HERPETOLOGICAL FACTS JOURNAL

Transcription

HERPETOLOGICAL FACTS JOURNAL
Daugavpils University
Institute of Ecology
nd
Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
HERPETOLOGICAL FACTS
JOURNAL
ISSN 2256-0327
Issue 1
Supplement 1
Proceedings of the 2nd International Scientific
Conference – Workshop “Research and
conservation of European herpetofauna and its
environment: Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis,
and Coronella austriaca”. 14th - 15th August 2014,
Daugavpils, Latvia
Daugavpils 2014
1
nd
Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
LIFE Project LIFE-HerpetoLatvia „Conservation of Rare Reptiles and Amphibians in Latvia”
(LIFE09NAT/LV/000239) is co-financed by European Commission.
Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327
Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2nd international Scientific Conference – Workshop
“Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment: Bombina
bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”. 14th - 15th August 2014. Daugavpils,
Latvia
Edited and reviewed by:
Dr. Victor Bakharev, Mozyr Pedagogical University, BELARUS
Dr. Sergey Drobenkov, National Academy of Sciences, BELARUS
Dr. Anne-Claire Martina Meeske, NABU Niedersachsen, GERMANY
Dr. Oksana Nekrasova, National Academy of Sciences, UKRAINE
Dr. Dario Ottonello, Genoa University, ITALY
Dr. Sebastiano Salvidio, Genoa University, ITALY
Dr. Arturs Skute, Daugavpils University, LATVIA
Dr. Natalia Skute, Daugavpils University, LATVIA
Responsible Editors:
Dr. Aija Pupina, Daugavpils University, Latgales Zoo, LATVIA
Dr. Mihails Pupins, Daugavpils University, Latgales Zoo, LATVIA
Dr. Andris Čeirāns, University of Latvia, LATVIA
Published by:
„Herpetological Facts Journal”. Institute of Ecology, Daugavpils University. Parades 1,
Daugavpils, Latvia. ISSN 2256-0327. www.herpba.com, [email protected]
Herpetological Facts Journal is an open access journal.
Contacts:
web-site: www.ecology.lv; www.herpba.com; e-mail: [email protected]
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
THE CONFERENCE
PARTICIPANTS
3
5
6
Ayres C.
NIFS: THE DEFINITIVE THREAT TO ISOLATED
POPULATIONS OF EMYS ORBICULARIS?
Bonte C., Van Hecke
A.
THE SMOOTH SNAKE (CORONELLA AUSTRIACA) IN
THE CROSS-BORDER NATURE PARK DE ZOOMKALMTHOUTSE HEIDE
12
Under reviewing
17
Čeirāns A.,
Nikolajeva L.
STUDY OF SMOOTH SNAKE (CORONELLA AUSTRIACA)
POPULATION IN THE SLOKAS BOG, LATVIA
22
Idrisova L.
PECULIARITY OF EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF
COLUBRID SNAKES (COLUBRIDAE) FOUND ON
SARALINSKY DISTRICT OF THE VOLGA-KAMA
WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
33
Lesnichy D.Y.
ECOLOGICAL FEATURES AND LANDSCAPE BIOTOPICAL DISTRIBUTION EMYS ORBICULARIS (L.,
1758) IN NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS OF PRIPAYT
POLESYE OF BELARUS
42
Meeske A.-C. M.,
Poggenburg C.
REINTRODUCTION OF THE EUROPEAN POND TURTLE
(EMYS ORBICULARIS L.) IN NORTHWEST-GERMANY –
FIRST RESULTS AFTER FIRST RELEASE
46
Nekrasova O.
DISTRIBUTIONS OF CORONELLA AUSTRIACA
LAURENTI, 1768 IN UKRAINE: MODELING AND
PREDICTION
61
Ottonello D., Salvidio
S., Oneto F., Jesu R.,
Gili C., Gnone G.,
Lamagni L., Ortale S.,
CONSERVATION OF EMYS ORBICULARIS IN LIGURIA
(NW ITALY)
67
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Genta P.
Pupina A., Pupins M.
PROJECT LIFE-HERPETOLATVIA: FIRST RESULTS ON
CONSERVATION OF BOMBINA BOMBINA IN LATVIA
76
Pupins M., Pupina A.
PROJECT LIFE-HERPETOLATVIA: FIRST RESULTS ON
CONSERVATION OF EMYS ORBICULARIS IN LATVIA
85
Salvidio S., Oneto F.,
Ottonello D., Braida
L., Ferravante C.,
Grasselli E.,
Vecchione G.,
Canessa S., Arillo A.,
Cardelli M.
CONSERVATION OF THE APENNINE YELLOW-BELLIED
TOAD BOMBINA VARIEGATA PACHYPUS IN LIGURIA
(NW ITALY)
97
Bakharev V.A.
HYSTORY OF FORMING OF AREA AND MODERN
SITUATION OF ITS BORDERS FOR EMYS ORBICULARIS
L., 1758 IN BELARUS AND NEIGHBORING
TERRITORIES
NEW FINDINGS OF RARE AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE
SPECIES IN MOZYR AND PRIPAT POLESYE
105
Lukashevich V.
THE POLESIA STATE RADIOECOLOGICAL RESERVE AS
A RESERVATE FOR SMOOTH SNAKE (CORONELLA
AUSTRIACA LAURENTI, 1768) IN REPUBLIC OF
BELARUS
125
Smirnov N.
DISTRIBUTION OF BOMBINA BOMBINA AND
BOMBINA VARIEGATA (ANURA: BOMBINATORIDAE)
IN CHERNIVTSI REGION, UKRAINE
141
Surydnaya N.,
Mikitinets G., Busel
V.
NEW FINDINGS BOMBINA BOMBINA (LINNAEUS,
1761) AT THE PERIPHERY OF THE AREA
148
Under reviewing
159
Bakharev V.A.,
Lesnichy D.Y.
114
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
THE CONFERENCE
The Conference is annual. The 2nd International Conference – Workshop “Research and
conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment: Bombina bombina, Emys
orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca” was held in Daugavpils, Latvia in 14th – 15th August
2014, supported by LIFE Project LIFE-HerpetoLatvia LIFE09NAT/LV/000239 "Conservation
of rare reptiles and amphibians in Latvia.
The main topics of the conference covered different aspects of research, management of
populations, and conservation in-situ and ex-situ of three species of herpetofauna:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca:
 Practical results of LIFE, European, national, local and other projects connected
with conservation or research on target species;
 Genetic analyses and its role in management of populations;
 Management practices for sustainability of populations;
 Zooculture and aquaculture of main species ex-situ and in-situ, technologies of
keeping, domestication’s problems, modernization;
 General biology and ecology of target species;
 Other species connected with main species (plants forming biotope; animals
species as a food, predators, sympatric species, competitors etc.)
 Connections between human impact, water and terrestrial ecosystems and target
species;
 Experimental and theoretical approaches to surveys and data processing;
 Distribution, new findings, natural area, climate and habitats;
 Health conditions, diseases and veterinary;
 Re-introduction programs, population enforcements by releasing in wild and their
results or problems.
 Diets and feeding of these species;
 Aquatic and terrestrial invasive species as threats;
 Role of education and public awareness in conservation programs
Practical part of the conference was in a form of work visits to:
 sites and territories of Project LIFE-HerpetoLatvia (near to borders with Belarus
and Lithuania);
 facilities for Emys orbicularis breeding in Rare Amphibian and Reptile Breeding
Centre;
 new Laboratory of Aquaculture of Institute of Ecology of Daugavpils university;
 future Natura 2000 territory for Bombina bombina;
 sites of Emys orbicularis findings in wild near to Daugavpils;
 territory where largest B.bombina population in Latvia.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
PARTICIPANTS
Photo: Visit to the Latvian Rare Reptiles and Amphibians Centre.
Countries: Belarus, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Russia,
Spain, Ukraine
Participants: Arillo A., Cesar Ayres, Victor Bakharev, Vladimir Bobrov, Christoffel Bonte,
Braida L., Lars Briggs, Stanisław Bury, Viktor Busel, Canessa S., Cardelli M., Andris Čeirāns,
Adrian Deas, Derunkov A.V., Sergey Drobenkov, Ferravante C., Genta P., Jean-Yves
Georges, Gili C., Gnone G., Grzegorz Górecki, Grasselli E., André Van Hecke, Lija Idrisova,
Jesu R., Philippe Kniebly, Korzun E.V., Kulikova E.A., Lamagni L., Dmitry Lesnichy, Fabrice
Levresse, Zanda Lisovska, Valery Lukashevich, Noémie Martin, Sławomir Mitrus, Uwe
Meissner, Galina Mikitinets, Bartłomiej Najbar, Oksana Nekrasova, Larisa Nikolajeva,
Ruslan Novitsky, Oneto F., Ortale S., Dario Ottonello, Alicja Pacholewska, Peskova T. Yu.,
Pestinis I., Beata Prusak, Aija Pupiņa, Mihails Pupins, Benoît Quintard, Ostap Reshetylo,
Sebastiano Salvidio, Nazar Smirnov, Natalja Škute, Nataliya Suryadnaya, Vecchione G.,
Olga Yanchurevich, Zhukova T.I., Jelena Zukova.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
NIFS: THE DEFINITIVE THREAT TO ISOLATED POPULATIONS OF EMYS ORBICULARIS?
Cesar Ayres
Asociación Herpetológica Española (AHE). Apdo. 191, 28911, Leganes (Madrid), Spain
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Non-indigenous freshwater species (NIFS) are one of the biggest problems to local
biodiversity, especially in freshwater habitats. Some of these species have changed
the composition of the original communities of their new habitats. The impact of
some of the most common NIFS, as the red eared slider (Trachemys scripta
elegans), are well known. Usually the impact is based on direct competence for
food, basking areas or nesting areas. Other NIFS as the racoon (Procyon lotor) can
predate over European pond turtles, being able to mutilate or even eradicate small
isolated populations. But the last threat, and maybe the most important, could be
the spill-over of parasites from NIFS to Emys orbicularis. This is the case of the
event detected in a small population from NW Spain, where transmission of
trematodes from red-eared sliders resulted in a mortality outbreak.
Key words: NIFS, Procyon, Trachemys, Emys, parasites, Spain.
Non-indigenous freshwater species (NIFS) can be introduced deliberately or
unintentionally (Gherardi et al 2008), but all of them might have detrimental effects on
native biodiversity (Cobo et al. 2010). Ecosystem alteration, introduction of alien species
that usually became invasive, and globalization that permits movement of merchandises
and passengers in a few hours, represent factors that are involved in the dispersal of new
pathogens. Several cases of negative effects due to pathogen spillover have been
reported in Europe, as the parasitic fungus (Aphanomices astaci. Schikora) propagate
from American crayfishes (Peeler et al. 2011) to native crayfishes, also Aleutian mink
disease virus propagated by American mink to the endangered European mink (Manas et
al. 2001).
In Galicia region (NW Spain) there are several reports that introduction of alien species
produced a severe decline of native species, caused by transmission of pathogens or
parasites. The problems in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla. Shaw) populations due to
the spread of the swinbladder nematode Anguilicolloides crassus. Kuwahara, Niimi &
Hagaki (Gollock et al. 2004) are well known.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
The impact of some of the most common NFIS, as the red eared slider (Trachemys scripta
elegans.Wied.), are well known. Even though that it was supposed that the species was
not able to cope with European winters (Luiselli et al. 1997), later the data supported its
tolerance. Usually the impact is based on direct competence for food, basking areas or
nesting areas (Cadi and Joly 2003, 2004).
In the Iberian Peninsula it have been tested the detrimental effects on native turtles
(Mauremys leprosa. Schweiger). T. scripta cues are avoided by M. leprosa (Polo-Cavia et
al. 2009a), changing their use of the space available. When M.  leprosa share space with
T. scripta, its access to food resources is limited by the presence of the alien turtle (PoloCavia et al. 2011). Also, native turtles bask shorter times and avoided use of basking
platforms shared with sliders (Polo-Cavia et al. 2010a). T. scripta has a higher termal
inertia, that represents an advantage in the competition with native turtles (Polo-Cavia et
al. 2009b). The shape of its carapace allows the alien species to turn right-side up faster
than M. leprosa (Polo-Cavia et al. 2012a). Experiments comparing bioenergetics of M.
leprosa and T. scripta showed that both species differ in thermal requirements (PoloCavia et al. 2012b), being more efficient the alien one. A review of the detrimental effects
caused by red-eared sliders on native herpetofauna has been published recently by PoloCavia et al. (2014).
A Life project funded by the European Union has been running from 2011 to 2013 in the
Iberian Peninsula, most of the actions were developed in the Eastern coast of Spain, but
with some actions developed in the South of Portugal. More than 22.000 turtles have
been captured during the LIFE Trachemys project (LIFE Trachemys Layman´s report).
Other NIFS that have arrived recently to the Iberian Peninsula is the racoon (Procyon
lotor. Linnaeus.), with multiple introductions (Alda et al. 2013). This alien species can
predate over European pond turtles, being able to mutilate or even eradicate small
isolated populations (Schneeweis & Wolf 2009). It was first detected in the Sureste
Regional Park, in Madrid region, in 2003. More than 300 ex. have been captured during a
culling campaign (Garcia et al. 2012). Later it was detected in the surroundings of Doñana
National Park in 2011 (Fernandez-Aguilar et al. 2012), at least 11 raccoons were captured
in that area. Last year it was detected the presence of the species in the Miño river in
Galicia region (NW Spain). As all European pond turtle populations in Galicia inhabit
tributaries of the Miño river, or surrounding areas, the presence of the raccoon could be
an important threat that should be controlled as soon as possible.
The last threat, and maybe the most important, is the spillover of parasites from NIFS to
Emys orbicularis. Linnaeus. Parasite host switching between native and alien turtles have
been reported by Verneau et al. (2011), and later host switching between alien and native
turtles by Meyer et al. (2014). In those studies no detrimental effects on native turtles are
reported, but it´s suggested that spillover of parasites from sliders could occur.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
This is the case of the outbreak event detected in a small population from North Western
Spain, where transmission of trematodes from red-eared sliders resulted in mortality of
European pond turtles (Iglesias et al. in press). During winter 2012-13 was detected the
first case of blood fluke switching between T. scripta and E. orbicularis. Several turtles
died due to damage in internal organs caused by the eggs of Spirorchis elegans. Stunkard.
To our knowledge, this is the first case detected in Europe of mortality associated with
spillover of parasites from alien turtles to autochthonous pond turtles. Mortality caused
by this parasite could decimate small isolated populations of European pond turtles, as
there is no treatment available.
REFERENCES
Alda, F., Ruiz-López, M. J., García, F. J., Gompper, M. E., Eggert, L. S., García, J. T. (2013).
Genetic evidence for multiple introduction events of raccoons (Procyon lotor) in
Spain. Biological invasions, 15(3): 687-698.
Cadi, A., Joly, P. (2003). Competition for basking places between the endangered
European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis galloitalica) and the introduced red-eared
slider (Trachemys scripta elegans). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 81: 1392-1398.
Cadi A, Joly P (2004). Impact of the introduction of the red-eared slider (Trachemys
scripta elegans) on survival rates of the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis).
Biodiversity & Conservation, 13, 2511-2518.
Cobo, F., Vieira-Lanero, R., Rego, E., Servia, M. J. (2010). Temporal trends in nonindigenous freshwater species records during the 20th century: a case study in the
Iberian Peninsula. Biodiversity and conservation, 19 (12): 3471-3487.
Fernández-Aguilar, X., Molina-Vacas, G., Ramiro, V., Carro, F. A., Barasosa, J. Á., Vicente,
J., Gutiérrez, C. (2012). Presence of raccoon (Procyon lotor) in Doñana National Park
and its surroundings. Galemys, 24, 76-79.
García, J.T., García, F.J., Alda F, González, J.L., Aramburu, M.J., Cortés, Y., Prieto, B., Pliego,
B., Pérez, M., Herrera, J., García-Román, L. (2012). Recent invasion and
reproduction of the Raccoon (Procyon lotor) in Spain. Biological Invasions, 14:1305–
1310
Gherardi, F., Bertolino, S., Bodon, M., Casellato, S., Cianfanelli, S., Ferraguti, M., Lori, E.,
Mura, G., Nocita, A., Riccardi, N., Rossetti, G., Rota, E., Scalera, R., Zerunian, S.,
Tricarico, E. (2008). Animal xenodiversity in Italian inland waters: distribution,
modes of arrival, and pathways. Biological Invasions, 10(4):435–454.
Gollock, M. J., Kennedy, C. R., Quabius, E. S., Brown, J. A. (2004). The effect of parasitism
of European eels with the nematode, Anguillicola crassus on the impact of netting
and aerial exposure. Aquaculture, 233 (1): 45-54.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Iglesias, R., García-Estévez, J.M., Ayres C., Acuña A., Cordero-Rivera A. First reported
outbreak of severe spirorchiidiasis in Emys orbicularis , probably resulting from a
parasite spillover event. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. doi: 10.3354/dao02812
Manas, S., Cena, J. C., Ruiz-Olmo, J., Palazón, S., Domingo, M., Wolfinbarger, J. B., Bloom,
M. E. (2001). Aleutian mink disease parvovirus in wild riparian carnivores in
Spain. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 37 (1): 138-144.
Meyer, L., Du Preez, L., Bonneau, E., Héritier, L., Quintana, M. F., Valdeón, A., Sadaoui, A.,
Kechemir-Issad, N., Palacios, C., Verneau, O. (2014). Parasite host-switching from
the invasive American red-eared slider, Trachemys scripta elegans, to the native
Mediterranean pond turtle, Mauremys leprosa, in natural environments. Aquatic
Invasions, 9: In press.
Peeler, E. J., Oidtmann, B. C., Midtlyng, P. J., Miossec, L., Gozlan, R. E. (2011). Non-native
aquatic animals introductions have driven disease emergence in Europe. Biological
Invasions, 13 (6): 1291-1303.
Polo-Cavia, N.; López, P., Martín, J. (2008). Interspecific differences in responses to
predation risk may confer competitive advantages to invasive freshwater turtle
species. Ethology, 114: 115-123.
Polo-Cavia, N.; López, P., Martín, J.. (2009a). Interspecific differences in chemosensory
responses of freshwater turtles: consequences for competition between native and
invasive species. Biological Invasions, 11: 431-440.
Polo-Cavia, N.; López, P., Martín, J. (2009b). Interspecific differences in heat exchange
rates may affect competition between introduced and native freshwater turtles.
Biological Invasions, 11: 1755-1765.
Polo-Cavia, N.; López, P., Martín, J. (2010a). Competitive interactions during basking
between native and invasive freshwater turtle species. Biological Invasions, 12:
2141-2152.
Polo-Cavia, N.; López, P., Martín, J. (2011). Aggressive interactions during feeding
between native and invasive freshwater turtles. Biological Invasions, 13: 13871396.
Polo-Cavia, N.; López, P., Martín, J. (2012a). Effects of body temperature on righting
performance of native and invasive freshwater turtles: consequences for
competition. Physiology and Behaviour, 108: 28-33.
Polo-Cavia, N.; López, P., Martín, J. (2012b). Feeding status and basking requirements of
freshwater turtles in an invasion context. Physiology and Behaviour, 105: 12081213.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Schneeweis, N., Wolf, M. (2009). Neozoen–eine neue Gefahr für die Reliktpopulationen
der Europäischen Sumpfschildkröte in Nordostdeutschland. Zeitschrift für
Feldherpetologie, 16, 163-182.
Verneau, O., Palacios, C., Platt, T., Alday, M., Billard, E., Allienne, J. F., Basso, C., Du Preez,
L. H. (2011). Invasive species threat: parasite phylogenetics reveals patterns and
processes of host-switching between non-native and native captive freshwater
turtles. Parasitology, 138 (13): 1778-1792.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
THE SMOOTH SNAKE (CORONELLA AUSTRIACA) IN THE CROSS-BORDER NATURE PARK
DE ZOOM-KALMTHOUTSE HEIDE
Christoffel Bonte 1, André Van Hecke 2
www.freanonherping.be, [email protected], www.grensparkzk.be
1 
[email protected], 2 [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
The Cross-border park De Zoom – Kalmthoutse Heide is a 6000 ha large nature reserve,
extending over the Belgian-Dutch border. The center zone of the park (about 1500 ha)
consist of continental dunes, dry and wet heathland and ponds and fens. The Smooth
snake (Coronella austriaca) was sparsely found across the open area.
METHOD
Figure 1. Map of cross-border nature park De Zoom – Kalmthoutse Heide.
Since 2011 a group of 9 volunteers have been conducting research into the ecology of this
population with the goal of contributing to the overall knowledge and conservation of the
species. A capture-mark-recapture study was initiated by dividing the Smooth snake
habitat into 5 research zones, based on former observations. Researchers where assigned
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
a zone to monitor and where trained in catching, measuring, weighing and photographing
the snakes. To facilitate in the monitoring, artificial refuges where lain out.
RESULTS
In 2014 a report was compiled by A. Van Hecke and C. Bonte with the results of our 3 year
research including data of two inventary projects spanning 1998 to 2008: Research into
the Ecology of the Smooth snake (Coronella austriaca) in the Cross-border Park De Zoom Kalmthoutse Heide with Conservation Advice (2011-2013) (in Dutch).
From 2011 to 2013, 204 different individual Smooth snakes where caught (Graf 1). Of all
these individuals, 105 recatches where done. With these catches a population estimation
was made (formula of Schnabel) which resulted in 2288 ± 1133 individuals.
The collected data also provided us with the means to estimate the age of measured
snakes. The oldest individuals we caught seem to be around 25 years old (Graf 2).
Figure 2. Individual snakes are recognizable by their colour pattern. Note that newly born
snakes already exhibit their unique pattern (2nd photo from the right) and that even
occasional photos from visitors can be used for identification (1st photo from the right).
In the field, some of our snakes remained of unsure sex, so our own observations where
used to delineate the ranges of morphologidal characters (Graf 3). In contrast to
literature, a large part of the females in our population exhibit a yearly breeding cycle.
Based on the weight loss of pregnant females and the weight of newly borns, we are now
able to roughly calculate the amount of young per female (Graf 4).
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Graf 1. Sex and age distribution of caught Smooth snakes from 2011 until 2013.
Graf 2. Age calculation of caught Smooth snakes, based on recatches of >1year apart.
CONCLUSION
In the cross-border park De Zoom – Kalmthoutse Heide, the Smooth snake population
seems to be several thousands individuals large and occupies nearly all the open, dry
habitat available. The morphological values of our snakes accord good to those found in
the literature. The snakes appear to be active from late March until the end of October,
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
with an activity peak during summer. Despite the secretive nature of the Smooth snake,
pregnant females, whilst clustering together during the brooding period, are easily seen.
-In contrast to notes in literature, ours seem to be able to reproduce yearly. As true
inhabitants of the dry heath, they do not seem to show the need for communal
hibernation grounds, known from the other northern-European snakes.
Graf 3. Sexing criteria of Smooth snakes based on clearly visible and definitely sexed.
Graf 4. Reproductive output calculation based on recorded weight loss in pregnant
females.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Smooth snakes show a high preference for dry open duneland habitat mostly covered by
old heath. A dense vegetation layer, combined with small open areas seems locally to be
the optimum habitat. They do not mind some sparse shrub cover, but where never found
traversing closed forests. Within wet areas they are almost always found on dry ridges
(even very small), which can be created as effective conservation means.
A big fire in 2011 destroyed a big part of the habitat and seemed to have killed a big part
of the resident population through direct (burning) and indirect (lack of food, habitat,
increased predation) effects. Also a road through the nature reserve is a current threat
and shows that Smooth snakes are very vulnerable to traffic. Despite these threats, the
population seems big and robust enough to be able to recover from them. They even
seem to be able to (re)colonise (re)created habitat in only a few years time.
ACKNOWLEGEMENTS
This research had not been possible without the support of Grenspark De Zoom –
Kalmthoutse Heide, especially by Ignace Ledegen in person. All the participating
researchers were (and are) of course vital for this project: Steven De Saeger, Johan
Devolder, Bert Hoeyberghs, Dan & Marc Slootmaekers, Wim Demey and Peter Lania.
Thank you to everyone. Also the reserve owners and management deserve mention here:
Natuurpunt and Agency for Nature and Forestry (BE), Natuurmonumenten and
Staatsbosbeheer (NL) and various private owners.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Under reviewing
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Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
STUDY OF SMOOTH SNAKE (CORONELLA AUSTRIACA) POPULATION IN THE SLOKAS BOG,
LATVIA
Andris Čeirāns 1, Larisa Nikolajeva 2
1
Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia &
Project LIFE HerpetoLatvia
2
Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia
1
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Four year long artificial refugee study was carried out in the Slokas bog, in one of
largest smooth snake population in Latvia. Snakes were marked using PIT-tags,
observed densities were 10-15 individuals per ha in good, but 1-2 individuals per ha
– in poor populations. Typical habitats are dominated by heather Calluna vulgaris,
characteristic is also Eriphorum vaginatum, in many cases with admixture of Ledum
palustre and Rubus chamaemorus. Tree storey was relatively sparse, 20-30 %,
dominated by pine from birch admixture. Factors determinig population density
varied in different parts of the bogs, in some cases it was vegetation characteristics,
in others – densities of food items – other reptiles.
Key words: artificial refugee study, habitats, vegetation, population density
INTRODUCTION
The Smooth Snake (Coronella austriaca) is extreemely rare reptile species in Latvia,
whose verified records are located in a narrow zone along west coast of the Gulf of Riga
(Čeirāns 2012). Coronella austriaca in Latvia have experienced shrinking of the species
range in the middle of 20th century, when populations around Riga City, known from the
first half of the 20th century (Siliņš & Lamsters 1934), disappeared. Presently species
range is divided by the city of Riga and River Daugava into two parts. Smaller one is
recently discovered population in Ādaži military area northeast from Riga, but larger one
is a chain of isolated or semi-isolated populations from Ķemeri National Park in southeast
to Slītere National Park in northwest. Ķemeri National Park have several populations, with
presumably largest being population in north-east – in Slokas Bog (Čeirāns 2000). This is
the territory where Coronella austriaca records are being made most often, and it is also
most often visited site by herpetologists. However, more detailed studies necessary for
species conservation planning here were lacking.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
The aim of the present paper is to report about Coronella austriaca population size and
distribution pattern in the Slokas Bog, and to identify possible population limiting factors
for this important Coronella austriaca population. The other task of this study is being a
reference point for further monitoring of species here, because it is a site where habitats
have beeing gradually changed during last decades due to water regime alteration in the
bog.
This is a first detailed Coronella austriaca study in Latvia, and to our knowledge, first
study in eastern part of the range, where artificial cover method have been used.
Coronella austriaca is a secretive species, most of the time it spends hiding in dense
vegetation, and seldom exposing itself to observer (Kerry 2002, Hartel et al. 2009). This
ectotermic species, however, often can be found under various large and flat objects,
especially if they warm up in the sun, offering for snake secure and warm hiding place.
Artificial refugees used in studies, usually are dark coloured profiled metal plates which
are placed on ground, and used by snakes as hiding places. Observer chek these plates for
the presence of snakes once aday, several times aweek. Coronella austriaca is a reptile
species where such method have had best results (Mutz & Glandt 2004), but the plates
are often used by other reptile species as well. Coronella austriaca is a herpetophagous
species with main food objects being lizards (Drobenkov 2000). In the Slokas bog there
are two lizard species present – viviparous lizard (Zootoca vivipara) and Slow Worm
(Anguis frgilis). Hence artifical refugee survey here is a good method to study snake
distribution and food object availability.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Slokas bog (in Latvian - Slokas un Vecais purvs) is located in the Coastal Lowland in central
part of Latvia, some 2.5 km from the sea coast and 1.5 km west from Jūrmala Town, in
Ķemeri National Park. The area of the bog is more than 6 km2, in about 1/3rd of the
territory have peat pits left after peat extraction in 1950ties, and presently filled with
water. Peat extraction have altered water regime in wast areas. Main habitat is raised bog
with various degree of degradation, from tall forest on drained grounds, to intact bog in
some central areas. Most of the territory have rather uniform bog or degraded bog
vegetation with low sparse pine stands. A total of 18 sites were studied, they were
selected mainly in open habitats (Figure 1), because closed forest stands typical for bog
periphery are generally avoided by Coronella austriaca.
Snakes and their food objects – lizards, were surveyed using artificial refugee (ATR)
method. ATR was a profiled metal tinplate with dark brown color with size 1.1x0.5 m,
which was placed on ground. ATRs were placed in spring and removed in autumn, after
the end of vegetation season. A total of 380 ATRs were used in four consecutive seasons
of 2011-2014. ATR checkings started two weaks after their setting up, and were done 1-3
times a week. ATRs generally were not placed in same place next season, and number of
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
chekings varied from 14 to 27 (Table 1). All the reptiles found under ATRs were counted,
adult Coronella austriaca marked with PIT tags for individual identifications, but smaller
individuals were identified by photographing.
For each site, adult and subadult Coronella austriaca population size was determined
from database of marked individuals. To evaluate relative densities for site comparisions,
average number of snake and lizard individuals under one ATR per one checking was
calculated.
Vegetation herb and moss layers compositions were described for each ATR, using taxon
percentage cover visual evaluations in sampling plots with 3 m diameter and ATR as a
center of a plot. Tree storey was described similarly for larger area with 15 m diameter,
their average height was measured for randomly selected 3-5 trees.
Percentages of samples with given vegetation taxon and median values of vegetation
descriptions for ATR with Coronella records were used to establish reference Coronella
austriaca habitat. Similarly were characterized typical vegetation of sites for comparisons.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to ordinate sites around reference
Coronella habitat. To transform vegetation percentage and cover data into one number,
percentage of samples with given taxon were multiplied by their median coverages for
plots where it was present. No further data transformations were used in analysis.
RESULTS
With few exceptions marked individuals were observed only in one study site. Total
number of identified adult snakes was 34. Population core area was in north-central part
of Slokas bog, where 23 adult snakes lived in three neighboring sites separated by a
narrow forest belt and a dirt road (Table 1, Figure 1). Calculated densities were 10-15
individuals (adults and subadults) per ha in best populations, and 1-2 individuals per ha in
sites with poor populations. Only 1-3 different individuals were found under one ATR
during the season, which may indicate absence of snake aggregations and they relatively
even spread across each site.
Typical Coronella austriaca habitats are dominated by heather Calluna vulgaris,
characteristic is also presence of a bog cottongrass Eriphorum vaginatum, in many cases
with admixture of Marsh Labrador tea (Ledum palustre; = Rhododendron tomentosum)
and cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus ) (Table 2). Tree storey was relatively sparse, 20-30
%, dominated by pine from birch admixture. Medan height was 3 m for pine and 2 m for
birch, which was considerably lower than average for study areas (7 m and 6 m
respectively).
