthropologist 4:3-12.
1972 Firearms, Ammunition, and Military Gear from
Fort Berthold I. In: Like-a-Fishook Village and Fort
Berthold, Garison Reservior, North Dakota by G.
Hubert Smith, pp. 108-111 . Anthropological Papers
No. 2, National Park Service, U.S. Department of
the Interior, Washington (includes descriptions and
identification of cartridge cases associated with this
19th century facility) .
Smith, G. Hubert and Carlye S. Smith
1972 Firearms, Gunflints, and Ammunition from Fort
Berthold IL In: Like-a-Fishook Village and Fort
Berthold, Garison Reservior, North Dakota by G.
Hubert Smith, pp. 163-165. Anthropological Papers
No. 2, National Park Service, U.S. Department of
the Interior, Washington (includes descriptions and
identification of cartridge cases associated with this
19th century facility) .
Smith, Gene P. and Chris C. Curtis
1983 The Pinfire System. Bushman-Brashaw
Publishing Company, San Francisco, California
(developed in 1835 in France, pinfire ignition was
used in both shotgun shells and revolver cartridges;
this system was effectively obsolete by ca. 1900).
Steward, Frank H.
1969 Shotgun Shells: Identification, Manufacturers,
and Checklist for Collectors. B&P Associates, St.
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Louis, Missouri.
Stottman, M. Jay and Charles D . Hockensmith
1998 Archaeological Investigations at the 1795 Elijah
Foley House, Fayette County, Kentucky. In: Current
Archaeological Research in Kentucky (Charles D .
Hockensmith, Kenneth C. Carstens, Charles Stout,
and Sara J. Rivers, editors), pp. 265-314. Kentucky
Heritage Council, Frankfort (brief description of20
firearm related artifacts including 16 metallic
cartridge cases; see pg. 290).
Suydam, Charles R.
1965 American Pistol and Revolver Cartridges: Part
III, Frankford Arsenal Cartridges 1866-1882. The
Gun Report 11(2):28-34.
IV, Rim:fire Cartridges. The Gun Report 11(3): 1219.
V, Centerfire Revolver Cartridges. The Gun Report
11(7):30-39.
1973 The American Cartridge: A n Illustrated Study
of the Rim/ire Cartridge in the United States
(revised edition). Borden Publishing Co., Alhambra,
California (informative and well illustrated book
with much useful information though now outdated
by Barber 1987; 184 pp.).
1977 U S. Cartridges and Their Handguns, 17951975. Beinfield Publishers, Inc., Hollywood,
California.
Temple, B. A
1977 The Boxer Cartridge in the British Service.
Published by the author, Wynnum Central,
Australia ("This book relates the history of the
Boxer cartridge as used by Britain and her colonies
from 1866 to the 1930's, with reference to colonial
production, including Australia' s"; viii+ 200 pp.).
1986 Identification Manual on the .303 British
Service Cartridge: No. I -Bal/ A mmunition.
Published by the author, Burbank, Australia (xii+
84 pp.).
Service Cartridge: No. 2 - Blank Ammunition.
Published by the author, Burbank, Australia (xi+ 95
pp.).
Service Cartridge: No. 3 - Special Purpose
A mmunition. Published by the author, Burbank,
Australia (xi+ 82 pp.).
Service Cartridge: No. 4 - Dummy Cartridges (1) .
Published by the author, Burbank, Australia (xii +
84 pp.).
Service Cartridge: No. 5 - Dummy Cartridges (2).
Published by the author, Burbank, Australia xiv + 78
pp-).
Thomas, H. H
1991 The Story ofAllen and Wheelock Firearms_
Pioneer Press, Union City, Tennessee (see pp. 94-97
for discussion and illustrations of Allen and
Wheelock proprietary lip fire cartridges; xiv + 125
pp.).
Thomas, James E. and Dean S. Thomas
1996 A Handbook of Civil War Bullets & Cartridges.
(useful pictorial guide to many Civil War projectiles
and their associated paper, foil, or metallic cases; xii
+ 76 pp.).
Treadwell, Major T. J.
1873 Metallic Cartridges (Regulation and
Experimental) as Manufactured and Tested at the
Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Government Printing Office, Washington
(informative discussion and exceptionally well done
line drawings of a number of early and experimental
metallic cartridges; reprinted, n.d., The Armoury,
West Hurley, New York; 81 pp.).
White, Henry P. and Burton D. Munhall
1948 Centerfire Metric Pistol and Revolver
Cartridges. Sportmen's Press, Washington.
1950 Centerfire American and British Pistol and
Revolver Cartridges. Sportmen's Press,
Washington.
2. Trade Publications
Bounty Books
1969 1902 Edition of the Sears, Roebuck Catalogue.
Bounty Books, New York (see pp. 322-329 for
listing of cartridges, shotgun shells, and reloading
equipment).
Chelsea House
1976 1897 Sears Roebuck Catalogue. Chelsea House
Publishers, New York (not paginated; see listing of
cartridges, shotgun shells, and reloading
equipment).
Dover Publications
1969 Montgomery Ward & Co. Catalogue and
Buyers' Guide No. 57, Spring and Summer 1895.
Dover Publications, Inc. New York (see pp. 470-4 79
for listing of cartridges, shotgun shells, and
reloading equipment; xiii+ 624 pp.).
Hoyem, George A. (compiler)
1991-1993 Catalogues, WR.A. CO., 1865-1918 (12
volumes). Armory Publications, Seattle, Washington
(reprints of 54 Winchester trade catalogs).
1996 Cartridge Catalogues. Armory Publications,
Inc., Coeur d'Alene, Idaho (reprints of 17 cartridge
Volume 15
2000
catalogs dating from 1886-1939 from the firms of
Union Metallic Cartridge, Dominion, Eley,
Winchester, Remington, United States Cartridge,
Peters, DWM, and others; 476 pp.).
Mirken, Alan (editor)
1970 1927 Edition of the Sears, Roebuck Catalogue.
Bounty Books/Crown Publishers, New York (see pp.
508-509 for listing of cartridges and shotgun shells).
Romaine, Lawrence B.
1990 A Guide to American Trade Catalogs, 17441900. Dover Publications, New York (see pp. 141146 for listing of firearm, ammunition, and
reloading equipment; originally published 1960,
R. R. Bowker Company, New York; index; xxiii +
422 pp.).
Schroeder, Joseph J., Jr.
1973 1923 Sears, Roebuck Catalogue. Digest Books,
Inc., Northfield, Illinois (see pp. 790-791 for listing
of cartridges and shotgun shells).
Winchester Repeating Arms Company
1891 Winchester's Repeating Fire Arms (catalog
published March 1891; anonymously reprinted
1990s; numerous illustrations of handgun, rifle, and
shotgun ammunition produced at that time and
retail prices for same; 84 pp.).
B. HEADSTAMPS
Ball, Donald B.
1997a An Introduction to Metallic Cartridge Case
Terminology, Identification, and Headstamps.
Ohio Valley Historical Archaeology 12: 112-129
(includes useful listing of many 20th century
American civilian and military headstamps).
1997b Types, Headstamps, and Chronology of
Winchester Shotgun Shells, 1877-1973. Ohio Valley
Historical Archaeology 12: 130-140 (well organized
summary of data originally published in Stadt 1995).
Barber, John L.
1987 The Rimfire Cartridge in the United States and
Canada: An Illustrated History ofIts Manufacturers
and Their Products, 1857-1984. Armory
Publications, Tacoma, Washington (contains
detailed histories of 40 companies which have
manufactured rimfire cartridges in the United States
and Canada and, importantly, a wealth of
information on the headstamps used by these firms;
in some instances, cases produced without an
identifying headstamp can be attributed to a specific
company on the basis of the tool marks appearing on
the case; an invaluable resource; ix+ 221 pp.).
