an introduction to the relationship between ict and sustainable

Transcription

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ICT AND
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Lorenz M. Hilty
University of Zurich and
Technology and Society Lab, Empa
Switzerland
How to Cite This Document
Lorenz M. Hilty: An Introduction to the Relationship between ICT and
Sustainable Development. Keynote Lecture. 9th Human Choice and
Computers International Conference (HCC9) and the WCC 2010
Critical Infrastructure Protection Conference. Brisbane, Australia, 20
September 2010
57
1.  Sustainable Development / Sustainablity
2.  The Role of ICT in Sustainability
3.  Case Study I:
The Virtual Squint and the Davos-‐Nagoya Experiment
4.  Case Study II: A World Populated by ICT Hardware
5.  Conceptual Framework
6.  Conclusions
2010-‐09-‐20
Lorenz M. Hilty HCC9 Keynote
2
1.
Sustainable Development /
Sustainablity
2010-‐09-‐20
3
d
Brundtland-‐Defini[on “To make development sustainable – to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future genera[ons to meet their own needs” World Commission for Environment and Development 1987 2010-‐09-‐20 Lorenz M. Hilty HCC9 Keynote 4 An Example of Opera[onalisa[on
Social dimensions of
sustainability
Environmental and resource
dimensions of sustainability
Source: Tellus Ins>tute, Boston
(Raskin et al. 2010)
CO2 Emissions per Person
A development we cannot sustain: expor[ng North-‐American or European lifestyle
Data source: Interna[onal Energy Agency (IEA): CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combus[on. Edi[on 2009 (data for 2007).
Chart: David MacKay: Sustainable Energy: Without the Hot Air, UIT Cambridge
World Popula[on Development
7
Scenarios of total world popula[on by IIASA
Source: Wolfgang Lutz, 2009 (World Resources Forum, Davos)
The Idea of Decoupling
(GDP from resource extrac[on)
pula[on
o
P
d
l
r
Wo
ac[on
r
t
x
E
e
c
Resour
Material Intens
ity
Material Intensity =
2010-‐09-‐20
Resource Extrac4on
GDP
8
Overview
3.  Case Study I:
6.  Conclusions
2010-‐09-‐20
9
2.
The Role of ICT in
Sustainablity
2010-‐09-‐20
10
The Idea of Decoupling
(GDP from resource extrac[on)
pula[on
o
P
d
l
r
Wo
ac[on
r
t
x
E
e
c
Resour
Material Intens
ity
Material Intensity =
2010-‐09-‐20
Resource Extrac4on
GDP
Source: Through the Looking-‐Glass, and
What Alice Found There, Lewis Carroll, 1871
Alice passing
through the
looking glass
A First Application of Virtual Reality
Foto: Lorenz M. Hilty «Some day you will realise you cannot eat data…»
2010-‐09-‐20 Lorenz M. Hilty HCC9 Keynote 13 c
Source: ITU, 2009
Source: Ericsson, 2009
ICT as an Agent of Change
Industrializa[on for Dummies Resource extrac[on per capita today yesterday Labour per capita e
Informa[za[on for Dummies Informa[on processing per capita Unsustainable Informa>on Society Sustainable Informa>on Society tomorrow today Labour per capita yesterday ?
Resource extrac[on per capita Fields of Study in ICT and Sustainability Green IT (Gartner 2007) ICT4D Green in IT Assessment of ICT Impacts Green through IT CECS (Romm 1999) Greening through IT (Tomlinson 2010) EPA/LBNL (Laitner 2001) Environmental Informa4cs IPTS (Erdmann et al. 2004) (Page et al. 1994, Avouris 1995) SMART 2020 (Webb 2008) Sustainability in the Informa4on Society Environmental Informa4on Processing (Radermacher et al. 1995, Hilty 1996) (Hilty/Gilgen 2001) Sustainability Informa4cs Environmental Informa4on Systems (Günther 1998) (Naumann 2008) Environmental Management Informa4on Systems (EMIS) (Hilty/Rautenstrauch 1997) Corporate Environmental Management Informa4on Systems (CEMIS) (Teuteberg/Marx-‐Gomez 2010) Time 2010-‐09-‐20 Lorenz M. Hilty HCC9 Keynote 17 Example of a Green IT Approach:
Energy-‐Propor[onal Compu[ng
Average u4liza4on of
servers (measured
approx. 5,000 servers over
a 6 month period)
Half of the energy consump[on
between 0 an 10% load.
