HABIT-CHANGE CAMP – Triglavski narodni park – sampling area

Transcription

HABIT-CHANGE
CAMP – Triglavski narodni park –
sampling area Pokljuka
January 2013
This project is implemented through
the CENTRAL EUROPE Programme
co-financed by the ERDF
Output Number:
5.3.1
Title:
CAMP – Triglavski narodni park – sampling area Pokljuka
Authors:
Tina Petras Sackl, Urška Smukavec, Christine Scholl, Miha Marolt
(cartography), Tomaž Kralj
Project:
HABIT-CHANGE – Adaptive management of climate-induced changes of
habitat diversity in protected areas
CENTRAL EUROPE
2CE168P3
Project
Programme:
Date:
January 2013
Number:
Start date:
3/2010
Lead Partner:
Leibniz Institute of Ecological and Regional Development (IOER),
Germany
 University of Vienna, Austria
 National Academy of Sciences, Scientific Centre for Aerospace
Research of the Earth, Ukraine
 Thuringian State Institute for Forestry, Game and Fishery, Germany
 Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Germany
 Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
 Balaton Uplands National Park Directorate, Hungary
 Szent Istvan University, Hungary
 Biebrza National Park, Poland
 Environmental Protection Institute, Poland
 Triglav National Park, Slovenia
 University of Bucharest, Romania
 Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics, Austria
 Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development,
Romania
 SOLINE Pridelava soli d.o.o., Slovenia
 University of Maribor, Slovenia
 European Academy Bolzano, Italy
Marco Neubert, [email protected], +49 351 4679-274
Sven Rannow, [email protected], +49 351 4679-274
www.habit-change.eu
Project Partner:
Contact:
Further
information
[2]
End date:
2/2013
Contents
1.
Objective of climate change adapted management plan (CAMP)
5
2.
General site description
6
2.1.
Basic information about CAMP area
6
2.2.
Protected status of CAMP area
7
2.3.
Physio-geographic characteristics
8
2.4.
Ecologycal characteristics
13
2.5.
Agriculture
21
2.6.
Forestry
22
2.7.
Hunting
22
2.8.
Recreation and tourism
22
2.9.
Settlements, urbanisation and infrastructure
24
3.
2.10. Traffic
26
2.11. Energetics
27
2.12. Use of mineral resources
27
Habitat types Annex I in CAMP area
3.1.
4.
5.
28
Description of habitat-types (Annex I), key species, historical development, relation to national
biotop-classification systems, red lists) (Evaluation of conservation status: criteria, parameter,
existing monitoring activities, indicators and reporting)
28
Habitats under climate change: Exposure, Sensitivity and potential
impacts
31
4.1.
Sensitivity of protected habitats
31
4.2
Natural hazards and climate change
35
Existing and expected pressures on habitats and climate change adapted
management
37
5.1.
Identification and evaluation of existing and expected problems and management measures
for habitat types with consideration climate change impacts
37
5.2.
Identification and evaluation of existing and expected problems and management measures
for indicator species with consideration climate change impacts
40
5.3.
Identification and evaluation of existing and expected problems and conflicts and management
measures with consideration climate change impacts
44
This project is implemented through the CENTRAL
EUROPE Programme co-financed by the ERDF
[3]
6.
Management objectives and monitoring
51
7.
Stakeholder involvement
52
8.
[4]
7.1. Methods of stakeholder involvement
53
7.2. Assignment of involved stakeholder groups
53
7.3. Time-frame and concept of stakeholder involvement during CAMP implementation
outlook on future cooperation and integration of stakehol
54
References
54
1. Objective of climate change adapted management plan (CAMP)
Management planning is an essential proccess to ensure appropriate management of protected area.
It should be a dynamics process with predictions in dynamic environment. As climate is one of the
most important features which determine characteristics in alpine environment, the changes in
climate are expected to affect ecosystems, species and will most probably influence the socioeconomic features. The adaptive management plan for sampling area Pokljuka (East Julian Alps, part
of Triglav National Park) include the following steps: (1) evaluation the nature conservation,
ecological characteristics, physio-geographical and anthropogene features, (2) problem assessment
and designing a management measures, (3) monitoring program, and (4) stakeholders involvment.
Further steps require (5) implementation, (6) realising the monitoring in the field to become the
feedback on efficiency of management actions, (7) evaluation, and (8) adjustment.
[5]
2. General site description
2.1.
Basic information about CAMP area
Pokljuka is forested karst plateau, situated in Triglav National Park (TNP) at an elevation 1.200-1.538
m. By Mežaklja and Jelovica it is the largest platou in Julian Alps. Due to Pleistocen glaciation and
alpine pasturing it has become typical alpine aspect. The largest part of Pokljuka plateau, with
exception of Mt. Mesnovec (1.538 m), belongs to the buffer zone of TNP-managemnt. The core of
sampling area are peat bogs, which are one of the most southern-border of peatbog distribution in
Europe. (Kunaver, 1985; Kunaver, 1998)
Figure 1: Sampling area of Pokljuka
(Source: TNP, 2012)
[6]
2.2.
Protected status of CAMP area
PROTECTED STATUS of PLATEAU POKLJUKA
THE PROTECTED AREA or TYPE of
PROTECTED AREA
Buffer zone of Triglav National Park
management
almost all area in Pokljuka
Core zone of Triglav National Park management
only Mt. Mesnovec
Natura 2000
Peat bogs in Pokljuka
Natural attractions
Goreljek: moraine and peat bogs; peat
bogs in Šijec and Veliko Blejsko barje
Cultural heritage
Cemetery of the activists of the Tretja
Prešernova brigada and Gradnikova
brigada from the second world war
Knofl shepherd´s hut
Figure 2: Knofl shepherd´s hut in Goreljek
(Source: Lukan-Klavžer, 2012)
[7]
2.3.
Physio-geographic characteristics
The present-day relief of Pokljuka platou is mainly the result of combination of peneplenation
processes, karst processes, and Pleistocen glaciation. The main part of plateau is formed from
Triassic limestone and dolomite, where rendzina as the major soil type has developed. Noncarbonate bedrocks, typical for some central parts of the plateau and their edges, result to the
appearance of torrents. On the SW edge of plateau some monadnocks appear: Mesnovec (1.536 m),
Javorov vrh (1.482 m), Rušov vrh (1.455 m), and on SE mountain Kokošinjca (1.390 m). The moraines,
numerous cold basins and peat bogs are the remains of glacial erosion from Pleistocen.
