- Paul Bocij

ABSTRACT
Camuirls. blous
and wish lists:
howvounu
people are
courting
danueronthe
internet1
This paper examines the risks surrounding a growing trend for
young people to create personal websites that feature online
diaries or live video feeds. These websites often chronicle the most
intimate parts of their owners' lives in great detail. Unfortunately,
a young person may sometimes unintentionally attract the
attention of an internet predator visiting the site, for example by
publishing unsuitable pictures or through inappropriate selfdisclosure. This risk is increased when a young person has only
limited awareness of the basic precautions that should be taken
when publishing material to a website or communicating with
visitors. However, in a growing number of cases young people are
deliberately placing themselves at risk in order to gain a variety of
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benefits, both emotional and material. The discussion examines
the emergence of a 'wish list' scene and considers some of the
ways in which adults can exploit young people, for example by
encouraging them to promote adult services. The paper concludes
by offering several potential measures that might be used to
reduce risks to young people.
Paul Bocij
Author and Chartered IT
Practitioner
llliiDUCDII
The media, academics and the criminal justice system have paid a great
KEYWORDS
internet
risks
we beams
online diaries
young people
deal of attention to the threat to young people posed by paedophiles who
use the internet to locate and groom potential victims. However, few people
seem to have considered the possibility that some young people may be
placing themselves at risk through their online activities.
A recent trend has been for many teenagers to publish their diaries via
the internet, complete with photographs and even video sequences. Some
of the websites produced by these teenagers are relatively sophisticated,
containing interactive features such as guest books, user polls and even
instant messaging facilities. lt is also common for a website to feature a live
video feed from a web cam often located in the young person's bedroom.
The teenagers who create sites offering video feeds are usually known as
camgirls or camboys.
Until quite recently a great deal of effort was needed to produce an
online journal. Typical journals are made up of many brief entries that need
to be organised in date order and then consolidated within a single page.
However, many sites are created using specialised software that simplifies
the task of creating and publishing entries. One of the most popular
programs in use is named Blogger 2 and is available free of charge. The
1
This article has been adapted frOm Cyberstalking: Harassment in the Internet Age and How to
Protect your Family by Paul Bocij and published by Praeger Press.
2
Blogger is produced by Pyra labs and is available from (http://www.blogger.com).
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internet predators
program has become so popular
that creating web journals is now
often referred to as 'blogging'. The
on the web. lt's a place to collect
and share things that you find
interesting - whether it's your
political commentary, a personal
diary, or links to web sites you
for many people and blogs have
begun to reflect almost every aspect
of society. For instance, in the
United Kingdom, a casual browser
can gain an inside view of politics
through the blogs created by MPs,
such as Tom Watson or lim Yeo (see
http://www.tom-watson.co.uk and
http://tim-yeo.blogspot.com), learn
who won The Guardian's
competition to find the best British
blog (Guardian Unlimited, 2003),
want to remember.
Many people use a blog just to
organize their own thoughts,
while others command
influential, worldwide audiences
of thousands. Professional and
amateur journalists use blogs to
publish breaking news, while
personal journalers reveal inner
or watch the creative processes
behind the work of British
celebrities such as jamie Oliver or
Neil Gaiman (see http://www.jamie
ol iver.com/diarylindex.htrnl and
http://www.neilgaiman.com/journaV
journal.asp).
Relatively Iittle is known about
the popularity of blogging and the
existence of a large number of
teenage diarists is also supported by
the fact that a number of dedicated
hosting services have recently
become available, such as Teen
Open Diary and Deardiary.net
(www.deardairy.net and
www.teenopendiary.com). These
sites provide various facilities for
thoughts.
Whatever you have to say,
Blogger can help you say it'
www.blogger.com/about.pyra
characteristics of bloggers. For
instance, there are no reliable
estimates of the number of bloggers
located in individual countries.
However, a recent survey of more
than 3,000 web logs by a research
company, Perseus, found that
blogging is most popular among
teenage girls (Orlowski, 2003).
those who create online diaries but
also provide features for those
interested in reading diary entries,
such as a search faci Iity.
