2012 2013 - Boston Public Health Commission

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HealthofBoston20122013
‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ‘•–‘ʹͲͳʹǦʹͲͳ͵
‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†‘…—•
HealthofBoston20122013
2
‘’›”‹‰Š–ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘
ŽŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ…‘–ƒ‹‡†‹–Š‹•”‡’‘”–‹•‹–Š‡
’—„Ž‹…†‘ƒ‹ƒ†ƒ›„‡—•‡†ƒ†
”‡’”‹–‡†™‹–Š‘—–•’‡…‹ƒŽ’‡”‹••‹‘Ǣ
Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ…‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒ•–‘–Š‡•‘—”…‡‹•
ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ǥ
—‰‰‡•–‡†‹–ƒ–‹‘
‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ‘•–‘ʹͲͳʹǦʹͲͳ͵ǣ‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†‘…—•
‘•–‘—„Ž‹…‡ƒŽ–Š‘‹••‹‘
‡•‡ƒ”…Šˆˆ‹…‡
‘•–‘ǡƒ••ƒ…Š—•‡––•
ʹͲͳ͵
HealthofBoston20122013
Acknowledgements
Š‹•”‡’‘”–™ƒ•’”‡’ƒ”‡†„›‡ŠƒŽǤŠƒŠǡǡǢǤ‡‹•‡‘††•ǡŠǡǡ†Ǣƒ
‘‘Ž‡›ǢŠ›ŽŽ‹•Ǥ‹•ǡǢǤ‡Ž‡›ƒ‹ƒǡǢ‡‡Ž‡•Šƒ–”ƒǡ…Ǣ„Š‹Œ‹–‡•Š’ƒ†‡ǡǡ
Ǣ‹†›—ƒ‰ǡǢ‡”…›—–‘›‹ǡǢŠƒ‘ǯƒŽŽ‡›ǡǢ‹‡•Š‘Š”‡ŽǡŽ‹œƒ„‡–Š
—••‘ǡǢǢƒ•Š‹†ƒƒŠ‡”ǡǢ‡‰ƒ‘—‰ǡǢ—Šƒ‘ǡŠǤ
’‡…‹ƒŽ–Šƒ•–‘‘‰Ǧ‡‹ƒ‹ǡŠǢ—Ž‹ƒ
—ǡǡǢ‡‰Šƒƒ––‡”•‘ǡǤ
Š‡…‘˜‡”™ƒ•†‡•‹‰‡†„›‹•ƒ‘•–ƒœ‘ǡǤ
3
HealthofBoston20122013
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HealthofBoston20122013
TableofContents
Introduction..............................................................................................................................................7
ExecutiveSummary................................................................................................................................8
DataSummaryTable...........................................................................................................................12
Maps...........................................................................................................................................................14
NotetoReaders......................................................................................................................................20
HealthEquity..........................................................................................................................................22
BOSTON....................................................................................................................................................27
DemographicProfile.............................................................................................................28
SocioeconomicProfile...........................................................................................................37
SelectedHealthIndicatorTables......................................................................................53
NEIGHBORHOODS.................................................................................................................................67
ALLSTON/BRIGHTON............................................................................................................69
BACKBAY(BeaconHill,Downtown,NorthEnd,andWestEnd)............................81
NORTHEND................................................................................................................93
CHARLESTOWN.....................................................................................................................105
EASTBOSTON........................................................................................................................117
FENWAY...................................................................................................................................129
HYDEPARK............................................................................................................................141
JAMAICAPLAIN.....................................................................................................................153
MATTAPAN.............................................................................................................................165
NORTHDORCHESTER.........................................................................................................177
ROSLINDALE..........................................................................................................................189
ROXBURY................................................................................................................................201
SOUTHBOSTON....................................................................................................................213
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HealthofBoston20122013
SOUTHDORCHESTER.........................................................................................................225
SOUTHEND............................................................................................................................237
CHINATOWN............................................................................................................249
WESTROXBURY...................................................................................................................259
TechnicalNotes...................................................................................................................................271
DataSourcesandLimitations........................................................................................................278
Glossary................................................................................................................................................282
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HealthofBoston20122013
Introduction
‡Ž…‘‡–‘–Š‡HealthofBoston20122013:ANeighborhoodFocusǨ
‹…‡ͳͻͻ͸ǡ–Š‡‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ‘•–‘”‡’‘”–•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡…‘‹••‹‘‡†ƒ—ƒŽŽ›–‘’”‘˜‹†‡
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ…‹–›‘ˆ‘•–‘”‡•‹†‡–•Ǥ•–Š‡–‹–Ž‡•—‰‰‡•–•ǡ–Š‹•›‡ƒ”̵•”‡’‘”–
’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ…Ž‘•‡”Ž‘‘ƒ––Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ‘•–‘ǯ•‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†•Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘–‘†‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒ†
•‘…‹‘‡…‘‘‹…†ƒ–ƒǡ–Š‡”‡’‘”–’”‡•‡–•ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͵ͲŠ‡ƒŽ–Š‹†‹…ƒ–‘”•„››‡ƒ”ƒ†„›”ƒ…‹ƒŽȀ
‡–Š‹…‰”‘—’ˆ‘”‘•–‘‘˜‡”ƒŽŽƒ†ˆ‘”‡ƒ…Š‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͷ‘•–‘‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†•”‡…‘‰‹œ‡†‹’ƒ•–
”‡’‘”–•ǡ’Ž—•–Š‡‘”–Š†ƒ†Š‹ƒ–‘™ǡƒ•–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ’‡”‹–•ǤŠ‡•‡‹†‹…ƒ–‘”•™‡”‡
•‡Ž‡…–‡†„ƒ•‡†‘•’‡…‹ˆ‹…’—„Ž‹…Š‡ƒŽ–Š”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡ƒ††ƒ–ƒƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›‘–Š‡”
‹’‘”–ƒ–Š‡ƒŽ–Š‹†‹…ƒ–‘”•‘–’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‹•”‡’‘”––Šƒ––Š‡‘•–‘—„Ž‹…‡ƒŽ–Š‘‹••‹‘
™‹ŽŽ’”‡•‡–‹‘–Š‡””‡’‘”–•ƒ†’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ•ƒŽ™ƒ›•ǡ™‡™‡Ž…‘‡”‡“—‡•–•ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡†ƒ–ƒƒ•
™‡ŽŽƒ•‘”‡–ƒ”‰‡–‡†”‡“—‡•–•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹†‹…ƒ–‘”†ƒ–ƒ’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‹•”‡’‘”–Ǥ
HealthofBoston20122013:ANeighborhoodFocusŽ‘‘•“—‹–‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘’ƒ•–‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ
‘•–‘”‡’‘”–•Ǥ—„‡”‘ˆˆ‘”ƒ–…Šƒ‰‡•™‡”‡—–‹Ž‹œ‡†–‘ˆ”ƒ‡–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǤ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”ǡ†ƒ–ƒ
–ƒ„Ž‡•™‡”‡‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‹†‹…ƒ–‘”•‡…–‹‘•‹‘”†‡”–‘‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡–Ž›’”‡•‡–
‡š–‡•‹˜‡–”‡†ƒ†”ƒ…‹ƒŽȀ‡–Š‹…†ƒ–ƒˆ‘”‘•–‘‘˜‡”ƒŽŽƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‘•–‘‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†•Ǥ
•™‹–Š’”‡˜‹‘—•‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ‘•–‘”‡’‘”–•ǡ–Š‹•”‡’‘”–†‘‡•‘–ƒ––‡’––‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›…ƒ—•ƒŽ‹–›‘”
ƒ‡’‘Ž‹…›”‡…‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ•–‡ƒ†ǡ‹–’”‘˜‹†‡•†‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹–‡†‡†–‘•–‹—Žƒ–‡
†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ƒ‘‰‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†™‹–Š‹‘—”…‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
ReportOverview
Š‡”‡’‘”–„‡‰‹•™‹–Šƒ‡š‡…—–‹˜‡•—ƒ”›ƒ†•‘‡‘–‡•–‘–Š‡”‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ–Š‡’”‘…‡‡†•™‹–Š
–Š”‡‡•‡…–‹‘•ȋ‡ƒŽ–Š“—‹–›ǡ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ǡƒ†‘…‹‘‡…‘‘‹…”‘ˆ‹Ž‡Ȍ–Šƒ–‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ
’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ›•‘…‹ƒŽǡ‡…‘‘‹…ǡƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽˆƒ…–‘”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡”‡…‘‰‹œ‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡
’”‘ˆ‘—†‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‘–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‡š’‡”‹‡…‡‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›”‡ˆ‡””‡†
–‘ƒ•‘…‹ƒŽ‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆ‡ƒŽ–ŠǤƒ‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ•‘…‹ƒŽ†‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠŠ‡Ž’’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ
‡…‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ˆƒ…–‘”•‹ˆŽ—‡…‹‰–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‹Š‡ƒŽ–Š‡š’‡”‹‡…‡
ƒ…”‘••˜ƒ”‹‘—•‰”‘—’•ƒ†•ƒŽŽ‡”’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š‹–Š‡…‹–›ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡Ǥ‘”ƒ››‡ƒ”•ǡ‡ƒŽ–Š
‘ˆ‘•–‘”‡’‘”–•Šƒ˜‡”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–”ƒ…‹ƒŽȀ‡–Š‹…Š‡ƒŽ–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‘ˆ–‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•
”ƒ…‹ƒŽȀ‡–Š‹…̶Š‡ƒŽ–Š†‹•’ƒ”‹–‹‡•̶‘”̶Š‡ƒŽ–Š‹‡“—‹–‹‡•̶Ǥ•Š‘”–ǡ•‹ƒƒ†Š‹–‡‘•–‘
”‡•‹†‡–•–‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡—…Š„‡––‡”Š‡ƒŽ–Š‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•–Šƒ–Š‡‹”Žƒ…ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‡‹‰Š„‘”•Ǥ
‘…‹ƒŽ†‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Š’”‘˜‹†‡‡…‡••ƒ”›…‘–‡š–ˆ‘”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ†ƒ††”‡••‹‰–Š‡•‡
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•ǤŠ‡•‡–Š”‡‡•‡…–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡’‘”–’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ†‡–‡”‹ƒ–ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡
Š‡ƒŽ–Š†ƒ–ƒ–Šƒ–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǥ
Š‡‘•–‘‡ƒŽ–Š†‹…ƒ–‘”••‡…–‹‘’”‡•‡–•ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͵ͲŠ‡ƒŽ–Š‹†‹…ƒ–‘”•‹…Ž—†‹‰†ƒ–ƒ
‘•‡Ž‡…–„‹”–Š‘—–…‘‡•ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠǦ”‡Žƒ–‡†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•ǡ†‹•‡ƒ•‡‹…‹†‡…‡ǡŠ‘•’‹–ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ‡‡”‰‡…›
†‡’ƒ”–‡–˜‹•‹–•ǡƒ†…ƒ—•‡•‘ˆ†‡ƒ–ŠǤŠ‡•‡†ƒ–ƒƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹–”‡†–ƒ„Ž‡•–Šƒ–•Š‘™”ƒ–‡
…Šƒ‰‡•‘˜‡”–‹‡ƒ†”ƒ…‡Ȁ‡–Š‹…‹–›–ƒ„Ž‡•–Šƒ–•Š‘™”ƒ–‡•„›”ƒ…‹ƒŽȀ‡–Š‹…‰”‘—’Ǥ’‘”–ƒ–
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ•„—ŽŽ‡–‡†Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•„‡Ž‘™–Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡•Ǥ
‡š–ǡ–Š‡”‡’‘”–’”‡•‡–•–Š‡‘•–…‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘•–‘‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž
†ƒ–ƒ–‘†ƒ–‡Ǥ‘”‡ƒ…Š‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡…Šƒ”–•–Šƒ–†‡•…”‹„‡†‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒ†
•‘…‹‘‡…‘‘‹……Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•ǡƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š‹†‹…ƒ–‘”–ƒ„Ž‡•‹–Š‡•ƒ‡ˆ‘”ƒ–ƒ•ˆ‘”‘•–‘
‘˜‡”ƒŽŽǤ
Š‡”‡’‘”–…‘…Ž—†‡•™‹–Š–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ‘–‡•ǡƒ†‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ†ƒ–ƒ•‘—”…‡•ƒ†Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†ƒ
‰Ž‘••ƒ”›Ǥ
‡Š‘’‡›‘—‡Œ‘›–Š‡”‡’‘”–ƒ†ˆ‹†–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘’”‡•‡–‡†Š‡”‡—•‡ˆ—Ž‹‘—”…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡ƒ‹
–‘Ž‹˜‡ǡŽ‡ƒ”ǡƒ†—”–—”‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‹‡”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†…‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
7
HealthofBoston20122013
EXECUTIVESUMMARY
HealthofBoston20122013:ANeighborhoodFocus’”‘˜‹†‡•‡š–‡•‹˜‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡
Š‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ…‹–›‘ˆ‘•–‘”‡•‹†‡–•Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘–‘†‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒ†•‘…‹‘‡…‘‘‹…†ƒ–ƒǡ–Š‡”‡’‘”–
’”‡•‡–•Š‡ƒŽ–Š–”‡†•ƒ†”ƒ…‹ƒŽȀ‡–Š‹……‘’ƒ”‹•‘••’ƒ‹‰ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͵ͲŠ‡ƒŽ–Š
‹†‹…ƒ–‘”•ˆ‘”‘•–‘‘˜‡”ƒŽŽƒ†„›‘•–‘‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†ǤŠ‡”‡’‘”–†‘‡•‘–‹†‡–‹ˆ›…ƒ—•ƒŽ‹–›
‘”ƒ‡’‘Ž‹…›”‡…‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•ǡ„—–‹•–‡ƒ†ǡ’”‘˜‹†‡•†‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹–‡†‡†–‘
‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡‹ˆ‘”‡††‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ǤŠƒ–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•‹•ƒ„”‹‡ˆ•—ƒ”›‘ˆ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘’”‡•‡–‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡”‡’‘”–Ǥ
HealthEquity
•›‘—”‡˜‹‡™–Š‡•‡…–‹‘•–Šƒ–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ǡ›‘—™‹ŽŽ‘–‹…‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ
‘•–‘̵•”‡•‹†‡–•‘ˆ…‘Ž‘”ƒ†–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆŠ‹–‡”‡•‹†‡–•ǤŠ‹–‡”‡•‹†‡–•ǡ‘ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǡ‡Œ‘›
„‡––‡”Š‡ƒŽ–Š–ŠƒŽƒ…ƒ†ƒ–‹‘”‡•‹†‡–•ǤŠ‡•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‹Š‡ƒŽ–Š„ƒ•‡†‘”ƒ…‡ƒ”‡
•›•–‡‹…ǡƒ˜‘‹†ƒ„Ž‡ǡ—ˆƒ‹”ǡƒ†—Œ—•–Ǣ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡƒ”‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•Š‡ƒŽ–Š‹‡“—‹–‹‡•Ǥ‡ƒŽ–Š
‹‡“—‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ—Ž–‹’Ž‡ˆƒ…–‘”•ƒ––Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǡ…‘—‹–›ǡƒ†•‘…‹‡–ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•
™‘”‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”–‘…”‡ƒ–‡‹‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ……‡••ǡ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•„ƒ•‡†‘”ƒ…‡Ǥ
‡ƒŽ–Š‹‡“—‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†ƒ…”‘••—Ž–‹’Ž‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š…‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ
Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›ˆƒ…–‘”•ƒ––Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ†…‘—‹–›Ž‡˜‡Ž•–Šƒ–‹’ƒ…–Š‡ƒŽ–ŠȂ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ
ˆƒ…–‘”•ǡ•—…Šƒ•„‹‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†’‡”•‘ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•Ǣ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’••—…Šƒ•ˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ‡–™‘”•Ǣ
ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽƒ†’Š›•‹…ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–•‘ˆ™Š‡”‡‘‡Ž‹˜‡•ǡ™‘”•ǡƒ†’Žƒ›•ǤŠ‹Ž‡™‡‘ˆ–‡–Š‹
ˆ‹”•–ƒ„‘—–„‹‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š…ƒ”‡ƒ……‡••ƒ•–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–
†‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Šǡ‹ƒ…–—ƒŽ‹–›…‘—‹–›ǦŽ‡˜‡Žˆƒ…–‘”•ǡ•—…Šƒ•Š‘—•‹‰ǡ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǡ
‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‡š’‘•—”‡ǡ’—„Ž‹…•ƒˆ‡–›ǡ‡’Ž‘›‡–ƒ†‹…‘‡ǡƒ”‡•–”‘‰’”‡†‹…–‘”•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ
Š‡•‡ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ‘‡̵••‘…‹ƒŽƒ†’Š›•‹…ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ†‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆ
Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ
Š‡‡šƒ‹‹‰Š‘™–Š‡•‡ˆƒ…–‘”•…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘Š‡ƒŽ–Š‹‡“—‹–‹‡•ǡ‹–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘—†‡”•–ƒ†
Š‘™‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ†…‘—‹–›…‘–‡š–†‹ˆˆ‡”„›”ƒ…‡Ǥ‡ƒŽ–ŠǦ’”‘‘–‹‰
”‡•‘—”…‡•ƒ”‡†‹•–”‹„—–‡†—‡˜‡Ž›ƒ…”‘••–Š‡…‹–›ƒ†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™’ƒ––‡”•‘ˆ”ƒ…‹ƒŽ•‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ†
’‘˜‡”–›…‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•‹‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ”‡•‘—”…‡•ǡ…‘—’Ž‡†™‹–Š”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ
•‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ”‡•—Ž–•‹’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ…‘Ž‘”‘ˆ–‡Ž‹˜‹‰‹‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†•™Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡‹•Ž‡••ƒ……‡••–‘
…‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ†‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–’”‘‘–‡Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ•—…Šƒ•ˆ”‡•Šˆ”—‹–•ƒ†˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡•ǡ‘’‡‰”‡‡
•’ƒ…‡ǡ“—ƒŽ‹–›Š‘—•‹‰ǡƒ†‡’Ž‘›‡–Ǥ†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡’ƒ–Š™ƒ›•ƒ†‡…Šƒ‹••–Š”‘—‰Š
™Š‹…Š•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘†‹–‹‘•ƒˆˆ‡…–Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘Š‡ƒŽ–Š‹‡“—‹–‹‡•‹•ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ–‘
—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
Boston:DemographicProfile
ʹͲͳͲǡ‘•–‘Šƒ†͸ͳ͹ǡͷͻͶ”‡•‹†‡–•ǤŠ‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘•–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡†ͷΨ
„‡–™‡‡ʹͲͲͲƒ†ʹͲͳͲǤ—”‹‰–Šƒ––‹‡ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆƒ–‹‘”‡•‹†‡–•ƒ†•‹ƒ”‡•‹†‡–•
‹…”‡ƒ•‡†„›ʹ͹Ψƒ†ʹͷΨǡ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ǤŠ‹Ž‡‰Ž‹•Š™ƒ•–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘•–ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›
”‡’‘”–‡†„‡‹‰•’‘‡ƒ–Š‘‡ǡ͵ͷΨ‘ˆ‘•–‘”‡•‹†‡–•ƒ‰‡•ͷƒ†‘˜‡””‡’‘”–‡†•’‡ƒ‹‰ƒ
Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘–Š‡”–Šƒ‰Ž‹•Šƒ–Š‘‡Ǥ‘‰–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‘–Š‡”–Šƒ‰Ž‹•Š•’‘‡ƒ–Š‘‡ǡ
’ƒ‹•Šȋ‹…Ž—†‹‰’ƒ‹•Š”‡‘Ž‡Ȍ™ƒ•–Š‡‘•–™‹†‡Ž›•’‘‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ȋͳͷΨ‘ˆƒŽŽŠ‘‡•Ȍǡ
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›”‡…Šȋ‹…Ž—†‹‰ƒ–‘‹•ǡƒŒ—ǡƒ†”‡…Š”‡‘Ž‡ȌȋͷΨȌǡŠ‹‡•‡ȋͶΨȌǡ
‘”–—‰—‡•‡ȋ‹…Ž—†‹‰‘”–—‰—‡•‡”‡‘Ž‡ȌȋʹΨȌǡƒ†‹‡–ƒ‡•‡ȋʹΨȌǤ
8
HealthofBoston20122013
Boston:SocioeconomicProfile
‘…‹‘‡…‘‘‹…•–ƒ–—•ȋȌ‹•ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ̵•‘”ˆƒ‹Ž›̵•‡…‘‘‹…ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ
’‘•‹–‹‘”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡–‘‘–Š‡”•„ƒ•‡†‘‹…‘‡ǡ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‘……—’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘™•‘…‹‘‡…‘‘‹…•–ƒ–—•
‹•ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠŽ‹‹–‡†ƒ……‡••–‘”‡‰—Žƒ”Š‡ƒŽ–Š…ƒ”‡ǡƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Š‘—•‹‰ǡ“—ƒŽ‹–›‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǡ
—–”‹–‹‘—•ˆ‘‘†ǡ”‡…”‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡””‡•‘—”…‡•ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Š›Ž‹ˆ‡•–›Ž‡Ǥ
Š‡•‘…‹‘‡…‘‘‹…•–ƒ–—•‘ˆ‘•–‘”‡•‹†‡–•˜ƒ”‹‡•†”ƒƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›„›”ƒ…‡Ȁ‡–Š‹…‹–›ǡ‰‡†‡”ǡƒ†
ƒ‰‡Ǥ‡›’‘‹–•ˆ”‘–Š‡•‘…‹‘‡…‘‘‹…•–ƒ–—••‡…–‹‘‹–Š‹•”‡’‘”–‹…Ž—†‡–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹ʹͲͳͲǣ
x
‹š–›’‡”…‡–‘ˆˆ‡ƒŽ‡ǦŠ‡ƒ†‡†Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•™‹–Š…Š‹Ž†”‡—†‡”ƒ‰‡ͷŠƒ†‹…‘‡
„‡Ž‘™–Š‡’‘˜‡”–›Ž‡˜‡Ž…‘’ƒ”‡†™‹–Šͳͺ؈‘”ƒŽŽˆƒ‹Ž›Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•‹‘•–‘
x
Š‡‡†‹ƒƒ—ƒŽŠ‘—•‡Š‘Ž†‹…‘‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•™ƒ•̈́ʹ͵ǡʹͶ͵…‘’ƒ”‡†
™‹–Š̈́͸ͳǡ͸͵͸ˆ‘”Š‹–‡Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•
x
Š‡’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘•–‘”‡•‹†‡–•™‹–ŠŽ‡••–ŠƒƒŠ‹‰Š•…Š‘‘Ž†‹’Ž‘ƒ‘”
™ƒ•
•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž›Š‹‰Š‡”ƒ‘‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ†—Ž–•ȋ͵ʹΨȌǡ•‹ƒƒ†—Ž–•ȋʹͶΨȌƒ†Žƒ…ƒ†—Ž–•
ȋʹͲΨȌ…‘’ƒ”‡†™‹–ŠŠ‹–‡ƒ†—Ž–•ȋ͹ΨȌ
x
Žƒ…ƒŽ‡”‡•‹†‡–•Šƒ†ƒ—‡’Ž‘›‡–”ƒ–‡‘ˆ͵ʹΨȂƒŽ‘•–ˆ‘—”–‹‡•–Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ
ͻ؈‘”Š‹–‡ƒŽ‡”‡•‹†‡–•
x
‘”‡–Šƒ͹ǡ͸ͲͲŠ‘‡Ž‡••‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™‡”‡…‘—–‡†‹‘•–‘‹ʹͲͳͳǢ͵͵Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™‡”‡…Š‹Ž†”‡
BostonHealthIndicators:Trends
ƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ•‡Ž‡…–‘•–‘Š‡ƒŽ–Š‹†‹…ƒ–‘”•‘˜‡”–‹‡”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†’”‘‰”‡••‘”•—•–ƒ‹‡†‹’”‘˜‡‡–
‹ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ‡›’—„Ž‹…Š‡ƒŽ–Š’”‹‘”‹–›ƒ”‡ƒ•ǣ
x
Š‡ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡–„‹”–Š”ƒ–‡ˆ‘”‘•–‘ˆ‡ƒŽ‡”‡•‹†‡–•ƒ‰‡•ͳͷǦͳ͹†‡…”‡ƒ•‡†ͻ؈”‘
ʹͲͲͷ–‘ʹͲͳͲƒ†–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ’”‡–‡”„‹”–Š•ƒ‘‰ƒŽŽ‘•–‘”‡•‹†‡–
„‹”–Š•†‡…”‡ƒ•‡†ˆ”‘ͳͳΨ‹ʹͲͲͷ–‘ƒ’”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”›ͻΨ‹ʹͲͳͲǤ
x
Š‡ͷǦ›‡ƒ””‘ŽŽ‹‰ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‹ˆƒ–†‡ƒ–Š”ƒ–‡ˆ‘”Žƒ…‹ˆƒ–•†‡…Ž‹‡†ͳͳ؈”‘–Š‡
’‡”‹‘†ʹͲͲͳǦʹͲͲͷ–‘ʹͲͲ͸ǦʹͲͳͲǡ„ƒ•‡†‘’”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”›†ƒ–ƒǡ…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ƒ†‡…Ž‹‡‘ˆ
ͺ؈‘”‘•–‘‘˜‡”ƒŽŽǤ‡–™‡‡–Š‡’‡”‹‘†•‘ˆʹͲͲͳǦʹͲͲͷƒ†ʹͲͲ͸ǦʹͲͳͲǡ–Š‡ͷǦ›‡ƒ”
”‘ŽŽ‹‰ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•ˆ‘”‹ˆƒ–†‡ƒ–Š”ƒ–‡•ˆ‘”‘•–‘ˆ‘•–‘‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†•ƒŽ•‘†‡…Ž‹‡†Ǥ
x
‘•–‘̵••–”‘‡Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡††‡ƒ–Š”ƒ–‡†‡…”‡ƒ•‡†ͳͷ؈”‘ʹͲͲͷ–‘ʹͲͳͲ„ƒ•‡†‘
’”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”›†‡ƒ–Š†ƒ–ƒˆ‘”ʹͲͳͲǤ
x
‘•–‘̵•Š‡ƒ”–†‹•‡ƒ•‡Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘”ƒ–‡†‡…”‡ƒ•‡†ͳͲ؈”‘ʹͲͲͷ–‘ʹͲͳͳƒ†–Š‡
Š‡ƒ”–†‹•‡ƒ•‡†‡ƒ–Š”ƒ–‡†‡…”‡ƒ•‡†ͳ͸؈”‘ʹͲͲͷ–‘ʹͲͳͲ„ƒ•‡†‘’”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”›
†‡ƒ–Š†ƒ–ƒˆ‘”ʹͲͳͲǤ
x
”‘ʹͲͲͳ–‘ʹͲͳͳǡ–Š‡’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘•–‘’—„Ž‹…Š‹‰Š•…Š‘‘Ž•–—†‡–•™Š‘
”‡’‘”–‡†•‘‹‰…‹‰ƒ”‡––‡•†‡…”‡ƒ•‡†Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ–Š‡’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘•–‘ƒ†—Ž–
”‡•‹†‡–•™Š‘”‡’‘”–‡†•‘‹‰…‹‰ƒ”‡––‡•†‡…”‡ƒ•‡†ˆ”‘ʹͲͲͳ–‘ʹͲͳͲǤ
x
”‘ʹͲͲͳ–‘ʹͲͳͳǡ–Š‡’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘•–‘’—„Ž‹…Š‹‰Š•…Š‘‘Ž•–—†‡–•™Š‘
”‡’‘”–‡†’‡”•‹•–‡–•ƒ†‡••ȋˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ƒ†ǡ„Ž—‡ǡ‘”†‡’”‡••‡†‡˜‡”›†ƒ›ˆ‘”–™‘™‡‡•
•–”ƒ‹‰Š–†—”‹‰–Š‡’ƒ•–›‡ƒ”Ȍ†‡…”‡ƒ•‡†Ǥ
9
HealthofBoston20122013
ƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ‘–Š‡”•‡Ž‡…–‘•–‘Š‡ƒŽ–Š‹†‹…ƒ–‘”•‘˜‡”–‹‡•—‰‰‡•–…‘–‹—‡†‡‡†ˆ‘”
‹’”‘˜‡‡–ǣ
x
Š‘—‰Š•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ„ƒ•‡†‘’”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”›†ƒ–ƒǡ‘•–‘̵•ͷǦ›‡ƒ””‘ŽŽ‹‰
ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”‹–•‹ˆƒ–†‡ƒ–Š”ƒ–‡”‡ƒ‹•Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ••ƒ…Š—•‡––•
‘˜‡”ƒŽŽˆ‘”–Š‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆʹͲͲ͸ǦʹͲͳͲǤ
x
”‘ʹͲͲͳ–‘ʹͲͳͳǡ–Š‡’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ’—„Ž‹…Š‹‰Š•…Š‘‘Ž•–—†‡–•‰‡––‹‰”‡‰—Žƒ”
’Š›•‹…ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–›†—”‹‰–Š‡’ƒ•–™‡‡ƒ†–Š‡’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡”‡’‘”–‹‰‡š…‡••‹˜‡ƒŽ…‘Š‘Ž
…‘•—’–‹‘ȋ„‹‰‡†”‹‹‰Ȍ†—”‹‰–Š‡’ƒ•–‘–Š”‡ƒ‹‡†•–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ›•‹‹Žƒ”Ǥ
x
”‘ʹͲͲ͹–‘ʹͲͳͳǡ–Š‡’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ’—„Ž‹…Š‹‰Š•…Š‘‘Ž•–—†‡–•™Š‘”‡’‘”–‡†
†”‹‹‰‘‡‘”‘”‡•‘†ƒ•’‡”†ƒ›ƒ†–Š‡’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†‘„‡•‡”‡ƒ‹‡†
•–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ›•‹‹Žƒ”Ǥ
x
”‘ʹͲͲͳ–‘ʹͲͳͲǡ–Š‡’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘•–‘ƒ†—Ž–”‡•‹†‡–•…‘•‹†‡”‡†‘„‡•‡ȋ™Š‘•‡
„‘†›ƒ••‹†‡š‘”‹•͵Ͳ‘”‘”‡Ȍ‹…”‡ƒ•‡†Ǥ
x
Š‡’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘•–‘ƒ†—Ž–•™Š‘”‡’‘”–‡†‰‡––‹‰”‡‰—Žƒ”’Š›•‹…ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–›ǡŠƒ˜‹‰
ƒ•–ŠƒǡŠƒ˜‹‰†‹ƒ„‡–‡•ǡƒ†Šƒ˜‹‰’‡”•‹•–‡–•ƒ†‡••ȋ„‡‹‰•ƒ†ǡ„Ž—‡‘”†‡’”‡••‡†
ͳͷ‘”‘”‡†ƒ›•†—”‹‰–Š‡’ƒ•–‘–ŠȌ”‡ƒ‹‡†•–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ›•‹‹Žƒ”ˆ”‘ʹͲͲͳ–‘
ʹͲͳͲǤ
BostonHealthIndicators:Racial/EthnicGroupComparisons
‘’ƒ”‹•‘•‘ˆ”ƒ…‹ƒŽȀ‡–Š‹…Š‡ƒ–Š‹†‹…ƒ–‘”†ƒ–ƒ•Š‘™‘•–‘̵•Žƒ…ƒ†ƒ–‹‘”‡•‹†‡–•
…‘–‹—‡–‘‡š’‡”‹‡…‡Š‹‰Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ…Š”‘‹…†‹•‡ƒ•‡ǡ‘”–ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒ†’‘‘”‡”Š‡ƒŽ–Š‘—–…‘‡•
…‘’ƒ”‡†™‹–ŠŠ‹–‡ƒ†•‹ƒ”‡•‹†‡–•Ǥ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‘•–‘̵•Š‹–‡”‡•‹†‡–•ǡŽƒ…ƒ†
ƒ–‹‘”‡•‹†‡–•Šƒ†Š‹‰Š‡””ƒ–‡•‘ˆǣ
10
x
‹”–Š•–‘ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡–ˆ‡ƒŽ‡•
x
‘™„‹”–Š™‡‹‰Š–„‹”–Š•
x
ˆƒ–†‡ƒ–Š•
x
•–Šƒ‡‡”‰‡…›†‡’ƒ”–‡–˜‹•‹–•ƒ‘‰…Š‹Ž†”‡Ž‡••–Šƒͷ›‡ƒ”•‘Ž†
x
‡ƒ”–†‹•‡ƒ•‡Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘•
x
‡”‡„”‘˜ƒ•…—Žƒ”†‹•‡ƒ•‡ȋ‹…Ž—†‹‰•–”‘‡ȌǦ”‡Žƒ–‡†Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘•
x
‹ƒ„‡–‡•Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘•
x
‘ˆƒ–ƒŽ‰—•Š‘–ƒ†•–ƒ„„‹‰‹Œ—”‹‡•”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹‡‡”‰‡…›†‡’ƒ”–‡–˜‹•‹–•
x
‘‹…‹†‡
x
†—Ž–‘„‡•‹–›ȋ„ƒ•‡†‘•‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡†Š‡‹‰Š–ƒ†™‡‹‰Š–Ȍ
x
†—Ž–•™Š‘•‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡†Šƒ˜‹‰’‡”•‹•–‡–•ƒ†‡••ȋˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ƒ†ǡ„Ž—‡‘”
†‡’”‡••‡†ͳͷ‘”‘”‡‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ•–͵Ͳ†ƒ›•Ȍ
HealthofBoston20122013
NeighborhoodProfilesandHealthIndicators
Whereonelivescontributestoshapinghealthbehaviorsandinfluencingone'shealth.Inthisyear's
HealthofBoston,thereisamuchbiggeremphasisonneighborhoodleveldatathaninpastyears.
Boston'sneighborhoodsvaryinpopulationcharacteristicsandsocioeconomiccircumstances.Asa
result,foreachneighborhoodtherearegraphs,wheredatapermits,thatdescribethepopulation's
genderandagedistribution,householdtype,familypovertystatus,housingtenure(rentalvs.owner
occupied),andeducationalattainment.
Neighborhoodlevelracial/ethnicdistributiondataexistintheBostonDemographicProfilesectionto
allowforcomparisonswithBostonoverall,otherneighborhoods,andovertime.Inaddition,thereisa
mapforeachneighborhoodthatidentifieslocationsofknowncommunityassets.Finally,each
neighborhoodpresentshealthindicatortablesinthesameformatasforBostonoverall:indicatorsover
timeandbyracial/ethnicgroup.
NeighborhoodHealthIndicators:Trends
‹‹Žƒ”–‘‘•–‘‘˜‡”ƒŽŽǡƒƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†•‡Ž‡…–Š‡ƒŽ–Š‹†‹…ƒ–‘”•‘˜‡”–‹‡”‡˜‡ƒŽ•
’”‘‰”‡••ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‡›’—„Ž‹…Š‡ƒŽ–Š’”‹‘”‹–›ƒ”‡ƒ•ǣ
x
……‘”†‹‰–‘’”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”›†‡ƒ–Š†ƒ–ƒˆ‘”ʹͲͳͲǡˆ”‘ʹͲͲͷ–‘ʹͲͳͲǡƒ––ƒ’ƒƒ†
‘š„—”›‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–†‡…”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡‹”ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡–„‹”–Š”ƒ–‡•ˆ‘”ˆ‡ƒŽ‡•
ƒ‰‡•ͳͷǦͳ͹ƒ‘‰‘•–‘‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†•ǤŠ‡†‡…”‡ƒ•‡ˆ‘”ƒ––ƒ’ƒ™ƒ•ͷͷΨƒ†
ˆ‘”‘š„—”›ͶͲΨǤ‘•Ž‹†ƒŽ‡ƒ†‘”–Š‘”…Š‡•–‡”‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–†‡…”‡ƒ•‡
‹’”‡–‡”„‹”–Š•ǡͶͲΨƒ†ʹ͹Ψ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ǡˆ”‘ʹͲͲͷ–‘ʹͲͳͲǤ
x
ƒ•‡†‘’”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”›†‡ƒ–Š†ƒ–ƒˆ‘”ʹͲͳͲǡ„‡–™‡‡ʹͲͲͷƒ†ʹͲͳͲǡŠ‡ƒ”–†‹•‡ƒ•‡
Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘”ƒ–‡•ƒ†Š‡ƒ”–†‹•‡ƒ•‡†‡ƒ–Š”ƒ–‡•†‡…”‡ƒ•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ
‘•–‘‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†•Ǥ‡…”‡ƒ•‡•‹”ƒ–‡•ˆ‘”Š‡ƒ”–†‹•‡ƒ•‡Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘”ƒ‰‡†
ˆ”‘ͶΨ–‘͵ͳΨǤŠ‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–†‡…”‡ƒ•‡•‘……—””‡†ˆ‘””‡•‹†‡–•‘ˆŠƒ”Ž‡•–‘™ȋ͵ͲΨȌ
ƒ†‘—–Š‘•–‘ȋ͵ͳΨȌǤƒ–‡•ˆ‘”„‘–Šƒ––ƒ’ƒƒ†‘”–Š‘”…Š‡•–‡”‹…”‡ƒ•‡†
͵ͲΨƒ†ͻΨǡ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
x
‡ƒ”–†‹•‡ƒ•‡†‡ƒ–Š”ƒ–‡•ƒŽ•‘†‡…”‡ƒ•‡†ˆ‘”‘•–‘ˆ‘•–‘‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†•Ǥ……‘”†‹‰
–‘’”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”›†‡ƒ–Š†ƒ–ƒˆ‘”ʹͲͳͲǡ„‡–™‡‡ʹͲͲͷƒ†ʹͲͳͲǡ†‡…”‡ƒ•‡•”ƒ‰‡†ǡ
†‡…”‡ƒ•‡•ˆ‘”Š‡ƒ”–†‹•‡ƒ•‡†‡ƒ–Š”ƒ–‡•”ƒ‰‡†ˆ”‘Ž‡••–ŠƒͳΨ–‘ͷ͹Ψǡ™‹–Š–Š‡
‘”–Š†ƒ†ƒƒ‹…ƒŽƒ‹‡š’‡”‹‡…‹‰–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–†‡…”‡ƒ•‡•‘ˆͷ͹Ψƒ†͵͸Ψ
”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›ƒ––ƒ’ƒƒ†ƒ…ƒ›™‹–Š͵ͶΨ‡ƒ…ŠǤ‘”–Š‘”…Š‡•–‡”
™ƒ•–Š‡‘Ž›‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†™Š‘•‡Š‡ƒ”–†‹•‡ƒ•‡†‡ƒ–Š”ƒ–‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡†ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡
‹…”‡ƒ•‡™ƒ••ƒŽŽȋͶΨȌǤ
x
Ž‘•–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ‘•–‘‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†•‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†ƒ†‡…”‡ƒ•‡‹ƒ•–Šƒ‡‡”‰‡…›
†‡’ƒ”–‡–˜‹•‹–•„‡–™‡‡ʹͲͲͷƒ†ʹͲͳͳˆ‘”…Š‹Ž†”‡—†‡”–Š‡ƒ‰‡‘ˆˆ‹˜‡ǤŠ‡
‰”‡ƒ–‡•–†‡…”‡ƒ•‡•‘……—””‡†ˆ‘”‘—–Š‘•–‘ȋͷ͸ΨȌǡ›†‡ƒ”ȋ͵ͻΨȌǡƒ†‘š„—”›
ȋ͵͸ΨȌǤŽŽ•–‘Ȁ”‹‰Š–‘ǡƒ•–‘•–‘ǡƒ†‡™ƒ›‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†‹…”‡ƒ•‡•‘ˆʹ͵Ψǡ
ʹ͹Ψǡƒ†͵ͺΨ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
Š‡‡–‹”‡HealthofBoston20122013:ANeighborhoodFocus™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘–Š‡‘•–‘
—„Ž‹…‡ƒŽ–Š‘‹••‹‘̵•™‡„•‹–‡ƒ–™™™Ǥ„’Š…Ǥ‘”‰Ǥ
11
12
295,951
321,643
103,710
451,647
62,237
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
*
139.1
34.6
2010
181.6
7.9
31.0
2010
2010
2010
2010
%
8.9%
26,121 47.5%
28,907 52.5%
#
55,028
Asian
2010
2010
2010
20082010
20092010
Latino
White
45.7%
54.3%
156.7
45.9
31.7
220.8
5.4
36.7
10.9
26.3
34,431 24.9%
89,242 64.6%
14,400 10.4%
Ra te
17.7
12.4%
11.8%
NA
Ra te
63,107
74,966
48.6% 142,045 48.9%
51.4% 148,267 51.1%
40.0
76.9
114.4
3.7
19.2
6.1
11.3
31.1
155.7
188.6
9.4
39.9
3.4
0.9
31,209 28.9% 23,923 8.2%
71,313 66.1% 231,134 79.6%
5,395
5.0% 35,255 12.1%
Ra te
Ra te
30.4
11.3
8.7%
7.9%
8.7%
8.3%
NA
NA
Ra te
Ra te
52,411
55,506
#
%
#
%
#
%
138,073 22.4% 107,917 17.5% 290,312 47.0%
Black
51.5
146.7
4.2
8.3
7,138 13.0%
42,332 76.9%
5,558 10.1%
Ra te
Yea r
2010
7.7
2010
8.9%
2010
9.1%
NA
NA
Ra te
Yea rs Combi ned
3.0
20062010
20092010
n<5
16.8%
73.1%
10.1%
47.9%
52.1%
%
100%
1
Includesotherrace/ethnicity
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
FordatasourceinformationseeendoftheExecutiveSummarysection.
ͳ
*Ageadjustedrates
Deaths(incl.Stroke) (per100,000res i dents )
*
LeadingCauseofDeath:DiseasesoftheHeart
(per100,000res i dents )
LeadingCauseofDeath:CerebrovascularDisease
*
LeadingCauseofDeath:Cancer (per100,000res i dents )
*
Suicide (per100,000res i dents )
*
SubstanceAbuseDeaths (per100,000res i dents )
Ra te
18.8
9.4%
9.4%
0.7%
Ra te
5.9
9.4
#
617,594
2010
TOTAL
BostonDataSummaryTable
Year
Maternal/ChildIndicators
AdolescentBirthRate(per1,000fema l es a ges 1517)
2010
LowBirthWeightBirths(percentofl i vebi rths )
2010
PretermBirths(percentofl i vebi rths )
2010
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels(percentofchi l drentes ti ngpos i ti ve)
2011
MortalityRates
Yea rs Combi ned
InfantDeaths(per1,000l i vebi rths )
20062010
*
2010
Homicide (per100,000res i dents )
2010Population
Total
Gender:
Ma l es
Fema l es
AgeGroup:
Under18
1864
65&over
BostonHealthIndicators
HealthofBoston20122013
DiabetesHospitalizations (per1,000res i dents )
*
%
16%
57%
11%
6%
21%
9%
Includesotherrace/ethnicity
C.I.
(8.012.0)
(26.032.3)
(19.828.2)
(13.319.9)
(11.716.9)
(20.628.9)
Yea rs Combi ned
2007,2009,2011
2007,2009,2011
2007,2009,2011
2007,2009,2011
2007,2009,2011
2007,2009,2011
2
NA
2010
Yea rs Combi ned
2006,2008,2010
2006,2008,2010
2006,2008,2010
2006,2008,2010
2006,2008,2010
2006,2008,2010
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
Year
%
7%
21%
20%
11%
7%
23%
%
6%
49%
5%
2%
8%
6%
%
16%
51%
15%
9%
32%
12%
C.I.
(4.99.9)
(16.026.2)
(15.124.2)
(7.315.1)
(4.010.0)
(18.327.9)
%
6%
29%
29%
12%
15%
25%
C.I.
(3.97.6)
(26.432.1)
(26.032.0)
(9.814.3)
(12.517.3)
(22.428.0)
2
NA
33.4
C.I.
(13.818.6)
(47.054.3)
(12.517.5)
(8.110.7)
(29.135.6)
(9.813.9)
Ra te
2
Ra te
NA
NA
C.I.
(2.19.2)
(40.557.4)
(1.78.5)
(0.63.2)
(3.113.7)
(2.910.0)
2.2
3.4
0.1
2.2
4.1
13.6
4.3
0.6
42.1
Ra te
Black
11.6
Ra te
Asian
%
8%
26%
25%
20%
16%
30%
%
16%
47%
12%
6%
26%
14%
C.I.
(6.310.0)
(23.629.3)
(22.328.2)
(17.123.3)
(13.918.9)
(27.533.5)
2
NA
20.2
C.I.
(13.019.6)
(42.651.8)
(9.414.2)
(4.87.5)
(21.830.0)
(10.916.3)
Ra te
0.9
2.5
3.2
11.5
%
17%
64%
9%
5%
16%
8%
%
22%
36%
25%
31%
13%
21%
C.I.
(16.228.0)
(31.439.9)
(21.429.3)
(25.535.7)
(9.516.3)
(16.724.5)
2
NA
67.1
C.I.
(15.018.0)
(62.065.6)
(8.410.5)
(4.15.1)
(14.417.0)
(7.19.1)
Ra te
0.2
2.0
1.2
9.6
7.5
Ra te
Ra te
24.3
White
Latino
Ratebyrace/ethnicityisnotpresentedduetohighpercentageofmissingdata.
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
FordatasourceinformationseeendoftheExecutiveSummarysection.
2
1
Ageadjustedrates
*
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
%
10%
29%
24%
17%
14%
25%
Ra te
766.7
55.5
2011
2010
1
C.I.
(14.017.3)
(54.759.3)
(9.512.4)
(5.47.0)
(18.922.7)
(8.110.7)
0.7
2.4
2011
YouthSurveyHealthIndicators
CigaretteSmoking
RegularPhysicalActivity
1+SodaConsumptionDaily
ExcessiveAlcoholConsumption
Obesity
PersistentSadness
2011
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
*
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingHospitalizationsandEDVisits
(per1,000res idents )
CommunicableDiseaseRates
ChlamydiaIncidence(per100,000res i dents )
HepatitisCIncidence(per100,000res i dents a ges 1525)
BostonBehavioralRiskFactors
Smoking
RegularPhysicalActivity
AsthmaPrevalence
DiabetesPrevalence
Obesity
PersistentSadness
CerebrovascularDiseaseHospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)
(per1,000res idents )
2.1
10.5
2011
2011
*
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations (per1,000res i dents )
*
22.9
2011
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits
(per1,000chi l drenundera ge5)
TOTAL
HospitalizationsandEDVisits
Year
Ra te
BostonHealthIndicators
HealthofBoston20122013
13
HealthofBoston20122013
14
HealthofBoston20122013
15
HealthofBoston20122013
16
HealthofBoston20122013
17
HealthofBoston20122013
18
HealthofBoston20122013
ExecutiveSummaryNotes,DataSources,andDataAnalysis
BostonDataSummaryTable
ǣ
2010Population:‡•—•ʹͲͳͲǡ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‘‡”…‡ǡ—”‡ƒ—‘ˆ–Š‡‡•—•ǡ‡”‹…ƒ
ƒ…–‹†‡”
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:‘•–‘”‡•‹†‡–Ž‹˜‡
„‹”–Š•ǡƒ••ƒ…Š—•‡––•‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ—„Ž‹…‡ƒŽ–Š
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels:‘•–‘—„Ž‹…‡ƒŽ–Š‘‹••‹‘ˆˆ‹…‡‘ˆ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‡ƒŽ–Š
InfantDeaths:‘•–‘‡•‹†‡–‹˜‡‹”–Š•ƒ†‡ƒ–Š•ǡƒ••ƒ…Š—•‡––•‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ—„Ž‹…
‡ƒŽ–Š
Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,Suicide,andLeadingCausesofDeath:‘•–‘‡•‹†‡–
‡ƒ–Š•ǡƒ••ƒ…Š—•‡––•‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ—„Ž‹…‡ƒŽ–Š
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:‘•’‹–ƒŽ‡”‰‡…›‡’ƒ”–‡–‹•‹–•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ‘‰
–Š”‡‡†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡•ǣ’ƒ–‹‡–‘•’‹–ƒŽ‹•…Šƒ”‰‡ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ǡ—–’ƒ–‹‡–‘•’‹–ƒŽ‡”‰‡…›
‡’ƒ”–‡–ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ǡƒ†—–’ƒ–‹‡–‘•’‹–ƒŽ„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ǡƒ••ƒ…Š—•‡––•‡–‡”ˆ‘”
‡ƒŽ–Šˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒŽ›•‹•
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):’ƒ–‹‡–‘•’‹–ƒŽ‹•…Šƒ”‰‡ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ǡƒ••ƒ…Š—•‡––•‡–‡”ˆ‘”
‡ƒŽ–Šˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒŽ›•‹•
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:‘•’‹–ƒŽ‡”‰‡…›‡’ƒ”–‡–
‹•‹–•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ‘‰–Š”‡‡†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡•ǣ’ƒ–‹‡–‘•’‹–ƒŽ‹•…Šƒ”‰‡ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ǡ—–’ƒ–‹‡–
‘•’‹–ƒŽ‡”‰‡…›‡’ƒ”–‡–ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ǡƒ†—–’ƒ–‹‡–‘•’‹–ƒŽ„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ǡ
ƒ••ƒ…Š—•‡––•‡–‡”ˆ‘”‡ƒŽ–Šˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒŽ›•‹•
ChlamydiaIncidence:ƒ••ƒ…Š—•‡––•‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ—„Ž‹…‡ƒŽ–Šǡ‹˜‹•‹‘
HepatitisCIncidence:‘—‹…ƒ„Ž‡‹•‡ƒ•‡ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ǡ‘•–‘—„Ž‹…‡ƒŽ–Š‘‹••‹‘ǡ
‘—‹…ƒ„Ž‡‹•‡ƒ•‡‘–”‘Ž‹˜‹•‹‘
BostonBehavioralRiskFactors:‘•–‘‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ‹•ƒ…–‘”—”˜‡›ǡʹͲͲ͸ǡʹͲͲͺǡƒ†ʹͲͳͲǡ
‘•–‘‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ‹•ƒ…–‘”—”˜‡‹ŽŽƒ…‡›•–‡ȋȌǡ‘•–‘—„Ž‹…‡ƒŽ–Š‘‹••‹‘
YouthSurveyHealthIndicators:‘—–Š‹•‡Šƒ˜‹‘”—”˜‡›ǡʹͲͲ͹ǡʹͲͲͻǡƒ†ʹͲͳͳǡ‘—–Š‹•
‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ—”˜‡‹ŽŽƒ…‡›•–‡ȋȌǡ‡–‡”•ˆ‘”‹•‡ƒ•‡‘–”‘Žƒ†”‡˜‡–‹‘ȋȌ
ǣ‘•–‘—„Ž‹…‡ƒŽ–Š‘‹••‹‘‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ˆˆ‹…‡
Maps15
ǣȀᎎ•–‘Ȁ”‹‰Š–‘ǡαƒ…ƒ›ȋ‹…Ž—†‡•‡ƒ…‘‹ŽŽǡ‘™–‘™ǡ
‘”–Š†ǡƒ†–Š‡‡•–†ȌǡαŠƒ”Ž‡•–‘™ǡვ–‘•–‘ǡᇐ™ƒ›ǡᛆ‡ƒ”ǡ
჏ƒ‹…ƒŽƒ‹ǡαƒ––ƒ’ƒǡα‘”–Š‘”…Š‡•–‡”ǡα‘•Ž‹†ƒŽ‡ǡα‘š„—”›ǡα‘—–Š
‘•–‘ǡα‘—–Š‘”…Š‡•–‡”ǡα‘—–Š†ȋ‹…Ž—†‡•Š‹ƒ–‘™Ȍǡƒ†α‡•–‘š„—”›
19
HealthofBoston20122013
NOTETOREADERS
What'sthedifferencebetweencensustypedataandsurveydata?