Figure 3: Geology of sampling area
(Source: Geological Survey of Slovenia, 2011)
Pokljuka plateau is characterised by mountain climate, with the average temperature of the coldest
month less than -3 °C and the average temperature of warmest month more than 10 °C. The amount
of precipitation increases from east (1.900 to 2.000 mm average annual percipitation) to west (2.600
to 2.700 mm average annual percipitation). (ARSO, 2011; Bogataj, 2010; Kutnar in Martinčič, 2001;
Kutnar in Martinčič, 2001, po: Piskernik in Martinčič, 1970; Melik, 1954) The area is known for it´s
frost hollows, where the temperature is much lower than in it´s surrounding and can drop to -30°C.
[8]
Figure 4: Mean monthly amount of precipitation (mm) in Gorjuše (2001–2010)
(Source: ARSO, 2011)
Figure 5: Mean annual air temperature (°C) in Rudno polje (2001–2010)
(Source: ARSO, 2011)
According to the analysed temperature and precipitation regime for the wider area of TNP, average
minimum and maximum annual air temperatures are increasing, 75% of all temperature data sets are
statistically significant positive. Comparison of seasonal trends shows that temperature changes are
higher for spring and summer months, autumn time displays less or no warming.
In addition to average precipitation amounts and their variability, extreme precipitation events are
very important, integral part of the natural climate. In TNP at least one day per year with
precipitation amount above 150 mm in 24 hours can be expected. Extreme precipitation events
[9]
cause landslides and soil erosion, devastating torrential floods, which also affects tourism and causes
severe damage on infrastructure, in agriculture and affects other activities as well.
Inter-annual and spatial variability of snow cover duration between stations is very high. At all the
analyzed stations negative trend in the number of days with snow cover during the snow season is
observed, which affects the tourism, agriculture and water regime. (Črepinšek, Kralj, Kunšič, & KajfežBogataj, 2012)
The biggest areas of permanent standing water are peatbogs. The process of glacial lake
transforming into a bog lasted several thousand years.
The dominant soil type on morein is Rendzic Leptosol. Dystric Cambisols are present on limestone
with chert. As an extreme form of leaching means that an extremely rare soil type is present herepodzol, which is an important natural heritage.
Figure 6: Soil types in Pokljuka
(Source: MKO, 2012)
[10]
LAND USE
Table 1:
Land use in sampling area Pokljuka for years 2002 and 2011
(Source: MKO, 2012)
Raba tal
Razlike
Leto 2002 Leto 2011
2002(ha)
(ha)
2012 (ha)
Meadows
90,2
69,1
21,2
Bog meadows
0,5
11,7
-11,2
Abondoned agricultural land
3,1
6,7
-3,6
Trees and shurbs
2,9
2,0
0,9
Agricultural land with forest trees
5,0
0,0
5,0
Forest
721,7
739,6
-17,9
Build-up area
21,5
30,1
-8,5
Peat bogs
10,5
12,1
-1,6
Bog meadow
12,7
0
12,7
Other wet land
3,2
0
3,2
Water
0
0,2
-0,2
Undefined
0,1
0
0,1
Sum
871,4
871,4
[11]
Figure 7: Land use in Pokljuka from 2002
(Source: MKO, 2012)
[12]
Figure 8: Land use in Pokljuka from 2011
(Source: MKO, 2012)
2.4.
Ecologycal characteristics
VEGETATION
Pokljuka platou is a part of alpine phytogeographic area. The predominantly secondary spruce forests
are mainly the result of forest managemet on the area of natural beech forest (Anemone-Fagetum).
As a result of iron production at the end of 17th century, the primary beech forests were reduced and
in the 19th century, for the economic reason, the spruce was favoured by the forest management.
The natural spruce forests have remained only in fragments in cold basins. In peat bogs in Pokljuka,
the diverse vegetation types have developed. Most spruce mires belong to the Sphagno girgensohniiPiceetum var. geogr. Carex brizoides association, whereas the pine mires belong to ass. Pino mugiSphagnetum. Typical peatland vegetation and vegetation of transition mires are part of the following
associations: Sphagno-Caricetum rostratae, Caricetum davallianae and Trichophoretum alpini. The
grasslands and pastures outside the peatlands belong to different associations of MolinioArrhenatheretea. (Dobravec et al., 2003; Kutnar & Martinčič, 2001; Kutnar, 2000; Martinčič et al.,
2007; Wraber, 1985)
HABITAT TYPES
Table 2:
Habitat types in sampling area Pokljuka
(Source: TNP, 2011)
HABITAT TYPE
PHYSISHABITAT TYPE
CODE
PHYSISCODE
Intermittent standing waters
22.2
Bog woodland with Picea
abies
44.A411
Aquatic vegetation
22.42
Upper parts of raised bogs
51.11
Floating vegetation
22.432
Torrents
24.16
Pioneer communities of gravel bars of mantane
watercourse
24.221
Depressions in raised bogs 51.12
Communities with Carex
53.2121
acuta
Communities with Carex
53.2141
rostrata and Carex vesicaria
53.5
Forest clearings
31.87;
31.871; Moorlands with Juncus sp.
31.872
Early successional stages of conifers
31.8G
54.2
Alkaline fens
[13]
Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on siliceous
substrates
in mountain areas (and submountain areas, in
Continental Europe)
35.11
Mountane nutritious pastures
36.52
Tall-herb communities dominated by Filipendula
ulmaria
37.113
Communities with Equisetum telmateia
37.114
Mezotrophic and eutrophic wet meados and
pastures
37.2
Communities with Cirsium oleracum
37.211
Platations of conifers
83.31
Oligotrophic wet meadows
37.3
Platations of autohtonous
conifers
83.311
Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of
plains and
of the montane to alpine levels
37.7
Fragments of small trees
and shrubs
84.2
Shady woodland edge fringes
37.72
Forest fragments
84.3
37.82,
37.823
Parks
85.12
37.88
Gardens
85.31
Alpine tall grass communities
Montane and alpine nitrofilous tall herbaceous
plants
Mezophilics pastures
Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis,
Sanguisorba officinalis)
54.23;
54.231
Fens with Carex davalliana
Caricetum rostratae of
alkaline fens
Communities with
Menyanthes trifoliata
Transition mires and
quaking bogs
Quaking bogs with Carex
rostrata
54.2-S1
54.2-S2
54.5
54.53
38.1;
Buidled areas
86
38.11
38.2;
Villages, suburbs, individual
38.22386.2
buildings
S1
Mountain hay meadows
Montane and alpine spruce forests with tall
herbaceous plants
Montane spruce forests in the area of natural
beech forests
Secondary spruce forests with autohtonous
species in the undergrowth
38.31
Abandoned quarries
86.413
42.212
Macadam road
86.S721
42.254
Asphalt road
86.S712
42.26
"Macadam roads", forest
trails
86.S722
Bog woodland with Pinus mugo
44.A3
Pathways, trails
86.S723
[14]
Figure 9: Habitat types in sampling area Pokljuka
(Source: internal data TNP, 2012)
FAUNA
The monitoring activities in TNP are proceeding only for game species and species that were hunted
in the past. Systematic sampling in TNP were undertaken for birds and amphibians, whereas, the
sampling for some other groups (bats, reptiles and dragonflies) were applied for the whole Slovenia.