At face value, the publication of
an online diary seems innocent
enough and does not appear to
pose any danger to the writer.
However, many people have
More than half of web logs are
created by teenagers and more than
90% by people under 30. Perseus
also estimated that the eight most
popular hosting companies held
more than 5 million blogs at the
end of 2003 and have predicted
that these companies will be
hosting more than 10 million blogs
by the end of 2004 (Perseus
pointed out that web diaries expose
a great deal of information about
their authors, enabling paedophiles
and other predators to select
potential targets more easily. Some
people have noted that many
teenagers fail to realise that
information such as their full/real
names and addresses is often
program's website describes a 'blog'
like this:
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'l\ blog gives you your own voice
WilT IS I WEBLII/BLII;t
A blog is a web page made up of
usually short. frequently updated
posts that are arranged
chronologically -like a 'what's
new' page or a journal. The content
and purposes of blogs varies greatly
-from links and commentary about
other websites, to news about a
company/person/idea, to diaries,
photos, poetry, mini-essays, project
updates, and even fiction.
Within just a few years, blogging
has become an enjoyable pastime
Development Corporation, 2004).
There may be many millions of
camgi rls, cam boys and bloggers
across the United States and
Europe. For instance, Preston (2001)
states that 'In America, about one in
every five children aged 12 to 17more than 4 million of them - now
has a personal web page... The sites
are filled with regularly updated
logs, stories, poems, pictures and
even real-time video images: The
available in the public domain
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internel predators
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(Valetk, 2003; Frauenfelder, 2002).
For instance, when a domain name
is registered, the details of the
owner- including address and
telephone number- can be looked
up by carrying out a whois query, a
relatively simple process that can
be performed via the interne"tl.
Although some teenagers may be
inadvertently exposing themselves
to risk, it is more disturbing to find
that some teenagers deliberately set
(www.iwantthispresent.com and
www.gift-genie.co.uk).
Although many teenagers offer
in exchange for an immediate
payment.
In addition, before online
nothing in exchange for the gifts
they want, some offer to send
photographs or other items to
someone providing a gift described
in a wish list Rowan (2002a),
payment services such as PayPal
and NoChex, the delay between a
paedophile sending a gift and the
teenager receiving it via the postal
system may have provided a natural
cooling-off period. In many cases,
this might have allowed the
teenager to reconsider their actions
and decide to cease
describes how some teenagers
exploit their sexuality in order to
encourage gifts:
out to attract the attention of older
men. Many teenagers, mainly
females, produce websites that
solicit gifts from visitors who are
usually complete strangers. Often, a
website will contain a link to a
'wish list' hosted by a company
such as Amazon. Many companies
offer this service as a way of letting
'But some young girls are taking
these most public of diaries a
stage further, and posing in their
bedrooms for prurient webcam
photographs that they use to
persuade strangers to buy them
gifts. Although many children
simply point visitors to their 'wish
lists' on shopping sites such as
communicating with the
paedophile. However, sending
money instantly via the internet
effectively eliminates any coolingoff period. In turn, since the
teenager may have already received
payment they are likely to feel
pressured into agreeing to the
paedophile's wishes.
friends and relatives know which
gifts would be most appreciated for
a special occasion, such as a
birthday. A person reading the wish
list follows a simple series of steps
in order to select the gift they
would like to buy, pay for it and
then have it dispatched directly to
the owner of the list. Although
Amazon ... a number are actively
soliciting gifts with the promise of
more revealing photographs in
return:
The ability to send money via the
Internet raises a number of issues
with regard to predators, such as
paedophiles. In the past it was
One of the attractions of sending
money via the internet for
paedophiles is that the risk of
discovery is lowered. This is
because it is no longer necessary to
make use of the postal system. For
instance, there is no possibility that
parents may become suspicious
when their child begins to receive
originally offered as an additional
service by a few online retailers,
wish lists have become so popular
that dedicated websites have now
started to appear, such as
/WantThisPresent.com. Countryspecific services have also started to
appear, such as Gift-Genie, a British
service that appears to be aimed
necessary for paedophiles to send
money or gifts via the postal
system. Naturally, this incurred
delays and increased the risk of
detection. The ability to send
money via the internet means that
paedophiles are now able to obtain
instant gratification, for example, by
persuading a camgirl to perform
mysterious packages from a
stranger. However, this additional
security is offset somewhat by the
fact that it becomes easier to gather
evidence against the paedophile
once they have been detected. This
is because there is likely to be a
dear electronic trail between his
credit card and the teenager's bank
directly at young people
live sex acts in front of the web cam
account.