‡•—•–›’‡†ƒ–ƒ•‘—”…‡•‹…Ž—†‡–Š‡ǤǤ‡•—•ǡ„‹”–Š†ƒ–ƒǡ†‡ƒ–Š†ƒ–ƒǡŠ‘•’‹–ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘†ƒ–ƒǡƒ†
‡‡”‰‡…›†‡’ƒ”–‡–†ƒ–ƒǤŠ‡•‡†ƒ–ƒ•‡–•ƒ”‡…”‡ƒ–‡†„›…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‰‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡‡–‹”‡
‘•–‘’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ•ƒ’Ž‹‰ƒ•—„•‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‘’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘
…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡†ƒ–ƒ•‡–•”‡ˆŽ‡…–•–Š‡–”—‡ˆ”‡“—‡…›‘ˆ‡˜‡–•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‡•–‹ƒ–‡•‘ˆ–Š‡
–”—‡ˆ”‡“—‡…›ǡ•‹…‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘‡˜‡”›•‹‰Ž‡’‡”•‘™ƒ•ƒ……‘—–‡†ˆ‘”‹–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ•‡–Ǥ
—”˜‡›–›’‡†ƒ–ƒ•‘—”…‡•‹…Ž—†‡–Š‡‡”‹…ƒ‘—‹–›—”˜‡›ǡ–Š‡‘•–‘‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ‹•
ƒ…–‘”—”˜‡‹ŽŽƒ…‡›•–‡ǡƒ†–Š‡‘—–Š‹•‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ—”˜‡‹ŽŽƒ…‡›•–‡ǤŠ‡•‡†ƒ–ƒ•‡–•
ƒ”‡…”‡ƒ–‡†„›…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‰‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘ƒ”ƒ†‘Ž›•‡Ž‡…–‡†•—„•‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‘’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ‘”
•ƒ’Ž‡ǡ™Š‹…Š…ƒ–Š‡„‡ƒ†Œ—•–‡†•–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ›ȋ‘”™‡‹‰Š–‡†Ȍ–‘ƒ‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡•ƒ„‘—–Š‘™–Š‡
‡–‹”‡‘•–‘’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡”‡•’‘†‡†–‘–Š‡•ƒ‡•—”˜‡›“—‡•–‹‘•‹ˆ‡˜‡”›•‹‰Ž‡
’‡”•‘Šƒ†„‡‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†Ǥ”‘Œ‡…–‹‰–Š‡•‡•–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽ‡•–‹ƒ–‡•‘–‘–Š‡‡–‹”‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘
‹–”‘†—…‡•ƒ†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ—…‡”–ƒ‹–›ƒ„‘—–Š‘™™‡ŽŽ–Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡†ƒ–ƒ”‡ˆŽ‡…–•–Š‡–”—‡ˆ”‡“—‡…›‘ˆ
‡˜‡–•‹–Š‡‡–‹”‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ—…‡”–ƒ‹–›‹•‘ˆ–‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•̶ƒ”‰‹‘ˆ‡””‘”̶
‘”̶…‘ˆ‹†‡…‡‹–‡”˜ƒŽ̶‹‘”†‡”–‘‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡–Šƒ––Š‡–”—‡ˆ”‡“—‡…›‡š‹•–•™‹–Š‹ƒ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ
˜ƒŽ—‡•™‹–ŠͻͷΨ…‡”–ƒ‹–›Ǥ‘”–Š‹•”‡’‘”–ǡ–Š‡…‘ˆ‹†‡…‡‹–‡”˜ƒŽ•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡•’”‡•‡–‡†
ƒ”‡—•‡†–‘ƒ‡†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘•ƒ„‘—–™Š‡–Š‡”‡•–‹ƒ–‡•†‹ˆˆ‡”ˆ”‘‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž›Ǥ
Whendescribingsurveydata,howdowedetermineifonepercentageishigher
orlowerthananother?
•‹–”‘†—…‡†‹–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•“—‡•–‹‘ǡ•—”˜‡›†ƒ–ƒ†”ƒ™ˆ”‘ƒ”ƒ†‘Ž›•‡Ž‡…–‡†•—„•‡–ǡ‘”
•ƒ’Ž‡ǡ‘ˆ–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡•’‘‹–‡•–‹ƒ–‡•ǡ‘”’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡•ǡ‘ˆŠ‘™Ž‹‡Ž›–Š‡”ƒ–‡ˆ‘—†‹
–Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘”‡ˆŽ‡…–•–Š‡–”—‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡–‹”‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹ˆ‡˜‡”›•‹‰Ž‡’‡”•‘™‡”‡
ƒ……‘—–‡†ˆ‘”Ǥ‘”†‡”–‘†‡–‡”‹‡™Š‡–Š‡”–™‘’‘‹–‡•–‹ƒ–‡•†‹ˆˆ‡”•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž›ˆ”‘‡ƒ…Š
‘–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡…‘ˆ‹†‡…‡‹–‡”˜ƒŽ•ǡ‘”ƒ”‰‹‘ˆ‡””‘”•—””‘—†‹‰‡ƒ…Š‡•–‹ƒ–‡—•–„‡…‘’ƒ”‡†Ǥ
ˆ–Š‡…‘ˆ‹†‡…‡‹–‡”˜ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡‘˜‡”Žƒ’’‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ–Š‡™‡…ƒ‘–•ƒ›™‹–ŠͻͷΨ…‡”–ƒ‹–›–Šƒ–
–Š‡–™‘‡•–‹ƒ–‡•†‹ˆˆ‡”•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž›Ǥˆ–Š‡…‘ˆ‹†‡…‡‹–‡”˜ƒŽ•†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡‘˜‡”Žƒ’’‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ
–Š‡™‡…ƒ•ƒ›™‹–ŠͻͷΨ…‡”–ƒ‹–›–Šƒ–‘‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡‹•Š‹‰Š‡”‘”Ž‘™‡”–Šƒ–Š‡‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‹•
†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘‹•‘ˆ–‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•̶•–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ…‡Ǥ̶–Š‹•”‡’‘”–ǡ™Š‡–Š‡–‡š–”‡ˆ‡”•
–‘‡•–‹ƒ–‡•ƒ•̶Š‹‰Š‡”̶‘”̶Ž‘™‡”̶–Šƒ‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”ǡ‹–‡ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡•‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡•ƒ”‡statistically
significantly†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”™‹–ŠͻͷΨ…‡”–ƒ‹–›Ǥ
Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘–Š‡”•–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽ–‡•–•‘–—•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‹•”‡’‘”––Šƒ–…‘—Ž†”‡˜‡ƒŽ•–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ›•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‹•‘‡…ƒ•‡•™Š‡”‡…‘ˆ‹†‡…‡‹–‡”˜ƒŽ•‘˜‡”Žƒ’•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›Ǥ
ƒ–‡•†”ƒ™ˆ”‘…‡•—•–›’‡†ƒ–ƒ•‘—”…‡•†‘‘–”‘—–‹‡Ž›—†‡”‰‘•–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽ–‡•–‹‰ǡ•‹…‡–Š‡
”ƒ–‡•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ”‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†true˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡–‹”‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒestimates‘ˆ–Š‡
–”—‡˜ƒŽ—‡•„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ•ƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡‹˜ƒŽ—‡•‹•
‹–‡”’”‡–‡†ƒ•–Š‡–”—‡…Šƒ‰‡ˆ”‘›‡ƒ”–‘›‡ƒ”‘”„‡–™‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‰”‘—’•Ǥ
ƒ‹‰ƒ†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•ƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡ‘”‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Žǡ‹…Ž—†‡•
‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘–‡š–‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡•‡†ƒ–ƒ™‡”‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†‹ƒ›‰‹˜‡›‡ƒ”ǡ…Šƒ‰‡•‹
Š‘™†ƒ–ƒ™‡”‡…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡†‘””‡’‘”–‡†ǡ…‹–›Ǧ™‹†‡’”‘‰”ƒ•–Šƒ–ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†‡˜‡–
‘……—””‡…‡ǡ‡–…Ǥ
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•‘‡‹•–ƒ…‡•ǡƒ–‡•–‘ˆ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ…‡‹•—•‡†–‘†‡–‡”‹‡‹ˆ–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡„‡–™‡‡–™‘”ƒ–‡•
†”ƒ™ˆ”‘…‡•—•–›’‡†ƒ–ƒ‹•—Ž‹‡Ž›†—‡–‘”ƒ†‘…Šƒ…‡ǤŠ‹•‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–‘‘……—”™Š‡–Š‡
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡‹•…‘•‹†‡”‡†‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‡˜‡–•‘”…ƒ•‡•‹•‡š–”‡‡Ž›•ƒŽŽ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡
–‘–Š‡•‹œ‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Whatdotheterms"insufficientsamplesize","n<5"and“n<7“mean?
–Š‡•‡…–‹‘‘–‡•ǡ–Š‡’Š”ƒ•‡insufficientsamplesize‹•—•‡†–‘†‡•…”‹„‡†ƒ–ƒ’‘‹–•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘–
’”‡•‡–‡†ǤŠ‹•‘……—”•™Š‡–Š‡•–”ƒ–‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•—”˜‡›†ƒ–ƒ„›’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‰”‘—’•”‡•—Ž–•‹ƒ
•ƒ’Ž‡–Šƒ–‹•–‘‘•ƒŽŽ–‘…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡’‘‹–‡•–‹ƒ–‡•Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–‘’”‘–‡…––Š‡
…‘ˆ‹†‡–‹ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ”‡•’‘†‡–•ǡ†ƒ–ƒƒ”‡‘–’”‡•‡–‡†™Š‡–Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡•‹œ‡‹•–‘‘•ƒŽŽǤ
Š‡‘–ƒ–‹‘ǡn<5,‹•—•‡†™Š‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‡™‡”–Šƒˆ‹˜‡‘……—””‡…‡•‘ˆƒ‡˜‡–ȋˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ
„‹”–Š•ǡ†‡ƒ–Š•ǡ‡™…ƒ•‡•‘ˆƒ†‹•‡ƒ•‡Ȍƒ†–Š—•ƒ”ƒ–‡…‘—Ž†‘–„‡’”‡•‡–‡†ǤŠ‡‘–ƒ–‹‘ǡδ͹ǡ‹•
—•‡†™Š‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‡™‡”–Šƒ͹‘……—””‡…‡•‘ˆƒ‡˜‡–•—…Šƒ•˜‹•‹–•‘”Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
•‘‡‹•–ƒ…‡•ǡ…‘„‹‹‰•‡˜‡”ƒŽ›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ†ƒ–ƒ‹…”‡ƒ•‡•–Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡•‹œ‡‡‘—‰Šˆ‘”†ƒ–ƒ–‘„‡
”‡’‘”–‡†Ǥ
Whyaresomeratesandpercentagesinhealthindicatortablespresented
inagraycolor?
Š‹•‹•ƒ‹†‹…ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ––Š‘•‡”ƒ–‡•‘”’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡•™‡”‡„ƒ•‡†‘…‘—–•‘ˆŽ‡••–ŠƒʹͲƒ†–Š‡‹”
”‡•—Ž–••Š‘—Ž†„‡‹–‡”’”‡–‡†™‹–Š…ƒ—–‹‘Ǥ
Whydowesometimescombineseveralyearsofdata?
…‡”–ƒ‹‹•–ƒ…‡•ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‡™‡”–Šƒˆ‹˜‡…ƒ•‡•‘”ƒ‹•—ˆˆ‹…‹‡–•ƒ’Ž‡•‹œ‡‹ƒ‰‹˜‡
›‡ƒ”ǡ™‡…‘„‹‡†ƒ–ƒˆ”‘–™‘‘”‘”‡›‡ƒ”•‹‘”†‡”–‘’‡”‹––Š‡…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘
‘ˆƒ”ƒ–‡‘”’‘‹–‡•–‹ƒ–‡Ǥ–Š‹•”‡’‘”–ǡ–Š‡–‹–Ž‡‘ˆƒ…Šƒ”–ǡ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡ǡ‹†‹…ƒ–‡•™Š‡–Š‡”–™‘‘”
‘”‡›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ†ƒ–ƒŠƒ˜‡„‡‡…‘„‹‡†Ǥ
Howdowedefineneighborhoodboundariesinthisreport?
‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†•…ƒ„‡†‡ˆ‹‡†‹ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ™ƒ›•Ǥ–Š‹•”‡’‘”–ǡœ‹’…‘†‡•ƒ†…‡•—•–”ƒ…–•ƒ”‡
—•‡†–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†„‘—†ƒ”‹‡••‹…‡–Š‹•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹•‘ˆ–‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†™‹–Š‘•–‘
Š‡ƒŽ–Š†ƒ–ƒǤ‘•–‰”ƒ’Š•ƒ†ƒ’•’”‡•‡–‹‰‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘††ƒ–ƒ—•‡‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘††‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘•
„ƒ•‡†‘œ‹’…‘†‡•ǡ„—–‰”ƒ’Š•ǡƒ’•ǡƒ†–ƒ„Ž‡•™Š‹…Š‹…Ž—†‡„‹”–Š†ƒ–ƒǡ†‡ƒ–Š†ƒ–ƒǡ‡”‹…ƒ
‘—‹–›—”˜‡›†ƒ–ƒǡƒ†‡•—•†ƒ–ƒ”‡Ž›‘…‡•—•–”ƒ…–•–‘†‡ˆ‹‡‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†•Ǥ–Š‹•
”‡’‘”–ǡ–Š‡…‡•—•–”ƒ…–•ƒ”‡–Š‘•‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ʹͲͳͲ‡•—•Ǥ
Whyaresomeofthedataolderthanotherdata?
Š‡‘•–”‡…‡–†ƒ–ƒƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‹•”‡’‘”–ǣ•‘‡ƒ”‡‘Ž†‡”–Šƒ‘–Š‡”•ǡƒ†–Š‡
ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›˜ƒ”‹‡•„›•‘—”…‡Ǥ‡˜‡”ƒŽˆƒ…–‘”•†‡–‡”‹‡™Š‡†ƒ–ƒƒ”‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡
ˆ”‡“—‡…›‘ˆ†ƒ–ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘ǡ–Š‡’‘•–Ǧ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘…Ž‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†˜‡”‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡••ǡƒ†”‡•‘—”…‡•
ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒƒŽ›œ‡–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǤ
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HealthEquity
Š‡HealthofBoston20122013:ANeighborhoodFocus”‡’‘”–’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ…‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ
–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ‘•–‘”‡•‹†‡–•Ǥ•›‘—”‡˜‹‡™–Š‡•‡…–‹‘•–Šƒ–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ǡ›‘—™‹ŽŽ‘–‹…‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ‘•–‘̵•”‡•‹†‡–•‘ˆ…‘Ž‘”ƒ†–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆŠ‹–‡”‡•‹†‡–•Ǥ
Š‹–‡”‡•‹†‡–•ǡ‘ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǡ‡Œ‘›„‡––‡”Š‡ƒŽ–Š–ŠƒŽƒ…ƒ†ƒ–‹‘”‡•‹†‡–•ǤŠ‡•‡
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‹Š‡ƒŽ–Š„ƒ•‡†‘”ƒ…‡ƒ”‡•›•–‡‹…ǡƒ˜‘‹†ƒ„Ž‡ǡ—ˆƒ‹”ƒ†—Œ—•–Ǣ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡƒ”‡
”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•Š‡ƒŽ–Š‹‡“—‹–‹‡•Ǥ‡ƒŽ–Š‹‡“—‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ—Ž–‹’Ž‡ˆƒ…–‘”•ƒ––Š‡
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǡ…‘—‹–›ǡƒ†•‘…‹‡–ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•™‘”‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”–‘…”‡ƒ–‡‹‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ……‡••ǡ
‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•„ƒ•‡†‘”ƒ…‡ǤŠ‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ”ƒ‡™‘””‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡•‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡
ˆƒ…–‘”•ƒ†–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ƒ‘‰–Š‡Ǥ
HealthInequities
‡ƒŽ–Š‹‡“—‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡…›…Ž‡ƒ†ƒ…”‘••—Ž–‹’Ž‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š…‘†‹–‹‘••—…Šƒ•
„‹”–Šƒ†ƒ•–Šƒ˜‹•‹–•ˆ‘”…Š‹Ž†”‡ǡƒ†‘”–ƒŽ‹–›ˆ‘”•’‡…‹ˆ‹…–›’‡•‘ˆ†‹•‡ƒ•‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽǤ‘”
‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘’”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”›†‡ƒ–Š†ƒ–ƒˆ‘”ʹͲͳͲǡ–Š‡•–”‘‡†‡ƒ–Š”ƒ–‡ˆ‘”Žƒ…”‡•‹†‡–•
™ƒ•ƒ„‘—–‘‡ƒ†ƒŠƒŽˆ–‹‡•ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘”‡•‹†‡–•ǡ‘‡ƒ†ƒ–Š‹”†–‹‡•–Š‡”ƒ–‡ˆ‘”Š‹–‡
”‡•‹†‡–•Ǥ
ˆƒ–‘”–ƒŽ‹–›‹•ƒ……‡’–‡†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ƒ•ƒ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡‹†‹…ƒ–‘”‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š•–ƒ–—•‘ˆƒ
’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ȏͳȐǤ
”‘—’•‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡‹ˆƒ–‘”–ƒŽ‹–›”ƒ–‡ȋȌ‹•Š‹‰Š‹˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž›ˆƒ…‡Š‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž•
‘ˆ‘–Š‡”Š‡ƒŽ–Š’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ‘•–‘ǡˆ‘”–Š‡’‡”‹‘†ʹͲͲ͸ǦʹͲͳͲǡ–Š‡ͷǦ›‡ƒ””‘ŽŽ‹‰ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”
‹ˆƒ–†‡ƒ–Š•™ƒ•ͳͲǤͻˆ‘”Žƒ…‹ˆƒ–•ƒ†͸Ǥͳˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹ˆƒ–•’‡”ͳǡͲͲͲŽ‹˜‡„‹”–Š•ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘
’”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”›†‡ƒ–Šƒ†„‹”–Š†ƒ–ƒˆ‘”ʹͲͳͲǤŠ‡”ƒ–‡ˆ‘”Žƒ…‹ˆƒ–•™ƒ•͵–‹‡•Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡
”ƒ–‡‘ˆ͵ǤͶˆ‘”Š‹–‡‹ˆƒ–•ǤŠ‡”ƒ–‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹ˆƒ–•™ƒ•ͳǤͺ–‹‡•Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡”ƒ–‡ˆ‘”
Š‹–‡‹ˆƒ–•Ǥ
Individual&CommunityContext
Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›ˆƒ…–‘”•ƒ––Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ†…‘—‹–›Ž‡˜‡Ž•–Šƒ–‹’ƒ…–Š‡ƒŽ–ŠȂ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ
ˆƒ…–‘”•ǡ•—…Šƒ•„‹‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†’‡”•‘ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•Ǣ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’••—…Šƒ•ˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ
‡–™‘”•Ǣƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽƒ†’Š›•‹…ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–•‘ˆ™Š‡”‡‘‡Ž‹˜‡•ǡ™‘”•ǡƒ†’Žƒ›•ǤŠ‹Ž‡™‡
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‘ˆ–‡–Š‹ˆ‹”•–ƒ„‘—–„‹‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š…ƒ”‡ƒ……‡••ƒ•–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–
†‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Šǡ‹ƒ…–—ƒŽ‹–›…‘—‹–›Ž‡˜‡Žˆƒ…–‘”••—…Šƒ•Š‘—•‹‰ǡ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǡ
‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‡š’‘•—”‡ǡ’—„Ž‹…•ƒˆ‡–›ǡ‡’Ž‘›‡–ƒ†‹…‘‡ƒ”‡ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ›strongerpredictors
ofhealththananyoftheindividualfactors.Š‡•‡ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ‘‡̵••‘…‹ƒŽƒ†’Š›•‹…ƒŽ
‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡socialdeterminantsofhealthȏʹȐǤ
‘…‹ƒŽ†‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Š…ƒ„‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–Š”‡‡…‘”‡ƒ”‡ƒ•ǣ‡…‘‘‹……‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ
‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽƒ†‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†…‘†‹–‹‘•ǡƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ
Economicconditions‹…Ž—†‡‡’Ž‘›‡–ǡ‹…‘‡ǡ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†™‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ‘…‹‘‡…‘‘‹…
•–ƒ–—•Šƒ•Ž‘‰„‡‡”‡…‘‰‹œ‡†ƒ•ƒ‡›’”‡†‹…–‘”‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Šȏ͵ȐǤŠ‡…‘•‹†‡”‹‰‹–•
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’–‘Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ•‘…‹‘‡…‘‘‹…’‘•‹–‹‘…”‡ƒ–‡•ƒ•‘…‹ƒŽ‰”ƒ†‹‡–‹™Š‹…ŠŠ‡ƒŽ–Š
‹’”‘˜‡•ƒ••‘…‹‘‡…‘‘‹…•–ƒ–—•”‹•‡•ȏͶȐǤ
Physicalenvironmentandneighborhoodconditions‹…Ž—†‡ˆ‘‘†ƒ……‡••ǡ’ƒ”•ƒ†‘’‡•’ƒ…‡ǡ
Š‘—•‹‰ǡƒ‹”“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡŽ‹“—‘”ƒ†–‘„ƒ……‘ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡–•ǡƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡•‡…‘†‹–‹‘•
™‘”ƒŽ‘‡ƒ†‹…‘…‡”–™‹–Š‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”–‘ƒˆˆ‡…–Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™Š‘Ž‹˜‡‹ƒ”‡ƒ•™‹–Š’‘‘”
ƒ‹”“—ƒŽ‹–›‡š’‡”‹‡…‡Š‹‰Š‡””ƒ–‡•‘ˆƒ•–ŠƒǤƒ…‘ˆ‰”‘…‡”›•–‘”‡•–Šƒ–•‡ŽŽƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡ˆ”‡•Š
’”‘†—…‡ƒ†–Š‡Žƒ…‘ˆ•ƒˆ‡ƒ†ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡’Žƒ…‡•–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡‹’Š›•‹…ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–›…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘’‘‘”
†‹‡–•ǡ‘„‡•‹–›ǡƒ††‹ƒ„‡–‡•ȏͷȐǤ
Socialconditions‹…Ž—†‡‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†•ƒˆ‡–›ǡ•‘…‹ƒŽ‡–™‘”•ǡ•‘…‹ƒŽ…ƒ’‹–ƒŽǡƒ†…‹˜‹…
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘†‹–‹‘•Ž‹‡‡š’‘•—”‡–‘”ƒ…‹•ƒ†‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†˜‹‘Ž‡…‡Ž‡ƒ†
–‘…Š”‘‹…•–”‡••Ǥ–”‡••‹•†‹”‡…–Ž›Ž‹‡†–‘…Š”‘‹…†‹•‡ƒ•‡ǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›Š›’‡”–‡•‹‘ƒ†Š‡ƒ”–
†‹•‡ƒ•‡ȏ͸ȐǤ‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŠƒ••Š‘™–Šƒ–•—’’‘”–‹˜‡•‘…‹ƒŽ‡–™‘”•…ƒ•‡”˜‡ƒ•ƒ„—ˆˆ‡”–‘•–”‡••
ƒ††‡’”‡••‹‘ǡ™Š‹…Š‹–—”ǡ’”‘–‡…–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–’Š›•‹…ƒŽƒ†‡–ƒŽ‹ŽŽ‡••ȏ͹ȐǤ
Š‡‡šƒ‹‹‰Š‘™–Š‡•‡ˆƒ…–‘”•…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘Š‡ƒŽ–Š‹‡“—‹–‹‡•ǡ‹–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘—†‡”•–ƒ†
Š‘™‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ†…‘—‹–›…‘–‡š–†‹ˆˆ‡”„›”ƒ…‡Ǥ‡ƒŽ–ŠǦ’”‘‘–‹‰
”‡•‘—”…‡•ƒ”‡†‹•–”‹„—–‡†—‡˜‡Ž›ƒ…”‘••–Š‡…‹–›ƒ†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™’ƒ––‡”•‘ˆ”ƒ…‹ƒŽ•‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ†
’‘˜‡”–›…‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡•‘—”…‡Ǧ”‹…Š‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†•ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž›Š‹–‡ƒ†
‘”‡ƒˆˆŽ—‡–ǡ’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ’Ž‡‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•–‘ƒ‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š›…Š‘‹…‡•ƒ†Šƒ˜‡
…‘†‹–‹‘•–Šƒ–’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž›‹’ƒ…–Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ‡•‘—”…‡Ǧ’‘‘”‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†•ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘
’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž›…‘—‹–‹‡•‘ˆ…‘Ž‘”ƒ†Ž‡••ƒˆˆŽ—‡–ǡ‘ˆ–‡‘ˆˆ‡”ˆ‡™‡”‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ƒ†
…‘†‹–‹‘•‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”‰‘‘†Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǤŠ‹•‹‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ”‡•‘—”…‡•ǡ…‘—’Ž‡†™‹–Š
”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ•‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ”‡•—Ž–•‹’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ…‘Ž‘”‘ˆ–‡Ž‹˜‹‰‹‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†•™Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡‹•Ž‡••
ƒ……‡••–‘Š‡ƒŽ–Š›…‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ†‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡ•—…Šƒ•ˆ”‡•Šˆ”—‹–•ƒ†˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡•ǡ‘’‡‰”‡‡
•’ƒ…‡ǡ“—ƒŽ‹–›Š‘—•‹‰ǡƒ†‡’Ž‘›‡–Ǥ
Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ†‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Šƒˆˆ‡…–‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ–‡ƒ…Š•–ƒ‰‡‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ǡƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽƒ……‡••ƒ†‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•–‘Š‡ƒŽ–Š›•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘†‹–‹‘•†‡’‡†‹‰‘–Š‡‹””ƒ…‡Ǥ
†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡’ƒ–Š™ƒ›•ƒ†‡…Šƒ‹••–Š”‘—‰Š™Š‹…Š•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘†‹–‹‘•ƒˆˆ‡…–Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†
…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘Š‡ƒŽ–Š‹‡“—‹–‹‡•‹•ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
SocietalContext
‘…‹‡–›‹•‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ƒ†…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡†„›ƒ—„‡”‘ˆˆƒ…–‘”•–Šƒ–‹’ƒ…––Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†™‡ŽŽǦ
„‡‹‰‘ˆ…‘—‹–‹‡•‹ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ™ƒ›•Ǥ‘•–„”‘ƒ†Ž›ǡ•‘…‹‡–›‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†„›‹–•‡…‘‘‹…ƒ†
’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ•›•–‡•Ȃ…ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•ƒ†”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡†‡‘…”ƒ…›ǡ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥƒ›™ƒ›•ǡ–Š‡•‡
•›•–‡•†‹…–ƒ–‡Š‘™’‘™‡”ǡ™‡ƒŽ–Šǡƒ†‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ƒ”‡†‹•–”‹„—–‡†ƒ…”‘••…‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘
–‘–Š‡•‡Žƒ”‰‡•›•–‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•ƒŽŽ‡”•›•–‡•–Šƒ–†‡ˆ‹‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‘…‹‡–ƒŽ•‡…–‘”•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰
Š‡ƒŽ–Š…ƒ”‡ǡ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡†‹ƒǡˆ‹ƒ…‡ǡ•‘…‹ƒŽ•‡”˜‹…‡•ǡƒ†Œ—•–‹…‡Ǥƒ…Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•›•–‡•ǡ‹–—”ǡ
ƒ”‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡†„›•’‡…‹ˆ‹…‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ȃ‡Ǥ‰ǤǡŠ‘•’‹–ƒŽ•ǡ•…Š‘‘Ž•ǡ‡™•’ƒ’‡”•ǡ„ƒ•ǡ…‘—‹–›
‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†…‘—”–•Ǥ–‹•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘•–Šƒ–‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†…‘—‹–‹‡•
’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›‹–‡”ƒ…–™‹–Š–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡”•›•–‡•Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•›•–‡•‘”‹•–‹–—–‹‘•‘’‡”ƒ–‡‹ƒ
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HealthofBoston20122013
‡—–”ƒŽ™ƒ›Ǣ–Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡†„›–Š‡†‘‹ƒ–„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹•ǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ†ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ…Š‘‹…‡ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ
†‘‹ƒ–†‹•…”‹‹ƒ–‘”›„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǡ•—…Šƒ•”ƒ…‹•ǡ–Šƒ–‹ˆŽ—‡…‡–Š‡™ƒ›•›•–‡•‘’‡”ƒ–‡Ǥ
Š‹Ž‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ›‘–„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ˆ‡‡Ž–Š‡‹”‹’ƒ…–†‹”‡…–Ž›ǡƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•‘…‹‡–ƒŽˆƒ…–‘”•ƒˆˆ‡…–
–Š‡™ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹˜‡Ǥ›•–‡•ƒ†‹•–‹–—–‹‘••Šƒ’‡–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ƒ†”‡•‘—”…‡•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹
…‘—‹–‹‡•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”’‘Ž‹…‹‡•ƒ†’”ƒ…–‹…‡•Ǥ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽƒ‹†’‘Ž‹…‹‡•ƒ–ƒ…ƒ†‡‹…
‹•–‹–—–‹‘•‰”‡ƒ–Ž›‹’ƒ…––Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ƒ†”‡•‘—”…‡•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘•–—†‡–•ˆ‘”Š‹‰Š‡”
‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ’‘Ž‹…‹‡•ƒ†’”ƒ…–‹…‡ƒ…”‘••‹•–‹–—–‹‘•†‘‘–‹’ƒ…–‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†
…‘—‹–‹‡•‡“—ƒŽŽ›Ǣ’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ…‘Ž‘”’‡”•‹•–‡–Ž›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•Š‘™–‘Šƒ˜‡Ž‡••ƒ……‡••–‘
‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ƒ†”‡•‘—”…‡•–Šƒ–’”‘‘–‡Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰ǡ…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘Š‹–‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǤŠ‡
‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‘ˆ”ƒ…‹•‘‘—”†‘‹ƒ–„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ™Š‹…Š‹ˆ‘”–Š‡’‘Ž‹…‹‡•ƒ†’”ƒ…–‹…‡•‘ˆ
ƒŽŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡—‡“—ƒŽ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘•‘ˆ…”‹–‹…ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Š’”‘‘–‹‰”‡•‘—”…‡•Ǥ
Racism
–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡ”ƒ…‹•’Žƒ›•ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹…”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ†’‡”’‡–—ƒ–‹‰Š‡ƒŽ–Š‹‡“—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
‘…‹ƒŽ‹‡“—‹–‹‡•ǡ•—…Šƒ•’‘˜‡”–›ǡ•‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†Žƒ…‘ˆ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†‡’Ž‘›‡–
‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡŠƒ˜‡‘”‹‰‹•‹†‹•…”‹‹ƒ–‘”›Žƒ™•ǡ’‘Ž‹…‹‡•ǡƒ†’”ƒ…–‹…‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽŽ›
†‡‹‡†’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ…‘Ž‘”–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘‡ƒ”‹…‘‡ǡ‘™’”‘’‡”–›ǡƒ†ƒ……——Žƒ–‡™‡ƒŽ–ŠǤŽŽˆ‘”•
‘ˆ”ƒ…‹•Ȃ•–”—…–—”ƒŽǡ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽǡ‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽǡƒ†‹–‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ȃ…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘’‡”•‹•–‡–
‹‡“—‹–‹‡•ǡ™‹–Š’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ…‘Ž‘”†‹•’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒ–‡Ž›ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†„›’‘‘”Š‡ƒŽ–Š‘—–…‘‡•ǡ…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘
–Š‡‹”Š‹–‡…‘—–‡”’ƒ”–•ȏͺȐǤ†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡’ƒ–Š™ƒ›•–Š”‘—‰Š™Š‹…Š”ƒ…‹••Šƒ’‡•
ˆƒ…–‘”•ƒ–ƒŽŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•™‹–Š‹•‘…‹‡–›ƒ†…‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰•‘…‹‘‡…‘‘‹…•–ƒ–—•ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Š
„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•ǡ‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•‘ˆ•–”‡••ǡ‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ‹
ƒ††”‡••‹‰”ƒ…‹ƒŽ‹‡“—‹–‹‡•‹Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ
––Š‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Žǡ”ƒ…‹ƒŽ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‹•’‡”’‡–—ƒ–‡†–Š”‘—‰Šƒ•›•–‡‘ˆƒŽŽ‘…ƒ–‹‰•‘…‹ƒŽ
’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡—•‹‰’—„Ž‹…’‘Ž‹…‹‡•ƒ†‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ’”ƒ…–‹…‡•Ǥ––Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Žǡ—ˆƒ‹”
‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’‘Ž‹…‹‡•ƒ†’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ƒˆˆ‡…–ƒ……‡••–‘‰‘‘†•ǡ•‡”˜‹…‡•ǡƒ†‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰
Š‡ƒŽ–Š…ƒ”‡Ǥ––Š‡‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Žǡ’”‡Œ—†‹…‡ǡ†‹•…”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†—…‘•…‹‘—•„‹ƒ•ƒˆˆ‡…––Š‡
™ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆƒŽŽ”ƒ…‡•’‡”…‡‹˜‡ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ…–™‹–Š‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”ǡ‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ƒ†—‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›Ǥ
–‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡†”ƒ…‹•ƒ‹ˆ‡•–•ƒ•‹–‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡†‘’’”‡••‹‘ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ…‘Ž‘”ƒ†…ƒ…ƒ—•‡•–”‡••ǡ
†‡’”‡••‹‘ǡƒ†ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•‘ˆ‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ…›ǤŠ‹–‡’‡‘’Ž‡‹–‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•‘ˆ•—’‡”‹‘”‹–›ǡ™Š‹…Š
ƒˆˆ‡…–•–Š‡™ƒ›–Š‡›’‡”…‡‹˜‡ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ…–™‹–Š‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”ƒ†™‹–Š’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ…‘Ž‘”Ǥ
ApproachestoAchievingHealthEquity
‡ƒŽ–Š‹‡“—‹–‹‡•™‹ŽŽ’‡”•‹•–ƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ••‘…‹ƒŽǡ‡…‘‘‹…ǡƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ”‡•‘—”…‡•ƒ”‡
†‹•–”‹„—–‡†—ˆƒ‹”Ž›ƒ†—‡“—ƒŽŽ›Ǥ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•–‘”‡†—…‹‰Š‡ƒŽ–Š‹‡“—‹–›ƒ›‘Ž›„‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡
‹ˆ–Š‡›ƒ”‡„—‹Ž–‘–Š‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Šƒ–•‘…‹ƒŽǡ‡…‘‘‹…ǡƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‹‡“—‹–›ƒ”‡”‘‘–
…ƒ—•‡•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Š‹‡“—‹–›ǡƒ†–Šƒ–‹’”‘˜‹‰•‘…‹ƒŽǡ‡…‘‘‹…ǡƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ…‘†‹–‹‘•‹•
‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘‹’”‘˜‹‰Š‡ƒŽ–Š‘—–…‘‡•Ǥ–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•—•–ƒ††”‡••‹‡“—‹–‹‡•‹‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǡ
‡’Ž‘›‡–ǡ‹…‘‡ǡŠ‘—•‹‰ǡ‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†•ƒˆ‡–›ǡ”‡…”‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ
Šƒœƒ”†•ǡƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š›ˆ‘‘†ƒ……‡••ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š’‘Ž‹…›ǡ•›•–‡•ǡƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ…Šƒ‰‡‡ˆˆ‘”–•ȏͻȐǤ
ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡•‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•—•–„‡”‘‘–‡†‘–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ”ƒ…‹ƒŽŒ—•–‹…‡Ȃ‡“—‹–›ǡ‹…Ž—•‹‘ǡ
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ†‹–‡‰”‹–›Ǥ
††”‡••‹‰”‘‘–…ƒ—•‡•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Š‹‡“—‹–‹‡•”‡“—‹”‡•ƒŽ‘‰Ǧ–‡”…‘‹–‡––‘…‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡
—Ž–‹ǦŽ‡˜‡Žƒ†—Ž–‹•‡…–‘”ƒŽ•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•–‘…Šƒ‰‡–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ†‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†ƒ†˜ƒ…‡
”ƒ…‹ƒŽŒ—•–‹…‡Ǥ”‘ƒ†…‘ƒŽ‹–‹‘•‘ˆ’—„Ž‹…ǡ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ǡ‘’”‘ˆ‹–ǡƒ†…‘—‹–›•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ƒ”‡
”‡“—‹”‡†–‘…Šƒ‰‡…‘—‹–›•–”—…–—”‡•Ǥ‘”†‡”–‘†‘–Š‹•™‘”‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ”‡•‹†‡–˜‘‹…‡•ƒ”‡
‡••‡–‹ƒŽǢ”‡•‹†‡–••Š‘—Ž††‡ˆ‹‡–Š‡ƒ••‡–•ƒ†…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”…‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ‹†‡–‹ˆ›–Š‡
’‘••‹„Ž‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǡƒ†’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‘•‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•ȏͳͲȐǤ–‹•–Š‹•‘†‡Ž
‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’•™‹–Š…‘—‹–›”‡•‹†‡–•ǡ…‘—‹–›Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†Žƒ”‰‡
‹•–‹–—–‹‘•–Šƒ–‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘’”‘‘–‹‰•›•–‡ƒ†’‘Ž‹…›Ž‡˜‡Ž…Šƒ‰‡–‘’”‘‘–‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‹ƒŽŽ
‘•–‘…‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
24
HealthofBoston20122013
References
ͳǤ‡‹†’ƒ–ŠǡǤǤƒ†ǤŽŽ‘–‡›ǡInfantmortalityrateasanindicatorofpopulationhealth.
’‹†‡‹‘Ž‘—‹–›‡ƒŽ–ŠǡʹͲͲ͵Ǥͷ͹(5): ’Ǥ͵ͶͶǦ͸Ǥ
ʹǤ‘”Ž†‡ƒŽ–Š”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘…‹ƒŽ†‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠǤȏŽ‹‡Ȑȏ‹–‡†ǣ‡„”—ƒ”›ͳ͹ǡʹͲͳͲǤȐ
Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ™Š‘Ǥ‹–Ȁ•‘…‹ƒŽ̴†‡–‡”‹ƒ–•Ȁ‡ȀǤ
͵ǤƒŠ‘‡ǡ••‹ǡƒŽ‡Žƒǡ‡”‘ƒ†——Šƒǡ‹ƒǤƒ•–‘”’”‡•‡–ǫŠ‹Ž†Š‘‘†Ž‹˜‹‰…‘†‹–‹‘•
ƒ†…—””‡–•‘…‹‘‡…‘‘‹…•–ƒ–—•ƒ•†‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆƒ†—Ž–Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǤͳͻͻ͹‡„”—ƒ”›ǡ‘ŽǤͶͶǡ͵ǡ’’Ǥ
͵ʹ͹Ǧ͵͵͸Ǥ
ͶǤƒ”‘–ǡǤ‘…‹ƒŽ†‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Š‹‡“—‹–‹‡•ǤʹͲͲͷǡ’’ǤͳͲͻͻǦͳͳͲͶǤ
ͷǤ”‡—Šƒˆ–ǡƒ”ƒŠǡƒǡ‹…Šƒ‡ŽǤƒ†‹–Œ‡•ǡŠƒ”Ž‘––‡Ǥ‡ƒŽ–Š›‘‘†ˆ‘”ŽŽǣ—‹Ž†‹‰
“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‘‘†›•–‡•‹‡–”‘‹–ƒ†ƒŽƒ†ǤȏŽ‹‡ȐʹͲͲͻǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ
™™™Ǥ’‘Ž‹…›Ž‹Ǥ‘”‰Ȁƒ–ˆȀ…ˆȀΨ͹ͻ͹͸ͷ͸ͷǦͶ͵ǦͶͲ͸Ǧ͸ͷǦ͵͵ͷͲΨ͹Ȁ‡ƒŽ–Š›Ψ
ʹͲ‘‘†ΨʹͲ‘”ΨʹͲŽŽǦͺǦͳͻǦͲͻǦǤ’†ˆǤ
͸Ǥ”–Š—”ǡƒ”Ž‘––ƒǤ‹––Ž‡ƒ‹ƒ…Šƒ›ǣ•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ–”‡••Ƭ‡ƒŽ–Š‹•’ƒ”‹–‹‡•ǤʹͲͲ͹ǡ‘ŽǤ
ͷǡ’’ǤͷͺǦ͸͹Ǥ
͹Ǥ…Šƒ–ǡǡ‡–ƒŽǤ‘…‹ƒŽ‡–™‘”•ǡ•–”‡••ǡƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǦ”‡Žƒ–‡†“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡Ǥͳͻͻͺǡ‘ŽǤ͹ǡͺǡ’’Ǥ͹͵ͷǦ
͹ͷͲǤ
ͺǤ‘‡•ǡǤǤǡLevelsofracism:atheoreticframeworkandagardener'stale.—„Ž‹…‡ƒŽ–Šǡ
ʹͲͲͲǤͻͲ(8): ’ǤͳʹͳʹǦͷǤ
25
HealthofBoston20122013
Š‹•’ƒ‰‡‹•‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›„ŽƒǤ
26
HealthofBoston20122013
Boston
*Countofeachassetinparentheses
ʹ͹
HealthofBoston20122013
Demographics
Figure 1.1 Population, Boston, 1900-2010
Number of Residents
900,000
801,444
800,000
748,060
700,000
617,594
600,000
560,892
562,994
500,000
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
DATASOURCES:DecennialCensuses,U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,Bureauofthe
Census,19002010
In2010,Bostonhad617,594residents,whichmadeitthemostpopulouscityinMassachusetts.Data
fromthedecennialcensusesdemonstratethatthepopulationofBostonhasvarieddramaticallyover
thepast110years,reachingahighpointof801,444residentsin1950.In2010,52%oftheBoston
populationwasfemale(datanotshown).ThepopulationofBostonincreased4.8%between2000and
2010.
Figure 1.2 Population by Race/Ethnicity, Boston,
2000 and 2010
Percent of Population
60%
49 47
45%
30%
24 22
14
15%
17
8 9
2 2
3 2
Other
Race*
Two or
More
Races
0%
Asian
Black
Latino
(of any
race)
2000
White
2010
*IncludesAmericanIndians/AlaskanNatives,NativeHawaiians/OtherPacificIslanders,and
SomeOtherRaces.
DATASOURCES:Census2000and2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,
AmericanFactFinder
ThepercentageofAsianandLatinoresidentsincreasedfrom2000to2010whilethepercentageof
BlackandWhiteresidentsdecreasedoverthesametimeperiod.
ʹͺ
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure1.3PopulationbyRace/EthinictyandYear,19802010
NotLatino
Year
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1990
1980
Asian
Black
Other
Race*
8.9%
7.5%
8.2%
8.6%
8.0%
8.7%
8.9%
8.3%
7.6%
7.2%
7.5%
5.2%
2.7%
22.4%
21.7%
21.6%
21.2%
23.4%
23.5%
26.4%
26.7%
26.8%
25.7%
23.8%
24.0%
21.7%
1.8%
1.6%
1.7%
2.0%
2.1%
3.3%
1.9%
0.5%
1.6%
1.8%
1.7%
1.3%
1.3%
Twoor
More
Races
2.4%
1.7%
1.5%
1.5%
1.4%
1.2%
1.3%
1.4%
0.9%
1.1%
3.1%
†
†
White
Latino
(ofanyRace)
47.0%
51.2%
50.8%
49.8%
50.2%
48.6%
47.3%
48.5%
48.3%
52.3%
49.5%
59.1%
67.9%
17.5%
16.3%
16.2%
16.9%
14.9%
14.7%
14.3%
14.5%
14.8%
11.9%
14.4%
10.4%
6.4%
*IncludesAmericanIndians/AlaskanNativesandSomeOtherRaces
†Priortothe2000census,datawerenotcollectedonwhetherindividualsidentifiedasbelongingtotwoormore
races.
DATASOURCES:DecennialCensuses,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,19802010;U.S.Census
Bureau,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009AmericanCommunitySurveys
ThepopulationofBostonhasbecomeincreasinglydiverseovertime.While67.9%ofBostonresidents
wereWhitein1980,thispercentagefelltoslightlylessthanamajority(49.5%)by2000.Muchofthe
diversificationinthepopulationofBostonisduetoanincreaseintheLatinopopulationrelativetothe
overallpopulationofBoston,whichnearlytripledbetween1980and2010.
Note:The2000Censuswasthefirsttoofferrespondentstheoptionofidentifyingasbelongingto
morethanonerace.Therefore,censusdatafrombefore2000arenotstrictlycomparabletocensus
datain2000andbeyond.Nonetheless,thesedataprovidegoodestimatesofthechangesintheracial
andethniccompositionofBoston.
ʹͻ
HealthofBoston20122013
Neighborhood
Figure1.4PopulationbyNeighborhood,
Boston,2000and2010
2000
2010
%change
BOSTON
589,141
617,594
+4.8%
Allston/
Brighton
69,648
74,997
+7.7%
BackBay*
48,349
50,889
+5.3%
Charlestown
15,195
16,439
+8.2%
Chinatown
9,196
12,843
+39.7%
EastBoston
38,413
40,508
+5.5%
Fenway
29,823
32,415
+8.7%
HydePark
34,420
34,218
0.6%
Jamaica
Plain
29,482
30,081
+2.0%
Mattapan
19,724
18,010
8.7%
North
Dorchester
83,212
81,214
2.4%
NorthEnd
12,114
13,480
+11.3%
Roslindale
35,047
32,896
6.1%
Roxbury
50,349
59,640
+18.5%
29,938
33,674
+12.5%
45,291
43,870
3.1%
SouthEnd†
33,502
40,732
+21.6%
West
Roxbury
26,108
27,476
+5.2%
South
Boston
South
Dorchester
*IncludesBeaconHill,Downtown,theNorthEnd,andtheWestEnd
†IncludesChinatown
DATASOURCES:Census2000and2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,Bureau
oftheCensus,AmericanFactFinder
TheoverallpopulationofBostonincreasedby4.8%between2000and2010.
Amongneighborhoods,Chinatown,theSouthEnd,andRoxburyexperiencedthegreatestincreasesin
population(39.7%,21.6%,and18.5%,respectively)whileMattapan,Roslindale,andSouthDorchester
experiencedthegreatestdecreasesinpopulation(8.7%,6.1%,and–3.1%,respectively).