Due to inssufficient data on animal species distribution there are listed also some species with
hypothetical distribution. Because of the lack of knowledge on distribution, population densities and
population dynamics for most animal species in TNP some detailed descriptions and ovearall
conclusions are not possible to be done.
Table 3:
The list of animal species with protected status and game species in Pokljuka
(Source: TNP-internal data; Kryštufek, 1991; Kryštufek, 2005; Presetnik in sod., 2005; Presetnik in sod. 2007;
Jančar, 1997; Kozinc, 1995; Šere, 1992; Šere, 2000; Lešnik in Cipot, 2007; Krofel in sod,. 2009; Anko, 2003;
Kiauta, 1962; Kotarac, 1997; Bedjanič, 2000; CKFF (podatkovna baza))
[15]
Decree on
protected
wild animal
species
Class
Scientific name
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
S
H
H
H
H
H
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Erinaceus concolor
Sorex alpinus
Sorex araneus
Sorex minutus
Crocidura suaveolens
Talpa europaea
Rhinolophus
hipposideros
Myotis myotis
Pipistrellus
pipistrellus
Barbastella
barbastellus
Plecotus austriacus
Plecotus auritus
Lepus europaeus
Lepus timidus
Sciurus vulgaris
Chionomys nivalis
Muscardinus
avellanarius
Dryomys nitedula
Canis lupus
Vulpes vulpes
Ursus arctos
Mustela erminea
Mustela nivalis
Martes foina
Martes martes
Cervus elaphus
Capreolus capreolus
Rupicapra rupicapra
Ovis ammon
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Accipiter gentilis
Accipiter nisus
Buteo buteo
Aquila chrysaetos
S
S
S
S/H
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Natura
2000
Notation
O1
O1
O1
O1
S/H/o‐H
E
II, IV
S/H/o‐H
E
II, IV
S/H
O1
IV
S/H/o‐H
V
II, IV
S/H
S/H
V
V
IV
IV
S/H
S
S/H
V
O1
V
S/H/o‐R
O1
IV
S/H/o‐R
S/H/o‐H, R
V
E
IV
II*, IV
S/H/o‐H, R
S/H
S/H
E
O1
O1
II*, IV
GS
glacial relict
GS
K
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
V
V
Aves
Aquila clanga
S/H
Aves
Falco tinnunculus
S
[16]
Red List
Habitat
Directive
/ Bird
Directive
V
V
O1
V
I
I
V1
K
noticed
only once in
TNP
(Pokljuka,
1955)
Aves
Tetrastes bonasia
S/H/o
E2
Aves
Tetrao urogallus
S/H/o
E2
I, II/2
I, II/2,
III/2
Aves
Scolopax rusticola
S/H/o
E2
II/1, III/2
Aves
Aves
Columba palumbus
Cuculus canorus
Glaucidium
passerinum
Strix aluco
S
S
O1
O1
II/1, III/1
S/H/o
V1
I
S
O1
Aves
Aves
K
K
important
breeding
area in
Pokljuka
K
TNP is the
W border of
the
distribution
of southern
subspecies
macroura
Aves
Strix uralensis
S/H/o
V
I
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
S/H
S
S/H/o
S/H/o
S/H/o
S/H/o
S
S/H/o
S
S
S
S
S
S
V1
O1
E1
V
V1
O1
O1
V
O1
O1
O1
O1
O1
V
I
K
I
I
K
I
K
S
O1
S
S
S
O1
O1
O1
S/H/o
E2
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aegolius funereus
Apus apus
Upupa epops
Jynx torquilla
Picus canus
Dryocopus martius
Dendrocopos major
Picoides tridactylus
Hirudo rustica
Delichon urbicum
Anthus trivialis
Motacilla alba
Motacilla cinerea
Cinclus cinclus
Troglodytes
troglodytes
Prunella modularis
Erithacus rubecula
Phoenicurus ochruros
Phoenicurus
phoenicurus
Saxicola rubetra
Muscicapa striata
Turdus merula
Turdus philomelos
Turdus torquatus
Turdus viscivorus
S/H/o
S
S
S
S
S
E2
O1
O1
O1
O1
O1
Aves
Hippolais icterina
S
K
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
K
II/2
II/2
II/2
noticed
only once in
[17]
TNP
(Pokljuka,
1955)
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S/H/o
S
O1
O1
O1
O1
O1
O1
O1
O1
O1
O1
O1
O1
O1
O1
O1
V1
S
O1
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
O1
O1
O1
O1
O1
O1
O1
O1
O1
O1
O1
S
O1
Aves
Sylvia atricapilla
Sylvia curruca
Phylloscopus collybita
Phylloscopus sibilatrix
Regulus ignicapilla
Regulus regulus
Aegithalos caudatus
Parus ater
Parus cristatus
Parus major
Parus montanus
Parus palustris
Sitta europaea
Certhia familiaris
Oriolus oriolus
Lanius collurio
Garrulus glandarius
Nucifraga
caryocatactes
Corvus corax
Sturnus vulgaris
Passer domesticus
Fringilla coelebs
Serinus serinus
Carduelis carduelis
Carduelis chloris
Carduelis flammea
Carduelis spinus
Loxia curvirostra
Pyrrhula pyrrhula
Coccothraustes
coccothraustes
Emberiza citrinella
S
V
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Anguis fragilis
Coronella austriaca
Natrix natrix
Iberolacerta horvathi
Podarcis muralis
Zootoca vivipara
Vipera ammodytes
Vipera berus
S
S/o‐R
S
S/H/o‐R
S/o‐R
S/o‐R
S/o‐R
S
O1
V
O1
V
O1
V
V
V
S
O
S/H/o‐R
O1
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Amphibia
Amphibia
[18]
Salamandra
salamandra
Salamandra atra
I
II/2
II/2
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
K
GS
Amphibia
Amphibia
Mesotriton alpestris
Lissotriton vulgaris
Amphibia
Triturus carnifex
Amphibia
Amphibia
Triturus alpinus
Bufo bufo
Amphibia
Bombina variegata
Amphibia
Rana temporaria
Insecta
Insecta
Insecta
Aeshna cyanea
Aeshna grandis
Aeshna juncea
Insecta
Aeshna subarctica
S
R
Insecta
Somatochlora
alpestris
S
R
Insecta
Somatochlora arctica
S
R
S,H
E
S,H
E
Insecta
Insecta
Somatochlora
metallica
Leucorrhinia dubia
S/H
S/H
S/H/o‐H,
R
S/H
S/H
S/H/o‐H,
R
S
V
V
V
II, IV
V
V
V
II, IV
V
V
V
V
glacial relict
Pokljuka /
Šijec is the
only known
location in
Slovenia
Pokljuka /
Šijec is the
only known
location in
Slovenia
in Pokljuka
/
Golemberca
is the
largest
known
population
in Slovenia
Legend: (1) The Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora - "The
Habitat Directive"; (2) Directive 79/409/EEC: the directive recognises that habitat loss and degradation are the most serious
threats to the conservation of wild birds. It therefore places great emphasis on the protection of habitats for endangered as
well as migratory species (listed in Annex I); the Directive recognises hunting as a legitimate activity and provides a
comprehensive system for the management of hunting (limited to species listed in Annex II - II/1 allows hunting in all
Member States; II/2 allows hunting in listed Member States ) to ensure that this practice is sustainable; the Birds Directive
bans activities that directly threaten birds, such as the deliberate killing or capture of birds, the destruction of their nests
and taking of their eggs, and associated activities such as trading in live or dead birds, with a few exceptions (listed in Annex
III - III/1 allows taking in all Member States; III/2 allows taking in Member States in agreement with European Commission).