Source: The Green Grid, 2009, p. 8
2010-‐09-‐20
U[liza[on of Google Servers: most
of the [me around 30%.
Source: Barroso, L.; Hölzle, U.: The Case for Energy-‐
Propor[onal Compu[ng. IEEE Computer, Dec. 2007
18
Example of an Comprehensive Approach: the GIANI* Criteria C
CT
I
r
o
ia f
r
e
t
i
y Cr
t
i
l
b
a4
p
m
o
Human Society Ecosystem The applica[on of a technology is sustainable if it meets the following criteria: Human compa4bility: mee[ng individual needs Social compa4bility: suppor[ng individuals to form a stable society Ecological compa4bility: suppor[ng society in making reasonable use of nature * GI-‐Arbeitskreis Nachhal[ge Informa[onsgesellschal: Memorandum Nachhal[ge Informa[onsgesellschal (in German), Fraunhofer IRB Verlag 2004 Overview
3.  Case Study I:
6.  Conclusions
2010-‐09-‐20
20
3.
Case Study I: The Virtual
Squint and the Davos/
Nagoya Experiment
2010-‐09-‐20
21
Small Things Mamer: The Virtual Squint
2010-‐09-‐20
22
The World Resources Forum on two Con[nents
www.worldresourcesforum.org
in Davos (Switzerland) and Nagoya (Japan)
Remote Audience can be Viewed in Full HD
www.worldresourcesforum.org in Davos (Switzerland) and Nagoya (Japan)
Remote speaker are really „present“ in the room due to Full-‐
HD quality transmission and Full-‐HD projec[on
Some Speakers at the World Resources Forum 2009
Ashok Khosla
Co-‐President of the Club of Rome
Dennis Meadows
„The Limits to Growth“
Friedrich Schmidt-‐Bleek
Factor 10 Ins[tute
Ernst Ulrich v. Weizsäcker
UNEP Resource Panel
The Speaker Has Eye Contact to Remote Audience 2010-‐09-‐20 Lorenz M. Hilty HCC9 Keynote 27 Taking Remote ques[ons
Poin[ng on Content
Informal Communica[on at TelePresence Hotspots
Addi[onal TelePresence Points for Small Business
Mee[ngs
2010-‐09-‐20
31
Lessons Learned: Details are important
www.worldresourcesforum.org
in Davos (Schweiz) and Nagoya (Japan)
Internet Route Davos-‐Nagoya
1
3
4
2
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
Geant-‐Internet2-‐Transpac2: RTT 295 ms ~30’000 km
Geant-‐TEIN/SEA-‐ME-‐WE: RTT 325 ms ~33’000 km
Geant-‐TEIN/Transsib: RTT 270 ms ~27’000 km – es[mated
Geant-‐TEIN/Transsib-‐direct: RTT 230 ms, ~23’000 km
was not available
kWh/par4cipant
real case Davos only
Nagoya only
Twin Conference
2360
3491
1067.000
Equipment Davos
0
0
0.147
Equipment Nagoya
0
0
0.153
Internet transmission (25 Mbit/s * 3 days * 5h/day)
0
0
0.056
2360
3491
1067.356
Davos only
Nagoya only
Twin Conference
1’057’240
830’748
566’700
Equipment Davos
0
0
78
Equipment Nagoya
0
0
81
Internet transmission (25 Mbit/s * 3 days * 5h/day)
0
0
30
1’057’240
830’748
566’889
448
238
531
Travel to venue
Total kWh (all par4cipants)
Travel to venue
Total Par4cipants
Preliminary data! Final data will be published in a paper by Vlad Coroama, Ernst Heiri, Frank Horn, Lorenz M. Hilty (2011) What about Energy? kg CO2/par4cipant
Davos only
Nagoya only
Twin Conference
525
796
224.000
Equipment Davos
0
0
0.003
Equipment Nagoya
0
0
0.083
Internet transmission
(25 Mbit/s * 3 days * 5h/day)
0
0
0.016
525
796
224.102
Davos only
Nagoya only
Twin Conference
235.01
189.35
118.950
Equipment Davos
0
0
0.002
Equipment Nagoya
0
0
0.044
Internet transmission
(25 Mbit/s * 3 days * 5h/day)
0
0
0.009
235.01
189.35
119.005
448
238
531
Travel to venue
Total
t CO2 (all par4cipants)
Travel to venue
Total
Par4cipants
Preliminary data! Final data will be published in a paper by
Vlad Coroama, Ernst Heiri, Frank Horn, Lorenz M. Hilty (2011)
CO2 Emissions Caused by Travel and Videoconferencing
Electrical Power used for an intercon[nental Internet Connec[on
Watt
Accumulated Electrical Power of Network Devices for
a 25 Mbit/s connection (4 Telepresence Sessions)
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
Kilometers
Preliminary data! Final data will be published in a paper by Vlad Coroama, Ernst Heiri, Frank Horn, Lorenz M. Hilty (2011)
Overview
3.  Case Study I:
6.  Conclusions
2010-‐09-‐20
37
4.