͵Ͳ
38,413
29,823
34,420
29,482
19,724
83,212
12,114
35,047
50,349
EastBoston
Fenway
HydePark
Jamaica
Plain
Mattapan
North
Dorchester
NorthEnd
Roslindale
Roxbury
59,640
32,896
13,480
81,214
18,010
30,081
34,218
32,415
40,508
12,843
26,108
West
Roxbury
27,476
40,732
3.8%
22.9%
6.0%
3.9%
4.7%
3.9%
2.7%
8.9%
0.7%
3.1%
1.6%
12.1%
4.0%
57.0%
5.0%
7.2%
13.8%
7.5%
%
2000
Asian
6.7%
23.1%
6.8%
4.9%
5.8%
3.6%
4.0%
9.9%
0.5%
4.3%
1.7%
15.3%
3.5%
45.6%
8.2%
10.3%
15.4%
8.9%
%
2010
6.4%
15.0%
47.5%
2.5%
52.5%
13.8%
1.7%
44.4%
83.6%
14.0%
39.2%
8.4%
3.1%
6.5%
3.5%
3.0%
4.5%
23.8%
%
2000
Black
10.5%
10.9%
47.3%
4.7%
42.7%
16.7%
2.2%
41.7%
81.1%
11.6%
46.9%
6.4%
3.2%
5.3%
4.6%
3.4%
4.6%
22.4%
%
2010
4.8%
11.8%
8.4%
7.5%
21.8%
18.4%
2.9%
16.8%
7.4%
28.7%
13.5%
8.8%
39.0%
5.2%
11.6%
4.2%
9.1%
14.4%
%
2000
%
2010
8.9%
11.1%
12.2%
9.9%
26.2%
22.6%
4.1%
20.0%
12.7%
24.6%
20.8%
8.5%
52.9%
5.3%
9.7%
5.5%
9.9%
17.5%
Latino
82.9%
47.6%
32.8%
84.6%
15.4%
60.0%
91.5%
18.4%
2.6%
51.2%
42.0%
67.4%
49.7%
29.4%
78.6%
83.6%
68.7%
49.5%
%
2000
White
71.8%
52.3%
29.0%
78.8%
21.2%
54.1%
88.1%
17.1%
2.3%
56.3%
27.5%
66.7%
37.2%
41.9%
75.8%
78.6%
66.1%
47.0%
%
2010
0.5%
0.7%
1.3%
0.4%
1.8%
0.6%
0.2%
6.1%
0.7%
0.6%
0.7%
0.7%
1.3%
0.5%
0.3%
0.3%
1.3%
1.7%
%
0.5%
0.6%
2.0%
0.5%
1.6%
0.9%
0.5%
6.8%
0.9%
0.7%
1.1%
0.5%
1.8%
0.3%
0.5%
0.4%
1.5%
1.8%
%
2010
OtherRace*
2000
Figure1.5aPopulationbyNeighborhoodandRace/Ethnicity(%),Boston,2000and2010
*IncludesAmericanIndians/AlaskanNativesandSomeOtherRaces
†IncludesBeaconHill,Downtown,theNorthEnd,andtheWestEnd
‡IncludesChinatown
DATASOURCES:Census2000and2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,AmericanFactFinder
33,502
SouthEnd‡
43,870
9,196
Chinatown
16,439
45,291
15,195
Charlestown
50,889
33,674
48,349
BackBay†
74,997
617,594
29,938
69,648
Allston/
Brighton
South
Boston
South
Dorchester
589,141
2010
Count
2000
Count
BOSTON
Neighborhood
TotalPopulation
1.7%
2.1%
3.8%
1.2%
3.8%
3.2%
1.1%
5.4%
5.1%
2.4%
3.1%
2.6%
2.9%
1.4%
0.9%
1.6%
2.6%
3.1%
%
2000
1.6%
2.0%
2.7%
1.2%
2.5%
2.2%
1.1%
4.4%
2.4%
2.5%
2.2%
2.6%
1.5%
1.7%
1.2%
1.8%
2.4%
2.4%
%
2010
TwoorMoreRaces
HealthofBoston20122013
͵ͳ
͵ʹ
1,553
3,597
554
901
140
7,425
329
1,374
2,361
1,161
2,721
7,668
985
EB
FW
HP
JP
MT
ND
NE
RS
RX
SB
SD
SE‡
WR
1,844
9,408
2,983
1,642
3,470
1,169
537
8,028
95
1,300
565
4,970
1,413
5,852
1,344
5,220
11,568
+87.2%
+22.7%
+9.6%
+41.4%
+47.0%
14.9%
+63.2%
+8.1%
32.1%
+44.3%
+2.0%
+38.2%
9.0%
+11.6%
+76.6%
+50.7%
+20.4%
+24.3%
%
change
1,676
5,033
21,523
741
26,421
4,851
203
36,914
16,480
4,142
13,487
2,511
1,177
596
539
1,456
3,110
140,305
Count
2000
2,883
4,424
20,746
1,572
25,448
5,483
303
33,891
14,609
3,501
16,041
2,083
1,283
677
764
1,710
3,431
138,073
Count
2010
Black
+72.0%
12.1%
3.6%
+112.1%
3.7%
+13.0%
+49.3%
8.2%
11.4%
15.5%
+18.9%
17.0%
+9.0%
+13.6%
+41.7%
+17.4%
+10.3%
1.6%
%
change
1,255
3,947
3,827
2,235
10,988
6,456
351
13,942
1,456
8,466
4,634
2,631
14,990
482
1,764
2,042
6,336
85,089
Count
2000
2,451
4,539
5,348
3,345
15,626
7,429
547
16,259
2,287
7,394
7,102
2,742
21,419
678
1,591
2,811
7,440
107,917
Count
2010
Latino
+95.3%
+15.0%
+39.7%
+49.7%
+42.2%
+15.1%
+55.8%
+16.6%
+57.1%
12.7%
+53.3%
+4.2%
+42.9%
+40.7%
9.8%
+37.7%
+17.4%
+26.8%
%
change
21,638
15,947
14,876
25,316
7,760
21,015
11,082
15,329
513
15,082
14,442
20,091
19,078
2,703
11,946
40,433
47,835
291,561
Count
2000
*IncludesAmericanIndians/AlaskanNativesandSomeOtherRaces
†IncludesBeaconHill,Downtown,theNorthEnd,andtheWestEnd
‡IncludesChinatown
DATASOURCES:Census2000and2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,AmericanFactFinder
761
5,243
CH
3,463
BB†
CT
9,611
AB
55,028
Count
Count
44,280
2010
Asian
2000
BOS
NH
19,722
21,297
12,743
26,538
12,665
17,803
11,876
13,925
417
16,923
9,406
21,625
15,051
5,383
12,458
40,005
49,569
290,312
Count
2010
White
8.9%
+33.5%
14.3%
+4.8%
+63.2%
15.3%
+7.2%
9.2%
18.7%
+12.2%
34.9%
+7.6%
21.1%
+99.1%
+4.3%
1.1%
+3.6%
0.4%
%
change
121
220
611
118
930
213
20
5,079
135
179
243
222
511
45
46
166
933
9,732
Count
2000
127
238
871
176
966
292
65
5,544
163
212
367
155
724
34
80
221
1,154
11,305
Count
2010
+9.2%
+20.7%
+18.4%
+51.0%
30.2%
+41.7%
24.4%
+73.9%
+33.1%
+23.7%
+16.2%
%
change
+5.0%
+8.2%
+42.6%
+49.2%
+3.9%
+37.1%
+225.0%
OtherRace*
Figure1.5bPopulationCountsbyNeighborhoodandRace/Ethnicity,Boston,2000and2010
433
687
1,733
367
1,889
1,138
129
4,523
1,000
712
1,060
771
1,104
127
139
789
1,823
18,174
Count
2000
449
826
1,179
401
1,465
720
152
3,567
439
751
737
840
618
219
202
922
1,835
14,959
Count
2010
+3.6%
+16.8%
47.0%
+8.5%
28.9%
58.1%
+15.1%
26.8%
127.8%
+5.2%
43.8%
+8.2%
78.6%
+42.0%
+31.2%
+14.4%
+0.7%
21.5%
%
change
TwoorMoreRaces
HealthofBoston20122013
HealthofBoston20122013
Percent of Population
Figure 1.6 Population by Age Group,
Boston and Massachusetts Overall, 2010
40%
33
22
20%
28
26
30%
17
20
19
14
10
10
10%
0%
Under 18 18 to 24 25 to 44 45 to 64
Boston 2010
65 and
over
MA 2010
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,
AmericanFactFinder
Bostonhasahigherpercentageofadultsages1824and2544comparedwithMassachusettsoverall.
AhigherpercentageofMassachusettsresidentsareyoungerthan18andolderthan44ascompared
withBoston.
Figure 1.7 Most Frequently Reported
Languages Spoken at Home, Boston, 2010
Percent of Population
5 Years and Over
80%
65
60%
40%
20%
15
5
4
2
2
0%
*SpanishincludesSpanishCreole
†FrenchincludesPatois,Cajun,andFrenchCreole
‡PortugueseincludesPortugueseCreole DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,2010AmericanCommunitySurvey
WhileEnglishwasthelanguagemostfrequentlyreportedbeingspokenathome,35%ofBoston
residentsages5andoverreportedspeakingalanguageotherthanEnglishathome.Amongthe
languagesotherthanEnglishspokenathome,Spanish(includingSpanishCreole)(15%)wasthemost
widelyspokenlanguage,followedbyFrench(includingPatois,Cajun,andFrenchCreole)(5%),Chinese
(4%),Portuguese(includingPortugueseCreole)(2%),andVietnamese(2%).
͵͵
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 1.8 Children by Selected
Indicators, Boston, 2010
Boston < 18 years
17
< 5 years
31
5-9 years
26
10-14 years
26
15-17 years
17
Asian
7
Black
33
Latino
30
White
23
Male
51
Female
49
U.S. Born
92
Receiving Public
Assistance
42
Had A Disability
4
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Percent of Children
DATASOURCES:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,
AmericanFactFinder;USCensusBureau,2010AmericanCommunitySurvey
SeventeenpercentofBostonresidentsarelessthan18yearsofage.Childrenlessthan5yearsofage
madeupthegreatestpercentageofchildrenwhile1517yearoldsmadeupthesmallestpercentageof
children.OnethirdofchildreninBostonareBlack,30%areLatino,23%areWhite,and7%areAsian.
NinetytwopercentofBostonchildrenwerebornintheUnitedStates,42%receivepublicassistance,
and4%haveadisability.
͵Ͷ
HealthofBoston20122013
BostonDemographics,Notes,andDataAnalysis
Figure1.1Population,Boston,19002010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure1.2PopulationbyRace/Ethnicity,Boston,2000and2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure1.3PopulationbyRace/EthnicityandYear,19802010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure1.4PopulationbyNeighborhood,Boston,2000and2010
NOTE:Duetochangesincensustractdefinitionsforsomeneighborhoods,comparisonsbetween2000
and2010dataarenotstrictlycomparable.Nonetheless,thesedataprovidegoodestimatesofthe
changesintheracialandethniccompositionofneighborhoodswithinBoston.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure1.5a,1.5bPopulationbyNeighborhoodandRace/Ethnicity,Boston,2000and2010
NOTE:Duetochangesincensustractdefinitionsforsomeneighborhoods,comparisonsbetween2000
and2010dataarenotstrictlycomparable.Nonetheless,thesedataprovidegoodestimatesofthe
changesintheracialandethniccompositionofneighborhoodswithinBoston.
ABBREVIATIONSKEY:A/B=Allston/Brighton,BB=BackBay(includesBeaconHill,Downtown,theNorth
End,andtheWestEnd),CH=Charlestown,EB=EastBoston,FW=Fenway,HP=HydePark,JP=Jamaica
Plain,MT=Mattapan,ND=NorthDorchester,RS=Roslindale,RX=Roxbury,SB=SouthBoston,SD=South
Dorchester,SE=SouthEnd(includesChinatown),andWR=WestRoxbury
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure1.6PopulationbyAgeGroup,BostonandMassachusettsOverall,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure1.7MostFrequentlyReportedLanguagesSpokenatHome,Boston,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure1.78ChildrenbySelectedIndicators,Boston,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
͵ͷ
HealthofBoston20122013
Š‹•’ƒ‰‡‹•‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›„ŽƒǤ
͵͸
HealthofBoston20122013
SocioeconomicProfile
Figure 2.1 Type of Household, Boston, 2010
Family
Household Married
Couple
26%
Non-f amily
Household
54%
Family
Household No Spouse
Present
20%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,American
FactFinder
In2010,46%ofallhouseholdsinBostonconsistedoffamilies.Thecensusdefinesafamilyhousehold
asoneinwhichthereisatleastonepersonlivinginthehouseholdwhoisrelatedbymarriage,blood,
oradoptiontothehouseholder(headofhousehold).Ofallhouseholds,anestimated26%were
marriedcouplefamilies,thatis,thehouseholderwaslivingwithaspouse.
Figure 2.2 Median Annual Household Income
by Race/Ethnicity, Boston, 2006-2010
Median Annual Income
$75,000
$50,000
$25,000
$0
2006
BOSTON
2007
Asian
2008
Black
2009
Latino
2010
White
DATASOURCES:U.S.CensusBureau,2006,2007,2008,2009,and2010AmericanCommunitySurveys
In2010,theestimatedmedianannualhouseholdincomeofBostonresidentswas$49,893.Latinoand
Whiteresidenthouseholdsexperiencedadecreaseinmedianannualhouseholdincomefrom2009to
2010.In2010,Latinoresidenthouseholdshadasignificantlylowermedianannualhouseholdincome
comparedtoallotherracial/ethnicgroups.Forallyears,Whiteresidenthouseholdshadasubstantially
higherestimatedmedianannualhouseholdincomeincomparisontoAsian,Black,andLatinoresident
households.
͵͹
HealthofBoston20122013
Median Annual Income
Figure 2.3 Median Annual Household Income
by Age, Boston, 2006-2010
$75,000
$50,000
$25,000
$0
2006
2007
2008
BOSTON
15-24 years
45-64 years
65+ years
2009
2010
25-44 years
DATASOURCES:U.S.CensusBureau,2006,2007,2008,2009,and2010AmericanCommunity
Surveys
From2009to2010,householdsinwhichtheheadofthehouseholdwas2544yearsofage
experiencedasignificantdecreaseinmedianannualhouseholdincome.Amongtheagegroups,
householdsinwhichtheheadofthehouseholdwas1524yearsofageor65yearsandover
consistentlyexperiencedthelowestmedianannualincome.Foreveryyear,householdsinwhichthe
headofthehouseholdwas2544yearsofagehadasignificantlyhighermedianannualhousehold
incomethanallotheragegroups.
Figure 2.4 Housing Tenure, Boston, 2010
OwnerOccupied
34%
RenterOccupied
66%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,AmericanFactFinder
In2010,amajority(66%)ofoccupiedhousingunitsinBostonwererenteroccupiedwhereas34%were
owneroccupied.
͵ͺ
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 2.5 Population Living Below
Poverty Level by Selected
Indicators, Boston, 2010
BOSTON
23
Male
22
Female
25
<18 years
30
18-64 years
22
65+ years
21
Less than HS Diploma
38
HS Diploma /GED
20
Some College/
Associates Degree
Bachelor's Degree or
Higher
18
7
Employed
10
Unemployed
37
US Born
23
Foreign Born
24
No Disability
22
With a Disability
36
0%
20%
40%
60%
Percent of Population
DATASOURCE:U.S.CensusBureau,2010AmericanCommunitySurvey
In2010,anestimated23%ofBostonresidentslivedbelowthepovertylevel.Ahigherpercentageof
residents(overtheageof25)withlessthanaHSschooldiplomalivedbelowthepovertylevelwhen
comparedwithresidentswithhigherlevelsofeducation.
Also,asmallerpercentageofresidentswithaBachelor’sdegreeorhigherlivedbelowthepovertylevel
comparedwithresidentsatlowereducationlevels.Significantdifferenceswerealsoseenbydisability
status,gender,andage(specificallyforresidentsundertheageof18).Thepercentageofresidents
livinginpovertywassimilarwithrespecttoplaceofbirth.
͵ͻ
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 2.6 Population Living Below Poverty
Level by Race/Ethnicity, Boston, 2006-2010
Percent of Population
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
2006
BOSTON
2007
Asian
2008
Black
2009
Latino
2010
White
DATASOURCES:U.S.CensusBureau,2006,2007,2008,2009,and2010AmericanCommunitySurveys
Percent of Families
within Type of Family
In2010,anestimated23%ofBostonresidentshadanincomethatfellbelowthepovertyline.The
percentageofindividualslivingbelowthepovertylevelremainedfairlyconstantforBostonoverall
from20062009butincreasedfrom20092010.TherehavebeenfluctuationsinthepercentageAsian
andLatinoresidentslivingbelowthepovertyline.Forallyearsshown,alowerpercentageofWhite
Bostonresidentswerelivingbelowthepovertylevelcomparedtoallotherracial/ethnicgroups. Figure 2.7 Families with Income Below
Poverty Level by Family Type, Boston,
2006-2010
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
2006
2007
All Families
Female HH: Children < 18 yrs
Male HH (Headed Household)
2008
2009
2010
Female HH (Headed Household)
Female HH: Children < 5 yrs
DATASOURCES:U.S.CensusBureau,2006,2007,2008,2009,and2010AmericanCommunitySurveys
From2006to2010,theestimatedpercentageofallfamiliesandmaleheadedhouseholds(20082010)
withincomebelowthepovertylevelhasconsistentlyremainedbelow20%.Theestimatedpercentages
offemaleheadedhouseholds,femaleheadedhouseholdswithchildrenunderage18,andfemale
headedhouseholdswithchildrenunderagefivewithincomebelowpovertylevelwereconsistently
above20%.From2009to2010,thepercentageoffemaleheadedhouseholdsandfemaleheaded
householdswithchildrenunderage18livingunderpovertyincreased.
ͶͲ
HealthofBoston20122013
Percent of Population
Below Poverty Level
Figure 2.8 Poverty Status by Language
Spoken at Home, Boston and
Massachusetts, 2010
40%
34
30
30%
27
22
20
20
20%
10%
14
12
9
*
0%
English
Only
Spanish
Boston
Other
Asian and
IndoPacif ic
European
Island
Massachusetts
Other
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:U.S.CensusBureau,2010AmericanCommunitySurvey
In2010,20%oftheBostonpopulationthatspokeEnglishathomelivedbelowthepovertylevelas
comparedto9%inMassachusettsoverall.ThepercentageoftheBostonpopulationlivingbelowthe
povertylevelwaslowerforEnglishspeakerscomparedtospeakersofSpanishandAsianandPacific
Islanderlanguages.InMassachusetts,thepercentageofresidentslivingbelowthepovertylevelwas
lowerforEnglishspeakerscomparedtospeakersofSpanish,AsianandPacificIslanderlanguages,and
otherIndoEuropeanlanguages.
Percent of Population
Ages 25 and over
60%
Figure 2.9 Educational Attainment,
Boston and Massachusetts, 2010
44
40%
24 26
20%
14
39
24
18
11
0%
Less than
HS Diploma
HS Diploma/ Some College/
GED
Associate
Degree
Boston
Bachelor's
Degree
or Higher
Massachusetts
DATASOURCE:U.S.CensusBureau,2010AmericanCommunitySurvey
WhencomparingBostonandMassachusettsestimatesforresidentsages25andolderbyeducation
level,higherpercentagesofMassachusettsresidentshadobtainedahighschooldiploma/GEDand
completedsomecollegeoranassociatedegreecomparedtoBostonresidentsin2010.However,a
lowerpercentageofMassachusettsresidentshadaBachelor’sdegreeorhighercomparedtoBoston
residents.
Ͷͳ
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 2.10 Educational Attainment by
Race/Ethnicity, 2010
Percent of Population Ages
25+ Within Race/Ethnicity
80%
59
60%
44
40%
34
32
24
14
20%
24
20
20
33
47
27
19
19
18 15
18
17
9
7
0%
Less than
HS Diploma/
HS Diploma
GED
BOSTON
Asian
Some
College/
Associate
Degree
Black
Latino
Bachelor's
Degree
or Higher
White
DATASOURCE:U.S.CensusBureau,2010AmericanCommunitySurvey
In2010,therewereracial/ethnicdifferencesintheestimatesofeducationalattainmentofBoston
residents.FourteenpercentofBostonresidentsages25andolderhadlessthanahighschooldiploma
orGED.ThepercentageofBostonresidentswithlessthanahighschooldiplomaorGEDwas
significantlyhigheramongLatinoadults(32%),Asianadults(24%)andBlackadults(20%)comparedto
Bostonoverall(14%).Incontrast,thepercentageofadultswhoattainedaBachelorsdegreeorhigher
waslowerforBlack(19%)andLatino(17%)adultscomparedtoBostonoverall. Percent of School-Age Children
within Race/Ethnicity
Figure 2.11 Boston School-Age Children
Attending School by Type of School and
Race/Ethnicity, 2010-2011 School Year
100%
24
12
9
11
29
47
75%
50%
76
88
91
89
71
53
25%
0%
BPS
Non-BPS
DATASOURCE:BostonPublicSchoolsataGlance20102011
ThemajorityofAsianandLatinoyouthattendedschoolwithintheBostonpublicschoolssystem,88%
and91%,respectively.Bycomparison,roughlyhalf(53%)ofWhiteyouthinBostonattendedpublic
schools.
Ͷʹ
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 2.12 Boston Public Schools
Four-Year and Five-Year High
School Graduation Rates, Class of
2010
63
69
BOSTON
69
74
Female
58
64
Male
82
86
Asian
61
67
Black
57
63
Hispanic
74
78
White
62
68
Lo w Income
Special
Education
41
49
Limit ed English
Pro f iciency
53
0%
25%
50%
63
75%
100%
Percent of Students Who Entered Grade 9
in the Fall of 2006
Four-Year
Five-Year
DATASOURCE:BostonPublicSchools,2011
Theclassof2010isdefinedasstudentswhobeganhighschoolinthefallof2006plustransfersinto
BPSminustransfersoutofBPSanddeaths.Afterfouryears,63%oftheclassof2010hadgraduated.
Withanadditionalyear,thegraduationrateincreasedto69%.Asianstudentshadthehighest
graduationratesatbothfourandfiveyears.BlackandLatinostudentsshowedthelargestincreasesin
graduationfromfourtofiveyearsofschooling.SpecialeducationstudentsandlimitedEnglish
proficiencystudentsbenefittedmostfromanadditionalyearofhighschool.Thegraduationratefor
specialeducationstudentsandlimitedEnglishproficiencystudentsincreasedby8and10percentage
pointsrespectively.
Ͷ͵
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 2.13 Boston Unemployment Rate,
January 2011 - December 2011
Percent of Population
Ages 16 and Over
12%
9%
7.9
7.7 7.8
7.3 6.8
6.9 7.1 6.7
6.6 6.9
6.0 6.0
6%
3%
0%
DATASOURCE:U.S.DepartmentofLabor,BureauofLaborStatistics
ThemonthlyunemploymentrateforBostoninbothNovemberandDecember2011was6.0,the
lowestlevelsince2008.BetweenJanuaryandDecember2011,theunemploymentratedecreased
by24%.
Percent of Population
Ages 16 and Over
Figure 2.14 Unemployment Rate by
Race/Ethnicity and Gender, Boston, 2010
40%
32
30%
23
20%
11
15
19
17
12 12
10%
6
9
0%
BOSTON
Asian
Black
Female
Male
Latino
White
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,2010AmericanCommunitySurvey
FemaleLatinoresidentshadanunemploymentrateof23%whichwassignificantlyhighercomparedto
femalesinBostonoverall.Amongmales,Blackmaleresidentshadanunemploymentrateof32%
whichwassignificantlyhighercomparedtoallotherracial/ethnicgroups.
ͶͶ
HealthofBoston20122013
Percent Population
Ages 16 and Over
Figure 2.15 Labor Force Participation Rate by
Race/Ethnicity and Gender, Boston, 2010
73
80%
75
67 70
65
66
Asian
Black
Latino
White
Female
Male
58
60%
75
64
66
40%
20%
0%
BOSTON
DATASOURCE:U.S.CensusBureau,2010AmericanCommunitySurvey
AmongAsianandBlackresidents,therewerenosignificantdifferencesbetweenmaleandfemale
participationinthelaborforce.AmongLatinoandWhiteresidents,asignificantlyhigherpercentageof
malesparticipatedinthelaborforcecomparedtotheirfemalecounterparts.
Figure 2.16 Employment Status by Gender,
Boston, 2010
Percent of Populatin
Ages 16-64
100%
20
25
75%
33
34
50%
47
25%
41
0%
Female
Full-Time
Part-Time
Male
Did Not Work
DATASOURCE:U.S.CensusBureau,2010AmericanCommunitySurvey
In2010,anestimated41%offemalesages16to64wereemployedfulltime,while47%ofmaleswere
employedfulltime.
Ͷͷ
HealthofBoston20122013
Percent of Population
Ages 18-64
Figure 2.17 Employment Status by Disability
Status, Boston, 2010
100%
29
75%
69
50%
71
25%
31
0%
With a Disability
Employed
No Disability
Not Employed
DATASOURCE:U.S.CensusBureau,2010AmericanCommunitySurvey
In2010,31%ofthepopulationbetweentheagesof18and64withadisabilitywereemployed,
whereas71%ofthosewithoutadisabilitywereemployed.
Figure 2.18 Workers' Means of
Transportation to Workplace, Boston, 2010
Walked
16%
Bicycle
1%
Car, Truck or
Van
46%
Worked at
Home
4%
Public
Transportation
33%
DATASOURCE:U.S.CensusBureau,2010AmericanCommunitySurvey
In2010,anestimated46%ofBoston'semployedresidentsdrovetoworkinacar,truck,orvan.Thirty
threepercentofworkingresidentsreliedonpublictransportationand16%walkedtowork.
Ͷ͸
HealthofBoston20122013
Number of Individuals
Figure 2.19 Homeless Count by Year,
Boston, 1999-2011
7,662
7,561
8,000
6,926
6,001
5,820
6,241
6,267
7,681
6,000
5,821
6,210
7,683
6,636
5,819
4,000
2,000
0
DATASOURCE:HomelessCounts,CityofBostonEmergencyShelter
Morethan7,600homelessindividualswerecountedinBostonin2011.Since2004,thenumberof
homelessindividualshasincreased32%.
Count of Individuals
Ages 18 Years and Older
Figure 2.20 Homeless Adults by Gender and
Year, Boston, 2007-2011
4,000
3,239
3,261
3,219
3,048
2,975
3,000
2,132
2,000
2,044
2,140
2,167
1,837
1,000
0
2007
2008
Female
2009
Male
2010
2011
DATASOURCE:HomelessCounts,CityofBostonEmergencyShelter
Since2007,therehaveconsistentlybeenhighernumbersofadultmalehomelessindividualscompared
toadultfemalehomelessindividuals,however,thenumberofadultfemaleshasincreased18%since
2007.
Ͷ͹
HealthofBoston20122013
Percent Among Homeless
Figure 2.21 Homeless Families and
Unaccompanied Adults,
Boston, 2007-2011
60%
53
46
50 50
50 50
56
55
45
44
40%
20%
0%
2007
2008
Persons in a Family
2009
2010
2011
Unaccompanied Adults
DATASOURCE:HomelessCounts,CityofBostonEmergencyShelter
From2007to2011,thepercentageofhomelessindividualsthatbelongedtoafamilyincreasedby
22%.In2011,thepercentageofhomelessindividualsthatbelongedtoafamily(56%)washigherthan
thepercentageofhomelessindividualswholivedunaccompanied(44%).
Percentage of Homeless
Who Are Children
40%
Figure 2.22 Homeless Children, Boston, 19992011
33 33
30%
27
30 30
23
20 22 22 22 21 20 22
20%
10%
0%
DATASOURCE:HomelessCounts,CityofBostonEmergencyShelter
In2011,33%ofBoston’shomelesswerechildren.Since2004,therehasbeenasteadyincreaseinthe
percentageofhomelessindividualswhowerechildren.
Ͷͺ
HealthofBoston20122013
BostonSocioeconomicProfileNotes,andDataAnalysis
Figure2.1TypeofHousehold,Boston,2010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure2.2MedianAnnualHouseholdIncomebyRace/Ethnicity,Boston,20062010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.Afamilyhousehold(usually
referredtoasa“family”)consistsofahouseholder(formerlyreferredtoasheadofhouse)and
individualslivinginthehouseholdwhoarerelatedtothehouseholderbybirth,marriage,oradoption.
Peopleinahouseholdwhoarerelatedtothehouseholderareregardedasmembersofthefamily.Non
relatedindividualswholiveinthehouseholdarenotconsideredaspartofthefamily.Incomparison,a
householdincludesallrelatedandunrelatedindividualswhooccupyahousingunit.Individualswho
livealoneareconsideredahouseholdofone.Annualfamilyincomeisthetotalannualpretaxmoney
incomefromallfamilymembersovertheageof15.Itincludeswagesandsalary,aswellasincome
receivedfromsourcessuchasunemploymentinsurance,childsupport,anddividendsfrominvest
ments.Annualhouseholdincomeisdefinedthesameasannualfamilyincome,exceptthatitincludes
theannualincomeofallindividualsover15residinginthehousingunit.Medianannualfamilyincome
andmedianannualhouseholdincomereferstotheamountwhichdividesthegroupinhalf;thatis,half
ofthehouseholdswillfallabovethemedianandhalfwillfallbelowthemedian.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure2.3MedianAnnualHouseholdIncomebyAge,Boston,20062010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.Afamilyhousehold(usually
referredtoasa“family”)consistsofahouseholder(formerlyreferredtoasheadofhouse)and
individualslivinginthehouseholdwhoarerelatedtothehouseholderbybirth,marriage,oradoption.
Peopleinahouseholdwhoarerelatedtothehouseholderareregardedasmembersofthefamily.Non
relatedindividualswholiveinthehouseholdarenotconsideredaspartofthefamily.Incomparison,a
householdincludesallrelatedandunrelatedindividualswhooccupyahousingunit.Individualswho
livealoneareconsideredahouseholdofone.Annualfamilyincomeisthetotalannualpretaxmoney
incomefromallfamilymembersovertheageof15.Itincludeswagesandsalary,aswellasincome
receivedfromsourcessuchasunemploymentinsurance,childsupport,anddividendsfrominvest
ments.Annualhouseholdincomeisdefinedthesameasannualfamilyincome,exceptthatitincludes
theannualincomeofallindividualsover15residinginthehousingunit.Medianannualfamilyincome
andmedianannualhouseholdincomereferstotheamountwhichdividesthegroupinhalf;thatis,half
ofthehouseholdswillfallabovethemedianandhalfwillfallbelowthemedian.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure2.4HousingTenure,Boston,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure2.5PopulationLivingBelowPovertyLevelbySelectedIndicators,Boston,2010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.PovertystatisticsinACSproducts
adheretothestandardsspecifiedbytheOfficeofManagementandBudgetinStatisticalPolicy
Directive14.TheCensusBureauusesasetofdollarvaluethresholdsthatvarybyfamilysizeand
compositiontodeterminewhoisinpoverty.Further,povertythresholdsforpeoplelivingaloneorwith
nonrelatives(unrelatedindividuals)varybyage(under65yearsor65yearsandolder).Thepoverty
thresholdsfortwopersonfamiliesalsovarybytheageofthehouseholder.Ifafamily’stotalincomeis
lessthanthedollarvalueoftheappropriatethreshold,thenthatfamilyandeveryindividualinitare
Ͷͻ
HealthofBoston20122013
consideredtobeinpoverty.Similarly,ifanunrelatedindividual’stotalincomeislessthanthe
appropriatethreshold,thenthatindividualisconsideredtobeinpoverty.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure2.6PopulationLivingBelowPovertyLevelbyRace/Ethnicity,Boston,20062010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.Peoplewhoidentifytheirorigin
asLatinomaybeofanyrace.PovertystatisticsinACSproductsadheretothestandardsspecifiedby
theOfficeofManagementandBudgetinStatisticalPolicyDirective14.TheCensusBureauusesasetof
dollarvaluethresholdsthatvarybyfamilysizeandcompositiontodeterminewhoisinpoverty.
Further,povertythresholdsforpeoplelivingaloneorwithnonrelatives(unrelatedindividuals)varyby
age(under65yearsor65yearsandolder).Thepovertythresholdsfortwopersonfamiliesalsovaryby
theageofthehouseholder.Ifafamily’stotalincomeislessthanthedollarvalueoftheappropriate
threshold,thenthatfamilyandeveryindividualinitareconsideredtobeinpoverty.Similarly,ifan
unrelatedindividual’stotalincomeislessthantheappropriatethreshold,thenthatindividualis
consideredtobeinpoverty.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure2.7FamilieswithIncomeBelowPovertyLevelbyFamilyType,Boston,20062010
NOTE.DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.Percentagesforfemaleheaded
householdswithchildren<5yearsin2009andmaleheadedhouseholdsfor20062007arenot
presentedduetoaninsufficientsamplesizes.PovertystatisticsinACSproductsadheretothe
standardsspecifiedbytheOfficeofManagementandBudgetinStatisticalPolicyDirective14.The
CensusBureauusesasetofdollarvaluethresholdsthatvarybyfamilysizeandcompositionto
determinewhoisinpoverty.Further,povertythresholdsforpeoplelivingaloneorwithnonrelatives
(unrelatedindividuals)varybyage(under65yearsor65yearsandolder).Thepovertythresholdsfor
twopersonfamiliesalsovarybytheageofthehouseholder.Ifafamily’stotalincomeislessthanthe
dollarvalueoftheappropriatethreshold,thenthatfamilyandeveryindividualinitareconsideredto
beinpoverty.Similarly,ifanunrelatedindividual’stotalincomeislessthantheappropriatethreshold,
thenthatindividualisconsideredtobeinpoverty.Femaleheadofhousehold:In1980,theU.S.Census
replacedtheterm“headofhousehold”with“householder.”Thecensususestheterm“householder”
torefertotheindividualinwhosenamethehousingunitisownedorrented(ifaunitiscoownedor
rented,eitherindividualmaybecalledthe“householder.”Ifnosuchpersonresidesintheunit,any
adultmaybeconsideredthe“householder.”Familiesinwhichafemaleisresponsibleforthecareof
childrenisinferredthroughthecensuscategory,“femalehouseholder,nohusbandpresent,with
children.”Familiesinwhichamaleisresponsibleforthecareofchildrenisinferredthroughthecensus
category,“malehouseholder,nowifepresent,withchildren.”
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure2.8PovertyStatusbyLanguageSpokenatHome,BostonandMassachusetts,2010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.PovertystatisticsinACSproducts
adheretothestandardsspecifiedbytheOfficeofManagementandBudgetinStatisticalPolicy
Directive14.TheCensusBureauusesasetofdollarvaluethresholdsthatvarybyfamilysizeand
compositiontodeterminewhoisinpoverty.Further,povertythresholdsforpeoplelivingaloneorwith
nonrelatives(unrelatedindividuals)varybyage(under65yearsor65yearsandolder).Thepoverty
thresholdsfortwopersonfamiliesalsovarybytheageofthehouseholder.Ifafamily’stotalincomeis
lessthanthedollarvalueoftheappropriatethreshold,thenthatfamilyandeveryindividualinitare
consideredtobeinpoverty.Similarly,ifanunrelatedindividual’stotalincomeislessthanthe
appropriatethreshold,thenthatindividualisconsideredtobeinpoverty.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure2.9EducationalAttainment,BostonandMassachusetts,2010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
ͷͲ
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure2.10EducationalAttainmentbyRace/Ethnicity,Boston,2010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure2.11BostonSchoolAgeChildrenAttendingSchoolbyTypeofSchoolandRace/Ethnicity,
20102011SchoolYear
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheBostonPublicSchoolsataGlance20102011.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure2.12BostonPublicSchoolsFourandFiveYearHighSchoolGraduationRates,Classof2010
NOTE:Astudentisconsideredlowincomeiftheymeetanyoneofthefollowingcriteria:1)The
studentiseligibleforfreeorreducedpricelunch,2)ThestudentreceivesTransitionalAidtoFamilies
benefits,or3)Thestudentiseligibleforfoodstamps.
GRAPHICCREATEDBY:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicSchools,OfficeofResearch,Assessment,&Evaluation
GRAPHICCREATEDBY:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicSchools,OfficeofResearch,Assessment,&Evaluation
Figure2.13BostonUnemploymentRate,January2011–December2011
NOTE:TheunemploymentrateforDecemberispreliminarydata.Thelaborforceandunemployment
dataarebasedonthesameconceptsanddefinitionsasthoseusedfortheofficialnationalestimates
obtainedfromtheCurrentPopulationSurvey(CPS),asamplesurveyofhouseholdsthatisconducted
fortheBureauofLaborStatistics(BLS)bytheU.S.CensusBureau.TheLAUSprogrammeasures
employmentandunemploymentonaplaceofresidencebasis.Theuniverseforeachconsistsof
individualswhoarenotinthemilitaryandnotinaninstitution.Employedpersonsarethosewhodid
anyworkatallforpayorprofitinthereferenceweek(theweekincludingthe12thofthemonth)or
worked15hoursormorewithoutpayinafamilybusinessorfarm,plusthosenotworkingwhohada
jobfromwhichtheyweretemporarilyabsent,whetherornotpaid,forsuchreasonsaslabor
managementdispute,illnessorvacation.Unemployedpersonsarethosewhowerenotemployed
duringthereferenceweek(basedonthedefinitionabove),hadactivelylookedforajobsometimein
the4weekperiodendingwiththereferenceweek,andwerecurrentlyavailableforwork;personson
layoffexpectingrecallneednotbelookingforworktobecountedasunemployed.Thecivilianlabor
forceisthesumofemployedandunemployedpersons.Theunemploymentrateiscalculatedasthe
numberofunemployed/civilianlaborforcemultipliedby100.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure2.14UnemploymentRatebyRace/EthnicityandGender,Boston,2010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.ThefederalBureauofLabor
Statisticsconductsmonthlyhouseholdsurveystogathernational,stateandlocalemploymentdata.
Thesurveyusesthefollowingdefinitionsincalculatingemploymentrelatedrates.Individualswhoare
notinthemilitaryandnotinaninstitutionarepartofthissurvey.Individualswithjobsareconsidered
employed.Jobscanbeparttimeandtemporaryandincludesunpaidworkdoneonbehalfofafamily
enterprise.Individualsareconsideredunemployediftheydidnothaveajob,butareavailableforwork
andarelookingforajob.Thecivilianlaborforceconsistsofindividualswhoareeitheremployedor
unemployed.Individualswhoarenotemployedandnotlookingforworkarenotinthecivilianlabor
force.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure2.15LaborForceParticipationRatebyRace/EthnicityandGender,Boston,2010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.ThefederalBureauofLabor
Statisticsconductsmonthlyhouseholdsurveystogathernational,stateandlocalemploymentdata.
Thesurveyusesthefollowingdefinitionsincalculatingemploymentrelatedrates.Individualswhoare
notinthemilitaryandnotinaninstitutionarepartofthissurvey.Individualswithjobsareconsidered
employed.Jobscanbeparttimeandtemporaryandincludesunpaidworkdoneonbehalfofafamily
ͷͳ
HealthofBoston20122013
enterprise.Individualsareconsideredunemployediftheydidnothaveajob,butareavailableforwork
andarelookingforajob.Thecivilianlaborforceconsistsofindividualswhoareeitheremployedor
unemployed.Individualswhoarenotemployedandnotlookingforworkarenotinthecivilianlabor
force.Thesurveydefineslaborforceparticipationrate(LFPR)asaproportionofthecivilianpopulation
whoareeitheremployedorunemployed.TheLFPRiscalculatedasthenumberofemployedand
unemployed/civilianpopulationmultipliedby100.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure2.16EmploymentStatusbyGender,Boston,2010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure2.17EmploymentStatusbyDisabilityStatus,Boston,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure2.18Workers’MeansofTransportationtoWorkplace,Boston,2010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure2.19HomelessCountbyYear,Boston,19992011
GRAPHICCREATEDBY:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
DATAANALYSIS:CityofBostonEmergencyShelter
Figure2.20HomelessAdultsbyGender,Boston,20072011
GRAPHICCREATEDBY:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
DATAANALYSIS:CityofBostonEmergencyShelter
Figure2.21HomelessFamiliesandUnaccompaniedAdults,Boston,20072011
GRAPHICCREATEDBY:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
DATAANALYSIS:CityofBostonEmergencyShelter
Figure2.22HomelessChildren,Boston,19992011
GRAPHICCREATEDBY:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
DATAANALYSIS:CityofBostonEmergencyShelter
ͷʹ
HealthofBoston20122013
SelectedHealthIndicators
Figure3.1aSelectedHealthIndicators,Boston,Massachusetts,andUnitedStates
Boston
SelectedHealthIndicators
MA
US
17.3
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentageoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentageoflivebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels
(percentofchildrentestingpositive)
ChlamydiaIncidence
(per100,000residents)
HepatitisCIncidence
(per100,000residentsages1525)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseHospitalizations
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergency
DeparmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
1
20.6
22.1
23.0
19.7
16.0
18.8
NA
NA
9.6% 9.0%
9.6%
9.3% 8.9%
9.4%
NA
7.8%
10.9% 9.6% 10.7% 9.7% 9.3%
9.4%
NA
30.7
1
2
8.2%
8.7%
2
12.0%
NA
35.4
34.1
37.3
29.9
30.3
22.9
NA
2.2% 2.0%
1.6%
1.2% 1.2%
0.9%
0.7%
0.4%
677.2 718.7 766.7
319.7
1
1
1
0.6%
1
1
426.0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
42.9
52.2
48.9
29.1
55.5
NA
NA
NA
11.7
11.6
11.2
11.2
11.0
10.8
10.5
NA
13.1
2.1
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
NA
2.2
2
2.5
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.4
NA
3.2
2
0.9
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.7
NA
NA
40.5
39.9
33.2
32.9
30.5
34.6
NA
32.2
8.4
7.5
8.1
8.2
5.7
9.4
NA
2.8
29.3
38.8
39.1
31.8
33.4
31.0
NA
NA
NA
4.0
5.0
5.2
5.3
6.7
7.9
NA
7.7
2
12.1
2
2
39.0
6.0
1
2
1
1
1
Datafor2010
2
Datafor2009
*Ageadjustedrates
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindata
valuesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
TheadolescentbirthrateforBostonfemaleresidentsages1517decreased9%from2005to2010.The
overallpercentageofpretermbirthsamongallBostonresidentbirthsdecreasedfrom10.9%in2005to
9.4%in2010.The5yearrollingaveragefortheBostoninfantdeathrateduringtheperiod20062010is
lowerthanthatoftheUnitedStates(seeFigure3.1b).Boston’sheartdiseasehospitalizationratedecreased
10%from2005to2010.Boston’scerebrovasculardiseasedeathrate(whichincludesstroke)decreased
15%from2005to2010whiletheheartdiseasedeathratedecreased16%from2005to2010.From2009to
2010(seeFigure3.1c),thehomiciderateincreased65%(from5.8to9.4deathsper100,000residents).
53
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure3.1bSelectedHealthIndicators,
Boston,Massachusetts,andUnitedStates
SelectedHealth
Indicators
TotalInfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
AsianInfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
BlackInfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
LatinoInfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
WhiteInfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
†
Boston
MA
US
20012005 20022006 20032007 20042008 20052009 20062010 20062010 20062010
6.4
6.0
5.9
6.1
6.2
5.9
4.8
6.7
1.7
n<5
2.0
2.7
4.4
3.0
3.1
3.7
12.3
12.2
11.9
12.0
11.1
10.9
9.8
13.2
5.7
5.2
5.2
6.0
5.8
6.1
6.9
5.6
3.6
3.3
3.1
3.2
3.9
3.4
3.9
5.4
*
Ratesarepresentedasrollingaverages.
†
Preliminary
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduring
dataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
54
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure3.1cSelectedHealthIndicators,
Boston,Massachusetts,
andUnitedStates
LeadingCausesofDeath,
20052010
Cancer
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
MA2009
ƅ
US2010
DiseasesoftheHeart
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
MA2009
†
US2010
Cerebrovascular
Disease
(incl.Stroke)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
MA2009
†
US2010
Rate*
190.7
181.4
178.8
178.9
177.0
181.6
174.0
172.5
Count
992
944
930
927
935
951
13,042
573,855
Rate*
165.7
153.8
152.2
150.9
150.5
139.1
155.2
178.5
Count
868
813
803
801
797
749
12,333
595,444
Rate*
Count
40.5
39.9
33.2
32.9
30.5
34.6
32.2
39.0
213
209
175
174
163
182
2,552
129,180
*Ageadjustedrateper100,000residents
†
Preliminaryratefor2010
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,some
changesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataquality
processes.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
55
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure3.2SelectedYouthSurveyHealthIndicators,Boston
SelectedYouthSurvey PercentageofPublicHighSchoolStudentsandConfidenceIntervals(CI)
HealthIndicators
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
15%
13%
15%
CI (13.117.6) (11.115.1) (13.417.1)
RegularPhysical
Activity
Percent
NA
NA
NA
CI
1+SodaConsumption
Daily
Percent
NA
NA
NA
CI
ExcessiveAlcohol
Consumption
Percent
18%
16%
15%
CI (15.420.7) (13.518.0) (13.117.6)
Obesity
Percent
NA
NA
NA
CI
PersistentSadness
Percent
33%
29%
30%
CI (29.935.5) (26.331.8) (27.832.4)
7%
(6.18.8)
10%
(6.614.0)
10%
(8.012.0)
30%
27%
29%
(26.932.6) (23.429.8) (26.032.3)
27%
28%
24%
(24.929.7) (25.330.9) (19.828.2)
19%
18%
17%
(15.721.4) (13.821.3) (13.319.9)
15%
15%
14%
(12.516.5) (12.417.7) (11.716.9)
26%
29%
25%
(23.628.8) (26.131.5) (20.628.9)
DATASOURCE:YouthRiskBehaviorSurvey,2001,2003,2005,2007,2009,and2011,YouthRiskBehavioralSurveillanceSystem
(YRBS),CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC)
From2001to2011,thepercentageofBostonpublichighschoolstudentswhoreportedsmoking
cigarettesdecreased.From2001to2011,thepercentageofBostonpublichighschoolstudentswho
reportedpersistentsadness(feelingsad,blue,ordepressedeverydayfortwoweeksstraightduring
thepastyear)alsodecreased.Duringthesameperiod,excessivealcoholconsumption(bingedrinking)
duringthepastmonthremainedstatisticallysimilar.From2007to2011,thepercentageofstudents
whoreporteddrinkingoneormoresodasperdayandthepercentageofstudentsconsideredobese
remainedstatisticallysimilar.Thepercentageofstudentswhoreportedgettingregularphysicalactivity
duringthepastweekalsoremainedstatisticallysimilarfrom2007to2011.
56
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure3.3SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,Boston
SelectedAdultSurvey
HealthIndicators
PercentageofAdultResidentsandConfidenceIntervals(CI)
2001
2003
2005
2006
2008
2010
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
24%
20%
17%
16%
15%
16%
CI (20.427.2) (17.623.0) (14.618.7) (14.418.3) (13.117.6) (14.017.3)
RegularPhysical
Activity
Percent
54%
60%
53%
59%
56%
57%
CI (49.757.7) (56.763.1) (50.556.0) (56.061.4) (52.758.9) (54.759.3)
Asthma
Percent
11%
CI (8.014.2)
9%
(6.910.9)
9%
(8.010.9)
11%
(9.613.0)
10%
11%
(8.711.8) (9.512.4)
Percent
6%
CI (4.78.3)
6%
(4.77.6)
7%
(5.77.9)
6%
(4.86.4)
6%
(4.76.4)
Diabetes
6%
(5.47.0)
Obesity
Percent
17%
18%
17%
19%
23%
21%
CI (14.219.8) (15.721.2) (14.818.8) (16.820.7) (20.826.1) (18.922.7)
PersistentSadness
Percent
8%
8%
7%
10%
9%
9%
CI (6.010.0) (6.19.9) (5.98.5) (8.811.9) (7.911.0) (8.110.7)
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2001,2003,2005,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRiskFactor
SurveillanceSystem(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
From2001to2010,thepercentageofBostonadultresidentswhoreportedsmokingcigarettes
decreased.From2001to2010,thepercentageofBostonadultresidentsconsideredobese(whose
bodymassindexorBMIis30ormore)increased.ThepercentageofBostonadultswhoreported
gettingregularphysicalactivity,havingasthma,havingdiabetes,andhavingpersistentsadness(being
sad,blueordepressed15ormoredaysduringthepastmonth)remainedstatisticallysimilarfrom2001
to2010.
57
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure3.4aSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,Boston
SelectedHealthIndicators
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentageoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentageoflivebirths)
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
HepatitisCIncidence
(per100,000residentsages1525)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseHospitalizations
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergency
DepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
Years
AverageAnnualRates
Asian
Black
Latino
White
2010
7.7
17.7
30.4
11.3
2010
8.9%
12.4%
8.7%
7.9%
2010
9.1%
11.8%
8.7%
8.3%
20092010
4.1
7.6
6.4
3.3
2011
11.6
42.1
24.3
7.5
2010
NA
33.4
20.2
67.1
2011
4.3
13.6
11.5
9.6
2011
0.6
4.1
3.2
1.2
2011
2.2
3.4
2.5
2.0
2011
0.1
2.2
0.9
0.2
2010
31.7
45.9
40.0
31.1
20092010
n<5
26.3
11.3
0.9
20092010
8.3
36.7
19.2
39.9
20082010
4.2
5.4
3.7
9.4
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,
somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
ComparedtoBoston’sWhiteresidents,BlackandLatinoresidentshadhigherratesofbirthsto
adolescentfemales,lowbirthweightbirths,infantdeaths,heartdiseaseandcerebrovasculardisease
hospitalizations,nonfatalgunshotandstabbingemergencydepartmentvisits,andhomicide.Among
theseindicators,thedifferencesinnonfatalgunshotandstabbinginjuriesandhomicideswere
substantiallyhigher,withBlackandLatinoresidentsexperiencingratesat11to5timesand29to13
times,respectively,theratesofWhiteresidents.Blackresidentsalsohadahighercancerdeathrate
thanWhiteresidents.AsianresidentshadlowerratesofdiseaseanddeathcomparedtoWhite
residentsforthefollowingindicators:heartdiseasehospitalizations,nonfatalgunshotandstabbing
emergencydepartmentvisits,substanceabusedeaths,suicide,cancer,anddiseasesoftheheart.
58
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure3.4bSelectedHealthIndicatorsby
Race/Ethnicity,Boston
LeadingCausesofDeaths,2010
Asian
Rate*
Count
Cancer
146.7
65
DiseasesoftheHeart
51.5
23
CerebrovascularDisease
(Incl.Stroke)
31.7
14
Black
Rate*
Count
Cancer
220.8
270
DiseasesoftheHeart
156.7
184
CerebrovascularDisease
(Incl.Stroke)
45.9
52
Latino
Rate*
Count
Cancer
114.4
60
DiseasesoftheHeart
76.9
38
CerebrovascularDisease
(Incl.Stroke)
40.0
17
White
Rate*
Count
Cancer
188.6
547
DiseasesoftheHeart
155.7
498
COPD
39.4
118
*Ageadjustedrateper100,000residents
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20and
shouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechanges
indatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
59
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure3.5SelectedYouthSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,
Boston
PercentageofPublicHighSchoolStudentsand
SelectedYouthSurvey
ConfidenceIntervals(CI),
2007,2009,and2011Combined
HealthIndicators
Asian
Black
Latino
White
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
7%
6%
8%
22%
CI (4.99.9)
(3.97.6) (6.310.0) (16.228.0)
RegularPhysical
Activity
Percent
21%
29%
26%
36%
CI (16.026.2) (26.432.1) (23.629.3) (31.439.9)
1+SodaConsumption
Daily
Percent
20%
29%
25%
25%
CI (15.124.2) (26.032.0) (22.328.2) (21.429.3)
ExcessiveAlcohol
Consumption
Percent
11%
12%
20%
31%
CI (7.315.1) (9.814.3) (17.123.3) (25.535.7)
Obesity
Percent
7%
15%
16%
13%
CI (4.010.0) (12.517.3) (13.918.9) (9.516.3)
PersistentSadness
Percent
23%
25%
30%
21%
CI (18.327.9) (22.428.0) (27.533.5) (16.724.5)
DATASOURCE:YouthRiskBehaviorSurvey,2007,2009,and2011,YouthRiskBehavioral
SurveillanceSystem(YRBS),CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC)
WhiteBostonpublichighschoolstudentsreportedsmokingcigarettesandexcessivealcoholuse(binge
drinking)athigherpercentagesthanAsian,BlackandLatinostudents.AlowerpercentageofAsian,
BlackandLatinoBostonpublichighschoolstudentsreportedgettingregularphysicalactivitycompared
toWhitestudents.ThepercentagesofBlack,Latino,andWhitestudentsreportingdrinkingoneor
moresodasdailyandwhoseBMIisconsideredobesewerestatisticallysimilar.Ahigherpercentageof
LatinostudentscomparedtoWhitestudentsreportedpersistentsadness(feelingsad,blue,or
depressedeverydayfortwoweeksstraightduringthepastyear).