(3) Natura 2000: qualification species for Natura 2000 - SI3000253 Julian Alps; (4) Decree on protected wild animal species:
(Uradni list RS, št. 46/04, 109/04, 84/05, 115/07, 96/08, 36/09); (5) Red list of endangered plant and animal species in
Slovenia (Uradni list RS, št. 82/02, 42/10): Ex ‐Extinct; Ex? ‐ Presumambly Extinct; E ‐Endangered; V‐Vulnerable; R ‐ Rare; O
‐Out of danger; O1 ‐under category of O - species out of daneger, but with potentially endangered; I‐Not Evaluated;
K‐Insufficiently known; GS: game species (Uradni list RS, št. 101/04).
[19]
Figure 10: Tetrao urogallus
(Source: TNP, 2012)
GAME SPECIES
The endangered species management is determined by Ministry for nature protection, while the
game species management in TNP is implemented in Plans of a Hunting Management Regions
Triglav and Gorenjska (Marenče, 2012). Pokljuka is part of hunting ground Lepa Kopišča. The data on
animals, which were published for TNP, are introduced in more details: brown bear, western
capercaillie, red deer and chamois.
Table 4:
Hunting season for game species
(Source: Ur.l.RS št. 101/2004, 2004)
Scientific name
Hunting season
Lepus europaeus
1th October - 15th December
Vulpes vulpes
1th July - 15th March
Martes foina
1th November - 28th February
Martes martes
1th November - 28th February
Cervus elaphus
stug
16th August - 31th December
hen, squab
1th September - 31th December
[20]
Capreolus capreolus
buck, roebuck
1th May - 31th October
hind, culf
1th September - 31th December
Ovis ammon
ram, lamb
1th August - 28th February
ewe
Rupicapra rupicapra
2.5.
Agriculture
Moraine surface was reason for formation of first pastures on Pokljuka which date back in the 14th
century. This area used to present a transition point between pastures in the valley and pastures high
in the mountains. Today farmers keep their cattle all the season on Pokljuka. (Cevc, 1992)
There are two major pastures on Pokljuka- Grajska planina and Goreljek. The first one belongs to
farmers from villages in Bled and the second one to farmers from villages in Bohinj. Goreljek used to
be covered with forest which was cut down for the purpose of farming. There is one permanent farm
and around ten which are active just during the summer season. Cows are dominant on the pastures,
but there are also horses and sheep. The biggest problem in the area is unsupervised grazing which
causes damage in forest and peat bogs. Bohinj Cika Cattle is an endemic cattle breed.
For mowing the most suitable meadows are on the sunny locations and those which are not swampy.
Figure 11: Cika- endemic cattle breed
(Vir: Smukavec, 2012)
[21]
2.6.
Forestry
Forestry is the most common and consistently present activity with long tradition on Pokljuka. The
high plateau used to be covered with fir and beech, today dark spruce forest is most common.
According to the Law on the Triglav National Park, forest management is allowed within peripheral
area. There are many forest functions, which are sometimes overlaped and there can accure some
conflicts. Wood from Pokljuka was used and is still used for many purposes. In the past, it was used in
charcoal production to meet the needs of the iron industry. Today, beech wood is primarily used as
fuel wood, while spruce is used as timber. It has special characteristics and is used in furniture
industry, for music instruments and for sport equipment. (Fon, 1969)
Forest functions on Pokljuka are ecological (protective, hidrological, biotope), social (recreation,
scientific, protective, estetic, nature conservation), production (timber production, hunting, forest
goods). (Gartner idr., 2007)
2.7.
Hunting
In peripheral area hunting is allowed and planned according to 10 years and one year hunting
management plan. Major part of the catch manages Triglav national park, but there are presented
also three other unions of hunters- Stara Fužina, Nomenj and Bled.
Management of hunting in the area of LPN Triglav (hunting area of special purpose) differs from the
others by the fact that there is no killing of small deer. Internal instructions do allow hunting of foxes
and mink, but this decision is left to district hunters. The biggest problem in the hunting area
represents the presence of scabies in chamois. The population is too large, it leads to depletion of
natural specimens. (Gartner idr., 2007)
2.8.
Recreation and tourism
The area is attractive for different winter and summer sport activities. There are two small ski lifts
and 7,5 kilometers of cross country ski pists, it is also possible to sled. In summer there are many
possibilities for trekking, mountain biking, horse riding and picking up mushrooms and forest fruits.
One of the best known nature trails is Barje Goreljek nature trail, other trails are Pokljuka trail,
Cheese trail. Pokljuka presents starting point for climbing many mountains including our highest peak
Triglav. It offers many opportunities for mountain biking althouht there is no trail reserved just for
bikes. Cycling on road and trails does not cause damage, but it can disturb animals. There are also
many traditional events which are taking place on Pokljuka. (Žemva, 2007)
[22]
Figure 22: Peatbog Goreljek nature trail
(Source: TNP, 2011)
[23]
Figure 13: Map of summer activities
(Source: TNP, 2012)
Figure 14: Map of winter activities
(Source: TNP, 2012)
2.9.