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Table 1. Site characteristics and survey results for Sloka bog sites indicated in Figure 1.
Site
Plot
size
(ha)
Number
of ATR/
chekings
Occupied
by
Coronella
(%)
Coronella
population
(adults/
subadults)
Coronella
observatio
n
frequency
*
Anguis/
Zootoca
observation
frequency*
Northwest-a
Northwest-a1
Northwest-b
Slokas lake
Center N
Center E
Center W
Center i
Center ii
Center iii
Akacis NW
East-Nf
East-Nh
Center S
East-S
Southeast
Southwest-k
Southwest-g
2.13
0.24
1.27
0.13
0.85
2.03
3.38
0.12
0.38
0.24
0.37
0.81
0.42
4.48
0.90
1.51
0.46
0.21
23/21
4/16
15/27
4/19
70/19
73/16
45/20
6/16
10/20
12/20
12/20
8/20
23/17
36/18
12/20
12/20
10/19
5/14
9
0
0
25
36
38
18
0
0
17
17
0
44
19
0
8
30
20
2/0
0
0
0/1
7/3
12/10
4/4
0
0
1/1
1/1
0
4/2
3/2
0
2/0
0/2
0/1
0.4
0
0
1.3
5.3
6.2
1.9
0
0
1.6
2.5
0
7.1
1.8
0
0.8
6.5
2.9
16.5/0.7
2.9/2.5
12.7/0.7
1.3/0
12.7/1.8
7.3/1.0
6.7/1.5
33.4/3.5
1.8/0.4
12.3/1.2
9.2/1.3
19.7/1.3
11.5/0
4.7/0.4
7.5/1.3
0.4/0.4
7.0/0
32.6/1.4
*calculated as average number of individuals found under one ATR during one checking
multiplied by 100
In PCA for vegetation, 1st axis explained 70%, but 1st+2nd -91% of variation. First axis can
be interpreted as drained-wet bog gradient, while second was gradient in prostrate shrub
composition from Vaccinium myrtillus and Ledum palustre to Calluna vulgaris (Figure 2).
Second gradient was more important since sites with good Coronella austriaca
populations were close to Coronella reference value at second PCA axis, but had large
dispersion against PCA 1st axis.
Abundance of food objects had poor relationship with snake population size (Table 1,
Figures 1 and 3, 4 ). Thus, best populations located in north, had variable food resource
availability, from good to average or lowered lizard population. However, there were
some cases when low snake population corresponded to low lizard population.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Figure 1. Location of sampling sites in the Slokas Bog, Latvia. Pale outline – sites without
Coronella austriaca records. Orange – sites, where Coronella austriaca was present,
transperency degree indicates population density of the species – from fully transparent
for sites with lowest density to filled in highest density sites. Site names correspond to
their names in text and Tables.
DISCUSSION
About 65% of observed snake population was located in north-central part of the Slokas
Bog, in sites Center N, Center W, Center E. Here, there was threefold difference in snake
numbers east and west from a dirt road. This road is seldom visited, part of the season
non-drivable, and can not be a significiant barrier for snakes (Figure 5). Both sites had
similar food object availability, and difference could be in habitat. PCA showed difference
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
in vegetation composition, which east ot the road was closer to Coronella reference, what
could indicate better habitat.
Table 2. Vegetation characteristics of in plots.
Corornella austriaca tinplates
%
of Median value*
samples
present
Average from all sites
%
of Median
samples value*
present
Herb layer
Calluna vulgaris**
97
60
90
47
Ledum palustre
56
10
51
14
Vaccinium vitis-idaea**
11
5
25
10
Vaccinium myrtillus**
1
10
12
23
Vaccinium uliginosum**
12
5
21
10
Andromeda polyfolia
21
5
23
4
Empetrum nigrum**
0
n.e.
2
10
Rubus chamaemorus
33
5
33
5
Melampyrum pratense** 0
n.e.
3
4
Eriophorum vaginatum
81
10
82
13
Rhynchospora alba
1
10
2
6
Calamagrostis sp.
1
20
1
20
Molinia caerulea**
0
n.e.
2
15
Phragmites australis
3
5.5
1
7
Pteridium aquilinum
1
30
5
30
Equisetum sp.
1
10
<1
10
Ground layer
Sphagnum
79
50
66
41
Non-Sphagnum mosses
56
10
63
14
Lichens on ground
32
7.5
29
7
Bare ground
53
10
51
13
Tree storey
Pinus sylvestris
100
20
99
20
Picea abies**
0
n.e.
3
3
Betula
pubescens, 73
5
71
7
B.pendula
*calculated only from samples where given taxon was present; ** taxons with notable
difference between Coronella and all sites
PCA showed great dispersion of Coronella sites, what can be explained by relatively
uniform habitat with small differences in herb layer composition. Only in one case
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
vegetation presummably was outside suitable Coronella bog habitat range. This was
Northwest-a1, located in a large forest glade on the periphery of Slokas Bog. Site
oordination pattern in PCA chart showed that domination of Ledum palustre and
Vaccinium myrtillus generally indicate bad Coronella austriaca habitat. There were several
cases when snake was absent in sites with good vegetation characteristics. Area Center i
in PCA was placed close to Coronella habitat reference value, and also had highest
possible lizard densities, but snake was absent here. This is an isolated forest glade
probably too small to sustain snakes permanently.
Figure 2. PCA ordination. Reference Coronella austriaca habitat indicated with cross.
Open circles – sites without Coronella records, filled circles – with Coronella; size of filled
circles correspond to the population density. Site names correspond to their names in
text. Vegetation components with strongest correlation with axes are given.
Large lizard population in fact may indicate absence of a predator – smooth snake. Snake
absence was observed in some sites with good lizard populations - Northwest-b and EastNf. High lizard population density probably indicated absence of permanent adult snake
population in Southwest-g, where only one juvenile was found in regrowing small forest
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
cutting. Lizard densities in Coronella core population in north-central bog varied around
average values. However, low lizard population density could be important limiting factor
in southern part of the bog. Thus, vegetation of Center S in PCA was placed close to
Coronella reference, but had low snake and lizard densities. Patterns of lizard and snake
densities indicated that Anguis fragilis could be more important food object than Zootoca
vivipara, because there were case when last species was absent in site with high
Coronella density.
Figure 3. Relative densities of food object – Anguis fragilis on sites. Orange – densities
considerably lower than median value, green - higher than median value, pale - ±10%
deviation from median. Intensity of filling indicate degree of deviation from median with
full sites indicating maximal deviation from median, but transparent – minimal.
Populations with highest snake densities were observed in relatively open middle part of
the bog. The single exception was East-Nh, where calculated density was highest
observed – 14 individuals/ha. This is relatively small territory, where 4 adults and 2
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
subadults which form a peripheral sub-population. The habitat is an old forest clearing
surrounded by densier tree stand. In 2012 two adults were found here, but in 2014, after
illiquid tree and shrub cutting and more open habitat creating in prevoius winter, three
adults (one of them found in 2011 as well) and two subadults were recorded here. Most
likely population increase is due to newcommers from neighboring sub-optimal habitats.
Similarly winter illiquid tree cutting also was carried out in overgrown clearing of an
isolated Slokas lake site, where one subadult was observed latter same year. This is also
possible newcomer; prevous year this site was evaluated as unsuitable for snake due to
dense tree cover of 70-80%. These cases indicate, that inspite of sedentary lifestyle
usually attributed to this species (Phelps 1978, Gent & Spellerberg 1993), it is capable of
fast colonization of neighboring areas.
Figure 4. Relative densities of food object –Zootoca vivipara on sites. Orange – densities
considerably lower than median value, green - higher than median value, pale - ±10%
deviation from median. Intensity of filling indicate degree of deviation from median with
full sites indicating maximal deviation from median, but transparent – minimal.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Figure 5. Habitat of the Smooth Snake (Coronella austriaca) near old road in north-central
part of the Slokas Bog.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Study was supported by the LIFE project „Conservation of Rare Reptiles and Amphibians
in Latvia” (LIFE09NAT/LV/000239).
REFERENCES
Čeirāns A. 2000. The Smooth Snake (Coronella austriaca Laur.) in Latvia: distribution,
habitats, and conservation. Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences, 54 (2):
85-90.
Čeirāns A. 2012. Conservation of Smooth Snake in Latvia: Project LIFE-HerpetoLatvia.
Nature Conservation Agency, Sigulda, 56 p.
Drobenkov S. 2000. Ecology of Smooth Snake (Coronella austriaca LAUR.) in Belarus.
Russian Journal of Herpetology, 7 (2): 135-138.
Gent A.H., Spellerberg I.F. 1993. Movement rates of the smooth snake Coronella
austriaca(Colubridae): a radio-telemetric study. Herpetological Journal, 3: 140-146
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Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Hartel T. et al. 2009. Using species detectability to infer distribution, habitat use and
absence of a cryptic species: the smooth snake (Coronella austriaca) in Saxon
Transylvania. Acta Scientiarum Transylvanica, Biologia, 17 (1): 61-76.
Kery M. 2002. Inferring the absence of a species - a case study of snakes. Journal of
Wildlife Management, 66 (2): 330-338.
Mutz T., Glandt D. 2004. Artificial refugees as means to field research on reptiles with
emphasis on the adder (Vipera berus) and the smooth snake (Coronella austriaca).
Mertensiella, 15: 186-196.
Phelps T.E. 1978. Seasonal movement of the snakes Coronella austriaca, Vipera berus and
Natrix natrix in Southern England. British Journal of Herpetology, 5: 755-761.
Siliņš J., Lamsters V. 1934. Latvijas rāpuļi un abinieki [Latvian reptiles and amphibians].
Valters un Rapa, Rīga, 96 p.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
PECULIARITY OF EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF COLUBRID SNAKES (COLUBRIDAE) FOUND
ON SARALINSKY DISTRICT OF THE VOLGA-KAMA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
Lija Idrisova
Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University
Kremlevskaya str. 18, Kazan, the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
This research concerns an external morphology of reptiles. Pholidosis, coloration
and dimensions which are important in studying phenetic variability, adaptation of
organisms, taxonomy, evolution and other aspects are investigated. Problem of
subspecies identification is also considered. The morphological features of two
colubrid snakes from Saralinsky district of the Volga-Kama Wildlife Sanctuary were
investigated: the smooth snake (Coronella austriaca Laurenti, 1768) and the grass
snake (Natrix natrix Linnaeus, 1758). Pholidosis and coloration of both species are
described. Sex differences in some features were noted. A great diversity of snakes`
coloration and high percentage of snakes` melanism was observed in the
investigated area, particularly in smooth snakes. Three forms of the grass snake
have been identified: the nominative subspecies (N. n. natrix Linnaeus, 1758), the
eastern subspecies (N. n. scutata Pallas, 1771) and a hybrid form. A high frequency
of the eastern subspecies and the hybrid form is a peculiarity of grass snakes
population from Saralinsky region. There are some differences in pholidosis and
dimensions between smooth snakes occur in Saralinsky region and those from the
Volga-Kama region as a whole. These characteristics are distinguish Saralinsky
population of snakes from the other ones.
Key words: smooth snake, Coronella austriaca, grass snake, Natrix natrix,
pholidosis, coloration, subspecies.
INTRODUCTION
Investigation of external morphology is an important task of modern ecological and
morphological research of reptiles related to the study of variability and adaptation to
environment conditions. Coloring of animals allowing to reveal regularities of organisms`
adaptation to their environment is important in studying phenetic variability of reptiles
(Morozenko 2003). Furthermore differences in coloring are the basis of the subspecies
differentiation of reptiles (Bakiev et al. 2004, Pavlov & Petrova 2005). Integration zones
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
between subspecies are of considerable interest to evolutionary biology and systematic
(Thorpe 1987).
The smooth snake is a rare representative of snakes in Tatarstan Republic. She is included
to the Tatarstan Republic Red List as a species rapidly declining its abundance (II category)
(The Red Book of the Tatarstan Republic 2006). On the territory of Tatarstan Republic is
the north bound of smooth snakes` areal therefore of particular interest are ecology and
morphology of this species. The grass snake is common and occurs almost everywhere.
Territory of republic is an integration zone of two subspecies of the grass snake therefore
detection the bounds of subspecies distribution is an important task of our research.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The morphological features of two species of colubrid snakes were investigated: the
smooth snake and the grass snake. The material for this research was collected from June
to August 2010-2013 on Saralinsky district of the Volga-Kama Wildlife Sanctuary (Russia,
Tatarstan Republic). Saralinsky district is located in the interfluvial of Volga and Kama
rivers. One part of this territory is located on the mainland and the second part lies on
demi-island (the Big Island in past). 18 individuals (8 males and 10 females) of smooth
snake and 79 individuals (32 males and 47 females) of grass snake were caught during this
study. To study morphology the standard technique of reptiles handling was used (Pavlov
& Zamaletdinov 2002). To characterize the external morphology of snakes the following
features were used: L – the body length, L.c. – the head length, L.cd. – the tail length, Lab.
– the number of supralabial scutes, Sublab. – the number of sublabial scutes, S.cd. – the
quantity of undernail scutes, Sq. – the number of rows of dorsal scale in the middle of the
body, Ventr. – the number of abdominal scutes. Coloring features were also noted. Only
adults were examined because of snakes` coloring may change throughout their lives (as
they grow older) (Bakiev et al. 2004, Najbar 2006). To study relative abundance and
density of snakes` populations the route registration method was used. (Pavlov &
Zamaletdinov 2002).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The smooth snake was observed on demi-island part of Saralinsky district. She occurs in
different biotopes such as dry forest areas with low herbaceous vegetation and humid
reeds coasts of river channel. Relative abundance is about 0.5 individuals per km, the
average density is about 0.7 individuals per ha. There is approximately equal ratio of
males and females in a sample of smooth snake – 47% and 53% respectively. 34% of all
females were pregnant.
Females of smooth snake are usually larger than males (dimensions and quantitative
features of smooth snake are presented in Table 1). Their body length is on the average
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
558 mm whereas the males` body length is on the average 507 mm (differences are
significant, р<0.05). Males are characterized by larger tail length (127 mm in males and
107 mm in females) (р<0.05). On the average head length is 18 mm for males and 17 mm
for females. The number of supralabial and sublabial scales is approximately equal in both
sexes and is respectively 7 and 9. The quantity of undernail scutes is significantly higher in
males (55) as compared with females (51) (р<0.05). The number of rows of dorsal scale in
the middle of the body is equal in all individuals (19). The quantity of ventral scutes is
significantly higher in females (on the average 190) as compared with males (on the
average 170) (р<0.05). The anal scute is divided to two parts in all individuals of smooth
snake.
Table 1. Dimensions (in mm) and quantitative features of smooth snake from Saralinsky
district of the Volga-Kama Wildlife Sanctuary
Feature
L.
L.c.
L.cd.
Lab.R*
Lab.L**
Sublab.R
Sublab.L
S.cd.
Sq.
Ventr.
Males (n=8)
M±m
508.3±16.43
18.3±0.33
125.1±5.59
7.0±0.00
7.0±0.00
9.0±0.00
9.0±0.00
55.7±1.76
19.0±0.00
171.5±0.14
Me
507
18
127
7
7
9
9
55
19
170
min
465
17
103
7
7
9
9
52
19
167
max
576
19
140
7
7
9
9
64
19
178
*R – mean on the right side of the body
**L – mean on the left side of the body
Females (n=10)
M±m
Me
550.3±18.61 558
17.0±0,43
17
111.0±4.06
107
7.0±0.00
7
7.0±0.00
7
9.1±0.09
9
9.3±0.33
9
52.2±1.04
51
19.0±0.00
19
189.8±2.01
190
min
443
15
100
7
7
9
9
46
19
182
max
634
20
140
7
7
10
10
60
19
197
T
p<0.05
6.0
11.0
1.0
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
8.0
0,00
2.00
0.030
0.326
0.010
0.021
0.017
It should be noted that the body length of smooth snakes from Saralinsky district is less
than those observed for the Volga-Kama region as a whole (Table 2). Our data is similar to
noted by other investigators for saralinsky smooth snakes. There were slightly larger
means observed for the Volga-Kama region. Some differences in number of undernail
scutes are also present: means within the limits of 50-59 were noted for saralinsky
smooth snakes whereas means within the limits of 49-70 were noted for smooth snakes
from the Volga-Kama region.
Of special interest is coloring of smooth snake from Saralinsky region. There are several
types of snikes` coloration in this area: light-grey, brownish-gray, olive and dark (Figure 1).
Most of smooth snakes are colored in light-gray with two rows of dark-brown spots
running down the back towards the tail (50% of individuals). 18% of individuals are
colored in brownish-gray and their spots are black. 12% of individuals are colored in olive
with slightly-expressed light-brown spots on their backs. The dark-colored (almost black)
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
smooth snakes not having any spots on the back are melanistic. They make up a high
proportion of population – 20% of individuals that is more than brownish-gray and olive
snakes. It is interesting that all melanistic and olive snakes are males. Possible there are
some sex differences in coloration of smooth snakes from Saralinsky district however to
judge about this is difficult yet because of rather small material. Reddish-brown and
copper snakes were noted in other regions of Tatarstan Republic (Bakiev et al. 2004,
Pavlov & Zamaletdinov 2002). In Saralinsky region we didn`t find any individuals colored
the same. Other researchers weren`t also observe they on this territory (Pavlov & Petrova
2005). Conversely melanistic smooth snakes occur only on Saralinsky district of the VolgaKama Wildlife Sanctuary.
Table 2. Some differences between smooth snakes from Saralinsky district of the VolgaKama Wildlife Sanctuary and from и Volga-Kama region.
Our data
Pavlov & Petrova 2005 Bakiev et al. 2004
Volga-Kama
Saralinsky district
Saralinsky district
Feature
region
males
females
males
males
females
(n=8)
(n=10)
(n=8)
507 mm
558 mm
508,63 mm
L.
555 mm 630 mm
(465-576) (443-634) (321-625)
55
51
54,5
S.cd.
49-70
28-71
(52-64)
(46-60)
(50-59)
Labial scales of most smooth snakes are light, in some individuals with small dark specks
(18% of individuals) and without specks in other specimens (45% of individuals). 25% of
specimens have grey labial scales and 12% – brown. Coloration of abdomen is greatly
diverse. There is a marble pattern formed by randomly scattered small dark and light
specks with central black stripe on abdomen of most smooth snakes (57% of individuals).
Olive snakes also have a marble pattern (orange-yellow) on their abdomen (12% of
individuals). Some specimens have black-colored abdomen with a few light specks on
sides (31% of individuals).
The grass snake was found both on the demi-island and the mainland part of Saralinsky
district. Biotopes he occurred are diverse: coasts of the river, small bodies, swamped
lowlands, overgrown and parch river channels. Relative abundance is about 2 individuals
per km, the average density is about 4.6 individuals per ha. Females make up the highest
part of population – 59% of individuals while only 41% of individuals accounted for by
males. 36% of all females were pregnant.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Figure 1. Coloration of the smooth snake from Saralinsky district of the Volga-Kama
Wildlife Sanctuary: A – light-grey, B – brownish-gray, C – olive, D – melanistic.
The body length of females on the average larger than those in males – respectively 625
mm and 548 mm (differences are significant, р<0.001). The head length is also larger in
females (on the average 27 mm) as compared with males (on the average 22 mm)
(р<0.001). In males the average tail length is 147 mm, in females – 130 mm. Dimensions
and quantitative features of smooth snake are given in Table 3.
The number of supralabial scutes is approximately equal in both sexes and makes up 7.
Females have higher quantity of sublabial scutes (on the average 10) than males (on the
average 9) (differences are significant, р<0.001). The number of undernal scutes is
significantly higher in males (on the average 66) than in females (on the average 60)
(р<0.001). The number of rows of dorsal scale in the middle of the body varies from 17 to
20 and on the average is equal in all individuals (19). In females the average quantity of
ventral scutes is 175, in males – 171 (differences are significant, р<0.01). The anal scute is
divided to two parts in all captured grass snakes.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Table 3. Dimensions (in mm) and quantitative features of grass snake from Saralinsky
district of the Volga-Kama Wildlife Sanctuary
Feature
L.
L.c.
L.cd.
Lab.R*
Lab.L**
Sublab.R
Sublab.L
S.cd.
Sq.
Ventr.
Males (n=32)
M±m
521.9±12.67
21.9±0,47
145.3±3.93
7.0±0.00
7.0±0.00
9.2±0.08
9.1±0.07
66.5±1.08
18.4±0.31
171.4±0.67
Me
548
22
147
7
7
9
9
66
19
171
min
400
17
100
7
7
8
8
50
17
162
max
807
30
190
7
7
10
10
77
20
178
*R – mean on the right side of the body
**L – mean on the left side of the body
Females (n=47)
M±m
Me
632.3±16.8 625
27.4±0.57
27
134.9±3.46 141
7.1±0.00
7
7.0±0.00
7
9.5±0.07
10
9.5±0.07
10
60.0±0.86
60
18.7±0.23
19
174.0±0.78 175
min
410
20
99
7
7
9
9
49
17
165
max
852
36
177
8
7
10
10
76
20
183
T
p<0.05
154.5
78.0
165.0
0,00
0,00
48.0
22.0
43.5
7.0
53.5
0.0001
0.0001
0.386
0.003
0.0001
0.0001
0.892
0.005
One of the most characteristic features of the grass snake is presence of two spots behind
the head (temporal spots). Coloring of temporal spots may greatly diverse from pale-gray
to bright-yellow and bright-orange ( Figure 2). The most common type of temporal spots
coloring in the investigated area is yellowish-orange (38% of individuals). The grass snakes
with yellow temporal spots occur fairly often (20% of specimens). 17% of individuals have
yellowish-grey temporal spots and 16% have orange temporal spots. Other types of color
are rare: orange-gray temporal spots are observed in 5% of individuals, milky-yellow – in
4% of all captured snakes. Some snakes haven`t temporal spots – their head colored in
shadeless black (5% of individuals).
Temporal spots of grass snake differ not only in color but also in form ( Figure 2). Most of
grass snakes (66% of individuals) have large oval temporal spots divided by narrow stripe.
Crescent-shaped temporal spots divided by wide stripe are typical for 20% of individuals
(edges of such spots are often fuzzy and blurry). Temporal spots are not full divided
(fused along the front edge but divided on the back edge) in 7% of captured snakes. 7% of
individuals have full fused temporal spots forming the “collar” behind the head.
Coloration of the dorsal side of the grass snake is also characterized by great variety of
colors and shades. Four basic types of coloring may be distinguished: black, dark-gray,
olive-gray and olive. Most of individuals are colored in olive-gray (77%). Black-colored
snakes made up 11% of specimens. 7% of individuals are colored in olive and 5% – in
dark-gray. Varying degree of melanisation grass snakes were observed in the investigated
area – full black snakes without temporal spots (5% of individuals) and black snakes
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
having pale grayish-yellow or grayish-orange temporal spots (6% of individuals). Overall
rate of melanistic snakes made up 10% of sample.
Figure 2. Coloration and shape of temporal spots of the grass snake: A – oval brightorange temporal spots divided by narrow stripe, B – crescent-shaped yellowish-grey
temporal spots divided by wide stripe, C – not full divided yellow temporal spots, D –
yellowish-orange temporal spots forming the “collar”, F – milky-yellow temporal spots, G
– melanistic snake without temporal spots.
Labial scutes of grass snake may be colored in yellowish (69% of individuals), orange (6%
of individuals) and white (19% of individuals). The grass snakes with grayish labial scales
are sometimes occur (6% of individuals).
Ventral side of tail is usually colored in shadeless-black (55% of individuals). Some snakes
have light specks on the tail (45% of specimens). Light specks may locate on each scute
(13% of individuals) but the most cases they located on several scutes (32% of all
captured snakes).
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Identification of subspecies of grass snake was carried out by complex of morphological
features were noted by different researchers (Al-Zavahra 1997, Bakiev et al. 2004, Pavlov
& Petrova 2005): color of the dorsal side of the body, presence of black specks on the
dorsal side, color of temporal spots, intensity of temporal spots` coloring and presence of
black spots behind temporal spots. Individuals which can be confidently attributed to
nominative or eastern subspecies (by all five diagnostic features) are very rare.
Most of snakes have features of both subspecies in a varying degree and apparently are a
hybrid form between two subspecies. The existence of hybrid form is understandable
because of Volga-Kama region is a zone of integration of two subspecies where they are
crossing. It is possible that existence of these hybrids obstructs identification of
subspecies. Nevertheless three groups of the grass snake have been identified in the
investigated area: individuals having more features of the nominative subspecies (more
than 80% of features belongs to nominative subspecies), individuals having more features
of the eastern subspecies and the hybrid form that equally combines the features of both
subspecies. 43% of individuals may be attributed to the first group (N. n. natrix).
The second group (N. n. scutata) includes 28% of individuals. Hybrids made up 29% of all
captured snakes. A high frequency of the eastern subspecies and the hybrid form is a
peculiarity of grass snakes population from Saralinsky region and distinguish her from
populations in other regions of the Tatarstan Republic.
CONCLUSIONS
Generally it should be mentioned that snakes` populations from Saralinsky region are
singular. A great diversity of smooth snakes` coloring, a high frequency of the eastern
subspecies and the hybrid form of the grass snake, as well as high percentage of snakes`
melanism are distinguish them from the other ones.
A high percentage of melanistic snakes may be influenced by environment conditions
(Pavlov & Petrova 2005). Humid and warm microclimate near the river, particularly
isolation of the demi-island population and other factors influence on populations of
snakes and it ultimately determines their phenotypes. Melanism is also thought to occur
as a result of relations between thermoregulatory and reproductive advantages of snakes
(Pernetta & Reading 2009, Zadravek M., Laus B. 2011).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am grateful to Ph.D. in Biological Sciences Khairutdinov I.Z. and to Ph.D. in Biological
Sciences Garanin V.I. for support and help on the earliest stages of my research.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
REFERENCES
Al-Zavahra H. 1997. On systematic of the grass snake. Materials of conference dedicated
to memory of Professor Popov V.A. Kazan State University. Kazan. Pp. 20 – 24. (in
Russian)
Bakiev A.G., Garanin V.I., Litvinov N.A., Pavlov A.V., Ratnikov V.Ju. 2004. Snakes of the
Volzhsko-Kamskij region. Publisher Samara Scientific Centre of Russian Academy of
Sciences. Samara. 192 p. (in Russian)
Zadravek M., Laus B. 2011. Melanism variation in Natrix natrix (Linnaeus, 1758) and
Zamenis longissimus (Laurenti, 1768) in Croatia. In: Hyla. Vol. 2011. No 2. Pp. 39 –
42.
Morozenko N.V. 2003. Ecology and morphology structure and phenetic analysis of
population of the grass snake (Natrix natrix) from Lower Volga region. Synopsys of
the dissertation … Ph.D. in Biological Sciences. Saratov: 18p. (in Russian)
Najbar B. 2006. The occurrence and the characteristics of Coronella austriaca austriaca
(Laurenti, 1768) (Serpentes: Colubridae) in western Poland. Acta zoologica
cracoviensia, 49A(1-2). Pp. 33 – 40.
Pavlov A.V., Zamaletdinov R.I. 2002. Wildlife of the Tatarstan Republic. Amphibians &
Reptiles. Methods of study. Kazan. 92 p. (in Russian)
Pavlov A.V., Petrova I.V. 2005. About two colubrid snakes from Saralinsky district of the
Volga-Kama State Wildlife Sanctuary. In: Actual problems of herpetology and
toxicology: digest of scientific papers. Vol. 8. Institute of ecology of the Volga
region of Russian Academy of Sciences. Tolyatti. Pp. 135 – 142. (in Russian)
Pernetta A., Reading C. 2009. Observation of two melanistic smooth snakes (Coronella
austriaca) from Dorset, United Kingdom. In: Acta Herpetologica 4(1). Pp. 109 – 112.
The Red Book of the Tatarstan Republic (animals, plants, mushrooms). 2006. The 2 nd
edition. Publisher “Idel-Press”. Kazan. 832 p. (in Russian)
Thorpe R.S. 1987. Geographic variation: a synthesis of cause, data, pattern and
congruence in relation to subspecies, multivariate analysis and phylogenesis. Boll.
Zool. Vol. 54. Pp. 3 – 11.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
ECOLOGICAL FEATURES AND LANDSCAPE - BIOTOPICAL DISTRIBUTION EMYS
ORBICULARIS (L., 1758) IN NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS OF PRIPAYT POLESYE OF BELARUS
Dmitry Yurievich Lesnichy
Mozyrsky State Pedagogical University name I. P. Shamjakina, Mozyr, Belarus
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the present research was studying of ecological features, spatial
distribution Emys orbicularis in various landscapes - biotopic natural ecosystems of
Pripjatsky Polesye. Emys orbicularis prefers here shllow reservoirs with quiet water
and oxbow, settles in meliorative channels and ponds. During the research in
territory of Pripayt Polesye, new habitats of Emys orbicularis were found in villages
Otskovanoe and Zabrode of Zhitkovichsky area, Mozyrsky area.
Key words: ecology, Emys orbicularis, ecosystem, Belarus.
INTRODUCTION
Unique finds Emys orbicularis (L., 1758) in Belarus for today studying, as rare kind of
special interest. The European marsh turtle Emys orbicularis (L., 1758) is the unique
representative of group of turtles (Testudines) living in Belarus. As the rare species, which
number has the essential tendency to decrease, is brought in the Red book.
The purpose and research problems
The purpose of the present research was studying of ecological features, spatial
distribution Emys orbicularis (L., 1758) in various landscapes - biotopic natural ecosystems
of Pripjatsky Polesye.
For object in view achievement it was necessary to solve following problems:
1) to give the ecological description of habitats Emys orbicularis (L., 1758);
2) to define features of spatial distribution Emys orbicularis (L., 1758) in various landscape
- biotopic ecosystems;
3) to establish new habitats Emys orbicularis (L., 1758).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Researches were spent to the spring-and-summer period of 2013-2014 in territory of
Pripjatsky Polesye. As modelling object of research Zhitkovichsky and Mozyrsky areas of
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
the Gomel area have been chosen. In Zhitkovichsky area vicinities of twenty villages and
settlements (by Dedovka, Lagvoshchi, Ljudenevichi, Berezina, Long Dubrova, Cheretjanka,
Rudnja, Red Zorka, Borki, the Country churchyard, Rounds, the Crest, Naut, Ostranka,
Zabrode, Mlynok, Podovzh, Dubrova, Otskovanoe, Morohorovo) have been surveyed.
Mozyrsky area it is surveyed fourteen vicinities of villages and settlements (Novelties,
Krinichnyj, Akulinka, Bibiki, Matrunki, Tvarichevka, Kamenka, Kozenki, Is small.