Corsi, Riccardo
1990 Guida per L 'Jdentijicazione delle Cartucce
(Guide to the Identification of Cartridges"; Italian).
87
Editoriale Olimpia, Vallecchi Editore S.p.A., Rome,
Italy (worldwide guide to identification of centerfire
metallic canridge cases; 336 pp.).
Hom. Warren R
1962 Headstamps and Cartridge Identification
Gui de:. Sheldon Press, Burlington, Vermont.
Pawlas, Karl R.
1987 Bodenstempel-Lexikon: Zentralfeuer-Patronen
for Pistolen und Revolver (German). Journal-Vertag
Schwend GmbH, Auflage, Gem1any (guide to
headstamps on pistol and revolver cartridges;
emphasis on European headstamps; 119 pp.).
Rhino Publishing Company
1989 Identification Guide for Military Small Caliber
Ammunition (I'o Include Package Identification):
Volume I - Small Arms Cartridges to 15 mm.
Seneca, South Carolina (illustrates hundreds of
headstamps from around the world dating from the
1930s to present; reprint of Department of Defense
publication; x + 189 pp.).
Stadt, Ronald W.
1995 Winchester Shotguns and Shotshellsfrom the
Hammer Double to the Model 59 (2nd edition).
Krause Publications, Iola, Wisconsin (contains
extensive - though not conveniently organized data on types and chronology of Winchester
produced shotgun shells; information summarized in
Ball 1997b; 288 pp.).
Suydam, Charles R.
1978 How to Identify Cartridge Headstamps. Guns &
Ammo, February, pp. 47-48, 90-91.
White, Henry P. and Burton D . Munhall
1977 Cartridge Headstamp Guide (revised edition
prepared by R. T. Huntington and D . R. Dunn). H.
P. White Laboratories, Bel Air, Maryland.
C.BULLETS
Accurate Amis Company
1994 Accurate Smokeless Powder Loading Guide
Number One. McEwen, Tennessee (presents scale
drawings and measurements for a number of modem
metallic cartridges and data on the types of
projectiles used therein; xii+ 346 pp.)
Anonymous
1885 Exploding Bullets that would not Explode.
The Manufacturer and Builder 17(2; February):48
(see below).
1885 Exploding Bullets. The Manufacturer and
Builder 17(6; June:):l44 (see below).
ums fa.-ploding Dullcb. The Mamifactun:r and
Ruilder 17(8; August):l91 (comments on conkal
lead bullets "in the pointed end [of which] is
inserted a small copper tuoo 1/8 inch long; the
88
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2000
interior end is open, the exterior end is closed, and
the whole firmly and closely set in the leaden
bullet" ; the copper tube was typically filled with a
fulminating powder exploded by impact).
1894 Tungsten for Bullets. The Manufacturer and
Builder 26(10; October):238 (notes that tungsten "is
about one and a half times as heavy as lead ... and
would have from two to three times the penetrating
power of projectiles oflead").
Bonfanti, M. S. and J. De Kinder
1999 The Influence of Manufacturing Processes on
the Identification of Bullets and Cartridge Cases - A
Review of the Literature. Science & Justice 39(1):
3-10.
Booker, J. L.
1980 The Classification of Jacketed Sporting
Ammunition. Journal of Forensic Science 25 :786795.
Broun, William Le Roy
1898 The Red Artillery. Southern Historical Society
Papers 26:365-376 (among many comments of
interest are remarks concerning efforts by the
Confederates to development an elongated lead
projectile partially encased by a wood sabot to
increase the accuracy and distance of smooth bore
muskets).
Bryman, Mitch
1997 Amly Seeks Environmental Benefits from
"Unleaded" Bullets. Environmental Update 9(2;
Spring):&, U. S. Amly Environmental Center Public
Affairs Office, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
(announcement on development of tungsten core
5.56 mm, 7.62 mm, and 9 mm bullets to eliminate
lead contamination at military shooting ranges;
these bullets were to be produced at the Lake City
Army Ammunition Plant in Missouri).
Burrand, Major Sir Gerald
1964 The Identification ofFirearms and Forensic
Ballistics. AS. Barnes & Company, New York.
Charters, A C. and R. N. Thomas
1945 The Aerodynamic Performance of Small Sphere
from Subsonic to Supersonic Velocities. Journal of
Area/Space Studies 12(4):468-476.
Conradi, S. E.
1982 New Aluminum-Jacketed Ammunition: The
Case of the "Invisible" Jacket. American Journal of
Forensic Medical Pathology 3:153-155.
De Haan, John D.
1983 Homicide with a Blackpowder Handgun.
Journal of Forensic Science 28(3):724-734 (study of
effects of bullets fired from this type of firearm).
DiMaio, V. J., S. E. Dana, W. E. Taylor, and J. Ondrusek
1987 Use of Scanning Microscopy and Energy
Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM-EDXA) in
Identification of Foreign Material on Bullets.
Journal of Forensic Science 32:38-47.
Dixon, D S
1982 Keyhole Lesions in Gunshot Wounds of the
Skull and Direction of Fire. Journal ofForensic
Science 27;555-566.
1984 Determination of Direction of Fire from Graze
Gunshot Wounds oflntemal Organs. Journal of
Forensic Science 29:331-335.
1984 Exit Keyhole Lesion and Direction of Fire in a
Gunshot Wound of the Skull. Journal of Forensic
Science 29:336-339.
Faulkner, Charles H.
1993 Artifacts. In: The Sevierville Hill Site: A Civil
War Union Encampment on the Southern Heights of
Knoxville, Tennessee (Charles Bentz and Yong W.
Kim, editors), pp. 81-110. Miscellaneous Paper No.
17, Tennessee Anthropological Association,
Knoxville (illustration and descriptive comments on
pp. 97-101 ofa small sample of .577 caliber minie
balls and percussion caps; x + 147 pp.).
Fishbeck, H.J., S. R. Ryan, and C. C. Snow
1986 Detection of Bullet Residue in Bone Using
Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission (PDCE). Journal of
Hamilton, T. M.
1976 Firearms on the Frontier: Guns at Fort
Michilimacimac, 1715-1781. Reports in Mackinac
History and Archaeology No. 5, Mackinac Island
State Park Commission, Mackinac, Michigan (note
analysis of 448 round ball bullets and miscellaneous
shot on pp. 33-35)
1982 Indian Trade Guns. Pioneer Press, Union City,
Tennessee (note particularly the comments on pp.
76 and 82-86 on the weight and irregular size of a
series of "round" lead ball projectiles from two 18th
century Osage Indian sites in Missouri; originally
published 1960 as Volume 22 of the Missouri
Archaeologist; x + 258 pp.).
Haney, M. A and J. F. Gallagher
1975 Differentiation of Bullets by Spark Source Mass
Spectrometry. Journal ofForensic Science 20:484500.
Hanson, Lee and Dick Ping Hsu
1975 Casements and Cannonballs: Archeological
Investigations at Fort Stanwix, Rome, New York.
Publications in Archeology 14, U. S. Department of
the Interior, National Park Service, Washington
(excavations at this 1758-1781 British and
American fort produced 1,008 musket balls, 102
buckshot, 198 birdshol, 535 sprue and lead waste
fragments; musket balls ranged from 0 .47" to 0.75"
with 507 measuring 0.69" ; index; xii+ 177 pp.)
Hatcher, Julian S.
Volume 15
2000
Textbook ofFirearms Investigation,
Identification, and Evidence. Small Arms Technical
Publishing Company, Onslow County, North
Carolina.
Hatcher, Julian S., Frank J. Jury, and Jack Weller
1977 Firearms Investigation, Identification, and
Evidence. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania.