Settlements, urbanisation and infrastructure
Human presence in the area of Pokljuka has been long for centuries. One of the reasons for creating
settlement here were iron ore locations. Several grazing pastures are believed to have envolved from
original miners dwellings. The area belongs to three municipalities-Bohinj, Bled and Gorje. There are
villages on the periphery of the plateau, on the sampling area is one village-Goreljek, which is the
biggest settlement with holiday houses in TNP with 7 inhabitants. The number of houses with house
number is 163, altogether there are 279 buildings in the area. There is 120 beds in hotel, 26 in
appartments and 76 in holiday houses. The peak season is in August and February. (Jana Kus
Veenvliet & Igor Zakotnik, 2012)
[24]
Figure 15: Shepherds hut in Goreljek
(Source: Smukavec, 2012)
According to the spatial plan of municipalities majority of the land is defined as protected forest and
as agriculture land. Bild up area is used for housing and tourism.
[25]
Figure 16: Map of spatial plan
(Source: Kaliopa, 2012)
Infrastructure
Public water supply system is available in Gorjuše and Koprivnik. Many water springs in Goreljek are
one of the reasons for many holiday houses in this area. The sewage system is not constructed yet
which presents a big problem in karst region with many water sources also for other parts of the
country. (Jana Kus Veenvliet & Igor Zakotnik, 2012)
2.10. Traffic
The density of roads, especially gravel roads on Pokljuka is very high. The sampling area measures
871,7 ha and there is around 90 km of different road types, around 20 km of roads are paved and
gravel roads. The area is intersected by national and local road. Dense traffic in summer and winter is
due to touristic attraction of the area. Slovenian roads agency provides information relating to traffic
volume on the basis of data obtained from manual traffic counts at three points. The average annual
daily traffic in year 2007 at counting point Mrzli Studenec 1 (Zatrnik-Mrzli Studenec) was 530, at Mrzli
Studenec 2 (Mrzli Studenec-Jereka) 114 and at Mrzli Studenec 3 (Mrzli Studenec-Rudno polje) 504
motor vehicles. There is no public transport available for reaching the high plateau. Parking places
[26]
are rare and that causes that cars are parked all over. The biggest congestion of places where people
usually leave their cars is around Goreljek and Mrzli Studenec. (Dobravec, 2003)
Figure 17: Map of parking places and roads
(Vir: TNP, 2012)
2.11. Energetics
Almost all houses and tourist infrastructure are plugged to the electricity grid. Some houses use solar
energy.
2.12. Use of mineral resources
In the past the area of Pokljuka was important for it´s rich iron ore locations and raw materials. The
Law on Triglav National Park prohibits the opening of new areas for mineral extraction, but allows
continued use of existing ones. It is mainly used for maintaining gravel roads. (Jana Kus Veenvliet &
Igor Zakotnik, 2012)
[27]
3. Habitat types Annex I in CAMP area
3.1.
Description of habitat-types (Annex I), key species, historical development, relation
to national biotop-classification systems, red lists) (Evaluation of conservation
status: criteria, parameter, existing monitoring activities, indicators and reporting)
Table 5:
Habitat types with protected status
(Source: Uradni list RS, št. 112/2003; Uradni list RS, št.49/2004 in spremembe 110/2004, 59/2007, 43/2008;
interni podatki JZ TNP (2011)
DESCRIPTION OF HANITAT TYPE
N2000- CODE
PHYSIS-CODE
3220
24.221
6230*
6430
35.11
37.113, 37.114,
37.7, 37.72, 37.82,
37.823, 37.88
6510
38.2, 38.223-S1
6520
38.31
Active raised bogs
7110*
Alkaline fens
7230
51.11, 51.12
54.23, 54.231, 54.2S1, 54.2-S2
Transition mires and quaking bogs
7140
54.5, 54.53
Bog woodland
91D0*
44.A3, 44.A411
Alpine rivers and the herbaceous vegetation
along their
banks
Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on siliceous
substrates
in mountain areas (and submountain areas,
in
Continental Europe)
Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of
plains and
of the montane to alpine levels
Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus
pratensis,
Sanguisorba officinalis)
[28]
Table 6:
List of plant species with protected status
(Source: TNP-internal data (2011); Martinčič in Sliškar, 2004; Kuntnar in Martinčič, 2001; Wraber, 1985;
Martinčič, 2004; Kutnar in Martinčič, 2003)
Scientific name
Red List
Andromeda polifolia
Arnica montana
Calliergon stramineum
Campanula barbata
Carex davalliana
Carex hostiana
Carex limosa
Carex paniculata
Carex rostrata
Dactylorhyza majalis
Dactylorhyza maculata
Drosera rotundifolia
Equisetum fluviatile
Eriophorum angustifolium
Eriophorum latifolium
Eriophorum vaginatum
Gymnadenia conopsea
Listera ovata
Lycopodiella inundata
Malaxis monophyllos
Menyanthes trifoliata
Oxycoccus microcarpus
Oxycoccus palustris
Pinguicula vulgaris
Primula farinosa
Rhynchospora alba
Scheuchzeria palustris
Sphagnum angustifolium
Sphagnum capillifolium
Sphagnum centrale
Sphagnum contortum
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
Habitat
Directive
Decree on
protected wild
plant species
V
C, O
H
H
A
H
H
O
H
V
V
V
V
V
A
V
V
E
V
V
V
V
V
H
H
H
H
Sphagnum fallax
V
H
Sphagnum flexuosum
V
H
Sphagnum girgensohnii
V
H
Sphagnum magellanicum
V
H
Sphagnum palustre
V
H
Sphagnum russowii
V
H
Sphagnum squarrosum
V
H
Sphagnum subnitens
V
H
V
[29]
Sphagnum warnstorfii
V
Trichophorum alpinum
V
Trichophorum caespitosum
V
Vaccinium uliginosum
V
V
H
Legend: (1) The Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora - "The
Habitat Directive"; (2) Natura 2000: qualification species for Natura 2000 - SI3000253 Julian Alps; (3) Decree on protected
wild plant species (Uradni list RS, št. 46/04, 110/04, 115/07, 36/09): A: plant species from Appendix A without particular
category; C: plant species from Appendix A, that could be taken from nature; H: plant species from Appendix A, for which
the measures to protect their habitat should be taken; (4) Red list of endangered plant and animal species in Slovenia
(Uradni list RS, št. 82/02, 42/10): Ex ‐Extinct; Ex? ‐ Presumambly Extinct; E ‐Endangered; V‐Vulnerable; R ‐ Rare; O ‐Out of
danger; O1 ‐under category of O - species out of daneger, but with potentially endangered; I‐Not Evaluated; K‐Insufficiently
known.