Zimowishchi, Rudnja Gorbovichsky, Starosele, Prudok, Zagoriny, Meleshkovichi). Studying
of settlement Emys orbicularis (L., 1758) it was spent by technique M.M.Pikulik [1].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The European marsh turtle Emys orbicularis (L., 1758) during supervision in territory of
Zhitkovichsky area has been registered in vicinities of the left coast of the river of
Skripitsa, village Otskovanoe, namely floodplain parts of a terrace of the first level. The
landscape organisation of the region represented Subboreal subzone lake - alluvial
floodplain of the terrace. Alluvial terraced landscape is poorly drained with pine forests
on the sod-podzolic soils. Territory area is not waterlogged. Flat topography, formed by
small dunes, characterized by dry places with sandy hillocks and small mounds. The
landscape organisation is favorable for fulfilment of migrations to places of reproduction
and a laying of eggs. The territory is rather opened, with dense grassy vegetation and
rare, both low, and high wood plantings. Biotopic organization expressed the first tier of
wood - Pinus sylvestris, the second - Betula pubescens, adolescents presented Alnus
incana, undergrowth - Sorbus aucuparia. The grass - shrub layer marked Vaccinium
uliginosum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Dactylis glomerata, Bromus inermis, Juníperus
communis.
Two more individuals Emys orbicularis (L., 1758) have been registered in settlement
Zabrode vicinities. Landscape - biotopic organisation of the district is presented by a
subband subborealis lake - marsh landscape, with sod - podzolic soil, sometimes partially
peat - wetlands. A relief is flat, poorly bent or poorly convex. Places of registration Emys
orbicularis (L., 1758) have on biotopic a pine forest mossy (dry). Earlier this territory was
ball boggy, and for today is drained. The transformation of territory can be the
precondition for settling of these kinds as peatbogs are optimum soil for a laying of eggs,
and temperature on 3-5 0C above. The biotopic organisation is expressed by the first
wood circle - Pínus sylvestris, the second - Alnus incana, undergrowth presented Betula
pubescens, the underbrush - Sorbus aucuparia. In grassy - bush a circle dominants are
Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Rubus ulmifoolius, Vaccinium uliginosum.
Researches of Mozyrsky area have shown that Emys orbicularis (L., 1758) meets in small
lakes in green space territory "Molodezhnyj". Among surveyed in number of 4 reservoirs,
it has been met three individuals Emys orbicularis (L., 1758). The district landscape is
presented by small ravines, as with abrupt and flat biases that is an optimum habitat of
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
population of the given kind. More often Emys orbicularis (L., 1758) met on east and
southern gentle slopes where light exposure of territory has more long period of time. In
biotopichesky organisation of territory of reservoirs grow plantings Pinus sylvestris, Betula
pubescens, Alnus incana. Are numerous bushes Rubus ulmifoolius and Salix alba. Grass shrub layer is formed by the dominant plants Fragaria vesca, Vaccinium vitis-idaea,
Sagittaria trifolia, Carex pilosa, Typha latifolia, Scirpus sylvaticus and others. Fodder
reservoirs which can be used Emys orbicularis (L., 1758) includes such kinds of animals, as
Cochlicopa lubrica, Anisus leucostoma, Anisus spirobris, Physella acuta, Triturus vulgaris 6
ekz/ha, Rana ridibunda 18 ekz/ha, Rana lessonae 78 ekz/ha, Rana temporaria 23 ekz/ha.
Decrease in number of the European marsh turtle to Polesye is connected with radical
transformation and reduction of the area of the natural habitats which have followed
anthropogenous changes of natural landscapes, drainage of the boggy earths, collapse
and a flattening channel the rivers [2].
Among major factors of decrease in number Emys orbicularis (L., 1758) in natural
ecosystems it is possible to allocate influence on populations of direct destruction and
change biotopic and ecosystems that is reduction of natural habitats of the given kind.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Emys orbicularis (L., 1758) prefers shellow reservoirs with quiet water and oxbow.
settles in meliorative channels and ponds. The best places for its dwelling are not broken
sites with a dense network of reservoirs and bogs grown wood, bush and grassy
vegetation. Chooses open sites of territory with gentle slopes and small heights. A fodder
food allowance make (Caudata, Mollusca, Insecta).
2. Spatial distribution Emys orbicularis (L., 1758) in territory of Pripayt Polesye it is
subboreal subzone lake - alluvial, lake - marsh landscapes, with sod - podzolic soil,
sometimes partially peat - wetlands. The relief flat is formed by small dunes, presence of
dry places with sandy hillocks and small embankments is characteristic.
3. During the spent researches in territory of Pripayt Polesye, new habitats Emys
orbicularis (L., 1758) settlements occupying vicinity of villages Otskovanoe and Zabrode of
Zhitkovichsky area, green space " Molodezhnyj" of Mozyrsky area.
REFERENCES
1. Pikulik, M.M. Presmykajushchiesja of Belarus / M.M. Pikulik, V.A. Bakharev, S.V. Kosov.
– Minsk: the Science and technics, 1988. – 166 p.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
2. The red book of Byelorussia: Rare and being under the threat of disappearance kinds of
wild animals / the Ministry of natural resources and preservation of the
environment; the editors: L.I.Horuzhik [etc.]. – Minsk: En Is white. 2004. – 320 p.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
REINTRODUCTION OF THE EUROPEAN POND TURTLE (EMYS ORBICULARIS L.) IN
NORTHWEST-GERMANY – FIRST RESULTS AFTER FIRST RELEASE
Anne-Claire Martina Meeske 1, Carina Poggenburg 2
1
NABU Niedersachsen, Field office OESSM, Hagenburger Straße 16, 31547 RehburgLoccum, Germany
2
Schulweg 16, 30916 Isernhagen, Germany
1
[email protected], 2 [email protected]
ABSTRACT
In 2014 14 subadult European pond turtles with a minimum age of 5 years were
released in the middle of June in the nature reserve “Meerbruchswiesen” at
Steinhuder Meer in Lower Saxony. During the first three months daily controls of
the animals were carried out by visual control, radiotracking and captures for
analyzing their behavior, activity, movements and activity ranges. Recaptures
indicated the development and the health status of the specimens.
In 72 % of total pond size individuals could be located. The turtles covered the
longest distances in the water body in July. The aquatic activity ranges differed
between the radiotracked animals. Altogether, the range sizes increased from June
to July and decreased from July to August. Differences in covered distances, aquatic
activity ranges and visited places in the pond between sexes were not significant.
Two specimens left the releasing pond in the first three months, the remaining
animals stayed there until study end.
Apart from one found dead male, no more individual losses could be noticed in the
first summer.
Key words: Reptilia, Testudines, Emydidae, Emys orbicularis, reintroduction, Lower
Saxony.
INTRODUCTION
The European pond turtle is the only turtle species in Europe distributed also in the North
of the Alps (Podloucky 1985). The total species range is from north-western Africa, over
the Iberian Peninsula and the northern Mediterranean area up to the Aral Sea in Central
Asia as well as in East-Europe up to the Caspian Sea and in the north up to Lithuania (Fritz
2000). Single findings of Emys orbicularis are also known from Latvia (Meeske & Pupins
2009).
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
During the last centuries a heavy decline of the species with its specific habitat
requirements was determined for almost the total distribution range. The destruction of
aquatic and terrestrial habitats is one of the main reasons for the dramatic decline of the
species. In particular the development and straightening of streams and the large-scale
meliorations during the last 200 years led to a serious loss of aquatic habitats in Central
Europe. On the other hand the abandonment of historical agricultural usage e.g. wood
pastures as well as large-scale afforestations and an increasing intensification and
industrialization of agricultural land caused a general disappearance of natural terrestrial
habitats with a remarkable decline of open areas. Additionally, the direct (Lenten food,
keeping) and indirect pursuit (killing in fish traps and with fishing hooks) over a long
period decimated considerably the declining populations. As a result of habitat
destructions and intensive pursuits most of the turtle populations collapsed or even
became extinct in many German regions already in the end of 18th century (Schneeweiss
& Fritz 2000). Today, the species is among the most endangered animal species in
Germany, and is considered as extinct in most of the federal states as well as in Lower
Saxony.
For long time Emys orbicularis was seen as monotypical species in the whole distribution
range but with intensive studies on morphology and genetics different subspecies and
haplotypes (e.g. Fritz 1989, 2000, Lenk et al. 1998, Ayres Fernandez & Cordero Riviera
1999, Rogner 2009) but also one other species (Emys trinacris) (Fritz et al. 2005) were
detected and described. Additionally, a high number of various studies on biology,
ecology, etc. in different regions of the species range revealed a big diversity e.g. in
habitat requirements, populations status and reproductive strategies. In former times
“wild” reintroduction projects were implemented but due to the shortage of knowledge
on the origin of introduced animals and their needs the projects finally failed. German
reintroduction projects of different quality are described by Podloucky (1981).
Since the 1990’s various conservation and reintroduction projects were initiated in
different European countries taking more and more into account the genetic and
ecological requirements of the species e.g. in Austria (Schindler 2008), Switzerland (Kutzli
2011), France (Cadi & Miquet 2004, Lacoste & Kutzli 2006) as well as in Germany
[Brandenburg (Schneeweiss 2003), Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (Breu et al. 2012),
Hesse (Kuprian & Winkel 2006) and Rhineland Palatinate]. Finally, in 2010 the Ministry for
Environment, Climate Protection and Energy of Lower Saxony initiated the reintroduction
project for Emys orbicularis in Lower Saxony. In the frame of a feasibility study for the
reintroduction at Steinhuder Meer which was carried out by the ÖSSM (Ecological
Conservation Centre Steinhuder Meer, registered society) on behalf of the Ministry a
reintroduction was consistently evaluated as positive (Brandt 2013).Three years later the
NABU Niedersachsen (Nature and biodiversity conservation union of Lower Saxony)
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
began officially with reintroduction activities which are foreseen over a period of 20
years. First release of animals took place in 2014 in one pond.
The main aims of the first project phase are:
 Reintroduction with animals having suitable genetic haplotype II in order to
establish local populations with long-term viability but without impairing
autochthonous relict populations in Germany,
 Establishment of a breeding group with suitable genetic haplotype II in NABU
Species Conservation Centre Leiferde,
 Development and preservation of habitats at Steinhuder Meer with regard to the
all-the-year requirements of the species
 Implementation of efficiency controls in order to determine success and risks of
the reintroduction in cooperation with universities e.g. in the frame of bachelor
and master theses,
 Information and education of public.
The haplotype II exists in Germany and was determined by subfossil findings of the
species in different regions of Germany (Sommer et al. 2007). While haplotype IIb was
found only in Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania as well as in WestPoland, haplotype IIa has a wide range from Hungary to West-France. Some experts
assume that haplotype IIa existed also in West-Germany (Winkel & Kuprian 2011). Due to
this fact it was decided to take the haplotype IIa for the reintroduction program in Lower
Saxony.
The present study was part of the efficiency controls with the aim to determine the space
and habitat use of the first released turtles to the wild, to control their individual
development and survival in the first summer after release. This result will help to
evaluate the suitability of the reintroduction place.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparatory work
Due to the fact that Emys orbicularis became extinct in Lower Saxony the animals for the
reintroduction program came from different origins. Many juveniles are donated from
breeders, other animals were found abandoned in the nature. In order to check the
genetical suitability and purity with haplotype IIa buccal mucosa or blood samples were
taken of found turtles and of the breeder’s individuals respectively and analyzed by two
methods [Cytochrom-B-Analyse (Velo-Anton et al. 2011) and microsatellites]. Adult
turtles are included to the breeding group and young animals to the releasing groups.
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Many juveniles are donated after hatching or with 1 or 2 years. These specimens are
reared in the NABU species conservation centre in Leiferde until they reach the suitable
size and age for release (minimum size: 8 cm; minimum age: 3 or 4 years).
Study site
The study area is located in the nature reserve “Meerbruchswiesen” at Steinhuder Meer
(biggest inland lake of Lower Saxony/Northwest-Germany) (Figure 1). The area has more
continental influenced climate than the western part of Lower Saxony with colder
winters, warmer summers, less precipitation (ca. 650 mm) and higher sunshine duration
(Buschmann et al. 2006, Brandt 2013). The nature reserve has a size of 1.020 ha and is
composed of typical wet vegetation with sedges and red beds, stock of bushes and trees,
single trees and willow hedges as well as a dense network of more than 140 permanent,
semi-permanent and temporary water bodies of different sizes (500 m2 und 10.000 m2),
brooks and drainage channels. Inside the reserve three different core zones (I-III) exist
with different obligations. Extensive use of grasslands is allowed.
The releasing pond was dug in 2011 in core zone I. The open sunny water body has a
water surface of ca. 1879 m2 (180 m long and in average 10 m wide) with a maximum
depth of 1.40 m. Neighboring ponds are in smaller distances of 170-330 m as well as
brooks and ditches. The shore is dominated by floating sweet-grass (Glyceria fluitans) and
two rush species (Juncus spec.). In the pond submerse, floating-leaf-vegetation, cattail
and other vegetation occur. Due to the fact that the pond offers almost no structures for
basking apart from the shore and few roots 12 pieces of dead wood e.g. smaller tree
trunks were put to the pond in end of June.
Observations and localizations of individuals
All releasing animals were marked with transponder for later identification. In addition,
they were measured and weighed as well as photos were taken of plastron and carapace
before release. The photos helped for identification during observations.
Most data were collected in the first three months after release on 19 th June. Daily
controls were carried out by visual control, radiotracking and captures for analyzing
turtle’s preferred sites, behavior, activity, movements and activity ranges.
The radiotracking equipment of the company Wildlife Materials consisted of a receiver
TRX-16s and a 3-element-folding-antenna as well as transmitters (model: SOPR-2190
HWSC, frequency: 150 MHz, weight: 4-4.5 g, life-time duration: 5 months). In total 11 of
the biggest animals were fitted with transmitters glued on their carapaces with 2component-glue. Two telemetry methods (triangulation and homing in) were carried out
for localizations of individuals. Apart from daily control of all animals (once-per-daycontrol) in addition once a week four animals were radiotracked every hour within a 12
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
hour period from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. (12-hour-control) in order to get more detailed data on
movements and activities.
Besides, one up to four traps were installed during daytime in the releasing pond on six
days between 3rd and 22th August. The type of trap is originally used for the capture of
mitten crabs but for the turtle captures the traps were modified (100 cm x 50 cm x 27 cm)
(Figure 2). One opening was closed and the other opening was improved with two guide
nets for leading turtles into the trap. The trap was baited with salmon or beef heart and
put in the shallow areas of the pond shore. Captured animals were controlled in
consideration of their growth, development and health status.
The telemetry data and individual observations were used for evaluation of activity
ranges, covered distances and use of habitat and pond structures. In order to compare
and calculate all data collected by different persons the pond was divided into grid
squares each measuring 3 x 3 m, and each localization was related to one grid square.
Activity ranges were calculated for the ponds (aquatic activity ranges). They were
analyzed by 100%.
Minimum Convex Polygon Method after Mohr (1947) with the help of ArcGis (GIS Tool
„Minimum Boundig Geometry“) taking into account the unused places outside the pond.
Localization data of June are available only for the period 19th – 30th June, for which
reason calculations were carried out also only for the last 13 days of other months for a
better comparison. For analyzing potential differences between sexes, some statistical
analyses were implemented (Excel 2007 two-sample-t-test).
RESULTS
Individual development of released individuals
On 19th June 14 subadult animals with the age of 5-7 years were released. Sex could be
recognized for four females and nine males. The females had sizes of 109.2 – 119.6 mm
and body masses of 297 – 367 g. The released males had sizes of 92.8 – 114.6 mm and
body masses of 142 – 283 g. The smallest turtle equipped with transmitter was the sole
animal with unknown sex 14-07 (size: 93.8 mm, body mass: 175 g).
Six animals could be caught one up to three times again. All recaptured turtles were in
good conditions without indications of weakness or diseases and showed smaller or
bigger increases in weight. One female (14-02) had the smallest increase with 9 g in seven
weeks (2.45 %), another (14-13) the biggest with 73 g in nine weeks (24.58 %) (Figure 3).
Individual losses could be registered one time during summer when the biggest male 1403 was found dead close to the pond on land on 7th July (2.5 weeks after release). The
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
reason of its death was unknown but predation can be assumed and not a disease
because the male showed unremarkable behaviour and activity before.
Pond use and movements
In 71.6 % of total pond size individuals could be localized. Turtles were predominantly
found in the littoral zone, where mainly floating sweet-grass (Glyceria fluitans), common
rush (Juncus effuses) and jointed rush (Juncus articulates) grew. Furthermore, they were
also often located in the shallow swampy parts in east and west of the pond.
During one telemetry control animals with transmitters were usually distributed in the
whole pond. Therefore, two animals were rarely identified together in one place with the
exception of basking observations. However, in 30 cases two turtles could be located in
one grid or in neighboring grids together. While males were determined often together
with a female in one grid or two females in company in one grid, males were never found
together with another male in one grid at the same time/localization. Subadult 14-07 was
localized only with females in one grid.
In the pond the individuals covered the longest distances in July. With regard to the
covered distance during a day males swam average longer distances (max. 549 m, male
14-04) than females (max. 450 m, female 14-09). Although males moved longer distances
than females in June, July and September and females covered longer distances than
males in August (12-h-control) no significant differences could be ascertained. In contrast
the longest distances registered between two sites/controls was similar for both sexes
(max. 94 m, male 14-04; max. 89.84 m, female 14-09).
During the day and during the time the turtles stayed in different grids. The highest
number of visited grids of an animal was found out in July. The small noticed difference
between the sexes was not significant.
Aquatic activity ranges
The aquatic activity ranges differed between the radiotracked turtles. Altogether, the
range sizes increased from June to July and decreased from July to August (Table 1). The
biggest aquatic activity range of the females was determined in July with 1203.42 m2
(female 14-02) and of the males in August with 1244 m2 (male 14-14). The smallest
aquatic activity range of the females was registered in June with 224.47 m 2 (female 1402) and of the males in August with 55.86 m2 (male 14-04). While the males had average
bigger aquatic activity ranges in June however females had average bigger range sizes in
July and August (once-per-day-control).
Migrations
Two of 11 turtles with transmitters were observed leaving the releasing pond and moving
to other water bodies while the residual individuals stayed in the pond determined by
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radiotracking and visual observations. Male 14-11 emigrated already eight days after
release in the northwestern direction to a highly structured melioration channel in 158 m
distance. In the days before localizations of 14-11 indicated that the male left already the
pond during daytime for short periods. In the melioration channel the male moved in two
different directions before the transmitter became lost in the middle of July. In 2.5 weeks
14-11 covered a total distance of 371.4 m on land and in water (Figure 4).
On 9th September subadult 14-07 migrated in southern direction to a nearby brook in 47
m distance and stayed there nearly three weeks moving shorter distances to eastern and
western direction. In the end of September 14-07 travelled more than 100 m to
southwestern direction to another pond where the animal probably hibernates in the
western end. The potential hibernation pond is older and offers more dense vegetation in
particular cattail (Typha latifolia) which could have a positive effect in winter e.g. as a
kind of frost protection. In total the subadult covered a distance of more than 200 m on
land and in water in four weeks.
Basking
Apart from one observation of a swimming and breathing female, all other turtles could
be observed only while basking (n = 60). The first basking observation was possible one
week after release on 26th June. The number of basking observations increased from June
to August and decreased again in September. During the day basking individuals could be
recognized between 9:30 a.m. and 5 p.m.. Frequently, single animals basked in one place.
The maximum number of observed turtles basking at the same time was 5. All specimens
were observed basking at least one time. The frequency of basking was similar for males
and females between June and August, but in September much more females were
registered (Table 2). The length of basking could be noticed in 20 cases. In four cases
basking lasted several hours (max. 6 h 42 min).
Turtles used more often dead wood, roots and tree trunks (n = 55) than the shore for
basking observations (n = 5) (see Figure 6). The brought dead wood was more visited by
the individuals than the existing wood and roots.
DISCUSSION
Individual development of released individuals
The health status and the growth of the recaptured animals showed that the individuals
developed well and found sufficient food. Therefore, the releasing pond was suitable for
the number of released turtles.
Furthermore, the mortality rate of the released turtles in the first summer was quite low
(7 %, n = 14). In the reintroduction project in Germany/Hesse one dead turtle was
registered in five years of release (Schweitzer per. obs.). This indicates that bred animals
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
are suitable for reintroduction if the genetic suitability is given. Finally, in the
northwestern German reintroduction area the current number of predators is not a risk
for Emys orbicularis as it is e.g. in East-Germany (Schneeweiss & Wolf 2009).
Pond use and movements
Although the turtles used almost the whole pond they stayed predominantly in shallower
places with dense vegetation structures. This corresponds to general observations of the
species because Emys orbicularis prefers ponds rich in vegetation (Fritz 2003, Meeske
2006). Inside the ponds turtles favor highly structured areas (Hampel 1990) and the
shallow shore areas (Cadi & Miquet 2004). The shallow zones offer protection, higher
water temperatures and a better food supply (Rössler 2000, Meeske 2006). While the
turtles in Lower Saxony were localized mainly in floating sweet-grass the turtles in France
stayed mostly in pondweed and floating-leaf-vegetation (Cadi et al. 2008). Currently, the
pond is young and not so structured but with gradual succession the releasing pond will
be more suitable.
With the help of the 12-h-control once a week it was found out that the individuals had
no specific diurnal cycle and on each control day they covered other distances and visited
different sites/grids. Furthermore, no significant differences between sexes were
ascertained. Cadi et al. (2008) could also notice no differences of turtle males and females
in France.
Normally, turtles with transmitters stayed in different places at the same time.
Sometimes two females or one female and one male were localized together in one grid
or close in neighboring grids. Males were never found in the same place. Although no
aggressive behavior was ever observed by the project animals and especially by the males
as it was described from males in other countries (Fritz 2003) it seems that the males
avoided places already occupied by other males.
Aquatic activity ranges and activities
During the three months the aquatic activity ranges of the radiotracked individuals were
different increasing from June to July and decreasing from July to August. The maximum
range sizes in the study were more than 0.12 ha for males and females. Schneeweiss
(2003) observed that the activity ranges of northwestern German turtles declined from
June and August. In Lithuania (Meeske 2006) and in East-Germany (Schneeweiss 2003) it
was found out that the activity ranges are correlated with the pond and habitat sizes.
According to these studies the total aquatic activity range of the released turtles would
correspond to the pond size of 0.18 ha.
Smaller activity ranges in late summer pointed out that the activity of animals decreased.
In Lithuania (Meeske 2006) und East-Germany (Schneeweiss 2003) it was documented
that the declining activity correlated with reduced food intake. Due to a smaller eaten
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amount of food, the individuals need to look less and only in much smaller ranges for
food whereby their activity ranges shrink.
Migrations
Compared to France where releases turtles stayed in the releasing pond in the first year
(Cadi & Miquet 2004) two of 14 turtles in Lower Saxony left the pond in the first three
months after release. In a reintroduction project in Germany/Hesse one specimen
changed the pond in the first summer after release (Schweitzer pers. obs.). The male 1411 migrated already eight days after release. This male was almost sexual mature and
might look for other females in neighboring ponds. In Lithuania males of a local
population changed between both non-seasonal ponds during summer and raised their
chance to mate with more various females after hibernation over the years. In contrast
females could never be observed changing non-seasonal-ponds for hibernation (Meeske
2006). The subadult 14-07 started the migration in the beginning of September so that it
possibly looked for another hibernation pond. This could indicate that the conditions in
the releasing pond are not suitable for all individuals in winter time.
Basking
The number of basking observation was quite small. One reason could be the cooler and
cloudy weather during the summer in particular in June after release. Another possibility
could be the occurrence of wind in the reintroduction area. During the study almost every
day was windy. Manning & Grigg (1997) determined in a basking study on Emydura
signata that animals were observed only on windless days. Due to wind the body surface
cools faster and stronger (Bluestein & Quayle 2002). Therefore, basking is not so effective
for turtles on windy days.
On the other hand the releasing pond is quite new and situated in an open extensively
used wet meadow. The shore was mainly created for amphibians so that it is very open
and shallow. Neither the shore nor existent bushes and trees with dead wood provide
suitable basking sites for turtles. The introduction of some roots and dead wood and the
fast acceptance and use by the turtles revealed the need for such structures in this area
and the current suboptimal basking conditions.
Reed belts with cattail (Typha spec.) e.g. in older and/or less managed ponds can also
have the function as basking site for all age classes (Meeske 2006). The growth of some
bushes or trees would offer basking sites but also some windbreak in the open place.
Therefore, for the future management in the reintroduction area it is very important to
add more suitable basking sites to the (potential) turtle ponds and to let some bushes and
trees grow.
In Northwest-Germany a bit more males than females were noticed basking in June and
July. In contrast the number of females was a little higher in August and much higher in
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September. Gariboldi & Zuffi (1994) determined in a northwestern Italian population
basking differences of sexes that more females basked in June and July and more males in
August and September.
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the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of the European pond turtle (Emys
orbicularis): first results. – in: Fritz, U., Joger, U., Podloucky, R. & J. Servan (eds.):
Proceedings of the EMYS Symposium Dresden 96. Mertensiella 10: 159–175.
Manning, B. & G.C. Grigg (1997): Basking Is Not of Thermoregulatory Significance in the
„Basking“ Freshwater Turtle Emydura signata. – Copeia 3: 579 – 584.
Meeske, M.A.-C. & M. Pupins (2009): Die Europäische Sumpfschildkröte in Lettland. – in:
Rogner, M. (ed.): Europäische Sumpfschildkröte. Emys orbicularis.
Schildkrötenbibliothek 4, Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main: 214–216.
Mohr, C. (1947): Table of equivalent populations of North American small mammals. –
American Midland Naturalist 37: 223–249.
Podloucky, R. (1981): Zur Situation der Amphibien und Reptilien in Niedersachsen: Die
Europäische Sumpfschildkröte (Emys orbicularis). – Informationsdienst Naturschutz
1,2.
Podloucky, R. (1985): Status und Schutzproblematik der Europäischen Sumpfschildkröte
(Emys orbicularis). – Natur und Landschaft 60 (9) (offprint): 339–345.
Rogner, M. (2009): Europäische Sumpfschildkröte – Emys orbicularis.
Schildkrötenbibliothek 4, Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main: 271 pp
–
Schindler, M. (2008): Die Europäische Sumpfschildkröte in Österreich: Entstehung und
aktueller Stand eines Artenschutzprogramms. – Testudo 17 (4): 21–36.
Schneeweiss, N. (2003): Demographie und ökologische Situation der Arealrand
Populationen der Europäischen Sumpfschildkröte in Brandenburg. – Studien und
Tagungsberichte, Schriftenreihe des Landesumweltamtes Brandenburg 46: 105 S.
Schneeweiss, N. & U. Fritz (2000): Situation, Gefährdung und Schutz von Emys orbicularis
(L.) in Deutschland. – Stapfia 69: 133 – 144.
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Schneeweiss, N. & M. Wolf (2009): Neozoen – eine neue Gefahr für die
Reliktpopulationen der Europäischen Sumpfschildkröte in Nordostdeutschland. –
Zeitschrift für Feldherpetologie 16: 163 – 182.
Sommer, R.S., Persson, A., Wieseke, N. & U. Fritz (2007): Holocene recolonization and
extinction of the pond turtle Emys orbicularis (L., 1758), in Europe. – QSR26, 25-28:
3099–3107.
Velo-Anton, G., Wink, M., Schneeweiss, N. & U. Fritz (2011): Native or not? Tracing the
origin of wild-caught and captive freshwater turtles in a threatened and widely
distributed species (Emys orbicularis). – Conservation Genetics 12: 583–588.
Winkel, S. & M. Kuprian (2011): Artensteckbrief 2011- Europäische Sumpfschildkröte
(Emys orbicularis orbicularis). – FENA: 12 pp
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank the Bingo-Environmental Foundation of Lower Saxony (Niedersächsische BingoUmweltstiftung) + HIT Environmental + Conservation Foundation (HIT Umwelt- und
Naturschutz Stiftungs-GmbH) for financing releasing activities. The project with the study
is supported by the Ministry for Environment, Climate Protection and Energy of Lower
Saxony and the region Hanover. We also thank Prof. Dr. Uwe Kierdorf of University of
Hildesheim for acting as an expert. Many thanks are extended to the team of ÖSSM
(Ecological Conservation Centre Steinhuder Meer, registered society) for providing
additional help, information and material. The authors thank Bernd Breitfeld for his help
in performing many observations and providing photos during this study.
Table 1. Aquatic activity ranges of both sexes (once-per-day-control).
Males
Females
June
890.11 m2 (n = 8)
702.89 m2 (n = 4)
July
703.8 m2 (n = 7)
1031.58 m2 (n = 4)
August
569.17 m2 (n = 7)
875.77 m2 (n = 4)
Table 2. Frequency of basking observations of both sexes and all animals in relation to the
number of existing males/females/individuals in the pond.
Males
Females
Individuals
June
0.33 (n = 3)
0.25 (n = 1)
0.43 (n = 6)
July
1.14 (n = 8)
1 (n = 4)
1.33 (n = 16)
August
0.85 (n = 6)
1 (n = 4)
1.75 (n = 21)
September
0.57 (n = 4)
2.75 (n = 11)
1.55 (n = 17)
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Figure 1. Location of reintroduction area.
Figure 2. Trap with 2 captured turtles.
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Figure 3. Growth of female 14-13 in summer 2014.
Figure 4. Migration route of male 14-11 in June and July 2014.
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Figure 5. Migration route of subadult 14-07 in September 2014.
Figure 6. Basking male 14-14 in September 2014.
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
DISTRIBUTIONS OF CORONELLA AUSTRIACA LAURENTI, 1768 IN UKRAINE: MODELING
AND PREDICTION
Oksana Nekrasova
I.I.Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS Ukraine, 01601, Kyiv-30, 15, Bogdana
Khmelnitskogo Str., Ukraine.
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
We created and used database (about 190 points) of Coronella austriaca to predict
species distributions using the BIOCLIM models - DIVA GIS (ENM). Climatic data
consisted of 19 bioclimatic variables. According to the modeling, the best habitat of
smooth snake is forest-steppe Central part of Ukraine. The most important habitat
parameters are associated with precipitation.
Key words: GIS, modeling, ecological niche, home ranges, Coronella austriaca.
INTRODUCTION
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are widely used in ecology and zoology,
particularly in herpetology (Sillero, Tarroso, 2010). Predictive habitat distribution
modeling is an important tool for conservation of biodiversity. For instance, it is used to
calculate potential distribution of species (Bombi et al., 2009), evaluate effects of climatic
warming on species distribution (Araújo et al., 2006), and the suitability of protected
areas (García, 2006; Doko et al., 2011). Ecological niche modeling (hereafter referred to as
ENM) uses environmental variables such as climatic, topographical and habitat data
(Tytar, 2011). We used GIS modeling to study the distributions of alien species - Harmonia
axyridis and other species (Nekrasova, Tytar, 2014). It is most helpful in studying rare
species like Coronella austriaca Laurenti, 1768 (Red Data Book of Ukraine (2009),
category of conservation status Vulnerable (II)).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
To study smooth snakes we created a database (2004-2014) based on the inventory
(Cadastre of Ukraine; Department for Monitoring and Conservation of Animals
Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS) that included information where and in which
biotope, when, by whom was found the animal, its total abundance. We established a
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
form in Excel for data collection and when working in the field we utilized programs
OziExplorer v.3.95.2, Google Earth v.7.1.2.2041 to store locality and information.