Hayden, Rev. Horace Edwin
1880 Explosive or Poisoned Musket or Rifle Balls.
Southern Historical Society Papers 8(1):18-28
(notes that such bullets were not used by
Confederate troops though such projectiles were in
fact patented and manufactured in the north during
the Civil War)
Hornady Manufacturing Company
1980 Hornady Handbook of Cartridge Reloading (3 'd
edition). Grand Island, Nebraska (presents scale
drawings and measurements for a number of modern
metallic cartridges and important data on the types
of projectiles used therein; x + 665 pp.)
Izak-Biran, T., V. P. Guinn, and M. A. Purcell
1980 Detailed Study of the Removal of Copper
Jackets from Jacketed Bullets. Journal ofForensic
Science 25:374-379.
Jauhari, M. S., S. M. Chatterjee, et al.
1974 Remaining Velocities of Bullets Fired Through
Glass Plates. Journal of the Forensic Science
Society 14(1):3-7.
Jones, J. William
1886 A Visit to Beauvoir - President Davis and
Family at Home. Southern Historical Society Papers
14:447-454 (of note are comments by Davis,
President of the Confederacy, on the development of
minie balls as the standard army bullet at the time
he served as U.S. Secretary of War; pp. 450-451)
Madea, B. and M. Staak
1988 Determination of the Sequence of Gunshot
Wounds of the Skull. Journal of the Forensic
Science Society 28(5-6):321-328.
Mannes, Philip
1980 Tables of Bullet Performance. Wolfe Publishing
Company, Prescott, Arizona (invaluable for serious
ballistic research; xii+ 407 pp.).
Marshall, Evan P. and Edwin J. Sanow
1992 Handgun Stopping Power: The Definitive Study.
Paladin Press, Boulder, Colorado (evaluation of the
real-world effects of handgun bullets ranging in size
from .380 Auto to .45 ACP on human tissue based
upon autopsies and extensive interviews with
1935
emergency room doctors; xi -t- 234 pp.).
Matthews, Paul
1991 The Paper Jacket. Wolfe Publishing Company,
Prescott, Arizona (detailed study of paper jacket
89
bullets used in selected large bore hunting rifles of
the late 19th century; such jackets allows for higher
bullet velocity while eliminating or reducing lead
fouling in the bore of the weapon; xviii+ 140 pp.).
McKee, W. Reid and M. E. Mason, Jr.
1995 Civil War Projectiles JI- Small A rms & Field
Artillery with Supplement (revised 2nd edition).
Publisher's Press, Inc. , Orange, Virginia (known to
Civil War buffs as the "bullet book", this study
illustrates and describes hundreds of long arm and
artillery projectiles and - importantly - relates them
to the weapons which fired them; also illustrates a
number of paper and metallic cartridges of the era
and bullet molds; reprint of 1980 edition; 205 pp.).
Mitosinka, G. T.
1971 A Technique for Determining and Illustrating
the Trajectory of Bullets. Journal of the Forensic
Science Society 11(1):55-61.
Officers of the Ordnance Department
1856 R eports on Experiments with Small Arms for
the Military Service. A 0. P. Nicholson, Public
Printer, Washington (based upon the results of this
study, the US. Army decided to adopt the minie
ball for use in military rifles; reprinted 1984, Dean
S. Thomas, Arendtsville, Pennsylvania; 117 pp. + 37
pp. of appendices).
Phillips, Stanley S.
1971 Bullets Used in the Civil War. Wilson' s
Specialty Co., Lanham, Maryland.
Price, G.
1968 Recent Advances in Ballistics Laboratory
Methods. Journal of the Forensic Science Society
8(2):83-90.
Rinker, Robert A
1996 Understanding Ballistics: Basic to Advanced
Ballistics Simplified, Illustrated & Explained
(revised 2nd edition). Mulberry House Publishing
Company, Corydon, Indiana (a solid study of
internal, external, and terminal ballistics; very
useful resource; vii+ 373 pp.).
Simmilink, l W., E . M . Robinson, and L. S. Staikoff
1981 Identification of Bullet Particles in Bone
Fragments by Electron Beam X-Ray Microanalysis.
Journal of Forensic Science 26:686-690.
Sivilich, Daniel M.
1996 Analyzing Musket Balls to Interpret a
Revolutionary War Site. Historical Archaeology
30(2):101-109 (analysis ofa sampling of0.68-0.70"
diameter musket balls from a likely overnight
military encampment site near Middletown,
Monmouth County, New Jersey).
Smith, Samuel D.
1994 Excavation Data for Civil War Sites in Middle
Tennessee. In: Look to the .t:arth. Historical
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A rchaeology and the American Civil War (Clarence
R Geier, Jr. And Susan E. Winter, editors), pp. 6075, University of Tennessee Press, Kno:l\.'Ville (note
discussion of 415 Civil War small arms projectiles
on pp. 71-74).
Smith, W. C. and A. A Biasotti
1971 Terminal Ballistics Effects Using Caliber .30
Military Ammunition. Journal ofthe Forensic
Speer
1987 Speer Reloading Manual Number 11. Sporting
Equipment Division, Blount, Inc., Lewiston, Idaho
(presents scale drawings and measurements for a
number of modem metallic cartridges and useful
data on the types of projectiles used therewith; 621
pp.).
Stahl, C. l , S. R Jones, F. B. Johnson, and l L Luke
1979 The Effects of Glass as an Intermediate Target
on Bullets: Experimental Studies and Report of a
Case. Journal ofForensic Science 24 :6-17.
Staski, Edward and Paul S. Johnson
1992 Munition Artifacts from Fort Fillmore, New
Mexico. Historical A rchaeology 26(2) :66-73
(analysis of munition related artifacts including a
variety of round and elongated bullets from this
1851-1862 era fort) .
Thomas, Dean S.
1993 Ready. .. Aim ... Fire! Small Arms Ammunition
in the Battle of Gettysburg. Thomas Publications,
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (helpful guide to types of
bullets used in this battle; this study relates the
reported projectiles to the weapons which fired
them; vii+ 67 pp.).
Thornton, J. L, D. Crim, and P. J. Cashman
1986 The Effect of Tempered Glass on Bullet
Trajectory. Journal of Forensic Science 31:743-746.
Willey, P. and Douglas D . Scott
1996 "The Bullets Buzzed Like Bees": Gunshot
Wounds in Skeletons from the Battle of the Little
Bighorn. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
6(1): 15-27. Descriptions of gunshot wounds found
in skeletons of soldiers at this 1876 battlefield.
D. SHOT PELLETS
Anderson, Robert S. L
1985 Reloading for Shotgunners. DBI Books, Inc.,
Northbrook, Illinois (see pg. 52 for table of shot
pellet sizes and weights and table on pg. 124
for applications of various sizes of shot; 256 pp.).
DeMuth, W. E., G. G. Nicholas, and B. L. Munger
1976 Buckshot Wounds. Journal of Trauma 18:53-57.
Drake, V.
1962 Shotgun Ballistics - 1. Journal of the Forensic
Science Society 2(2):85-93 (deals" ... mainly with
manufacture, constitution, pressure and velocity").
1%2 Shotgun Ballistics· 2. Journal of the Foremic
Science Society 3(1):22-32 (deals" ... mainly with
pattern, penetration and gun bursts").
Hamilton, T. M.
1980 Colonial Frontier Guns. Fur Press, Chadron,
Nebraska (see pp. 125-126 for a very informative
discussion of the difference between English and
French bore measurement systems and pp. 130 and
132 for comments on tumbled, rupert, and dropped
shot for shotguns; index; 176 pp.).