[30]
4. Habitats under climate change: Exposure, Sensitivity and potential impacts
4.1. Sensitivity of protected habitats
Sensitivity, the degree to which the system is affected by climate change (IPCC 2007) may be
considered as a result of habitat and species characteristics and the pressures affecting the habitat,
currently or in future (HABIT-CHANGE 2011). First approach to evaluate the sensitivity of habitats
have been made by Petermann et al. (2007). Focusing in Natura 2000 habitats in Europe, they
developed an indicator-based assessment in order to analyse habitat characteristics that are
supposed to reflect habitat sensitivity. Holsten (2009) returns to the first approach of Petermann et
al. (2007). As a major advantage, Holsten (2009) integrated ecological indicator values according to
Ellenberg et al. (1992) on habitat level by using the percentage of species indicating cold or wet
conditions as indicator of sensitivity. In doing this, an important link between exposure and the
supposable reaction of the habitat could be made. As it is generally assumed that habitats may react
differenetly to climate change, the thesis is aimed to identify habitats with highest and lowest
sensitivity values at the study site. (Scholl, 2012)
Metodology:
-
Identification of biotope and habitat types.
Identifications of the main pressures of projected climate change (exposure) on the habitats
and their floristic species composition.
Assessment of habitat and species traits conserning their climatic and moisture conditions.
Assessment of species and habitat sensitivity to main pressurea of projected climate change
Assessment of further non-climatic habitat features that influence habitat sensitivity
Integration of the habitats’ climate-change sensitivity and habitats’ non-climatic sensitivity to
an aggregated habitat sensitivity.
Assessment of the potential impacts of projected climate change. (Scholl, 2012)
Table 7:
Potential impacts of projected climate change (temperature increase and moisture
decrease) on Natura 2000 HT in Pokljuka
(Source: Scholl, 2012)
HABITAT TYPE
Natura
2000code
Potential
impacts (T
scenario) (%)
Potential impacts
Potential impacts
(moisture scenario) (scenario
(%)
combined) (%)
Species rich Nardus
grasslands
6230*
28.9
24.4
40.0
[31]
Hydrophilous tall herb fringe
communities
6430_1
12.5
25.0
37.5
communities
6430_3
8.7
30.4
39.1
communities
6430_4
18.2
27.3
45.5
communities
6430_5
22.2
33.3
55.6
communities
6430_6
21.1
36.8
52.6
communities
6430_7
24.0
36.0
48.0
Lowland hay meadows
6510
25.0
8.3
29.2
6520
19.6
19.6
31.4
Active raised bogs
7110_1
31.3
31.3
43.8
Active raised bogs
7110_2
9.5
9.5
14.3
Transition mires and quaking
bogs
7140_1
5.3
5.3
5.3
bogs
7140_2
20.0
40.0
40.0
bogs
7140_3
5.6
44.4
47.2
Alkaline fens
7230_1
0.0
50.0
50.0
Alkaline fens
7230_3
9.1
36.4
45.5
Alkaline fens
7230_4
7.7
7.7
15.4
Boog woodland
91D0*_1 12.5
43.8
56.3
Boog woodland
91D0*_2 26.7
26.7
53.3
[32]
Figure 18: Sensitivity map for the Natura 2000 site at Pokljuka plateau. Displayed is the aggregated
habitat sensitivity regarding the temperature scenario for the 19 habitats
[33]
Figure 19: Sensitivity map for the Natura 2000 site at Pokljuka plateau. Displayed is the aggregated
habitat sensitivity regarding the moisture scenario for the 19 habitats
[34]
4.2 Natural hazards and climate change
In the Alpine region the natural disturbances are constant. Climate changes are leading to more
frequent and more intensive disturbances in mountain forests.
SNOWBREAK
Reason for snowbreak is large amount of snowfall, especially if it is heavy, and also a big portion of
spruce forest on Pokljuka. Sleet occurs because of temperature inversion and because it rains while
the air temperature is below 0°C. It mostly injures coniferous, but it is also dangerous for deciduous
trees if the leaves are still on the tree. Snowbreaks cause economic and ecological damage to forest.
The best way to prevent it is to take care of young forest and to plant more deciduous trees which
are more resistent. (Jakša & Kolšek, 2010)
The worst accident happened in January 1961 when snowbrake affected 2.000 ha of forest and knock
down 130.000 m³ of trees. It was snowing for long period, snow was wet and then it froze. Big
snowbrakes also happened in 1988, 1991, 1997, 2007 and 2008. Heavy and wet snow is more
common in recent years and that is way mainly spruce trees are victims of this natural disaster.
Beech and fir tree are more suitable trees, because they have roots deeper in the soil. (PaplerLampe, 2009)
WINDTHROW
Wind is major abiotic factor which causes disturbances in the forest. Damage depends on wind
speed, surface, soil related to water, tree species etc. It is most frequent in autumn, after long period
of rainy weather. It is most dangerous for spruce, which has very shallow roots. Fatal for windbreaks
are too open ridges and peaks and also forest edges. Causes of injuries due to strong winds are also
roads and infrastructure which cut forest and create artificial forest edge. Best way to prevent it is to
create mixed forest stands. The edge of forest should be permeable. (Jakša & Kolšek, 2010) (PaplerLampe, 2009)
BARK BEETLE AND OTHER PESTS
Bark beetles cause huge damage in forest. According to scientific studies due to climate changes the
damage of bark beetles will increase. They like high temperatures, dry periods and pure and weak
spruce forest. To reduce the abundance of bark beetle it is necessary to grow deciduous trees and to
clean injured trees as soon as possible. The best way to prevent trees from disease is to grow mixed
stands of forest. (Ogris, 2010)
RED ROTTENNESS/Heterobasidion parviporum
Red rottenness is among the most prevalent diseases, especially in spruce forests. The main causes
of infections are basidiospores that infect freshly harvested stumps, roots and trunks. They are
[35]
widespread around pastures and forest roads in spruce forest. To reduce it, it is important to pick
proper site, resistant tree species and to enter protective fungicides and antagonistic fungi. (Munda,
1997)
DRYING OF BRANCHES
It appears in winter time when on Pokljuka the air is dry, temperatures are low and the weather is
windy, which is why spruce trees lose a lot of water, but due to frozen soil they are not able to pump
it. It can also appear on young fir trees, due to sleet. (Jurc, 1997)
RED AND BROWN STRIPE
This disease of black pine is caused by fungi, the consequence is drying of pine needles. The fungi
releases toxins into the tissues of needles and destroy the tissue. It is most common on lighted
needles, especially near peat bogs Močila-Veliko Blejsko barje. (Jurc, 1997)
[36]
5. Existing and expected pressures on habitats and climate change adapted
management
5.1.