We used the data published by others (Dotsenko & Radchenko, 2005; Sobolenko &
Tarashchuk, 2008; Red Book of Ukraine, 2009 et al.) and our findings (materials). In 2008
we also participated in gathering information for the Red Book “Registration of animals
under Red Data Book of Ukraine” (2008), where the following researchers collaborated
on articles about Coronella austriaca: Kotenko T., Kotserzhynska I., Kukushkin O.,
Kuryachii K., Ruzhilenko N., Sobolenko L., Zinenko A., Nekrasova O.
We used our database finds (about 190 points, Figure 1) of Coronella austriaca to predict
species distributions using the BIOCLIM models - DIVA GIS (http://www.diva-gis.org).
Climatic data consisted of 19 bioclimatic variables. The climate information used here was
taken from Worldclim (Hijmans et al., 2005) with spatial resolution of 2.5 minutes.
Variables were analyzed using Statistica v.8. software.
Figure 1. Coronella austriaca: distribution in Ukraine.
RESULTS
Ecological niche modeling (ENM), also known as bioclimatic modeling or climate envelope
modeling, has been applied increasingly to this task. This approach uses georeferenced
primary occurrence data for species, in combination with digital maps representing
environmental parameters, to build models of the ecological requirements of species—
the set of conditions suitable and necessary for long-term survival of the species. Such
conditions are then located on landscapes and maps created to indicate the distributional
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
potential of the species (Pearson & Dawson 2003; Thuiller, 2003; Martínez-Meyer et al.,
2004).
BIOCLIM can be used for three tasks (a) describing the environment in which the species
has been recorded, (b) identifying other locations where the species may currently reside
and (c) identifying where the species may occur under alternate climate scenarios
(Beaumont, Hughes, Poulsen, 2005).
The result of simulation is a raster file with the values that characterize the suitability of
the site for species. Six types of areas are mapped in the BIOCLIM output (Figure 2-3).
Areas outside the 0-100 percentile climatic envelope of the species for one or more
“bioclimate” variables are considered unsuitable. The better habitat of smooth snake is
forest-steppe Central part of Ukraine (“very high” climatic stability is 10-20 percentile in
the map). And even higher “excellent” climatic stability of 20-28 percentiles is also
registered on other territories of Kiev Province, North of Cherkasy Province, the SouthEast of Vinnytsia Province, North of Odesa, Kharkiv, North of Zaporizhia Province, along
the middle part of the Dnieper. This species inhabits ecotone biotopes in brushwood or
forest. Numbers of smooth snake amounted maximum to 1-2 specimens per km of the
route (for example, at North of Cherkasy Province).
Figure 2. Coronella austriaca: the model of species distribution in Ukraine under
contemporary climatic conditions (legend Figure 3).
Bioclimatic variables are derived from the monthly temperature and rainfall values in
order to generate more biologically meaningful variables. These are often used in
ecological niche modeling (e.g., BIOCLIM, http://www.worldclim.org/bioclim.htm). The
bioclimatic variables represent annual trends (e.g., mean annual temperature, annual
precipitation), seasonality (e.g., annual range in temperature and precipitation) and
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
extreme or limiting environmental factors (e.g., temperature of the coldest and warmest
month and precipitation of the wet and dry periods). We used factor analysis for the
classification of 19 bioclimatic variables. The most important variables (with maximal
values of factor loadings) were associated with precipitation. This is due to the fact that
this species prefers ecotones near (or in) overgrown bushes or forested biotopes.
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2001, 2007), the
intense transformations of the environment to the atmosphere by humans, causing an
increase of the Earth’s temperature, are recognized as global warming (Root et al., 2003).
It is expected that the impact of climate change on ecosystems will alter abundance and
distribution of species (Parmesan, 2006; Trejo et al., 2011). The home ranges of animals
are changing in connection with climate change (warming). Thus we modeled the possible
warming of 1◦ C. In the changing conditions most favorable habitats for
Coronella austriaca will be located in the Northern and Western parts of Ukraine (Figure
3). Perhaps, populations of the smooth snake will be disappearance in the South of
Ukraine.
Figure 3. Coronella austriaca: the model of species distribution in Ukraine with climate
change (1◦ C warming scenario)
Among factors that lead to the decline of the snake there are the destruction of habitats
and direct killings. After we found a dead snake, we have created leaflets on the
“protection of Coronella austriaca” and spread them to inform the public.
CONCLUSION
The result of our modeling identified new promising habitats for Coronella austriaca. This
helps to predict key areas to target habitat conservation to connect existing populations
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
of smooth snakes. Decreases of the areas of the snakes in Ukraine are caused by climatic
and anthropogenic change. Possibly the smooth snake will disappear in the South of
Ukraine if warming continues. We suggest that smooth snake can be used as an indicator
of undisturbed habitats because of its ecological preferences.
REFERENCES
Araujo M.B., Thuiller W., Pearson R.G. 2006. Climate warming and the decline of
amphibians and reptiles in Europe. J. Biogeogr. 33: 1712-1728.
Beaumont L.J., Hughes L., Poulsen M. 2005. Predicting species distributions: use of
climatic parameters in BIOCLIM and its impact on predictions of species current
and future distributions // Ecological modelling. 186 (2): 251-270.
Bombi P., Salvi D., Vignoli L., Bologna M.A. 2009. Modelling Bedriaga's rock lizard
distribution in Sardinia: an ensemble approach // Amphibia-Reptilia. 30 (3): 413424.
Doko T., Fukui H., Kooiman A., Toxopeus A.G., Ichinose T., Chen W., Skidmore A.K. 2011.
Identifying habitat patches and potential ecological corridors for remnant Asiatic
black bear (Ursus thibetanus japonicus) populations in Japan // Ecol. Model. 222:
748-761.
Dotsenko I.B. & Radchenko V.I. 2005. The herpetofauna of anthropogenous landscapes of
Nikolayev and Odessa Regions // Zbirnyk Prats’ Zoologichnogo Muzeyu, Kyiv 37:
109–120 (in Russian).
Garcia A. 2006. Using ecological niche modelling to identify diversity hotspots for the
herpetofauna of Pacific lowlands and adjacent interior valleys of Mexico // Biol.
Conserv. 130: 25-46.
Hijmans R.J., Cameron E., Parra J.L., Jones P.G., Jarvis A. 2005. Very high resolution
interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas // Int. J. Climatol. 25: 1965-1978.
Martínez-Meyer E., Peterson A.T., Hargrove W.W. 2004. Ecological niches as stable
distributional constraints on mammal species, with implications for Pleistocene
extinctions and climate change projections for biodiversity // Global Ecol. Biogeogr.
13: 305-314.
Nekrasova O.D., Tytar V.M. Modeling and computer-aided prediction of the probability of
Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) invasion in the Dniester basin //
Book of abstracts of the 1nd International conference «The ecosystems conservation
management of the Dniester Canyon area» (11-12 September 2014, Zaleszczyki,
Ukraine). - Lviv, 2014. – P. 130-134 (in Russian).
Parmesan C. 2006. Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change //
Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. S. 37: 637-669.
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Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Pearson R.G., Dawson T.P. 2003. Predicting the impacts of climate change on the
distribution of species: Are bioclimate envelope models useful? // Global Ecology
and Biogeography 12: 361-371.
Red book of Ukraine. Animals. Кyiv, 2009. 600 p. (in Ukrainian).
Registration of animals under Red Data Book of Ukraine. Кyiv, 2008. 418 p. (in Ukrainian).
Root T.L., Price J.T., Hall K.R., Schneider S.H., Rosenzweig C. & Pounds J.A. 2003.
Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants // Nature. 421: 57-60.
Sillero N., Tarroso P. Free GIS for herpetologists: free data sources on Internet and
comparison analysis of proprietary and free/open source software // Acta
Herpetologica, 2010. 5(1): 63-85.
Sobolenko L.Yu. & S.V. Tarashchuk. 2008. Fauna of reptiles of the western Podillya. –
Pryrodnychyi Al’manakh, Ser. Biol. nauk, Kherson, Ukraine 11: 130–145 (in
Ukrainian).
Trejo I., Martínez-Meyer E., Calixto-Pérez E., Sánchez-Colón S., Vázquez De La Torre R.,
Villers-Ruiz L. 2011. Analysis of the effects of climate change on plant communities
and mammals in Mexico // In Atmósfera 24 (1): 1-14.
Thuiller W. 2003. Optimizing predictions of species distributions and projecting otential
future shifts under global change // Global Change Biology. 9: 1353-1362.
Tytar V.M. Analysis of home ranges in species: an approach based on modeling the ecological
niche // Vestnik zoologii. 2011. Suppl. N 25: 96 p. (in Ukrainian).
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
CONSERVATION OF EMYS ORBICULARIS IN LIGURIA (NW ITALY)
Ottonello D. 1,6, Salvidio S.2, Oneto F. 1, Jesu R.3, Gili C.3, Gnone G.3, Lamagni L.4, Ortale
S. 4, Genta P. 5
1
CESBIN srl., spin-off dell'Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
DISTAV, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
3
Acquario di Genova, Genova, Italy
4
Pro Natura, Genova, Italy
5
Provincia di Savona, Savona, Italy
6
DAIS, Università Cà Foscari, Venezia, Italy
1
[email protected]
2
ABSTRACT
The historical presence of Emys orbicularis in Liguria (NW Italy) is confirmed by
museum specimens only in the Province of Savona, where the alteration of
freshwater habitats have negatively impacted the species, that was considered
locally extinct by the end of the last century. However, recent findings proved the
existence of few remnant breeding populations and since 2000 public authorities
and private entities are cooperating in preserving the breeding sites and in rearing
Emys in controlled conditions. After 14 years from the starting of the project all the
natural sites are now included in Natura 2000 sites and since 2008, 153 terrapins,
bred in the “Centro Emys” and in the “Acquario di Genova”, have been restocked in
the wild. A LIFE+ Nature project was co-financed in the 2013 by the EU Community
(LIFE EMYS - LIFE12 NAT/IT/000395) with the objective of conservation of the
European pond turtle in two Ligurian wetlands habitats, through the eradication of
alien species, the habitat restoration and the restocking.
Keywords: Emys orbicularis, Liguria, conservation, breeding
INTRODUCTION
In Liguria (NW Italy), Emys orbicularis was commonly found along the west coast until
1970, with historical presence confirmed by museum specimens only in the Province of
Savona (Salvidio et al., 2006). However, in the last twenty years, this species was
considered extinct in the wild. The causes of its disappearance were mainly due to habitat
loss and modification (Andreotti, 1994). Furthermore, the presence of invasive species,
fishing activities, water table lowering and the water pollution contributed to the
decrease of this species. Recently, few small and isolated populations were discovered in
the Albenga plain (Jesu et al., 2000, 2004). These native populations are recognized
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deserving priority conservation actions at the Regional level. Therefore since 2000, a
restoration and breeding program was implemented by different public Authorities,
private entities, NGOs and volunteers (Province of Savona, University of Genova, Corpo
Forsetale dello Stato, Genoa Aquarium, WWF Liguria, Pro Natura Genova). A LIFE+ Nature
project was co-financed in the 2013 by the EU Community (LIFE EMYS - LIFE12
NAT/IT/000395). This project is developed with many others actions such as the removal
and management of allochthonous freshwater chelonians, veterinary protocols,
comunications but in this paper we focus mainly on facilities and methods of Emys
orbicularis rearing.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The concrete actions of the project consisted of four integrated parts:
Monitoring. All wild populations were monitored annually since the 2002 by capturerecapture and radiotracking.
Habitat management. During the project several freshwater habitats inside Natura 2000
sites in the Province of Savona were created or restorated (Ottonello et al., 2010). Thanks
to the LIFE EMYS a sistemic removal of allochthonous freshwater chelonians was started
in the 2014.
Rearing. A small ex-situ breeding center ( Figure 1 – 2 - 3) was built in the 2000 in the
plublic area “Vivaio Isolabella”, Albenga (SV). The outdoor facilities is about 150 m 2 and is
divided in four pens: an area for adults (15 females and 7 males) that communicate only
during the nesting period with a nesting area. Two areas of acclimatation for different age
group terrapins. Thanks to the LIFE EMYS the “Centro Emys” will be implemented with
four new units, aimed at keeping the juveniles. The new tank, as the existent, will be
equipped with phytodepuration system, basking sites and hibernation area ( Figure 1 – 2 –
3). The LIFE EMYS provide also the creation of new an indoor facility in the Genoa
Aquarium composed by a total of 14 tanks that is able to host a maximun of 200 young
terrapins at one time, coming from ex-situ breeding center. The animals will kept in a
controlled environment for about one year before they are transeffer back to the
breeding center for environmental acclimatation.
Reinforcement. The last E. orbicularis populations in the Albenga plain have been refonced
since 2008 with captive bred individuals (several of them radiotracked during their first
season of activity). All specimens released in the wild are firstly checked according the
veterinary protocols and the Disease Risk Analysis (DRA). Animals are released when they
are between 4 and 6 years old.
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Figure 1. Present outdoor facilities composed by 4 different sectors with an aquatic and a
terrestrial areas each.
Figure 2. Adults sector (Tank Area = 50 m sq - Maximum Depth = 0.9 m).
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Figure 3. Nesting sector.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Rearing and reinforcement. Despite the initials difficulties, mainly due to problems with
the power grid which led to problems with the artificial incubation of eggs, the ex-situ
breeding center is now well equipped with a number of hacthlings comprised between 50
and 70 per year. Since the 2000 more than 400 animals hatched in the facility and 156
specimens were released in Natura 2000 protected areas (Figure 4 - 5).
Figure 4.
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Figure 5.
Figure 6. Blu column (total number of specimens released between 2008 and 2013) and
orange column (total number of specimens recaptured in 2014).
The annual survival of released E. orbicularis is site-dependent. Based on first recapture
data, survival is estimated to be almost 70% in relatively isolated ponds and 30% in stream
habitats (Figure 6). These first monitoring results suggest that the populations are
demographically increasing but still highly endangered. Concerning reproduction in the
wild of the released specimens, we have photo of individuals mating but no data on egglaying or newborns.
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Figure 6. Nesting area management.
Habitat management. In addition to extraordinary actions cited by Ottonello et al. (2010),
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regularly actions are conducted to manage both the terrestrial and aquatic habitats. In
fact the main problem is the natural evolution of vegetation leading to the closure of
nesting areas and to the silting up of freshwater habitats. For these reason clearing of
nesting area (April) and freshwater habitat (September) is conducted periodically (Figure 7
- 8).
Figure 7. Aquatic habitat management, creation of open areas with removal of Typha
angustifolia and Sparganium erectum.
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A total of 176 allochthonous specimens (52 in the Emys orbicularis Natura 2000 sites) are
removed in the 2014 in the area of LIFE EMYS interest (Ta. 1). Specimens captured belong
to three different species: Graptemys pseudogeographica, Pseudemys concinna and
Trachemys scripta. T. s. elegans represents the 80% of allochthonous animals found. A first
examination of data on the size of the specimens and on the consistency of juveniles
makes us think that T. s. elegans is able to reproduce in our region.
Table 1. Number of allochthonous terrapins captured in 2014 in Liguria (LIFE - EMYS)
Taxon
Graptemys pseudogeographica
Pseudemys concinna
Trachemys scripta elegans
Trachemys scripta scripta
Trachemys scripta troostii
Trachemys scripta
TOTAL
Number
2
1
141
25
4
3
176
%
1,1
0,6
80,1
14,2
2,3
1,7
100
The attitude of local people towards the project was generally positive, and the integrated
experience of Liguria was successfully exported in Sicily. Thanks to the extensive process
of dissemination and awareness raising at the local level (more than 200 elementary and
middle school students visit the center each year), the European pond turtle is perceived
as flagship species characteristic of the last freshwater habitats of the Albenga plain.
However to guarantee an efficient conservation action this project should be supported
for many years together a proper landscape planning.
REFERENCES
Andeotti A. (1994). Testuggine palustre Emys orbicularis. (pag. 72-73). In: Doria G. Salvidio
S. (eds.). Atlante degli anfibi e rettili della Liguria. Cataloghi dei beni naturali n° 2,
Regione Liguria, NuovaLitoeffe, Castelvetro Piacentino, 151 pp. [in Italian]
Jesu R., Mamone A., Lamagni L. & Ortale S. (2000). Nuovi dati sulla presenza del pelodite
punteggiato (Pelodytes punctatus) e della testuggine palustre europea (Emys
orbicularis) in Liguria. In: Giacoma C. – Atti I Congresso Nazionale Societas
Herpetologica Italica, Mus. Reg. Sc. Nat. Torino: 611-618. [in Italian]
Jesu R., Piombo R., Salvidio S., Lamagni L., Ortale S. & Genta P. (2004). Un nuovo taxon di
Testuggine palustre endemico della Liguria occidentale: Emys orbicularis ingauna n.
ssp. (Reptilia, Emydidae). In: Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “G. Doria”,
Genova, 96: 133-192.
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Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Ottonello D., Jesu, R., Genta P., Ortale S., Lamagni L., Salvidio S. (2010). Il “progetto Emys”:
dieci anni di conservazione di Emys orbicularis in Liguria. In: Atti VIII Congresso della
Societas Herpetologica Italica. (Chieti, 2010), Ianeri Edizioni, Pescara: 473-476. [in
Italian]
Salvidio S., Ottonello D., Jesu R., Ortale S., Genta P. (2006). Piano d’azione per la
testuggine palustre ingauna (Emys orbicularis ingauna). Pp. 99. Allegato alla
Deliberazione della Giunta Provinciale n. 157- del 01/08/2006. [in Italian]
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Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
PROJECT LIFE-HERPETOLATVIA: FIRST RESULTS ON CONSERVATION OF BOMBINA
BOMBINA IN LATVIA
Aija Pupina 1, Mihails Pupins 2
Institute of Ecology. Daugavpils University. Parades street 1, Daugavpils, Latvia. LV-5400
Latgales Zoo. Vienibas street 27, Daugavpils, Latvia. LV-5400
1
[email protected]; 2 [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The project “Conservation of rare reptiles and amphibians in Latvia” (LIFEHerpetoLatvia) was established with co-financing of European Commission and
realized in 2010 – 2014. Project target goal on Bombina bombina was to facilitate
the enlargement of Bombina bombina largest population Demene and to ensure
Bombina bombina long-time persistence in Latvia by combining in-situ, ex-situ
methods, and legal protection improvement. As a result of the Project two new
microreserves Natura 2000 territories (Katriniski and Strauti) were created for
conservation of Bombina bombina. For the B. bombina 27 ponds were created or
restored in Demene (14 in Katriniski and 13 in Strauti). More than 4 000 Bombina
bombina juveniles were raised in aquaculture and released for population
enforcement.
Keywords: LIFE, conservation, Bombina bombina, Latvia, Belarus, releasing, biotope
resporation, ponds.
INTRODUCTION
Bombina bombina is a protected species of the Amphibians in the European Union. It is
included into Appendix II to the Convention on the conservation of European wildlife and
natural habitats (European Treaty… 1979). Conservation of the area of distribution and
reintroduction of the European population of Bombina bombina are among the main
nature-conservation priorities of the European Union and its LIFE programm.
The extreme northern border of the present-day European Bombina bombina area goes
through Latvia. There are several Bombina bombina populations located in South-eastern
Latvia and along south-central border of the state (Kuzmin et al. 2008). For several
decades only two small Bombina bombina populations (not exceeding 10 vocalizing
males) were historically known in Latvia: Islice (Silins, Lamsters 1934) and Ilgas. In 2006
largest Latvian population Demene (~200 vocalizing males) was found outside any
protected area, in the Daugavpils District, Demene novads in south-eastern Latvia
(Pupina, Pupins 2007).
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Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Due to rarity and vulnerability of Bombina bombina it is included into the document No
396 of the Cabinet of Ministers of Latvia (Ministru kabineta… 2004) as a specially
protected species, for which it is allowed to create microreserves. Bombina bombina does
have officially approved by Ministry of environment Species Protection Plan in Latvia
(Pupins, Pupina 2006) where species records and general information on recommended
conservation actions are described. For the realization of the Plan the project
“Conservation of rare reptiles and amphibians in Latvia” (LIFE-HerpetoLatvia) was
established with co-financing of European Commission and realized in 2010 – 2014.
Bombina bombina was one of target species of the Project.
Project target goal on Bombina bombina was to facilitate the enlargement of
Bombina bombina largest population Demene and to ensure Bombina bombina long-time
persistence in Latvia by combining in-situ, ex-situ methods, and legal protection
improvement. In 2014 – 2015 the Project of European Structural Funds "Establishment of
new scientific group for modernization of aquaculture” is realized in Daugavpils
University.
The targeting of these projects made it urgent to study the population of
Bombina bombina Demene and the state of ecosystems in Demene novads, to optimize
Bombina bombina aquaculture and also to realize legislative and practical environmentoriented actions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preliminary one-year field study was carried out in Project area in Demenes pagasts
(Figure 1). The study was consisted of the collection of the most recent information on
habitat composition in areas, population and their home range mapping by counting of
vocalizing males and other methods.
Figure 1. Territory of the research Demenes pagasts bordering with Belarus and Lithuania.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
After the study Population management plan (Pupina, Pupins 2013) was developed.
Project target main actions were: 1) creation of a suitable habitat and corridor network
for Bombina bombina key population; 2) establishing of two new microreserves and
Natura 2000 sites for main population of Bombina bombina in Latvia; 3) captive breeding
in aquaculture and enforcement of Bombina bombina populations in key positions.
Habitat management measures were ponds digging and restoration for Bombina bombina
for two newly established Natura 2000 sites in Demene. Bombina bombina tadpoles were
reared in aquaculture and released in key points with suitable habitat and corridors
provided, with the aim to enhance connectivity between populations and facilitate their
natural enlargement. All the works were realized according to the Species protection
plan, Population management plan, land owners agreements, and special permissions of
Nature Protection Agency of Latvia.
RESULTS
As a result of the research the common area of the Latvian biggest B.bombina population
Demene was precised with two biggest subpopulations Katriniski and Strauti (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Location of key sub-populations Katriniski and Strauti in population Demene.
We found that, despite large amount of small ponds in Demene novads (Pupina et al.
2012), a lot of them were subject to drainage and inhabited by fish, including the invasive
species Perccottus glenii (Pupins, Pupina 2012). A large number of ponds, which could be
available for Bombina bombina habitation, have been overgrown, shaded and do not
comply with thermal biological and ecological needs of the species.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
As results of population management plan realization:
1) Two new microreserves for Bombina bombina key populations were established in
Demene (Figures 3, 4).
Figure 3. Map of microreserve Katriniski (in LKS-92 coordinates system) (in Latvian).
2) Habitats are improved by bush cutting and pond digging for key population of
B. bombina in their respective target areas new Natura 2000 sites for two biggest subpopulations (Table 1).
Table 1. Conditions of two microreserves target sites for B. bombina.
#
Name and
coordinates
1
Katriniski
N55°43'11,78"
E26°32'55,45"
2
Strauti
N55°43'51,93"
E26°29'17,81"
Main habitat
before
restoration
2 drained
small ponds,
overgrown by
bushes
drained
stream valley,
overgrown by
bushes
Area (ha)
12
18
Connected
with other
waterbodies
no direct
contact
Distance to
Lithuania
(km)
4,6
Distance to
Belarus (km)
no direct
contact
3,3
10,3
6,5
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Figure 4. Map of microreserve Strauti (in LKS-92 coordinates system) (in Latvian).
The new ponds for B. bombina are open, mosaic, shallow, with clay ground; average
depth is 0.5 m, small, with shelf zone (Figure 5). In total for B. bombina 27 ponds were
created or restored in Demene: 14 in Katriniski and 13 in Strauti (Figure 6).
Figure 5. Two restored ponds in target site Katriniski.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
3) Proposals for two new Natura 2000 sites (Katriniski and Strauti) for Bombina bombina
in the Daugavpils District of Latvia were accepted by the Government of Latvia.
a
b
Figure 6. Nets of restored ponds in target sites Katriniski (a) and Strauti (b).
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
4) The Rare Reptile and Amphibian Breeding Centre is equipped for Bombina bombina
rearing in aquaculture: 18 basins with recirculation system were created.
5) More than 4 000 (133% from initially planned) Bombina bombina juveniles were raised
in aquaculture and released for population enforcement in 2013 – 2014 (Figure 7a, b).
The new waterbodies are populated by Bombina bombina in 2013 and 2014 according to
monitoring data (Figure 8a, b).
a
b
Figure 7. a) Tadpoles reared in the aquaculture; b) Juveniles before releasing in wild.
a
b
Figure 8. a) Releasing the juveniles in wild; b) Surveyed big juvenile found in monitoring.
Additional effect for the Project targeted species Bombina bombina. We have observed
Bombina bombina in newly dug ponds in improved Emys orbicularis water bodies in
Silene Nature Park as well. They come from other, small peripheral pond from population
Ilgas.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
DISCUSSION
On both target areas the rehabilitated water biotopes were inhabited by
Bombina bombina (particularly, by released juveniles as well as adults in the result of
natural migration) in the first active season. This fact shows that the rehabilitated ponds
comply with ecological and zoopsychological needs of Bombina bombina. The fact has
important additional value for creating corridors for Bombina bombina inter-population
dispersal between population Demene, Medumu and Ilgas, and nearest populations in
Belarus (R.Novitsky, personal communication).
However, the rehabilitated biotopes can continue being overgrown, that is why After-LIFE
activities of the Project LIFE-HerpetoLatvia provide Demene population monitoring and, if
necessary, further corrections of ecosystems state and enforcement of population by new
species raised in aquaculture.
CONCLUSIONS
The main target of the Project LIFE-HerpetoLatvia was to provide long-term existence of
Bombina bombina population on the northern border of the European area of the species
in Latvia. This target has been successfully hit. There is no doubt, that relatively small
Bombina bombina populations in Latvia demand stable genetic contacts among Latvian
populations themselves as well as with stronger southern populations in Belarus and
Lithuania. That is why the first step in our work was to provide long-term existence of the
biggest Latvian and near-border Bombina bombina population and its biotopes on the
South-East of Latvia.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research has been conducted owing to support of LIFE Project "Conservation of rare
reptiles and amphibians in Latvia", ESF Project «Jaunas zinatniskas grupas izveide
akvakulturas tehnologiju modernizesanai», Institute of Ecology of Daugavpils University.
We thank A.Skute (Latvia) for supervising, R.Novitsky (Belarus) for practical help in
investigation of Bombina bombina transborder populations (especially in Augsdaugava
Nature Park) and consultations, for many-years cooperation in research and nature
conservation.
REFERENCES
European Treaty Series (1979) Convention on the conservation of European wildlife and
natural habitats. Bern, No. 104.
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Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Kuzmin S.L., Pupina A., Pupins M., Trakimas G. (2008): Northern border of the distribution
of the red-bellied toad Bombina bombina. Zeitshrift fur Feldherpetologie 15 (2):
215-228.
Ministru kabineta 2000. gada 14. novembra noteikumi Nr.396 "Par ipasi aizsargajamo
sugu un ierobezoti izmantojamo ipasi aizsargajamo sugu sarakstu" ar grozijumiem,
kas izdariti lidz 27.07.2004. – Vestnesis. – 2000. – Nr. 413/417. (in Latvian)
Pupina A., Pupins M. (2007): A new Bombina bombina L. population "Demene" in Latvia,
Daugavpils area. -Acta Universitatis Latviensis, vol. 273, Biology: 47-52.
Pupina A., Pupins M. (2013): LIFE-HerpetoLatvia: Population management corrected plan
for the Fire-bellied Toad (Bombina bombina) population in Demenes pagasts
(Daugavpils novads, Latvia). Daugavpils, LIFE-HerpetoLatvia, Latgales Zoo: 44 p.
Pupina A., Pupins M., Ivanova T., Kotane L. (2012): LIFE-HerpetoLatvia: Results of
preliminary study of the Fire-bellied Toad (Bombina bombina) population Demene
(Demenes pagasts, Daugavpils novads, Latvia). Daugavpils, LIFE-HerpetoLatvia,
Latgales Zoo: 30 p.
Pupins M., Pupina A. (2006): Sarkanvēdera ugunskrupja Bombina bombina (Linnaeus,
1761) sugas aizsardzības plāns Latvijā. [Species protection plan for Fire-bellied toad
Bombina bombina (Linnaeus, 1761) in Latvia]. Dabas aizsardzības pārvalde, Rīga: 182. (In Latvian)
Pupins M., Pupina A. (2012): Invasive fish Perccottus glenii in biotopes of Bombina
bombina in Latvia on the north edge of the fire-bellied toad’s distribution. -Acta
Biologica Universitatis Daugavpiliensis, Suppl. 3, 2012: 82 – 90. ISSN: 1407-8953.
Silins J., Lamsters V. (1934): Latvijas rapuli un abinieki [Latvian reptiles and amphibians].
Riga, Valters un Rapa, 96 p. (in Latvian)
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
PROJECT LIFE-HERPETOLATVIA:
EMYS ORBICULARIS IN LATVIA
FIRST
RESULTS
ON
CONSERVATION
OF
Mihails Pupins 1, Aija Pupina 2
Institute of Ecology. Daugavpils University. Parades street 1, Daugavpils, Latvia. LV-5400
Latgales Zoo. Vienibas street 27, Daugavpils, Latvia. LV-5400
1
[email protected], 2 [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Project LIFE-HerpetoLatvia LIFE09NAT/LV/000239 "Conservation of rare reptiles
and amphibians in Latvia" was implemented in 2010 - 2014 in Latvia. One of three
target species of the Projects is Emys orbicularis, and the target territory is Silene
Nature Park, Territory Natura 2000. 17 ponds were restored in Silene Nature Park
in four key sites (site areas – 6.3 ha; 15.4 ha; 16.4 ha; 0.5 ha) near Belarusian
border. 42 Emys orbicularis were raised in aquaculture for 4 – 7 years and were
released in restored ponds in 2014 in Silene Nature Park. After-LIFE activities of the
Project LIFE-HerpetoLatvia provide Ilgas population monitoring and enforcement.
Keywords: LIFE, conservation, Emys orbicularis, Bombina bombina, Latvia, Belarus,
habitat restoration, releasing, zooculture.