60
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure3.6SelectedAdultHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,Boston
PercentageofAdultResidentsandConfidence
SelectedAdultSurvey
Intervals(CI),2006,2008,and2010Combined
HealthIndicators
Asian
Black
Latino
White
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
6%
CI (2.19.2)
RegularPhysical
Activity
16%
16%
17%
(13.818.6) (13.019.6) (15.018.0)
Percent
49%
51%
47%
64%
CI (40.557.4) (47.054.3) (42.651.8) (62.065.6)
Asthma
Percent
5%
CI (1.78.5)
15%
12%
(12.517.5) (9.414.2)
9%
(8.410.5)
Percent
2%
CI (0.63.2)
9%
(8.110.7)
5%
(4.15.1)
Diabetes
6%
(4.87.5)
Obesity
Percent
8%
32%
26%
16%
CI (3.113.7) (29.135.6) (21.830.0) (14.417.0)
PersistentSadness
Percent
6%
12%
14%
8%
CI (2.910.0) (9.813.9) (10.916.3) (7.19.1)
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRisk
FactorSurveillanceSystem(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
WhiteBostonadultresidentsreportedsmokingcigarettes,havingdiabetesandbeingobeseathigher
percentagesthanAsianadultresidents.AlowerpercentageofAsian,BlackandLatinoadult
residentsreportedgettingregularphysicalactivitycomparedtoWhiteresidents.Higherpercentages
ofBlackandLatinoadultscomparedtoWhiteadultsreportedhavingpersistentsadness(feelingsad,
blueordepressed15ormoreofthepast30days)andwereconsideredobesebasedonbodymass
index(BMI).
61
HealthofBoston20122013
Lif e Expectancy in Years
100.0
Figure 3.7 Life Expectancy by
Race/Ethnicityand Gender, 2006-2010
Combined
88.8
79.7
88.4
76.8
78.9
82.4
77.0
75.0
50.0
25.0
0.0
DATASOURCE:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
ThelifeexpectancyforBostonoverallwas79.7years.Asianresidentshadthehighestlifeexpectancy
at88.8yearswhileBlackresidentshadthelowestlifeexpectancyat76.8years.Femaleresidentshada
lifeexpectancyof82.4yearswhilemaleresidentshadalifeexpectancyof77.0years.
62
HealthofBoston20122013
BostonSelectedIndicators,Notes,DataSources,andDataAnalysis
Figure3.1a3.1cSelectedHealthIndicators,Boston,Massachusetts,andUnitedStates,
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:Bostonresidentlivebirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth;MassachusettsBirths2009.Boston,MA:Divisionof
ResearchandEpidemiology,BureauofHealthInformation,Statistics,Research,andEvaluation,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth.August2011;MartinJA,HamiltonBE,VenturaSJ,
OstermanMJKetal.Births:FinalDatafor2010,CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels:BostonPublicHealthCommissionOfficeofEnvironmentalHealth;Number
ofChildrenTestedandConfirmedEBLLsbyState,Year,andBLLGroup,Children<72MonthsOld
[Online]
http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/data/StateConfirmedByYear19972010.htm
HepatitisCIncidence:CommunicableDiseaseDatabase,BostonPublicHealthCommission,
CommunicableDiseaseControlDivision
ChlamydiaIncidence:MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth,STDDivision;CentersforDisease
ControlandPrevention.2010SexuallyTransmittedDiseaseSurveillance.Chlamydia[Online]http//
www.cdc.gov/std/stats10/chlamydia.htm
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealthInformation
andAnalysis;NationalHospitalDischargeSurvey:2009Table,NumberandRateofDischargesbyFirst
ListedDiagnosticCategories[Online]http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/heart.htm;NationalHospital
DischargeSurvey:2009Table,NumberandRateofDischargesbyFirstListedDiagnosticCategories
[Online]http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/stroke.htm;AgeAdjustedHospitalDischargeRatesfor
DiabetesasaFirstListedDiagnosisper10,000Population,UnitedStates,19882009[Online]http://
www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/dmfirst/fig7.htm
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingHospitalizationsandEDVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDeaths(includingstroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,Suicide,andLeading
CausesofDeath:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth;Massachusetts
Deaths2008.Boston,MA:DivisionofResearchandEpidemiology,BureauofHealthInformation,
Statistics,Research,andEvaluation,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth.August2010;
MurphySL,XuJ,KochanekKD.Deaths:PreliminaryDatafor2010.NationalVitalStatisticsReports
2012;60(4)
63
HealthofBoston20122013
InfantDeathRate:BostonResidentLiveInfantBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublic
Health;MassachusettsLiveInfantBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth;
NationalVitalStatisticsReports61(1).Births:FinalDatafor2010;NationalVitalStatisticsReport
2001;52(3).Deaths:FinalDatafor2001;NationalVitalStatisticsReport2002;53(35).Deaths:Final
Datafor2002;NationalVitalStatisticsReport2003;54(13).Deaths:FinalDatafor2003;NationalVital
StatisticsReport2004;55(19).Deaths:FinalDatafor2004;NationalVitalStatisticsReport2005;56(10).
Deaths:FinalDatafor2005;NationalVitalStatisticsReport2006;57(14).Deaths:FinalDatafor2006;
NationalVitalStatisticsReport58(19).Deaths:FinalDatafor2007;NationalVitalStatisticsReport59
(10).Deaths:FinalDatafor2008;NationalVitalStatisticsReport59(10).Deaths:FinalDatafor2008;
NationalVitalStatisticsReport60(3).Deaths:FinalDatafor2009;NationalVitalStatisticsReports
2012;61(6).Deaths:PreliminaryDatafor2011.
CancerDeaths,DiseasesoftheHeartDeaths,CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(includingstroke)
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth;NationalVitalStatisticsReport60(4).Deaths:Preliminary
Datafor2010.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure3.2SelectedYouthSurveyHealthIndicators,Boston
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure3.3SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,Boston
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure3.4a,3.4bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,Boston
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:Bostonresidentlivebirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeathRate:BostonResidentLiveInfantBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublic
Health
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels:BostonPublicHealthCommissionOfficeofEnvironmentalHealth
HepatitisCIncidence:CommunicableDiseaseDatabase,BostonPublicHealthCommission,
CommunicableDiseaseControlDivision
HeartDiseaseHospitalizationsandCerebrovascularHospitalizations:InpatientHospitalDischarge
Database,MassachusettsCenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingHospitalizationsandEDVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDeaths,Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,Suicide,andLeadingCausesofDeath:
BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
64
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure3.5SelectedYouthSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,Boston
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure3.6SelectedAdultHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,Boston
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure3.7LifeExpectancybyRace/Ethnicity,andGender,20062010Combined
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
65
HealthofBoston20122013
Š‹•’ƒ‰‡‹•‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›„ŽƒǤ
66
HealthofBoston20122013
Neighborhoods
67
HealthofBoston20122013
Š‹•’ƒ‰‡‹•‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›„ŽƒǤ
68
HealthofBoston20122013
Allston/Brighton
*Countofeachasset
*Countofeachassetpresentedinparentheses
presentedinparenthesis
Allston/BrightonisoneofBoston'slargestneighborhoods.Allston/Brightonwasfirstapartof
WatertownandthenasectionofCambridge.In1807,theneighborhoodcededfromCambridgeand
tookthenameBrighton.TheAllstonsectionwascreatedin1868whenanewpostofficebranchwas
namedforWashingtonAllston,alocalpainter.In1873,Allston/BrightonwasannexedtoBoston.
Onceanindustrialarea,whichservedasthecattleandmeatpackingcenterofNewEngland,Allston/
Brightonnowcontainsablendofcommercialandresidentialareas.Theneighborhoodhasalarge
collegestudentpresencedrawnbyitsproximitytoseveralmajoruniversitiesincludingBostonCollege,
BostonUniversity,andHarvardUniversity.
69
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 4.1a Females by Age,
Allston/Brighton, 2010
65 and over
10%
Under 18
7%
45 to 64
11%
18 to 24
37%
25 to 44
35%
Figure 4.1b Males by Age, Allston/Brighton,
2010
65 and over
6%
Under 18
8%
45 to 64
11%
18 to 24
34%
25 to 44
41%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,American
FactFinder
Residentsages1844accountedforthelargestpercentageoftheAllston/Brightonpopulationin2010
(datanotshown).Females1824yearsofagewere37%ofthefemalepopulationinAllston/Brighton
andmaleswere34%ofthemalepopulationinthesameagegroup.
70
HealthofBoston20122013
Percent of Households
within Household Type
Figure 4.2 Type of Household,
Allston/Brighton, 2010
37
40%
34
30%
21
20%
9
10%
0%
Family
Household:
Married
Couple
Nonf amily
Family
Household: Household:
No Spouse Person Living
Alone
Present
Nonf amily
Household:
Person Not
Living Alone
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,American
FactFinder
InAllston/Brighton,71%ofhouseholdswerenonfamilyhouseholds;21%ofhouseholdswerefamily
householdswithamarriedcouplepresent.
Percent of Families
within Family Type
Figure 4.3 Families with Income Below Poverty
Level by Family Type, Allston/Brighton,
2006-2010
45%
30%
15%
11
*
*
*
0%
All Families
Female HH Female HH: Female HH:
(Headed
Children <18 Children < 5
Household)
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
ElevenpercentofallfamiliesinAllston/Brightonhadanincomebelowthepovertylevel.
71
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 4.4 Housing Tenure, Allston/Brighton
2010
OwnerOccupied
21%
RenterOccupied
79%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,American
FactFinder
InAllston/Brighton,justoverthreefourths(79%)ofoccupiedunitswererenteroccupied.
Percent of Population
Ages 25+
Figure 4.5 Educational Attainment,
Allston/Brighton, 2006-2010
75%
60
50%
25%
17
9
13
0%
Less than HS
Diploma
HS Diploma/
GED
Some College/
Associate's
Degree
Bachelor's
Degree
or Higher
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
InAllston/Brighton,themajorityofthepopulation(60%)hadaBachelor’sdegreeorhigher.Thiswas
significantlyhigherthanthethreelowerlevelsofeducationalattainment.
72
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure4.6aSelectedHealthIndicators,Allston/Brighton
AverageAnnual
AnnualRates
1
Rates
SelectedHealthIndicators
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartment
Visits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels
(percentofchildrentesting
positive)
ChlamydiaIncidence
(per100,000residents)
HepatitisCIncidence
(per100,000residentsages
1525)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/Stabbing
EmergencyDepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
AB
BOSTON
—
n<5
11.8
18.9
11.8
14.2
NA
14.2
20.1
6.0%
6.6%
8.2%
8.3%
9.0%
8.3%
NA
7.8%
9.3%
6.4%
6.8%
10.6%
8.5%
8.8%
7.5%
NA
8.1%
9.9%
10.3
24.4
14.5
12.2
14.1
21.6
12.7
15.7
31.5
1.3%
1.5%
1.1%
1.4%
1.5%
1.5%
1.1%
1.4%
1.4%
NA
NA
NA
NA
257.2
321.5
397.8
325.5
720.9
NA
45.5
20.7
37.2
n<5
29.0
NA
26.5
45.7
11.1
10.7
11.6
11.1
11.3
10.8
10.0
11.0
11.2
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.4
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.8
2.1
2.0
2.3
2.5
0.3
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.9
28.7
33.4
21.7
28.7
31.8
30.7
NA
29.2
35.3
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
n<5
7.9
n<5
—
36.4
34.8
25.2
21.5
NA
26.7
33.9
n<5
8.6
n<5
n<5
n<5
8.3
NA
5.5
5.7
1
Combinesallyearsshownindividuallyfortheindicatorforwhichdataareavailable.
—Datasuppressedtoprotectconfidentiality.
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindata
valuesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
73
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure4.6bSelectedHealthIndicator,Allston/Brighton
RollingAverages
BOSTON
SelectedHealthIndicator
20012005 20022006 20032007 20042008 20052009 20062010 20062010
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
5.3
4.9
3.5
3.4
4.0
3.0
5.9
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduring
dataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
Figure4.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,
Allston/Brighton
LeadingCausesofDeath,
20052010
Cancer
Rate*
Count
2005
168.8
79
2006
132.3
63
2007
129.9
65
2008
175.5
84
2009
159.1
79
2010
163.6
81
AB20052010
154.9
451
BOS20052010
181.4
5,678
DiseasesoftheHeart
Rate*
Count
2005
144.8
79
2006
132.8
75
2007
98.0
50
2008
126.8
67
2009
130.4
68
2010
124.9
70
AB20052010
126.3
409
BOS20052010
CerebrovascularDisease
(Incl.Stroke)
2005
152.0
4,831
Rate*
Count
28.7
16
2006
33.4
18
2007
21.7
12
2008
28.7
15
2009
31.8
20
2010
30.7
17
AB20052010
29.2
98
BOS20052010
35.3
1,116
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshould
beinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccur
duringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
74
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure4.7SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,Allston/Brighton
SelectedAdult
SurveyHealth
Indicators
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
CI
RegularPhysical
Activity
Percent
CI
Asthma
Percent
CI
Diabetes
Percent
CI
Obesity
Percent
CI
PersistentSadness
Percent
CI
PercentageofAdultResidentsandConfidenceIntervals(CI)
2001
2003
2005
2006
2008
2010
26%
22%
16%
19%
11%
13%
(14.537.9) (14.328.9) (8.722.5) (9.928.2) (2.719.8) (7.719.1)
BOSTON2010
16%
(14.017.3)
58%
65%
53%
55%
68%
62%
57%
(44.971.7) (56.674.2) (42.763.9) (45.665.3) (56.579.2) (53.770.8) (54.759.3)
8%
7%
9%
(3.213.2) (2.911.5) (4.312.9)
4%
(1.07.5)
7%
(3.110.8)
11%
(9.512.4)
3%
(0.34.7)
3%
(0.64.8)
6%
(2.19.7)
3%
(1.25.3)
4%
(2.16.7)
6%
(5.47.0)
8%
9%
(1.914.0) (2.515.3)
6%
(2.59.5)
16%
22%
12%
(6.525.5) (10.933.9) (6.917.9)
21%
(18.922.7)
9%
(1.316.2)
6%
8%
9%
12%
(0.311.0) (4.312.4) (2.515.6) (6.117.2)
9%
(8.110.7)
5%
(0.79.9)
*
5%
(2.18.3)
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2001,2003,2005,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurveillance
System(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
75
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure4.8aSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,Allston/Brighton
SelectedHealthIndicators
Years
AverageAnnualRates
Asian Black Latino White
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartment
Visits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/Stabbing
EmergencyDepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
20072010
n<5
n<5
29.0
11.5
20092010
11.8% 10.8%
9.6%
7.6%
20092010
9.0%
7.2%
8.6%
8.1%
20072010
n<5
n<5
n<5
4.6
20092011
7.3
51.1
26.4
8.2
2011
2.7
21.2
6.0
10.8
2011
0.9
3.7
3.4
1.6
20102011
2.3
4.4
2.7
1.8
20092011
n<7
1.0
0.7
0.1
20062010
34.8
100.4
n<5
25.6
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
20092010
n<5
88.7
n<5
25.0
20082010
n<5
n<5
n<5
5.9
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataare
final,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
76
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure4.8bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,
Allston/Brighton
LeadingCausesofDeath,
AverageAnnualRates,20082010
Asian
Rate*
Count
Cancer
141.0
33
DiseasesoftheHeart
CerebrovascularDisease
(Incl.Stroke)
58.9
14
41.3
10
Black
Rate*
Count
DiseasesoftheHeart
368.2
19
Cancer
134.4
9
OtherInjuries
79.3
6
Rate*
Count
Cancer
135.0
10
DiseasesoftheHeart
86.1
6
†
†
†
White
Rate*
Count
Cancer
179.8
192
DiseasesoftheHeart
135.6
166
COPD
35.5
41
Latino
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
†
Notcalculated,n<5
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduring
dataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
77
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure4.9SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,
Allston/Brighton
PercentageofAdultResidentsand
SelectedAdultSurvey
ConfidenceIntervals(CI),
HealthIndicators
2006,2008,and2010Combined
Asian
Latino
Black
White
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
*
*
21%
16%
CI
(2.340.5) (10.820.2)
RegularPhysicalActivity
Percent
*
*
38%
64%
CI
(19.756.0) (57.769.5)
Asthma
Percent
*
*
*
9%
CI
(5.711.7)
Diabetes
Percent
*
*
6%
5%
CI
(0.013.6) (3.06.3)
Obesity
Percent
*
*
26%
15%
CI
(6.745.9) (10.219.5)
PersistentSadness
Percent
*
*
16%
9%
(4.228.3) (5.411.6)
CI
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRisk
FactorSurveillanceSystem(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
78
HealthofBoston20122013
Allston/BrightonNotes,DataSources,andDataAnalysis
Figure4.1a,4.1bPopulationbyAgeandSex,Allston/Brighton,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure4.2TypeofHousehold,Allston/Brighton,2010
NOTE:Thecensusdefinesafamilyhouseholdasoneinwhichatleastonepersonlivinginthe
householdisrelatedbybirth,marriage,oradoptiontothehouseholder(headofhousehold).
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure4.3FamilieswithIncomeBelowPovertyLevelbyFamilyType,Allston/Brighton,20062010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.Thedataonpovertystatusof
householdswerederivedfromanswerstoincomequestions.Sincepovertyisdefinedatthefamily
levelandnotthehouseholdlevel,thepovertystatusofthehouseholdisdeterminedbythepoverty
statusofthehouseholder.Householdsareclassifiedaspoorwhenthetotalincomeofthe
householder’sfamilyisbelowtheappropriatepovertythreshold.(Fornonfamilyhouseholders,their
ownincomeiscomparedwiththeappropriatethreshold.)Theincomeofpeoplelivinginthehousehold
whoareunrelatedtothehouseholderisnotconsideredwhendeterminingthepovertystatusofa
household,nordoestheirpresenceaffectthefamilysizeindeterminingtheappropriatethreshold.The
povertythresholdsvarydependingonthreecriteria:sizeoffamily,numberofrelatedchildrenandfor
1and2personfamilies,ageofhouseholder.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure4.4HousingTenure,Allston/Brighton,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure4.5EducationalAttainment,Allston/Brighton,20062010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure4.6a–4.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,Allston/Brighton
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels:BostonPublicHealthCommissionOfficeofEnvironmentalHealth
ChlamydiaIncidence:MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth,STDDivision
HepatitisCIncidence:CommunicableDiseaseDatabase,BostonPublicHealthCommission,
CommunicableDiseaseControlDivision
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,andSuicide:
BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
79
HealthofBoston20122013
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
LeadingCausesofDeath:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure4.7SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,Allston/Brighton
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure4.8a,4.8bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,Allston/Brighton
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,Suicide,and
LeadingCausesofDeaths:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure4.9SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,Allston/Brighton
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
80
HealthofBoston20122013
BackBay/BeaconHill/Downtown/WestEnd/NorthEnd
†Countofeachassetpresentedinparentheses
TheBackBay/BeaconHill/Downtown/WestEnd/NorthEndarea,knownasShawmutbyNative
Americans,wasanarrowpeninsuladistinguishedbyathreepeakedhillcalledTrimount.Inthelast
halfofthe1800’sthetidewaterflatsoftheCharlesRiverwerefilledintocreatetheBackBay.The
neighborhood’sfamousVictorianbrownstonehomessitonpilingssunkintoformermarshland.
BeaconHillwasoncethecenteroftheAfricanAmericancommunityinBoston.TheAfricanMeeting
House,builtin1808,isthenation’soldestAfricanAmericanChurchandtheoldeststandingAfrican
MeetingHouse.BeaconHillremainsahistoricneighborhoodlinedwith19thCenturytownhousesand
ishometothegoldleafdomedMassachusettsStateHouse.BeaconHillwasdesignatedaNational
HistoricLandmarkin1962.
Inthelate1950’s,theWestEndwasaworkingclassneighborhoodwithapproximately2,700families.
InthenameofurbanrenewalanddespiteoppositionbyWestEndresidents,theneighborhoodwas
leveledtomakewayfortheconstructionoffiveluxuryhighriseapartmentbuildings.Boston’sWest
Endisthemostwelldocumentedneighborhooddestroyedbyurban“renewal”chronicledbyHerbert
Gansinthe“UrbanVillager.”
*IncludesBeaconHill,Downtown,theNorthEnd,andtheWestEnd
81
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 5.1a Females by Age, Back Bay*, 2010
65 and over
11%
45 to 64
16%
Under 18
5%
18 to 24
29%
25 to 44
39%
Figure 5.1b Males by Age, Back Bay*, 2010
45 to 64
18%
65 and over
11%
Under 18
5%
18 to 24
24%
25 to 44
42%
*IncludesBeaconHill,Downtown,theNorthEnd,andtheWestEnd
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,Bureauofthe
Census,AmericanFactFinder
Residentsages2544accountedforthelargestpercentageoftheBackBaypopulationin2010(data
notshown).Females2544yearsofagewere39%ofthefemalepopulationandmaleswere42%of
themalepopulationinthesameagegroup.
82
HealthofBoston20122013
Percent of Households
within Household Type
Figure 5.2 Type of Household,
Back Bay*, 2010
56
60%
45%
30%
21
15%
19
4
0%
Family
Household:
Married
Couple
Family
Nonf amily
Household: Household:
No Spouse Person Living
Present
Alone
Nonf amily
Household:
Person Not
Living Alone
*IncludesBeaconHill,Downtown,theNorthEnd,andtheWestEnd
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,American
FactFinder
IntheBackBay,amajorityofhouseholdsconsistedofpersonslivingalone(56%).Twentyfivepercent
ofhouseholdsintheBackBaywerefamilyhouseholds.
Figure 5.3 Housing Tenure, Back Bay*,
2010
Owneroccupied
31%
RenterOccupied
69%
*IncludesBeaconHill,Downtown,theNorthEnd,andtheWestEnd
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,
AmericanFactFinder
IntheBackBay,justovertwothirds(69%)ofoccupiedunitswererenteroccupied.
83
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 5.4 Educational Attainment,
Back Bay* , 2006-2010
Percent of Population
Ages 25+
100%
79
75%
50%
25%
4
6
11
0%
Less than
HS Diploma
HS Diploma/ Some College/
GED
Associate's
Degree
Bachelor's
Degree
or Higher
*IncludesBeaconHill,Downtown,theNorthEnd,andtheWestEnd
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
IntheBackBay,79%ofthepopulationhadaBachelor’sdegreeorhigher.Thiswassignificantlyhigher
thanthethreelowerlevelsofeducationalattainment.
84
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure5.5aSelectedHealthIndicators,BackBay*
AverageAnnual
AnnualRates
1
Rates
SelectedHealthIndicators
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartment
Visits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels
(percentofchildrentesting
positive)
ChlamydiaIncidence
(per100,000residents)
HepatitisCIncidence
(per100,000residents
ages1525)
†
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations
(per1,000residents)
†
DiabetesHospitalizations
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
†
Hospitalizations (Incl.Stroke)
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/Stabbing
†
EmergencyDepartmentVisits
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
†
(Incl.Stroke)
(per100,000residents)
†
Homicide
(per100,000residents)
†
SubstanceAbuseDeaths
(per100,000residents)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
BB
BOSTON
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
n<5
20.1
8.1%
7.6%
8.5%
11.3%
8.4%
7.9%
NA
8.7%
9.3%
9.9%
5.6%
8.0%
10.2%
7.9%
8.8%
NA
8.4%
9.9%
—
12.7
15.5
16.2
7.8
5.6
n<7
10.2
31.5
1.1%
1.8%
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
0.6%
1.4%
NA
NA
NA
NA
151.9
213.9
289.9
218.6
720.9
NA
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
2.0
45.7
9.2
8.5
7.3
9.0
8.1
7.1
7.8
8.2
11.2
0.7
1.1
0.8
1.3
1.0
1.1
0.8
1.0
2.3
1.5
1.6
2.0
1.6
1.7
1.6
2.1
1.7
2.5
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.9
34.5
36.2
22.9
22.6
33.3
28.6
NA
29.7
35.3
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
2.1
7.9
32.9
17.4
34.3
24.0
13.8
27.6
NA
25.0
33.9
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
5.5
5.7
†
Suicide
(per100,000residents)
1
Combinesallyearsshownindividuallyfortheindicatorforwhichdataareavailable.
*IncludesBeaconHill,Downtown,theNorthEnd,andtheWestEnd
—Datasuppressedtoprotectconfidentiality.
† Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindata
valuesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
85
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure5.5bSelectedHealthIndicator,BackBay*
SelectedHealthIndicator
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
RollingAverages
BOSTON
20012005 20022006 20032007 20042008 20052009 20062010 20062010
5.3
4.9
4.4
6.2
6.7
*
5.1
5.9
IncludesBeaconHill,Downtown,theNorthEnd,andtheWestEnd
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduring
dataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
Figure5.5cSelectedHealthIndicators,
BackBay*
LeadingCausesofDeath,
20052010
Cancer
Rate†
Count
2005 147.0
61
2006
121.4
50
2007
129.7
55
2008
148.1
62
2009
155.5
65
2010
157.8
65
BB20052010
143.2
358
BOS20052010
181.4
5,678
DiseasesoftheHeart
Rate†
Count
2005 134.0
56
2006
136.1
55
2007
127.3
54
2008
117.1
48
2009
110.8
46
2010
88.1
36
BB20052010
118.9
295
BOS20052010
152.0
4,831
CerebrovascularDisease
Rate†
Count
(Incl.Stroke)
2005
34.5
14
2006
36.2
14
2007
22.9
9
2008
22.6
10
2009
33.3
13
2010
28.6
12
BB20052010
29.7
72
35.3
1,116
BOS20052010
*IncludesBeaconHill,Downtown,theNorthEnd,andtheWestEnd
†Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshould
beinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesIndatavaluesmayoccur
duringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
86
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure5.6SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,BackBay*
SelectedAdult
Survey
HealthIndicators
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
CI
RegularPhysical
Activity
Percent
CI
AsthmaPrevalence
Percent
CI
Diabetes
Percent
CI
Obesity
Percent
CI
PersistentSadness
Percent
CI
PercentageofAdultResidentsandConfidenceIntervals(CI)
2001
2003
2005
2006
2008
2010
BOSTON2010
19%
15%
10%
11%
15%
15%
(8.929.3) (9.620.6) (6.015.0) (6.516.1) (8.621.4) (9.920.1)
16%
(14.017.3)
78%
76%
72%
75%
74%
68%
(67.789.1) (69.883.2) (65.478.7) (68.181.2) (67.080.8) (61.174.2)
57%
(54.759.3)
18%
(5.430.9)
6%
(2.19.9)
9%
(4.513.7)
5%
(2.68.1)
8%
8%
(3.112.3) (3.912.6)
11%
(9.512.4)
†
2%
(0.23.2)
3%
(1.15.5)
4%
(2.16.0)
3%
(1.54.7)
6%
(5.47.0)
11%
9%
(3.419.3) (5.013.6)
5%
(1.77.8)
9%
8%
9%
(5.611.9) (4.410.8) (5.812.4)
21%
(18.922.7)
3%
(0.36.1)
6%
8%
8%
8%
(2.510.1) (4.212.3) (3.211.9) (3.811.2)
9%
(8.110.7)
4%
(1.26.3)
3%
(1.54.3)
*IncludesBeaconHill,Downtown,theNorthEnd,andtheWestEnd
†
Insufficientsamplesize
PercentagesshadedinredarestatisticallyhigherthanpercentagesforBostonoverallforthesameyear.
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2001,2003,2005,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurveillance
System(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
87
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure5.7aSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,BackBay*
AverageAnnualRates
SelectedHealthIndicators
Years
Asian Black Latino White
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
†
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations
(per1,000residents)
†
DiabetesHospitalizations
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
n<5
n<5
n<5
20082010
11.5% 23.5%
n<5
8.6%
20082010
10.9% 23.5%
n<5
8.6%
n<5
n<5
n<5
3.6
20082011
n<7
75.0
29.1
2.9
2011
2.9
18.2
11.1
7.5
20092011
0.3
4.5
3.0
0.7
†
20082011
1.4
3.2
1.5
1.7
†
20092011
n<7
3.0
1.1
0.1
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
30.4
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
29.1
20082010
n<5
n<5
n<5
5.2
EmergencyDepartmentVisits
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
†
n<5
20072010
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/Stabbing
(Incl.Stroke)
(per100,000residents)
†
Homicide
(per100,000residents)
†
SubstanceAbuseDeaths
(per100,000residents)
†
Suicide
(per100,000residents)
2010
*IncludesBeaconHill,Downtown,theNorthEnd,andtheWestEnd
†
Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,
somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
88
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure5.7bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,
BackBay*
LeadingCausesofDeath,
AverageAnnualRates,20062010
Asian
Rate†
Count
64.7
8
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
Black
Rate†
Count
Cancer
265.9
14
DiseasesoftheHeart
189.8
11
‡
‡
‡
Latino
Rate†
Count
99.3
5
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
White
Rate†
Count
Cancer
149.3
274
DiseasesoftheHeart
119.6
219
CerebrovascularDisease
(Incl.Stroke)
30.9
55
Cancer
DiseasesoftheHeart
*IncludesBeaconHill,Downtown,theNorthEnd,andtheWestEnd
†
Ageadjustedratesper100,000deaths
‡
Notcalculated,n<5
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduring
dataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
89
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure5.8SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,
BackBay*
PercentageofAdultResidentsand
SelectedAdultSurvey
ConfidenceIntervals(CI),
HealthIndicators
2006,2008,and2010Combined
Asian
Latino
Black
White
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
†
20%
†
13%
CI
(6.632.5)
(9.315.9)
RegularPhysicalActivity
Percent
†
47%
†
77%
CI
(29.064.9)
(72.980.3)
Asthma
Percent
†
6%
†
6%
CI
(1.310.9)
(3.78.3)
Diabetes
Percent
†
9%
†
3%
CI
(1.715.3)
(2.14.0)
Obesity
Percent
†
29%
†
8%
CI
(14.743.9)
(5.79.4)
PersistentSadness
Percent
†
27%
†
6%
(9.145.2)
(4.18.5)
CI
*IncludesBeaconHill,Downtown,theNorthEnd,andtheWestEnd
†
Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRisk
FactorSurveillanceSystem(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
90
HealthofBoston20122013
BackBay*Notes,DataSources,andDataAnalysis
Figure5.1a,5.1bPopulationbyAgeandSex,BackBay,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure5.2TypeofHousehold,BackBay,2010
NOTE:Thecensusdefinesafamilyhouseholdasoneinwhichatleastonepersonlivinginthehouse
holdisrelatedbybirth,marriage,oradoptiontothehouseholder(headofhousehold).
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure5.3HousingTenure,BackBay,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure5.4EducationalAttainment,BackBay,20062010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure5.5a5.5cSelectedHealthIndicators,BackBay
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,Mas
sachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartmentData
base,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealthInformationand
Analysis
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels:BostonPublicHealthCommissionOfficeofEnvironmentalHealth
ChlamydiaIncidence:MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth,STDDivision
HepatitisCIncidence:CommunicableDiseaseDatabase,BostonPublicHealthCommission,Communi
cableDiseaseControlDivision
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDiseaseHospitaliza
tions(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealthInforma
tionandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmer
gencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterfor
HealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,andSuicide:Bos
tonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
LeadingCausesofDeath:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure5.6SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,BackBay
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure5.7a,5.7bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,BackBay
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,Mas
sachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
*IncludesBeaconHill,Downtown,theNorthEnd,andtheWestEnd
91
HealthofBoston20122013
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartmentData
base,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealthInformationand
Analysis
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDiseaseHospitaliza
tions(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealthInforma
tionandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmer
gencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterfor
HealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,Suicide,andLead
ingCausesofDeaths:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure5.8SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,BackBay
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
92
HealthofBoston20122013
TheNorthEnd
*Countofeachassetpresentedinparentheses
TheNorthEndisknownasBoston’sfirstneighborhood.Bythe1750s,ithadathrivingcommercial
base,abusyseaport,andlargeestatesforitswealthymerchants.PaulRevere,knownforhis1775ride
towarnoftheapproachofBritishsoldiers,wasbornintheNorthEndandalsonamedBoston’sfirst
healthofficerin1799.
ThenumberofIrishimmigrantssettlingintheNorthEndincreaseddramaticallyinthe1840sasthe
FamineIrisharrived.Around1870,EasternEuropeanJewsbegantosettleintheNorthEnd.Atthe
turnofthecentury,therewerefivesynagoguesandtwoJewishschoolsintheneighborhood.
Bythe1920s,ItalianimmigrantsbecamethelargestimmigrantgroupintheNorthEnd.The1930
Censusreportedthat44,000residentsofItaliandescentlivedintheNorthEnd.TheItalianinfluence
continuesintheneighborhood’swealthofItalianrestaurants,stores,andsocialclubs.
NOTE:Forthisyear’sHealthofBoston,datafortheNorthEnd,asubsectionoftheBackBay/BeaconHill/WestEnd/NorthEnd/Downtownas
definedinthisreport,hasbeenincluded.Inthisreport,theNorthEndisdefinedbyzipcode02113orbycensustracts301305.99depending
onthedatasource.ForBBRFSSsurveydataonly,theNorthEndisdefinedbyrespondentresidencewithinzipcodes02109,02110,or02113,
plusrespondentselfidentificationoftheNorthEndwhenaskedneighborhoodofresidence.
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HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 6.1a Females by Age, North End, 2010
65 and over
14%
Under 18
5%
18 to 24
21%
45 to 64
17%
25 to 44
43%
Figure 6.1b Males by Age, North End, 2010
65 and over
12%
Under 18
4%
18 to 24
16%
45 to 64
22%
25 to 44
45%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,
AmericanFactFinder
Residentsages2544accountedforthelargestpercentageoftheNorthEndpopulationin2010(data
notshown).Females2544yearsofagewere43%ofthefemalepopulationintheNorthEndandmales
ages2544were45%ofthemalepopulation.
94
HealthofBoston20122013
Percent of Household
within Household Type
Figure 6.2 Type of Household, North End,
2010
60%
53%
45%
24%
30%
18%
15%
5%
0%
Family
Family
Household:
Household:
Married Couple No Spouse
Present
Nonfamily
Household:
Person Living
Alone
Nonfamily
Household:
Person Not
Living Alone
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,American
FactFinder
IntheNorthEnd,77%ofhouseholdswerenonfamilyhouseholds.Amajorityofhouseholdsconsisted
ofpersonslivingalone(53%);18%ofhouseholdswerefamilyhouseholdswithamarriedcouple
present.
Figure 6.3 Housing Tenure, North End,
2010
OwnerOccupied
28%
RenterOccupied
72%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,AmericanFactFinder
IntheNorthEnd,almostthreefourths(72%)ofoccupiedunitswererenteroccupied.
95
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 6.4 Educational Attainment,
North End, 2006-2010
72
Percent of Population
Ages 25+
80%
60%
40%
20%
7
8
12
0%
Less than
HS Diploma
HS Diploma/ Some College/
GED
Associate's
Degree
Bachelor's
Degree
or Higher
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
IntheNorthEnd,72%ofthepopulationhadaBachelor’sdegreeorhigher.Thiswassignificantlyhigher
thantheotherlevelsofeducationalattainment.Only7%ofthepopulationhadlessthanahighschool
diploma.
96
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure6.5aSelectedHealthIndicators,NorthEnd
AverageAnnual
AnnualRates
1
Rates
SelectedHealthIndicators
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartment
Visits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels
(percentofchildrentesting
positive)
ChlamydiaIncidence
(per100,000residents)
HepatitisCIncidence
(per100,000residentsages
1525)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/Stabbing
EmergencyDepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
NE
BOSTON
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
n<5
20.1
—
5.6%
n<5
9.2%
6.4%
5.2%
NA
6.2%
9.3%
10.5%
n<5
n<5
8.3%
6.4%
6.2%
NA
6.2%
9.9%
n<7
n<7
n<7
n<7
n<7
n<7
n<7
n<7
31.5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
1.4%
NA
NA
NA
NA
274.8
274.8
332.6
294.0
720.9
NA
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
n<5
45.7
10.6
13.6
10.0
14.1
9.3
10.3
10.6
11.2
11.2
n<7
n<7
n<7
n<7
n<7
1.5
n<7
0.9
2.3
2.0
1.3
3.0
1.3
1.3
1.8
1.7
1.8
2.5
n<7
n<7
n<7
n<7
n<7
n<7
n<7
0.1
0.9
28.2
64.3
34.2
n<5
49.2
33.2
NA
35.9
35.3
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
n<5
7.9
54.7
n<5
76.0
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
31.9
33.9
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
5.2
5.7
1
Combinesallyearsshownindividuallyfortheindicatorforwhichdataareavailable.
—Datasuppressedtoprotectconfidentiality.
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
ShadedinredareneighborhoodratesorpercentagesthatarehigherthanthecorrespondingBostonrateorpercentageforthe
sameyear(s).
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindata
valuesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
97
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure6.5bSelectedHealthIndicators,
NorthEnd
LeadingCausesofDeath,
20052010
Cancer
Rate*
Count
20
2005 139.0
2006 138.4
18
2007 132.1
18
19
2008 139.0
2009 193.9
26
2010 209.0
28
NE20052010 158.6
129
BOS20052010 181.4
5,679
DiseasesoftheHeart
Rate*
Count
23
2005 146.6
2006 188.4
30
2007 185.6
27
2008 149.9
22
2009
96.9
15
10
2010
62.6
NE20052010 138.3
127
BOS20052010 152.0
4,831
CerbrovascularDisease
Rate*
Count
(Incl.Stroke)
2005
28.2
5
64.3
9
2006
2007
34.2
5
2008
n<5
n<5
2009
49.2
7
2010
33.2
6
NE20052010
35.9
33
BOS20052010
35.3
1,116
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Shadedinredareneighborhoodratesthatarehigherthanthe
correspondingBostonrateforthesameyear(s).
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccur
duringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
98
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure6.6SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,NorthEnd*
SelectedAdult
Survey
HealthIndicators
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
CI
RegularPhysical
Activity
Percent
CI
Asthma
Percent
CI
Diabetes
Percent
CI
Obesity
Percent
CI
PersistentSadness
Percent
CI
PercentageofAdultResidentsandConfidenceIntervals(CI)
2001/2003
2005/2006
2008/2010
BOSTON2008/2010
16%
(5.126.1)
17%
(6.627.8)
18%
(7.128.4)
15%
(14.116.9)
80%
(69.290.2)
72%
(61.382.9)
69%
(56.181.4)
56%
(54.558.3)
†
9%
(2.515.5)
7%
(0.014.7)
11%
(9.611.7)
†
4%
(1.06.1)
5%
(1.58.6)
6%
(5.36.5)
15%
(4.025.2)
9%
(2.915.2)
10%
(4.216.6)
22%
(20.423.7)
7%
(0.813.0)
11%
(1.520.5)
†
9%
(8.410.4)
*ForBBRFSSdataonly,NorthEndresidentsaredefinedasthosewholiveinzipcodes02109,02110,and02113andalsoselfidentify
asresidentsoftheNorthEnd.
Ș
Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,twoyearscombined2001/2003,2005/2006and2008/2010,BostonBehavioral
RiskFactorSurveillanceSystem(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
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HealthofBoston20122013
Figure6.7aSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,NorthEnd
SelectedHealthIndicators
Years
AverageAnnualRates
Asian Black Latino White
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergency
DepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
20092010
n<5
n<5
n<5
3.9%
20092010
n<5
n<5
n<5
5.2%
2011
n<7
n<7
n<7
n<7
2011
n<7
n<7
n<7
11.0
20102011
n<7
n<7
n<7
1.1
2011
n<7
n<7
n<7
1.5
2011
n<7
n<7
n<7
n<7
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
28.2
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
20.0
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
20092010
2010
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,
somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
100
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure6.7bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,
NorthEnd
LeadingCausesofDeath,
AverageAnnualRates,2010
Asian
Rate*
Count
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
Black
Rate*
Count
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
Latino
Rate*
Count
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
White
Rate*
Count
Cancer
213.5
27
DiseasesoftheHeart
CerbrovascularDisease
(Incl.Stroke)
50.1
8
28.2
5
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
†
Notcalculated,n<5
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduring
dataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
101
HealthofBoston20122013
NorthEndNotes,DataSources,andDataAnalysis
Figure6.1a,6.1bPopulationbyAgeandSex,NorthEnd,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure6.2TypeofHousehold,NorthEnd,2010
NOTE:Thecensusdefinesafamilyhouseholdasoneinwhichatleastonepersonlivinginthe
householdisrelatedbybirth,marriage,oradoptiontothehouseholder(headofhousehold).
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure6.3HousingTenure,NorthEnd,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure6.4EducationalAttainment,NorthEnd,20062010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure6.5a,6.5bSelectedHealthIndicators,NorthEnd
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels:BostonPublicHealthCommissionOfficeofEnvironmentalHealth
ChlamydiaIncidence:MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth,STDDivision
HepatitisCIncidence:CommunicableDiseaseDatabase,BostonPublicHealthCommission,
CommunicableDiseaseControlDivision
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,andSuicide:
BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
LeadingCausesofDeath:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure6.6SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,NorthEnd
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure6.7a,6.7bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,NorthEnd
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
102
HealthofBoston20122013
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,Suicide,and
LeadingCausesofDeaths:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
103
HealthofBoston20122013
Š‹•’ƒ‰‡‹•‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›„ŽƒǤ
104
HealthofBoston20122013
Charlestown
*Countofeachassetpresentedinparentheses
Charlestownwassettledin1629(oneyearbeforeBoston)andbecameacityin1847.In1874,the
CityofCharlestownwasannexedtoBoston.Charlestown’shistoryandeconomicdevelopmentwere
stronglyinfluencedbythepresenceoftheNavyYard,whichoperatedbetween1801and1973.
TwoofthemostvisitedsitesonBoston’sFreedomTrailareinCharlestown–theBunkerHill
MonumentandtheU.S.S.Constitution.TheBunkerHillMonumentcommemoratesoneofthe
bloodiestandmostdestructivebattlesofthe1775RevolutionaryWar.TheU.S.S.Constitution,the
U.S.Navy’soldestcommissionedship,isdockedintheCharlestownNavyYard.
105
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 7.1a Females by Age, Charlestown,
2010
65 and over
11%
Under 18
15%
18 to 24
7%
45 to 64
23%
25 to 44
44%
Figure 7.1b Males by Age, Charlestown,
2010
65 and over
10%
45 to 64
22%
Under 18
18%
18 to 24
7%
25 to 44
43%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,American
FactFinder
Residentsages2544accountedforthelargestpercentageoftheCharlestownpopulationin2010
(datanotshown).Females2544yearsofagewere44%ofthefemalepopulationinCharlestownand
maleswere43%ofthemalepopulationinthesameagegroup.
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HealthofBoston20122013
Percent of Households
within Household Type
Figure 7.2 Type of Household, Charlestown,
2010
41%
45%
32%
30%
14%
13%
15%
0%
Family
Household:
Married Couple
Family
Household:
No Spouse
Present
Nonfamily
Household:
Person Living
Alone
Nonfamily
Household:
Person Not
Living Alone
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,American
FactFinder
InCharlestown,nonfamilyhouseholdswereaslightmajority(55%).Thehighestpercentageof
householdswereforpeoplelivingalone(41%).Thirtytwopercentofhouseholdswerefamily
householdswithamarriedcouplepresent.
Percent of Families
within Family Type
Figure 7.3 Families with Income Below
Poverty by Family Type, Charlestown,
2006-2010
75%
50%
25%
18
*
*
*
0%
All Families
Female HH Female HH: Female HH:
(Headed Children <18 Children <5
Household)
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
AmongallfamiliesinCharlestown,18%hadanincomebelowthepovertylevel.
107
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 7.4 Housing Tenure, Charlestown,
2010
OwnerOccupied
46%
RenterOccupied
54%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,American
FactFinder
InCharlestown,justoverhalf(54%)ofoccupiedunitswererenteroccupied.
Percent of Population
Ages 25+
Figure 7.5 Educational Attainment,
Charlestown,
2006-2010
75%
58
50%
19
25%
10
13
0%
Less than
HS Diploma
HS Diploma/ Some College/
GED
Associate's
Degree
Bachelor's
Degree
or Higher
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
InCharlestown,58%ofthepopulationhadaBachelor’sdegreeorhigher.Thiswassignificantlyhigher
thanthethreelowerlevelsofeducationalattainment.For19%ofthepopulation,thehighestlevelof
educationalattainmentwasahighschooldegree/GED.
108
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure7.6aSelectedHealthIndicators,Charlestown
AverageAnnual
AnnualRates
1
Rates
SelectedHealthIndicators
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartment
Visits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels
(percentofchildrentesting
positive)
ChlamydiaIncidence
(per100,000residents)
HepatitisCIncidence
(per100,000residentsages
1525)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/Stabbing
EmergencyDepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
CH
BOSTON
n<5
37.3
31.1
31.1
n<5
n<5
NA
21.7
20.1
6.9%
8.8%
10.5%
9.6%
9.2%
10.2%
NA
9.2%
9.3%
8.7%
8.8%
10.5% 11.7% 10.1%
8.6%
NA
9.7%
9.9%
21.9
13.7
24.7
14.6
18.3
18.3
11.0
17.5
31.5
0.8%
1.4%
n<5
0.7%
n<5
n<5
n<5
0.5%
1.4%
NA
NA
NA
NA
456.2
377.2
352.8
395.4
720.9
NA
263.3
n<5
n<5
263.3
473.9
NA
263.3
45.7
12.0
9.7
9.1
10.2
9.5
9.7
8.4
9.8
11.2
1.8
2.0
2.7
2.1
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.8
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.4
1.9
2.9
3.0
3.1
2.5
2.5
—
1.0
n<7
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.9
n<5
n<5
40.5
44.8
n<5
48.4
NA
35.6
35.3
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
n<5
7.9
43.5
n<5
27.7
37.5
n<5
36.9
NA
31.7
33.9
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
n<5
5.7
1
Combinesallyearsshownindividuallyfortheindicatorforwhichdataareavailable.
—Datasuppressedtoprotectconfidentiality.
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
ShadedinredareneighborhoodratesorpercentagesthatarehigherthanthecorrespondingBostonrateorpercentageforthesame
year(s).
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,
somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
109
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure7.6bSelectedHealthIndicator,Charlestown
SelectedHealthIndicator
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
BOSTON
RollingAverages
20012006 20022007 20032008 20042009 20052010 20052010
n<5
3.7
4.2
5.7
6.1
5.8
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
ShadedinredareneighborhoodratesthatarehigherthanthecorrespondingBostonrateforthesameyear(s).
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmay
occurduringdataqualityprocesses.
LeadingCausesofDeath,
20052010
Cancer
Rate*
2005 233.0
2006 235.2
2007 262.5
2008 198.7
2009 131.4
2010 162.6
CH20052010 203.9
BOS20052010 181.4
DiseasesoftheHeart
Rate*
2005 204.5
2006 139.3
2007 226.2
2008 257.2
2009 223.4
2010 143.3
CH20052010 199.0
BOS20052010 152.0
CerebrovascularDisease
Rate*
(Incl.Stroke)
2005
n<5
2006
n<5
2007
40.5
2008
44.8
2009
n<5
2010
48.4
CH20052010
35.6
BOS20052010
35.3
Count
33
32
38
28
20
22
173
5,678
Count
25
18
27
32
27
18
147
4,831
Count
n<5
n<5
5
6
n<5
7
27
1,116
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshould
beinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Shadedinredareneighborhoodratesthatarehigherthanthe
correspondingBostonrateforthesameyear(s).