' InfOrmation concerning the owner of a domain can be withheld if the owner specifically requests this.
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internet predators
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In addition to money, camgirls
likelihood of receiving money or
Cam Girls Gone Wild, where
paying visitors can see her nbikini
photographs":
often receive gifts such as digital
expensive gifts. As mentioned
cameras, DVD players, webcams,
earlier, one way in which camgirls
DVDs, books, video cassettes,
attempt to attract more visitors to
cordless telephones, lingerie and
their sites is by publishing more
For many people, the reason why
even pets (Anderssen, 2002; Cha,
revealing photographs. For instance,
men buy gifts for camgirls seems
2001; Frauenfelder, 2002; Rowan,
some camgirls promise nude
very clear. For instance, Valetk
2002a). One camboy, for instance,
photographs or other materials in
(2003) suggests 'For adult admirers,
claims to have received a DVD
exchange for gifts (Anderssen,
player, 62 CDs and 18 movies
2002). However, many camgirls
within the space of a few months
also form links with adult websites
(Cha, 2001 ). However, the
in order to generate an income.
the hope is often that their gifts will
buy more than just photos. For
example, a predator may eventually
ask for sexually explicit photos or try
motivation behind becoming a
Although some money can be
camgi rl or camboy is not solely a
made by advertising pornography
to persuade the minor to meet
offline'. Although some people have
desire for material gain.
sites, a much larger income can be
claimed innocent motives for
Freuenfelder (2002) states 'The truth
made from the commission earned
sending gifts to camgirls, many of
is most cam girls are as interested in
garnering attention as they are in
gathering Wish Ust merchandise or
PayPal'donations".
by convincing people to sign up to
the reasons given seem dubious.
adult sites. In the US, camgirls can
For instance, some people have
earn $1 0 for each person that signs
claimed that web journal entries
up for a given service (Anderssen,
have literary merit and can be
2002). For many, this provides
compared to works such as Anne
sites receive only a handful of
enough money to pay for a web
visitors, others have become
connection but others can earn
extremely popular. Cha (2001 ), for
even more. For instance, Rowan
Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl" or
even The Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn.
example, reports that the most
(2002a) describes the case of a UK
popular sites can each receive up to
camgirl who received a commission
dangers arising from their activities.
5000 visitors each day and can
of £1 00 from advertising adult
Cha (2001 ), for example, describes
generate up to 200 email messages.
websites. Rowan also describes the
how pictures of camgirls have been
Anderssen (2002) also reports on a
case of a fourteen-year-old camgirl
stolen by pornographers who have
camgi rl site that receives more than
named Kerry:
used them on their own sites. In
Although the majority of camgirl
1000 visits each day. Similarly,
Frauenfelder (2002) describes a
single site that receives 6000
visitors each month. The owner of
the site enjoys such popularity that
she operates a fan club on Yahoo!
that has 1000 registered members.
lt seems apparent that the more
popular the website, the greater the
Camgirls face a number of
addition to the distress caused to
'But what sets Kerry's site apart
from the typical schoolgirl's are
the links she trails from her front
page to adult sites that pay her
for referring new subscribers.
And not only does she trail other
sites but last week_ she says, she
received a cheque for $80 from
the teenagers involved, such a
development also raises the
possibility that teenagers might be
targeted by paedophiles or stalkers.