INTRODUCTION
European pond turtle Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) is the most prevailing European
native turtle species distributed to the North (Uetz, Hallermann 1995). In general, in
Europe Emys orbicularis populations are tending to reduce their quantity and area from
the South to the North (Fritz 2003). Due to the reduction of Emys orbicularis populations
in Europe, this species is included to Appendix II of the Convention on the conservation of
European wildlife and natural habitats (European Treaty… 1979). Therefore, preservation
and reintroduction of European population and area of Emys orbicularis is one of the
priorities of nature protection policy of the European Union and its LIFE program.
Data on Emys orbicularis occurence in the territory of the European Union country –
modern Latvia – have been published since 1820 (Silins, Lamsters 1934). In 1949 all
South-Western part of Latvia was marked as populated by Emys orbicularis (Terentyev,
Chernov 1949). But in 1977 only one place of presence of the species in the territory of
Latvia was reported on, and this place was marked as “questionable”. The place where
the species found was located in the central part of the country (Bannikov et al. 1977).
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Emys orbicularis was so rare for Latvia that it was enlisted in the Red Book of Latvia as the
species of «zero» category – «extinct species», despite the fact that one population
(Apgulde) was marked there as an existing one (Berzins 2003).
In general, such data can indicate both quick decrease in population and area during the
abovementioned period, and insufficient exploration of population’s distribution in the
Baltic States. The most northerly borderline of Emys orbicularis area in the EU that is
known nowadays is located in Latvia (Meeske et al. 2006; Pupins, Pupina 2008a). Many
adult and juvenile turtles were found there, as well as egg laying cases by newly captured
female turtles (Pupins, Pupina 2011; Pupins, Pupina 2012a), which proves population’s
ability for self-reproduction. At that, sufficient amount of Emys orbicularis turtles found in
the northern Latvia, almost at the border with Estonia and at the distance of several
kilometers from it (Berdnikovs 1999; Pupins, Pupina 2008b), as well as proved place of
turtles’ finding in Estonia (Bannikov et al. 1977), allow us to state that area of
Emys orbicularis can cover part of territory of Estonia; probably, there are some small
rarely reproducing populations or single adults.
Due to its rareness and vulnerability, Emys orbicularis is included to the document No 396
issued by the Cabinet of Ministers of Latvia (Ministru kabineta… 20004), as specially
protected species, for which it is allowed to create microreserves. «Plan of Protection of
European pond turtle Emys orbicularis in Latvia» (Pupins, Pupina 2007), officially
approved by the Ministry of Environment of Latvia, contains recommendations on wide
spectrum of actions and measures aimed at preservation of Emys orbicularis in the
country: study on distribution and environment of Emys orbicularis in Latvia, ecosystem
restoration, creation of breeding group Emys orbicularis ex-situ, reproduction in the
aquaculture and releasing of young turtles to the places where Emys orbicularis were
found and other measures. The Plan included data on importance of reinforcement of
“bridges” populations of Emys orbicularis for genetic contacts with more sustainable
populations from Belarus and Lithuania, as well as possibility of using the animals from
these countries for reproduction of such populations.
According to this Plan and due to the financing provided by European Committee in 2010
- 2014 in Latvia LIFE+ Project LIFE-HerpetoLatvia LIFE09NAT/LV/000239 "Conservation of
rare reptiles and amphibians in Latvia" was implemented. One of three target species of
the Projects is Emys orbicularis, and the target territory is Silene Nature Park, Territory
Natura 2000, bordering with Belarus – the places where Emys orbicularis were found
(Pupins et al. 2010). Project’s objective is to facilitate the enlargement of Emys orbicularis
population and to ensure its long-time persistence in Latvia by combining in-situ, ex-situ
methods, and creation of a suitable corridor network for Emys orbicularis key population
for Silene Nature Park bordering with Belarus. Also, in Daugavpils University in 2014 2015 Project of European Cultural Funds «Establishment of new scientific group for
modernization of aquaculture” is being implemented. The targeting of these projects
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Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
made it urgent to study occurrence of Emys orbicularis and ecosystems’ state in Silene
Nature Park, optimization of aquaculture of Emys orbicularis, as well as taking practical
environmental measures directed at restoration of Emys orbicularis population in this
territory bordering with Belarus.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The territory of the research and management is Silene Nature Park, bordering with
Belarus (Figure 1). Preliminary study was one-year field study and had goal to collect data
for Emys orbicularis population management measures.
Figure 1. Territory and placement of the Silene Nature Park, project target area.
The study was consisted of the collection of the most recent information on habitat
composition in areas (GIS data and site surveys), Emys orbicularis findings registered
using review of local inhabitants and field expeditions, population and their home range
mapping. Habitat management was carried out for Silene Nature Park in accordance to
created Emys orbicularis Population management plan (Pupins, Pupina 2012b).
Habitat management measures were restoration of overgrowing ponds systems by
deepening and digging of new ponds, and creating of open egg-laying sites for
Emys orbicularis by vegetation cutting according guide for planning of environment
(Pupins et al. 2010).
The breeding in aquaculture ex-situ for Emys orbicularis had included establishment of
large population in captivity from native northernmost specimens, breeding and releasing
of juvenile Emys orbicularis in wild. For the breeding group adult 4 males and 4 females
from Belarus were used additionally. All works were realized according to the Species
protection plan, Population management plan, Nature conservation Plan for Silene
Nature Park, land owners agreements, and special permissions of Nature Protection
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Agency of Latvia and Ministry of natural resources and conservation of environment of
Republic of Belarus.
RESULTS
In the result of the research conducted it was proved that despite the availability of many
various water reservoirs in Silene Nature Park (Pupins et al. 2012), many of them were
drained during the Soviet epoch. Many water reservoirs that can be suitable for
Emys orbicularis living, are grassed, shadowed and don’t comply with thermobiological
and environmental needs of Emys orbicularis in the North of area (Pupins et al. 2010).
Few places in Silene Nature Park where Emys orbicularis were found (Table 1) made it
relevant to take urgent measures for rehabilitation of the population in the territory.
Table 1. Findings of Emys orbicularis in Silene Nature Park.
Findings
number
Place
Coordinates
Year of
Plausibility
observation
Number of
observations
1
Ricu lake
1990
low
some
2
Silica river
1960-1970
high
few, fish parts
3
Ilgas
forest
Ricu lake
N55°42'30,50"
E26°40'19,68"
N55°42'53,82"
E26°45'37,48"
N55°41'53,24"
E26°46'30,01"
N55°41'19,10"
E26°45'03,49"
1983
middle
20.07.1995.
highest
(authors
foynd)
middle
once,
carapaces
once, adult
female
4
5
Bedusu
lake
N55°42'13,96" 2007
E26°46'41,40"
once, young
adult
Restoration of biotopes. For the Emys orbicularis 17 ponds were created or restored in
Silene Nature Park in four key sites (site areas – 6.3 ha; 15.4 ha; 16.4 ha; 0.5 ha) near
Belarusian border (Figure 2).
The ponds aren’t deep (Table 2), they have wide littoral shelf zone, many sun-basking
places (Figure 3a, b) and wide open south slope eggs-laying territories with sand ground
near to the ponds (Figures 4, 5, 6). Some ponds are shallower; they are planned also for
juvenile Emys orbicularis.
The building of Rare Reptile and Amphibian Centre is fully renovated and equipped with
18 indoor and 6 outdoor basins with inner net-walls (two biggest basins are united) for
Emys orbicularis in a glass house (Figure 7a, b). The basins are equipped by filters, air
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
pumps, plants filters, lightening and UV lamps. The Centre has also rooms for personal
and workshops, which are used in summer season.
Figure 2. Placement of restored ponds systems (in blue) in the Silene Nature Park near to
Belarusian border. The ponds areas are numbered according Table 2.
Table 2. Main conditions of restored ponds systems in Silene Nature Park
Number
Coordinates
Type of
waterbody
Area
Average
depth
Flow
1
N55°41'34,32"
E26°47'14,25"
0,5
0,7
2
N55°41'27,14"
E26°47'20,82"
N55°41'05,17"
E26°46'13,84"
N55°41'27,53"
E26°46'19,74"
pond wetland
system in a
walley
pond wetland
system
pond wetland
system
pond wetland
system
0,6
0,7
Underground
stream
yes
15
0,6
0,7
yes
20
0,3
1
yes
200
3
4
Distance to
eggs-laying
place (m)
15
Emys orbicularis population restoration and enforcement. The Emys orbicularis
successfully bred in out-door basin, tens of young Emys orbicularis were growing for 4 – 8
years in the Centre and adapted for natural conditions in 2013 – 2014 (Figure 8a, b).
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
a
b
Figure 3. a) Restored pond 1 with wide shallow zone; b) Restored eggs-laying place sand
slope near to restored pond 2. The forest on the horisont line is in Belarus.
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Figure 4. Potential eggs-laying places (yellow areas) near to the pond system 1 (blue line).
Belarus
Figure 5. Potential eggs-laying places (yellow areas) near to the pond system 2 (blue line).
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Figure 6. Potential eggs-laying places (yellow areas) near to the pond system 3 (blue line).
a
b
Figure 7. a) Indoor basins recirculation system; b) Glass house basins system.
42 (210% instead from planned 20) adults, semi-adults and juveniles Emys orbicularis
were raised in aquaculture for 4 – 7 years and were released in wild in restored ponds in
14 of July 2014 in Silene Nature Park near to border of Belarus (Figure 9a, b). One turtle,
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
active swimming, was registered in the same biotope after some days by experts of the
Project.
a
b
Figure 8. a) Hatchlings in incubator; b) Semi-adult turtles sun-basked in natural climatic
conditions in out-door basin.
Additional effect of the Project Emys orbicularis targeted actions. We have observed
second preserved species Bombina bombina in some newly dug ponds in improved
Emys orbicularis water bodies in Silene Nature Park as well. They come from other, small
peripheral pond from population Ilgas and Emys orbicularis habitat improvement has
important additional value for creating corridors for Bombina bombina inter-population
dispersal between target population Demene and Ilgas, and populations in Belarus.
a
b
Figure 9. a) 42 adult and semi-adult turtles were released by experts and volunteers in
Silene Nature Park in 2014 with wide public awareness; b) The turtle is active orienting in
natural environment in first seconds after releasing.
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
DISCUSSION
We do not hold any information whether there are Emys orbicularis populations on the
territory of Belarus near the Latvian border. However, in 2014 an adult female was found
in the area of Braslaw Lakes (Valery Lukashevich, personal communication), 18 km away
from Silene Nature Park.
Of course, a single release of Emys orbicularis raised in zoo-culture cannot guarantee the
persistency and stable reproduction of the restored Ilgas population in Silene Nature
Park, as it will be subject to negative influence of natural and man-induced factors that
are hard to estimate: relatively cold climate, which is most dangerous for eggs and
tortoises wintering in water; the impact of predators, including those that are invasive for
Latvia: Nyctereutes procyonoides, Neovison vison, Ondatra zibethicus; parasites;
disturbance and direct catching by people, etc. However, the carried-out restoration and
optimization of biotopes give the turtles an opportunity to choose the best possible
thermal conditions and safety zones. The location of Ilgas population in a tightly guarded
zone provides additional protection from excessive disturbance from people.
Colonization of restored Emys orbicularis biotopes by Bombina bombina, which have
migrated there, is also a positive factor for the target species as well, as these amphibians
are valuable food items for Emys orbicularis (Pikulik et al. 1988). It is hard to assess the
effectiveness of the released Emys orbicularis adaptation to wild conditions, but AfterLIFE activities of the Project LIFE-HerpetoLatvia provide Emys orbicularis population
monitoring in Silene Nature Park and, if necessary, further corrections of ecosystems
state and enforcement of the population by new specimen raised in aquaculture.
CONCLUSIONS
The main target of the Project LIFE-HerpetoLatvia was to provide long-term existence of
Emys orbicularis population on the northern border of the European area of the species in
Latvia. There is no doubt, that small Latvian Emys orbicularis populations and groups
demand genetic contacts with stronger southern populations in Belarus and Lithuania.
That is why the main step in our work was to restore the near-border Emys orbicularis
population and its biotopes in the South-East of Latvia. The success of these activities of
the Project LIFE-HerpetoLatvia will be taken under control by monitoring of
Emys orbicularis Ilgas population and the state of the ecosystems.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research has been executed owing to support of LIFE Project "Conservation of rare
reptiles and amphibians in Latvia", ESF Project «Jaunas zinatniskas grupas izveide
akvakulturas tehnologiju modernizesanai», Institute of Ecology of Daugavpils University.
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
We thank V.Bakharev, S.Drobenkov, V.Lukashevich, R.Novitsky (Belarus) for practical help
in receiving of Emys orbicularis from Belarus and consultations, A.C.M. Meeske (Germany)
and C.Ayres (Spain), A.Skute and V.Vahrushevs (Latvia) for many-years cooperation in
research and nature conservation.
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Berzins A. (2003): Purva brunurupucis Emys orbicularis Linnaeus, 1758. [Berzins, A. (2003)
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Sarkana gramata. LU Biologijas instituts: 96-97. (in Latvian).
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Fritz U. (2003): Die Europaishe Sumpfshildkrote (Emys orbicularis). – Laurenti Verlag: 224.
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Meeske A.C.M., Pupins M., Rybczynski K. (2006): Erste Ergebnisse zur Verbreitung und
zum Status der Europäischen Sumpfschildkröte (Emys orbicularis) am nördlichen
Rand ihrer Verbreitung in Litauen und Lettland. – Zeitschrift für Feldherpetologie
13 (1): 71-99. (in German).
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sugu un ierobezoti izmantojamo ipasi aizsargajamo sugu sarakstu" ar grozijumiem,
kas izdariti lidz 27.07.2004. – Vestnesis, Nr. 413/417. (in Latvian).
Pikulik M.M., Bakharev V.A., Kosov S.V. (1988): Presmykayuschiesya Byelorusii. – Nauka i
tehnika, Minsk: 166 p. (in Russian).
Pupins M., Pupina A. (2007): Eiropas purva bruņurupuca Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758)
sugas aizsardzības plans Latvija. [Plan of protection of Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus,
1758) in Latvia]. – Dabas aizsardzības pārvalde, Rīga: 104. (in Latvian).
Pupins M., Pupina A. (2008a): The data on the observations of the European pond turtle
(Emys orbicularis L.) at the northern edge of its area in Latvia. – Acta Biologica
Universitatis Daugavpiliensis, Vol.8 (1): 35-46. ISSN 1407-8953.
Pupins M., Pupina A. (2008b): Distribution of European pond turtle Emys orbicularis
(Linnaeus, 1758) on the northern edge of its area in Latvia. – Revista Española de
Herpetología, 22: 149-157.
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Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Pupins M., Pupina A. (2011): The data on breeding of Emys orbicularis in Latvia: registered
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Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego im. Komisji Edukacji
Narodowej w Krakowie:: 137-143. ISBN 978-83-7271-707-8.
Pupins M, Pupina A. (2012a): Distribution of European pond turtle Emys orbicularis
(Linnaeus 1758) in Latvia. – The problems of Herpetology. Proceedings of the 5th
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Pupins M., Pupina A. (2012b): LIFE-HerpetoLatvia: Population management plan for the
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2000 (Daugavpils novads, Latvia). – LIFE-HerpetoLatvia, Daugavpils, Latgales Zoo:
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Pupins M., Pupina A., Bakharev V. (2010): Rasprostranenie evropeiskoi bolotnoi cherepahi
(Emys orbicularis L. 1758) v Latvii i na territorijah, granichaschih s Belarusiu.
[European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis L. 1758) distribution in Latvia and in
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Pupins M., Pupina A., Petkuns E. (2012): LIFE-HerpetoLatvia: Results of preliminary study
of the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) territory Silene Nature Park,
Territory Natura 2000 (Daugavpils novads, Latvia). – LIFE-HerpetoLatvia,
Daugavpils, Latgales Zoo: 33 p.
Pupins M., Pupina A., Skute A. (2010): Vides un biotopu plānošana Eiropas purva
bruņurupuču Emys orbicularis saglabāšanai Latvijā. [Planning of environment and
biotopes for conservation of European pond turtle Emys orbicularis in Latvia] –
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Silins J., Lamsters V. (1934): Latvijas rapuli un abinieki [Latvian reptiles and amphibians].
Riga, Valters un Rapa, 96 p. (in Latvian)
Terentyev P., Chernov S. (1949): Opredelitel presmykayuzschihsya i zemnovodnyh. [The
guide to reptilians and amphibians]. – Sovetskaya nauka, Moscow: 1-339. (in
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http://www.jcvi.org/reptiles/species.php?genus=Emys&species=orbicularis.
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
CONSERVATION OF THE APENNINE YELLOW-BELLIED TOAD BOMBINA VARIEGATA
PACHYPUS IN LIGURIA (NW ITALY)
Sebastiano Salvidio 1, Fabrizio Oneto 1, Dario Ottonello 2, Luca Braida 1, Caterina
Ferravante 3, Elena Grasselli 1, Giulia Vecchione 1, Stefano Canessa 4, Attilio Arillo 1,
Massimiliano Cardelli 3
1
DISTAV, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy. [email protected]
DAIS Università Cà Foscari, Venezia, Italy.
3
Parco Montemarcello-Magra, Sarzana, Italy.
4
University of Melbourne, Australia.
2
ABSTRACT
The Apennine Yellow-bellied toad, Bombina variegata pachypus is endemic to the
Italian peninsula. Land abandonment, chytrid infection and climate change are
negatively impacting Yellow-bellied toad populations in many parts of its range. In
Liguria, a north-western administrative Italian region, a regional conservation
programme has been implemented to contrast the decline. Breeding sites were
restored and created, the size and the sanitary status of populations was
monitored and restocking was carried out. In the period 2011-2014, nine artificial
breeding sites were created, four semi-natural water bodies and a small breeding
facility was also created from which tadpoles were introduced in a newly-created
site. In Liguria, Apennine Yellow-bellied toad populations are relatively small, but
appear stable and non-infected by Batracochytrium dendrobatidis. Many of the
new or restored breeding sites were colonised by the Apennine Yellow-bellied toad
or by other amphibians, and a new reproductive population of Bombina variegata
pachypus became established after restocking. Overall, these results confirm that
the creation of small artificial breeding sites is a very successful strategy for
conserving amphibian populations. This strategy is also useful for maintaining
traditional rural activities in the Mediterranean landscape.
Keywords: artificial tanks, Batracochytrium dendrobatidis, Bombina, rural
landscape
INTRODUCTION
The Apennine Yellow-bellied toad, Bombina variegata pachypus (Bonaparte, 1838), is an
amphibian endemic to the Italian peninsula. The taxonomic status of the Apennine
populations of Yellow-bellied toad is still debated, because some authors consider them
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
as belonging to a subspecies of the Yellow-bellied toad Bombina variegata (Linnaeus,
1758) (Canessa et al., 2013b), while others treat them as full species (Lanza et al., 2007;
Canestrelli et al., 2007). In any case, the Apennine Yellow-bellied toad distribution is
confined to the Apennine Mountains and ranges from Liguria in the North to Calabria in
the South (Lanza et al. 2007) (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Range of the Italian endemic toad Bombina variegata pachypus.
In Liguria (NW Italy), the Apennine Yellow-bellied toad breeds in small temporary streams
and in small standing natural and human-made water bodies (Canessa et al., 2013b). In
recent years, the northern populations of this species are declining because of habitat
loss, abandonment of traditional agricultural activities (Canessa et al. 2013b) and
diffusion of the chytrid fungus pathogen Batracochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) (Canestrelli
et al., 2013). To reverse this negative trend, an integrated regional conservation project,
starting in 2011, has been coordinated by the Parco di Montemarcello-Magra and the
University of Genova (Arillo et al., 2013). This programme aimed to locally improve the
conservation status of Apennine Yellow-bellied toad populations and at the same time to
promote the traditional farming activities that, in the rural landscape of Liguria, play an
important role in maintaining the diversity of amphibian populations breeding sites
(Canessa et al., 2013b; Romano et al., 2013). The preliminary results concerning
population size estimation and Bd analyses have been published by Canessa et al.
(2013a). Therefore, in this study we will report only about the results concerning the Bd
screening for 2013, the colonisation of the newly-created artificial or semi-natural
habitats and the restocking activities.
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Chytridiomycosis detection. All the main populations known in Liguria (Canessa et al.,
2013a) have been screened for the pathogen Batracochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) by
means of PCR assay. Yellow bellied toads were swabbed in the field at elast 30 times with
cottone sterile swabs that were conserved at 4° C until DAN esxtraction. The qPCR
method used for Bd detection, is a modification of the standard TaqMan qPCR technique
(Boyle et al., 2004), based on SYBR Green chemistry with slightly modified primers
(Grasselli et al., unpublished data). This method has been fully validated by a comparison
with the Boyle's method (Boyle et al., 2004) and by the quantification of Bd infection on
amphibian samples with known Bd prevalence (Grasselli et al., unpublished data).
Habitat creation and restocking. During the project nine traditional stone tanks were
built, while four standing water bodies were completely restored. All these sites fall
within the historical range of the Apennine Yellow-bellied toad. These new habitats were
created in private land in accordance with landowners that were willing to use them for
irrigation and farming activities. The landowners signed an agreement with the regional
park of Montemarcello Magra, accepting to take care and manage the sites for ten years.
The artificial tanks were made in concrete and local stones and had a capacity of 2-3 m3.
The water input was granted by a natural spring, thus incteasing the possibility of a
permanent hydroperiod. In addition, an escape ramp assuring the exit of amphibians
from the tank was always built (Figure 2).
Figure 2. A) artificial tank in construction; B) close up of an escape ramp (arrow); C and D)
two artificial tanks integrated in the rural lanscape.
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The semi-natural ponds that were restored were already used as breeding sites by
amphibians but they were partially excavated to increase their functionality (Figure 3).
Usually they were already used as breeding sites by amphibians.
Figure 3. A small pond during and at the end of restoration.
The breeding facility was also built in private land and is about 9 x 3 m in size (Figure 4). It
contains three small PVC ponds with capacity of 150 l and hosts only a small number of
breeding adults (2-3 pairs) and it is used also for education with primary school students.
Since 2011, tadpoles born in this structure are introduced in one of the newly-created
tanks located within a SCI where the species was once present but went recently extinct.
RESULTS
During the 2013 survey, 100 swabs of B. v. pachypus were analysed for Bd by qPCR
analysis and all of them were negative, confirming the previous results obtained by
Canessa et al. (2013a) that sampled the same populations in 2011 and 212 (Table 1).
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Figure 4. The breeding facility used for raising Yellow-bellied toad tadpoles.
Table 1. Number of Yellow-bellied toads analysed Bd (number infected). Data for 2011
and 2012 form Canessa et al. (2013a).
Site
Pav
Lor1
Lor2
LorP
Pav
Pin
Tev
Moc
LMa
2011
4(0)
17(0)
21(0)
17(0)
13(0)
1(0)
-
2012
56(0)
43(0)
7(0)
35(0)
-
2013
48(0)
8(0)
2(0)
6(0)
18(0)
12(0)
1(0)
Almost all the new stone tanks were naturally colonised by amphibians, in four cases by
individuals of Bombina v. pachypus, that in three of them established breeding
populations The other species that were observed breeding in the newly-created tanks,
were the Italian crested newt (Triturus carnifex), the Alpine newt (Mesotriton alpestris)
and the Apennine frog (Rana italica). Concerning restocking, since 2011 about 100 large
tadpoles of Bombina v. pachypus were introduced in the newly-created site (Agn in Table
2), where in the spring 2014 they began to breed successfully.
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Table 2. Amphibian populations and agricoltual use of the artificial tanks.
Artificial tank
LMa
Moc
PerS
PerM
Pav
Lie
Seg
Pig
Agn
Amphibians present
M. alpestris, T. carnifex
B. v. pachypus
B. v. pachypus, M. alpestris
R. italica
B. v. pachypus
B. v. pachypus
M. alpestris
B. v. pachypus (restocked), R.
italica
Farming use
cattle watering
.
cattle watering
irrigation
horse watering
-
DISCUSSION
In the Mediterranean landscape, small seasonal aquatic habitats represent important
freshwater ecosystems, in which rare organisms of conservation interest may be present
(Blondel and Aronson 1999). In this region, small artificial water reservoirs are still used in
traditional irrigation and may become relevant breeding sites for amphibians (Canessa et
al., 2013b; Romano et al., 2014).
The results of the present study strengthen the importance of artificial tanks as breeding
sites for amphibian populations. In fact, the colonisation of many newly-created artificial
tanks was rapid, beginning few months after their construction especially when
amphibian populations were already present in the area. Even the rare and declining
Apennine Yellow-bellied toad was able to successfully colonize these newly-created tanks,
suggesting that one of its main limiting factor in NW Italy is the absence of suitable
breeding sites. In rural lands, artificial water reservoirs are periodically managed by
landowners. They have interest to assure constant water supply and they periodically
clean the tanks to reduce aquatic vegetation and silting.
These management practices reduce the density of invertebrate predators (mainly
dragonfly larvae) and by consequence may increase the survival and matamorphosis rate
of Yellow-bellied toad tadpoles (Canessa et al., 2013b). It is interesting to note that in one
case, the restocking of about 100 large tadpoles was capable to establish in only three
years a new breeding population of the Apennine Yellow-bellied toad. Therefore, the
strategy of creating artificial sites together with the restocking of tadpoles should be
viewed as a practical and effective conservation strategy for this species (Arillo et al.
2013).
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Finally, we observed a positive attitude of local people towards amphibians, that are in
general perceived as indicators of traditional and extensive farming. Therefore, in
Mediterranean regions of Italy, many human-made water bodies may be important for
maintaining traditional agriculture while providing breeding sites for amphibian
populations at the same time.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Italian Ministry of Environment issues capture, breeidng and restocking permits
(number 2010 DPN-2010-0010807).
REFERENCES
Arillo A., Braida L., Canessa S., Cresta P., Ferravante C., Martel A., Oneto F., Ottonello D.,
Pasmans F., Salvidio S., Sciutti M., Scarpellini P. (2013). Paesaggio rurale e
conservazione: il Progetto Ululone in Liguria. In: Atti IX Congresso Nazionale della
Societas Herpetologica Italica, (Bari - Conversano, 26-30 settembre 2012), pp. 285286. Scillitani G., Liuzzi C., Lorusso L., Mastropasqua F., Ventrella P. Eds, Tipografia
Pineta, Conversano (BA).
Blondel J., Aronson J. (1999). Biology and wildlife of the Mediterranean region.Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Boyle D.G., Boyle D.B., Olsen V., Morgan J.A.T., Hyatt A.D. (2004). Rapid quantitative
detection of chytridiomycosis (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in amphibian
samples using real-time Taqman PCR assay. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 60:141148.
Canessa S., Martel A., Pasmans F. (2013a). No detection of chytrid in first systematic
screening of Bombina variegata pachypus (Anura: Bombinatoridae) in Liguria,
northern Italy. Acta Herpetologica, 8: 59-63.
Canessa S., Oneto F., Ottonello D., Arillo A., Salvidio S. (2013b). Land abandonment may
reduce disturbance and affect the breeding sites of an Endangered amphibian in
northern Italy. Oryx, 47: 280-287.
Canestrelli D., Cimmaruta R., Costantini V., Nascetti, G. (2006). Genetic diversity and
phylogeography of the Apennine yellow-bellied toad Bombina pachypus, with
implications for conservation. Molecular Ecology, 15, 3741–3754.
Canestrelli D., Zampiglia M., Nascetti G. (2013). Widespread occurrence of
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in contemporary and historical samples of the
endangered Bombina pachypus along the Italian peninsula. PLoS ONE 8: e63349.
Lanza B., Andreone F., Bologna M.A., Corti C., Razzetti E. (2007). Ampbibia - Fauna d'Italia
42, 512 pp.
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Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Romano A., Salvidio S., Mongillo D., Olivari S. (2014). Importance of a traditional irrigation
system in amphibian conservation in the Cinque Terre National Park (NW Italy).
Journal for Nature Conservation, 22: 445-452..
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
HYSTORY OF FORMING OF AREA AND MODERN SITUATION OF ITS BORDERS FOR EMYS
ORBICULARIS L., 1758 IN BELARUS AND NEIGHBORING TERRITORIES
Victor Aleksandrovich Bakharev
Mozyr Governmental pedagogic University name I.P.Shamyakin, Mozyr, Belarus.
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Short historical review and analyses of conditions of European pond turtle Emys
orbicularis in West region of Belarus are published. Problems of conservation and
estimation of present conditions of the species of Red book of Belarus were
definied in the publication.
ИСТОРИЯ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ АРЕАЛА И СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ГРАНИЦ EMYS
ORBICULARIS L., 1758 В ПРЕДЕЛАХ БЕЛАРУСИ И ПРИЛЕГАЮЩИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ
Виктор Александрович Бахарев
Учреждение образования "Мозырский государственный педагогический
университет им. И.П. Шамякина"
[email protected]
АБСТРАКТ
В статье дана краткая историческая справка и проведён анализ состояния
изученности европейской болотной черепахи Emys orbicularis западного
региона Беларуси. В публикации поставлены проблемные вопросы, связанные
с охраной и оценкой современного состояния этого вида Красной книги РБ.
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Сохранение биологического разнообразия является одной из ключевых проблем
современности в свете Конвенции ООН 1992 г. Одним из направлений решения
этого вопроса является оценка состояния редких и охраняемых видов Красной
книги. Положение европейской болотной черепахи Emys orbicularis в этом
отношении весьма парадоксально. В связи с нередкостью вида в Полесье некоторые
учёные сомневаются в необходимости включения его в список охраняемых. Вместе с
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
тем, европейская болотная черепаха относится к III-ей категории (VU) Красной книги
РБ [1], включена в Красный список МСОП и приложение II Бернской Конвенции,
внесена в Красные книги Латвии и Литвы.
В последней сводке С.М. Дробенков [2] указывает границу ареала по линии
Пружаны – Белозерск – Телеханы –Дяковичи – Копаткевичи – Василевич – Добруж.
Однако, с монографии М.М. Пикулика [3], вышедшей ранее (1988), указана более
северная граница. В начале третьего тысячелетия вид неоднократно отмечался
севернее указанной С.М. Дробенковым границы, причем в точках ранее упомянутых
М.М. Пикуликом. Мною с 1977 года велся сбор информации по распространению
европейской болотной черепахи и часть этого материала вошла в уже упомянутую
монографию М.М. Пикулика.
Таким образом, назрела необходимость провести анализ состояния этого вида.
Собранный мною более 10 лет материал в Полесье и 20 лет в Гродненской области
даёт возможность провести оценку состояния этого вида именно на западной
границе ареала. В целом по всей Беларуси это частично выполнено С.М.
Дробенковым [2]. Сам анализ в западном регионе республики весьма актуален в
связи с находками этого вида в Польше, Литве и Латвии.