Case Study II: A World
Populated by ICT
Hardware
2010-‐09-‐20
38
More Microprocessors than People
•  Between 2008 and 2014, the number of
Personal Computers in use world-‐wide is
expected to double from 1 to 2 Billion.
•  At least 98% (some experts es[mate more) of
all microprocessors produced today are not
for personal computers.
Is this a problem in terms of sustainability?
2010-‐09-‐20
39
Digital Electronics is the First Technology that Uses
More Than Half of the Periodic System
Sources: Behrendt et al. 2007 / National Research Council 2008
2010-‐09-‐20
40
ICT Hardware is Rapidly Devalued by Market Forces
Deprecia[on of periodic investment in ICT
Source: Plepys, A. (2002): Software Renting - Better
Business, Better Environment: The Case of Application
Service Providing (ASP). In: Electronics and the
Environment, 2002. ISEE 2002. Proceedings of the 2002
IEEE International Symposium on. 2002. San Francisco,
CA, USA: IEEE
See also:
Working Slower with More Powerful
Computers ERCIM News 62/2005
Electronic Waste (E-‐Waste) around the World
Switzerland
South Africa
India
China
South Africa
Source: Empa
2010-‐09-‐20
43
China
Source: BAN, 2001
(Source: Empa)
2010-‐09-‐20
44
India
(Source: Empa)
2010-‐09-‐20
45
Open Cable Burning
Delhi, India
Open cable burning to remove PVC insula>on
from copper wires.
Copper
price
Releases dioxines into air and soil (cancerogenic).
Source: Empa, 2003
2010-‐09-‐20
46
Extrac[on of Copper from Printed Wiring Boards
Delhi, India
A typical backyard company with12 workers
Yield: 1-‐2 t /month
2010-‐09-‐20
47
Extrac[on of Gold from Printed Wiring Boards
Delhi, India
Gold
price
“Ci4es will be the mines of the future”
Tom Gradel, Yale University
Source: Empa, 2003
?
s
s
e
r
g
o
r
P
2010-‐09-‐20
49
Source of pictures: Victorinox / Wenger
There is not only one direc[on of progress
Overview
3.  Case Study I:
6.  Conclusions
2010-‐09-‐20
50
5.
Conceptual Framework
2010-‐09-‐20
51
Life-‐Cycle Thinking and the Linked Life Cycle Approach Life Cycle of an ICT Product (as any other product): Informa4on/Communica4on Service Environmental Impact Energy flow Produc4on Use Environmental Impact End of life Mass flow Energy flow Mass flow ICT Product Life Cycle (Note: this is only half of the idea, see next slide) 2010-‐09-‐20 Lorenz M. Hilty HCC9 Keynote 52 Life cycle of any product Demand 1 Life cycle of ICT product Design 2 Linked Life Cycle Approach (Hilty 2008) 3 4 5 Conclusions
1.  ICT can an should be used to support the
transi[on to sustainable development.
2.  We should think about posi[ve and nega[ve
ICT effects at the level of linked life cycles.
3.  You should come and see the presenta[ons in
our Track “ICT and Sustainable Development”
in the alernoon (HCC Track 4)
4.  …and all other HCC Tracks
Thank you for your a\en4on!