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccur
duringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
110
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure7.7SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,Charlestown
SelectedAdult
SurveyHealth
Indicators
PercentageofAdultResidentsandConfidenceIntervals(CI)
2001
2003
2005
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
25%
23%
37%
CI (11.038.4) (10.235.3) (20.852.9)
RegularPhysical
Activity
Percent
*
67%
60%
CI
(51.981.8) (46.174.0)
AsthmaPrevalence
Percent
11%
*
5%
CI (1.919.8)
(0.39.4)
Diabetes
Percent
*
*
8%
CI
(0.016.4)
Obesity
Percent
*
*
17%
CI
(6.127.5)
PersistentSadness
Percent
*
*
12%
(1.023.1)
CI
2006
2008
2010
BOSTON2010
13%
11%
19%
(6.619.9) (3.217.9) (9.429.2)
16%
(14.017.3)
67%
68%
55%
(55.878.1) (54.581.2) (43.067.0)
57%
(54.759.3)
10%
11%
13%
(4.016.6) (3.618.3) (4.621.9)
11%
(9.512.4)
3%
(0.15.9)
6%
(5.47.0)
9%
(2.116.1)
3%
(0.65.1)
17%
20%
19%
(8.626.1) (9.829.6) (9.528.7)
21%
(18.922.7)
8%
(2.713.1)
9%
(8.110.7)
4%
(0.77.4)
8%
(1.615.0)
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2001,2003,2005,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRisk
FactorSurveillanceSystem(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
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Figure7.8aSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,Charlestown
SelectedHealthIndicators
Years
AverageAnnualRates
Asian Black Latino White
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergency
DepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
20072010
n<5
n<5
33.8
15.4
20072010 10.4% 6.7% 11.6% 9.8%
20072010 10.4% 5.7% 14.4% 10.1%
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
20092011
n<7
39.2
29.1
10.6
20102011
3.7
15.0
11.2
8.7
20082011
n<7
4.0
1.9
1.8
20092011
n<7
12.3
n<7
2.9
20092011
n<7
3.9
n<7
0.4
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
54.9
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
41.5
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,
somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
112
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure7.8bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,
Charlestown
LeadingCausesofDeath,
AverageAnnualRates,20062010
Asian
Rate*
Count
183.2
10
†
†
†
†
†
†
Black
Rate*
Count
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
Latino
Rate*
Count
149.5
7
†
†
†
†
†
†
White
Rate*
Count
Cancer
199.0
120
DiseasesoftheHeart
218.8
119
COPD
47.2
27
Cancer
Cancer
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
†
Notcalculated,n<5
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduring
dataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
113
HealthofBoston20122013
CharlestownNotes,DataSources,andDataAnalysis
Figure7.1a,7.1bPopulationbyAgeandSex,Charlestown,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure7.2TypeofHousehold,Charlestown,2010
NOTE:Thecensusdefinesafamilyhouseholdasoneinwhichatleastonepersonlivinginthe
householdisrelatedbybirth,marriage,oradoptiontothehouseholder(headofhousehold).
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure7.3FamilieswithIncomeBelowPovertyLevelbyFamilyType,Charlestown,20062010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.Thedataonpovertystatusof
householdswerederivedfromanswerstoincomequestions.Sincepovertyisdefinedatthefamily
levelandnotthehouseholdlevel,thepovertystatusofthehouseholdisdeterminedbythepoverty
statusofthehouseholder.Householdsareclassifiedaspoorwhenthetotalincomeofthe
householder’sfamilyisbelowtheappropriatepovertythreshold.(Fornonfamilyhouseholders,their
ownincomeiscomparedwiththeappropriatethreshold.)Theincomeofpeoplelivinginthehousehold
whoareunrelatedtothehouseholderisnotconsideredwhendeterminingthepovertystatusofa
household,nordoestheirpresenceaffectthefamilysizeindeterminingtheappropriatethreshold.The
povertythresholdsvarydependingonthreecriteria:sizeoffamily,numberofrelatedchildrenandfor
1and2personfamilies,ageofhouseholder.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure7.4HousingTenure,Charlestown,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure7.5EducationalAttainment,Charlestown,20062010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure7.6a7.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,Charlestown
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels:BostonPublicHealthCommissionOfficeofEnvironmentalHealth
ChlamydiaIncidence:MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth,STDDivision
HepatitisCIncidence:CommunicableDiseaseDatabase,BostonPublicHealthCommission,
CommunicableDiseaseControlDivision
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,andSuicide:
BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
114
HealthofBoston20122013
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
LeadingCausesofDeath:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure7.7SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,Charlestown
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure7.8a,7.8bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,Charlestown
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,Suicide,and
LeadingCausesofDeaths:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
115
HealthofBoston20122013
Š‹•’ƒ‰‡‹•‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›„ŽƒǤ
116
HealthofBoston20122013
EastBoston
ȗ‘—–‘ˆ‡ƒ…Šƒ••‡–’”‡•‡–‡†‹’ƒ”‡–Š‡•‡•
EastBostonwascreatedwhenfiveBostonHarborIslandswereexpandedandconnected.Theproject
beganin1830andtook150yearstocomplete.Thetwolargerislands,NoddlesandHogIslands,now
formtheresidentialsectionoftheneighborhood.LoganAirport,whichtakesupoverhalfofthe
neighborhood’s2.5squaremiles,sitsonApple,Bird,andGovernor’sIslands.
Throughoutitshistory,EastBostonhasservedashometovariousgroupsofimmigrants.TheIrish
werethefirstgrouptosettleinEastBoston,followedbyRussianJewsandItaliansinthelate1800s.At
theturnofthe20thcentury,EastBostonwashometothelargestJewishcommunityinNewEngland.
TheneighborhoodwaspredominantlyItalianformostofthe20thcenturyandisnowhometomany
immigrantsfromSouthandCentralAmerica,Asia,andtheCaribbean.
117
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 8.1a Females by Age, East Boston,
2010
65 and over
11%
Under 18
23%
45 to 64
20%
18 to 24
11%
25 to 44
35%
Figure 8.1b Males by Age, East Boston,
2010
65 and over
7%
Under 18
22%
45 to 64
19%
18 to 24
12%
25 to 44
40%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,
AmericanFactFinder
Residentsages2544accountedforthelargestpercentageoftheEastBostonpopulationin2010(data
notshown).Females2544yearsofagewere35%ofthefemalepopulationinEastBostonandmales
were40%ofthemalepopulationinthesameagegroup.
118
HealthofBoston20122013
Percent of Households
within Household Type
Figure 8.2 Type of Household, East Boston,
2010
40%
33
27
30%
29
20%
12
10%
0%
Family
Household:
Married
Couple
Family
Nonf amily
Nonf amily
Household: Household: Household:
No Spouse Person Living Person Not
Present
Alone
Living Alone
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,AmericanFactFinder
InEastBoston,60%ofhouseholdswerefamilyhouseholds.Thehighestpercentageofhouseholds
werefamilyhouseholdswithamarriedcouplepresent(33%).Twentyninepercentofhouseholds
consistedofpersonslivingalone.
Percent of Familiy
within Family Type
Figure 8.3 Families with Income Below Poverty
Level by Family Type, East Boston,
2006-2010
45%
39
30
30%
15%
12
*
0%
All Families
Female HH
(Headed
Household)
Female HH:
Children < 18
Female HH:
Children < 5
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
InEastBoston,ahigherpercentageoffemaleheadedhouseholdswithchildrenundertheageof18
(39%),andfemaleheadedhouseholds(30%)hadanincomebelowthepovertylevelascomparedwith
allfamilies(12%).
119
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 8.4 Housing Tenure, East Boston, 2010
OwnerOccupied
27%
RenterOccupied
73%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,
InEastBoston,almostthreefourths(73%)ofoccupiedunitswererenteroccupied. Percent of Population
Ages 25+
Figure 8.5 Educational Attainment, East Boston,
2006-2010
45%
35
36
30%
15%
13
16
0%
Less than
HS
Some College/
HS Diploma Diploma/GED Associate's
Degree
Bachelor's
Degree
or Higher
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
HigherpercentagesofthepopulationinEastBostonhadeitherlessthanahighschooldiploma(35%)
orahighschooldiploma/GED(36%).TheseweresignificantlyhigherthanthosewhohadaBachelor’s
degreeorhigher(16%).
120
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure8.6aSelectedHealthIndicators,EastBoston
AverageAnnual
AnnualRates
1
Rates
SelectedHealthIndicators
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartment
Visits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels
(percentofchildrentesting
positive)
ChlamydiaIncidence
(per100,000residents)
HepatitisCIncidence
(per100,000residentsages
1525)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/Stabbing
EmergencyDepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
EB
BOSTON
29.6
31.1
35.5
28.1
28.1
38.5
NA
31.8
20.1
5.6%
6.0%
7.0%
5.8%
5.5%
7.2%
NA
6.2%
9.3%
6.9%
7.3%
8.4%
6.5%
6.9%
7.5%
NA
7.3%
9.9%
8.4
13.6
11.6
14.6
15.5
14.9
10.7
12.8
31.5
1.7%
1.3%
1.5%
1.1%
0.9%
0.7%
0.7%
1.1%
1.4%
NA
NA
NA
NA
466.6
540.6
414.7
474.0
720.9
NA
156.3
156.3
142.1
n<5
113.7
NA
119.3
45.7
13.6
12.8
13.4
12.6
12.0
10.3
12.3
12.4
11.2
1.8
1.6
2.0
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
2.3
2.8
2.8
2.4
1.7
1.8
2.7
2.2
2.3
2.5
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.9
43.1
—
21.5
44.1
n<5
18.0
NA
27.6
35.3
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
1.9
7.9
37.1
33.5
41.6
43.3
47.6
52.9
NA
42.7
33.9
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
5.6
5.7
1
Combinesallyearsshownindividuallyfortheindicatorforwhichdataareavailable.
*Ageadjustedrates
—Datasuppressedtoprotectconfidentiality.
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
ShadedinredareneighborhoodratesorpercentagesthatarehigherthanthecorrespondingBostonrateorpercentageforthesame
year(s).
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindata
valuesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
121
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure8.6bSelectedHealthIndicator,EastBoston
SelectedHealthIndicator
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
BOSTON
RollingAverages
20012005 20022006 20032007 20042008 20052009 20062010 20062010
4.7
4.9
4.3
4.6
3.7
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechanges
indatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
Figure8.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,
EastBoston
LeadingCausesofDeath,
20052010
Cancer
Rate*
Count
2005
219.6
65
2006 207.6
62
2007 241.0
75
2008 207.8
65
63
2009 199.5
57
2010 182.0
EB20052010 209.6
387
5,678
BOS20052010 181.4
DiseasesoftheHeart
Rate*
Count
2005
151.2
49
2006 219.0
71
2007 178.0
58
2008 158.4
52
56
2009 175.2
49
2010 145.0
EB20052010 171.1
335
4,831
BOS20052010 152.0
COPD
Rate*
Count
2005
42.1
13
5
2006
16.6
2007
64.4
19
2008
40.1
13
31.2
10
2009
43.3
13
2010
EB20052010
39.6
73
28.7
886
BOS20052010
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Shadedinredareneighborhoodratesthatarehigherthanthe
correspondingBostonrateforthesameyear(s).
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechanges
indatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
122
3.7
5.9
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure8.7SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,EastBoston
SelectedAdult
SurveyHealth
Indicators
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
CI
RegularPhysical
Activity
Percent
CI
Asthma
Percent
CI
Diabetes
Percent
CI
Obesity
Percent
CI
PersistentSadness
Percent
CI
PercentageofAdultResidentsandConfidenceIntervals(CI)
2001
2003
2005
2006
2008
2010
BOSTON2010
20%
19%
19%
23%
15%
22%
(11.328.5) (10.028.6) (11.325.9) (13.432.3) (7.921.8) (13.929.7)
16%
(14.017.3)
38%
41%
37%
52%
35%
48%
(26.550.0) (28.653.3) (26.347.9) (39.464.5) (21.847.6) (37.757.3)
57%
(54.759.3)
10%
(2.917.3)
4%
(0.67.9)
4%
(1.07.3)
9%
8%
13%
(2.615.6) (2.813.4) (7.218.3)
11%
(9.512.4)
6%
(0.511.2)
5%
(1.18.9)
10%
(4.514.6)
3%
(1.15.5)
6%
(5.47.0)
6%
(2.89.3)
11%
(6.616.2)
13%
19%
24%
23%
30%
26%
(3.621.7) (10.128.3) (14.634.2) (13.832.1) (14.345.0) (17.234.2)
21%
(18.922.7)
9%
13%
10%
15%
11%
11%
(2.615.3) (3.821.5) (4.415.2) (7.422.9) (4.517.1) (4.817.9)
9%
(8.110.7)
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2001,2003,2005,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurveillance
System(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
123
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure8.8aSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,EastBoston
SelectedHealthIndicators
Years
AverageAnnualRates
Asian Black Latino White
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergency
DepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
20072010
n<5
54.3
41.2
12.9
20082010
9.8%
8.1%
6.2%
5.2%
20082010
8.2%
8.1%
7.4%
5.5%
20062010
n<5
n<5
2.6
5.7
20092011
n<7
25.9
14.7
7.5
20102011
4.9
11.5
8.9
12.2
20102011
n<7
4.1
1.8
1.4
20082011
1.9
n<7
2.3
2.1
20102011
n<7
n<7
0.4
0.3
20062010
n<5
n<5
43.3
25.7
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
20072010
n<5
100.5
7.6
91.4
20072010
n<5
n<5
n<5
12.2
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,
somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
124
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure8.8bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,
EastBoston
LeadingCausesofDeath,
AverageAnnualRates,20072010
Asian
Rate*
Count
267.3
15
†
†
†
†
†
†
Black
Rate*
Count
290.5
8
†
†
†
†
†
†
Latino
Rate*
Count
Cancer
71.7
20
DiseasesoftheHeart
45.8
6
†
†
†
White
Rate*
Count
Cancer
239.1
217
DiseasesoftheHeart
204.5
205
COPD
52.3
53
Cancer
Cancer
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
†Notcalculated,n<5
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduring
dataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
125
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure8.9SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,
EastBoston
PercentageofAdultResidentsand
SelectedAdultSurveyHealth
ConfidenceIntervals(CI),
Indicators
2006,2008,and2010Combined
Asian
Black
Latino
White
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
*
*
13%
27%
CI
(6.420.0) (20.334.7)
RegularPhysicalActivity
Percent
*
*
37%
52%
CI
(26.048.3) (43.861.1)
Asthma
Percent
*
*
5%
16%
CI
(1.79.0) (9.922.5)
Diabetes
Percent
*
*
3%
11%
CI
(0.86.0) (7.715.0)
Obesity
Percent
*
*
32%
23%
CI
(19.844.4) (17.229.4)
PersistentSadness
Percent
*
*
9%
17%
(3.615.2) (10.523.5)
CI
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioral
RiskFactorSurveillanceSystem(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
126
HealthofBoston20122013
EastBostonNotes,DataSources,andDataAnalysis
Figure8.1a,8.1bPopulationbyAgeandSex,EastBoston,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure8.2TypeofHousehold,EastBoston,2010
NOTE:Thecensusdefinesafamilyhouseholdasoneinwhichatleastonepersonlivinginthe
householdisrelatedbybirth,marriage,oradoptiontothehouseholder(headofhousehold).
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure8.3FamilieswithIncomeBelowPovertyLevelbyFamilyType,EastBoston,20062010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.Thedataonpovertystatusof
householdswerederivedfromanswerstoincomequestions.Sincepovertyisdefinedatthefamily
levelandnotthehouseholdlevel,thepovertystatusofthehouseholdisdeterminedbythepoverty
statusofthehouseholder.Householdsareclassifiedaspoorwhenthetotalincomeofthe
householder’sfamilyisbelowtheappropriatepovertythreshold.(Fornonfamilyhouseholders,their
ownincomeiscomparedwiththeappropriatethreshold.)Theincomeofpeoplelivinginthehousehold
whoareunrelatedtothehouseholderisnotconsideredwhendeterminingthepovertystatusofa
household,nordoestheirpresenceaffectthefamilysizeindeterminingtheappropriatethreshold.The
povertythresholdsvarydependingonthreecriteria:sizeoffamily,numberofrelatedchildrenandfor
1and2personfamilies,ageofhouseholder.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure8.4HousingTenure,EastBoston,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure8.5EducationalAttainment,EastBoston,20062010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure8.6a8.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,EastBoston
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:Bostonresidentlivebirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels:BostonPublicHealthCommissionOfficeofEnvironmentalHealth
ChlamydiaIncidence:MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth,STDDivision
HepatitisCIncidence:CommunicableDiseaseDatabase,BostonPublicHealthCommission,
CommunicableDiseaseControlDivision
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
127
HealthofBoston20122013
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,andSuicide:
BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
LeadingCausesofDeath:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure8.7SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,EastBoston
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure8.8a,8.8bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,EastBoston
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:Bostonresidentlivebirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,Suicide,and
LeadingCausesofDeaths:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure8.9SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,EastBoston
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
128
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Fenway
ȗ‘—–‘ˆ‡ƒ…Šƒ••‡–’”‡•‡–‡†‹’ƒ”‡–Š‡•‡•
TheFenwayneighborhoodwasannexedtoBostonin1870andwasexpandedinthesamelandfill
projectthatcreatedtheBackBay.ThenumberofculturalinstitutionslocatedintheFenway/Kenmore
area(includingBostonSymphonyHall,theMuseumofFineArts,andtheIsabellaStewartGardner
Museum)promptedthecitytodubtheneighborhood’sHuntingtonAvenuethe“AvenueoftheArts.”
TheLongwoodareaincludesmanyofthenation’sleadingmedicalinstitutionsincludingHarvard
MedicalSchool,BrighamandWomen’sHospital,theBethIsrael/DeaconessMedicalCenter,Children’s
Hospital,DanaFarberCancerInstitute,andJoslinDiabetesCenter.ThehomeoftheBostonRedSox,
FenwayPark,isalsolocatedintheneighborhood.
129
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 9.1a Females by Age, Fenway, 2010
25 to 44
26%
45 to 64
8%
18 to 24
65%
65 and over
5%
Under 18
2%
Figure 9.1b Males by Age, Fenway, 2010
25 to 44
28%
45 to 64
8%
18 to 24
59%
Under 18
2%
65 and over
5%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,
AmericanFactFinder
Residentsages1824accountedforalmosttwothirds(62%)oftheFenwaypopulationin2010(data
notshown).Females1824yearsofagewere65%ofthefemalepopulationinFenwayandmales
were59%ofthemalepopulationinthesameagegroup.
130
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 9.2 Type of Household, Fenway, 2010
Percent of Households
within Household Type
60%
54
40%
20%
31
10
5
0%
Family
Household:
Married
Couple
Family
Nonf amily
Nonf amily
Household: Household: Household:
No Spouse Person Living Person Not
Present
Alone
Living Alone
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,
AmericanFactFinder
InFenway,85%ofhouseholdswerenonfamilyhouseholds.Thehighestpercentageofhouseholds
consistedofpersonslivingalone(54%).
Figure 9.3 Housing Tenure, Fenway,
2010
OwnerOccupied
10%
RenterOccupied
90%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,
AmericanFactFinder
InFenway,most(90%)occupiedunitswererenteroccupied. 131
HealthofBoston20122013
Percent of Population
Ages 25+
Figure 9.4 Educational Attainment, Fenway,
2006-2010
71
75%
50%
25%
6
12
11
0%
Less than
HS Diploma
HS Diploma/ Some College/
GED
Associate's
Degree
Bachelor's
Degree
or Higher
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
InFenway,71%ofthepopulationhadaBachelor’sdegreeorhigher.Thiswassignificantlyhigherthan
thethreelowerlevelsofeducationalattainment.
132
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure9.5aSelectedHealthIndicators,Fenway
AverageAnnual
AnnualRates
1
Rates
SelectedHealthIndicators
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartment
Visits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels
(percentofchildrentesting
positive)
ChlamydiaIncidence
(per100,000residents)
HepatitisCIncidence
(per100,000residents
ages1525)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/Stabbing
EmergencyDepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
FW
BOSTON
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
15.8
20.1
7.2%
8.0%
11.6%
7.9%
9.3%
8.5%
NA
8.7%
9.3%
5.8%
9.6%
10.1%
10.7%
9.3%
10.3%
NA
9.3%
9.9%
11.6
27.6
21.8
33.4
26.1
33.4
16.0
24.3
31.5
1.2%
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
0.6%
1.4%
NA
NA
NA
NA
278.6
285.9
353.7
306.1
720.9
NA
n<5
n<5
n<5
13.9
n<5
NA
5.6
45.7
11.3
11.1
8.7
8.7
9.8
10.8
9.1
9.9
11.2
1.4
2.0
1.4
1.8
1.5
1.1
2.1
1.6
2.3
1.5
2.0
1.3
1.5
1.5
2.5
1.3
1.7
2.5
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.8
0.1
0.4
0.9
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
41.6
n<5
NA
23.9
35.3
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
5.7
7.9
—
53.5
75.5
52.8
n<5
56.4
NA
55.8
33.9
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
8.9
5.7
1
Combinesallyearsshownindividuallyfortheindicatorforwhichdataareavailable.
*Ageadjustedrates
—Datasuppressedtoprotectconfidentiality.
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
ShadedinredareneighborhoodratesorpercentagesthatarehigherthanthecorrespondingBostonrateorpercentageforthe
sameyear(s).
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,
somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
133
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure9.5bSelectedHealthIndicators,
Fenway
LeadingCausesofDeath,
20052010
DiseasesoftheHeart
Rate*
Count
2005
122.2
15
2006 146.0
19
2007 145.7
18
20
2008 154.5
2009 111.5
13
2010 106.9
14
FW20052010 131.1
99
BOS20052010 152.0
4,831
OtherInjuries
Rate*
Count
2005
—
—
2006
54.6
6
2007
52.3
5
37.6
7
2008
2009
n<5
n<5
2010
76.3
8
FW20052010
54.6
37
BOS20052010
32.9
1,116
Cancer
Rate*
Count
2005
164.3
20
2006 267.6
32
16
2007 133.2
2008 213.9
27
2009 182.1
22
2010
58.8
7
FW20052010 170.0
124
BOS20052010 181.4
5,678
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
—Datasuppressedtoprotectconfidentiality.
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Shadedinredareneighborhoodratesthatarehigherthanthe
correspondingBostonrateforthesameyear(s).
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesIndatavaluesmayoccur
duringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
134
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure9.6SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,Fenway
SelectedAdult
SurveyHealth
Indicators
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
CI
RegularPhysical
Activity
Percent
CI
Asthma
Percent
CI
Diabetes
Percent
CI
Obesity
Percent
CI
PersistentSadness
Percent
CI
PercentageofAdultResidentsandConfidenceIntervals(CI)
2001
2003
2005
2006
2008
2010
BOSTON2010
27%
16%
13%
14%
22%
21%
(9.944.3) (7.025.4) (5.320.2) (6.521.4) (4.538.9) (11.230.0)
16%
(14.017.3)
76%
81%
56%
66%
54%
68%
(61.290.0) (73.389.2) (45.467.5) (53.778.5) (38.270.4) (57.777.4)
57%
(54.759.3)
5%
(0.29.7)
*
*
14%
(0.029.2)
11%
10%
11%
(4.018.5) (4.315.4) (3.719.2)
*
*
3%
(0.86.2)
*
5%
(1.28.3)
11%
(9.512.4)
2%
(0.14.3)
2%
(0.63.7)
6%
(5.47.0)
15%
7%
7%
7%
7%
(4.625.4) (2.712.2) (1.612.4) (2.111.5) (3.211.6)
*
7%
12%
15%
9%
(2.212.7) (5.517.9) (0.030.8) (4.114.1)
21%
(18.922.7)
9%
(8.110.7)
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2001,2003,2005,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurveillance
System(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
135
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure9.7aSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,Fenway
SelectedHealthIndicators
Years
AverageAnnualRates
Asian Black Latino White
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergency
DepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
20082010
8.8%
9.4% 13.5% 6.8%
20082010 13.2% 15.1% 10.8% 7.8%
20092011
n<7
36.0
36.4
13.7
2010
3.2
13.2
12.7
9.4
20102011
n<7
4.4
2.1
1.1
20102011
1.9
3.4
2.2
1.5
20092011
n<7
1.0
0.8
0.3
20072010
n<5
90.0
n<5
16.8
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
20062010
n<5
98.4
n<5
70.6
20062010
n<5
n<5
n<5
14.0
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,
somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
136
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure9.7bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,
Fenway
LeadingCausesofDeath,
AverageAnnualRates,20062010
Asian
Rates*
Count
Cancer
124.9
10
DiseasesoftheHeart
48.2
5
†
†
†
Black
Rates*
Count
DiseasesoftheHeart
345.2
30
Cancer
317.1
29
CerebrovascularDisease
(Incl.Stroke)
77.9
8
Latino
Rates*
Count
DiseasesoftheHeart
108.6
6
Cancer
105.0
6
†
†
†
White
Rates*
Count
Cancer
158.5
57
DiseasesoftheHeart
108.7
43
OtherInjuries
64.8
22
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
†Notcalculated,n<5
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduring
dataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
137
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure9.8SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,
Fenway
PercentageofAdultResidentsand
SelectedAdultSurvey
ConfidenceIntervals(CI),
HealthIndicators
2006,2008,and2010Combined
Asian
Black
Latino
White
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
*
29%
*
19%
CI
(4.354.5)
(9.827.4)
RegularPhysicalActivity
Percent
*
64%
*
69%
CI
(44.983.3)
(59.878.2)
Asthma
Percent
*
*
*
5%
CI
(1.77.9)
Diabetes
Percent
*
7%
*
2%
CI
(1.112.5)
(0.63.5)
Obesity
Percent
*
*
*
8%
CI
(4.011.1)
PersistentSadness
Percent
*
15%
*
13%
(2.726.5)
(4.920.9)
CI
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRisk
FactorSurveillanceSystem(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
138
HealthofBoston20122013
FenwayNotes,DataSources,andDataAnalysis
Figure9.1a,9.1bPopulationbyAgeandSex,Fenway,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure9.2TypeofHousehold,Fenway,2010
NOTE:Thecensusdefinesafamilyhouseholdasoneinwhichatleastonepersonlivinginthe
householdisrelatedbybirth,marriage,oradoptiontothehouseholder(headofhousehold).
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure9.3HousingTenure,Fenway,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure9.4EducationalAttainment,Fenway,20062010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure9.5a,9.5bSelectedHealthIndicators,Fenway
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels:BostonPublicHealthCommissionOfficeofEnvironmentalHealth
ChlamydiaIncidence:MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth,STDDivision
HepatitisCIncidence:CommunicableDiseaseDatabase,BostonPublicHealthCommission,
CommunicableDiseaseControlDivision
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,andSuicide:
BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
LeadingCausesofDeath:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure9.6SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,Fenway
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
139
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure9.7a,9.7bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,Fenway
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,Suicide,and
LeadingCausesofDeaths:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure9.8SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,Fenway
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
140
HealthofBoston20122013
HydePark
ȗ‘—–‘ˆ‡ƒ…Šƒ••‡–’”‡•‡–‡†‹’ƒ”‡–Š‡•‡•
HydeParkwasknownas“Tist”bythearea’sWampanoagIndians.Itwasincorporatedasatownin
1868andin1912,becamethelastneighborhoodtobeannexedtoBoston.
Theneighborhoodhasalargeamountofgreenspace,includingtheGeorgeWrightGolfCourseandthe
450acreStonyBrookreservation.Inthe1800s,severalprominentcivilrightactivists,abolitionistsand
suffragists,includingSarahandAngelinaGrimkeandWilliamMonroeTrotter,calledthisneighborhood
home.The54thRegiment,therenownedBlackCivilWarregimenttrainedatCampMeigsinthe
ReadvillesectionofHydePark.Thecity’smayor,ThomasMenino,isalongtimeresidentofReadvilleas
well.
141
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 10.1a Females by Age, Hyde Park,
2010
65 and over
15%
Under 18
22%
18 to 24
9%
45 to 64
28%
25 to 44
26%
Figure 10.1b Males by Age, Hyde Park, 2010
65 and over
11%
Under 18
26%
18 to 24
11%
45 to 64
27%
25 to 44
25%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,Bureauofthe
Census,AmericanFactFinder
Residentsages4564accountedforthelargestpercentageoftheHydeParkpopulationin2010(data
notshown).Females4564yearsofagewere28%ofthefemalepopulationinHydeParkandmales
were27%ofthemalepopulationinthesameagegroup.
142
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 10.2 Type of Household, Hyde Park,
2010
Percent of Households
within Household Type
40%
37
30
30%
28
20%
10%
5
0%
Family
Household:
Married
Couple
Nonf amily
Nonf amily
Family
Household: Household: Household:
No Spouse Person Living Person Not
Living Alone
Alone
Present
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,American
FactFinder
InHydePark,67%ofhouseholdswerefamilyhouseholds.Thehighestpercentageofhouseholdswas
familyhouseholdswithamarriedcouplepresent(37%).Thirtythreepercentofhouseholdswere
nonfamilyhouseholds.
Figure 10.3 Families with Income Below
Poverty Level by Family Type, Hyde Park,
2006-2010
Percent of Families
within Family Type
30%
20%
10%
16
8
*
*
0%
All Families
Female HH Female HH: Female HH:
(Headed
Children <18 Children < 5
Household)
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
InHydePark,ahigherpercentageoffemaleheadedhouseholds(16%)hadanincomebelowthe
povertylevelascomparedwithallfamilies(8%).
143
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 10.4 Housing Tenure, Hyde Park,
2010
RenterOccupied
45%
OwnerOccupied
55%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,American
FactFinder
InHydePark,justoverhalf(55%)ofoccupiedunitswereowneroccupied.
Percent of Population
Ages 25+
45%
Figure 10.5 Educational Attainment,
Hyde Park, 2006-2010
33
27
30%
15%
26
14
0%
Less than
HS
Some College/
HS Diploma Diploma/GED Associate's
Degree
Bachelor's
Degree
or Higher
DATA SOURCE: US Census Bureau, 2006-2010 American Community Survey
InHydePark,14%ofthepopulationhadlessthanahighschooldiploma.Onethirdofthepopulation
hadahighschooldiploma/GEDwhileonly26%hadaBachelor’sdegreeorhigher.
144
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure10.6aSelectedHealthIndicators,HydePark
AverageAnnual
AnnualRates
1
Rates
SelectedHealthIndicators
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartment
Visits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels
(percentofchildrentesting
positive)
ChlamydiaIncidence
(per100,000residents)
HepatitisCIncidence
(per100,000residentsages
1525)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/Stabbing
EmergencyDepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
HP
BOSTON
—
17.4
17.4
14.7
n<5
14.7
NA
12.7
20.1
11.7%
9.4%
11.3% 10.0% 10.9%
8.2%
NA
10.3%
9.3%
12.7% 10.7% 13.7%
9.8%
12.0%
9.7%
NA
11.4%
9.9%
31.6
35.1
36.1
35.1
28.5
21.4
19.3
29.6
31.5
2.2%
3.2%
1.4%
1.4%
1.6%
1.0%
1.2%
1.7%
1.4%
NA
NA
NA
NA
691.5
740.7
933.7
788.6
720.9
NA
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
26.7
45.7
13.5
12.1
11.6
12.2
10.8
13.1
11.8
12.2
11.2
1.5
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.0
2.8
2.4
2.2
2.3
2.8
2.3
3.0
2.9
3.0
2.9
2.7
2.8
2.5
1.1
1.3
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.5
1.0
1.1
0.9
51.5
36.4
28.4
25.9
32.1
23.1
NA
32.9
35.3
n<5
n<5
n<5
14.9
n<5
n<5
NA
10.0
7.9
57.2
40.0
31.3
19.3
31.6
20.2
NA
33.2
33.9
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
4.8
5.7
1
Combinesallyearsshownindividuallyfortheindicatorforwhichdataareavailable.
—Datasuppressedtoprotectconfidentiality.
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
ShadedinredareneighborhoodratesorpercentagesthatarehigherthanthecorrespondingBostonrateorpercentageforthe
sameyear(s).
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindata
valuesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
145
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure10.6bSelectedHealthIndicator,HydePark
SelectedHealthIndicator
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
RollingAverages
BOSTON
20012005 20022006 20032007 20042008 20052009 20062010 20062010
7.8
8.4
8.0
6.8
8.6
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
ShadedinredareneighborhoodratesthatarehigherthanthecorrespondingBostonrateforthesameyear(s).
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechanges
indatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
Figure10.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,
HydePark
LeadingCausesofDeath,
20052010
Cancer
Rate*
Count
2005
226.6
81
2006
198.6
73
2007
165.6
59
2008
256.2
92
2009
214.9
77
2010
224.0
81
HP20052010
214.3
463
BOS20052010
181.4
5,679
DiseasesoftheHeart
Rate*
Count
2005
160.2
57
2006
153.5
56
2007
157.7
56
2008
146.6
52
2009
118.4
44
2010
158.9
57
HP20052010
149.2
322
BOS20052010
152.0
4,831
COPD
Rate*
Count
2005
43.3
16
2006
56.2
20
2007
37.7
13
2008
40.5
14
2009
25.0
9
2010
27.5
10
HP20052010
38.4
82
BOS20052010
28.7
886
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Shadedinredareneighborhoodratesthatarehigherthanthe
correspondingBostonrateforthesameyear(s).
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechanges
indatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
146
6.8
5.9
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure10.7SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,HydePark
SelectedAdult
SurveyHealth
Indicators
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
CI
RegularPhysical
Activity
Percent
CI
Asthma
Percent
CI
Diabetes
Percent
CI
Obesity
Percent
CI
PersistentSadness
Percent
CI
PercentageofAdultResidentsandConfidenceIntervals(CI)
2001
2003
2005
2006
2008
2010
BOSTON
26%
20%
11%
18%
14%
14%
(14.138.1) (10.730.3) (5.616.7) (11.025.0) (6.422.2) (8.419.9)
16%
(14.017.3)
48%
64%
59%
54%
49%
50%
(33.162.2) (51.576.2) (45.472.1) (41.566.1) (31.467.2) (39.959.6)
57%
(54.759.3)
*
12%
(3.121.7)
5%
(0.89.6)
17%
9%
12%
(7.625.5) (3.314.4) (6.017.4)
12%
10%
7%
7%
(2.721.5) (2.317.7) (3.011.5) (3.010.2)
5%
(2.08.5)
8%
(4.012.2)
11%
(9.512.4)
6%
(5.47.0)
25%
12%
17%
24%
28%
31%
(13.437.2) (2.620.5) (7.826.7) (14.932.9) (15.940.1) (21.339.9)
21%
(18.922.7)
5%
6%
(0.110.2) (0.711.1)
9%
(8.110.7)
3%
(0.76.1)
10%
9%
10%
(3.316.9) (2.915.4) (4.615.0)
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2001,2003,2005,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurveillance
System(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
147
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure10.8aSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,HydePark
SelectedHealthIndicators
Years
AverageAnnualRates
Asian Black Latino White
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergency
DepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
20062010
n<5
2010
9.0
22.6
10.4
n<5
10.0% 6.7%
7.1%
2010
n<5
10.4% 11.5% 7.9%
20092010
n<5
11.7
n<5
n<5
20102011
n<7
19.6
26.8
10.8
2011
n<7
12.7
9.3
11.5
2011
n<7
3.4
2.1
1.5
2011
n<7
3.5
2.2
2.1
20102011
n<7
1.8
1.0
0.6
20072010
n<5
16.7
60.2
30.9
20082010
n<5
19.1
n<5
n<5
20082010
n<5
11.0
24.8
39.6
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,
somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
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HealthofBoston20122013
Figure10.8bSelectedHealthIndicatorsby
Race/Ethnicity,HydePark
LeadingCausesofDeath,
AverageAnnualRates,20082010
Asian
Rate*
Count
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
Black
Rate*
Count
Cancer
198.8
85
DiseasesoftheHeart
71.5
30
Homicide
19.1
9
Rate*
Count
Cancer
155.0
14
CerebrovascularDisease
(Incl.Stroke)
80.2
6
OtherInjuries
25.6
5
Rate*
Count
Cancer
286.7
148
DiseasesoftheHeart
209.2
117
COPD
54.7
30
Latino
White
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
†Notcalculated,n<5
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduring
dataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
149
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure10.9SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,
HydePark
PercentageofAdultResidentsand
SelectedAdultSurvey
ConfidenceIntervals(CI),
HealthIndicators
2006,2008,and2010Combined
Asian
Black
Latino
White
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
*
9%
12%
22%
CI
(3.215.1) (4.220.7) (15.827.7)
RegularPhysicalActivity
Percent
*
52%
39%
53%
CI
(36.167.1) (22.056.7) (44.660.6)
Asthma
Percent
*
14%
10%
12%
CI
(5.721.8) (0.919.3) (7.216.5)
Diabetes
Percent
*
7%
7%
6%
CI
(3.211.7) (0.313.6) (3.28.1)
Obesity
Percent
*
31%
27%
27%
CI
(18.542.9) (12.642.3) (20.134.1)
PersistentSadness
Percent
*
10%
12%
9%
(3.417.5) (3.121.8) (5.112.5)
CI
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRisk
FactorSurveillanceSystem(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
150
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HydeParkNotes,DataSourcesandDataAnalysis
Figure10.1a,10.1bPopulationbyAgeandSex,HydePark,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure10.2TypeofHousehold,HydePark,2010
NOTE:Thecensusdefinesafamilyhouseholdasoneinwhichatleastonepersonlivinginthe
householdisrelatedbybirth,marriage,oradoptiontothehouseholder(headofhousehold).
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure10.3FamilieswithIncomeBelowPovertyLevelbyFamilyType,HydePark,20062010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.Thedataonpovertystatusof
householdswerederivedfromanswerstoincomequestions.Sincepovertyisdefinedatthefamily
levelandnotthehouseholdlevel,thepovertystatusofthehouseholdisdeterminedbythepoverty
statusofthehouseholder.Householdsareclassifiedaspoorwhenthetotalincomeofthe
householder’sfamilyisbelowtheappropriatepovertythreshold.(Fornonfamilyhouseholders,their
ownincomeiscomparedwiththeappropriatethreshold.)Theincomeofpeoplelivinginthehousehold
whoareunrelatedtothehouseholderisnotconsideredwhendeterminingthepovertystatusofa
household,nordoestheirpresenceaffectthefamilysizeindeterminingtheappropriatethreshold.The
povertythresholdsvarydependingonthreecriteria:sizeoffamily,numberofrelatedchildrenandfor
1and2personfamilies,ageofhouseholder.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure10.4HousingTenure,HydePark,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure10.5EducationalAttainment,HydePark,20062010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure10.6a10.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,HydePark
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels:BostonPublicHealthCommissionOfficeofEnvironmentalHealth
ChlamydiaIncidence:MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth,STDDivision
HepatitisCIncidence:CommunicableDiseaseDatabase,BostonPublicHealthCommission,
CommunicableDiseaseControlDivision
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
151
HealthofBoston20122013
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,andSuicide:
BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
LeadingCausesofDeath:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure10.7SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,HydePark
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure10.8a,10.8bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,HydePark
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,Suicide,and
LeadingCausesofDeaths:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure10.9SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,HydePark
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
152
HealthofBoston20122013
JamaicaPlain
ȗ‘—–‘ˆ‡ƒ…Šƒ••‡–’”‡•‡–‡†‹’ƒ”‡–Š‡•‡•
JamaicaPlain,originallypartoftheTownofRoxbury,wasannexedtoBostonin1874.Inthemid19th
century,24brewerieswerebuiltalongtheStonyBrookthatranalongtheJamaicaPlain/Roxburyline.
Drawntotheworkatthesebreweries,GermanimmigrantssettledaroundHydeSquare.The
availabilityofworkinareafactoriesalsobroughtIrishimmigrantstotheneighborhood.
JamaicaPlainhasmuchplannedgreenspace.In1848,thebeautifulForestHillsCemeteryopened,
withgravesandmonumentsintegratedintothenaturallandscape.JamaicaPondandtheArnold
ArboretumwereincorporatedintoBoston’sEmeraldNecklace,FrederickLawOlmstead’srenowned
linkedseriesofparklands.Today,theneighborhoodisadiverseone,withlargeLatino,andgayand
lesbiancommunities.
153
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 11.1a Females by Age, Jamaica Plain,
2010
65 and over
11%
Under 18
15%
18 to 24
11%
45 to 64
23%
25 to 44
39%
Figure 11.1b Males by Age, Jamaica Plain,
2010
65 and over
8%
45 to 64
24%
Under 18
18%
18 to 24
10%
25 to 44
39%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,
AmericanFactFinder
Residentsages2544accountedforthelargestpercentageoftheJamaicaPlainpopulation(datanot
shown).Femalesandmales2544yearsofagewere39%oftheirrespectivepopulationinJamaica
Plain.
154
HealthofBoston20122013
Percent of Households
within Household Type
Figure 11.2 Type of Household,
Jamaica Plain, 2010
40%
30%
32
29
22
17
20%
10%
0%
Family
Household:
Married
Couple
Family
Nonf amily
Nonf amily
Household: Household: Household:
No Spouse Person Living Person Not
Present
Alone
Living Alone
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,AmericanFactFinder
InJamaicaPlain,nonfamilyhouseholdswereaslightmajority(54%).Thehighestpercentageof
householdswerepeoplelivingalone(32%)whilethelowestpercentageofhouseholdswerefamily
householdswithnospousepresent(17%).
Figure 11.3 Families with Income Below
Poverty Level by Family Type,
Jamaica Plain, 2006-2010
Percent of Families
within Family Type
12%
11
8%
4%
*
*
*
0%
All Families
Female HH
(Headed
Household)
Female HH: Female HH:
Children <18 Children < 5
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
InJamaicaPlain,11%ofallfamilieshadanincomebelowthepovertylevel.
155
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 11.4 Housing Tenure,
Jamaica Plain, 2010
OwnerOccupied
46%
RenterOccupied
54%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,
AmericanFactFinder
InJamaicaPlain,justoverhalf(54%)ofoccupiedunitswererenteroccupied.
Percent of Population
Ages 25+
Figure 11.5 Educational Attainment,
Jamaica Plain, 2006-2010
75%
62
50%
25%
10
13
16
0%
Less than
HS
HS Diploma Diploma/GED
Some
College/
Associate's
Degree
Bachelor's
Degree
or Higher
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
InJamaicaPlain,62%ofthepopulationhadaBachelor’sdegreeorhigher.Thiswassignificantlyhigher
thantheotherthreelowerlevelsofeducationalattainment.
156
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure11.6aSelectedHealthIndicators,JamaicaPlain
AverageAnnual
AnnualRates
1
Rates
SelectedHealthIndicators
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartment
Visits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels
(percentofchildrentesting
positive)
ChlamydiaIncidence
(per100,000residents)
HepatitisCIncidence
(per100,000residentsages
1525)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/Stabbing
EmergencyDepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
JP
BOSTON
21.9
27.4
32.9
16.4
21.9
19.2
NA
23.3
20.1
9.0%
8.3%
6.0%
7.1%
7.3%
7.2%
NA
7.5%
9.3%
10.0%
8.6%
8.5%
9.2%
9.3%
7.9%
NA
8.9%
9.9%
21.9
27.3
30.3
34.8
21.9
20.9
17.9
25.0
31.5
1.8%
1.2%
0.7%
0.9%
0.8%
0.5%
0.6%
0.9%
1.4%
NA
NA
NA
NA
559.3
485.9
567.8
537.7
720.9
NA
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
32.3
45.7
10.3
9.8
10.8
9.8
9.2
8.1
8.5
9.5
11.2
1.6
2.4
2.4
1.8
2.1
1.9
1.8
2.0
2.3
2.5
2.1
1.9
2.4
1.8
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.5
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.5
0.8
0.9
39.6
n<5
19.0
n<5
n<5
27.9
NA
20.8
35.3
n<5
n<5
n<5
16.0
n<5
n<5
NA
7.8
7.9
n<5
52.0
20.3
n<5
n<5
43.3
NA
25.3
33.9
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
5.4
5.7
1
Combinesallyearsshownindividuallyfortheindicatorforwhichdataareavailable.
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
ShadedinredareneighborhoodratesorpercentagesthatarehigherthanthecorrespondingBostonrateorpercentageforthesame
year(s).
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,
somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
157
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure11.6bSelectedHealthIndicator,JamaicaPlain
SelectedHealthIndicator
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
BOSTON
RollingAverages
20012005 20022006 20032007 20042008 20052009 20062010 20062010
5.2
3.8
3.8
5.5
4.5
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechanges
indatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
Figure11.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,
JamaicaPlain
LeadingCausesofDeath,
20052010
Cancer
Rate*
Count
2005 172.8
48
2006
155.1
39
153.9
41
2007
2008
146.8
39
134.3
35
2009
146.5
38
2010
JP20052010
151.6
240
BOS20052010
181.4
5,679
DiseasesoftheHeart
Rate*
Count
2005 162.1
39
2006
141.5
37
122.9
30
2007
2008
121.6
29
157.4
39
2009
104.4
25
2010
135.0
199
JP20052010
BOS20052010
152.0
4,831
OtherInjuries
Rate*
Count
2005
37.1
10
2006
47.1
13
18.1
6
2007
2008
n<5
n<5
15.0
5
2009
41.9
12
2010
28.5
49
JP20052010
BOS20052010
32.9
1,116
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechanges
indatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
158
4.9
5.9
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure11.7SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,JamaicaPlain
SelectedAdult
SurveyHealth
Indicators
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
CI
RegularPhysical
Activity
Percent
CI
Asthma
Percent
CI
Diabetes
Percent
CI
Obesity
Percent
CI
PersistentSadness
Percent
CI
PercentageofAdultResidentsandConfidenceIntervals(CI)
2001
2003
2005
2006
2008
2010
BOSTON2010
*
14%
12%
15%
11%
11%
(4.822.7) (6.717.2) (7.521.7) (0.921.5) (6.215.3)
16%
(14.017.3)
*
58%
48%
68%
61%
58%
(44.771.5) (39.556.8) (60.475.0) (50.672.0) (50.065.7)
57%
(54.759.3)
*
*
14%
(8.518.8)
6%
(3.39.2)
9%
15%
(4.812.9) (8.821.4)
11%
(9.512.4)
*
*
4%
(1.27.2)
3%
(1.54.8)
5%
(1.88.3)
6%
(5.47.0)
*
*
5%
(2.67.2)
13%
17%
10%
15%
16%
(4.921.9) (10.323.0) (6.413.5) (9.121.7) (10.621.4)
*
8%
7%
6%
(3.813.0) (3.211.4) (2.210.0)
7%
(3.49.8)
21%
(18.922.7)
9%
(8.110.7)
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2001,2003,2005,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurveillance
System(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
159
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure11.8aSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,JamaicaPlain
SelectedHealthIndicators
Years
AverageAnnualRates
Asian Black Latino White
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergency
DepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
20072010
n<5
37.3
22.3
17.9
20092010
13.5% 13.3%
8.6%
4.9%
20092010
10.8% 12.2%
9.1%
7.6%
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
2011
n<7
44.9
17.3
10.6
20102011
3.4
13.1
8.6
6.9
2011
n<7
5.0
2.4
1.2
2011
n<7
3.2
3.0
1.4
20102011
n<7
2.0
1.2
0.2
20092010
n<5
n<5
n<5
16.4
20072010
n<5
33.3
16.4
n<5
20062010
n<5
40.2
28.4
28.5
20082010
n<5
n<5
n<5
10.2
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,
somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
160
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure11.8bSelectedHealthIndicatorsby
Race/Ethnicity,JamaicaPlain
LeadingCausesofDeath,
AverageAnnualRates,20082010
Asian
Rate*
Count
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
Black
Rate*
Count
DiseasesoftheHeart
226.2
20
Cancer
157.5
18
Nephritis/Nephrosis
74.9
7
Rate*
Count
Cancer
108.2
17
DiseasesoftheHeart
38.7
6
Homicide
21.8
6
Rate*
Count
Cancer
151.2
73
DiseasesoftheHeart
131.8
65
OtherInjuries
23.7
13
Latino
White
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
†Notcalculated,n<5
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduring
dataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
161
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure11.9SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,
JamaicaPlain
PercentageofAdultResidentsand
SelectedAdultSurvey
ConfidenceIntervals(CI),
HealthIndicators
2006,2008,and2010Combined
Asian
Black
Latino
White
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
*
6%
12%
14%
CI
(0.911.2) (4.520.4) (8.420.3)
RegularPhysicalActivity
Percent
*
65%
44%
65%
CI
(46.883.5) (31.156.8) (58.670.4)
Asthma
Percent
*
10%
14%
9%
CI
(0.318.8) (2.624.7) (6.211.7)
Diabetes
Percent
*
10%
10%
3%
CI
(0.319.3) (4.914.3) (1.53.7)
Obesity
Percent
*
27%
21%
11%
CI
(10.642.5) (12.130.0) (7.613.5)
PersistentSadness
Percent
*
8%
16%
5%
(0.017.7) (6.325.4) (2.96.8)
CI
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRisk
FactorSurveillanceSystem(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
162
HealthofBoston20122013
JamaicaPlainNotes,DataSources,andDataAnalysis
Figure11.1a,11.1bPopulationbyAgeandSex,JamaicaPlain,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure11.2TypeofHousehold,JamaicaPlain,2010
NOTE:Thecensusdefinesafamilyhouseholdasoneinwhichatleastonepersonlivinginthe
householdisrelatedbybirth,marriage,oradoptiontothehouseholder(headofhousehold).
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure11.3FamilieswithIncomeBelowPovertyLevelbyFamilyType,JamaicaPlain,20062010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.Thedataonpovertystatusof
householdswerederivedfromanswerstoincomequestions.Sincepovertyisdefinedatthefamily
levelandnotthehouseholdlevel,thepovertystatusofthehouseholdisdeterminedbythepoverty
statusofthehouseholder.Householdsareclassifiedaspoorwhenthetotalincomeofthe
householder’sfamilyisbelowtheappropriatepovertythreshold.(Fornonfamilyhouseholders,their
ownincomeiscomparedwiththeappropriatethreshold.)Theincomeofpeoplelivinginthehousehold
whoareunrelatedtothehouseholderisnotconsideredwhendeterminingthepovertystatusofa
household,nordoestheirpresenceaffectthefamilysizeindeterminingtheappropriatethreshold.The
povertythresholdsvarydependingonthreecriteria:sizeoffamily,numberofrelatedchildrenandfor
1and2personfamilies,ageofhouseholder.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure11.4HousingTenure,JamaicaPlain,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure11.5EducationalAttainment,JamaicaPlain,20062010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure11.6a–11.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,JamaicaPlain
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels:BostonPublicHealthCommissionOfficeofEnvironmentalHealth
ChlamydiaIncidence:MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth,STDDivision
HepatitisCIncidence:CommunicableDiseaseDatabase,BostonPublicHealthCommission,
CommunicableDiseaseControlDivision
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,andSuicide:
BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
163
HealthofBoston20122013
LeadingCausesofDeath:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure11.7SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,JamaicaPlain
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure11.8a,11.8bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,JamaicaPlain
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,Suicide,and
LeadingCausesofDeaths:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure11.9SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,JamaicaPlain
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
164
HealthofBoston20122013
Mattapan
*Countofeachassetpresentedinparentheses
Mattapan,originallyasectionofDorchester,wasannexedtoBostonin1870.Mattapanistheoriginal
Mattahunttribe’snameforthearea.