Целью нашей работы и явилось подведение итогов изучения границ ареала вида с
учётом данных на прилегающих территориях (Латвия, Литва, Польша).
Данная цель достигается через решение следующих задач:
1) Провести ретроспективный анализ исторического появления вида и
палеонтологических находок и описаний встреч черепах исследователями,
начиная c XVIII века;
2) Выполнить зоогеографический анализ ареала в указанном регионе с целью
выяснения путей существования вида в данном регионе.
Краткая историческая справка
История появления вида
Согласно изложенной гипотезе В.Ю. Ратникова [4] по расселению ужей болотная
черепаха заселила Евразию из Северной Америки (рис. 1)
Вероятнее всего древние предки болотной черепахи распространились из Сев.
Америки по гипотетическому материку на территорию, которая находилась между
морями Тетис и Паратерис. Последующие геологические процессы внесли свои
корректировки в формирование его ареала.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Рисунок 1. Гипотетическое распространение водных черепах [5].
Анализ митохондриальной ДНК позволил восстановить историческую картину
заселения видом Европы в постгляциальное время (рисунок 2). Она практически
совпадает с палеонтологическими данными.
Рисунок 2. Основные направления постгляциальной экспансии Emys orbicularis: I –
VII - основные рефугиумы [6].
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Таким образом, экспансия вида на территорию современной Беларуси происходила
из рифугиума Ia, севернее Крыма. Согласно данным С.М. Дробенкова [7] этот вид
отмечается значительно севернее выявленной ранее границы ареала [8] – в Минске,
Гродно, Жодино, Орше, Березинском заповеднике. Автор это объясняет тремя
основными причинами: выпуском в природу, особенно в районе крупных городов;
большой способностью черепах к миграциям; существованием угасающих
реликтовых микропопуляций. Из немногочисленных публикаций прошлых лет
следует, что вид в начале ХХ века встречался шире, включая северные широты
Беларуси. Автор делает вывод, что за последние 40—50 лет граница ареала вида
сместилась в южном направлении по меньшей мере на 150-200 км.
Однако, более тщательный анализ последних палеонтологических находок
субфоссильных остатков этого вида в Беларуси [9, 10] и особенно своеобразной
картины южной границы последнего оледенения позволяет по-новому трактовать
имеющиеся данные. Три с половиной тысячи лет назад [9] и сейчас болотная
черепаха встречалась в северной части Беларуси, а публикации М. Пупиньша [11]
показали, что вид не только существовал в Латвии раньше, но и способен сейчас
жить, реализуя репродукцию. Вид отмечен в Литве [12, 13], а в Польше В. Ющик [14]
указывает точки находок этого вида на широте Витебской области. Таким образом с
некоторой уверенностью можно утверждать, что северные точки находок вида не
только в Беларуси, но и прилегающих территориях не являются случайными.
В 2007 году мною проведён анализ [9, 10, 15] болотной черепахи временных
поселений человека среднего голоцена и показано, что около 4 тысяч лет назад
болотная черепаха встречалась в северной (Витебщина), западной, восточной и
южной частях современной территории Беларуси. Ископаемые черепахи мало
отличались по размерам от современных, а возраст отловленных в то время черепах
не превышал 10 лет, что примерно соответствует среднему возрасту современных
черепах – 12 лет. В тоже время предельный возраст черепах Белорусского Полесья
С.М. Дробенков [16] оценивает в 25-27 лет.
Краткий анализ изучения вида в XVIII-XX веках выявил, что отдельные упоминания о
рептилиях западной части Беларуси приведены в труде Габриэля. Ржачинского
«История природы царства Польского, присоединенной Литовской области, по
провинциям, в 20 частях» [17], где он описывает болотную черепаху.
Позже выходит книга ученого Ж.Э. Жилибера 1781 года [18]. Здесь подробно
описана болотная черепаха из-под Гродно.
В наиболее полной фаунистической сводке Л.М. Никольского [19, 20, 21] упомянута
болотная черепаха. Он сообщает, что вид встречается по р. Нарев, на западе страны,
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
а на востоке – вблизи г. Могилёва. Позже (1915 год) З. Федорович [22] описывает
болотную черепаху для Гродненской, Минской и Витебской областей.
Ю.Ф. Сапоженков [23] в 1951 году отлавливал европейскую болотную черепаху в
старице р. Щара, Слонимском и Желудокском районах Гродненской области.
При общем описании фауны позвоночных Беларуси Ф.Н. Воронин [24] сообщает о
болотной черепахе в реке Щара, озере Белом и ряда других мест республики. В этот
период наиболее изученной оказалась герпетофауна Беловежской пущи [25], где со
ссылкой на польские источники говориться об обитании болотной черепахи в р.
Нарев. Исследования А.Г. Банникова были продолжены мною (1980-1985 г.г.) в
Беловежской пуще, где была зафиксирована болотная черепаха, мигрировавшая по
р. Лесная Правая, что подтверждает вероятность перемещения вида по водотокам
из Польши в Беларусь.
Современное состояние вида в западной части Беларуси.
Таксономический статус
Иcследуемый вид относится к номинальному подвиду Emys orbicularis orbicularis (L.,
1758).
Распространение.
В целом, согласно данным С.М. Дробенкова [26] юго-западная часть Гродненщины
входит в область распространения вида. Несомненно, все зафиксированные точки
находок являются как действительным обитанием здесь черепахи, так и
искусственным выпуском особей в природу. Однако более детальный анализ мест
находок черепахи показывает весьма интересную картину, когда эпизодически на
одних и тех же местах особи появляются с заметным постоянством. Специально
проведённые исследования [27] по проекту программы ТАСИС Европейского Союза
выявили следующие места обитания вида в Гродненской области: Якубовское озеро
– севернее г. Берёзовка и в русле р. Изовка (д. Изовка Новогрудского района). Позже
две мигрирующие черепахи поселились в водоёме образованном речкой Трицевкой
рядом с Козловщиной Дятловского района. Трицевка несколькими километрами
ниже впадает в р. Щару. Причём, местные жители утверждали, что это
мигрирующие особи из русла р. Щары, т.к. черепах сюда специально никто не
запускал. Аналогично замечали черепаху в русле р. Свислочь Большого
Берстовицкого района, в истоках р. Волпянка в окрестностях д. Дыхновичи
Волковысского района, оз. Вишнево Сморгонского района (информация Ясевича А.).
Относительно крупное поселение вида существует рядом с Гродненской областью в
республиканском заказнике «Выгонощанский» Ивацевичского района Брестской
области. По непроверенным данным черепаха отмечена в русле р. Котра, ниже по
течению от г. Скиделя. Кроме этого есть публикация С.М. Дробенкова [28] о
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
находках одиночных особей и небольших групп черепах в пригороде Гродно.
Данный случай, как и находка черепахи в Чёртовом озере Гродненского района
объясняется именно выпуском животных в природу человеком. Особенно,
последний случай, т.к. названное озеро характеризуется относительно невысокой
температурой воды и отсутствием удобных мест для инкубирования яиц. Под
Гродно длительное существование поселения черепахи сомнительно из-за большой
плотности городского населения.
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
Таким образом, подводя итоги, следует отметить, что вид заселил территорию
современной Беларуси из рифугиума севернее Крым и осваивал территорию по
мере отсупления ледников. Около 4 тыс. лет назад черепаха вероятнее всего
заселила всю территорию вплоть до Витебщины. Зоогеографический анализ
показал, что как в прежние времена [20, 21, 22, 23, 24] так и сейчас с удивительным
постоянством регистрируются находки особей в тех же районах. Это притоки рек
Неман (Щара, Свислочь) и рек, вытекающие из территории Польши (Нарев, Лесная
Правая). Не исключена возможность находок на границе с Литвой. Тем более, что
официальные подтверждения обитания черепахи в Сморгоньском районе имеются.
Именно здесь протекает р. Вилея, впадающая в литовскую р. Нярис. Уже вышли
публикации исследователей о находках европейской болотной черепахи в Литве
[12, 13]. В перспективе существование вида в западной части Беларуси возможно за
счёт
локальных
поселений
на
охраняемых
территориях
заказников
(«Выгонощанский» и др.) региона и миграций из Польши, Литвы и, возможно,
Латвии.
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Typis Collegii Soc. Jesu, 1721. – 456 с.
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Бахарев В.А. Ж.Э. Жилибер – первые герпетологические исследования в
Беларуси / В.А. Бахарев // Вопросы герпетологии: материалы Пятого съезда
Герпетологического общества им. А.М. Никольского. Минск, 25-28 сентября
2012 г. / ГНПО "НПЦ НАН Беларуси по биоресурсам"; под ред. Р.В. Новицкого,
Н.Б. Ананьевой [и др.]. – Минск: Право и экономика, 2012. С. 32-36.
17.
Никольский, А.М. Животный мiр Полъсья / А.М. Никольский. – СПб.: тип. акц.
общ. Е. Евдокиовъ, 1899. – 68 с.
18.
Никольский, А.М. Опредълитель пресмыкающихся и земноводныхъ Россiской
Имперiи / А.М. Никольский. – Харьковъ: Русская Типографiя и Литографiя,
1907. – 182 с.
19.
Никольскiй, А.М. Фауна Россiи и сопредъльныхъ странъ. Пресмыкающiяся
/ А.М. Никольскiй. – Петроградъ, 1915. – Т. 1 (Chelonia и Sauria). – 534 с.
20.
Fedorowicz, Z. Plazy i gady na Litwie / Z. Fedorowicz
T-wa przyjacol Nauk w Wilnie. – 1915–1918. – Т. 6. – S. 206–221.
21.
Сапоженков, Ю.Ф. Материалы по изучению амфибий и рептилий Белоруссии
/ Ю.Ф. Сапоженков // Фауна и экология наземных позвоночных Белоруссии. –
Минск: Вышэйшая школа, 1961. – С. 183–194.
22.
Воронин, Ф.Н. Фауна Белоруссии и охрана природы:
/ Ф.Н. Воронин. – Минск: Вышэйшая школа. 1967. – 424 с.
23.
Банников, А.Г. Материалы к изучению земноводных и пресмыкающихся
Беловежской пущи / А.Г. Банников, З.В. Белова // Ученые записки Московского
гор. пед. института им. А.П. Потемкина, 1956. – Т. 61. – Вып. 4–5. – С. 385–402.
24.
Дробенков С.М. Популяционная экология европейской болотной черепахи
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в Беларуси / С.М. Дробенков. – Минск: Беларус. навука. 2012. – С. 9.
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Бахарев В.А. Особенности биологии и экологии редких видов амфибий и
рептилий Гродненской области / В.А. Бахарев // В сб.: Состояние и проблемы
развития туризма в Гродненской области. Гродно. Издание проекта ТАСИС
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"Региональное развитие и охрана природы в Еврорегионе "Неман". 1999. –
с.35-39.
27.
Дробенков С.М. Популяционная экология европейской болотной черепахи в
Беларуси / С.М. Дробенков. – Минск: Беларус. Навука. 2012. – С. 21.
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NEW FINDS OF RARE SPECIES OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN MOZYR AND
PRIPATSKOI WOODLANDS
Victor Aleksandrovich Bakharev 1, Dmitry Yurievich Lesnichy 2
Mozyr Governmental pedagogic University name I.P.Shamyakin, Mozyr, Belarus.
1
[email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This paper contains the results of studies of the rare species of amphibians and
reptiles and the Pripyat Polesie Mozyr. Are the new finds and made a brief analysis
of the biology of these species.
Key words: Mozyr Polesye, the Pripyat Polesie, rare species of amphibians and
reptiles, distribution, reproduction.
НОВЫЕ НАХОДКИ РЕДКИХ ВИДОВ ЗЕМНОВОДНЫХ И ПРЕСМЫКАЮЩИХСЯ В
МОЗЫРСКОМ И ПРИПЯТСКОИ ПОЛЕСЬЕ
Виктор Александрович Бахарев1, Дмитрий Юрьевич Лесничий 2
УО МГПУ им. И.П. Шамякина, Мозырь, Беларусь.
1
[email protected], [email protected]
АБСТРАКТ
В работе изложены результаты изучения распространения редких видов
земноводных и пресмыкающихся Мозырского и Припятского Полесья.
Приведены новые точки находок и сделан краткий анализ биологии этих
видов.
Ключевые слова: Мозырское Полесье, Припятское Полесье, редкие виды
земноводных и пресмыкающихся, распространение, репродукция.
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Белорусское Полесье издавна привлекало внимание ученых-зоологов. В 1863 году
Бобровский П. при описании Брестского, Кобринского, Пружанского уездов
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сообщает о находках в окаменелостях древних черепах [1]. В конце ХIХ века (1899)
опубликованы итоги исследований животного мира Полесья [2], где из редких видов
пресмыкающихся описаны болотная черепаха для южной и западной частей
Полесья и медянка. С начала ХХ века выходят публикации зоологов по различным
группам позвоночных Полесья [3, 4, 5].
На общем фоне таких фаунистических сводок, к сожалению, мало внимания
уделялось ныне редким видам. И даже после последнего выхода Красной книги [6]
однозначная картина по ряду видов позвоночных остается весьма дискуссионной.
Природа динамична, и, естественно, за относительно небольшой промежуток
времени состояние вида может резко меняться. Задача зоологов и состоит в том,
чтобы понять эти тенденции и предложить соответствующие меры для сохранения
видового разнообразия экосистем. Цель исследования – выявление новых мест
обитания редких видов и оценка динамики поселений для последующего
выделения особо ценных в биологическом отношении участков природы.
МАТЕРИАЛ И МЕТОДЫ
Изучение характера распространения с целью выявления особо значимых
территорий размножения редких видов земноводных и пресмыкающихся
включенных в Красную книгу РБ проводилось в 2006 – 2013 годах в Мозырском,
Лельчичком, Житковичском районах. В Мозырском районе были обследованы
ландшафтные заказники республиканского значения «Мозырские овраги» и
«Стрельский» и охотничьи заказники «Алёс», «Лешнянский», окрестности деревень
и посёлков – Новинки, Криничный, Акулинка, Бибики, Матрунки, Тваричевка,
Каменка, Красная Зорька, Козенки, Мал. Зимовищи, Рудня Горбовичская,
Староселье, Прудок, Загорины, Мелешковичи. В Лельчичком – территории
Лельчицкого, Марковского Милашевичского лесничеств. В Житковичском –
окрестности деревень и посёлков – Березина, Борки, Гребень, Дедовка, Дуброва,
Долгая Дуброва, Забродье, Лагвощи, Люденевичи, Млынок, Морохорово Науть,
Остранка, Оцкованое, Погост, Подовж, Рудня, Туров, Черетянка. Изучение поселений
Emys orbicularis (L., 1758), Coronella austriaca (Laur., 1768) проводилось по методике
М.М. Пикулика [7].
РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ РАБОТЫ И ИХ ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ
Мозырский район
Обследование заказника «Мозырские овраги» выявило гребенчатого тритона
(Triturus cristatus Laur.,1768), болотную черепаху (Emys orbicularis L.,1758). В
Стрельском и охотничьем заказнике «Алёс» отмечены эти два вида. В тоже время
как в Лешнянском заказнике встречен лишь гребенчатый тритон.
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Исследование окрестностей г. Мозыря показало, что Emys orbicularis (L., 1758)
встречается в микрорайоне «Бобры» и в небольших озёрах на территории
лесопарковой зоны «Молодёжный» (рисунок 1). В обследованных 4-х водоёмах
лесопарковой зоны было встречено три особи Emys orbicularis (L., 1758). Ландшафт
местности представлен небольшими оврагами как с крутыми, так и пологими
уклонами, что является оптимальным местообитанием популяции данного вида.
Чаще всего Emys orbicularis (L., 1758) встречалась на восточных и южных пологих
склонах, где освещённость территории имеет более продолжительный период
времени. На территории водоёмов произрастают насаждения Pinus sylvestris, Betula
pubescens, Alnus incana. Многочисленны кустарники Rubus ulmifoolius и Salix alba.
Травяно-кустарниковый ярус образован доминирующими растениями Fragaria
vesca, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Sagittaria trifolia, Carex pilosa, Typha latifolia, Scirpus
sylvaticus. Кормность водоёмов для Emys orbicularis (L., 1758) может включать
следующих животных: Cochlicopa lubrica, Anisus leucostoma, Anisus spirobris, Physella
acuta, личинок Rana lessonae, Rana temporaria.
Рисунок 1. Места регистрации Emys orbicularis (L., 1758) окрестностей г. Мозыря
лесопарка «Молодёжный».
К настоящему времени болотная черепаха в Беларуси, как и на большей её части
сокращающегося ареала обитания, редка. В результате антропогенного воздействия
вид включен в Красную книгу Республики Беларусь, Красный список МСОП,
приложение II Бернской конвенции. Вид внесён в Красные книги Литвы и Латвии.
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Снижение численности болотной черепахи в Беларуси связано с радикальной
трансформацией и сокращением площади естественных мест обитания,
последовавших за антропогенными изменениями природных ландшафтов,
осушением заболоченных земель, обвалованием и спрямлением русл рек [6].
Лельчицкий район
Милашевичское лесничество
Нами выявлены свежие кладки яиц болотной черепахи в кв. 37, 98 и
непосредственно у Милашевич на «острове Ковпака". Последняя является местом
наиболее массовой откладки яиц и может рассматриваться как ценный участок
околоводной экосистемы.
Дзержинское лесничество
На территории лесничества в кв. № 3 была зафиксирована медянка обыкновенная
(Coronella ausnriaca Layr.) – рисунок 2. Там же обнаружены места откладки яиц
болотной черепахи. Всего в лесничестве зафиксировано 6 мест массовой откладки
яиц и 2 места массовых весенних миграций черепах (рисунок 3). Следы
фиксировались с начала мая (переходу среднесуточной температуры выше 10 0С) и
идентифицировались по характерной полосе на песке от хвоста (рисунок 4).
Рисунок 3. Медянка обыкновенная (Coronella ausnriaca Laur.).
Перемещения отмечались до начала похолодания со второй половины мая. Именно
этот короткий период черепахи находились на суше, а все остальное время – в воде,
где есть пища и укрытие. Нахождение черепах в кв. 5; 6; 7 вблизи Букчанского
лесничества (урочище Раскопаная) объясняется наличием там обширного болота с
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проточными канавами и множества мелких водоемов, где круглый год держится
вода. Кроме того, здесь же проходит большая песчаная грива (холм), где отмечено
два участка ежегодной откладки яиц.
Рисунок 3. Мигрирующая болотная черепаха (Emys orbicularis, L.).
Рисунок 4. Следы перехода черепахи к месту откладки яиц.
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На территории лесничества выявлены местообитания болотной черепахи (рисунок
5), которые находились на расстоянии не более 7 км друг от друга. Так как в
литературе встречаются сведения о том, что болотные черепахи для откладки яиц
удаляются от водоемов обычно не дальше 1км, поэтому эти 6 мест можно считать
отдельными местообитаниями. Все найденные местообитания и гнезда находятся
на территории водосбора р. Ствиги (правый приток Припяти).
Рисунок 5. Картосхема Дзержинского лесничества с местами встреч болотной
черепахи и кладок яиц: - - - - - - -учетные маршруты по поиску мигрирующих черепах
и свежих гнезд; I---------I маршруты учетов следов черепах; – места массовой
откладки яиц.
На рисунке 5 показано, что точки № 1 и № 2 расположены на территории Полесского
военного лесхоза вблизи кв. №13 Дзержинского лесничества – урочище «Панское»;
точки №3 и № 4 расположены в Лельчицком районе, в северной части
Дзержинского лесничества, кв. №5, 6, 7, урочище «Топила»; точки № 5 и № 6
расположены в кв. № 75 и 83 Дзержинского лесничества, 1км южнее д. Дзержинск,
урочище «Печеное». Кроме этого на юго-востоке Дзержинского лесничества, кв.
№70, урочище «Сухрын» обнаружены массовые переходы и несколько кладок яиц, а
в кварталах № 36 и № 73 Дзержинского лесничества были отмечены особи 4-х и 12
лет, причем последняя была поймана на берегу канала (рисунок 6).
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Анализируя карту Дзержинского лесничества и сопредельных территорий, можно
отметить, что ни одно из найденных местообитаний не изолировано от других
агроландшафтами или иными существенными препятствиями антропогенного
характера. Каждое местообитание связано (каналами, ручьями, болотами, лесами)
хотя бы еще с одним, и непосредственно через него с остальными местообитаниями
черепах. В благоприятные годы, вероятно, происходит обмен особями, что говорит о
единстве популяции, благополучие которой во многом зависит от человека. Таким
образом, только на территории Дзержинского лесничества выявлено шесть точек
мест регулярной откладки яиц болотной черепахи, т.е. очень важных территорий
для репродукции этого вида.
Рисунок 6. Канал – основной путь миграции черепах.
На остальных обследованных территориях столь крупных мест массовой откладки
яиц болотной черепахи не выявлено, т.е. указанный участок Дзержинского
лесничества можно рассматривать как особо значимую территорию для сохранения
редкого вида пресмыкающихся.
Марковское лесничество.
Места кладки яиц зарегистрированы в урочище "Козлов Лес" между р. Уборть и
Лохница.
Лельчицкое лесничество
Изучение мест встреч болотной черепахи в кварталах 95, 96, 97, 98 (низинные
осоковые болота с торфяным слоем в 0.2–3 м и озером площадью 1 км2) показало
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отсутствие мест, пригодных для откладки и инкубирования яиц черепахи. Однако
квартал 98, где частично располагается гидрологический заказник местного
значения «Лельчицкое-Свидовец», обеспечивает определённый охранный режим и
для черепахи.
Житковичский район
В ходе проведения исследований были выявлены новые места обитания Emys
orbicularis (L., 1758) и Coronella austriaca (Laur., 1768) в естественных экосистемах
Припятского Полесья. За период наблюдений на территории Житковичского района
было зарегистрировано четыре особи Coronella austriaca (Laur., 1768) и семь Emys
orbicularis (L., 1758).
Места регистрации болотной черепахи на территории Житковичского района
составили пять точек обнаружения, приуроченных к окрестностям Песчаники,
Забродье, Березина, Черетянка, Оцкованое (рисунок 7).
Рисунок 7. Новые места регистрации Emys orbicularis (L., 1758) на территории
Житковичского района.
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Изученные окрестности района составили пойменные, долинные и заболоченные
экосистемы. При исследовании пойменных и долинных экосистем р. Скрипица,
окрестностей Оцкованое и Черетянка было зарегистрировано две особи Emys
orbicularis (L., 1758). Ландшафтная организация региона представлена
суббореальной подзоной озёрно-аллювиальной надпойменной части террасы.
Данная территория является сравнительно открытой, с густой травянистой
растительностью и редкими как низкими, так и высокими древесными
насаждениями. Биотопы выражены первым древесным ярусом – Pinus sylvestris,
второй – Betula pubescens, подрост представлен Alnus incana, подлесок – Sorbus
aucuparia. В травяно-кустарниковом ярусе преобладают Vaccinium uliginosum,
Vaccinium myrtillus, Dactylis glomerata, Bromus inermis, Juníperus communis и др.
Аллювиально террасированный ландшафт является слабо дренированным с
сосновыми лесами на дерново-подзолистых почвах. Рельеф плоский, образован
небольшими дюнами, характерно наличие сухих мест с песчаными пригорками и
небольшими насыпями. Данная ландшафтно-биотопическая организация является
благоприятной для совершения миграций к местам размножения и кладки яиц. Ещё
три особи Emys orbicularis (L., 1758) были зарегистрированы в окрестностях
Забродье, Березина, Песчаники. Характер данной территории отражает
преимущественно изученные долинные и заболоченные экосистемы. Данная
местность представлена подзоной суббореальным озёрно-болотным ландшафтом, с
дерново-подзолистой почвой, местами частично торфяно-заболоченной. Рельеф
плоский, слабовогнутый или слабовыпуклый. Места регистрации Emys orbicularis (L.,
1758) приходятся на биотоп сосняка мшистого (сухой). Ранее эта территория бала
заболоченной, а на сегодняшний день является осушенной. Данная трансформация
территории может являться предпосылкой для заселения этих видов, поскольку
торфяники являются оптимальной почвой для кладки яиц, а температура на 3–50C
выше. Биотопическая организация выражена первым древесным ярусом – Pínus
sylvestris, второй – Alnus incana, подрост представлен Betula pubescens, подлесок –
Sorbus aucuparia. В травяно-кустарниковом ярусе доминантами являются Vaccinium
myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Rubus ulmifoolius, Vaccinium uliginosum.
Кормность водоёмов, которая может быть использована Emys orbicularis (L., 1758)
включает такие виды животных, как Cochlicopa lubrica, Anisus leucostoma, Anisus
spirobris, Physella acuta, Triturus vulgaris 6 экз/га, Rana ridibunda 18 экз/га, Rana
lessonae 78 экз/га, Rana temporaria 23 экз/га.
Иначе дело обстоит с Coronella austriaca (Laur., 1768), которая была обнаружена
только на территории Житковичского района в окрестностях Березины, Оцкованое,
Черетянка, Забродье (рисунок 8). Трофологическая составляющая данной местности
включает наличие множества видов животных, среди которых Lacerta vivipara 21
экз/га, Lacerta agilis 13 экз/га, а также большое разнообразие беспозвоночных
насекомых.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Среди основных факторов снижения численности Emys orbicularis (L., 1758) и
Coronella austriaca (Laur., 1768) в естественных экосистемах можно выделить
влияние на популяции прямого уничтожения и изменение самих биотопов и
экосистем, что является сокращением естественных мест обитания.
Предположительно, потенциально эти виды способны сосуществовать и в местах
измененных самим человеком, кроме того, они прослеживаются в естественных
экосистемах.
Рисунок 8. Новые места обнаружения Coronella austriaca (Laur., 1768) на территории
Житковичского района.
ВЫВОДЫ
Таким образом, на обследованных территориях Мозырского Полесья из охраняемых
земноводных отмечен лишь гребенчатый тритон, а подробное картирование мест
откладки его икры показало, что в период размножения самцы этого вида
отмечались по неглубоким канавам лесных дорог практически в каждом
обследованном лесничестве. В данном случае говорить о ценности конкретного
участка нерационально, т.к. вид распределён диффузно.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Из пресмыкающихся второй категории охраны нами выявлены болотная черепаха и
медянка. Медянка – весьма редкий вид, и поэтому в качестве критерия отбора
особо ценных участков леса нами были выбраны места откладки и инкубирования
яиц болотной черепахи в Дзержинском лесничестве. В Припятском Полесье эти два
вида пресмыкающихся расселены диффузно, а выявленные особи черепах,
вероятно, были мигрантами на новые территории, т.к. у черепах отмечается
большая динамика поселений.
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
1.
Бобровский, П. Гродненская губерния: материалы для географии и статистики
России. / П. Бобровский – Санктпетербург: типография департамента
Генерального штаба, 1863. Ч. 1. – С. 344.
2.
Никольский, А.М. Животный мир Полесья / А.М. Никольский. – Спб.: тип. акц.
общества Е.Евдокимов, 1899. – 68 с.
3.
Domaniewski J. Sprawozdanie z wytieczki ornitologiecznej otbytej na Polesie w1913
r. – J. Domaniewski // Pamietnik Fizjografiezny, - 1918, – 25 (dz. III), S.1–13.
4.
Штамм, А.Р. Материалы для познания фауны зверей и птиц Полесья / А.Р.
Штамм. – Народное хозяйство Белоруссии. – 1923, – № 6. – С. 76–93.
5.
Стачинский В.В. К познанию орнитофауны Гомельского и Речицкого Полесья /
В.В. Стачинский. // – Научн. изв. Смоленского ун-та. – 1929. Т. 5 – Вып. 1. – С.
77–155.
6.
Красная книга Республики Беларусь: Редкие и находящиеся под угрозой
исчезновения виды диких животных. Гл. редакция Г.П. Пашков (гл. ред.) [и др.]
Гл. редколлегия: Л.И. Хоружик (предс.) [и др.] – Минск: Бел Эн, 2004. – 320 с.
7.
Пикулик, М.М. Пресмыкающиеся Белоруссии / М.М. Пикулик, В.А. Бахарев,
С.В. Косов. – Минск: Наука и техника, 1988. - 166 с.
124
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
THE POLESIA STATE RADIOECOLOGICAL RESERVE AS A RESERVATE FOR SMOOTH SNAKE
(CORONELLA AUSTRIACA LAURENTI, 1768) IN REPUBLIC OF BELARUS
Valery Lukashevich
Polesia State Radioecological Reserve, Belarus
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
In 2008-2014 19 individuals of smooth snake were marked in the Polesia State
Radioecological Reserve (216,1 thousand ha) that was established in the exclusion
zone of the Chernobyl nuclear power station. Most of the animals registered in the
ecotones with the pine forest and on the sites of former human settlements - 47.4
% and 36.8%, accordingly. The occurrence of adult animal is 36.8 %, immature
animals is 63,2 %, including: new-fallen (newborn) - 10.5 %, the number of
individuals after the first wintering is 15.8 %, after two wintering and over is 36.8
%. The weight and body length (L. + L.cd.) of newborns (n=2) is 2.8 g, and 196 mm,
respectively. The sex ratio among adults (n=6) is 1:1. The sex-age structure of the
species has showed good preservation of juveniles at all stages of maturation,
growth and good reproductive potential. There are limiting factors such as
predation and death from vehicles. The number of smooth snakes in the Reserve
excluding newborns was 1.8 thousand individuals. The PSRR is the largest reserve
of smooth snakes in Belarus.
Key words: Radioecological situation, Polesia, Coronella austriaca, Belarus
ПОЛЕССКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ РАДИАЦИОННО-ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ЗАПОВЕДНИК
КАК РЕЗЕРВАТ МЕДЯНКИ (CORONELLA AUSTRIACA LAURENTI, 1768) В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ
БЕЛАРУСЬ
Валерий Лукашевич
Государственное
природоохранное
научно-исследовательское
учреждение
„Полесский государственный радиационно-экологический заповедник“
[email protected]
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Медянка на значительной части своего ареала обитания редка и имеет тенденцию к
снижению численности [1, 2]. В Республике Беларусь вид включался во все три
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
издания Красной книги [3]. Медянка охраняется в сопредельных странах: Латвии,
Литве, Польше, Украине [3], отдельных регионах Российской Федерации [1].
По данным Красной книги Республики Беларусь вид зарегистрирован лишь в 20
административных районах страны (16,9 % от их общего числа). Большинство
известных мест обитаний находятся на юге и юго-западе республики [3], в то время
как на севере (Витебская область) до сих пор остается не выясненным даже статус
присутствия вида. По одним данным медянка там отсутствует [3], по другим –
отмечается [4]. Поскольку вся территория Беларуси находится в пределах ареала
вида и регистрации медянки известны ещё севернее – Швеция [1], Финляндия [5],
северо-западные регионы Российской Федерации: Мордовия [6], Псковская область,
Нижегородская, Тверская [7], Московская [8], то её отсутствие в Витебской области
маловероятно.