However, even the relatively
innocent act of posting web journal
entries and photographs to a
personal website may be enough to
•ihe choice Of Anne Frank's diary as a comparison is an interesting one. The diary has recently been cited in the debate concerning child
pornography since the unexpurgated edition contains her thoughts and feelings on sexuality. lt has been argued that some of Anne Frank's
writings can be seen as pornography and there have been attempts to ban it in some US states.
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inlernel providers
bring a camgirl to the attention of
paedophiles. Whatever the risk, it is
almost certain to be increased
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when camgirls link their sites to
adult content hosted elsewhere.
In the UK, the National Hi-Tech
Crime Unit believes that
paedophiles are already targeting
the sites of some camgirls (Rowan,
2002b). This is supported by a
growing number of personal
accounts describing stalking
incidents that can be easily found
via search engines. Ironically, many
of these accounts are held within
web logs created by camgirls and
camboys. Anderssen (2002) also
notes that the behaviour of some
camgirls is'.. .an enticing invitation
to paedophiles who are already
finding a bounty of targets on the
internet'. The danger posed by
stalkers and cyberstalkers5 is raised
byValetk (2003), who states:
'For parents and law
enforcement, the overwhelming
concern is that any interaction
betw'een minors and total
strangers could lead to stalking
and other unhealthy obsessions.
Internet safety experts... warn
that paedophiles use camgirl sites
to interact with teens, meet them
in chat rooms, and ultimately
persuade them to meet in
person.'
5
exchange for escorting wealthy,
middle-aged patrons to cafes and
restaurants (and often providing
them with sexual favours), the girls
receive financial compensation,
which they use to buy consumer
electronics, cosmetics, and clothes'
(Frauenfelder, 2002). Many
lt is worth noting that many
camgirls and camboys operate their
sites without the knowledge of their
parents (Cha, 2001; Frauenfelder,
2002; Rowan, 2002a). Some
deliberately mislead their parents
concerning the content of their
sites, but others simply exploit the
fact that they have limited parental
supervision. For example, a study
by the Cyberspace Research Unit
(2002) found that one in two
Japanese teenagers join internet
dating services and promote
themselves in much the same way
as camgirls. However, as the
children reported that their parents
never supervise their on line
activities. If a problem arises there is
a natural reluctance to involve
parents and so it becomes easy for
the situation to spiral out of control.
Some camgirls admit to meeting
with people they have met on the
Internet Although many take
precautions, for example by
bringing a friend along, others seem
to have little concern for their
safety. The case of Christina Long, a
13-year-old girl murdered by a man
she met via the internet provides a
tragic example of the dangers
involved in internet dating (BBCi,
2002a). In a more recent case, ex-
number of dating services has
increased, so too has the number of
crimes related to Internet dating. For
instance, in the first six months of
2002, the number of crimes more
than doubled, growing from 302 to
793. More than 70% of these
crimes involved girls aged between
13 and 18 (Ninemsn, 2002; BBCi,
2002b). Amongst the offences
recorded were a murder, 23 rapes
and six cases of robbery. lt seems
only a matter of time before
compensated dating begins to
appear in Europe and the United
States.
lt can be argued that adults
seeking to exploit camgirls and
marine Toby Studabaker admitted a
number of charges in relation to the
alleged rape of a 12-year-old girl he
met via a chat room (Carter, 2004).
In Japan, teenagers have started
to engage in a practice called enjo
kosai ('compensated dating'), which
involves offering an escort service
in exchange for money or gifts: 'In
camboys bear much of the
responsibility for placing them at
risk. For instance, there are many
websites that provide reviews of
camgirl sites, including detailed
comments on the physical
appearance of the teenagers
described. Some sites even provide
directories of camgirl pages,
See Bocij, 2004 for a detailed discussion Of cybE!rstalking.