Matunas, Edward A and Thomas J. Griffin (editors)
1995 Shotshell Reloading Handbook (4th edition).
Lyman Products Corporation, Middletown,
Connecticut (see "Lead Pellet Size and Weight"
table on pg. 68 for use as a guide to analyzing
recovered shot; Chapter 3 on "Shotshell Cases" on
pp. 26-4 7 likewise helpful to identify modem plastic
hulls; 372 pp.).
Ramage, C. Kenneth (editor)
1984 Lyman Shotshell Handbook (3rd edition). Lyman
Publications, Middlefield, Connecticut (see tables on
pp. 290-291 for data on shot size and weight;
Chapter VII, "Components" very useful for
identifying more recent shotshell hulls and wads;
312 pp.).
Russell, Carl P.
1996 Guns on the Early Frontiers: A History ofBlack
Powder Weapons from Colonial Times to the
Mexican War. Barnes & Nobel Books, New York
(note section on "Leaden Missiles" on pp. 231-236
with comments on cost of lead, sizes of shot, and
round ball production in molds; originally published
1960, University of California, Berkeley; index;
:\.'V + 395).
Speak, R. D., F. C. Kerr, and W. F. Rowe
1985 Effects of Range, Caliber, Barrel Length, and
Rifling on Pellet Patterns Produced by Shotshell
Ammunition. Journal o.fForensic Science 30:412419.
E. AMMUNITION PRODUCTION
1. Cartridge Case Manufacture
Anonymous
n.d. History of Small-Arms Ammunition, 1917-1919.
Design Publications, Hyattsville, Maryland
(obviously reprinted from an unspecified U. S.
Government report, this study details the problems
faced by the companies producing ammunition for
U. S. forces during World War I; likely a copy ofB.
Crowell'sAmerica 's Munitions 1917-1918
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2000
published 1919 by Government Printing Office,
Washington; 40 pp.).
Frost, George E.
1990 Ammunition Making: An Insider's Story.
National Rifle Association, Washington, D. C.
(clearly written and very informative account of all
aspects of 20th century cartridge production; xiii +
161 pp.).
Hamilton, Douglas T.
1916 Cartridge Manufacture. Industrial Press, New
York (very informative and well illustrated technical
volume prepared for machinists; viii+ 167 pp.).
Lewis, Berkeley R.
1955 Meigs and the U. S. Cartridge Company.
American Rifleman 103(6; June):22.
Murphey, Joseph S.
1993 End of an Era ... A World War II Ammunition
Plant Closes. Nexus 2(2):7-9. U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Fort Worth District, Ft. Worth, Texas
(article concerning closure of the Twin Cities Army
ammunition Plant in St. Paul, Minnesota; includes
pictures of some structures and production
equipment).
Shaffer, Scott C., Deborah L. Crown, and Wendy J.
Eliason
1996 The World War II Ordnance Department's
Government-Owned Contractor Operated (GOCO)
Industrial Facilities: Lake City Anny Ammunition
Plant Historic Investigations. US. Army Materiel
Command Historic Context Series Report o.f
Investigations No. lOA. Report prepared by GeoMarine, Plano, Texas, for U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Fort Worth, Texas (the Lake City plant
began production of small arms ammunition in
1942; operated by Remington, this facility produced
over five and one-half billion cartridges during
World War II; still operating; interesting insights
into the problems of producing ammunition under
war time conditions; xi+ 108 pp.).
Thomas, Dean S.
1997 Round Ball to Rim.fire: A History of Civil War
Small Arms Ammunition, Part L Thomas
Publications, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (examines
the history and operations of the U. S. Ordnance
Department from 1855-1865, the ammunition
production capabilities of all northern arsenals and
their equipment and illustrates the ammunition they
produced; likely to become a standard reference on
the subject; vii + 334 pp.).
Vogel, R. C. and D. L. Crown
1995 The World War II Ordnance Department's
Government-Owned Contractor-Operated (GOCO)
Industrial Facilities: Twin Cities Army Ammunition
Plant. U.S. Army Materiel Command Historic
91
Cun/er/ Series Report ofInvestigations No. 8A.
Repon prepared by Geo-Marine, Plano, Texas, for
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fon Wonh, Texas
(the Twin Cities plant produced small arms
ammunition during World War II; this facility is
now closed).
2. Reloading and Firearm Maintenance Tools
Brown, M. L.
1980 Firearms in Colonial America: The Impact on
History and Technology, 1492-1792. Smithsonian
Institution Press, Washington (comments on and
illustrations of early bullet molds on pp. 12, 83, 245,
254, 258, 279, 311, and 328; extensive bibliography;
index; xiv+ 448 pp).
Chamberlain, R. H.
1988 Early Loading Tools and Bullet Molds. Pioneer
Press, Union City, Tennessee (heavily oriented
towards late 19th reloading equipment; viii+ 88 pp.).
Chamberlain, R. H. and Tom Quigley
1998 Cartridge Reloading Tools of the Past. Tom
Quigley, Castle Rock, Washington (heavily oriented
towards late 19th reloading equipment; 167 pp.).
Dorsey, R. Stephen and James B. Schaffer
1997 Gun Tools: Their History and Identification Volume 2. Collector's Library, Eugene, Oregon
(continued coverage of firearm related tools dating
from the 18th century forward; x + 395 pp.).
Peterson, Harold L.
1961 Early Bullet Molds. American Rifleman 109(10;
October) :45.
Salzer, J. Richard
1961 Bullet Molds of the American Civil War.
American Rifleman 109(4; April).
1963 Tompions for Early Small Arms. American
Rifleman 111(2; February).
1963 Combination Tools for Early U. S. Military
Long Arms. American Rifleman 111(3; March).
1966 Early U. S. Military Bullet Molds. American
Rifleman 114(10; October):52-53 .
Shaffer, James B., Lee A Rutledge, and R. Stephen Dorsey
1992 Gun Tools: Their History and Identification .
Collector's Library, Eugene, Oregon (exceptionally
well illustrated and clearly written, this volume
covers firearm related tools dating from the
Revolutionary War forward; xi+ 377 pp.).
F. FORENSIC RESIDUE STUDIES
Andresko, J. and AC. Maehly
1977 Detection of Gunshot Residues on Hands by
Science 22:279-287.
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Andrasko, J. and S. Pettersson
1991 A Simple Method for Collection of Gunshot
Residues from Clothing. Journal of the Forensic
Booker, J. L., D. D. Schroeder et al.
1984 A Note on the Variability of Barium and
Antimony Levels in Cartridge Primers and Its
Implication for Gunshot Residue Identification.
Journal of the Forensic Science Society 24(2):
81-84.
Goleb, J. A and C. R. Midkiff
1975 Firearms Discharge Residue Sample Collection
Techniques. Journal of Forensic Science 20:701707.
Hardy, D. R. and J. J. Chera
1979 Differentiation Between Single-Based and
Double-Based Gunpowders. Journal of Forensic
Science 24:618-626.
Harrison, H. C.
1959 Firearm Discharge Residues. Journal of
Jalanti, T., P. Henchoz, A Gallusser, and M. S. Bonfanti
1999 The Persistence of Gunshot Residue on
Shooter's Hands. Science & Justice 39(1):48-52.
Kilty, J. w.
1975 Activity After Shooting and Its Effect on the
Retention of Primer Residue. Journal ofForensic
Science 20:219-230.
Krishnan, S. S.
1974 Firing Distance Determination by Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometry. Journal ofForensic
Science 19:351-356.
1974 Detection of Gunshot Residue on the Hands by
Neutron Activation Analysis and Atomic Absorption
Analysis. Journal ofForensic Science 19:789-797.
Labowitz, D. I., R. C. Menzies, and R. J. Scroggie
1981 Characteristics and Wounding Effects of a
Black Powder Handgun. Journal ofForensic
Science 26 :288-301.