Identification and evaluation of existing and expected problems and management
measures for habitat types with consideration climate change impacts
Table 8:
measures for habitat types with consideration climate change impacts
(Source: Graf et al.., 2010, sec..: Blankenburg in sod., 2009; Spittlehouse in Stewart, 2003; Sykes & Prentice,
1996; Kutnar et al., 2009; Hakkarainen, 2003, sec..: Angelstam 1992; Kurki and Linde´n 1995; Kurki et al., 2000;
Lehikoinen, 2011; Korpimäki, 1986; Petras Sackl et al., 2012; Pechacek, 2006, sec..: Bairlein, 1996; Fayt, 2006;
Bradley et al., 1999; Michler, 2007; Bruelheide, 2003; Albert, 2009; Hušek & Adamik, 2008; Tryjanowski et al.,
2004; Lislevand, 2012; Spittlehouse & Stewart, 2003; Hakkarainen, unpubl.; Hakkarainen, 1996, sec..: Bye et
al., 1992; Verner, 1994; sec..: Suring, 1993; Koopman, 2007, sec.: Hayward 1997; Angelstam, 2004, sec..:
Amcoff and Eriksson, 1996; Angelstam, 2004, sec.: Bütler et al., 2004; Angelstam, 2004, sec.: Angelstam and
Breuss, neobjav.)
HABITAT TYPE
PEAT BOGS
PHYSISCODE /
NATURA
2000-CODE
51.11,
51.12;
54.53; 54.2,
54.231,
54.2-S1,
54.2-S2
7110*,
7230, 7140
EXPECTED PRESSURES DUE TO
MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE
CHANGE
ADAPTED MANAGEMENT
MEASURES
* changes in climate could affect
the hydrological conditions of
peatland ecosystems and their
surroundings - the decrease in
precipitation could lead to lower
water table, and consequently to
increased successional processes
* monitoring the vegetation and
other bioindicators of peatland
ecosystems together with
climatic and edaphic parameters
* lower water table under critical
level in the summer months
influences on slower peat
generation
* to put peatbog ecosystems
from the buffer protection zone
into the core protection zone of
the Park-management
* additional protection of peat
bogs as closed areas, where all
activities (with the exeption of
monitorings) are prohibited - in
* warmer and drier climate with
order to ensure better
higher rates of evapotranspiration
adaptation in chanching
could accelerate the decomposition environment, with reduce
of organic matter
additional stresses
[37]
* amount of nutrients in bog
ecosystems could increase as a
consequence of higher
temperatures and lower amount of
precipitation, and consequently,
higher levels of CO2 and other
greenhouse gases will be released
into the atmosphere
* to maintenance natural
processes in peat bog ecosystems
* to reduce salting in the
influencing area of peat bogs;
speed limitations in the vicinity of
* tree and shrub cover in bogs could peat bogs;
increase as the result of lower
controlled pasturing in the bog
water tables
vicinity
* anthropogenic pressures:
privatisation;
traffic – salting, water discharge
from public roads;
uncontrolled grazing;
paths in bogs;
forestry in direct proximity of peat
bogs
BOG
WOODLAND
WITH Picea
abies;
ANTHROPOGENE
AND EDAPHIC
SPRUCE FORESTS
44.A411;
42.212;
42.254;
42.26
91D0*
* lower growth rate due to
increased temperatures and drier
summers
* sustainable forest management
* increased frequency of
disturbances - fires, insects
invasion, and consequently
decreased regeneration and greater
competition with invasive alien
* link the net of corridors in
species
dynamic forest ecosystem
* specially in spruce forests, which
are subject to greater risk of
disturbances, the earlier changes in
compositions, with prevailing
beech, are expected
[38]
* all peat bog forest ecosystems
should be excluded from forest
management
* in long-term period, the exchange
of spruce to beech forests are
expected; spruce forests, which
require colder conditions with
greater humidity, could locally
disappear
* to maintenance natural
processes (including windbreaks
and bark beetles outbreaks) in
forests, which are part of natural
and forest reservats and ecocells
privatisation;
traffic – salting, water discharge
from public roads;
forestry in direct proximity of peat
bogs
* planting the autochthonous
local species in the potential
habitats of invasive alohotne
species (forest openings)
* to reduce salting in the
influencing area of peat bogs;
speed limitations in the vicinity
of peat bogs; to prohibit forest
operations near peat bogs
ALPINE
PASTURES and
MEADOWS
35.11;
38.31; 38.2,
38.223-S1
6230*,
6520, 6510
* climate changes could affect the
changes in phenology of plant and
animal species
* long-term surveys of
phenological patterns of
indicator plant and animal
species in altitudinal gradient,
together with climatic
parameters
* greater stress by species with low
potential for adaptation in
changeable phenological processes
is expected
* monitoring of biotic
interactions (between different
plant species, plant species and
herbivores …), together with
climatic and edaphic parameters
* the increase of generalists in the
place of mountain specialists is
expected, what could lead to
uniformity
* appropriate grassland
management without or with
moderate fertilisation; mowing:
1-2x/l., moderate grazing
intensive agriculture (intensive
pasturing, too frequent mowing,
fertilisation)
[39]
5.2.
measures for indicator species with consideration climate change impacts
Table 9:
measures for indicator species with consideration climate change impacts
(Source: Graf et al.., 2010, sec..: Blankenburg in sod., 2009; Spittlehouse in Stewart, 2003; Sykes & Prentice,
1996; Kutnar et al., 2009; Hakkarainen, 2003, sec..: Angelstam 1992; Kurki and Linde´n 1995; Kurki et al., 2000;
Lehikoinen, 2011; Korpimäki, 1986; Pechacek, 2006, sec..: Bairlein, 1996; Fayt, 2006; Bradley et al., 1999;
Michler, 2007; Bruelheide, 2003; Albert, 2009; Hušek & Adamik, 2008; Tryjanowski et al., 2004; Lislevand,
2012; Spittlehouse & Stewart, 2003; Hakkarainen, unpubl.; Hakkarainen, 1996, sec..: Bye et al., 1992; Verner,
1994; sec..: Suring, 1993; Koopman, 2007, sec.: Hayward 1997; Angelstam, 2004, sec..: Amcoff and Eriksson,
1996; Angelstam, 2004, sec.: Bütler et al., 2004; Angelstam, 2004, sec.: Angelstam and Breuss, neobjav.)