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internet providers
allowing users to search for sites by
the more the owner and the camgirl
number of young people making
the age of the camgirl, her location
profit
regular use of the internet, the
and whether or not the site contains
The situation regarding camgirls
nudity and/or pornography'. lt is
and camboys seems to have come
one, suggesting a need for further
worth noting that the listings
about as part of the natural
attention and appropriate action.
provided by these sites are often
evolution of the internet
accompanied by prominent adverts
Frauenfelder (2002) suggests several
indicated a number of potential
for websites offering pornography or
factors that may have been an
measures that might be taken to
adult dating services.
influence:
help protect young people. One
visitors to their sites, many
teenagers join cam portals. These
are special websites that show
previews from a number of web
cams simultaneously. Since
previews are usually shown in
order of popularity, camgirls need
to find ways of attracting attention
to themselves, for example by
behaving outrageously or by
showing nudity. The more visitors to
a camgirl's site, the more
prominently the site is advertised,
resulting in yet more visitors to the
camgirl's site, and so on. Many cam
portals are subscription-based and
attract subscribers by promising
access to pornographic images and
lt is argued that this article has
approach, for instance, might
In attempting to attract more
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problem is likely to be a serious
'The cam girls phenomenon
could not have happened before
involve making it more difficult for
predators to send money to young
this moment in history. lt's the
result of a combination of
people via the internet. This might
specific ingredients: inexpensive
yet powerful technology to send
and receive video images over
the Net; a culture that places a
higher value on fame than on the
skills and talent that make people
famous; teen celebrities who
happily flaunt their bodies on the
covers of national magazines;
and the timeless rite of passage
that is a teenage girl's search for
identity and blossoming
awareness of her own sexual
power:
approve every transaction carried
video feeds featuring teenagers. In
be achieved by making parents
out by their children, or by ensuring
that parents are notified by emai I
whenever a child receives a
payment. Such an approach would
be relatively simple to implement
and would be unlikely to hinder the
growth of e-commerce. Banks and
payment services, such as PayPal,
might also consider ways of making
online financial transactions safer
for young people. As an example,
one option might be to prevent
young people under a certain age
from receiving money via the
Internet.
many cases, the relationship
Although this article has identified
between a camgirl and the owner
and described a number of
of a cam portal is symbiotic. The
potential threats to young intemet
people is by providing more
camgirl receives a commission for
users, a number of fundamental
comprehensive information and
each person who subscribes to the
questions remain to be answered.
advice about on line safety. Such
service. This generates a profit for
For instance, the potential size of
information could be provided
the cam portal and helps to
the problem is unknown because
through a variety of channels
increase traffic, some of which is
we lack even the most basic
including schools, internet service
directed back to the camgirl's
knowledge, such as the number of
providers (ISPs), internet safety
website. The greater the number of
camgirls and camboys currently
organisations, children's charities,
people attracted to the cam portal,
active. However, given the sheer
and so on. Concerns that the core
Another way of protecting young
• Examples of the names and locations of suCh sites have not been provided fOr obVious reasons.
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-internet providers
message of current safety
campaigns - beware of strangers might be lost or diluted by
bombarding children with
additional information could be
dealt with by providing information
in context. As an example,
appropriate information concerning
privacy could be displayed on the
screen or sent by email whenever a
young person carries out an action
related to creating a website, such
as registering a domain name or
opening an account for free web
space.
Parents must also receive more
information and advice so that they
can help their children to remain
safe. Earlier, it was reported that one
in two children use the internet
unsupervised. This means that
simply encouraging parents to take
an interest in the on line activities of
their children may bring about an
immediate and significant reduction
in the activities of online predators.
Finally, it is argued that this paper
has helped to identify a relatively
new threat to the safety of young
people. However, as mentioned
earlier, more information is needed
before we will be able to
understand this problem fully and
can start to develop effective
responses. At the risk of perpetuating
a cliche, such information will only
be gained through additional
research and debate. lt is hoped that
the discussion offered by this paper
has helped to start this process.
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This article has been cited by:
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1. Paul Bleakley. 2014. "500 Tokens to Go Private": Camgirls, Cybersex and Feminist Entrepreneurship. Sexuality e!r Culture
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