Lekstrom, J. A and R. D. Koons
1986 Copper and Nickel Detection on Gunshot
Targets by Dithiooxamine Test. Journal ofForensic
Science 31:1 ,283-1 ,2 91.
McKeown, W. J. and S. J. Speers
1996 Automated Method for the Analysis of Organic
Explosive Residues by HPLC With a Pendant
Mercury Drop Electrode Detector. Science & Justice
36:15-20.
Messler, H. R.
1978 Bullet Residue as Distinguished from Powder
Panern. Journal o.f Forensic Science 23:687-692.
Norton, L. E., V_l M. DiMaio, and T F _Gilcrest
1979 Iron Staining of the Hands in Suicides by
Firearms. Journal a/Forensic Science 24:608-609.
I
Price, G.
1965 Firearms Discharge Residues on Hands. Journal
of the Forensic Science Society 5(4): 199-200.
Quinn, C. C.
1998 Cartridge Discharge Residue Contamination The Search for the Source. Science & Justice 38:
81-84.
Ravreby, M.
1982 Analysis of Long-Range Bullet Entrance Holes
by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and
Science 27:92-112.
Rudzitis, E. and M. Wahlgren
1975 Firearm Residue Detection by Instrumental
Neutron Activation Analysis. Journal ofForensic
Science 20:119-124.
Sexton, J. S. and G. R. Hennigar
1979 Determining Sequence of Fire in Gunshot
Wounds: Two Case Reports. Journal ofForensic
Science 24:610-617.
Stone, I. C. and C. S. Petty
1974 Examination of Gunshot Residues. Journal of
Tassa, M., N. Adams, N. Zeldes, and Y. Leist
1982 A Field Kit for Sampling Gunshot Residue
Particles. Journal ofForensic Science 27:671-676.
Tassa, M., Y. Leist, and M. Steinberg
1982 Characterization of Gunshot Residue by X-Ray
Diffraction. Journal ofForensic Science 27:677-283.
Thornton, J. I.
1986 Close Proximity Gunshot Residues. Journal of
Tillman, W. L.
1987 Automated Gunshot Residue Particle Search
and Characterization. Journal ofForensic Science
32:62-71.
Wallace, J. S.
1998 Discharge Residue from Mercury FulminatePrimed Ammunition. Science &Justice 38:7-14.
Zeichner, A and N. Levin
1993 Collection Efficiency of Gunshot Residue (GSR)
Particles from Hair and Hands Using Double Sided
Adhesive Tape. Journal ofForensic Science
38:571.
IL ARTILLERY
A. PROJECTILES
Bartleson, John D.
1972 Civil War Explosive Ordnance 1861-1865. U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington.
Cowles, Calvin D. et al.
1891-1895 Atlas to Accompany the Official Records
Volume 15
2000
of the Union and Confederate Armies. U. S.
Government Printing Office, Washington (see the
following exceptionally well done and informative
drawings: "Drawings of Rifled Projectiles used by
the Rebels in the Virginia Campaign of 1864"
appearing as Plate CVI, part 2; "Drawings of
Rifled Projectiles used by the U. S. Forces in the
Virginia Campaign of 1864" appearing as Plate
CVII, part 6; and illustrations of ordnance appearing
in Plate CLXXllI).
Dickey, Thomas S. and Peter C. George
1993 Field Artillery Projectiles of the American Civil
War (revised and supplemented edition). Arsenal
Publications, Mechanicsville, Virginia (552 pp.).
Haecker, Charles M.
1994 A Thunder of Cannon: Archeology of the
Mexican-American War Battlefield of Palo Alto.
Southwest Cultural Resources Center Professional
Papers No. 52, National Park Service - Divisions of
Anthropology and History, Southwest Regional
Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico in addition to detailed
analysis of musket balls, contains a particularly
informative discussion ofboth U. S. and Mexican
cannon projectiles on pp. 115-122; xviii+ 221 pp.).
Kerksis, Sydney C. and Thomas S. Dickey
1968 Field Artillery Projectiles of the Civil War.
Phoenix Press, Atlanta, Georgia (307 pp.).
1972 Heavy Artillery Projectiles of the Civil War.
Phoenix Press, Atlanta, Georgia (277 pp.).
Mainfort, Robert C., Jr.
1980 Archaeological Investigations at Fort Pillow
State Historic Area: 1986-1978. Research Series No.
4, Division of Archaeology, Tennessee Department
of Conservation, Nashville (note detailed discussion
on pp. 47-58 of both artillery and longarm
ammunition and related artifacts; ix+ 198 pp.).
Melton, Jack W. and Lawrence E. Pawl
1994 Introduction to Field Artillery Ordnance 18611865. Kennesaw Mountain Press, Kennesaw
Mountain, Georgia.
1996 Guide to Civil War Artillery Projectiles.
Kennesaw Mountain Press, Kennesaw Mountain,
Georgia (exceptionally clear photographic
illustrations of a variety of cannon fuses and
projectiles with dimensional data and historical
notes on production and applications; 96 pp.).
Peterson, Harold L.
1959 Notes on Ordnance of the American Civil War.
American Ordnance Association, Washington, DC
(18 pp.).
Ripley, Warren
1984 Artillery am/Ammunition ofthe Civil War
(4th/revised edition). Battery press, Charleston,
South Carolina (well research and abundantly
93
illustrated study of the numerous smooth bore and
rifled cannons and their projectiles used in the Civil
War; index; 384 pp.).
B. WEAPONS, TACTICS, AND FORTIFICATIONS
Abbot, Brevet General Henry L.
1868 Siege Artillery in the Campaigns Against
Richmond. Professional Papers Corps ofEngineers
No. 14, D. Van Nostrand, Publisher, New York
(reprinted 1986, Dean S. Thomas, Arendtsville,
Pennsylvania; 187 pp.)
Alexander, General E. P.
1883 Confederate Artillery Service. Southern
Historical Society Papers 11(2-3):98-113 (author
served as Chief of Artillery of Longstreet's Corps).
Allen, Colonel William
1886 Reminiscences of Field Ordnance Service with
the Army of Northern Virginia. Southern Historical
Society Papers 14:137-146.
Allen, Colonel William (editor)
1884 Contributions to the History of the Confederate
Ordnance Department by General Josiah Gorgas.
Southern Historical Society Papers 12(1-2):66-94.
Anderson, Robert
1860 Evolutions ofField Batteries ofArtillery,
Translated from the French, and Arranged for the
Army and Militia of the United States. Van
Nostrand, New York (179 pp.).
1911 An Artillery Officer in the Mexican War,
1846-7. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York and
London (compilation of letters from Anderson to his
wife; xvii+ 339 pp.).
Anonymous
1885 A Sketch of the Life of General Josiah Gorgas,
Chief of Ordnance of the Confederate States.
Southern Historical Society Papers 13:216-228
(among other duties, Gorgas directed the Tredegar
Iron Works near Richmond, the Confederacy's
principal producer of artillery and related
projectiles).
Bedford, H. L.
1885 Fight Between the Batteries and Gunboats at
Fort Donelson. Southern Historical Society Papers
13:165-173.
Birkhimer, William E.
1884 Historical Sketch of the Organization,
A dministration, Materiel and Tactics of the
Artillery, United States Army. James J. Chapman,
Washington, D.C. (reprinted 1968, Greenwood Press
PLlblishers, New YQrk; 406 pp.).
Blake, Capt. Thomas B.
1920 The Artillery Brigade at Sailor's Creek.
Confederate Veteran 28 (6; June):213-216 (the
94
Volume 15
2000
battle at Sailor's Creek was one of the last fought in
Virginia).
Bogart, Charles H.
1998 Old Spanish Guns Flank War Monument in
Fort Thomas. Kentucky F.xplorer 13(6):44-45
(photographs and brief descriptions of two bronze 24
pounder Spanish cannons cast in 1768 and 1769,
respectively; on display at Ft. Thomas, Kentucky) .