2010-‐09-‐20
54
References
Avouris N., Page B. (eds.): Environmental Informa[cs – Methodology and Applica[ons of Environmental Informa[on Processing. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht 1995
Behrendt S., Kahlenborn W., Feil M., Dereje C., Bleischwitz R., Delzeit R.: Seltene Metalle. Maßnahmen und Konzepte zur Lösung des Problems
konfliktverschärfender Rohstoffausbeutung am Beispiel Coltan. UBA Texte 08/07. Umweltbundesamt, Dessau 2007
Erdmann L., Hilty L.M., Goodman J., Arnfalk P.: The Future Impact of ICTs on Environmental Sustainability. EUR 21384. Ins[tute for Prospec[ve
Technology Studies, Seville, Spain 2004
Erdmann L., Hilty L.M.: Scenario Analysis: Exploring the Macroeconomic Impacts of Informa[on and Communica[on Technologies on Greenhouse
Gas Emissions. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2010
Gartner Inc.: Green IT: The New Industry Shock Wave, 2007
Günther O.: Environmental Informa[on Systems. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 1998
Hilty L.M., Köhler A., von Schéele F., Zah R.: Working Slower with More Powerful Computers. ERCIM News 62, 2005, 58-‐59
Hilty L.M., Gilgen, P.W.: Sustainability in the Informa[on Society. 15th Interna[onal Symposium Informa[cs for Environmental Protec[on, Zurich
2001. Metropolis, Marburg 2001
Hilty L.M., Rautenstrauch C.: Environmental Informa[on Systems for Produc[on and Recycling. In: Swayne D., Denzer, R., Schimak G. (eds.): 2nd
Interna[onal Symposium on Environmental Solware Systems (ISESS), Whistler (Canada). New York: Chapman & Hall 1997, 21-‐29
Hilty L.M.: Informa[on Technology and Sustainability. Essays on the Rela[onship between Informa[on Technology and Sustainable Development.
Books on Demand GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany 2008
Interna[onal Energy Agency (IEA): CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combus[on. Edi[on 2009
Laitner J.A.S., Koomey J.G., Worrell E., Gumerman E.: Re-‐es[ma[ng the Annual Energy 2000 Outlook Forecas[ng Using Updated Assump[ons about
the Informa[on Economy. Washington, DC: Environmental Protec[on Agency / Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley Na[onal Laboratory 2001
Lutz, W.: Educated Popula[ons. The Human Resource for Sustainable Development. World Resources Forum, Davos 2009
hmp://www.worldresourcesforum.org/plenary-‐presenta[ons-‐world-‐resources-‐forum-‐2009 (Accessed 20.09.2010)
MacKay D.: Sustainable Energy: Without the Hot Air, UIT Cambridge xxx
Na[onal Research Council: Minerals, Cri[cal Minerals, and the U.S. Economy. The Na[onal Academies Press, 2008
Naumann S.: Sustainability Informa[cs – A new Subfield of Applied Informa[cs? In: Möller A., Page B., Schreiber M. (eds.): EnviroInfo 2008.
Environmental Informa[cs and Industrial Ecology, 22nd Interna[onal Conference on Environmental Informa[cs, pp. 384-‐-‐389. Shaker Verlag,
Aachen 2008
Page, B.; Hilty, L. M. (Hrsg.): Umwel[nforma[k – Informa[kmethoden für Umweltschutz und Umwel}orschung. Oldenbourg, München 1994
Plepys A.: Solware Ren[ng – Bemer Business, Bemer Environment: The Case of Applica[on Service Providing (ASP). In: Electronics and the
Environment, 2002. ISEE 2002. Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE Interna[onal Symposium on. IEEE, San Francisco, CA, USA 2002
2010-‐09-‐27
Lorenz M. Hilty, University of Zurich
55
Further Reading
Lorenz M. Hilty: Information
Technology and Sustainability.
Books on Demand, Norderstedt,
Germany 2008.
ISBN: 978-‐3-‐8370-‐1970-‐4
hmp://www.amazon.de/dp/3837019705
Other publications by Lorenz M. Hilty:
http://publicationslist.org/lorenz.hilty
56
How to Cite This Document
Lorenz M. Hilty: An Introduction to the Relationship between ICT and
Sustainable Development. Keynote Lecture. 9th Human Choice and
Computers International Conference (HCC9) and the WCC 2010
Critical Infrastructure Protection Conference. Brisbane, Australia, 20
September 2010
57

an introduction to the relationship between ict and sustainable

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