Attheturnofthe20thcentury,theneighborhoodbecamehometoIrishandJewishimmigrantgroups.
Fromthe1920sthroughthe1950s,BlueHillAvenuewasthecenterofBoston’sJewishcommunity.In
the1960s,acontroversialprogramofredliningbythebankingconsortium,BostonBanksUrban
RenewalGroup,triggeredachangeinMattapanfromapredominatelyJewishtoapredominatelyBlack
neighborhood.Toencouragehomeownership,“lowinterest,nomoneydownmortgages”were
offeredtoBlackhomebuyersinthe“redlined”areaalongBlueHillAvenuewhilescaretacticswere
usedtocreatepanicsellingamongJewishhomeowners.
Overthelasttwodecades,MattapanhasbecomehometomanyHaitianimmigrants.The
neighborhoodnowhasthelargestHaitiancommunityinMassachusetts.
165
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 12.1a Females by Age, Mattapan,
2010
65 and over
14%
Under 18
23%
18 to 24
9%
45 to 64
27%
25 to 44
27%
Figure 12.1b Males by Age, Mattapan, 2010
65 and over
11%
Under 18
29%
45 to 64
24%
18 to 24
12%
25 to 44
25%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,
AmericanFactFinder
Residentsunder18yearsofageaccountedforaquarter(25%)oftheMattapanpopulationin2010
(datanotshown).Femalesunder18yearsofagewere23%ofthefemalepopulationinMattapanand
maleswere29%ofthemalepopulationinthesameagegroup. 166
HealthofBoston20122013
Percent of Households
within Household Type
Figure 12.2 Type of Household, Mattapan,
2010
60%
43
40%
27
25
20%
5
0%
Family
Household:
Married Couple
Family
Household:
No Spouse
Present
Nonfamily
Household:
Person Living
Alone
Nonfamily
Household:
Person Not
Living Alone
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,American
FactFinder
InMattapan,68%ofhouseholdswerefamilyhouseholds.Thehighestpercentageofhouseholdswere
familieswithnospousepresent(43%).Twentysevenpercentofhouseholdsconsistedofpersonsliving
alone.
Percent of Families
within Family Type
Figure 12.3 Families with Income Below
Poverty Level by Family Type, Mattapan,
2006-2010
40%
36
28
30%
20%
17
10%
*
0%
All Families
Female HH Female HH: Female HH:
(Headed
Children < 18 Children < 5
Household)
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
Ahigherpercentageoffemaleheadedhouseholds(28%)hadanincomebelowpovertylevelcompared
withfamiliesinMattapan(17%).
167
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 12.4 Housing Tenure, Mattapan, 2010
OwnerOccupied
37%
RenterOccupied
63%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,AmericanFactFinder
InMattapan,almosttwothirds(63%)ofoccupiedunitswererenteroccupied.
Figure 12.5 Educational Attainment,
Mattapan, 2006-2010
37
Percent of Population
Ages 25+
40%
30%
26
21
20%
16
10%
0%
Less than
HS Diploma
HS Diploma/ Some College/
GED
Associate's
Degree
Bachelor's
Degree
or Higher
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
InMattapan,37%ofthepopulationhadahighschooldiploma/GED.Thisissignificantlyhigherthanall
otherlevelsofeducationalattainment.Only16%ofthepopulationhadaBachelor’sdegreeorhigher.
168
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure12.6aSelectedHealthIndicators,Mattapan
AverageAnnual
AnnualRates
1
Rates
SelectedHealthIndicators
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartment
Visits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels
(percentofchildrentesting
positive)
ChlamydiaIncidence
(per100,000residents)
HepatitisCIncidence
(per100,000residents
ages1525)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/Stabbing
EmergencyDepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
MT
BOSTON
—
26.7
26.7
17.8
n<5
11.1
NA
19.3
20.1
9.9%
9.1%
10.9%
9.9%
12.5% 12.9%
NA
10.8%
9.3%
11.7% 10.9% 12.3% 12.3% 10.3% 11.6%
NA
11.5%
9.9%
46.3
55.2
43.8
58.3
44.4
40.6
36.8
46.5
31.5
2.7%
2.5%
2.0%
1.3%
1.1%
1.4%
0.6%
1.7%
1.4%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
n<5
45.7
9.3
11.2
11.7
11.2
11.0
12.7
12.1
11.3
11.2
3.2
3.3
3.2
5.0
4.2
3.4
2.9
3.6
2.3
2.3
3.7
2.6
3.7
3.4
3.2
2.8
3.1
2.5
2.4
2.1
2.4
2.0
2.5
2.1
2.1
2.2
0.9
n<5
34.3
50.7
33.2
48.2
30.0
NA
36.2
35.3
27.5
39.3
42.8
31.7
38.1
n<5
NA
33.2
7.9
34.6
36.6
25.8
30.3
27.3
n<5
NA
28.5
33.9
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
n<5
5.7
1,248.0 1,361.4 1,506.1 1,371.8
720.9
1
Combinesallyearsshownindividuallyfortheindicatorforwhichdataareavailable.
—Datasuppressedtoprotectconfidentiality.
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
ShadedinredareneighborhoodratesorpercentagesthatarehigherthanthecorrespondingBostonrateorpercentageforthesame
year(s).
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindata
valuesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
169
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure12.6bSelectedHealthIndicator,Mattapan
RollingAverages
BOSTON
SelectedHealthIndicator
20012005 20022006 20032007 20042008 20052009 20062010 20062010
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
12.4
9.7
9.1
7.8
5.0
5.9
5.9
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduring
dataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
Figure12.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,
Mattapan
LeadingCausesofDeath,
20052010
Cancer
Rate*
Count
2005 140.7
26
24
2006 135.4
2007 171.7
30
2008 177.4
33
2009 175.1
33
2010 216.1
38
MT20052010 169.4
184
BOS20052010 181.4
5,679
DiseasesoftheHeart
Rate*
Count
2005 176.3
33
51.1
9
2006
2007 127.6
24
2008 152.4
27
2009 140.5
23
2010 116.2
20
MT20052010 127.3
136
BOS20052010 152.0
4,831
CerebrovascularDisease
Rate*
Count
(Incl.Stroke)
2005
n<5
n<5
34.3
5
2006
2007
50.7
9
33.2
5
2008
2009
48.2
8
5
2010
30.0
MT20052010
36.2
36
BOS20052010
35.3
1,116
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Shadedinredareneighborhoodratesthatarehigherthanthe
correspondingBostonrateforthesameyear(s).
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccur
duringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
170
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure12.7SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,Mattapan
SelectedAdult
SurveyHealth
Indicators
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
CI
RegularPhysical
Activity
Percent
CI
Asthma
Percent
CI
Diabetes
Percent
CI
Obesity
Percent
CI
PersistentSadness
Percent
CI
PercentageofAdultResidentsandConfidenceIntervals(CI)
2001
2003
2005
2006
2008
2010
BOSTON2010
27%
17%
25%
14%
14%
10%
(18.336.2) (9.325.5) (9.240.5) (5.422.6) (6.821.3) (3.417.5)
16%
(14.017.3)
29%
41%
45%
55%
42%
50%
(18.939.3) (30.351.1) (30.260.4) (39.271.0) (28.356.5) (37.863.1)
57%
(54.759.3)
7%
12%
6%
16%
10%
12%
(3.311.4) (4.919.2) (0.510.6) (4.028.0) (4.715.4) (3.120.9)
11%
(9.512.4)
16%
9%
12%
10%
9%
10%
(7.724.2) (4.513.3) (3.220.2) (4.416.1) (4.114.6) (4.314.8)
6%
(5.47.0)
20%
27%
25%
30%
40%
34%
(12.027.5) (17.936.6) (13.136.0) (17.242.0) (26.553.3) (22.946.0)
21%
(18.922.7)
9%
12%
(3.613.8) (4.619.0)
*
13%
9%
17%
(1.224.2) (3.115.5) (6.726.8)
9%
(8.110.7)
*Insufficientsamplesize
PercentagesshadedinredarestatisticallyhigherthanpercentagesforBostonoverallforthesameyear.
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2001,2003,2005,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurveillance
System(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
171
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Figure12.8aSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,Mattapan
SelectedHealthIndicators
Years
AverageAnnualRates
Asian Black Latino White
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergency
DepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
20072010
n<5
15.8
18.3
n<5
20092010
n<5
12.5% 11.3% 20.0%
20092010
n<5
10.4% 11.3% 17.1%
20072010
n<5
7.1
n<5
n<5
20102011
n<7
38.0
37.2
n<7
20092011
11.3
11.9
8.5
12.1
20092011
n<7
3.7
2.7
1.6
20092011
n<7
3.1
1.7
3.0
20082011
n<7
2.3
2.0
2.7
2010
n<5
34.0
n<5
n<5
20092010
n<5
26.3
n<5
n<5
20092010
n<5
22.7
n<5
n<5
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,
somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
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HealthofBoston20122013
Figure12.8bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,
Mattapan
LeadingCausesofDeath,
AverageAnnualRates,20092010
Asian
Rate*
Count
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
Black
Rate*
Count
Cancer
193.6
62
DiseasesoftheHeart
120.4
36
CerebrovascularDisease
(Incl.Stroke)
44.5
13
Latino
Rate*
Count
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
White
Rate*
Count
Cancer
422.5
6
DiseasesoftheHeart
344.5
6
†
†
†
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
†Notcalculated,n<5
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpreted
withcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Until
dataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataquality
processes.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
173
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MattapanNotes,DataSources,andDataAnalysis
Figure12.1a,12.1bPopulationbyAgeandSex,Mattapan,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure12.2TypeofHousehold,Mattapan,2010
NOTE:Thecensusdefinesafamilyhouseholdasoneinwhichatleastonepersonlivinginthe
householdisrelatedbybirth,marriage,oradoptiontothehouseholder(headofhousehold).
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure12.3FamilieswithIncomeBelowPovertyLevelbyFamilyType,Mattapan,20062010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.Thedataonpovertystatusof
householdswerederivedfromanswerstoincomequestions.Sincepovertyisdefinedatthefamily
levelandnotthehouseholdlevel,thepovertystatusofthehouseholdisdeterminedbythepoverty
statusofthehouseholder.Householdsareclassifiedaspoorwhenthetotalincomeofthe
householder’sfamilyisbelowtheappropriatepovertythreshold.(Fornonfamilyhouseholders,their
ownincomeiscomparedwiththeappropriatethreshold.)Theincomeofpeoplelivinginthehousehold
whoareunrelatedtothehouseholderisnotconsideredwhendeterminingthepovertystatusofa
household,nordoestheirpresenceaffectthefamilysizeindeterminingtheappropriatethreshold.The
povertythresholdsvarydependingonthreecriteria:sizeoffamily,numberofrelatedchildrenandfor
1and2personfamilies,ageofhouseholder.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure12.4HousingTenure,Mattapan,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure12.5EducationalAttainment,Mattapan,20062010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure12.6a12.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,Mattapan
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels:BostonPublicHealthCommissionOfficeofEnvironmentalHealth
ChlamydiaIncidence:MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth,STDDivision
HepatitisCIncidence:CommunicableDiseaseDatabase,BostonPublicHealthCommission,
CommunicableDiseaseControlDivision
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
174
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CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,andSuicide:
BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
LeadingCausesofDeath:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure12.7SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,Mattapan
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure12.8a,12.8bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,Mattapan
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,Suicide,and
LeadingCausesofDeaths:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
175
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Š‹•’ƒ‰‡‹•‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›„ŽƒǤ
176
HealthofBoston20122013
NorthDorchester
*Countofeachassetpresentedinparentheses
DorchesterwasknownasMattapanbytheWampanoagIndians;thePuritansnamedthearea
DorchesteraftertheEnglishtownfromwhichtheyimmigrated.DorchesterwasannexedbyBostonin
1870.
NorthDorchesterincludesEdwardEverettSquareandUpham’sCorner,wherethePuritans’first
settlementwasestablished.Boston’soldesthome,theJamesBlakeHouse(builtin1648)andoneof
thecountry’soldestcemeteries,theOldBurialGround(establishedin1634)arelocatedinthisarea.
TheJohnF.KennedyLibrary,theUniversityofMassachusetts/Boston,andtheMassachusettsArchives
andHistoricalMuseumarelocatedinNorthDorchester’sHarborPoint(formerlyknownasColumbia
Point).MalibuBeachisalsolocatedinNorthDorchester.
177
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 13.1a Females by Age, North Dorchester,
2010
65 and over
9%
Under 18
24%
45 to 64
23%
18 to 24
13%
25 to 44
30%
Figure 13.1b Males by Age, North Dorchester,
2010
65 and over
7%
Under 18
27%
45 to 64
22%
25 to 44
29%
18 to 24
14%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,AmericanFactFinder
Residentsages2544accountedforthelargestpercentageoftheNorthDorchesterpopulationin2010
(datanotshown).Femalesandmales2544yearsofagewere30%and29%oftheirrespective
populationinNorthDorchester. 178
HealthofBoston20122013
Percent of Households
within Household Type
Figure 13.2 Type of Household,
North Dorchester, 2010
45%
39
26
30%
25
10
15%
0%
Family
Household:
Married
Couple
Family
Nonf amily
Nonf amily
Household: Household: Household:
No Spouse Person Living Person Not
Present
Alone
Living Alone
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,AmericanFactFinder
InNorthDorchester,65%ofhouseholdswerefamilyhouseholds.Thehighestpercentageof
householdswerefamilieswithnospousepresent(39%).Twentyfivepercentofhouseholdsconsisted
ofpersonslivingalone.
Percent of Families
within Family Type
Figure 13.3 Families with Income Below
Poverty Level by FamilyType,
North Dorchester, 2006-2010
60%
47
39
40%
26
20%
*
0%
All Families
Female HH
(Headed
Household)
Female HH: Female HH:
Children <18 Children < 5
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
InNorthDorchester,ahigherpercentageoffemaleheadedhouseholdswithchildrenlessthanage18
(47%)andfemaleheadedhouseholds(39%)hadanincomebelowthepovertylevelascomparedwith
allfamilies(26%).
179
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 13.4 Housing Tenure, North Dorchester,
2010
OwnerOccupied
31%
RenterOccupied
69%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,AmericanFactFinder
InNorthDorchester,justovertwothirds(69%)ofoccupiedunitswererenteroccupied.
Percent of Population
Ages 25+
Figure 13.5 Educational Attainment,
North Dorchester, 2006-2010
40%
30
30%
25
24
21
20%
10%
0%
Less than
HS Diploma
HS Diploma/ Some College/
GED
Associate's
Degree
Bachelor's
Degree
or Higher
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
InNorthDorchester,aboutonefifthofthepopulationhadaBachelor’sdegreeorhigher.Alarger
percentageofthepopulationhadlessthanahighschooldiploma(25%).
180
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure13.6aSelectedHealthIndicators,NorthDorchester
AverageAnnual
AnnualRates
1
Rates
SelectedHealthIndicators
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartment
Visits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels
(percentofchildrentesting
positive)
ChlamydiaIncidence
(per100,000residents)
HepatitisCIncidence
(per100,000residentsages
1525)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/Stabbing
EmergencyDepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
ND
BOSTON
29.4
28.4
25.5
23.5
22.0
26.0
NA
25.8
20.1
9.9%
10.0%
NA
11.4%
9.3%
14.5% 13.0% 11.7% 10.1% 10.0%
9.1%
NA
11.4%
9.9%
45.6
56.3
53.3
57.7
51.9
49.3
39.0
50.4
31.5
3.2%
3.8%
2.8%
2.2%
1.7%
1.3%
0.7%
2.2%
1.4%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
40.2
88.5
80.4
80.4
96.5
NA
77.2
45.7
11.3
12.9
12.5
12.3
13.0
13.1
12.3
12.5
11.2
3.4
3.3
3.7
3.6
3.4
3.4
3.0
3.4
2.3
2.7
2.6
2.8
2.6
3.1
3.1
2.9
2.8
2.5
1.7
2.0
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.2
1.7
0.9
54.0
47.4
26.3
54.5
27.4
49.2
NA
43.1
35.3
19.4
18.5
19.8
16.6
8.8
24.2
NA
17.9
7.9
26.7
28.6
47.5
40.7
46.6
23.4
NA
35.6
33.9
n<5
n<5
n<5
5.6
8.3
5.8
NA
5.3
5.7
13.4% 12.4% 10.8% 11.5%
1,440.8 1,477.9 1,543.7 1,487.5
720.9
1
Combinesallyearsshownindividuallyfortheindicatorforwhichdataareavailable.
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
ShadedinredareneighborhoodratesorpercentagesthatarehigherthanthecorrespondingBostonrateorpercentageforthesame
year(s).
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindata
valuesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
181
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure13.6bSelectedHealthIndicator,NorthDorchester
SelectedHealthIndicator
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
RollingAverages
BOSTON
20012005 20022006 20032007 20042008 20052009 20062010 20062010
7.0
6.9
8.3
8.6
8.3
8.5
5.9
ShadedinredareneighborhoodratesthatarehigherthanthecorrespondingBostonrateforthesameyear(s).
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduring
dataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
Figure13.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,
NorthDorchester
LeadingCausesofDeath,
20052010
Cancer
Rate*
Count
2005 181.8
111
2006 179.9
111
2007 187.6
111
2008 151.3
91
2009 156.9
96
2010 168.5
103
ND20052010 171.0
623
BOS20052010 181.4
5,679
DiseasesoftheHeart
Rate*
Count
2005 162.1
91
2006 150.9
85
2007 168.8
98
2008 135.1
76
2009 137.4
79
2010 168.5
96
ND20052010 153.8
525
BOS20052010 152.0
4,831
CerebrovacularDisease
Rate*
Count
(Incl.Stroke)
2005
54.0
31
2006
47.4
25
2007
26.3
13
2008
54.5
27
2009
27.4
18
2010
49.2
27
ND20052010
43.1
141
BOS20052010
35.3
1,116
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Shadedinredareneighborhoodratesthatarehigherthanthe
correspondingBostonrateforthesameyear(s).
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccur
duringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
182
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure13.7SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,NorthDorchester
SelectedAdult
SurveyHealth
Indicators
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
CI
RegularPhysical
Activity
Percent
CI
Asthma
Percent
CI
Diabetes
Percent
CI
Obesity
Percent
CI
Persistent
Percent
CI
PercentageofAdultResidentsandConfidenceIntervals(CI)
2001
2003
2005
2006
2008
2010
BOSTON2010
26%
22%
15%
24%
15%
22%
(13.537.6) (9.934.7) (8.221.1) (14.532.8) (9.120.2) (15.129.8)
16%
(14.017.3)
43%
57%
41%
59%
49%
52%
(29.456.4) (43.469.9) (32.050.6) (47.470.0) (39.058.4) (44.260.6)
57%
(54.759.3)
9%
19%
10%
22%
16%
18%
(3.914.7) (6.032.2) (6.014.8) (12.731.0) (9.423.5) (11.425.0)
11%
(9.512.4)
20%
17%
8%
8%
7%
8%
(6.034.4) (7.327.3) (4.512.1) (4.710.9) (4.110.5) (4.911.0)
6%
(5.47.0)
33%
44%
17%
28%
33%
31%
(19.446.8) (29.657.9) (11.023.8) (18.537.4) (23.042.3) (23.339.3)
21%
(18.922.7)
17%
14%
11%
12%
15%
9%
(5.228.1) (1.625.4) (4.617.8) (5.518.5) (9.121.7) (5.014.0)
9%
(8.110.7)
PercentagesshadedinredarestatisticallyhigherthanpercentagesforBostonoverallforthesameyear.
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2001,2003,2005,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurveillance
System(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
183
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure13.8aSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,NorthDorchester
SelectedHealthIndicators
Years
AverageAnnualRates
Asian Black Latino White
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergency
DepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
20092010
15.3
24.6
32.1
31.0
2010
9.6% 12.5% 6.9%
7.9%
2010
11.3% 10.9% 6.2%
7.4%
20062010
n<5
14.3
3.8
5.0
20102011
21.5
60.4
42.1
12.6
2011
4.8
14.6
15.2
10.8
20092011
0.6
5.3
2.4
1.3
2011
2.2
3.4
2.7
2.3
20102011
n<7
2.3
1.2
0.7
20062010
27.9
51.9
34.4
44.7
20092010
n<5
28.4
12.1
n<5
20072010
15.3
42.2
26.1
77.1
20062010
n<5
5.4
6.2
8.7
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,
somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
184
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure13.8bSelectedHealthIndicatorsby
Race/Ethnicity,NorthDorchester
LeadingCausesofDeath,
AverageAnnualRates,20082010
Asian
Rate*
Count
Cancer
152.2
24
DiseasesoftheHeart
66.3
7
OtherInjuries
41.6
5
Rate*
Count
Cancer
189.9
150
DiseasesoftheHeart
185.4
133
CerebrovascularDisease
(Incl.Stroke)
63.1
44
Latino
Rate*
Count
Cancer
84.6
20
DiseasesoftheHeart
79.8
19
OtherInjuries
26.1
8
Rate*
Count
DiseasesoftheHeart
195.8
87
Cancer
189.7
83
62.6
28
Black
White
OtherInjuries
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
†Notcalculated,n<5
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduring
dataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
185
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure13.9SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,
NorthDorchester
PercentageofAdultResidentsand
SelectedAdultSurvey
ConfidenceIntervals(CI),
HealthIndicators
2006,2008,and2010Combined
Asian
Black
Latino
White
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
*
18%
21%
25%
CI
(12.623.5) (10.631.5) (15.535.1)
RegularPhysicalActivity
Percent
*
52%
43%
64%
CI
(43.459.9) (30.955.7) (52.075.2)
Asthma
Percent
*
22%
23%
14%
CI
(14.629.6) (12.833.1) (6.821.3)
Diabetes
Percent
*
10%
10%
3%
CI
(7.113.0) (5.315.1) (0.75.7)
Obesity
Percent
*
39%
34%
18%
CI
(31.346.9) (20.646.9) (9.226.0)
PersistentSadness
*
Percent
11%
22%
6%
(7.014.5) (11.533.1) (1.711.2)
CI
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRisk
FactorSurveillanceSystem(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
186
HealthofBoston20122013
NorthDorchesterNotes,DataSources,andDataAnalysis
Figure13.1a,13.1bPopulationbyAgeandSex,NorthDorchester,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure13.2TypeofHousehold,NorthDorchester,2010
NOTE:Thecensusdefinesafamilyhouseholdasoneinwhichatleastonepersonlivinginthe
householdisrelatedbybirth,marriage,oradoptiontothehouseholder(headofhousehold).
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure13.3FamilieswithIncomeBelowPovertyLevelbyFamilyType,NorthDorchester,20062010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.Thedataonpovertystatusof
householdswerederivedfromanswerstoincomequestions.Sincepovertyisdefinedatthefamily
levelandnotthehouseholdlevel,thepovertystatusofthehouseholdisdeterminedbythepoverty
statusofthehouseholder.Householdsareclassifiedaspoorwhenthetotalincomeofthe
householder’sfamilyisbelowtheappropriatepovertythreshold.(Fornonfamilyhouseholders,their
ownincomeiscomparedwiththeappropriatethreshold.)Theincomeofpeoplelivinginthehousehold
whoareunrelatedtothehouseholderisnotconsideredwhendeterminingthepovertystatusofa
household,nordoestheirpresenceaffectthefamilysizeindeterminingtheappropriatethreshold.The
povertythresholdsvarydependingonthreecriteria:sizeoffamily,numberofrelatedchildrenandfor
1and2personfamilies,ageofhouseholder.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure13.4HousingTenure,NorthDorchester,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure13.5EducationalAttainment,NorthDorchester,20062010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure13.6a13.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,NorthDorchester
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels:BostonPublicHealthCommissionOfficeofEnvironmentalHealth
ChlamydiaIncidence:MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth,STDDivision
HepatitisCIncidence:CommunicableDiseaseDatabase,BostonPublicHealthCommission,
CommunicableDiseaseControlDivision
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
187
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CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,andSuicide:
BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
LeadingCausesofDeath:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure13.7SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,NorthDorchester
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure13.8a,13.8bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,NorthDorchester
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,Suicide,and
LeadingCausesofDeaths:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure13.9SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,NorthDorchester
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
188
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Roslindale
*Countofeachassetpresentedinparentheses
RoslindalewasoriginallypartoftheCityofRoxburyandwascalledSouthStreetCrossing.The
establishmentofapostofficebranchin1870precipitatedthenamechangewhenthePostalService
rejectedthenameSouthStreetCrossing.OfficialsdecidedtonametheareaafterRoslyn,atownin
Scotland;“dale”wasaddedastheareawassurroundedbyhills.Theneighborhoodwasannexedto
theCityofBostonwithWestRoxburyin1873.
Formostofthe20thcentury,RoslindaleSquarewasathrivingbusinessdistrict.The1970sbrought
competitionfromsuburbanmalls,whichforcedbusinessestoclose,storestoremainvacant,andthe
Squaretobedevoidofshoppers.Anactivelocalrevitalizationeffortthatbeganinthe1980searned
RoslindaleSquarea“MainStreet”awardfromtheNationalTrustforHistoricPreservation.Itisknown
nationallyasamodelofneighborhoodeconomicrevitalization.
189
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Figure 14.1a Females by Age, Roslindale,
2010
65 and over
16%
Under 18
18%
18 to 24
8%
45 to 64
27%
25 to 44
31%
Figure 14.1b Males by Age, Roslindale,
2010
65 and over
11%
45 to 64
27%
Under 18
23%
18 to 24
9%
25 to 44
30%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,Bureauofthe
Census,AmericanFactFinder
Residentsages2544accountedforaboutonethird(31%)oftheRoslindalepopulationin2010(data
notshown).Femalesandmales2544yearsofagewere31%and30%oftheirrespectivepopulationin
Roslindale.
190
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 14.2 Type of Household, Roslindale,
2010
Percent of Households
within Household Type
40%
37
29
30%
23
20%
11
10%
0%
Family
Household:
Married
Couple
Family
Nonf amily
Nonf amily
Household: Household: Household:
No Spouse Person Living Person Not
Present
Alone
Living Alone
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,AmericanFactFinder
InRoslindale,60%ofhouseholdswerefamilyhouseholds.Thehighestpercentageofhouseholdswere
familyhouseholdswithamarriedcouplepresent(37%);29%ofhouseholdsconsistedofpersonsliving
alone.
Percent of Families
within Family Type
Figure 14.3 Families with Income Below
Poverty Level by Family Type, Roslindale,
2006-2010
40%
30
30%
20
20%
10%
9
*
0%
All Families
Female HH
(Headed
Household)
Female HH: Female HH:
Children <18 Children < 5
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
NinepercentofallfamiliesinRoslindalehadanincomebelowthepovertylevel.
191
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 14.4 Housing Tenure, Roslindale,
2010
RenterOccupied
45%
OwnerOccupied
55%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,American
FactFinder
InRoslindale,justoverhalf(55%)ofoccupiedunitswereowneroccupied.
Percent of Population
Ages 25+
Figure 14.5 Educational Attainment,
Roslindale, 2006-2010
60%
43
40%
25
20%
21
10
0%
Less than
HS Diploma
HS Diploma/ Some College/
GED
Associate's
Degree
Bachelor's
Degree
or Higher
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
InRoslindale,43%ofthepopulationhadaBachelor’sdegreeorhigher.Twentyfivepercentofthe
populationhadahighschooldiploma/GED,whichwassignificantlylowerthanthepercentwitha
Bachelor’sdegreeorhigher.
192
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure14.6aSelectedHealthIndicators,Roslindale
AverageAnnual
AnnualRates
1
Rates
SelectedHealthIndicators
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartment
Visits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels
(percentofchildrentesting
positive)
ChlamydiaIncidence
(per100,000residents)
HepatitisCIncidence
(per100,000residentsages
1525)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/Stabbing
EmergencyDepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
RS
BOSTON
—
14.4
21.5
14.4
n<5
18.0
NA
14.4
20.1
7.6%
8.0%
10.1%
8.4%
6.1%
6.2%
NA
7.8%
9.3%
9.0%
8.4%
11.7%
7.0%
8.7%
5.4%
NA
8.4%
9.9%
20.3
33.0
32.5
31.5
23.9
31.5
17.8
27.2
31.5
2.7%
2.1%
1.8%
1.3%
1.6%
1.2%
0.6%
1.6%
1.4%
NA
NA
NA
NA
606.9
576.7
559.9
581.1
720.9
NA
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
43.0
45.7
14.1
13.0
12.7
11.4
11.4
10.0
10.1
11.8
11.2
1.1
2.0
2.2
1.7
1.5
2.1
1.6
1.8
2.3
2.5
2.3
2.6
2.8
1.9
2.3
1.7
2.3
2.5
0.9
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.0
0.7
1.0
0.9
35.8
52.8
58.3
34.9
28.0
39.8
NA
41.6
35.3
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
5.3
7.9
25.2
47.9
24.7
29.0
32.9
26.7
NA
31.1
33.9
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
4.4
5.7
1
Combinesallyearsshownindividuallyfortheindicatorforwhichdataareavailable.
—Datasuppressedtoprotectconfidentiality.
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
ShadedinredareneighborhoodratesorpercentagesthatarehigherthanthecorrespondingBostonrateorpercentageforthesame
year(s).
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindata
valuesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
193
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure14.6bSelectedHealthIndicator,Roslindale
SelectedHealthIndicator
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
RollingAverages
BOSTON
20012005 20022006 20032007 20042008 20052009 20062010 20062010
5.5
3.6
3.6
6.0
6.2
5.4
5.9
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduring
dataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
Figure14.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,
Roslindale
LeadingCausesofDeath,
20052010
DiseasesoftheHeart
Rate*
Count
2005 178.3
83
2006
166.0
79
2007
166.0
79
2008
189.3
89
2009
152.6
70
2010
130.8
66
RS20052010
163.8
466
BOS20052010
152.0
4,831
Cancer
Rate*
Count
2005 235.7
93
2006
218.0
84
2007
177.5
66
2008
176.5
71
2009
229.5
89
2010
160.8
64
RS20052010
199.6
467
BOS20052010
181.4
5,679
COPD
Rate*
Count
2005
30.6
14
2006
34.7
13
2007
21.8
10
2008
35.5
14
2009
19.0
9
2010
53.3
22
RS20052010
32.5
82
BOS20052010
28.7
886
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Shadedinredareneighborhoodratesthatarehigherthanthe
correspondingBostonrateforthesameyear(s).
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccur
duringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
194
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure14.7SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,Roslindale
SelectedAdult
SurveyHealth
Indicators
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
CI
RegularPhysical
Activity
Percent
CI
Asthma
Percent
CI
Diabetes
Percent
CI
Obesity
Percent
CI
PersistentSadness
Percent
CI
PercentageofAdultResidentsandConfidenceIntervals(CI)
2001
2003
2005
2006
2008
2010
BOSTON2010
16%
16%
19%
13%
10%
10%
(6.725.7) (6.325.2) (9.429.2) (5.819.7) (4.015.2) (4.716.1)
16%
(14.017.3)
42%
53%
50%
58%
52%
52%
(28.356.5) (39.966.7) (40.160.6) (48.267.0) (40.063.9) (41.361.8)
57%
(54.759.3)
11%
7%
12%
11%
16%
11%
(3.519.2) (0.713.8) (3.619.8) (5.017.9) (5.027.1) (5.315.8)
11%
(9.512.4)
*
9%
8%
(3.011.6) (3.611.6)
6%
(2.78.5)
4%
(1.35.9)
6%
(2.88.7)
27%
27%
25%
16%
21%
29%
(14.938.8) (15.339.3) (15.933.3) (10.721.1) (13.029.7) (19.738.0)
*
*
7%
(2.711.2)
5%
(2.17.7)
6%
(2.58.5)
8%
(3.312.1)
6%
(5.47.0)
21%
(18.922.7)
9%
(8.110.7)
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2001,2003,2005,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurveillance
System(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
195
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure14.8aSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,Roslindale
SelectedHealthIndicators
Years
AverageAnnualRates
Asian Black Latino White
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergency
DepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
20072010
n<5
14.8
19.2
9.7
20062010
7.2% 11.1% 8.0%
6.6%
20062010
5.2% 11.8% 9.1%
7.0%
20082010
n<5
19.8
n<5
n<5
2011
n<7
41.1
17.2
9.1
2011
9.4
9.7
6.7
10.7
2011
n<7
2.1
4.0
1.0
20102011
n<7
3.8
1.5
1.6
20092011
n<7
1.6
1.2
0.3
20082010
n<5
64.7
n<5
32.0
20062010
n<5
19.8
n<5
n<5
20092010
n<5
n<5
43.9
30.7
20082010
n<5
n<5
n<5
8.3
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,
somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
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HealthofBoston20122013
Figure14.8bSelectedHealthIndicatorsby
Race/Ethnicity,Roslindale
LeadingCausesofDeath,
AverageAnnualRates,20082010
Asian
Rate*
Count
193.9
5
†
†
†
†
†
†
Black
Rate*
Count
Cancer
178.7
24
DiseasesoftheHeart
122.4
15
CerebrovascularDisease
(Incl.Stroke)
64.7
7
Latino
Rate*
Count
Cancer
96.2
15
OtherInjuries
36.7
6
DiseasesoftheHeart
26.8
5
Rate*
Count
DiseasesoftheHeart
180.4
205
Cancer
208.4
180
COPD
43.9
42
Cancer
White
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
†Notcalculated,n<5
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduring
dataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
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HealthofBoston20122013
Figure14.9SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,
Roslindale
PercentageofAdultResidentsand
SelectedAdultSurvey
ConfidenceIntervals(CI),
HealthIndicators
2006,2008,and2010Combined
Asian
Black
Latino
White
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
*
11%
8%
13%
CI
(3.917.9) (0.015.9) (7.617.4)
RegularPhysicalActivity
Percent
*
51%
53%
56%
CI
(32.069.3) (35.370.3) (49.261.9)
Asthma
Percent
*
22%
10%
12%
CI
(2.441.1) (2.417.0) (7.915.4)
Diabetes
Percent
*
3%
*
6%
CI
(0.66.1)
(4.08.6)
Obesity
Percent
*
21%
23%
22%
CI
(8.033.9) (11.333.9) (16.727.6)
PersistentSadness
Percent
*
6%
9%
5%
(0.911.6) (2.915.7) (2.97.4)
CI
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRisk
FactorSurveillanceSystem(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
198
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RoslindaleNotes,DataSources,andDataAnalysis
Figure14.1a,14.1bPopulationbyAgeandSex,Roslindale,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure14.2TypeofHousehold,Roslindale,2010
NOTE:Thecensusdefinesafamilyhouseholdasoneinwhichatleastonepersonlivinginthe
householdisrelatedbybirth,marriage,oradoptiontothehouseholder(headofhousehold).
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure14.3FamilieswithIncomeBelowPovertyLevelbyFamilyType,Roslindale,20062010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.Thedataonpovertystatusof
householdswerederivedfromanswerstoincomequestions.Sincepovertyisdefinedatthefamily
levelandnotthehouseholdlevel,thepovertystatusofthehouseholdisdeterminedbythepoverty
statusofthehouseholder.Householdsareclassifiedaspoorwhenthetotalincomeofthe
householder’sfamilyisbelowtheappropriatepovertythreshold.(Fornonfamilyhouseholders,their
ownincomeiscomparedwiththeappropriatethreshold.)Theincomeofpeoplelivinginthehousehold
whoareunrelatedtothehouseholderisnotconsideredwhendeterminingthepovertystatusofa
household,nordoestheirpresenceaffectthefamilysizeindeterminingtheappropriatethreshold.The
povertythresholdsvarydependingonthreecriteria:sizeoffamily,numberofrelatedchildrenandfor
1and2personfamilies,ageofhouseholder.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure14.4HousingTenure,Roslindale,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure14.5EducationalAttainment,Roslindale,20062010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure14.6a14.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,Roslindale
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels:BostonPublicHealthCommissionOfficeofEnvironmentalHealth
ChlamydiaIncidence:MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth,STDDivision
HepatitisCIncidence:CommunicableDiseaseDatabase,BostonPublicHealthCommission,
CommunicableDiseaseControlDivision
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
199
HealthofBoston20122013
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,andSuicide:
BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
LeadingCausesofDeath:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure14.7SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,Roslindale
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure14.8a,14.8bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,Roslindale
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,Suicide,and
LeadingCausesofDeaths:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure14.9SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,Roslindale
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
200
HealthofBoston20122013
Roxbury
ȗ‘—–‘ˆ‡ƒ…Šƒ••‡–’”‡•‡–‡†‹’ƒ”‡–Š‡•‡•
Whenfoundedin1630,Roxburywasalargeindependentcommunitythatincludedwhatarenow
MissionHill,WestRoxbury,Roslindale,andJamaicaPlain.Themanyoutcroppingsofalocallyfound
stonecalledpuddingstoneledthecoloniststocallit“Rocksberry,”whichwaslatershortenedto
“Roxbury.”Thecommunitywasincorporatedasacityin1846andwasannexedtoBostonin1868.
Inthe1880s,the527acreFranklinParkwasdesignedbyFrederickLawOlmstedasthe“largestand
finaljewel”inBoston’sEmeraldNecklace.English,Irish,andGermanimmigrantswerethefirst
EuropeanstosettleinRoxbury.Intheearly1900s,alargeJewishcommunitylivedintheGroveHall
areaalongBlueHillAvenue.ThemovementofBlackBostonresidentsfromBeaconHilltotheSouth
EndandthentoRoxburyandthelargemigrationofBlackresidentsfromtheSouthtoNortherncities
afterWorldWarIIestablishedRoxburyasthecenteroftheBlackcommunityinBoston.
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HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 15.1a Females by Age, Roxbury, 2010
65 and over
11%
Under 18
19%
45 to 64
21%
18 to 24
22%
25 to 44
26%
Figure 15.1b Males by Age, Roxbury, 2010
65 and over
8%
Under 18
22%
45 to 64
19%
25 to 44
25%
18 to 24
27%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,American
FactFinder
Residentsages18to44accountedforhalfoftheRoxburypopulationin2010(datanotshown).
Females25to44yearsofagewere26%ofthefemalepopulationandmalesages25to44were25%of
themalepopulation.
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HealthofBoston20122013
Percent of Households
within Household Type
Figure 15.2 Type of Household, Roxbury,
2010
40%
34
36
30%
20%
16
14
10%
0%
Family
Household:
Married
Couple
Family
Nonf amily
Nonf amily
Household: Household: Household:
No Spouse Person Living Person Not
Present
Alone
Living Alone
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,American
FactFinder
InRoxbury,halfofhouseholdswerenonfamilyhouseholds.Thehighestpercentageofhouseholds
consistedofpersonslivingalone(36%),followedbyfamilyhouseholdswithnospousepresent(34%).
Percent of Families
within Family Type
Figure 15.3 Families with Income Below
Poverty Level by Family Type, Roxbury,
2006-2010
60%
51
44
40%
31
20%
*
0%
All Families
Female HH
(Headed
Household)
Female HH: Female HH:
Children <18 Children < 5
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
Ahigherpercentageoffemaleheadedhouseholds(44%)andfemaleheadedhouseholdswith
childrenlessthanage18(51%)hadincomebelowthepovertylevelwhencomparedwithallfamilies
inRoxbury(31%).
203
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 15.4 Housing Tenure, Roxbury, 2010
OwnerOccupied
16%
RenterOccupied
84%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,AmericanFinder
InRoxbury,most(84%)occupiedunitswererenteroccupied.
Percent of Population
Ages 25+
Figure 15.5 Educational Attainment,
Roxbury, 2006-2010
28
30%
24
24
25
20%
10%
0%
Less than
HS Diploma
HS Diploma/ Some College/
GED
Associate's
Degree
Bachelor's
Degree
or Higher
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
EducationalattainmentinRoxburywassimilarlydistributedamongthefourlevelsofeducation.About
onefourthofthepopulationhadlessthanahighschooldiploma,28%hadahighschooldiploma/GED,
24%hadsomecollege/Associate’sdegree,and25%hadaBachelor’sdegreeorhigher.
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HealthofBoston20122013
Figure15.6aSelectedHealthIndicators,Roxbury
AverageAnnual
AnnualRates
1
Rates
SelectedHealthIndicators
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartment
Visits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels
(percentofchildrentesting
positive)
ChlamydiaIncidence
(per100,000residents)
HepatitisCIncidence
(per100,000residents
ages1525)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/Stabbing
EmergencyDepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
RX
BOSTON
26.1
26.9
27.8
20.9
25.2
15.6
NA
23.7
20.1
12.8%
10.5%
12.3% 12.6%
11.7% 12.4%
NA
12.0%
9.3%
15.2%
9.5%
13.8% 13.4%
10.9% 12.1%
NA
12.4%
9.9%
61.0
64.4
65.3
79.4
55.0
54.2
38.8
59.7
31.5
2.0%
1.7%
1.7%
1.1%
1.1%
1.1%
1.0%
1.4%
1.4%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
55.7
NA
27.1
45.7
15.3
14.2
13.3
15.0
15.1
15.3
14.4
14.7
11.2
4.7
3.9
4.4
5.5
5.2
4.7
4.7
4.7
2.3
3.2
3.3
3.0
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.5
3.4
2.5
2.1
2.5
2.3
2.5
1.9
2.1
2.0
2.2
0.9
50.8
28.0
29.1
32.1
21.0
26.5
NA
31.3
35.3
15.5
19.0
11.2
15.5
10.6
26.7
NA
16.4
7.9
28.7
40.8
49.2
21.0
46.9
31.3
NA
36.3
33.9
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
9.8
NA
4.9
5.7
1,218.9 1,339.9 1,367.0 1,308.6
720.9
1
Combinesallyearsshownindividuallyfortheindicatorforwhichdataareavailable.
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
ShadedinredareneighborhoodratesorpercentagesthatarehigherthanthecorrespondingBostonrateorpercentageforthesame
year(s).
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindata
valuesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
205
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure15.6bSelectedHealthIndicator,Roxbury
SelectedHealthIndicator
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
RollingAverages
BOSTON
20012005 20022006 20032007 20042008 20052009 20062010 20062010
9.8
10.5
10.1
11.0
9.7
9.3
5.9
ShadedinredareneighborhoodratesthatarehigherthanthecorrespondingBostonrateforthesameyear(s).
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduring
dataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
Figure15.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,
Roxbury
LeadingCausesofDeath,
20052010
Cancer
Rate*
Count
2005 176.6
86
2006 191.0
91
2007 193.7
91
2008 150.1
70
2009 148.4
73
2010 222.1
105
RX20052010 180.3
516
BOS20052010 181.4
5,678
DiseasesoftheHeart
Rate*
Count
2005 181.9
85
2006 152.0
71
2007 160.7
77
2008 190.1
90
2009 164.1
76
2010 167.9
81
RX20052010 169.5
480
BOS20052010 152.0
4,831
Homicide
Rate*
Count
2005
15.5
12
2006
19.0
15
2007
11.2
10
2008
15.5
14
2009
10.6
8
2010
26.7
18
RX20052010
16.4
77
BOS20052010
7.9
366
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Shadedinredareneighborhoodratesthatarehigherthanthe
correspondingBostonrateforthesameyear(s).
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccur
duringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
206
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure15.7SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,Roxbury
SelectedAdult
SurveyHealth
Indicators
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
CI
RegularPhysical
Activity
Percent
CI
Asthma
Percent
CI
Diabetes
Percent
CI
Obesity
Percent
CI
PersistentSadness
Percent
CI
PercentageofAdultResidentsandConfidenceIntervals(CI)
2001
2003
2005
2006
*
*
16%
20%
23%
18%
(9.422.9) (12.326.7) (13.731.7) (11.224.3)
16%
(14.017.3)
*
*
61%
53%
47%
51%
(50.771.5) (41.264.9) (35.857.2) (40.861.5)
57%
(54.759.3)
*
*
14%
11%
14%
15%
(7.120.3) (6.116.8) (8.419.9) (6.623.8)
11%
(9.512.4)
*
*
10%
(4.715.1)
6%
(5.47.0)
*
*
20%
29%
31%
27%
(13.127.8) (20.438.4) (22.139.9) (17.435.9)
21%
(18.922.7)
*
*
9%
15%
12%
10%
(3.313.9) (7.623.3) (4.319.8) (4.516.3)
9%
(8.110.7)
6%
(3.08.1)
2008
2010
10%
11%
(5.214.8) (6.415.2)
BOSTON2010
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2001,2003,2005,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurveillance
System(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
207
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure15.8aSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,Roxbury
SelectedHealthIndicators
Years
AverageAnnualRates
Asian Black Latino White
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergency
DepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
20082010
n<5
18.6
23.2
72.5
20092010
9.0% 13.5% 11.2%
9.2%
20092010
13.4% 12.9%
8.9% 10.8%
20082010
n<5
10.7
9.8
n<5
20092011
n<7
59.0
43.9
25.6
20092011
4.3
17.5
13.7
13.5
2011
n<7
6.0
6.5
1.4
20082011
2.2
4.2
3.4
2.6
20092011
n<7
3.8
1.7
0.5
20072010
n<5
31.8
21.4
15.2
20092010
n<5
36.3
16.1
n<5
20092010
n<5
45.2
21.0
75.0
20062010
n<5
3.8
n<5
14.0
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,
somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
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HealthofBoston20122013
Figure15.8bSelectedHealthIndicatorsby
Race/Ethnicity,Roxbury
LeadingCausesofDeath,
AverageAnnualRates,20072010
Asian
Rate*
Count
Cancer
143.3
10
DiseasesoftheHeart
69.5
5
†
†
†
Black
Rate*
Count
Cancer
209.3
230
DiseasesoftheHeart
177.4
196
Nephritis/Nephrosis
46.8
51
Rate*
Count
Cancer
99.5
41
DiseasesoftheHeart
98.1
35
OtherInjuries
25.7
13
Rate*
Count
DiseasesoftheHeart
275.3
82
Cancer
203.7
53
COPD
65.7
19
Latino
White
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
†
Notcalculated,n<5
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduring
dataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
209
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure15.9SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,
Roxbury
PercentageofAdultResidentsand
SelectedAdultSurvey
ConfidenceIntervals(CI),
HealthIndicators
2006,2008,and2010Combined
Asian
Black
Latino
White
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
*
22%
13%
23%
CI
(16.827.9) (4.720.9) (12.233.4)
RegularPhysicalActivity
Percent
*
50%
46%
56%
CI
(41.957.8) (30.962.1) (43.469.1)
Asthma
Percent
*
17%
11%
14%
CI
(10.623.2) (4.916.8) (5.322.7)
Diabetes
Percent
*
13%
7%
*
CI
(9.217.2) (3.010.1)
Obesity
Percent
*
39%
19%
24%
CI
(31.346.4) (9.828.1) (12.534.6)
PersistentSadness
Percent
*
12%
14%
13%
(6.918.0) (5.821.4) (5.521.4)
CI
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRisk
FactorSurveillanceSystem(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
210
HealthofBoston20122013
RoxburyNotes,DataSources,andDataAnalysis
Figure15.1a,15.1bPopulationbyAgeandSex,Roxbury,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure15.2TypeofHousehold,Roxbury,2010
NOTE:Thecensusdefinesafamilyhouseholdasoneinwhichatleastonepersonlivinginthe
householdisrelatedbybirth,marriage,oradoptiontothehouseholder(headofhousehold).
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure15.3FamilieswithIncomeBelowPovertyLevelbyFamilyType,Roxbury,20062010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.Thedataonpovertystatusof
householdswerederivedfromanswerstoincomequestions.Sincepovertyisdefinedatthefamily
levelandnotthehouseholdlevel,thepovertystatusofthehouseholdisdeterminedbythepoverty
statusofthehouseholder.Householdsareclassifiedaspoorwhenthetotalincomeofthe
householder’sfamilyisbelowtheappropriatepovertythreshold.(Fornonfamilyhouseholders,their
ownincomeiscomparedwiththeappropriatethreshold.)Theincomeofpeoplelivinginthehousehold
whoareunrelatedtothehouseholderisnotconsideredwhendeterminingthepovertystatusofa
household,nordoestheirpresenceaffectthefamilysizeindeterminingtheappropriatethreshold.The
povertythresholdsvarydependingonthreecriteria:sizeoffamily,numberofrelatedchildrenandfor
1and2personfamilies,ageofhouseholder.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure15.4HousingTenure,Roxbury,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure15.5EducationalAttainment,Roxbury,20062010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure15.6a15.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,Roxbury
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels:BostonPublicHealthCommissionOfficeofEnvironmentalHealth
ChlamydiaIncidence:MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth,STDDivision
HepatitisCIncidence:CommunicableDiseaseDatabase,BostonPublicHealthCommission,
CommunicableDiseaseControlDivision
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
211
HealthofBoston20122013
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,andSuicide:
BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
LeadingCausesofDeath:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure15.7SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,Roxbury
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure15.8a,15.8bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,Roxbury
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,Suicide,and
LeadingCausesofDeaths:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure15.9SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,Roxbury
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
212
HealthofBoston20122013
SouthBoston
ȗ‘—–‘ˆ‡ƒ…Šƒ••‡–’”‡•‡–‡†‹’ƒ”‡–Š‡•‡•
SouthBostonwasknownas“Mattapannock”byNativeAmericansandthenas“DorchesterNeck”by
thecolonists.Annexedin1804,itwasoneofBoston’sfirstneighborhoods.Thefirstvictoryinthe
AmericanRevolutionoccurredinSouthBostonwhenContinentalArmy,undertheleadershipof
GeorgeWashington,forcedBritishtroopstoevacuateBoston.ThisvictoryiscelebratedonEvaluation
DayandcommemoratedbytheDorchesterHeightsMemorial.