Большинство известных публикаций, посвящённых медянке в Беларуси,
представлены в виде республиканских сводок [3, 4, 9, 10], в то время как
региональные сведения редки и фрагментарны [11, 12]. Несмотря на имеющиеся
данные о регистрации вида в зоне отчуждения Чернобыльской АЭС [13]
специальных исследований там не проводились. Известно, что на подобных
территориях наблюдается рост численности редких видов животных, однако вопрос
о состоянии их популяций остается открытым [14]. Таким образом, изучение
распространения медянки, ее плотности, численности, половозрастного состава и
лимитирующих факторов на территории Полесского государственного радиационноэкологического заповедника (ПГРЭЗ) является весьма актуальным.
МАТЕРИАЛ И МЕТОДЫ
Материал собран в 2008-2014 гг. на территории ПГРЭЗ. Заповедник был учреждён на
землях белорусского сектора 30-киллометровой зоны отчуждения Чернобыльской
АЭС в 1988 году. К моменту его образования, там было эвакуировано все население
и прекращена хозяйственная деятельность. Все это, наряду со строгим контрольнопропускным режимом, способствовало восстановлению на территории заповедника
естественных биоценозов, росту видового разнообразия, увеличению численности
многих представителей флоры и фауны [15].
Заповедник расположен на крайнем юго-востоке Республики Беларусь в бассейне
рек Припять и Брагинка – правых притоков реки Днепр. Согласно геоботаническому
районированию территория ПГРЭЗ относится к подзоне широколиственно-сосновых
лесов Европейской широколиственной области [16].
Площадь заповедника составляет 216,1 тыс. га, из которой покрыто лесом – 120,9
тыс. га (55,9 %), в частности сосняками – 52,3 тыс. га (24,2 %). На территории ПГРЭЗ
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
находятся 92 бывших населённых пункта (б.н.п.), где до катастрофы проживало 22
тысячи человек [17].
Климат характеризуется умеренно мягкой зимой и тёплым летом, максимальным в
республике количеством ясных дней [18]. Средняя продолжительность
вегетационного периода в заповеднике составляет 190 дней, среднегодовая
температура воздуха – 7,7оС, сумма активных температур – 2719оС, суммарная
солнечная активность – 353,1 кВт/м2, безморозный период – 261 день, средняя
относительная влажность – 78 %, высота снежного покрова за среднезимний период
– 7 см [19].
Материал собран во время герпетологических работ, проводимых ежемесячно (в
среднем по 15 дней) каждый полевой сезон. Зарегистрировано 11 живых и 8
мёртвых особей медянки. Все живые особи встречены во время баскинга. Места
встреч регистрировались GPS-навигатором.
Морфометрические
показатели
с
неполовозрелых
особей
снимались
штангенциркулем с точностью до 0,1 мм и последующим округлением до 1 мм, с
взрослых особей – мерной лентой с точностью до 1 мм. Массу тела животных
определяли на электронных весах с точностью до 0,1 г.
Разделение на возрастные группы производили по Дробенкову С.М. (1995) [9]:
особей с длиной тела (L. + L.cd.) менее 440 мм относили к неполовозрелым, более
440 мм – к взрослым. Неполовозрелых разделяли на три группы: новорожденных
(Juv.) – длина тела (L. + L.cd.) до 200 мм; особей после первой зимовки (Juv +.) – 200280 мм; после второй зимовки и старше – 280-440 мм. Половую принадлежность
взрослых особей определяли по отношению длины туловища к длине хвоста,
количеству брюшных и подхвостовых щитков и относительной толщине основания
хвоста. Расчёт численности вида проводили без учёта новорожденных.
Для исключения повторности учёта одной особи проводили фото паспортизацию
всех встреченных животных и наносили индивидуальную метку в виде клиновидных
вырезов на брюшных щитках, местоположение и число которых соответствовало
индивидуальному номеру особи. Все отловленные особи выпускались на местах
поимки. Повторных регистраций не отмечалось.
РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ И ИХ ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ
Места регистраций. Из зарегистрированных в ПГРЭЗ особей 72,2 % были встречены
в бывшем населённом пункте Бабчин и его окрестностях (рис. 1). Следует отметить,
что здесь расположена научная часть заповедника, и данный участок посещался на
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
порядок чаще других. Общая площадь данного участка составляет около 800 га (4х2
км).
В другом часто посещаемом районе – б.н.п. Дроньки и его окрестностях отмечено
15,8 % от всех зарегистрированных в заповеднике особей. Места встреч медянки
составили треугольник со сторонами 1,3х1,6х1,2 км, большая часть площади
которого пригодна для обитания вида.
– б.н.п. Бабчин, научная часть заповедника
– местообитания медянки
Рисунок 1. Места регистрации медянки на территории ПГРЭЗ в 2008-2014 гг.
По одному животному встречено на редко посещаемых участках – действующем
контрольно-пропускном пункте „Новопокровское“, бывшей мелиоративной системе
южнее б.н.п. Мокиш и в пойме реки Припять близ б.н.п. Хвощёвка. Обнаружение
подавляющего большинства (84,2 %) особей медянки на максимально посещаемых
участках, несомненно, говорит об увеличении вероятности регистрации вида при
увеличении частоты посещений оптимальных для него биотопов.
Биотопическое распределение. Около половины встреч (47,4 %) медянки включая
новорожденных, произошли в экотонах с присутствием сосняков. Пять особей (26,3
%) отмечены на границе соснового (часть которого представлена молодняком) и
берёзового леса, две (10,5 %) – соснового леса и территории бывшего
животноводческого комплекса (рис. 2), одна (5,3 %) – соснового леса и суходольного
луга с вкраплением молодых сосен, и ещё одна (5,3 %) – соснового молодняка и
березняка. Известно, что экотоны с присутствием сосняков характеризуются высокой
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
освоенностью (66,2 %) прыткой ящерицей – самой многочисленной рептилией
Беларуси [4] и ПГРЭЗ, входящей в рацион питания взрослых и неполовозрелых
особей медянки [1].
Рисунок 2. Место регистрации медянки на границе соснового леса и территории
бывшего животноводческого комплекса. Окрестности б.н.п. Бабчин.
Семь особей (36,8 %) исследуемого вида, зарегистрированы в бывших населённых
пунктах (рис. 3). Относительно высокая там встречаемость медянки обусловлена,
видимо, сложившимся комплексом благоприятных для неё условий обитания:
обильная кормовая база (ящерицы, мышевидные грызуны), большой выбор и
высокая мозаичность мест баскинга, укрытий и зимовки.
Рисунок 3.Место обитания медянки в б.н.п. Дроньки.
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Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Без учёта новорожденных встречаемость медянки в экотонах с участием сосняков и
в бывших населённых пунктах была одинаковой – 41,2 %. Двух особей
регистрировали в нетипичных для вида биотопах. Одна из них встречена на бывшей
мелиоративной системе, представляющей собой суходольный луг с вкраплением
древесно-кустарниковой растительности (рис. 4). Расстояние от её места встречи до
ближайшего лесного массива составляло не менее 0,5 км, до мелиоративного
канала – 10 м. Другая зарегистрирована на суходольном лугу в пойме реки Припять,
поросшем редкой древесной растительностью (преимущественно дуб) (рис. 5). За
исследуемый период, данный участок во время весеннего половодья не
затапливался и характеризовался постоянным присутствием прытких ящериц.
Рисунок 4. Бывшая мелиоративная система.
Рисунок 5. Суходольная дубрава в пойме реки Припять
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Ещё одна особь отмечалась на территории действующего контрольно-пропускного
пункта. С севера к нему прилегали пастбище и пахотные земли, с юга – смешанный и
широколиственный лес (дубрава, грабняк).
Все живые медянки были встречены во время баскинга. Около половины из них
(45,4 %) баскинговали на асфальтированных дорогах, остальные – на обочине
асфальтированной дороги (9,1 %), грунтовой дороге (9,1 %), противопожарном
разрыве (9,1 %), участках с редким и низким травянистым покровом (27,3 %). Живые
особи чаще встречались летом – 54,5 %, заметно меньше осенью и весной – 27,3 % и
18,2 % соответственно.
Подавляющее большинство медянок, найденных в заповеднике мёртвыми, также
были зарегистрированы на асфальтированных дорогах (87,5 %), куда животные
видимо выползали с целью баскинга. Большинство мёртвых особей отмечено
осенью – 62,5 %.
В целом, на асфальтном полотне было зарегистрировано 63,2 % от всех учтённых в
заповеднике особей медянки. Участки дорог, где отмечался вид, проходили как по
экотонам с участием сосняков (58,3 %), так и по бывшим населённым пунктам (41,7
%). Следует отметить, что в Беларуси освоенность обочин дорог прыткой ящерицей
составляет максимальную величину среди всех естественных и антропогенных
биотопов – 79,4 %. На других участках ареала медянка также отмечается
относительно часто на разнотипных дорогах и их обочинах [1, 9, 20].
По литературным данным, на территории Беларуси исследуемый вид встречается
лишь в 1,4 % лесных биотопов, иногда в антропогенном ландшафте – вдоль насыпей
железных и автомобильных дорог, на заброшенных хуторах [3], в небольшом
кустарнике среди засеянного поля [4], на окраине деревни [11]. По полученным
данным, подавляющее большинство местообитаний медянки на территории ПГРЭЗ
сосредоточено в экотонах с участием сосняков и бывших населённых пунктах.
Обнаружение вида на суходольных (частично облесенных) лугах бывшей
мелиоративной системы и поймы реки Припять заметно расширяет известный в
республике круг населяемых им биотопов.
Плотность и численность. На территории б.н.п. Бабчин расстояние между
крайними точками встречи вида составляло не менее 2 км. Всего на пяти точках
было зафиксировано шесть особей. Следует отметить, что 22 сентября 2014 года на
одном из перекрёстков дорог одновременно было встречено две неполовозрелые
(после двух зимовок) медянки, баскинговавших в 27 м друг от друга. По сведениям
персонала заповедника, несколькими днями ранее на том же месте наблюдалось до
пяти неполовозрелых особей этого вида. В итоге плотность медянки на данном
участке составляла 2-5 ос./га. Пространственное расположение местообитаний вида
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Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
на территории данного б.н.п. свидетельствует о существовании там трёх-четырёх,
скорее всего не изолированных субпопуляций. По литературным данным
численность медянки в субпопуляциях Беларуси составляет 3-8 особей, очень редко
15-20 [9], в Латвии – 10-20 взрослых особей [20]. В результате по самым
минимальным оценкам предполагаемая численность вида на территории б.н.п.
Бабчин составляла не менее 10-20 особей без учёта новорожденных.
В экотоне соснового и берёзового леса (в окрестностях б.н.п. Бабчин) 4 октября 2009
года одновременно были встречены половозрелый самец и новорожденная особь,
баскингующие в 12 метрах друг от друга. На следующий день, в 10 метрах от места
регистрации молодой змеи, была встречена ещё одна новорожденная особь. Таким
образом, плотность исследуемого вида на данном участке достигала 0,03 ос./га.
В Беларуси плотность медянки даже в оптимальных местообитаниях, также не
превышает 0,03 ос./га [3]. По нашим наблюдениям, такая относительно высокая для
республики плотность вида, характерна, как правило, для участков с максимально
благоприятными условиями баскинга, куда животные приползают прогреться с
прилегающих участков. Подобные места коллективного баскинга гипотетически
могут являться центрами субпопуляций.
Анализ местообитаний вида в б.н.п. Бабчин и б.н.п. Дроньки, позволяет полагать о
заселении медянкой не менее 74 (80 %) бывших населённых пунктов ПГРЭЗ.
Учитывая обитание минимум 10 особей на территории б.н.п. Бабчин, его
экстраполируемая численность во всех б.н.п. заповедника составила около 740
особей. Одинаковая встречаемость медянки (без учёта новорожденных) в бывших
населённых пунктах и экотонах с присутствием сосняков, а также площадь
последних не ниже первых, позволяют оценивать её численность на территории
данных экотонов также в 740 особей. Согласно 15,8 % регистраций медянки ещё в
других биотопах заповедника, там её экстраполируемая численность составляет не
мене 300 особей. Таким образом, численность медянки на территории ПГРЭЗ
оценивается около 1,8 тысяч особей без учёта новорожденных.
В Беларуси численность медянки оценивается лишь в 2-3 тысячи особей [3], а в
национальном парке „Припятский“, считавшимся в республике главным резерватом
этого вида – 100-150 особей [9]. По мнению О.В. Кукушкина и Т.И. Котенко (2003),
благодаря скрытному образу жизни, численность этой змеи, как правило, везде
занижается [1]. Например, численность медянки в начале исследований в НП
„Пенинский“ (Польша) оценивалась значительно ниже, чем позже было установлено
в ходе интенсификации и повышения эффективности исследований [21]. Поэтому
вышеуказанное предположение герпетологов, можно видимо отнести и к
приводимым данным численности вида в Беларуси и НП „Припятский“.
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Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Если сравнивать ПГРЭЗ и НП „Припятский“, находящихся в одном регионе, то на
территории заповедника в отличие от национального парка нет дорог общего
пользования, строгий контрольно-пропускной режим, практически полностью снят
антропогенный пресс, отсутствует хозяйственная деятельность, а его занимаемая
площадь в 2,6 раза выше. В итоге, так или иначе, крупнейшим резерватом медянки в
Беларуси в настоящее время следует считать Полесский государственный
радиационно-экологический заповедник.
Половозрастной состав. Среди встреченных в ПГРЭЗ медянок взрослые особи
составляли 36,8 %, неполовозрелые – 63,2 %. Среди неполовозрелых частота
регистраций новорожденных особей – 10,5 %, после первой зимовки – 15,8 %, после
второй зимовки и старше – 36,8 %. Среди взрослых животных половую
принадлежность которых удалось идентифицировать (n=6), соотношение самцов и
самок составило 1:1.
По литературным данным, в Беларуси (ПГРЭЗ в зону исследований не входил),
встречаемость взрослых особей составляет 73,1 %, неполовозрелых – 26,9 % [9]. В
структуре неполовозрелых частота регистраций новорожденных особей – 11,5 %;
после первой зимовки – 7,7 %; после второй зимовки и старше – 7,7 %. Среди
взрослых животных в 2,8 раза чаще отмечаются самки [9].
Как видно, возрастная структура медянки в ПГРЭЗ кардинально отличается от
приводимой для Беларуси. Сходно выглядит лишь встречаемость новорожденных –
10,5 % (ПГРЭЗ) и 11,5 % (Беларусь). Реальная же доля данной возрастной группы, в
обоих случаях, скорее всего, значительно выше, поскольку временной отрезок,
когда можно встретить новорожденных, в разы меньше того, когда встречаются
представители других возрастных групп. Так, в ПГРЭЗ молодь после первой зимовки
регистрировалась в полтора раза чаще, чем новорожденные, что явно подтверждает
недоучёт последних. Для Беларуси и вовсе приводится рост численности вида в
сезон появления новорожденных в 2,7 раза [9], что указывает на их реальную долю
не 11,5 %, а 63,0 %. После первой зимовки встречаемость молоди в ПГРЭЗ в 2,1 раза
выше, чем в Беларуси. После второй и последующих зимовок – в 4,8 раза. В итоге
встречаемость в ПГРЭЗ неполовозрелых особей старшей возрастной группы равна
таковой взрослых, в то время как в Беларуси она снижается в 9,5 раза. Несомненно,
это будет по-разному отражаться на динамике численности сравниваемых
территориальных группировок. Полового дисбаланса взрослых животных в ПГРЭЗ в
отличие от республики, не выявлено.
Доминирование неполовозрелых особей (70,2 %) указывалось для Польши, однако
подавляющее их там большинство было представлено новорожденными (67,0 %)
полученными в основном в террариумных условиях [22]. Поэтому следует
предположить, что в естественных условиях Польши величина встречаемости
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
новорожденных была бы значительно ниже. Следовательно, это определило бы
иную возрастную структуру, где видимо доминировали бы взрослые.
Доминирование взрослых особей известно в Баварии (Германия), где они
составляют 87-88 % популяции, новорожденные – 8-10 % [23]. На территории южной
Англии и Латвии большая часть населения медянки также представлена взрослыми
животными [24, 20].
В Польше, Германии и Англии среди взрослых особей медянки наблюдается
относительно небольшой половой дисбаланс, с преобладанием самцов – 1:0,95 [22],
1:0,76 [23], и 1:0,76 – 1:0,83 [24] соответственно.
В итоге доля встречаемости неполовозрелых особей в ПГРЭЗ значительно выше, чем
в Беларуси, Баварии (Германия), южной Англии, Латвии, а исключая из анализа
новорожденных, то и больше, чем в Польше. Особенно следует отметить высокую
долю регистраций в заповеднике неполовозрелых особей старшей возрастной
группы, что говорит о хорошей сохранности молоди на всех этапах её взросления. В
ПГРЭЗ
среди
сравниваемых
территорий
наблюдалась
наилучшая
сбалансированность полового состава взрослых особей.
Масса неполовозрелых животных текущего года рождения, отмеченных в
заповеднике 4 и 5 октября 2009 года, составляла 2,6 и 2,9 г, длина туловища (L.) –
159 и 164 мм, длина хвоста (L.cd.) – 33 и 35 мм соответственно. Известно, чем выше
масса уходящей на первую зимовку молоди, тем выше её шансы на выживание [23].
В Латвии средний вес новорожденных составляет 2,2 г, длина тела (L. + L.cd.) – около
180 мм [20]; в Польше – 2,8 г, длина тела (L. + L.cd.) – около 200 мм [22]; средний вес
новорожденных в Германии [23] и Италии [26] – 2,7 и 2,9 г соответственно. Как
видно, масса и длина тела новорожденных из ПГРЭЗ сходна с таковой из других
участков ареала.
Таким образом, исследуемая территориальная группировка медянки, учитывая
высокую долю неполовозрелых особей и сбалансированную половую структуру
взрослых, характеризуется хорошим репродуктивным потенциалом. Кроме того,
учитывая высокую сохранность молоди и активное заселение видом бывших
антропогенных территорий, можно говорить о происходящем здесь росте его
численности.
Лимитирующие факторы. На территории ПГРЭЗ восемь медянок или 42,1 % всех
зарегистрированных были обнаружены мёртвыми.
Несмотря на то, что интенсивность движения транспорта по территории ПГРЭЗ
составляет не более 10-20 единиц/сутки, среди зарегистрированных мертвыми 62,5
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
% погибли в результате наезда автотранспорта. Все они были неполовозрелыми:
одна особь новорожденная; две – после первой зимовки; две – после второй
зимовки и старше. Подавляющее их большинство (80 %) погибло в осенний период.
Элиминация медянок на автомобильных дорогах известна и на других участках
ареала [1, 20].
Три особи или 37,5 % от найденных мёртвыми погибли в результате хищничества.
Одна из них была неполовозрелой после первой зимовки, две – взрослыми
самцами. Неполовозрелая мёртвая медянка обнаружена 9 мая. На верхней части
головы у неё были точечные повреждения, что предположительно указывает на
гибель от птицы. Следует отметить, что мёртвых животных погибших от птиц
находили и в Баварии (Германия) [23]. Один мёртвый самец встречен 13 октября. На
его теле в области передней части туловища были малочисленные мелкие и
неглубокие повреждения. Другой мёртвый самец встречен 14.12.2012 года у
бетонных плит, где видимо было его место зимовки, и откуда он хищником был
извлечён. У данной особи местами были содраны кожные покровы и выедено
сердце. Данные самцы предположительно стали жертвой хищников семейства
Куньих (Mustelidae).
Повреждения покровов тела имелись у одной живой особи (9,1 %). Это был
половозрелый самец, у которого на верхней части тела у основания хвоста
отсутствовало несколько чешуй. Медянки с повреждениями тела отмечались и на
других территориях [23]. Следует отметить, что медянок с отсутствующим кончиком
хвоста на территории ПГРЭЗ не встречали, в то время как в Баварии (Германия) доля
таких среди взрослых составляла 10 % [23].
В итоге, из трёх зарегистрированных в заповеднике самцов два были найдены
мёртвыми (умерщвлёнными хищниками), а третий с повреждениями тела, в то
время как все самки, были живыми и без повреждений. Известно, что у самцов
исследуемого вида площадь индивидуальных участков и протяжённость миграций
больше чем у самок [23], вследствие чего они могут быть заметно более уязвимым
от хищников. Поэтому не исключено, что при большей выборке взрослых особей в
заповеднике может быть выявлен половой дисбаланс в сторону увеличения доли
самок.
Несмотря на то, что среди особей обнаруженных погибшими большинство
пострадало от автотранспорта, основным фактором, лимитирующим численность
медянки в ПГРЭЗ, скорее всего, будет хищничество. В заповеднике относительно
невысокая автотранспортная нагрузка, но обитают все виды птиц [27] и
млекопитающих (за исключением ежа обыкновенного (Erinaceus europaeus)) [28, 29],
в пищевом рационе которых на территории Российской Федерации и Германии
отмечалась медянка [1, 23, 30].
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
По литературным данным, как на медянке, так и её потенциальной жертве –
прыткой ящерице, негативно сказывается выжигание прошлогодней растительности
[31]. На территории ПГРЭЗ в 2004-2012 гг. площадь, пройденная пожарами,
составляла от 0 до 34,4 га, в среднем лишь 11,5 га [32]. Сравнивая площадь
заповедника (216,1 тысяч га) и среднегодовую площадь, пройденную пожарами
(11,5 га) можно говорить об отсутствии влияния данного фактора на исследуемую
группировку вида. Сохранение в заповеднике прошлогодней растительности,
вероятно, вносит существенный вклад в высокую сохранность неполовозрелых
особей и предполагаемый рост численности вида. Заповедник по данному фактору
выгодно отличается от остальной части республики, где в весенний период
наблюдается масштабное выжигание прошлогодней растительности.
Воздействие радиации на животных ПГРЭЗ более или менее надёжно
регистрируется лишь на молекулярном и клеточном уровнях [33]. Поскольку
единицей сохранения вида является популяция, то территория ПГРЭЗ вполне может
использоваться для долговременного сохранения биоразнообразия фауны [34] и
медянки в частности.
Таким образом, основными факторами, лимитирующими численность медянки в
ПГРЭЗ, являются хищничество и гибель от автотранспорта. Другие факторы угрозы
для вида (гибель от пестицидов, прямое уничтожение человеком, пожары),
отмечаемые на разных участках ареала [1, 4, 31] на территории ПГРЭЗ отсутствуют
либо из-за их незначительного воздействия ими можно пренебречь.
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
Большинство встреч медянки (84,2 %) произошло на двух относительно небольших
по площади, но наиболее посещаемых участках. Чаще всего вид регистрировался в
экотонах с участием сосновых лесов (47,4 %) и на территории бывших населённых
пунктов (36,8 %). Большинство (63,2 %) встреченых на этих территориях особей были
на асфальтированных дорогах. Также медянка отмечалась на территории
действующего контрольно-пропускного пункта, суходольного луга поймы реки
Припять и на бывшей мелиоративной системе. На некоторых благоприятных для
баскинга участках плотность вида в осенний период достигала 0,02-0,05 ос./га.
Неполовозрелые животные встречаются чаще (63,2 %), чем взрослые (36,8 %). Доля
встречаемости новорожденных особей составила 10,5 %, после первой зимовки –
15,8 %, после второй зимовки и старше – 36,8 %. Соотношение полов среди взрослых
животных – 1:1. Одинаковая доля встречаемости взрослых особей и
неполовозрелых старшей возрастной группы указывает не только на высокую
сохранность молоди на всех этапах её взросления, но и на увеличение численности
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вида. Масса и длина тела новорожденных в заповеднике сходна с данными,
приводимыми для других участков ареала.
Факторы, лимитирующие в ПГРЭЗ численность вида – хищничество и гибель на
дорогах. Элиминация медянки на дорогах чаще (80 %) отмечается осенью. По
оценочным данным общая численность медянки в ПГРЭЗ составляет около 1,8 тысяч
особей без учёта новорожденных. В сложившихся условиях исследуемая
группировка вида не только одна из крупнейших в северной части ареала, но и одна
из немногих, где в настоящее время происходит рост численности.
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
DISTRIBUTION OF BOMBINA BOMBINA AND BOMBINA VARIEGATA (ANURA:
BOMBINATORIDAE) IN CHERNIVTSI REGION, UKRAINE
Nazar Smirnov
Department of Nature, Chernivtsi Regional Museum, 58002, Chernivtsi, O. Kobylianska
Str., 28, Ukraine.
Institute of Biology, Chemistry and Bioresources, Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National
University Ukraine, 58012, Chernivtsi, Kotsubinsky Str., 2, Ukraine.
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Distribution of European Fire-bellied Toads Bombina bombina and B. variegata in
Chernivtsi Region of Ukraine was studied. It is set that B. bombina inhabit in the
plain part of Chernivtsi region (Prut-Dnister interfluves), and B. variegata is
widespread in mountains and foothills. The cadastre of both Bombina species is
presented.
Key words: Bombina bombina, Bombina variegata, distribution, Chernivtsi region,
Ukraine
РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ BOMBINA BOMBINA И BOMBINA
BOMBINATORIDAE) В ЧЕРНОВИЦКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, УКРАИНА
VARIEGATA
(ANURA:
Назар Смирнов
Черновицкий областной краеведческий музей, 58002, Черновцы, ул. О.
Кобылянской, 28, Украина
Институт биологии, химии и биоресурсов, Черновицкий национальный университет
имени Юрия Федьковича, 58012, Черновцы, ул. Коцюбинского, 2, Украина
[email protected]
АБСТРАКТ
Изучено распространение жерлянок Bombina bombina и B. variegata в
Черновицкой области Украины. Установлено, что B. bombina населяет в
основном равнинную часть области (Прут-Днестровское междуречье), а B.
variegata многочисленна в горах и предгорьях. Приводится кадастр находок
обоих видов.
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Ключевые слова: Bombina bombina, Bombina variegata, распространение,
Черновицкая область, Украина
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
На территории Украины обитают два вида жерлянок – краснобрюхая Bombina
bombina (Linnaeus, 1761) и желтобрюхая B. variegata (Linnaeus, 1758). Первый из них
встречается на равнине, а второй распространен в Украинских Карпатах и смежных
регионах (Писанец, 2007). Желтобрюхой жерлянке присвоен статус «угрожаемый
вид» в Красной книге Украины (Писанець, 2009).
Представленные в литературе сведения о географическом распространении
жерлянок на западе Украины явно неполны. Большинство специальных
исследований лишь частично затрагивают восточную часть Украинских Карпат и
прилежащих территорий (Щербак и Щербань, 1980, Решетило, 2000, 2001а, б). На
недостаточный уровень изученности этой группы указывает и небольшое
количество известных мест находок B. variegata на территории Черновицкой
области, представленное в специальном справочнике-кадастре (Писанец и др.,
2005). В связи с этим цель настоящего сообщения – обобщить все доступные данные
относительно находок представителей рода Bombina в Черновицкой области
Украины и проанализировать их распространение в регионе.
МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ
Основой работы послужили данные, собранные автором во время полевых
исследований в 2002–2014 гг. Также задействованы результаты изучения фондовых
коллекций Зоологического музея Национального научно-природоведческого музея
НАН Украины, Природоведческого музея Черновицкого национального
университета имени Юрия Федьковича и Черновицкого областного краеведческого
музея, критически проанализированные данные из литературных источников и
личные сообщения коллег. Для идентификации особей жерлянок применяли
показатель слияния светлых пятен на брюхе (Hofman and Szhymura, 1998) и ряд
других морфологических признаков (Таращук, 1959, Щербак и Щербань, 1980).
Характер пятнистости изучили у 303 особей из 22 локалитетов.
РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ И ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ
Обобщение имеющих сведений позволило установить, что на территории
Черновицкой области краснобрюхая жерлянка в настоящее время известна из 36
локалитетов, расположенных в пределах г. Черновцы и 7 административных
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
районов (рис. 1). Большинство известных мест находок находятся в равнинной части
области (Прут-Днестровкое междуречье) и лишь несколько – на востоке
Буковинского Предкарпатья. В то же время желтобрюхая жерлянка населяет в
основном горы и предгорья, где она обнаружена в 63 пунктах, расположенных в
пределах г. Черновцы и пяти административных районов (рис. 1).
Рис. 1. Места находок жерлянок рода Bombina в Черновицкой области.
B. bombina. г. Черновцы: 1 – лесопарк «Гарячий Урбан»; 2 – микрорайон Ленковцы;
3 – Садгорское леснич.; Заставновский р-н: 4 – с. Малый Кучуров; 5 – с.
Погореловка; Кельменецкий р-н: 6 – с. Грушевцы, 7 – с. Днестровка; 8 – с. Макаровка;
Кицманский р-н: 9 – г. Кицмань; 10 – с. Дубовцы; 11 – с. Ставчаны; 12 – с. Суховерхов;
13 – с. Шипинцы; Новоселицкий р-н: 14 – г. Новоселица; 15 – с. Бояны; 16 – с. Буда;
17 – с. Диновцы; 18 – с. Драница; 19 – с. Магала; 20 – с. Острица; 21 – с. Топоровцы;
22 – с. Черновка; Сокирянский р-н: 23 – с. Ломачинцы; 24 – с. Непоротово; 25 – с.
Раскопинцы; Сторожинецкий р-н: 26 – заказник «Мальованка», окр. с. Заволока;
Хотинский р-н: 27– г. Хотин; 28 – с. Блыщадь; 29 – с. Ворничаны; 30 – с. Коленковцы;
31 – с. Млынки; 32 – с. Перебиковцы; 33 – с. Поляна; 34 – с. Рухотин; 35 – с.
Ставчаны; 36 – с. Шировцы.
B. variegata. г. Черновцы: 37 – лесопарк «Гарячий Урбан», 38 – парк «Жовтневый»;
39 – Садгорское леснич.; 40 – заказник «Цецино» Вижницкий р-н: 41 – г. Вижница; 42
– полонина Волотив, окр. пгт Берегомет; 43 – уроч. Стебник, окр. пгт Берегомет; 44 –
уроч. Сухой, окр. пгт Берегомет; 45 – с. Виженка; 46 – уроч. Малая Виженка, окр. с.
Виженка; 47 – уроч. Лужки, окр. с. Виженка; 48 – с. Долишний Шепот; 49 – перевал
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Шурдин, окр. с. Долишний Шепот; 50 – с. Испас; 51 – с. Лекечи; 52 – с. Лопушна; 53 –
с. Лукавцы; 54 – с. Мигово; 55 – с. Слобода-Банилов; 56 – уроч. Солонец, окр. с.