Broun, William Le Roy
1898 Confederate Ordnance During the War. Journal
of the United States Artillery 9(1; JanuaryFebruary).
Canfield, Eugene B.
1960 Notes on Naval Ordnance of the American Civil
War. American Ordnance Association, Washington.
1969 Civil War Ordnance. U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington.
Carstens, Kenneth C.
1998 Archaeological Investigations at Fort Smith,
15Lv207, a Federal Civil War Gun Emplacement
Site in Smithland, Kentucky. In: Current
Archaeological Research in Kentucky (Charles D .
Hockensmith, Kenneth C. Carstens, Charles Stout,
and Sara J. Rivers, editors), pp. 329-338. Kentucky
Heritage Council, Frankfort.
Chamberlayne, John Hampden
1932 Ham Chamberlayne - Virginian: Letters and
Papers of an Artillery Officer in the War for
Southern Independence, 1861-1865. Press of the
Dietz Printing Company, Richmond, Virginia (xxx
+ 440 pp.).
Confederate Ordnance Bureau
1862 The Field Manual for the Use of the Officers on
Ordnance Duty. Ritchie and Dunnavant, Richmond,
Virginia.
Daniel, Larry J.
1984 Cannoneers in Gray: The Field Artillery of the
Army of Tennessee, 1861-1865. University of
Alabama Press, University, Alabama (well
researched and clearly written examination of the
applications and uses of artillery by the Confederacy
rather than the military hardware per se; extensive
bibliography; xii+ 236 pp.).
Daniel, Larry J. and Riley W. Gunter
1977 Confederate Cannon Foundries. Pioneer Press,
Union City, Tennessee (useful information on the
weapons which fired the projectiles; xi + 112 pp.)
Daves, Captain Graham
1884 Artillery at the Southern Arsenals. Southern
lfistorical Society Papers 12(7-9):360.
Dew, Charles B.
1966 Ironmaker to the Confederacy: Joseph R.
Anderson and the Tredegar Iron Works. Yale
University Press, New Haven (345 pp.).
Dillon, Lester R., Jr.
1975 American Artillery in the Mexican War, l 8461847. Presidial Press, Austin, Texas.
Dubose, Beverly M., III
1967
The Manufacture of Confederate Ordnance in
Georgia. Atlanta Historical Bulletin 12:8-19.
Erwin, James Q.
1961 Notes on the Coehorn Mortar. The Military
Collector and Historian Vol. 13 (Summer).
Gibbon, John
1863 The Artillerist's Manual, Etc (2°d edition). Van
Nostrand, New York (480 pp.).
Gooding, S. James
1965 An Introduction to British Artillery in North
America. Museum Restoration Service, Ottawa,
Ontario.
Goolsby, J. C.
1900 Crenshaw Battery, Pegram's Battalion,
Confederate States Artillery. Southern Historical
Society Papers 28:336-377.
Hazlett, James C.
1962 False Napoleons. Military Collector and
Historian. 14 (Summer).
1963 The Napoleon Gun, Its Origins and Introduction
into American Service. Military Collector and
Historian 15 (Spring):l-5.
1963 The Federal Napoleon. Military Collector and
Historian 15 (Winter):103-108.
1964 The Confederate Napoleon Gun. Military
Collector and Historian 16 (Winter):104-110.
1966 The Napoleon Gun, Markings, Bore Diameters,
Weights, Costs. Military Collector and Historian 18
(Winter).
1966 The Parrott Rifle. Civil War Times Illustrated
5(November):27-33.
1968 The 3-inch Ordnance Rifle. Civil War Times
Illustrated 7(December):30-36.
Hazlett, James C., Edwin Olmstead, and M. Hume Parks
1983 FieldArtillery Weaponsofthe Civil War.
University of Delaware Press, Newark, Delaware
(322 pp.; 2nd edition published 1988).
Holley, Alexander L.
1865 A Treatise on Ordnance and Armor: Embracing
Descriptions, Discussions, and Professional
Opinions Concerning the Material, Fabrication,
Requirements, Capabilities, and Endurance of
European and American Guns for Naval, Sea Coast
and Iron Clad Wa~fare and Their Rifling,
Projectiles, and Breech Loading. Van Nostrand,
New York.
Houston, Donald E.
1972 The Role of Artillery in the Mexican War.
Journal ofthe West 12(2; April):273-284.
Hughes, Major-General B. P.
Volume 15
2000
1969 British Smooth-bore Artillery: The Muzzle
Loading Artillery of the 18th and 191h Centuries.
Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
Jones, Benjamin Washington
1909 Under the Stars and Bars: A History of the
Surry Light Artillery; Recollections of a Private
Soldier in the War Between the States. Everett
Waddey Company, Richmond, Virginia
(commentary on action with an artillery unit in the
Lower James River area; 297 pp.).
Jones, Charles Colcock
1867 Historical Sketches of the Chatham Artillery
During the Confederate Struggle for Independence.
Joel Munsell, Albany, Georgia (author served as a
lieutenant in an artillery unit which saw service in
Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina; 240 pp.).
Jones, J. William (editor)
1882 The Artillery on the Gettysburg Campaign.
Southern Historical Society Papers 10(3):130-137.
Laboda, Lawrence
1994 From Selma to Appomattox: The History of the
Jeff Davis Artillery. White Mane Publishing
Company, Shippenburg, Pennsylvania.
Lattimore, Ralston B.
1954 Fort Pulaski National Monument, Georgia.
National Park Service Historical Handbook Series
No. 18, Government Printing Office, Washington
(Fort Pulaski is particularly notable in artillery
studies; built of brick in 1829-1847, a Federal
artillery attack on this CSA held fort during the
period April 10-11, 1862, demonstrated for the first
time the tactical superiority of rifled artillery against
fixed fortifications; this single incident made all
such forts obsolete; iv+ 56 pp.).
Lewis, Emanuel Raymond
1979 Seacoast Fortifications of the United States: An
Introductory History. Leeward publications, Inc.,
Annapolis, Maryland (brief examination of the
history, architecture, and related artillery associated
with these military installations; index; xiv+ 145
pp.).
Longacre, Edward G.
1977 The Man Behind the Guns: A Biography of Gen.
Henry J. Hunt, Commander ofArtillery, Army of the
Potomac. A. S. Barnes and Company, Cranbury,
New Jersey (294 pp.).
Mahan, D. H.
1863 A Treatise on Field Forti_fication (3rd edition).
John Wiley, New York.
Manigault, Major Edward
1986 Siew~ Train: The Journal of a Confederate
Artilleryman in the Defense of Charleston.
University of South Carolina Press, Columbia.
Manucy, Albert
95
1949 Artillery Through the Ages: A Short Illustrated
History of Cannon, Emphasizing Types Used in
America. National Park Service Interpretive Series
History No. 3, U S. Government Printing Office,
Washington (informative synopsis of subject matter
with discussion of types of artillery and their
operation and projectiles; still in print; iv+ 92 pp.).
McFarland, Earl
1929 Catalogue of the Ordnance Museum, United
States Military Academy. United States Military
Academy Printing Office, West Point, New York.
Melton, Maurice
1975 The Selma Navel Ordnance Works. Civil War
Times Illustrated 14(December):l8-25.
Moore, Edward Alexander
1907 The Story of a Cannoneer Under Stonewall
Jackson, in Which is Told the Part Taken by the
Rockbridge Artillery in the Army of Northern
Virginia . Neale Publishing Company, New York and
Washington (315 pp.).
Morelock, Jerry D .
1986 Wait for the Wagon!: Combat Service Support
for the Civil War Battery. Field Artillery Journal
54(March-April): 14-19.