Duringthemid1800s,theneighborhoodwasamajorindustrialcenterwithfoundries,machineshops,
shipyards,andrefineries.Theneighborhood’sindustrialgrowthledtoaninfluxofIrishandother
immigrantsinthemiddleandlate1800s.Throughthe20thcentury,theneighborhood’sconnectionto
Boston'smaritimeeconomy,shipyard,andrailroadjobsprovidedworkforSouthBostonresidents.
Inadditiontoshipyardsandotherwaterfrontindustries,theneighborhoodhasmilesofbeachesand
waterfrontparks.In1905,aFrederickLawOlmsteaddesignedmotorwaythatrunsthelengthofthe
beacheswascompleted–originallycalledtheStrandway,itisnowWilliamJ.DayBoulevard.
ThediversityinSouthBostonincreaseddramaticallyoverthelasttwodecades.Theneighborhoodhas
alargeIrishAmericanpopulationandagrowingnumberofAsian,Black,andLatinoresidents.
213
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 16.1a Females by Age, South Boston,
2010
65 and over
12%
Under 18
13%
18 to 24
11%
45 to 64
20%
25 to 44
44%
Figure 16.1b Males by Age, South Boston,
2010
65 and over
8%
45 to 64
21%
Under 18
14%
18 to 24
11%
25 to 44
46%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,AmericanFactFinder
Residentsages25to44comprisedalmosthalfoftheSouthBostonpopulationin2010(datanot
shown).Amongfemales,44%werebetweentheagesof25and44whilemalesofthesameage
comprised46%ofthepopulationofSouthBoston.
214
HealthofBoston20122013
Percent of Households
within Household Type
Figure 16.2 Type of Household, South
Boston, 2010
45%
30%
39
23
22
16
15%
0%
Family
Household:
Married
Couple
Family
Nonf amily
Nonf amily
Household: Household: Household:
No Spouse Person Living Person Not
Present
Alone
Living Alone
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,American
FactFinder
InSouthBoston,61%ofhouseholdswerenonfamilyhouseholds.Thehighestpercentageof
householdsconsistedofpersonslivingalone(39%).Twentythreepercentofhouseholdswerefamily
householdswithamarriedcouplepresent.
Figure 16.3 Families with Income Below Poverty
Level by Family Type, South Boston, 2006-2010
Percent of Families
within FamilyType
60%
42
40%
20%
16
*
*
0%
All Families
Female HH
(Headed
Household)
Female HH: Female HH:
Children <18 Children < 5
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
Whileonly16%ofallfamilieshadanincomebelowthepovertylevelInSouthBoston,42%ofall
femaleheadedhouseholdshadanincomebelowthepovertylevel.
215
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 16.4 Housing Tenure, South Boston,
2010
OwnerOccupied
40%
RenterOccupied
60%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,
AmericanFactFinder
InSouthBoston,60%ofoccupiedunitswererenteroccupied.
Percent of Population
Ages 25+
Figure 16.5 Educational Attainment,
South Boston, 2006-2010
60%
49
40%
25
20%
12
15
0%
Less than
HS Diploma
HS Diploma/ Some College/
GED
Associate's
Degree
Bachelor's
Degree
or Higher
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
NearlyhalfthepopulationinSouthBostonhadaBachelor’sdegreeorhigher.Onequarterofthe
populationhadahighschooldiploma/GEDandonly12%hadlessthanahighschooldiploma.
216
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure16.6aSelectedHealthIndicators,SouthBoston
AverageAnnual
AnnualRates
1
Rates
SelectedHealthIndicators
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartment
Visits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels
(percentofchildrentesting
positive)
ChlamydiaIncidence
(per100,000residents)
HepatitisCIncidence
(per100,000residentsages
1525)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/Stabbing
EmergencyDepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
SB
BOSTON
—
15.6
18.2
18.2
13.0
n<5
NA
13.4
20.1
7.9%
6.2%
9.2%
6.6%
6.1%
7.8%
NA
7.3%
9.3%
10.2%
8.5%
11.2%
7.9%
7.5%
9.1%
NA
9.0%
9.9%
39.1
33.2
34.5
37.1
32.5
21.2
17.2
30.7
31.5
1.5%
1.0%
1.7%
1.0%
1.1%
n<5
n<5
1.0%
1.4%
NA
NA
NA
NA
398.4
472.1
380.7
417.0
720.9
NA
226.0
347.7
295.5
121.7
312.9
NA
260.8
45.7
14.7
12.6
13.6
12.0
12.0
10.4
10.1
12.2
11.2
1.7
2.2
1.5
1.4
2.3
1.6
1.7
1.8
2.3
2.7
2.9
2.6
2.6
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.7
2.5
0.4
0.6
0.9
0.8
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.9
59.7
47.9
50.4
23.8
37.6
55.2
NA
45.8
35.3
17.3
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
5.5
7.9
44.7
58.6
50.0
44.1
39.7
53.1
NA
48.4
33.9
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
15.0
n<5
NA
8.8
5.7
1
Combinesallyearsshownindividuallyfortheindicatorforwhichdataareavailable.
—Datasuppressedtoprotectconfidentiality.
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
ShadedinredareneighborhoodratesorpercentagesthatarehigherthanthecorrespondingBostonrateorpercentageforthe
sameyear(s).
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindata
valuesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
217
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure16.6bSelectedHealthIndicator,SouthBoston
SelectedHealthIndicator
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
RollingAverages
BOSTON
20012005 20022006 20032007 20042008 20052009 20062010 20062010
3.6
4.6
3.6
4.0
3.4
3.3
5.9
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduring
dataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection
Figure16.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,
SouthBoston
LeadingCausesofDeath,
20052010
Cancer
Rate*
Count
2005 301.4
85
2006 267.7
74
2007 252.1
73
2008 205.6
58
2009 207.1
60
2010 237.7
66
SB20052010 245.3
416
5,678
BOS20052010 181.4
DiseasesoftheHeart
Rate*
Count
2005 291.5
85
2006 236.0
67
2007 192.0
57
2008 158.8
48
2009 173.8
52
2010 189.1
55
SB20052010 206.9
364
BOS20052010 152.0
4,831
OtherInjuries
Rate*
Count
2005
33.6
11
2006
50.1
15
2007
47.0
16
2008
40.7
13
2009
35.5
13
2010
53.3
18
SB20052010
43.4
86
BOS20052010
32.9
1,116
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Shadedinredareneighborhoodratesthatarehigherthanthe
correspondingBostonrateforthesameyear(s).
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccur
duringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
218
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure16.7SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,SouthBoston
SelectedAdult
SurveyHealth
Indicators
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
CI
RegularPhysical
Activity
Percent
CI
Asthma
Percent
CI
Diabetes
Percent
CI
Obesity
Percent
CI
PersistentSadness
Percent
CI
PercentageofAdultResidentsandConfidenceIntervals(CI)
2001
2003
2005
2006
2008
2010
BOSTON2010
31%
33%
26%
19%
21%
18%
(23.739.0) (20.045.2) (15.735.4) (11.626.0) (12.628.7) (11.324.1)
16%
(14.017.3)
59%
59%
55%
59%
73%
65%
(50.766.8) (46.571.5) (43.466.1) (49.668.4) (64.881.1) (57.072.5)
57%
(54.759.3)
7%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
(3.510.6) (2.517.7) (3.517.3) (4.416.3) (5.115.5) (5.813.9)
11%
(9.512.4)
5%
(1.69.1)
6%
(5.47.0)
6%
(1.810.4)
4%
(1.47.6)
5%
(2.67.7)
4%
(1.16.1)
5%
(2.37.2)
21%
20%
18%
14%
18%
16%
(14.828.2) (10.530.0) (9.426.0) (8.619.7) (11.224.5) (9.821.4)
21%
(18.922.7)
8%
7%
(4.211.8) (1.911.9)
9%
(8.110.7)
5%
(1.78.9)
9%
8%
10%
(4.113.4) (3.412.7) (5.714.7)
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2001,2003,2005,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurveillance
System(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
219
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure16.8aSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,SouthBoston
SelectedHealthIndicators
Years
AverageAnnualRates
Asian Black Latino White
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergency
DepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
20082010
n<5
n<5
22.9
9.1
20082010
n<5
8.2%
9.3%
6.2%
20082010
9.8%
8.2%
7.1%
8.4%
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
20102011
n<7
48.8
27.2
11.5
20102011
6.5
10.6
7.4
10.4
20082011
1.1
4.7
2.2
1.7
20102011
n<7
5.4
2.8
2.3
20092011
n<7
2.2
0.6
0.4
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
58.0
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
61.6
20092010
n<5
n<5
n<5
11.1
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,
somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
220
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure16.8bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Etnnicity,
SouthBoston
LeadingCausesofDeath,
AverageAnnualRates,20062010
Asian
Rate*
Count
76.3
7
†
†
†
†
†
†
Black
Rate*
Count
Cancer
271.7
11
DiseasesoftheHeart
200.6
9
†
†
†
Latino
Rate*
Count
DiseasesoftheHeart
62.7
6
Cancer
42.4
6
†
†
†
White
Rate*
Count
Cancer
248.2
307
DiseasesoftheHeart
200.3
263
COPD
62.2
77
Cancer
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
†
Notcalculated,n<5
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpreted
withcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Until
dataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataquality
processes.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
221
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure16.9SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,
SouthBoston
PercentageofAdultResidentsand
SelectedAdultSurvey
ConfidenceIntervals(CI),
HealthIndicators
2006,2008,and2010Combined
Asian
Black
Latino
White
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
*
*
31%
16%
CI
(12.948.4) (12.520.5)
RegularPhysicalActivity
Percent
*
*
72%
65%
CI
(58.685.5) (59.770.5)
Asthma
Percent
*
*
15%
10%
CI
(3.926.7) (6.613.1)
Diabetes
Percent
*
*
5%
5%
CI
(0.09.5) (3.06.3)
Obesity
Percent
*
*
18%
15%
CI
(6.030.2) (11.619.0)
PersistentSadness
Percent
*
*
20%
8%
(7.533.4) (5.010.3)
CI
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRisk
FactorSurveillanceSystem(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
222
HealthofBoston20122013
SouthBostonNotes,DataSources,andDataAnalysis
Figure16.1a,16.1bPopulationbyAgeandSex,SouthBoston,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure16.2TypeofHousehold,SouthBoston,2010
NOTE:Thecensusdefinesafamilyhouseholdasoneinwhichatleastonepersonlivinginthe
householdisrelatedbybirth,marriage,oradoptiontothehouseholder(headofhousehold).
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure16.3FamilieswithIncomeBelowPovertyLevelbyFamilyType,SouthBoston,20062010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.Thedataonpovertystatusof
householdswerederivedfromanswerstoincomequestions.Sincepovertyisdefinedatthefamily
levelandnotthehouseholdlevel,thepovertystatusofthehouseholdisdeterminedbythepoverty
statusofthehouseholder.Householdsareclassifiedaspoorwhenthetotalincomeofthe
householder’sfamilyisbelowtheappropriatepovertythreshold.(Fornonfamilyhouseholders,their
ownincomeiscomparedwiththeappropriatethreshold.)Theincomeofpeoplelivinginthehousehold
whoareunrelatedtothehouseholderisnotconsideredwhendeterminingthepovertystatusofa
household,nordoestheirpresenceaffectthefamilysizeindeterminingtheappropriatethreshold.The
povertythresholdsvarydependingonthreecriteria:sizeoffamily,numberofrelatedchildrenandfor
1and2personfamilies,ageofhouseholder.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure16.4HousingTenure,SouthBoston,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure16.5EducationalAttainment,SouthBoston,20062010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure16.6a16.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,SouthBoston
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels:BostonPublicHealthCommissionOfficeofEnvironmentalHealth
ChlamydiaIncidence:MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth,STDDivision
HepatitisCIncidence:CommunicableDiseaseDatabase,BostonPublicHealthCommission,
CommunicableDiseaseControlDivision
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
223
HealthofBoston20122013
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,andSuicide:
BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
LeadingCausesofDeath:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure16.7SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,SouthBoston
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure16.8a,16.8bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,SouthBoston
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
Figure16.9SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,SouthBoston
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
224
HealthofBoston20122013
SouthDorchester
ȗ‘—–‘ˆ‡ƒ…Šƒ••‡–’”‡•‡–‡†‹’ƒ”‡–Š‡•‡•
DorchesterwasnamedafterthetownofDorchesterinEngland,fromwhichPuritansemigrated.The
WampanoagIndianshadcalledtheareaMattapan.DorchesterwasannexedtoBostonin1870.
ManyhistoricsitesarelocatedinSouthDorchester.TheWalterBakerChocolateMillwasestablished
inLowerMillsin1765.Overthelast20years,themillhasbeenconvertedtoapartmentsand
condominiums.ThePierceHouse,builtin1683,isBoston’ssecondoldesthome.WilliamJ.Devine
GolfCourseatFranklinPark,laidoutin1892,isthecountry’soldestpublicgolfcourse.
225
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 17.1a Females by Age,
South Dorchester, 2010
Under 18
22%
65 and over
13%
18 to 24
10%
45 to 64
25%
25 to 44
30%
Figure 17.1b Males by Age,
South Dorchester, 2010
65 and over
9%
Under 18
26%
45 to 64
24%
18 to 24
10%
25 to 44
30%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,
AmericanFactFinder
Residents,ages25to44and45to64accountedforthelargestpercentagesoftheSouthDorchester
populationin2010,30%and25%respectively(datanotshown).Malesaccountedforthesame
percentagesofthepopulationasfemalesages1824and2544.
226
HealthofBoston20122013
Percent of Households
within Household Type
Figure 17.2 Type of Household,
South Dorchester, 2010
40%
30%
33
29
29
20%
9
10%
0%
Family
Household:
Married
Couple
Family
Nonf amily
Nonf amily
Household: Household: Household:
No Spouse Person Living Person Not
Present
Alone
Living Alone
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,American
FactFinder
InSouthDorchester,62%ofhouseholdswerefamilyhouseholds.Thehighestpercentageof
householdswerefamilieswithnospousepresent(33%).Twentyninepercentofhouseholdsconsisted
ofpersonslivingalone.
Figure 17.3 Families with Income Below
Poverty Level by Family Type,
South Dorchester, 2006-2010
Percent of Families
within Family Type
45%
33
30%
26
15
15%
*
0%
All Families
Female HH
(Headed
Household)
Female HH: Female HH:
Children <18 Children < 5
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
Ahigherpercentageoffemaleheadedhouseholds(26%)andfemaleheadedhouseholdswithchildren
lessthan18(33%)hadanincomebelowthepovertylevelascomparedwithallfamilies(15%).
227
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 17.4 Housing Tenure,
South Dorchester, 2010
OwnerOccupied
42%
RenterOccupied
58%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,American
FactFinder
InSouthDorchester,58%ofoccupiedunitswererenteroccupied.
Percent of Population
Ages 25+
Figure 17.5 Educational Attainment,
South Dorchester, 2006-2010
40%
33
30%
20%
24
24
19
10%
0%
Less than
HS Diploma
HS Diploma/ Some College/
GED
Associate's
Degree
Bachelor's
Degree
or Higher
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
OnethirdofthepopulationofSouthDorchesterhadahighschooldiploma/GED.Lowerpercentagesof
thepopulationhadhigherlevelsofeducationalattainment—somecollege/Associate’sdegree(24%)
andaBachelor’sdegreeorhigher(24%).
228
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure17.6aSelectedHealthIndicators,SouthDorchester
AverageAnnual
AnnualRates
1
Rates
SelectedHealthIndicators
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
AsthmaEmergency
DepartmentVisits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels
(percentofchildren
testingpositive)
ChlamydiaIncidence
(per100,000residents)
HepatitisCIncidence
(per100,000residents
ages1525)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/Stabbing
EmergencyDepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Deaths(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
SD
BOSTON
18.4
18.4
18.4
21.5
11.3
16.4
NA
17.4
20.1
11.3%
10.2%
9.1%
10.1% 10.5%
12.4%
NA
10.6%
9.3%
12.9%
11.7% 10.5%
11.3%
9.9%
13.1%
NA
11.6%
9.9%
45.8
44.0
38.1
44.8
35.0
39.5
32.8
40.0
31.5
3.3%
2.5%
1.8%
1.6%
1.7%
1.2%
0.8%
1.9%
1.4%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
40.5
81.1
81.1
56.7
89.2
NA
69.7
45.7
12.0
13.2
11.6
12.9
11.8
12.6
11.4
12.2
11.2
3.2
3.2
2.9
3.1
3.2
3.0
2.5
3.0
2.3
3.4
3.8
3.4
3.4
3.1
3.4
3.1
3.4
2.5
1.9
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.1
1.5
2.0
0.9
34.4
66.2
47.0
46.9
36.1
49.2
NA
46.6
35.3
21.7
17.9
20.7
27.4
13.5
15.2
NA
19.4
7.9
23.8
30.8
42.4
25.2
22.4
23.1
NA
28.0
33.9
n<5
n<5
11.4
15.4
n<5
n<5
NA
7.9
5.7
1,183.0 1,264.4 1,279.8 1,242.4
720.9
1
Combinesallyearsshownindividuallyfortheindicatorforwhichdataareavailable.
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
ShadedinredareneighborhoodratesorpercentagesthatarehigherthanthecorrespondingBostonrateorpercentageforthesame
year(s).
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindata
valuesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
229
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure17.6bSelectedHealthIndicator,SouthDorchester
SelectedHealthIndicator
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
BOSTON
RollingAverages
20012005 20022006 20032007 20042008 20052009 20062010 20062010
8.9
8.0
5.9
5.4
6.0
5.4
5.9
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduring
dataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
Figure17.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,
SouthDorchester
LeadingCausesofDeath,
20052010
Cancer
Rate*
Count
2005 184.9
76
2006 206.4
84
2007 189.0
76
2008 196.9
79
2009 181.4
75
2010 198.1
81
SD20052010 192.8
471
BOS20052010 181.4
5,678
DiseasesoftheHeart
Rate*
Count
2005 142.2
54
2006 153.4
59
2007 142.6
55
2008 154.7
62
2009 198.5
79
2010 135.6
54
SD20052010 154.5
363
BOS20052010 152.0
4,831
CerebrovascularDisease
Rate*
Count
(Incl.Stroke)
2005
34.4
13
2006
66.2
26
2007
47.0
18
2008
46.9
18
2009
36.1
14
2010
49.2
19
SD20052010
46.6
108
BOS20052010
35.3
1,116
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Shadedinredareneighborhoodratesthatarehigherthanthe
correspondingBostonrateforthesameyear(s).
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccur
duringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
230
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure17.7SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,SouthDorchester
SelectedAdult
SurveyHealth
Indicators
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
CI
RegularPhysical
Activity
Percent
CI
Asthma
Percent
CI
Diabetes
Percent
CI
Obesity
Percent
CI
PersistentSadness
Percent
CI
PercentageofAdultResidentsandConfidenceIntervals(CI)
2001
2003
2005
2006
2008
2010
BOSTON2010
26%
20%
21%
15%
18%
16%
(18.133.1) (12.727.0) (12.929.1) (10.019.5) (10.426.0) (10.921.3)
16%
(14.017.3)
45%
49%
44%
46%
50%
57%
(36.652.9) (39.858.5) (35.053.9) (38.254.4) (40.359.0) (49.663.5)
57%
(54.759.3)
11%
11%
11%
9%
10%
11%
(6.016.8) (5.716.7) (5.816.2) (5.012.7) (6.613.6) (6.915.2)
11%
(9.512.4)
6%
(2.19.0)
6%
(5.47.0)
10%
11%
9%
(5.415.5) (5.617.1) (5.912.2)
6%
(4.08.4)
7%
(4.69.3)
24%
26%
26%
28%
32%
24%
(17.031.7) (18.333.8) (18.734.2) (21.134.1) (21.842.1) (17.829.4)
21%
(18.922.7)
15%
8%
10%
13%
11%
9%
(8.621.0) (4.013.0) (4.714.5) (8.118.6) (5.715.3) (5.311.9)
9%
(8.110.7)
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2001,2003,2005,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurveillance
System(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
231
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure17.8aSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,SouthDorchester
SelectedHealthIndicators
Years
AverageAnnualRates
Asian Black Latino White
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergency
DepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
20082010
n<5
16.0
24.4
12.4
20092010
8.6% 12.2% 11.7% 10.5%
20092010
6.2% 11.3% 11.7% 13.0%
20082010
n<5
5.4
n<5
8.8
2011
18.7
46.2
33.8
14.1
2011
6.3
12.1
14.1
11.7
20102011
1.2
3.9
3.2
1.6
2011
2.0
3.6
3.1
2.6
20102011
0.9
2.9
1.5
0.4
2010
n<5
65.2
n<5
39.1
2010
n<5
30.8
n<5
n<5
2010
n<5
22.0
n<5
28.9
20062010
n<5
4.6
n<5
16.4
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,
somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
232
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure17.8bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,
SouthDorchester
LeadingCausesofDeath,
AverageAnnualRates,20072010
Asian
Rate*
Count
Cancer
69.4
8
DiseasesoftheHeart
241.5
7
†
†
†
Black
Rate*
Count
Cancer
200.1
135
DiseasesoftheHeart
157.4
95
Homicide
34.7
31
Rate*
Count
Cancer
63.3
10
DiseasesoftheHeart
61.3
7
OtherInjuries
29.8
6
Rate*
Count
Cancer
227.1
157
DiseasesoftheHeart
189.0
140
CerebrovascularDisease
(Incl.Stroke)
42.8
Latino
White
35
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
†
Notcalculated,n<5
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataquality
processes.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
233
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure17.9SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,
SouthDorchester
PercentageofAdultResidentsand
SelectedAdultSurvey
ConfidenceIntervals(CI),
HealthIndicators
2006,2008,and2010Combined
Asian
Black
Latino
White
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
*
17%
17%
19%
CI
(10.423.0) (7.427.2) (13.624.1)
RegularPhysicalActivity
Percent
*
44%
69%
59%
CI
(37.051.7) (57.880.9) (51.865.9)
Asthma
Percent
*
13%
15%
6%
CI
(9.016.7) (7.223.2) (3.58.0)
Diabetes
Percent
*
9%
4%
7%
CI
(6.912.0) (1.47.4)
(4.39.0)
Obesity
Percent
*
32%
22%
24%
CI
(24.939.4) (11.432.1) (17.229.9)
PersistentSadness
Percent
*
11%
13%
9%
(7.315.2) (4.721.4) (4.912.3)
CI
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRisk
FactorSurveillanceSystem(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
234
HealthofBoston20122013
SouthDorchesterNotes,DataSources,andDataAnalysis
Figure17.1a,17.1bPopulationbyAgeandSex,SouthDorchester,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure17.2TypeofHousehold,SouthDorchester,2010
NOTE:Thecensusdefinesafamilyhouseholdasoneinwhichatleastonepersonlivinginthe
householdisrelatedbybirth,marriage,oradoptiontothehouseholder(headofhousehold).
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure17.3FamilieswithIncomeBelowPovertyLevelbyFamilyType,SouthDorchester,20062010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.Thedataonpovertystatusof
householdswerederivedfromanswerstoincomequestions.Sincepovertyisdefinedatthefamily
levelandnotthehouseholdlevel,thepovertystatusofthehouseholdisdeterminedbythepoverty
statusofthehouseholder.Householdsareclassifiedaspoorwhenthetotalincomeofthe
householder’sfamilyisbelowtheappropriatepovertythreshold.(Fornonfamilyhouseholders,their
ownincomeiscomparedwiththeappropriatethreshold.)Theincomeofpeoplelivinginthehousehold
whoareunrelatedtothehouseholderisnotconsideredwhendeterminingthepovertystatusofa
household,nordoestheirpresenceaffectthefamilysizeindeterminingtheappropriatethreshold.The
povertythresholdsvarydependingonthreecriteria:sizeoffamily,numberofrelatedchildrenandfor
1and2personfamilies,ageofhouseholder.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure17.4HousingTenure,SouthDorchester,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure17.5EducationalAttainment,SouthDorchester,20062010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure17.6a17.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,SouthDorchester
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels:BostonPublicHealthCommissionOfficeofEnvironmentalHealth
ChlamydiaIncidence:MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth,STDDivision
HepatitisCIncidence:CommunicableDiseaseDatabase,BostonPublicHealthCommission,
CommunicableDiseaseControlDivision
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
235
HealthofBoston20122013
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,andSuicide:
BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
LeadingCausesofDeath:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure17.7SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,SouthDorchester
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure17.8a,17.8bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,SouthDorchester
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,Suicide,and
LeadingCausesofDeaths:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure17.9SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,SouthDorchester
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
236
HealthofBoston20122013
SouthEnd*
Ș‘—–‘ˆ‡ƒ…Šƒ••‡–’”‡•‡–‡†‹’ƒ”‡–Š‡•‡•
TheSouthEndandChinatownaresometimescombinedwhenreportingdatainthisreport;however,
thetwoaredistinctneighborhoodswithuniquehistories.
TheSouthEndwasoriginallycalled“BostonNeck”asitwasanarrowstripoflandconnectingBostonto
themainland.Inthe1830s,thelandwasinfilledandVictoriantownhouseswerebuiltforBoston’s
wealthymerchantclass.
BostonCityHospital,thecountry’sfirstmunicipalhospital,wasestablishedin1864intheSouthEnd.
Churchesandsynagogueswerebuilttoaccommodategrowingcongregations.Thecombinationof
inexpensivehousingandproximitytosocial,health,andreligiousservicesbroughtavarietyofcultures,
religions,andbeliefstotheSouthEnd.
TodaytheSouthEndneighborhoodishometoalargegayandlesbiancommunityandamixoffamilies
andyoungprofessionals.AsthelargestVictorianneighborhoodintheUnitedStates,theSouthEndisa
LandmarkDistrictandlistedintheNationalRegistryofHistoricalPlaces.
*IncludesChinatown
237
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 18.1a Females by Age, South End*,
2010
65 and over
13%
Under 18
11%
18 to 24
17%
45 to 64
20%
25 to 44
38%
Figure 18.1b Males by Age, South End*,
2010
65 and over
10%
Under 18
11%
18 to 24
16%
45 to 64
25%
25 to 44
38%
*IncludesChinatown
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,American
FactFinder
Residentsages25to44accountedforthelargestpercentageofSouthEndresidentsin2010(datanot
shown).Females25to44yearsofagewere38%ofthefemalepopulationoftheSouthEndandmales
were38%ofthemalepopulationinthesameagegroup.
238
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 18.2 Type of Household, South End*,
2010
Percent of Households
within Household Type
60%
48
45%
30%
25
17
10
15%
0%
Family
Household:
Married
Couple
Family
Nonf amily
Nonf amily
Household: Household: Household:
No Spouse Person Living Person Not
Present
Alone
Living Alone
*IncludesChinatown DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,American
FactFinder
IntheSouthEnd,65%ofhouseholdswerenonfamilyhouseholds.Thehighestpercentageof
householdsconsistedofpersonslivingalone(48%).Twentyfivepercentofhouseholdswerefamily
householdswithamarriedcouplepresent.
Figure 18.3 Families with Income Below Poverty
Level by Family Type, South End*, 2006-2010
Percent of Families
within Family Type
60%
40
40%
20%
18
†
†
0%
All Families
Female HH
(Headed
Household)
Female HH: Female HH:
Children <18 Children < 5
*IncludesChinatown
†Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
NineteenpercentofallfamiliesintheSouthEndhadanincomebelowthepovertylevel.Ahigher
percentage(40%)ofallfemaleheadedhouseholdshadanincomebelowthepovertylevel.
239
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 18.4 Housing Tenure, South End*,
2010
OwnerOccupied
34%
RenterOccupied
66%
*IncludesChinatown
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,
AmericanFactFinder IntheSouthEnd,approximatelytwothirds(66%)ofoccupiedunitswererenteroccupied.
Percent of Population
Ages 25+
Figure 18.5 Educational Attainment,
South End*, 2006-2010
60%
53
40%
20%
18
16
14
Less than
HS Diploma
HS Diploma/
GED
Some
College/
Associate's
Degree
0%
Bachelor's
Degree
or Higher
*IncludesChinatown
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
IntheSouthEnd,53%ofthepopulationhadaBachelor’sdegreeorhigher.Thiswassignificantly
higherthantheotherthreelevelsofeducationalattainment.
240
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure18.6aSelectedHealthIndicators,SouthEnd*
AverageAnnual
AnnualRates
1
Rates
SelectedHealthIndicators
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartment
Visits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels
(percentofchildrentesting
positive)
ChlamydiaIncidence
(per100,000residents)
HepatitisCIncidence
(per100,000residents
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations†
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations†
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)†
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/Stabbing
EmergencyDepartmentVisits†
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)†
(per100,000residents)
Homicide†
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths†
(per100,000residents)
Suicide†
(per100,000residents)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
SE
BOSTON
—
19.2
19.2
25.6
n<5
19.2
NA
18.7
20.1
9.3%
7.7%
8.6%
8.7%
10.1%
10.5%
NA
9.2%
9.3%
8.5%
9.3%
7.2%
8.9%
10.9%
9.9%
NA
9.2%
9.9%
24.6
23.3
39.7
36.5
17.6
28.3
22.0
27.4
31.5
1.0%
0.5%
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
0.4%
1.4%
NA
NA
NA
NA
599.2
534.2
690.7
608.0
720.9
NA
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
20.6
45.7
10.9
10.6
11.7
10.0
10.6
10.0
10.1
10.6
11.2
2.8
2.8
3.8
3.3
3.3
3.2
2.4
3.1
2.3
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.2
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.5
1.7
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.1
1.3
1.0
1.4
0.9
32.5
39.3
16.5
30.0
45.4
24.2
NA
31.3
35.3
n<5
11.0
n<5
n<5
n<5
8.4
NA
5.3
7.9
46.9
68.6
42.1
50.7
39.1
46.9
NA
49.1
33.9
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
17.1
17.7
NA
8.4
5.7
1
Combinesallyearsshownindividuallyfortheindicatorforwhichdataareavailable.
*IncludesChinatown
†
Ageadjustedrates
—Datasuppressedtoprotectconfidentiality.
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
ShadedinredareneighborhoodratesorpercentagesthatarehigherthanthecorrespondingBostonrateorpercentageforthe
sameyear(s).
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindata
valuesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
241
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure18.6bSelectedHealthIndicator,SouthEnd*
SelectedHealthIndicator
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
BOSTON
RollingAverages
20022006
20032007
20042008
20052009
20062010
20062010
20012005
3.6
4.0
5.3
3.6
5.6
5.3
5.9
*IncludesChinatown
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduring
dataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
Figure18.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,
SouthEnd*
LeadingCausesofDeath,
20052010
†
Cancer
Count
Rate
56
2005 145.0
133.9
52
2006
147.4
56
2007
157.2
61
2008
2009
155.9
61
2010
162.9
63
SE20052010
150.4
349
BOS20052010
181.4
5,678
†
Count
DiseasesoftheHeart
Rate
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
SE20052010
BOS20052010
OtherInjuries
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
SE20052010
BOS20052010
119.6
130.5
105.7
93.8
123.8
113.8
114.5
152.0
†
Rate
36.5
45.1
31.2
33.9
32.7
32.7
35.3
32.9
45
48
41
36
48
46
264
4,831
Count
15
18
15
13
13
15
89
1,116
*IncludesChinatown
†
Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Shadedinredareneighborhoodratesthatarehigherthanthe
correspondingBostonrateforthesameyear(s).
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccur
duringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
242
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure18.7SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,SouthEnd*
SelectedAdult
SurveyHealth
Indicators
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
CI
RegularPhysical
Activity
Percent
CI
Asthma
Percent
CI
Diabetes
Percent
CI
Obesity
Percent
CI
PersistentSadness
Percent
CI
PercentageofAdultResidentsandConfidenceIntervals(CI)
2001
2003
2005
2006
2008
2010
BOSTON2010
23%
24%
11%
13%
15%
11%
(6.439.4) (10.338.2) (5.817.0) (7.518.7) (7.023.8) (5.116.3)
16%
(14.017.3)
67%
63%
68%
64%
63%
61%
(46.588.0) (49.476.7) (55.680.2) (51.376.7) (53.573.5) (52.570.3)
57%
(54.759.3)
27%
12%
7%
16%
9%
7%
(7.945.6) (1.723.3) (2.611.9) (4.827.3) (3.713.5) (3.110.1)
11%
(9.512.4)
9%
(0.019.8)
6%
(0.014.8)
†
†
†
14%
(1.426.0)
5%
(2.08.8)
6%
(3.18.8)
4%
(1.45.9)
6%
(2.78.6)
23%
15%
17%
12%
(8.436.7) (8.121.5) (8.824.7) (6.416.7)
4%
(0.77.0)
11%
11%
9%
(3.918.6) (5.317.0) (3.613.8)
6%
(5.47.0)
21%
(18.922.7)
9%
(8.110.7)
*IncludesChinatown
Ș
Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2001,2003,2005,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurveillance
System(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
243
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure18.8aSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,SouthEnd*
SelectedHealthIndicators
Years
AverageAnnualRates
Asian Black Latino White
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations†
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations†
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)†
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergency
DepartmentVisits†
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)†
(per100,000residents)
Homicide†
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths†
(per100,000residents)
Suicide†
(per100,000residents)
20072010
n<5
29.4
36.5
n<5
20092010
8.2% 10.5% 11.4% 10.2%
20092010
5.3%
9.6% 15.4% 10.7%
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
20082011
n<7
67.2
37.5
3.7
2011
4.3
15.1
17.1
9.0
20102011
0.7
6.3
4.4
1.8
20102011
2.0
4.0
1.7
2.8
20102011
n<7
4.4
1.5
0.4
20062010
38.1
34.2
n<5
29.0
20082010
n<5
41.9
n<5
n<5
20062010
7.2
109.0
91.1
45.9
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
18.3
*IncludesChinatown
†
Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,
somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
244
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure18.8bSelectedHealthIndicatorsby
Race/Ethnicity,SouthEnd*
LeadingCausesofDeath,
AverageAnnualRates,20082010
Asian
Rate†
Count
Cancer
117.7
54
DiseasesoftheHeart
60.0
34
CerebrovascularDisease
(Incl.Stroke)
34.8
21
Rate†
Count
Cancer
262.0
39
DiseasesoftheHeart
175.9
26
OtherInjuries
87.3
12
Rate†
Count
Cancer
121.8
12
DiseasesoftheHeart
96.5
11
OtherInjuries
41.9
6
Rate†
Count
Cancer
195.5
78
DiseasesoftheHeart
165.6
59
OtherInjuries
29.5
20
Black
Latino
White
*IncludesChinatown
†
Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduring
dataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
245
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure18.9SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,
SouthEnd*
PercentageofAdultResidentsand
SelectedAdultSurvey
ConfidenceIntervals(CI),
HealthIndicators
2006,2008,and2010Combined
Asian
Black
Latino
White
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
†
19%
8%
14%
CI
(10.528.1) (0.019.7) (8.418.6)
RegularPhysicalActivity
Percent
†
55%
44%
72%
CI
(40.569.5) (26.261.0) (66.278.5)
Asthma
Percent
†
13%
11%
9%
CI
(5.919.4) (3.317.8) (3.515.4)
Diabetes
Percent
†
14%
9%
3%
CI
(6.521.0) (3.114.7)
(1.34.0)
Obesity
Percent
†
29%
35%
8%
CI
(17.841.1) (18.751.0) (4.011.2)
PersistentSadness
Percent
†
17%
17%
8%
(3.230.5) (8.125.4) (4.312.4)
CI
*IncludesChinatown
†Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRisk
FactorSurveillanceSystem(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
246
HealthofBoston20122013
SouthEnd*Notes,DataSources,andDataAnalysis
Figure18.1a,18.1bPopulationbyAgeandSex,SouthEnd,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure18.2TypeofHousehold,SouthEnd,2010
NOTE:Thecensusdefinesafamilyhouseholdasoneinwhichatleastonepersonlivinginthe
householdisrelatedbybirth,marriage,oradoptiontothehouseholder(headofhousehold).
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure18.3FamilieswithIncomeBelowPovertyLevelbyFamilyType,SouthEnd,20062010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.Thedataonpovertystatusof
householdswerederivedfromanswerstoincomequestions.Sincepovertyisdefinedatthefamily
levelandnotthehouseholdlevel,thepovertystatusofthehouseholdisdeterminedbythepoverty
statusofthehouseholder.Householdsareclassifiedaspoorwhenthetotalincomeofthe
householder’sfamilyisbelowtheappropriatepovertythreshold.(Fornonfamilyhouseholders,their
ownincomeiscomparedwiththeappropriatethreshold.)Theincomeofpeoplelivinginthehousehold
whoareunrelatedtothehouseholderisnotconsideredwhendeterminingthepovertystatusofa
household,nordoestheirpresenceaffectthefamilysizeindeterminingtheappropriatethreshold.The
povertythresholdsvarydependingonthreecriteria:sizeoffamily,numberofrelatedchildrenandfor
1and2personfamilies,ageofhouseholder.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure18.4HousingTenure,SouthEnd,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure18.5EducationalAttainment,SouthEnd,20062010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure18.6a18.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,SouthEnd
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels:BostonPublicHealthCommissionOfficeofEnvironmentalHealth
ChlamydiaIncidence:MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth,STDDivision
HepatitisCIncidence:CommunicableDiseaseDatabase,BostonPublicHealthCommission,
CommunicableDiseaseControlDivision
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
*IncludesChinatown
247
HealthofBoston20122013
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,andSuicide:
BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
LeadingCausesofDeath:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure18.7SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,SouthEnd
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure18.8a,18.8bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,SouthEnd
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,Suicide,and
LeadingCausesofDeaths:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure18.9SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,SouthEnd
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
248
HealthofBoston20122013
Chinatown
ȗ‘—–‘ˆ‡ƒ…Šƒ••‡–’”‡•‡–‡†‹’ƒ”‡–Š‡•‡•
Chinatown,locatedbetweenBoston’sDowntownCrossingandtheSouthEnd,servesasthecultural
andsocialcenterfortheAsiancommunityinNewEngland.Inthelatenineteenthcentury,withthe
completionofthetranscontinentalrailroad,ChinesemenbeganmovingtoBostontoworkinNew
England’sgrowingmanufacturingindustry.Chinatown’sbeginningscanbetracedtotheseearly
workerswhosetuptentsandlivedonPingOnAlley.Thepopulationwascomprisedprimarilyofsingle
malesuntilafterWorldWarIIwhentheeasingofrestrictiveimmigrationlawsenabledwomenand
childrentomovetotheUnitedStates.
NOTE:Forthisyear’sHealthofBoston,dataforChinatown,asubsectionoftheSouthEndasdefinedinthisreport,hasbeenincluded.Inthis
report,Chinatownisdefinedbyzipcode02111orbycensustracts701,702,704704.02,dependingonthedatasource.
249
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 19.1a Females by Age,
Chinatown, 2010
65 and over
16%
Under 18
9%
18 to 24
31%
45 to 64
19%
25 to 44
24%
Figure 19.1b Males by Age,
Chinatown, 2010
65 and over
13%
45 to 64
21%
Under 18
10%
18 to 24
29%
25 to 44
27%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,Bureauof
theCensus,AmericanFactFinder
Residentsages1824accountedforthelargestpercentageoftheChinatownpopulationin2010(data
notshown).Females1824yearsofagewere31%ofthefemalepopulationinChinatownandmales
were29%ofthemalepopulationinthesameagegroup.
250
HealthofBoston20122013
Percent of Households
within Household Type
Figure 19.2 Type of Household, Chinatown,
2010
60%
47
45%
33
30%
15%
11
9
0%
Family
Household:
Married
Couple
Family
Nonf amily
Nonf amily
Household: Household: Household:
No Spouse Person Living Person Not
Present
Alone
Living Alone
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,American
FactFinder
InChinatown,peoplelivingalonecomprisedthehighestpercentageofhouseholds(47%).Thesecond
highestpercentageofhouseholdscontainedmarriedcouplefamilies(33%).
Percent of Families
within Family Type
Figure 19.3 Families with Income Below
Poverty Level by Family Type, Chinatown,
2006-2010
30%
24
20%
10%
*
*
*
0%
All Families
Female HH: Female HH: Female HH:
Children < 18 Children < 5
Headed
Household
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
InChinatown,24%ofallfamilieshaveanincomebelowthepovertylevel.
251
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 19.4 Housing Tenure, Chinatown,
2010
OwnerOccupied
21%
RenterOccupied
79%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,
AmericanFactFinder
InChinatown,justoverthreefourths(79%)ofoccupiedunitswererenteroccupied.
Figure 19.5 Educational Attainment,
Chinatown, 2006-2010
Percent of Population
Ages 25+
40%
36
35
30%
18
20%
11
10%
0%
Less than
HS Diploma
HS Diploma/ Some College/
GED
Associate's
Degree
Bachelor's
Degree
or Higher
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
AboutonefifthofthepopulationinChinatownhadahighschooldiploma/GED.Higherpercentagesof
thepopulationhadeitherlessthanahighschooldiploma/GED(35%)oraBachelor’sdegreeorhigher
(36%).
252
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure19.6aSelectedHealthIndicators,Chinatown
AverageAnnual
AnnualRates
1
Rates
SelectedHealthIndicators
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartment
Visits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels
(percentofchildrentesting
positive)
ChlamydiaIncidence
(per100,000residents)
HepatitisCIncidence
(per100,000residentsages
1525)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/Stabbing
EmergencyDepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
CT
BOSTON
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
n<5
20.1
—
7.7%
8.1%
n<5
10.3%
11.7%
NA
7.7%
9.3%
—
12.1%
9.9%
n<5
6.5%
8.5%
NA
7.7%
9.9%
n<7
n<7
n<7
n<7
n<7
n<7
n<7
5.0
31.5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
1.4%
NA
NA
NA
NA
243.8
419.9
338.6
334.1
720.9
NA
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
n<5
45.7
5.6
6.2
4.8
5.4
6.4
5.2
5.4
5.6
11.2
1.6
n<7
1.5
0.8
1.3
n<7
n<7
1.0
2.3
1.5
1.7
1.3
2.7
1.9
2.9
2.2
2.0
2.5
1.2
0.8
1.0
n<7
n<7
n<7
n<7
0.7
0.9
45.3
59.8
30.9
40.1
25.8
43.9
NA
40.9
35.3
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
NA
n<5
7.9
60.5
42.0
n<5
42.2
n<5
n<5
NA
39.1
33.9
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
NA
11.8
5.7
1
Combinesallyearsshownindividuallyfortheindicatorforwhichdataareavailable.
*Ageadjustedrates
—Datasuppressedtoprotectconfidentiality.
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
ShadedinredareneighborhoodratesorpercentagesthatarehigherthanthecorrespondingBostonrateorpercentageforthesame
year(s).
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,
somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
253
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure19.6bSelectedHealthIndicator,Chinatown
SelectedHealthIndicator
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
RollingAverages
BOSTON
20012006 20022007 20032008 20042009 20052010 20052010
n<5
8.9
8.5
8.0
6.3
5.8
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
ShadedinredareneighborhoodratesthatarehigherthanthecorrespondingBostonrateforthesameyear(s).
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesIndatavaluesmay
occurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
Figure19.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,
Chinatown
LeadingCausesofDeath,
20052010
Cancer
Rate*
Count
2005
186.2
27
2006
136.7
21
2007
121.4
16
2008
172.3
23
2009
147.2
20
2010
153.7
22
CT20052010
152.9
129
BOS20052010
181.4
5,678
Rate*
Count
DiseasesoftheHeart
2005
75.2
14
2006
113.4
19
2007
60.8
12
2008
73.7
11
2009
118.7
19
2010
73.9
11
CT20052010
85.9
86
152.0
4,831
Rate*
Count
BOS20052010
CerebrovascularDisease
(Incl.Stroke)
2005
45.3
7
2006
59.8
9
2007
30.9
5
2008
40.1
7
2009
25.8
5
2010
43.9
7
CT20052010
40.9
40
BOS20052010
35.3
1,116
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Shadedinredareneighborhoodratesthatarehigherthanthe
correspondingBostonrateforthesameyear(s).
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccur
duringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
254
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure19.7aSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,Chinatown
SelectedHealthIndicators
Years
AverageAnnualRates
Asian Black Latino White
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/Stabbing
HospitalizationsandEDVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
20072010
4.6%
n<5
n<5
10.2%
20072010
4.6%
n<5
20.0%
7.3%
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
2011
n<7
n<7
n<7
n<7
20102011
4.0
32.9
n<7
5.3
20092011
0.7
n<7
n<7
0.9
20102011
2.1
n<7
n<7
3.6
2011
n<7
n<7
n<7
n<7
2010
41.3
n<5
n<5
n<5
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
20062010
9.5
159.8
n<5
39.7
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,
somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
255
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure19.7bSelectedHealthIndicatorsby
Race/Ethnicity,Chinatown
LeadingCausesofDeath,
AverageAnnualRates,20062010
Asian
Rate*
Count
Cancer
136.4
70
DiseasesoftheHeart
62.3
45
CerebrovascularDisease
(Incl.Stroke)
44.9
29
Black
Rate*
Count
205.0
6
†
†
†
†
†
†
Latino
Rate*
Count
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
White
Rate*
Count
Cancer
222.9
30
DiseasesoftheHeart
175.3
21
Alzheimer'sDisease
58.7
6
DiseasesoftheHeart
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
†Notcalculated,n<5
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduring
dataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
256
HealthofBoston20122013
ChinatownNotes,DataSources,andDataAnalysis
Figure19.1a,19.1bPopulationbyAgeandSex,Chinatown,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure19.2TypeofHousehold,Chinatown,2010
NOTE:Thecensusdefinesafamilyhouseholdasoneinwhichatleastonepersonlivinginthehouse
holdisrelatedbybirth,marriage,oradoptiontothehouseholder(headofhousehold).
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure19.3FamilieswithIncomeBelowPovertyLevelbyFamilyType,Chinatown,20062010
NOTE:DataareestimatesbasedontheAmericanCommunitySurvey.Thedataonpovertystatusof
householdswerederivedfromanswerstoincomequestions.Sincepovertyisdefinedatthefamily
levelandnotthehouseholdlevel,thepovertystatusofthehouseholdisdeterminedbythepoverty
statusofthehouseholder.Householdsareclassifiedaspoorwhenthetotalincomeofthehouse
holder’sfamilyisbelowtheappropriatepovertythreshold.(Fornonfamilyhouseholders,theirown
incomeiscomparedwiththeappropriatethreshold.)Theincomeofpeoplelivinginthehouseholdwho
areunrelatedtothehouseholderisnotconsideredwhendeterminingthepovertystatusofahouse
hold,nordoestheirpresenceaffectthefamilysizeindeterminingtheappropriatethreshold.Thepov
ertythresholdsvarydependingonthreecriteria:sizeoffamily,numberofrelatedchildrenandfor1
and2personfamilies,ageofhouseholder.
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure19.4HousingTenure,Chinatown,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure19.5EducationalAttainment,Chinatown,20062010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure19.6a19.6cSelectedHealthIndicators,Chinatown
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,Mas
sachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartmentData
base,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealthInformationand
Analysis
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels:BostonPublicHealthCommissionOfficeofEnvironmentalHealth
ChlamydiaIncidence:MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth,STDDivision
HepatitisCIncidence:CommunicableDiseaseDatabase,BostonPublicHealthCommission,Communi
cableDiseaseControlDivision
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDiseaseHospitaliza
tions(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealthInforma
tionandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmer
gencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterfor
HealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,andSuicide:Bos
tonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
257
HealthofBoston20122013
LeadingCausesofDeath:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure19.7a,19.7bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,Chinatown
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:BostonResidentLiveBirths,Mas
sachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartmentData
base,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealthInformationand
Analysis
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDiseaseHospitaliza
tions(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealthInforma
tionandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmer
gencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterfor
HealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,Suicide,andLead
ingCausesofDeaths:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
258
HealthofBoston20122013
WestRoxbury
ȗ‘—–‘ˆ‡ƒ…Šƒ••‡–’”‡•‡–‡†‹’ƒ”‡–Š‡•‡•
Before1630,WestRoxburywashometotheWampanoagIndianTribe.Whenfirstinhabitedbythe
Puritans,WestRoxburywaspartofthetownofRoxburyandincludedtheneighborhoodsofRoslindale
andJamaicaPlain.In1851,WestRoxburybrokeawayfromRoxburyandformeditsowngovernment.
TheneighborhoodwasannexedbyBostonin1874.
In1841,BrookFarmwasestablishedbyTranscendentalistsinWestRoxburyasanexperimental
cooperativefarm.Itsmembersandregularvisitorsincludedmany19thcenturyprogressivewriters
andphilosophersincludingNathanielHawthorne,RalphWaldoEmerson,MargaretFuller,andHorace
Greeley.
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HealthofBoston20122013
Figure 20.1a Females by Age, West Roxbury,
2010
65 and over
19%
Under 18
19%
18 to 24
6%
45 to 64
28%
25 to 44
28%
Figure 20.1b Males by Age, West Roxbury,
2010
65 and over
14%
Under 18
24%
18 to 24
6%
45 to 64
28%
25 to 44
28%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,
AmericanFactFinder
Residentsages25to64accountedforoverhalf(56%)oftheWestRoxburypopulationin2010(data
notshown).Females25to44yearsofageaswellasthose45to64yearsofagewere28%ofthe
femalepopulation.Malesinthosesameagegroupsaccountedforthesamepercentagesasfemales.