Черешенка; 57 – полонина Курыков, окр. с. Черешенка; Глыбокский р-н: 58 – с. Валя
Кузьмина; 59 – с. Становцы; 60 – с. Тарашаны; Кицманский р-н: 61 – с. Коростовата;
62 – с. Ревно; 63 – с. Стрелецкий Кут; Путильский р-н: 64 – с. Бисков; 65 – перев.
Джоголь, с. Верхний Яловец; 66 – с. Конятин; 67 – с. Нижний Яловец; 68 – с.
Паркулина, 69 – с. Подзахаричи; 70 – с. Плоская; 71 – с. Рипень; 72 – с. Ростоки; 73 –
с. Русская; 74 – с. Сарата; 75 – с. Селятин; 76 – с. Сергии; 77 – с. Стебни; 78 – с.
Товарница; 79 – с. Усть-Путила; 80 – с. Хоровы; 81 – с. Шпетки; 82 – с. Яблоница; 83 –
лесоучасток Перкалаб; Сторожинецкий р-н: 84 – г. Сторожинец; 85 – верховья р.
Думитрица, окр. с. Банилов-Подгорный; 86 – местность Гильча, с. БаниловПодгорный; 87 – с. Буденец; 88 – с. Глубочок; 89 – с. Дубовое; 90 – с. Каменная; 91 –
с. Комаровцы; 92 – с. Костинцы; 93 – смт Красноильск; 94 – заповедн. уроч.
«Горянка», окр. смт Красноильск; 95 – запов. уроч. «Лаура», окр. смт Красноильск;
96 – заказник «Лунковский», окр. смт Красноильск; 97 – с. Ропча; 98 – с. Спасская; 99
– с. Чудей.
Полученные результаты позволяют заключить, что граница ареалов двух указанных
видов в регионе исследований проходит приблизительно по долине реки Прут, т. е.
в значительной степени совпадает с границей между зоной широколиственных
лесов и Украинскими Карпатами. Изучение изменчивости индекса пятнистости
брюха жерлянок (рис. 2) показало, что на территории Черновицкой области B.
variegata встречается в основном в лесных массивах и их окрестностях, в то время
как B. bombina обитает в более открытых местообитаниях.
Анализ полученных данных позволил обнаружить еще одну особенность в
характере распространения жерлянок – проникновение особей с фенотипом одного
вида в ареал другого. Так, краснобрюхая жерлянка встречается в предгорной части
области в окрестностях г. Черновцы (лесопарк «Гарячий Урбан» (рис. 3)) и по долине
реки Прут южнее и юго-восточнее областного центра. А желтобрюхая, вероятно,
проникает в равнинную часть (Прут-Днестровское междуречье) по своеобразному
«мостику», образованному лесистой Хотинской возвышенностью. Она простилается
к северо-востоку от Черновцов до р. Днестр. В результате жерлянки с заметной
примесью признаков B. variegata встречаются на определенном удалении от
основного ареала вида (Садгорское леснич. в окр. г. Черновцы и с. Рухотин
Хотинского р–на).
Имеющиеся
материалы
достаточно
хорошо
описывают
особенности
пространственного распределения жерлянок в регионе. Впрочем, нуждается в
дополнительном изучении характер взаимодействия между видами в восточной
части Буковинского Предкарпатья (Герцаевский и Глыбокский административные
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
районы) и на территории Хотинской возвышенности, где наблюдается взаимное
проникновение жерлянок в ареалы друг друга.
Рис. 2. Значения индекса пятнистости брюха в локальных популяциях жерлянок на
территории Черновицкой области Украины (обозначения, как на рис. 1).
Прерывистой красной линией показана предполагаемая зона гибридизации.
Рис. 3. Изменчивость рисунка брюшной части тела у жерлянок из Черновицкой
области. B. bombina: а – с. Шипинцы, Кицманский р–н; б – лесопарк «Гарячий
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Урбан», г. Черновцы; B. variegata: в – перевал Нимчич, Вижницкий р–н; г – с.
Коростувата, Кицманский р–н.
Наши наблюдения показывают, что на территории Черновицкой области жерлянки
являются весьма распространенными и многочисленными видами амфибий.
Учитывая, что они довольно устойчивы к антропогенному прессингу (оба указанных
вида встречаются не только в условно природных, но и в значительной степени
трансформированных биотопах, в т. ч. в границах населенных пунктов), обитают в
различных видах водоемов и водотоков (от дождевых лужиц до прудов и рек), их
можно отнести к группе относительно благополучных видов, состояние популяций
которых в регионе в настоящее время не вызывает никаких опасений.
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
Таким образом, полученные результаты свидетельствуют, что на территории
Черновицкой области желтобрюхая жерлянка населяет горы и предгорья, а
краснобрюхая приурочена в основном к равнинам Прут-Днестровского междуречья.
Зона контакта между видами проходит приблизительно по долине реки Прут.
Обобщенные в работе сведения существенно уточняют представления о
распространении Bombina bombina и B. variegata в регионе.
БЛАГОДАРНОСТИ
Автор искренне признателен И.В. Скильскому за предоставление неопубликованных
сведений о распространении жерлянок в Черновицкой области. Работа частично
выполнена в рамках госбюджетной темы Черновицкого национального
университета «Организация мониторинга современных тенденций динамики
раритетной флоры и фауны Буковины в связи с изменениями климата с
использованием ГИС-технологий» (№ госрегистрации 0113U003244).
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
Писанец Е.М. Амфибии Украины (справочник-определитель земноводных Украины и
сопредельных территорий). – Киев: Зоомузей ННПМ НАН Украины, 2007. – 312
с.
Писанець Є.М. Кумка жовточерева – Bombina (Bombina) variegata (Linnaeus, 1758) //
Червона книга України. Тваринний світ / за ред. І.А. Акімова. – Київ:
Глобалконсалтинг, 2009. – С. 385.
Писанец Е.М., Литвинчук С.Н., Куртяк Ф.Ф., Радченко В.И. Земноводные Красной
книги Украины: справочник-кадастр. – Киев: Зоомузей ннпм нан Украины,
2005. – 230 с.
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Решетило О.С. Поширення, гібридизація та порівняльний аналіз ознак кумок
Bombina bombina та Bombina variegata у регіоні Українських Карпат // Наукові
основи збереження біотичної різноманітності. Матер. першої наук. конф.
молодих учених м. Львова (Львів, 24 листопада 1998 року). – Львів: Ліга-Прес,
2000. – С. 73–81.
Решетило О.С. Екологічні особливості та структура популяцій кумок (Bombina) в
регіоні Українських Карпат. Автореф. дис... канд. біол. наук. – Дніпропетровськ,
2001а. – 19 с.
Решетило О.С. Поширення кумок в регіоні Українських Карпат // Екологія та
ноосферологія. – 2001б. – Т. 10, № 1–2. – С. 153–159.
Таращук В.І. Земноводні та плазуни. – Київ: Вид–во АН УРСР, 1959. – 246 с. (Фауна
України. Т. 7).
Щербак Н.Н., Щербань М.И. Земноводные и пресмыкающиеся Украинских Карпат. –
Киев: Наук. думка, 1980. – 268 с.
Hofman S., Szymura J.M. Rozmieszczenie kumaków, Bombina Oken, 1816 w Polsce //
Przeglad Zoologiczny. – 1998. – T. XLII, N 3–4. – S. 171–185.
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Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
NEW FINDINGS BOMBINA BOMBINA (LINNAEUS, 1761) AT THE PERIPHERY OF THE AREA
Nataliya Suryadnaya 1, Galina Mikitinets 2, Viktor Busel 3
1
Melitopol Insitute of Ecology and Social Technologies of the “Ukraine“ University,
Dzerzhinsky str. 380, Melitopol, Zaporozhye, reg.,72316, Ukraine. [email protected]
2
Priazovsky national park, Dzerzhinsky str. 21/1, Melitopol, Zaporozhye, reg., 72312,
Ukraine. [email protected]
3
National Nature Park «Velikii Lug», Zelenaya str., 3, Dneprorudnoe, Vasilievsky dist.,
Zaporozhye reg., 71630, Ukraine. [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The work for the first time has described in detail the new unique biotopes of
Bombina bombina (Linnaeus, 1761) in Zaporozhye region of Ukraine. The southeastern boundary of the area of its distribution has been clarified and
supplemented. It is suggested that the identified populations are separate groups
which existed here before the flooding of the Dnieper floodplain. B. bombina of the
studied region is smaller in comparison with the fire-bellied toads from other areas
of the range. The limits of hydrochemical indices and the spectrum of occupied
biotopes allow to state that under the conditions of the periphery the species is
flexible enough and has a high adaptive potential. Both the species itself and
described populations require special conservation activities at the local level.
Keywords: Bombina bombina, biotopes, the Dnieper, Zaporozhye region, Ukraine.
НОВЫЕ НАХОДКИ BOMBINA BOMBINA (LINNAEUS, 1761) НА ПЕРИФЕРИИ АРЕАЛА
Наталия Сурядная 1, Галина Микитинец 2, Виктор Бусел 3
1
Мелитопольский институт экологии и социальных технологий университета
«Украина» ул. Дзержинского, 380, г. Мелитополь, Запорожская область, 72316,
Украина. [email protected]
2
Приазовский национальный природный парк, ул. Дзержинского 21/1, г.
Мелитополь, Запорожская область, 72312, Украина. [email protected]
3
Национальный природный парк «Великий Луг», ул. Зеленая, 3, г. Днепрорудное,
Васильевский р-н, Запорожская обл., 71630, Украина. [email protected]
АБСТРАКТ
Впервые в работе детально описаны новые биотопы Bombina bombina
(Linnaeus, 1761) в Запорожской области Украины. Уточнена и дополнена юго-
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
восточная граница ареала распространения. Предполагается, что выявленные
популяции реликтовые и существовали здесь еще до затопления поймы
Днепра. B.bombina исследуемого региона имеет меньшие размеры по
сравнению с этими животными с других участков ареала. Пределы
гидрохимических показателей и спектр занимаемых биотопов позволяют
утверждать, что в условиях периферии, вид достаточно пластичен и обладает
высоким адаптивным потенциалом. Нуждается в разработке и внедрении
особых мероприятий по сохранению на региональном уровне.
Ключевые слова: Bombina bombina, биотопы, Днепр, Запорожская область,
Украина.
ВСТУПЛЕНИЕ
Характер обитания вида на периферии ареала может говорить о его устойчивости,
темпах видообразования, развитии адаптационных преимуществ. При этом вид
здесь более чувствителен к воздействию разных экологических и, в первую очередь,
антропогенных факторов.
Запорожская область – одна из наиболее антропогенно измененных территорий
Украины, является окраиной распространения исследуемого нами вида краснобрюхой жерлянки Bombina bombina (Linnaeus, 1761) и самой бедной
относительно батрахофауны в целом. Обитание редких видов, включая B. bombina,
тесно связано с бассейном Днепра, преобразование поймы которого и масштабное
гидростроительство привело к значительному уменьшению численности и даже
исчезновению некоторых этих видов (Сурядная и др. 2011; Сурядна, 2013).
Изучение и особенно новые находки достаточно важны для экологии B. bombina и
дальнейшей разработки эффективных научно-обоснованных мероприятий по
охране, особенно на региональном уровне в условиях периферии ареала. Целью
данного исследования было описание уникальных мест обитания с анализом
некоторых морфологических данных и гидрохимических показателей.
МАТЕРИАЛ И МЕТОДЫ
В работе использованы данные, собранные авторами на протяжении 2008-2014 гг.
Полевые исследования и сбор материала проводились по общепринятым
стандартным методикам. Изучались особенности экологии и биологии
краснобрюхой жерлянки. У 65 особей из нижеописанных популяций (рис. 1) изучены
основные морфологические признаки (табл.1). Общая минерализация и Ph
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
снимались специальными приборами (солемер AZ-8361 рН-метр АТС). Часть
животных (о-ва Большие Кучугуры - 5 особей, окр. г. Энергодар – 3 особи),
использованы для определения размера генома (Институт цитологии РАН, г. СанктПетербург).
45
3
1
2
6
Рис. 1. Находки Bombina bombina (Linnaeus, 1761) на периферии ареала в
Запорожской области Украины.
РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ И ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ
В результате проведенных исследований выявлены новые места обитания
B. bombina юго-восточной окраины ареала в Запорожской области Украины. Так в
нижней части Белинско-Розумовской плавневой гряды (N = 47°38.52', E = 35°6.9')
нами отмечена многочисленная популяция краснобрюхих жерлянок от протоки
Прирвы (окр. с. Лысогорка,) до нижних островов напротив с. Беленькое (т. 3., рис. 1.,
рис.2.). Биотоп представлен плавневым лесом с многочисленными протоками,
озерами, старицами и плотным подлеском. Древесная порода представлена черным
тополем - осокором (Populus nigra), вербой травянистой (Salix herbacea), лохом
серебристым (Elaeagnus commutata). Среди подлеска доминирует аморфа
кустарниковая (Amorpha fruticosa) и бузина черная (Sambucus nigra). Сами водоемы
представляют небольшие неглубокие озерца (рис. 2.) заросшие редким тростником
южным (Phragmites australis), рогозом (Typha latifolia), осокой (Carex hirta), рдестом
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(Potamogoton). Среди травянистой растительности встречается также мать-и-мачеха
(Tussilago farfara), хмель вьющийся (Humulus lupulus). B. bombina здесь достаточно
многочисленна. Тут и далее морфологические показатели представлены в таблице 1
(табл.1).
Рис. 2. Bombina bombina (Linnaeus, 1761), Белинско-Розумовская плавневая гряда, р.
Днепр.
Нетипичное для краснобрюхой жерлянки место обитания обнаружено на побережье
Каховского водохранилища, в урочище «Басанька» (N = 47°26.41', E = 35°10.55'),
которое относится к территории Национального природного парка «Великий луг»
(Васильевский р-н, Запорожская область) (т.6. рис. 1., рис. 3.). Небольшое озерцо,
напоминающее своеобразную чашу (2x2 м, глубиной 20-30 см), сформировалось на
дне одного из отрогов большой третичной балки, рядом с отвесным обрывом
сарматского яруса известняков. Место постоянно подпитывается водами родника,
которые ниже (350-400 м) впадают в Каховское водохранилище. Температура воды +90. Учтено всего 2 крупные особи (табл.1).
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Рис. 3. Биотоп - урочище «Басанька», побережье Каховского водохранилища.
Особый интерес представляет обнаруженная популяция B.bombina непосредственно
в городе Запорожье (т. 5., рис. 1., рис. 4., рис. 5.) (N = 47°47.31', E = 35°10.52'). Сам
водоем (150х100, глубиной 0,2-0,5 м) расположен в понижении между двумя
искусственными насыпями, в верховьях Гребного канала (р. Днепр). Биотоп, в
котором обнаружены жерлянки представляет собой водоем, заросший тростником
южным (P. australis) и зелеными водорослями (Chlorophyta). На мелководьях
водоёма и в прибрежной части произрастает мать-и-мачеха (T. farfara), хвощ
полевой (Equisetum arvense). Встречаются редкие насаждения аморфы
кустарниковой (A.fruticosa), акации белой (Robinia pseudoacacia), лоха серебристого
(Elaeagnus commutata), канадского клена (Acer saccharum), дикой груши (Pyrus
communis). Биотоп находится под чрезвычайной антропогенной и природной
нагрузкой, постоянно испытывает действие пирогенного фактора, окраина водоема
замусоренная. Численность B. bombina здесь крайне низкая, удалось добыть одну
взрослую особь (рис. 4., табл. 1.). Состояние этой популяции, в связи с сильной
антропогенной нагрузкой, находится в депрессивном состоянии.
Также нам удалось обнаружить жерлянку на о-ве Хортица, р. Днепр, г.Запорожье (N
= 47°47.73'; E = 35°7.21') (т.4., рис. 1, рис. 5). Эта точка, без описания конкретного
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
места обитания указывалась в литературе (Писанец, 1981; Писанец, 2007). Биотоп
представлен непересыхающим внутренним замкнутым озером с илистым дном
(40x10 до 1 м глубиной). Расположен вдоль искусственной дамбы, недалеко (2 км)
от р. Днепр. Из водной растительности преобладают ряска (Lemma trisulca), лютики
(Ranunculus repens), ирис (Iris pseudаcorus), зеленые водоросли (Chlorophyta).
Прибрежная растительность представлена черным и белым тополем (P. nigra, P.
alba), вербой травянистой (S. herbacea), морковником (Daucus carota). B. bombina
здесь малочисленна, выявлено всего 1-го взрослого самца (табл.1., рис. 5.).
Вероятнее всего, жерлянка в южной части Хортицы встречается и в других схожих
биотопах.
Рис. 4. Bombina bombina (Linnaeus, 1761), г. Запорожье (верховье Гребного канала)
Биотопы в окрестностях г. Энергодара, Каменко-Днепровского района (т. 1. рис. 1.) и
острова Большие Кучугуры в Каховском водохранилище, Васильевского района (т. 2.
рис. 1, рис. 3.) описаны нами ранее (Сурядная и др., 2011). Морфологический анализ
всех исследуемых особей (табл. 1), включая ранее изученные выборки, позволил
установить, что длина тела в среднем составляет – 40,4±0,7 и варьирует в пределах 21,2-52,8. Самки несколько крупнее самцов. По литературным данным – длина тела
B. bombina с территории Украины и в целом Восточной Европы не превышает – 50-60
мм (Писанец, 2014), но в разных частях ареала варьирует от 41,1 до 68,4 мм
(Пескова, Желев, 2010). Таким образом, исследуемые нами жерлянки имеют
меньшие размеры по сравнению с B. bombina с других участков ареала.
По нашим данным B. bombina может пребывать в достаточно широких пределах
общей минерализация воды - от 1,19 до 15,9 мг/л и Ph – 6,2-8,3. Характер обитания
краснобрюхой жерлянки на периферии видового ареала может изменяться под
действием различных факторов, поскольку южная граница ее распространения в
пределах Украины, подвержена флуктуации пространственного распределения
(Котенко, 2005). Кроме того, о прерывистом распределении жерлянок говорил еще
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
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Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
профессор В.П. Терентьев (1949). Здесь необходимо сказать о том, что
обнаруженные нами популяции, такого редкого и малочисленного вида для
Запорожской области, вероятнее всего, сохранились еще до преобразования поймы
Днепра.
Рис. 5. Bombina bombina (Linnaeus, 1761) – остров Хортица, г. Запорожье.
Известно, что до 50-х гг. на месте Каховского водохранилища находилась самая
большая и уникальная часть поймы – Конские, Конско-Базавлукские плавни,
которые были затоплены, вследствие чего уничтожены уникальные пойменные
природные сообщества. Эти плавни представляли собой сильно расширенный
участок поймы Днепра между городами Запорожье и Никополь с многочисленными
старицами, озерами с заболоченными берегами.
Можно предположить, что до затопления, здесь существовала единая крупная
популяция и возможно в нашем случае не идет речь о флуктуации
пространственного распределения, а имеет место сохранившиеся отдельные
устойчивые группировки той, реликтовой на сегодня, популяции.
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Таблица 1. Морфологические показатели Bombina bombina (Linnaeus, 1761) на
периферии ареала в Запорожской области Украины.
Популяции
Признаки
Длина тела (L)
Длина
(F)
бедра
Т
(длина
голени)
Длина
дополнительн
ой голени (mt)
Длина
1-го
пальца задней
конечности
(D.p.)
Длина
(D.prl.)
стопы
Длина
(D.v.)
кисти
Длина
1-го
пальца
передней
конечности
(D.pp.)
Длина
передней
конечности
(L.h.)
Длина
(L.o.)
глаза
Расстояние
между
нодрями
(Sp.n.)
Ширина
головы (Sp.c.)
Длина головы
(L.Sp.c.)
Вся
выборка
(n=65)
самцы
(n=45)/
самки
(n=20)
БелинскоРозумовская
плавневая
гряда (n=29)
самцы (n=16)
самки (n=13)
г.
Энергодар
(n=6)
самцы
(n=4)
самки
(n=2)
40,4±0,04
39,8±0,07/
41,6±0,08
14,0±0,016
13,9±0,03/
14,2±0,04
13,3±0,013
13,2±0,02/
13,5±0,03
10,2±0,010
10,0±0,02/
10,5±0,02
4,7±0,007
4,7±0,01/
4,7±0,01
О-ва
Большие
Кучугуры
(n=26)
самцы
(n=21)/
самки
(n=5)
39,6±0,18
38,8±0,16/
42,7±0,24
13,8±0,14
13,7±0,06/
14,3±0,12
13,2±0,14
13,0±0,05/
13,9±0,08
10,2±0,14
10,0±0,04/
11,0±0,06
4,7±0,15
4,6±0,02/
5,0±0,05
40,7±0,19
40,5±0,20/
41,0±0,14
14,4±0,13
14,4±0,07/
14,3±0,06
13,5±0,13
13,5±0,06/
13,5±0,05
10,3±0,13
10,3±0,04/
10,4±0,03
5,0±0,14
5,2±0,03/
4,7±0,02
39,3±0,44
37,8±0,73/
42,5±0,48
12,0±0,14
11,6±0,23/
13,0±0,41
12,3±0,10
12,1±0,18/
12,7±0,16
9,2±0,07
9,1±0,14/
9,5±0,09
4,0±0,07
3,8±0,10/
4,4±0,27
15,6±0,017
15,4±0,03/
16,0±0,03
6,3±0,017
6,1±0,03/
6,9±0,05
5,0±0,016
5,0±0,02/
5,0±0,06
15,4±0,14
15,1±0,06/
16,8±0,10
4,1±0,15
4,2±0,04/
4,0±0,01
6,8±0,15
6,5±0,05/
7,9±0,04
16,0±0,13
16,0±0,08/
15,9±0,05
7,8±0,14
7,8±0,04/
7,9±0,03
3,8±0,15
3,7±0,02/
4,0±0,07
14,3±0,15
13,9±0,26/
15,1±0,21
7,2±0,09
7,0±0,16/
7,6±0,12
3,4±0,07
3,0±0,09/
4,1±0,07
7,8±0,008
7,8±0,01/
8,0±0,02
7,7±0,14
7,6±0,03/
8,2±0,05
3,2±0,003
3,2±0,001/
3,4±0,01
2,5±0,003
2,5±0,002/
2,6±0,01
3,1±0,15
3,1±0,01/
3,3±0,01
2,4±0,15
2,4±0,01/
2,5±0,01
8,0±0,14
8,1±0,04/
7,9±0,03
3,5±0,15
3,4±0,01/
3,6±0,01
2,7±0,15
2,7±0,01/
2,7±0,01
7,1±0,08
6,9±0,14/
7,4±0,11
2,8±0,02
2,9±0,03/
2,7±0,09
11,5±0,014
11,5±0,02/
11,5±0,02
10,0±0,01
10,0±0,02/
9,9±0,02
11,0±0,14
10,9±0,06/
11,5±0,09
9,7±0,14
9,7±0,04/
9,7±0,07
11,8±0,13
11,9±0,05/
11,7±0,04
10,2±0,13
10,3±0,04/
10,1±0,03
2,2±0,02
2,3±0,04/
2,1±0,07
11,4±0,13
11,7±0,24/
10,9±0,16
9,4±0,12
9,7±0,21/
8,8±0,32
Урочище
«Басанька»
(n=2 самцы)
О-в
Хортица
(n=1 самец)
г. Запорожье
(n=1 –
самка)
43,5±0,05
46,7
43,7
14,4±0,01
14,5
16,2
14,1±0,09
14,8
13,2
10,4±0,01
10,6
9,7
3,6±0,02
5,0
4,7
15,0±0,05
18,2
15,3
8,2±0,01
8,4
8,4
3,6±0,01
4,9
3,7
8,4±0,02
9,2
8,0
3,0±0,01
3,4
3,0
2,6±0,01
2,5
2,4
12,9±0,12
14,2
11,5
10,5±0,02
11,3
10,2
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Все процессы, которые происходили во время затопления (объединение внутренних
водоёмов, подтапливание ложа, преобразование донных прибрежных отложений,
накопление глиняных масс, мощные шторма и пр.), сказались крайне
неблагоприятно на обитании жерлянки. Но выносы третичных балок, незатопленные
водоразделы и поды барханной, когда-то единой Кучугурской и Энергодарской
гряды (озёра в берёзовых колках возникшие из-за высокого уровня водохранилища),
всё это сформировало замкнутые биотопы, в которых, скорее всего, и сохранились
отдельные замкнутые популяции жерлянок.
Отдельно следует обговорить обитание B. bombina в урочище «Басанька» (т.6, рис.
1., рис.3.) возле Каховского водохранилища, на побережье которого часто находили
трупы жерлянок. Вероятнее всего она попадает сюда с острова Большие Кучугуры и
Белинско-Розумовской гряды, чему способствуют определенные гидрологические
показатели водохранилища и устойчивая роза ветров (Ландау, 2004). Некоторая
часть не найдя нормального места для обитания гибнет, а некоторая по поймам
четвертичных балок проникает на еще не размытые ныне существующие
надпойменные террасы с их стоячими непересыхающими водоемами. Скорее всего,
эти популяции не устойчивы и вряд ли могут тут закрепиться.
Таким образом, можем уверенно предположить, что Белинско-Розумовские
острова, плавни Хортицы, г. Запорожье, г. Энергодар - это фактически один
комплекс с одинаковыми условиями обитания и тут могут существовать вполне
жизнеспособные, репродуктивные популяции, а небольшие локальные находки
одиночных особей, скорее всего, случайно попавшие и выжившие благодаря
оптимальным для вида условиям.
Отметим, что недавно, на основе изучения изменчивости размера генома
краснобрюхой жерлянки, установлены две географические группировки популяций
этого вида, имеющие различное количество ядерной ДНК. Одна из них населяет
восточную Европу - «типичная» форма, другая населяет Придунайскую и
Приднестровскую низменности, а также западную Турцию – «дунайская форма»
(Литвинчук и др., 2008). Анализ материала особей окр. г. Энергодара и о-вов
Большие Кучугуры показала, что наши жерлянки относятся к «типичной» форме.
Поэтому можем говорить о том, что описанные популяции сходны генетически, и
представляют собой остатки, некогда крупного единого комплекса КонскоБазавлукских плавней.
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
Таким образом, в результате проведенных исследований уточнена и дополнена юговосточная граница ареала распространения B. bombina в пределах Запорожской
области. Выявлены и детально описаны новые места обитания - г.Запорожье,
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
острова Беленько-Разумовской гряды, р. Днепр, побережье Каховского
водохранилища, о-в Хортица. Предполагается, что выявленные популяции это
отдельные группировки, которые существовали здесь до затопления поймы Днепра.
Исследуемые животные несколько мельче по сравнению с B. bombina с других
участков ареала, длина тела в среднем составляет – 40,4±0,7. Пределы
гидрохимических показателей и спектр занимаемых биотопов позволяют
утверждать, что в условиях периферии, вид достаточно пластичен и обладает
высоким адаптивным потенциалом. Краснобрюхая жерлянка и выявленные
популяции нуждаются в разработке и внедрении особых мероприятий по
сохранению на местном уровне.
БЛАГОДАРНОСТИ
Авторы считают своим приятным долгом поблагодарить сотрудников отдела охраны
природы Национального заповедника «Хортица», которые поделились своими
наработками и всячески содействовали проведению исследований. Особую
благодарность хотим выразить Сергею Козодавову, который неоднократно помогает
нам в организации и проведении экспедиций. Измерение размера генома
проводилось в институте цитологии РАН (г. Санкт-Петербург) благодаря
всесторонней помощи Спартака Николаевича Литвинчука.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
1.
Котенко Т.И. Примеры флуктуаций пространственного распределения
амфибий и рептилий на юге Украины // Матеріали Першої конференції
Українського Герпетологічного Товариства / Ред. Є. Писанець. Київ: Зоомузей
ННПМ НАНУ, 2005. - С. 71-75.
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Ландау Ю. А., Сиренко Л. А. Гидроэнергетика и окружающая среда. - К. :
Либра, 2004. – 470 с.
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Литвинчук С. Н., Розанов Ю. М., Боркин Л. Я., Скоринов Д. В. Молекулярнобиохимические и цитогенетические аспекты микроэволюции у бесхвостых
амфибий Фауны России и сопредельных стран. Материалы III съезда
Герпетологического общества им. А. М. Никольского. // Вопросы
герпетологии. - Санкт-Петербург, 2008. –С. 247-257.
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Пескова Т.Ю. Желев Ж.М. Размеры краснобрюхой жерлянки Bombina bombina
Linnaeus, 1761 (Amphibia, Anura, Discoglossidae) у южной границы ареала вида.
// Поволжский экологический журнал, 2010 - № 4. – С. 447-451.
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Украины // Вопросы герпетологии. - Л.: Наука. 1981. -С. 106.
юга
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
6.
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та суміжних територій). - Київ: Видавництво Раєвського. 2007. – С. 88-94.
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Сурядна Н.М. Видовий склад та охорона земноводних Запорізької області
//Матеріали тез Міжнародної науково-практичної конференції «Іноваційні
агротехнології за умов зміни клімату» 7-9 червня 2013 року / За ред. В.М.
Кюрчева – Мелітополь: ТДАТУ, 2013 – С. 169-171.
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Сурядная Н.Н., Микитинец Г.И., Кармышев Ю.В., Бусел В.А. Распространение
краснобрюхой жерлянки (Bombina bombina (Linnaeus, 1761)) в Запорожской
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Терентьев В.П. Взаимоотношения жерлянок (К вопросу о влиянии ледникового
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Under reviewing
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Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
160
nd
Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
LIFE Project LIFE-HerpetoLatvia „Conservation of Rare Reptiles and Amphibians in Latvia”
(LIFE09NAT/LV/000239) is co-financed by European Commission.
Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327
Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2nd international Scientific Conference – Workshop
“Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment: Bombina
bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”. 14th - 15th August 2014. Daugavpils,
Latvia
161
nd
Herpetological Facts Journal. 2014, 1. ISSN 2256-0327. Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2 international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and conservation of European herpetofauna and its environment:
Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and Coronella austriaca”
Herpetological Facts Journal
2014, 1.
ISSN 2256-0327
Supplement 1: Proceedings of the 2nd international
Scientific Conference – Workshop “Research and
conservation of European herpetofauna and its
environment: Bombina bombina, Emys orbicularis, and
Coronella austriaca”
14th - 15th August 2014
Daugavpils, Latvia
LIFE Project LIFE-HerpetoLatvia „Conservation of Rare Reptiles
and Amphibians in Latvia” (LIFE09NAT/LV/000239) is co-financed
by European Commission
Natura 2000. 'Natura 2000 - Europe's nature for you. The sites of Project
are part of the European Natura 2000 Network. It has been designated
because it hosts some of Europe's most threatened species and habitats.
All 27 countries of the EU are working together through the Natura 2000
network to safeguard Europe's rich and diverse natural heritage for the
benefit of all'.
www.life-herpetolatvia.biology.lv
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