Morton, John Watson
1988 The Artillery of Nathan Bedford Forrest 's
Cavalry, "The Wizard of the Saddle". Guild Bindery
Press, Paris, Tennessee (originally published 1909,
Publishing House of the M . E. Church, Dallas,
Texas; 374 pp.).
Naisawald, L. Van Loan
1960 Grape and Canister: The Story of the Field
Artillery of the Army ofthe Potomac, 1861-1865.
Oxford University Press, New York (593 pp.).
Neese, George Michael
1911 Three Years in the Confe derate Horse A rtillery.
Neale Publishing Company, New York and
Washington (362 pp.).
Olmstead, Edwin, Wayne E . Stark, and Spencer C.
Tucker
1997 The Big Guns: Civil War Siege, Seacoast, and
Naval Cannon. Museum Restoration Service,
Bloomfield, Ontario, and Alexandria Bay, New
York.
Ordnance Bureau
1862 The Field Manual for the Use of the Officers on
Ordnance Duty. Confederate Ordnance Bureau,
Ritchie & Dunnavant, Printers, Richmond (reprinted
1984 as The Confederate Field Manual with
Photographic Supplement by Dean S. Thomas,
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania; viii+ 149 pp.+ 32
plates).
Owen, William Miller
1885 In Camp and Battle with the Washington
96
Volume 15
2000
Artillery ofNew Orleans. Ticknor and Company,
Boston (principally concerned with military service
in northern Virginia; xv+ 467 pp.).
Peterson, Harold L.
1969 An Introduction to Muzzle-Loading Land
Artillery in the United States. South Bend Replicas,
Inc. , South Bend, Indiana (clearly written narrative
of colonial and Civil War era cannons and
equipment; index; 128 pp.).
Poague, Thomas William
1987 Gunner with Stonewall (Monroe F. Cockrell,
editor). Broadfoot Publishing Company,
Wilmington, North Carolina.
Quertermous, Grant
1999 Summary of Excavations at Fort Star
(15LV207): -Archaeology ofa Union Civil War
Fortification. Ohio Valley Historical Archaeology
14:89-94 (preliminary explorations at an 1861-1865
earthen fortification at Smithland, Livingston
County, Kentucky).
Ritter, Captain William L.
1879 Operations of a Section of the Third Maryland
Battery on the Mississippi in the Spring of 1863.
Southern Historical Society Papers 7(5):247-249.
1882 Sketch of the Third Battery of Maryland
Artillery. Southern Historical Society Papers
10(7):328-332.
Artillery (Paper No. 2). Southern Historical Society
Papers 10(8-9):392-401.
Papers 10(10-11):464-471.
Papers 11(2-3):113-118.
Papers 11(4-5):186-193 .
11(10):433-442.
11(12):537-544.
12(4):170-172.
Roberts, Kate Quintard Noble
1956 A War Time Foundry. Alabama Historical
Quarterly 18:463-473.
Roe, Alfred Seelye
1899 The Ninth New York Heavy Artillery: A History
ofIts organization, Services in the Defense of
Washington, Marches, Camps, Battles, and MusterOut_ AS_ Roe, Worchester, Massachusetts (615
pp.).
Rowell, John w_
1975 Yankee Artillerymen_ University of Tennessee
Press, Knoxville_
Stephens, Walter W.
1958 The Brooke Guns of Selma, Alabama. Alabama
Historical Quarterly 20(3; Fal1):462-475.
Stevens, Phillip H.
1965 Artillery Through the Ages. Franklin Watts,
Inc., New York
Stiles, Robert
1904 Four Years under Marse Robert (3rd edition).
Neale Publishing Company, New York and
Washington (Stiles served as a Major of Artillery
with the Virginia Howitzers of the Army of
Northern Virginia; frontispiece+ xvi+ 368 pp.).
Swindell, David E., III
1976 Archaeological Excavations of Gun
Emplacement Number 17 (8Esl26): A Suspected
Confederate Battery at Pensacola, Florida. Bureau of
Historic Sites and Properties Bulletin No_ 5:1-14_
Florida Division of Archives, History, and Records
Management (now Division of Historical
Resources), Tallahassee.
Switlik, M. C.
1990 The More Complete Cannoneer (3rd edition).
Museum & Collector Specialties, Monroe,
Michigan.
Sykes, E.T.
1920 Names Inscribed on Captured Artillery.
Confederate Veteran 28(4; April):l28 (note on
names of men "killed in action in which they had
distinguished themselves inscribed on artillery guns
that had been captured" following Battle of Stones
River, Tennessee, 1863).
Thomas, Dean S.
1985 Cannons.- An Introduction to Civil War
Artillery. Thomas Publications, Arendtsville,
Pennsylvania (clearly written, well illustrated
narrative of subject matter and related projectiles; 72
pp.).
Trout, Robert J.
2000 Galloping Thunder: Horse Artillery of the Army
of Northern Virginia. North & South 3(7;
September):74-84.
U.S. Ordnance Department
1861 The Ordnance Manual for the Use of the
Officers of the United States Army Lippincott,
Philadelphia (590 pp.).
u.s_ War Department
1863 Instructions for Field Artillery, Prepared by a
J5oara ofArfillery OjJicers. Lippincott, Philadelphia
Volume 15
2000
(ca. 400 pp.).
1863 Instructions for Heavy Artillery for the Use of
the Army of the United States_ Government Printing
Office, Washington. (ca. 300 pp.).
Vandiver, Frank E_
1994 Ploughshares Into Swords.- Josiah Gorgas and
Confederate Ordnance (2nd edition)_ Texas A & M
University, College Station, Texas (1"1 edition
published 1952, University of Texas Press, Austin).
Weller, Jae
1953 The Field Artillery of the Civil War. Military
Collector and Historian 5(September):29-34.
1957 The Confederate Use of British Cannon. Civil
War History 3(2; June).
White, Nancy Marie, Joe Knetsch, and B. Calvin Jones
1999 Archaeology, History, Pluvial Geomorphology,
and the Mystery Mounds of Northwest Florida.
Southeastern Archaeology 18(2): 142-156
(discussion of history of and excavations at Batteries
Gilmer and Cobb, two 1862-1864 Confederate
artillery sites, built in a swamp near the former main
channel of the Apalachicola River).
Wise, Jennings Cropper
1959 The Long Arm ofLee: The History of the
Artillery of the Army ofNorthern Virginia. Oxford
University Press, New York (originally published
1915; 995 pp.).
Woodruff, William Edward
1903 With the Light Guns in '61- '65: Reminiscences
ofEleven Arkansas, Missouri, and Texas Light
Batteries in the Civil War. Central Printing
Company, Little Rock, Arkansas (115 pp.).
Wright, David R
1982 Civil War Fortifications: An Analysis of Theory
and Practical Applications. MA thesis, Middle
Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro.
Young, Charles P. and Thomas Ellett
1903 History of Crenshaw Battery. Southern
Historical Society Papers 31:275-296.
III. INTERNET SITES OF RELATED INTEREST
"Ammobox: The Cartridge Collecting Website"
Accessible at: "http://www.idir.net/~kersenbr/ammobox"
World wide listing of cartridge collecting groups and chat
rooms to contact others or ask questions.
"An Introduction to Forensic Firearms Identification"
Accessible at: "http://www.firearms.com/''
Site prepared by Scott Doyle, nationally recognized
authority in the field; very informative guide to basic
procedures and terminology. Terminology in particular has
applicability to archaeological analysis as regards
consistency of descriptions.
97
"Antique Bullets and Shell Cartridges" lcommercial site]
Accessible at: "http://anythinganywhere.com/commerce/
military/bullets2.htm"
Photo displays of firearm relics dating from early 1700s.