260
HealthofBoston20122013
Percent of Households
within Household Type
Figure 20.2 Type of Household,
West Roxbury, 2010
45%
41
34
30%
18
15%
8
0%
Family
Household:
Married
Couple
Family
Nonf amily
Nonf amily
Household: Household: Household:
No Spouse Person Living Person Not
Present
Alone
Living Alone
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,
AmericanFactFinder
InWestRoxbury,59%ofhouseholdswerefamilyhouseholds.Thehighestpercentageofhouseholds
werefamilyhouseholdswithamarriedcouplepresent(41%).Thirtyfourpercentofhouseholds
consistedofpersonslivingalone.
Figure 20.3 Housing Tenure, West Roxbury,
2010
RenterOccupied
38%
OwnerOccupied
62%
DATASOURCE:Census2010,USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,American
FactFinder
InWestRoxbury,almosttwothirds(62%)ofoccupiedunitswereowneroccupied.
261
HealthofBoston20122013
Percent of Population
Ages 25+
Figure 20.4 Educational Attainment,
West Roxbury, 2006-2010
60%
48
40%
24
22
20%
6
0%
Less than
HS
Some College/
HS Diploma Diploma/GED Associate's
Degree
Bachelor's
Degree
or Higher
DATASOURCE:USCensusBureau,20062010AmericanCommunitySurvey
InWestRoxbury,48%ofthepopulationhadaBachelor’sdegreeorhigher,and24%ofthepopulation
hadahighschooldegree/GED.Lowerpercentagesofthepopulationhadeitherlessthanahighschool
diploma(6%)orsomecollege/Associate’sdegree(22%).
262
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure20.5aSelectedHealthIndicators,WestRoxbury
AverageAnnual
AnnualRates
1
Rates
SelectedHealthIndicators
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartment
Visits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels
(percentofchildrentesting
positive)
ChlamydiaIncidence
(per100,000residents)
HepatitisCIncidence
(per100,000residentsages
1525)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/Stabbing
EmergencyDepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
WR
BOSTON
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
2.7
20.1
6.1%
8.1%
7.0%
5.9%
6.2%
8.8%
NA
7.0%
9.3%
7.4%
8.8%
8.5%
8.0%
6.4%
9.9%
NA
8.2%
9.9%
—
15.7
13.2
6.9
13.8
10.0
n<7
10.3
31.5
1.0%
1.4%
1.0%
0.5%
1.1%
0.5%
0.7%
0.9%
1.4%
NA
NA
NA
NA
96.7
154.7
189.5
146.9
720.9
NA
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
78.3
45.7
9.9
10.1
8.2
9.2
8.7
8.2
8.6
9.0
11.2
1.1
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
0.8
1.4
1.1
2.3
2.0
1.7
2.1
1.6
1.9
2.1
2.1
1.9
2.5
n<7
n<7
0.4
n<7
n<7
n<7
n<7
0.3
0.9
36.7
49.9
46.9
25.3
25.3
34.5
NA
36.4
35.3
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
n<5
7.9
n<5
47.9
51.1
18.2
27.6
16.9
NA
28.7
33.9
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
NA
7.5
5.7
1
Combinesallyearsshownindividuallyfortheindicatorforwhichdataareavailable.
*Ageadjustedrates
—Datasuppressedtoprotectconfidentiality.
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
ShadedinredareneighborhoodratesorpercentagesthatarehigherthanthecorrespondingBostonrateorpercentageforthe
sameyear(s).
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindata
valuesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
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HealthofBoston20122013
Figure20.5bSelectedHealthIndicator,WestRoxbury
SelectedHealthIndicator
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
RollingAverages
BOSTON
20022007 20032008 20042009 20052010 20052010
2.5
2.1
2.1
2.6
5.8
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,somechanges
Indatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
Figure20.5cSelectedHealthIndicators,
WestRoxbury
LeadingCausesofDeath,
20052010
Cancer
Rate*
Count
2005 178.6
68
2006 200.3
70
2007 173.2
66
2008 165.2
59
2009 184.4
70
2010 199.1
74
WR20052010 183.5
407
BOS20052010 181.4
5,678
DiseasesoftheHeart
Rate*
Count
2005 178.3
70
2006 151.0
63
2007 176.1
70
2008 154.6
66
2009 151.5
61
2010 127.8
56
WR20052010 156.6
386
BOS20052010 152.0
4,831
CerebrovascularDisease
Rate*
Count
(Incl.Stroke)
2005
36.7
16
2006
49.9
21
2007
46.9
22
2008
25.3
11
2009
25.3
11
2010
34.5
14
WR20052010
36.4
95
BOS20052010
35.3
1,116
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Shadedinredareneighborhoodratesthatarehigherthanthe
correspondingBostonrateforthesameyear(s).
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccur
duringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
264
HealthofBoston20122013
Figure20.6SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,WestRoxbury
SelectedAdult
SurveyHealth
Indicators
2001
CigaretteSmoking
Percent
15%
CI (6.024.3)
RegularPhysical
Activity
Percent
49%
CI (35.462.0)
Asthma
Percent
10%
CI (1.618.8)
Diabetes
Percent
*
CI
Obesity
Percent
15%
CI (6.723.6)
PersistentSadness
Percent
*
CI
PercentageofAdultResidentsandConfidenceIntervals(CI)
2003
2005
2006
2008
2010
BOSTON2010
20%
15%
10%
16%
15%
(6.832.9) (6.823.7) (5.614.2) (8.423.7) (8.720.4)
16%
(14.017.3)
59%
56%
54%
55%
53%
(43.174.2) (45.665.6) (45.662.4) (46.663.9) (44.661.5)
57%
(54.759.3)
*
4%
(0.58.5)
12%
11%
14%
7%
(5.917.9) (6.516.1) (7.320.4) (3.411.0)
10%
(4.214.8)
4%
(1.55.7)
7%
(3.510.6)
6%
(2.88.4)
13%
13%
13%
23%
24%
(1.323.8) (7.519.4) (7.718.8) (15.231.1) (15.732.4)
*
4%
(0.86.3)
8%
7%
9%
(3.613.4) (3.610.8) (3.315.4)
11%
(9.512.4)
6%
(5.47.0)
21%
(18.922.7)
9%
(8.110.7)
*Insufficientsamplesize
DATASOURCE:BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurvey,2001,2003,2005,2006,2008,and2010,BostonBehavioralRiskFactorSurveillance
System(BBRFSS),BostonPublicHealthCommission
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HealthofBoston20122013
Figure20.7aSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,WestRoxbury
SelectedHealthIndicators
Years
AverageAnnualRates
Asian Black Latino White
AdolescentBirthRate
(per1,000femalesages1517)
LowBirthWeightBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
PretermBirths
(percentoflivebirths)
InfantDeaths
(per1,000livebirths)
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits
(per1,000childrenunderage5)
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
DiabetesHospitalizations*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke)*
(per1,000residents)
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergency
DepartmentVisits*
(per1,000residents)
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths
(Incl.Stroke)*
(per100,000residents)
Homicide*
(per100,000residents)
SubstanceAbuseDeaths*
(per100,000residents)
Suicide*
(per100,000residents)
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
20082010
7.7%
5.8% 13.9% 6.3%
20082010
7.7%
8.5% 13.0% 7.4%
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
20082011
n<7
25.6
30.4
4.5
20102011
5.7
15.4
7.8
8.0
20092011
n<7
2.5
2.7
1.0
20092011
1.7
2.5
1.8
2.0
20092011
n<7
n<7
n<7
0.2
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
36.3
2010
n<5
n<5
n<5
n<5
20092010
n<5
n<5
n<5
22.7
20092010
n<5
n<5
n<5
10.4
*Ageadjustedrates
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Birthanddeathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Untildataarefinal,
somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduringdataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
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HealthofBoston20122013
Figure20.7bSelectedHealthIndicatorsby
Race/Ethnicity,WestRoxbury
LeadingCausesofDeath,
AverageAnnualRates,20062010
Asian
Rate*
Count
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
†
Black
Rate*
Count
DiseasesoftheHeart
183.1
17
Cancer
161.8
16
†
†
†
Latino
Rate*
Count
63.6
5
†
†
†
†
†
†
White
Rate*
Count
Cancer
197.9
313
DiseasesoftheHeart
157.9
294
CerebrovascularDisease
(Incl.Stroke)
37.8
74
Cancer
*Ageadjustedratesper100,000residents
†
Notcalculated,n<5
Graytextrepresentsratesbasedoncountslessthan20andshouldbe
interpretedwithcaution.
Blacktextrepresentsratesbasedoncountsofatleast20.
Deathdatafor2010arepreliminaryandshouldbeinterpretedwith
caution.Untildataarefinal,somechangesindatavaluesmayoccurduring
dataqualityprocesses.
Fordatasourceinformationseeendofsection.
267
HealthofBoston20122013
WestRoxburyNotes,DataSources,andDataAnalysis
Figure20.1a,20.1bPopulationbyAgeandSex,WestRoxbury,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure20.2TypeofHousehold,WestRoxbury,2010
NOTE:Thecensusdefinesafamilyhouseholdasoneinwhichatleastonepersonlivinginthe
householdisrelatedbybirth,marriage,oradoptiontothehouseholder(headofhousehold).
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure20.3HousingTenure,WestRoxbury,2010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure20.4EducationalAttainment,WestRoxbury,20062010
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure20.5a20.5cSelectedHealthIndicators,WestRoxbury
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:Bostonresidentlivebirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
ElevatedBloodLeadLevels:BostonPublicHealthCommissionOfficeofEnvironmentalHealth
ChlamydiaIncidence:MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth,STDDivision
HepatitisCIncidence:CommunicableDiseaseDatabase,BostonPublicHealthCommission,
CommunicableDiseaseControlDivision
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,andSuicide:
BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
LeadingCausesofDeath:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
Figure20.6SelectedAdultSurveyHealthIndicators,WestRoxbury
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
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HealthofBoston20122013
Figure20.7a,20.7bSelectedHealthIndicatorsbyRace/Ethnicity,WestRoxbury
DATASOURCES:
AdolescentBirthRate,LowBirthWeightBirths,andPretermBirths:Bostonresidentlivebirths,
MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
InfantDeaths:BostonResidentLiveBirthsandDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
AsthmaEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisitsidentifiedamongthree
databases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospitalEmergencyDepartment
Database,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
HeartDiseaseHospitalizations,DiabetesHospitalizations,andCerebrovascularDisease
Hospitalizations(Incl.Stroke):InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,MassachusettsCenterforHealth
InformationandAnalysis
NonfatalGunshot/StabbingEmergencyDepartmentVisits:HospitalEmergencyDepartmentVisits
identifiedamongthreedatabases:InpatientHospitalDischargeDatabase,OutpatientHospital
EmergencyDepartmentDatabase,andOutpatientHospitalObservationDatabase,Massachusetts
CenterforHealthInformationandAnalysis
CerebrovascularDiseaseDeaths(Incl.Stroke),Homicide,SubstanceAbuseDeaths,Suicide,and
LeadingCausesofDeaths:BostonResidentDeaths,MassachusettsDepartmentofPublicHealth
DATAANALYSIS:BostonPublicHealthCommissionResearchandEvaluationOffice
269
HealthofBoston20122013
Š‹•’ƒ‰‡‹•‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›„ŽƒǤ
270
Health of Boston 2012 - 2013
TECHNICAL NOTES
Rates
Population
Racial and Ethnic Designations
Age-Adjusted Rate
International Classification of Disease (ICD)
Boston Neighborhoods
Maps
U.S. Census Poverty Designation
Rates (Also See Age-Adjusted Rate)
A rate is a measure of a type of event, disease, or condition occurring among a population per unit(s) of
time, for instance, the number of deaths due to heart disease per 100,000 population for a given year
or across multiple years. Three types of rates are presented in this report: crude rates, age-specific
rates (ASRs), and age-adjusted rates (AARs).
Most health indicator rates in this report are based on the primary diagnosis only. Nonfatal assaultrelated gunshot/stabbing emergency department visits and substance abuse death rates are based on
consideration of multiple levels of diagnosis.
The population denominators used in calculating health indicator rates are from the 2010 U.S. Census
and are used for rates for single years, such as 2010 as well as for rates of combined years such as
2009-2010. Rates in this report cannot be compared to previous Health of Boston reports since
those rates were calculated based on population denominators from the 2000 U.S. Census.
Crude rates are used to present data pertaining to the entire population, such as all of Boston, or to
present data pertaining to an entire group within a population, such as all males or females. A crude
rate is calculated by dividing the number of events for the entire population by the total population. It
is usually calculated on the basis of every 100,000 people or, in the case of birth rates, every 1,000
females of childbearing age.
Age-specific rates (ASRs) take into account the size of a specific age group within a population, for
example, 15-24 year old females. ASRs enable the reader to compare different groups without being
concerned that differences in observed health status are due to differences in the sizes of the
underlying specific age group population. An ASR is calculated by dividing the number of events
among people in an age group by the number of people in that age group. ASRs for deaths and for
communicable diseases are usually calculated on the basis of every 100,000 people.
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Health of Boston 2012 - 2013
Age-adjusted rates (AARs) are used to present data for comparison among two or more populations,
such as Boston neighborhoods, in which distribution of age may differ considerably. The calculation for
AARs takes into account the differences at various levels of the age distribution and adjusts for them.
An AAR is derived by: (1) calculating age-specific rates across all age groups (2) applying the population
distribution of the2000 U.S. standard population to the age-specific rates, (3) summing the adjusted
age-specific rates. In Health of Boston: A Neighborhood Focus 2012-2013, AARs are mainly used for
presentation of Boston death and hospital data.
New cases of a communicable disease such as hepatitis C and Chlamydia are presented as incidence
rates, which may be age-specific or crude. In this report, hepatitis C and Chlamydia incidence rates are
presented as crude rates. Incidence rates are usually reported on the basis of every 100,000 people
per year.
Population
Two types of population statistics are used in this report. The first type is the census of the population
taken every ten years by the federal government, a literal count of people living in the United States.
The second type is population estimates made by the U.S. Census Bureau. Data from the 2010 U.S.
Census are presented in the Boston and Neighborhood Demographic and Socioeconomic sections in
Health of Boston: A Neighborhood Focus 2012-2013.
The national decennial census provides the best actual count of the U.S. population. It presents data
to the level of small areas called census tracts, which may have only a few thousand residents, to larger
areas such as zip codes. Census tracts or zip codes can be combined to permit Boston neighborhoodlevel analyses. Zip-code based populations from the 2010 U.S. Census were used in calculating the
rates of infectious diseases, sexually transmitted infections, hospitalizations, and emergency
department visits presented in this report. Census tract based populations from the 2010 U.S. Census
were used in calculating birth and death rates.
Population estimates are developed by the U.S. Census Bureau based on the American Community
Survey (ACS). The year-to-year results are designed to take into account in- and out-migration and
other changes occurring in the population between census years. Estimates, by their nature, are less
precise than population census data. Because they have resulted from a sample, estimates present
with a margin of error that seeks to describe their level of accuracy. Margins of error need be
considered when making any comparisons among estimate data. In Health of Boston: A Neighborhood
Focus 2012-2013, ACS estimates are used in the Demographic and Socioeconomic sections for Boston
overall and Boston neighborhoods. Though corresponding margins of error are not presented with
these estimates, differences cited reflect statistical significance at the 95% confidence level.
Additionally, socioeconomic estimates with coefficients of variation equal to or greater than 30% have
not been included. For more information on the treatment of ACS estimates within this report, please
contact the Boston Public Health Commission Research and Evaluation Office.
Racial and Ethnic Designations
All racial and ethnic designations are self-reported, except those from the death certificates, some
hospital discharge data, and some emergency department data.
Several cautions should be kept in mind when using data reported by race/ethnicity. Race and
ethnicity are social constructions, not biological facts. There is often more genetic variation between
members of the same race than between members of different races. In addition, the meanings of
these designations are highly subject to historical, cultural, and political forces. Not only do these
designations change over time, but there is also a very subjective element that influences who is
272
Health of Boston 2012 - 2013
considered a member of one group or another. The concept of race can be notably vague: the term
"Black," for example, includes people describing themselves as African American, African, or Caribbean,
groups with distinct histories and differing health risks.
Nevertheless, racial designations are useful in that they are nearly universally used by people in the
United States to describe themselves, and they permit us to identify and address health inequities that
exist across racial and ethnic groups.
Boston-specific data in this report are presented for each racial and ethnic subgroup when numbers
are large enough to allow calculation of percentages or reliable rates. In this report, percentages and
rates with counts of less than 20 have been calculated but those results should be interpreted with
caution. Few sources have data in large enough numbers to allow presentation of data about smaller
groups such as the many ethnicities included in the category "Asian."
Since Latinos can be of any race, federal data sources often report Latino persons within the race
categories Black or White. In Health of Boston: A Neighborhood Focus 2012-2013, this was done for
data presented in the socioeconomic sections by race/ethnicity but Latino ethnicity was also included
alongside other racial/ethnic groups. Prior to 2008, Massachusetts' hospitalization and emergency
department visits data by race/ethnicity was subject to variation in reporting practices by hospitals.
Also, because of changes made by the U.S. Census Bureau in the collection and reporting of population
data by race/ethnicity, comparing 1990 U.S. Census population data by race/ethnicity with 2000 or
2010 U.S. Census population data by race/ethnicity is discouraged.
Age-Adjusted Rate (Also see Rates)
The age-adjusted rate (AAR) is a calculation that adjusts for the differences in age distribution when
comparing populations. It can be used for calculating death rates and hospitalization rates. An ageadjusted death rate is calculated by applying a standard population age distribution (i.e., the 2000
standard U.S. population) to the age-specific death rates in a population, summing the adjusted agespecific rates, and multiplying by 100,000.
An age-adjusted hospitalization rate is calculated by applying the year 2000 standard U.S. population
age distribution to the age-specific hospitalization rates for a given population and then summing the
adjusted age-specific rates. Hospitalization rates are typically presented per 1,000 population.
International Classification of Disease (ICD)
The causes of death used in describing specific death rates are based on The International Classification
of Disease (ICD) which is a coding system developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and 10
international centers. The ICD system standardizes medical terms used on death certificates and
groups them for statistical purposes. Death data from death certificates are coded using ICD-10. The
change from ICD-9 to ICD-10 became effective with 1999 death data which means that causes of death
classified according to ICD-10 are not precisely comparable to causes of death classified according to
ICD-9.
The International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) is used for
categorizing and classifying morbidity data from inpatient and outpatient records of hospitals.
Boston Neighborhoods
Neighborhoods can be identified in a number of ways. In Health of Boston: A Neighborhood Focus
2012-2013, zip codes and census tracts are used to identify neighborhood boundaries since this
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Health of Boston 2012 - 2013
information is often collected with health data. Please note that the census tract and zip code
neighborhood definitions used in this report may differ from what are used by other organizations and
agencies.
The choice to utilize census tract or zip code based neighborhood definitions was driven by what the
data source would accommodate: census-tract based neighborhood definitions were used for
neighborhood-level demographic, socioeconomic, birth, and death data whereas zip code-based
neighborhood definitions were used for neighborhood-level hospitalization, hospital emergency
department visit, and infectious disease data.
The census tracts and zip codes used in this report for identifying neighborhoods are those from the
2010 U.S. Census (see below). In previous Health of Boston reports, the census tracts and zip codes
were from the 2000 U.S. Census. Because Boston's census tract and zip code definitions and
population totals changed from 2000 to 2010, the overall Boston and neighborhood rates included in
this report should not be compared to those in previous Health of Boston reports.
Neighborhood
Census Tracts
Zip Codes
Allston/Brighton
1.0-8.03
02134, 02135, 02163
Back Bay (Back Bay,
Downtown, West End,
North End)
101.03-101.04, 106-108.02,
201.01-203.03, 301-305,
9815.01, 9817
02108-02110, 02113-02114,
02116, 02199
301-305
02113
Charlestown
401-408.01
02129
East Boston
501-512, 9813, 9816
02128
Fenway
102.03-105
02115, 02215
Hyde Park
1401.02-1404, 9807
02136
Jamaica Plain
1201.03-1207, 0812, 9810,
9818
02130
Mattapan
1010.01-1011.02
02126
North Dorchester
901-924, 9803
02121, 02125
Roslindale
1101.03-1106.07
02131
Roxbury
801-811, 813-821
02119, 02120
South Boston
601.01-612, 9812.01, 9812.02
02127, 02210
South Dorchester
1001-1009, 9811
02122, 02124
South End (includes
Chinatown)
701-702, 703, 704, 705712.01
02111, 02118
701-702,704
02111
1301-1304.06
02132
North End (only)
Chinatown (only)
West Roxbury
A map showing neighborhoods by census tracts and a map showing neighborhoods by zip codes are
available at the end of this section.
274
Health of Boston 2012 - 2013
Maps
In addition to community asset maps for Boston neighborhoods which display some major resources
available in each neighborhood, this year's report also includes several neighborhood maps to
supplement selected demographic and health indicator data provided in various sections of the report.
The maps serve as a visual representation of birth outcomes, chronic disease mortality, chronic disease
hospitalizations, substance abuse, and suicide among Boston neighborhoods.
U.S. Census Poverty Designation
There are two predominant definitions of poverty. One is defined by the U.S. Census Bureau and
referred to as "poverty thresholds," and the other is defined by the Department of Health and Human
Services and referred to as "poverty guidelines." The poverty definition used for data presented in
poverty-related charts in Health of Boston: A Neighborhood Focus 2012-2013 is that of the U.S. Bureau
of the Census. Poverty estimates are derived from the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community
Survey (ACS) for 2010. Poverty estimates for Boston neighborhoods are derived from the U.S. Census
Bureau, 2006-2010 American Community Survey.
The U.S. Census Bureau's definition of poverty is a federal definition characterized by a series of
"poverty thresholds" which specify before-taxes, monetary income maximums, in dollars, an individual
and/or family can earn in a given year and still be declared impoverished. This definition is based on
same household of residence and takes into account family size and whether or not any members in
one or two-person familial units are over the age of 65. It does not include any income that may have
been generated through federal financial assistance programs, capital gains, or from children under the
age of 15; foster children are not included in the calculations.
Starting in 1969, poverty thresholds have been modified annually to account for inflation according to
rates specified by the Consumer Price Index. Poverty thresholds are not adjusted for regional
differences in mean/median income levels, nor do they include prison inmates, residents of nursing
homes, students who live in on-campus university housing, and persons who live in military barracks;
however, persons living in shelters are included.
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ABBREVIATIONS KEY: A/B=Allston/Brighton, BB=Back Bay (includes Beacon Hill, Downtown, the North End, and the West End), CH=Charlestown, EB=East Boston,
FW=Fenway, HP=Hyde Park, JP=Jamaica Plain, MT=Mattapan, ND=North Dorchester, RS=Roslindale, RX=Roxbury, SB=South Boston, SD=South Dorchester, SE=South End
(includes Chinatown), and WR=West Roxbury
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ABBREVIATIONS KEY: A/B=Allston/Brighton, BB=Back Bay (includes Beacon Hill, Downtown, the North End, and the West End), CH=Charlestown, EB=East Boston,
FW=Fenway, HP=Hyde Park, JP=Jamaica Plain, MT=Mattapan, ND=North Dorchester, RS=Roslindale, RX=Roxbury, SB=South Boston, SD=South Dorchester, SE=South End
(includes Chinatown), and WR=West Roxbury
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DATA SOURCES AND LIMITATIONS
American Community Survey, 2010, and 2006-2010, U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census
Bureau, Population Division, Population Estimates Program.
The American Community Survey (ACS) uses a sample of the population to provide information about
demographic, housing, and socioeconomic characteristics of communities for the years between
censuses. People who live in households, students, and those in institutions or other group quarters
(e.g. jails, college dormitories, and nursing homes) are sampled. In addition to single year estimates,
Health of Boston: A Neighborhood Focus 2012-2013 presents some 5-year estimates (2006-2010)
where indicated.
The ACS results used in describing the Boston population are subject to the limitations common to all
surveys. Samples produce estimates that can never be as precise as tabulations of the whole
population. Other kinds of errors can further affect the precision of estimates, and nonrandom (or
systematic) error has the potential to bias findings.
Births, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Center for Health Information, Statistics,
Research, and Evaluation, Division of Research and Epidemiology, Registry of Vital Records and
Statistics.
The recording of resident live births is nearly complete for Massachusetts resident births, including
those that take place at home or out of state but to Massachusetts residents.
Race/ethnicity is self-reported by the mother. Infants are assigned their mother's race/ethnicity, not a
combination of both parents' race/ethnicity.
Boston Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BBRFSS), Boston Public Health Commission
The Boston Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BBRFSS) is a system of telephone health
surveys of adults ages 18 and over that collects information on health risk behaviors, preventive health
practices, and health care access primarily related to chronic disease and injury.
The Boston Public Health Commission conducts an independent survey every other year modeled after
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
(BRFSS) survey. Over time, the survey has been modified by the Commission to be more reflective of
health risk behaviors specific to the Boston population. However, the Boston Behavior Risk Factor
Surveillance System (BBRFSS) survey has maintained many standard core questions included in the
BRFSS used by the State. Results from the survey are used by the Commission to plan and implement
health initiatives; to identify health problems within a population; to identify racial/ethnic disparities in
access to and utilization of health care, in risk behaviors, and selected health conditions; to establish
and monitor health objectives; to support health-related legislative activities; to evaluate disease
prevention activities and programs, and to assist in receiving grants and other funding.
Census 2010, U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, American Fact Finder.
The U.S. census is conducted every ten years. Census 2010 data were used in the calculation of rates
for 2005 forward in Health of Boston: A Neighborhood Focus 2012-2013. Since the population data
used for these rates is the same from year to year, the impact of actual year to year population
changes on rates during the time period 2005 through 2009 or 2010 is largely unknown. As a result,
observed rate changes over time may to some extent reflect actual changes in the underlying
population. Additionally, undercounts of certain subpopulations may occur when people, for example,
undocumented immigrants, avoid being recorded in the census for fear of contact with the
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government or for other reasons. Because U.S. Census 2010 population data were used in the
calculation of rates in this report, rates in previous Health of Boston reports are not comparable.
The collection and coding of race and ethnicity data has changed significantly over time. Hispanic
ethnicity was not asked until 1930, and then was limited to Mexican ancestry. It was collected in 1940
for all Hispanics/Latinos, but not again until 1970, and then only in samples, not in the count of the
whole population. Beginning in 1980, Hispanic origin has been a regular part of the data collection. The
capacity to distinguish race groups from Hispanic/Latino origin was not built into the census until 1980.
See Race and Ethnicity section in Technical Notes for additional information.
Deaths, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Center for Health Information, Statistics,
Research, and Evaluation, Division of Research and Epidemiology, Registry of Vital Records and
Statistics.
Death data used by the Boston Public Health Commission pertain only to Boston residents.
Death records are completed with the assistance of an informant, typically a family member or funeral
director, which may result in errors (for example, in race/ethnicity reporting) that would not occur in
self-reported data.
Inconsistencies in the recording of immediate cause of death, intervening causes, and the underlying
cause of death have been documented nationally. Such inconsistencies may result in under- or overreporting of certain causes. Death data are embargoed until after public release by the Massachusetts
Department of Public Health, approximately 14 months after the close of the data year.
Death due to homicide as reported by the Boston Police Department (not included in this report)
applies to any homicide that occurs in Boston without regard to the actual city of residence of the
deceased. As a result, the number of homicides reported by the Boston Public Health Commission (i.e.,
Boston resident homicides) will likely differ from those reported by the Boston Police Department.
Inpatient Hospital Discharge Database, Massachusetts Center for Health Information and Analysis
(formerly Massachusetts Division of Health Care Finance and Policy).
The inpatient hospital discharge data included in this report do not represent individuals but rather
discharges from Massachusetts hospitals.
Prior to 2007, the collection of race/ethnicity information varied by reporting hospital. Some hospitals
requested self-reported information from patients who were hospitalized while others had staff report
patient race/ethnicity. Due to changes in reporting practices, race/ethnicity data for 2007, 2008, 2009,
and 2010 cannot be compared to data for previous years.
Infectious Diseases, Boston Public Health Commission, Communicable Disease Control Division.
Data from communicable disease surveillance systems are limited by the degree to which people with
a condition seek health care that results in testing and reporting to the system. Many such diseases
are asymptomatic or mild, or are treated presumptively without formal testing, and for some
conditions, reporting may be less than complete. All of these factors may contribute to underestimates
of the frequency of disease and/or distortions in the pattern of disease seen in the reported data.
Lead Screening, Boston Public Health Commission, Environmental Health, Boston Childhood Lead
Poisoning Prevention Program.
Massachusetts law requires annual mandatory screening of children between 6 and 48 months of age.
The Boston Public Health Commission Lead Poisoning Prevention Program conducts annual screening
of Boston children 72 months of age or under.
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The elevated blood lead level data reported in this report are solely related to those children who are
screened. The guidelines used for diagnosing elevated blood lead levels in children were changed
earlier this year. See Technical Notes.
Observational Stay Discharge Database, Massachusetts Center for Health Information and Analysis
(formerly Massachusetts Division of Health Care Finance and Policy).
The observational stay data included in this report do not represent individuals but rather discharges
from Massachusetts hospital observational stay settings.
Prior to 2007, the collection of race/ethnicity information varied by reporting hospital. Some hospitals
requested self-reported information from patients who were hospitalized while others had staff report
patient race/ethnicity. Due to changes in reporting practices, race/ethnicity data for 2007, 2008, 2009,
and 2010 cannot be compared to data for previous years.
Outpatient Hospital Emergency Department Database, Massachusetts Center for Health Information
and Analysis (formerly Massachusetts Division of Health Care Finance and Policy).
The outpatient hospital emergency department data presented in Health of Boston: A Neighborhood
Focus 2012-2013 represents visits not individuals. As with hospital discharge and observational stay
data, unduplicated counts of individuals using emergency department services are not available in this
report.
Of note, emergency department visit data (e.g., nonfatal assault-related gunshot and stabbing wounds)
result from an aggregation of patient data across three databases representing each of the three
hospital settings from which a patient seen in the emergency department may be ultimately
discharged from hospital care (i.e., hospital inpatient, observational stay, and outpatient hospital
emergency department). The aggregated total represents an unduplicated count of emergency
department visits.
Prior to 2007, the collection of race/ethnicity information varied by reporting hospital. Some hospitals
requested self-reported information from patients who had hospital emergency visits while others had
staff report patient race/ethnicity. Due to changes in reporting practices, race/ethnicity data for 2007,
2008, 2009, and 2010 cannot be compared to data for previous years.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis), Massachusetts Department of
Public Health, Center for Clinical and Laboratory Services, Division of Sexually Transmitted Disease
(STD) Prevention.
New cases of Chlamydia, syphilis and gonorrhea infection are reported to the Massachusetts
Department of Public Health by diagnosing physicians and laboratories. Undiagnosed cases and
variations in screening practices and compliance with reporting requirements may influence the
accuracy of reported sexually transmitted diseases. Due to changes in case identification practices,
counts and rates of sexually transmitted diseases, such as Chlamydia, presented in Health of Boston: A
Neighborhood Focus 2012-2013 cannot be compared to data in Health of Boston reports prior to 2011.
Youth Risk Behavioral Surveillance System (YRBSS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) is a system of national school-based surveys
conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) every other year among public high
school students in grades 9-12. It is currently conducted in 44 states and 22 cities. The survey contains
questions related to risk behaviors such as unintentional injuries and violence, alcohol and drug use,
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tobacco use, and sexual behavior; unhealthy eating behaviors, physical inactivity; and the prevalence
of obesity and asthma.
The Boston Public Health Commission uses results from the YRBSS to identify the prevalence of health
risk behaviors among Boston youth, identify racial/ethnic disparities, plan and implement health
initiatives, support health-related legislative activities, assist in obtaining grants and other funding, and
other activities.
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GLOSSARY
This glossary provides the reader with definitions of terms commonly used throughout this report.
Adolescent Births: In this report, adolescent births are considered births to females ages 15-17.
However, some other organizations and agencies consider adolescent births as births to females ages
15-19.
Age-Adjusted Rate (AAR): Used to present data for comparison among several populations, such as
Boston neighborhoods, in which distribution of age can differ considerably. The calculation for AARs
takes into account the differences in age distribution and adjusts for them. The age-adjusted rate of
one group can then be compared to the age-adjusted rate of another group with confidence that
differences in the rates of the two areas or groups likely do not stem from differences in the age
structure of their underlying populations. See Technical Notes for additional information.
Age-Specific Rate (ASR): The number of events such as deaths or cases of disease experienced by
individuals within a specified population age group per the total number of individuals within the
specified population age group during a specified time period (e.g., per year).
Age-Specific Birth Rate: The number of live births to women in an age group divided by the female
population of that age group, expressed per 1,000 females in that age group.
Alzheimer’s Disease: A degenerative brain disease that is progressive, irreversible and ultimately fatal.
It affects memory, thinking, and language skills slowly destroying them. Individuals with Alzheimer’s
disease eventually also have behavioral problems and an inability to perform normal daily activities. In
this report, ICD-10 codes G30, G30.0, G30.1, G30.8, G30.9 are used to identify deaths from Alzheimer’s
Disease for analysis.
Asian: All persons self-identified as Asian or Pacific Islander (e.g., Chinese, Japanese, Hawaiians,
Cambodians, Vietnamese, Asian Indians, and Filipinos) who do not also identify themselves as Latino.
Asthma: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition defined by sudden periodic attacks of difficulty in
breathing accompanied by wheezing caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes.
Asthma Emergency Department Visits: Emergency department visits for children under age 5 in this
report were identified among three databases from the Massachusetts Center for Health Information
and Analysis (formerly Massachusetts Division of Health Care Finance and Policy): Inpatient Hospital
Discharge Database, Outpatient Emergency Department Database, and Outpatient Hospital
Observation Database. ICD-9-CM code 493 was used to identify asthma-related cases.
Boston Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BBRFSS): See Data Sources and Limitations and
Technical Notes sections of this report.
Birth Weight: The weight of an infant at the time of delivery. It may be recorded in either grams or
pounds/ounces. If recorded in pounds/ounces, it is converted to grams for use in this report based on
the following formula: 1 pound = 453.6 grams; 1,000 grams = 2 pounds and 3 ounces.
Black: All persons self-identified as Black (e.g., African Americans, Haitians, West Indians) who do not
also identify themselves as Latino.
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Blood Lead Levels: The amount of lead in micrograms per deciliter, detected in the blood during finger
stick screening or venous confirmation blood tests. Elevated blood level in children has been identified
by the detection of lead ≥10 micrograms per deciliter (≥10 μg/dL).
Body Mass Index (BMI): BMI is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kilograms by his or her
height in meters squared (kg/m2); a measure of the appropriateness of weight in relation to height and
allows for categorization of people into weight classes. This calculation is used to screen and monitor
populations in order to detect risks of health or nutritional disorders. BMI is used differently with
children than with adults and is plotted according to age and sex-specific charts. The BMI cut points for
adults are as follows:
Overweight
BMI of 25.0 to 29.9
Obese
BMI of 30.0 or more
Cancer: A term used to describe diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and can
spread to other parts of the body. Cancer is a leading cause of death. According to the National
Cancer Institute, there are more than 100 different types of cancer. In this report, ICD-10 codes C00C97 are used to identify cancer deaths for analysis.
Census 2010: The count of the entire American population undertaken by the U.S. Census Bureau in
2010.
Cerebrovascular Disease: A group of brain dysfunctions (including stroke) related to the disease of the
blood vessels supplying the brain. ICD-9-CM codes 430-438 are used to identify hospitalizations and
ICD-10 codes I60-I69 are used to identify deaths due to cerebrovascular disease.
Chlamydia: A sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. About
half of infected men and three-quarters of infected women have no symptoms. Chlamydia can
permanently damage a woman's reproductive organs if not treated promptly.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Diseases including bronchitis, asthma, emphysema,
and allergies from inhaled organic dust particles, which decrease the ability of the lungs to oxygenate
the blood. The major cause of COPD is smoking. ICD-10 codes J40-J47 are used in identifying COPD
deaths, and ICD-9-CM codes 490-496 are used in identifying COPD hospitalizations for analysis.
Codes (hospital and death): The hospitalization codes used are from the International Classification of
Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). The cause-of-death codes are from the
International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10). ICD-9-CM and ICD10 are products of the
World Health Organization (WHO).
Community Assets: Community assets are the resources that improve the quality of community life and
provide a healthier environment for residents.
Confidence Interval: A range of values based on a chosen probability level within which the true value
of a population parameter is likely found. With a 95% confidence interval, one can assume the true
value has a high probability of being contained within the interval (i.e., falling between the two values
that define the end points of the interval).
Crude Rates: A crude rate is calculated by dividing the number of events for the entire population by
the total population. It is usually calculated on the basis of every 100,000 people. Crude rates are used
to present data pertaining to the entire population, such as all of Boston, or to present data pertaining
to an entire group within a population, such as all males or females. Also see the Technical Notes
section of this report.
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Death Rate: The number of deaths per year per 100,000 people. This can be presented as an agespecific rate, crude rate, or age-adjusted rate.
Demographics: The statistical study of characteristics of human populations and of population
distributions such as age, sex, and race/ethnicity.
Diabetes: Diabetes Mellitus is a group of diseases in which the body cannot effectively regulate blood
glucose (sugar) due to deficiencies in producing or utilizing a hormone called insulin. ICD-9-CM code
250 is used to identify hospitalizations due to diabetes for the purpose of analysis. Due to this change
in diagnostic code used in identifying diabetes hospitalizations and the use of population from the
2010 U.S. Census, counts and rates cannot be compared to hospitalization data presented in previous
Health of Boston reports.
Diseases of the Heart: A class of diseases that involves the heart and/or blood vessels. ICD-10 codes
I10-I25, I26-I28, I30, I31, I33, I34-I38, I40, I42, I44-I45, I46, I47-I51, and I70-I99 are used to identify
deaths.
Emergency Department Visits: See Hospital Emergency Department Visits.
Heart Disease: A group of conditions, that includes valve and conductive disorders as well as
hypertensive diseases. ICD-9-CM codes 391-398, 402, 404, 410 -416, 420-429 are used in identifying
heart disease hospitalizations.
Hepatitis C: A viral disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that leads to swelling of the liver.
Hispanic: See Latino.
Homeless: The federal government defines “homeless” to mean (1) an individual who lacks a fixed,
regular, and adequate night-time residence; or (2) an individual who has a primary night-time
residence that is (i) a supervised publicly or privately operated shelter designed to provide temporary
living accommodations (including welfare hotels, congregate shelters, and transitional housing for the
mentally ill); (ii) an institution that provides a temporary residence for individuals intended to be
institutionalized; or (iii) a public or private place not designed for, or ordinarily used as, a regular
sleeping accommodation for human beings. This term does not include any individual imprisoned or
otherwise detained under an Act of Congress or a state law.
Homicide: A death intentionally caused by a person other than the deceased. ICD-10 codes X85-Y09
and Y87.1 are used in identifying homicides for analysis.
Hospital Emergency Department Visits: Visits to acute care hospital emergency departments for care.
Emergency department visit data (e.g., nonfatal assault-related gunshot and stabbing wounds) result
from an aggregation of patient data across three databases representing each of the three hospital
settings from which a patient seen in the emergency department may be ultimately discharged (i.e.,
hospital inpatient, observational stay, and outpatient hospital emergency department). The
aggregated total represents an unduplicated count of emergency department visits.
Hospitalization: A patient’s continuous stay of one night or more in the hospital for observation, care,
diagnosis, or treatment before being released by the hospital, or before death. Hospitalization data
presented in this report represents only hospitalizations from acute, short-stay, non-federal hospitals.
Incidence: The number of new cases of a particular disease over a period of time (usually a year) and
in relation to the population in which it occurs.
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Incidence Rates: Incidence rates are the number of new cases in a given time period divided by the
number of people at risk in the population at the beginning of the study. Incidence rates are usually
reported on the basis of every 100,000 people per year. New cases of a communicable disease, such as
hepatitis, are presented as an incidence rate, which may be age-specific or crude.
Infant Death Rate: The number of deaths under one year of age per 1,000 live births.
Infectious Diseases: Infectious diseases are illnesses resulting from the presence of pathogenic
microbial agents, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and prions. Transmission can occur from
one person or species to another.
Injury: Injury deaths include five categories: homicides, suicides, motor vehicle-related injuries,
(other) unintentional injuries, and “undetermined” injuries (for which it was not determined on the
death certificate whether the injury was intentional). The latter three categories are presented
together in this report (see Other Injury Deaths). ICD-10 codes are used for identifying the type of
injury that resulted in death. The determination of intent appearing on a death certificate or in
medical records is for purposes of medical record-keeping only. Visits to emergency departments,
clinics, hospitals, physician offices, and other outpatient facilities for treatment of injuries are
identified by type of injury using ICD-9-CM E-codes.
Insufficient Sample Size: In this report the phrase “insufficient sample size” is used on occasion when
certain data points are not presented. This occurs when survey data are stratified by population groups
and, as a result, there is not a large enough sample (number of survey respondents or recorded health
events) to allow the presentation of reliable point estimates. Data are also not presented if a sample
size is too low to protect the confidentiality of the respondents.
International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes:
Hospitalization data shown in this report are classified according to ICD-9-CM. This is the official
system of assigning codes to diagnoses and procedures associated with hospital utilization in the
United States.
International Classification of Disease, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes: Death data presented in this
report are classified according to the ICD-10, released by the World Health Organization in 2000 and
adopted by the United States National Center for Health Statistics (NHS), Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention.
Latino: Includes people of any race (Asian, Black, White, or Other) self-identified as Hispanic or Latino
(such as Puerto Rican, Mexican, Cuban, Spanish, or Dominican).
Lead Screening: The measurement of blood lead levels in children to identify those who have been
exposed to toxic levels of environmental lead. In Boston, annual screening of children between 6 and
48 months of age is mandatory. Also see Blood Lead Levels.
Low Birth Weight (LBW): Birth weight of less than 2,500 grams (5 pounds, 8 ounces).
Micrograms per Deciliter (μg/dL): A measurement unit for level of lead in a measured quantity of
blood: a billionth of a gram in a tenth of a liter. As of May 2012, children with blood lead levels
of 5 μg/dL or higher are considered to have elevated blood lead levels. Previously 10 μg/dL or higher
was the measurement used.
Mortality: Death, or the relative frequency of death per unit of population in a specific time period.
NA: A notation used to indicate that no data was available for this indicator.
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n<5: A notation used to indicate that for this health indicator there were fewer than five occurrences
(for example, births, deaths, new case of a disease) and therefore a rate could not be presented. Also
see the Note to Readers section of this report.
n<7: A notation used to indicate that for this health indicator there were fewer than seven
occurrences (for example, hospitalizations, ED visits, outpatient observation) and therefore a rate
could not be presented. Also see the Note to Readers section of this report.
Neighborhood: One of 15 distinct geographical areas in Boston. See the Technical Notes section of this
report.
Nephritis/Nephrosis: Inflammation of the kidneys (nephritis), or kidney disease with severe protein loss
and fluid retention or degenerative changes in the kidneys without inflammation (nephrosis). For data
from 1999 and later years, ICD-10 codes N00-N07, N17-N19, and N25-N27 are used to identify deaths
from nephritis/nephrosis for analysis.
Nonfatal Assault-Related Gunshot/Stabbings: Injuries due to assault-related gunshots and/or piercings
and cuts by a sharp object such as a knife. Such injuries were identified among three databases from
the Massachusetts Center for Health Information and Analysis (formerly Massachusetts Division of
Health Care Finance and Policy): Inpatient Hospital Discharge Database, Outpatient Emergency
Department Database, and Outpatient Hospital Observation Database. ICD9 E-codes, E956 and E965
are used to identify emergency department visits for nonfatal assault-related gunshot/stabbings for
the purpose of analysis.
Obesity: Obesity is a condition in which an accumulation of excess body fat has occurred to the extent
that it may lead to adverse health events. Adults with a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or higher are
considered obese. Obesity for high school students is determined by a BMI percentile standard ranking
of 95% or higher.
Other Injury Deaths: Injury deaths are those due to motor vehicle accidents, other land transport
accidents, unspecified transport accidents, falls, accidental discharge of firearms, accidental drowning
and submersion, accidental exposure to smoke, fire, and flames, accidental poisoning and exposure to
noxious substances, other and unspecified nontransport accidents and their sequelae, discharge of
firearms of undetermined intent, other and unspecified events of undetermined intent and their
sequelae.
Point Estimate: A single value calculated from survey sample data indicating the estimated percentage
of a population with a given characteristic. A point estimate serves as the best approximation for an
unknown population parameter and should be interpreted with information that considers the
standard error associated with the estimate. See the Note to Readers section of this report.
Population: The total number of residents. Population statistics in this report are drawn from two main
sources. The first is the census of the population taken every ten years by the federal government
which provides a literal count of people living in the United States. The second is population estimates
made by the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey.
Poverty Level : A poverty level is the minimum level of income deemed necessary to achieve an
adequate standard of living in a given country. The poverty definition used in Health of Boston:
Neighborhood Focus 2012-2013 is that of the US Census Bureau . Small adjustments are made to these
thresholds based on the composition of the family. Also see the Data Sources and Limitations section
and the Technical Notes section of this report.
Pregnancy: The condition of carrying a developing embryo or fetus in the uterus.
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Preterm Births : A preterm birth refers to the birth of a baby less than 37 weeks gestational age.
Preterm births are the major cause of low birth weight and infant mortality in the United States.
Regular Physical Activity: Defined for adolescents as engaging in physical activity for at least one hour
per day on five or more days during the past week. For adults, regular physical activity is defined as
engaging in vigorous activity 20 minutes per day on 3 or more days during the past week or engaging in
moderate activity for 30 minutes per day on 5 or more days during the past week.
Rolling Average: A statistical method and presentation of data that assists trend identification by
effectively “smoothing out” random fluctuations over time. A rolling average rate uses aggregated
data from multiple years to generate the average annual rate at each time point. Calculation of the
rate at each successive time point requires adding data from the newest (i.e., next) data year and
dropping data from the oldest data year. In this report, five-year or six-year rolling average infant
death rates are presented because the small number of infant deaths per year produces an annual rate
that fluctuates widely over time.
Sample Size: Sample size refers to the number of observations of a statistical sample. For survey data,
the sample size refers to the number of people who responded to the survey (i.e., respondents). Also
see definition for insufficient sample size.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Infection spread by transfer of organisms from person to person
during sexual contact. Also known as Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs).
Socioeconomic Status (SES): An economic and sociological measure based on income, education, and
occupation that describes an individual's or family’s economic and social position relative to others.
Socioeconomics is the statistical study of the social and economic characteristics of a population, such
as education and poverty levels. Also see Socioeconomic Profile and Demographic Profile sections of
this report.
Standard Population: Population data used to scale data from different sources to a common single
population, thus allowing rate comparisons that have adjusted for underlying population differences.
For this report, fixed age and race distributions from the year 2000 U.S. standard population were used
during calculation of age-adjusted rates.
Statistical Significance: An attribute of an observed difference in data that is assessed using statistical
tests that help determine whether the observed difference accurately describes the actual experience
of the population of interest.
Stroke (also known as a cerebrovascular accident): A stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain
bursts or when the blood supply to part of the brain is blocked, depriving the brain of oxygen. ICD-10
codes I60-I69 are used in identifying deaths due to stroke and ICD-9-CM codes 430-438 are used in
identifying hospitalizations due to stroke for analysis.
Substance Abuse Deaths: Deaths in which alcohol and/or drugs played a causal role (Alcohol-Related
Deaths and Drug-Related Deaths). Due to changes in case identification practices, counts and rates of
substance abuse deaths cannot be compared to data presented in previous Health of Boston reports.
Alcohol-Related Deaths: Death induced by alcohol use/abuse, such as liver disease due to alcohol
consumption, and accidental alcohol overdose. This category does not include deaths indirectly due to
alcohol use, such as deaths due to injuries occurring while intoxicated or deaths caused by another
person who was intoxicated. The alcohol-related death code definition is from National Vital Statistics
Reports, Vol. 58, No. 19, May 20, 2010 (page 120). ICD-10 codes E24.4, F10, G31.2, G62.1, G72.1, I42.6,
K29.2, K70, K85.2, K86.0, R78.0, X45, X65, and Y15 are used across multiple cause levels to identify
alcohol-related deaths. Drug-Related Deaths: Deaths due to use of drugs other than alcohol and
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tobacco, including direct physiological causes as well as some accidental deaths in which drug use/
abuse is involved. This classification does not include deaths indirectly due to drug use, such as deaths
due to injuries occurring while under the influence of drugs or deaths caused by another person under
the influence of drugs. The drug-related death codes definition used is from National Vital Statistics
Reports, Vol. 58, No. 19, May 20, 2010 (pages 119-120). ICD-10 codes D52.1, D59.0, D59.2, D61.1,
D64.2, E06.4, E16.0, E23.1, E24.2, E27.3, E66.1, F11.0-F11.5, F11.7-F11.9, F12.0-F12.5, F12.7-F12.9,
F13.0- F13.5, F13.7-F13.9, F14.0-F14.5, F14.7-F14.9, F15.0- F15.5, F15.7-F15.9, F16.0-F16.5, F16.7F16.9, F17.0, F17.3-F17.5, F17.7-F17.9, F18.0-F18.5, F18.7-F18.9, F19.0-F19.5, F19.7-F19.9, G21.1,
G24.0, G25.1, G25.4, G25.6, G44.4, G62.0, G72.0, I95.2, J70.2, J70.3, J70.5, K85.3, L10.5, L27.0, L27.1,
M10.2, M32.0, M80.4, M81.4, M83.5, M87.1, R50.2, R78.1, R78.2, R78.3, R78.4, R78.5, X40-X44, X60X64, X85, and Y10-Y14 are used across multiple cause levels for identifying drug-related deaths.
Suicide: The intentional and voluntary taking of one’s own life. For data from 1999 and later years,
ICD-10 codes X60-X84 and Y87.0 are used in identifying suicides for analysis.
White: All persons self-identified as White who do not also identify themselves as Latino.
Youth Risk Behavioral Surveillance System (YRBSS): See Data Sources and Limitations and Technical
Notes sections of this report.
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