"Archeology at the Battle of the Little Bighorn"
Accessible at: "http://www.mwac.nps.gov/libi/index.html"
Note in particular file on firearms and the application of
forensic techniques to archaeological analysis. This
approach determined that at least 47 types of firearms
representing 415 individual guns were used by Native
American warriors.
"Armory Publications, Ammunition and Gun Book
Publisher" [commercial site]
Accessible at: "http://notry.com/armory.htm"
Listing of currently available books on cartridge
identification.
Volume 15
2000
Accessible at "http://www.notry.com.cart.htm#PUB"
Links to cartridge collecting groups, publications, and
regional shows.
"Cartridge Identification Bibliography"
Accessible at;
"http://www.digitalpresence.com/histarch/cartridg.html"
Useful essay and bibliography prepared by Michael A.
Pfeiffer.
"Civil War Artillery Page, The"
Accessible at: "http://www.cwartillery.org/artillery. html"
Extremely informative site with files covering organization
of artillery units, weapons, ammunition, related equipment,
and a reference section containing a glossary, a
bibliography of artillery studies, and information on where
examples of artillery can be seen.
"Artillery #3"
Accessible at: "http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/academic/
history/marshaWmilitary_hist_inst/a/arty3.asc"
Useful bibliography of both U.S. and C.S.A. artillery,
related equipment, and unit organization.
"Civil War Artillery -The Projectiles" [commercial site]
Accessible at: "http://www.civilwarartillery.com/''
Site maintained by Jack W. Melton, Jr., and Lawrence E.
Pawl; worth exploring; among other sections, see the files
on "basic facts" which delineates the various types of
artillery, the bibliography, and sections on famous forts,
fuses, a glossary.
"ATF - Integrated Ballistics Identification Systems"
Accessible at:
"http://www.atf.gov/core/firearms/ibis/ibis.htm"
Synopsis of ATF (Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms)
capabilities to analyze firearm related materials.
"Firearm Components"
Accessible at: "http://www.yale.edu/ewhitney/:firearm.htm"
Summary of excavations and firearm related artifacts (gun
parts, ammunition) recovered in New Haven, Connecticut,
at the Eli Whitney Armory site in use from 1798-1900.
"Bibliographies for Anthropological Research"
Accessible at:
"http://www.mtsu.edu/-kesmith/TNARCHNET/Pub/
Res Bib.html"
Listing maintained by Dr. Kevin E . Smith at Middle
Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro. Contains
bibliographies on numerous topics including cartridge
identification, gunflints, and guns, cartridges, and firearm
accouterments. Well worth taking the time to examine in
detail.
"Firearms Image Library"
Accessible at: "http://www.recguns.com/gunPictures.html"
Virtually all images shown are 20th century firearms.
"Firearms Tutorial"
Accessible at: "http://www_ medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/
TUTORIAL/GU"
Among other topics, covers history of firearms,
terminology, anatomy of firearms, criminalistic laboratory
methods, gunshot residue, and references.
"Bibliography"
Accessible at:
"http://intemet.roadrunner.com/-jbm/biblio/biblio.htm"
Technical bibliography of interior and exterior projectile
ballistics.
"Forensic Science Society"
Accessible at: "http://www.demon.co.uk/forensicf'
Very informative site; useful links to related forensic sites
and on-line search engine for past articles appearing in
Journal of the Forensic Science Society and Science &
Justice.
"Black Powder Cartridge Military Rifles" [commercial]
Accessible at; "http:f/www.militaryritles.com"
Descriptions and illustrations of a number of 1865-1888
era military longarms.
" Cartridge and Ammunition Collecting''
98
"Forensic Science Web Pages"
Accessible at: "http://users.aol.com/murrk/"
Note particularly file entitled "Firearms and Toolmark
Identification" .
Volume 15
2000
:I
"freebore"
Accessible at: "http://www.gunsinfo.com:59 l/gunsinfo/
rcyicws/bullct.html"
Discussion concerning contemporary bullet expansion,
penetration, and performance.
"Gun Cartridge Books" [commercial site]
Accessible at: "http://www.bbsport.com/books/cartri.htm"
Lists a number of in-print books on cartridges, firearms,
and related topics.
"Gun Museum"
Accessible at: "http://tulsaweb.com/gunmuseum.htm"
Web site deYoted to John Monroe Davis Arms & Historical
Museum in Tulsa, Oklahoma, a state owned and operated
facility. Charging no admission, the collection contains
numerous weapons and artifacts relating to the American
west and Civil War.
"Guns, Firearms & Ammunition History"
Accessible at: http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/
blgun.htm?iam"
Summary of firearms evolution and links to other sites on
that topic.
"gunsites"
Accessible at: "http://www.gunsites.com/exploded.html"
Exploded (schematic) drawings of ca. 100 firearms; many
are 20th century but may have some utility in identifying
gun parts.
"Hornady Manufacturing" [commercial site]
Accessible at: "http://www.hornady. com/html2/reload.
html"
Information on metallic cartridge reloading and listing of
reloading related publications offered by this company.
"How do Bullets Fly?"
Accessible at: "http ://www.povn.com/~4n6/index . htm"
Very informative introduction to basic and advanced
external (in-flight) projectile ballistics.
"How To Make Gunflints"
Accessible at: http://www. propbuilders. com/wyatt/gunflint.
html"
Brief, self-explanatory text.
"IDSA BOOKS IDSA Home" [commercial site]
Accessible at: "http://www.idsabooks.comf'
This firm specializes in books about firearms and related
topics; maintains a large standing inventory of books on
cartridge case identification; mailing address is: I.D.S.A
Books, P. 0. Box 1457, Piqua, Ohio 45356.
"Oldest and Largest Civil War Park within the ~ational
Park Service, The"
i
Accessible at: "http://www.nps gov/chch/"
!
In addition to various pieces of field artille11\ within the
Chickamauga National Battlefield site, visitors Ishould also
see the Fuller Gun Collection, a large display of early U.S.
military small arms.
"Ordnance Notes Articles Photocopy List"
Accessible at: "http://www.military-info.com/aphoto/
ordnotes.htm"
Bibliography of articles published in the 1880s mostly on
weapons and other military topics of interest at that time.
"Personal Profiles of Firearms Pioneers - Hunting Net
Links"
Accessible at: http://hunting.about.com/msubprofiles.htm?
iam=dp8r:f=dp"
Links to sites about firearm inventors Arthur Savage,
Horace Smith and Daniel B. Wesson, John Mahlon Marlin,
John Moses Browning, and Samuel Colt.
"Prediction of Firing Pin Shape From Primer Dent"
Accessible at: "http://pss.fit.edu/-ddawson/dents.html"
Use of a three dimensional image of primer dents to match
an expended cartridge to the firing pin of a specific
weapon.
"RAI Museum"
Accessible at:
"http://www.rai.army. mil/riahp/museum.htm"
Brief history and mission statement of the Rock Island
Arsenal (Illinois) Museum which houses a display of over
1, 100 military weapons. The arsenal was established in
1862 and many original structures still remain.
"Rocking R Bar - collecting cartridges" [commercial site]
Accessible at: "http:/!members.tripod.com/rrbar/"
Photo displays of antique cartridges.
"Technical History of Gunpowder Manufacture"
Accessible at:
"http://www. argonet. co. uk/users/cjhicks/ gpdet. html"
Short description and glossary ofblackpowder production.
"USMA: West Point Museum"
Accessible at: "http://www.usma.edu/museum"
Established as a department of the West Point Military
Academy, the museum " .. .is considered to be the oldest
and largest diversified public collection of militaria in the
western hemisphere"; among many informative exhibits
are major displays of the evolution of weaponry including
firearms.
99

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CARTRIDGE CASE, HEADSTAMP, AND

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