INDICATOR SPECIES HABITAT TYPE
EXPECTED PRESSURES DUE TO
HABITAT LOSS AND CLIMATE ADAPTED MANAGEMENT
CHANGE
MEASURES
BOREAL OWL
(Aegoliu funereus)
and EURASIAN
PIGMY OWL
(Glaucidium
passerinum)
* alteration in forest structure
and composition (decrease in
mature and odl forests) and
fragmentation could decrease
the breeding holes and affect
interspecific interactions
(increase the competition of
generalists, e.g. Strix aluco)
* appropriate habitat
management for A. funereus
and G. passerinum: mature,
old forests with forestopenings (available food) and
dead trees (breeding holes)
* the reproductive success will
be most probably affected by
climate change, since the
brood size is strongly
determined by spring vole
abundance
* A. funereus: to ensure the
individual trees in forest
cleanings, high app. 2 m, which
will serve as hunting place for
the species
Bog woodland
with Picea abies;
anthropogene
and edaphic
spruce forests
* variations in snow cover
depth due to alteration in
participation regime will
influence on prey availability in
winter time
* extreme events in winter
time could influence on
abundance of small birds,
which are (one of) the main
prey for A. funereus and G.
passerinum in that time of the
year
[40]
* establishment the natural
and forest reserves and
ecocells
* A. funereus: the nature
reservats and ecocells, size at
least 2000 ha, should be
allocated in the whole area and
ca. 10 miles from the edges
* maintaining the appropriate
corridors
* distribution and population
monitoring of A. funereus and
G. passerinu in the forests
with different stadiums of
fragmentation and in gradient
from natural to different
managed forests
* monitoring of the main prey
of the species (small
mammals), together with
temperature and participation
parameters
* installation of nesting-boxes
where the woodpecker's
(Dryocopus martius, Picoides
tridactylus) holes are absent
EURASIAN TREETOED
WOODPECKER
(Picoides
tridactylus)
Bog woodland
with Picea abies;
anthropogene
and edaphic
spruce forests
* as the climate is one of the
key factors, influencing the
beginning of breeding and the
breeding size of tee-toed
woodpecker, the changes in
climate are expected to affect
these phenological and
reproductive parameters of the
species
* to provide appropriate
habitat - mature, old forests
with dead trees (opportunity
for breeding place and for
food), size of 100-400 ha
* a threshold for the
* in the case of early warmings, occurrence of breeding threethe earlier breeding is
toed woodpeckers of an
expected - in the case that
average volume of spruce
breeding period will coincide
snags amounting to 10–15 m3
with the bark beetles outbreak ha–1 over a 1-km2 area
* in the case of disjunction in
beetles phenology and
woodpecker breeding time, the * at least 10 % of forests in
population of tree-toed
mountain areas should be
woodpecker will decrease
older than 120 years
[41]
* the extreme weather
conditions, connected with
climate change, have through
windbreaks and fires greater
influence on habitat dynamics
of three-toed woodpecker
* absence of renovation after
bark beetles outbreak in the
areas, where the tree-toed
woodpecker occurs
* the greater frequency of
extreme events, connected
with climate change, could
cause the greater frequency of
bark beetles outbreaks
* establishment the forests
and nature reserves and
ecocells with greater
concentration of thicker dead
trees
* prevention of habitat
fragmentation and
establishment appropriate
corridor net
* monitoring the distribution,
population density and
dynamics of tree-toed
woodpecker population along the gradient from
natural forests to different
intensively managed forests
* monitoring the main prey of
tree-toed woodpecker
(Scolytidae) with climatic
factors
Arnica montana
Alpine pastures
and meadows
* intensive grazing, fertilisation
and land abandonment could
cause the disappearance of
Arnica montana - by moderate
fertilisation it could already
disappear in 3 years
* to manage the appropriate
habitat for maintaining viable
populations of Arnica
montana
* in fragmented and isolated
populations, like are the
populations of Arnica
montana, the lower genetic
variability leads to lower level
of adaptation to environmental * extensive pasture and
changes
abandonment of fertilization
[42]
* indirect influence of changes
in climate: the increase
competition for the light (due
to aboveground biomass
increase)
* long-term surveys on
distribution and population
dynamics of Arnica montana,
with climatic and edaphic
parameters and
ecological/biotic interactions
* changes in temperature
could affect the changes in
ratios of secondary
metabolites (phenols) - the
increase of kaempferol by
decrease of kvercentin with
increasing temperatures
* monitoring the influence of
different type of grassland
management and different
level of management intensity
in the meadows with Arnica
montana
* monitoring the influence of
picking up the Arnica montana
for commercial use
RED-BACKET
SHRIKE (Lanius
collurio)
Alpine pastures
and meadows
* the intensive land use
(removal of hedges, use of
pesticides, early and frequent
mowing) affect the breeding
and feeding habitats of redbacke shrike
* to maintenance appropriate
habitat for red-backet shrike
* changes in temperatures and
precipitation regime could
affect the migration, the
beginning of breeding time and
breeding success
* mosaic landscape with
hedges, exstensive meadows,
forest stands and orchards;
lower or without use of
pesticides
* the earlier arrival of redbacket shrike because of
changes in climate was
observed
* to maintenance the link of
corridors in the vertical
gradients
* greater frequency of
catastrophes with longer rainperiod in summer time could
drastically affect breeding
success (unavailability of food)
* monitoring the distribution,
density and population trends
of red-backet shrike in
different management
gradients
* greater temperatures in May
could influence on increased
breeding success; on the
contrary, greater amount of
precipitations could cause
lower breeding success
* monitoring the key prey of
red-backet shrike (large
insects, small mammals) with
temperature and precipitation
parameters
[43]
* changes in temperatures and
food availability could affect
the changes in egg-size
5.3.
Identification and evaluation of existing and expected problems and conflicts and
management measures with consideration climate change impacts
Table 10: Identification and evaluation of existing and expected problems and conflicts and
management measures with consideration climate change impacts
ACTIVITIES
AGRICULTURE
(grazing,
mowing, dairy
products)
LOCATION
* Goreljek
* Grajska
planina
* Mrzli
Studenec
[44]
IDENTIFIED AND
EXPECTED
PRESSURES
MANAGEMENT
MEASURES
CLIMATE CHANGE
ADAPTED MANAGEMENT
MEASURES
* drought (changed
rainfall regime): choosing
more adaptable animal
species (indigenous
* impacts on water:
breeds); construction of
the possibility of
water reservoirs for
* providing scattered
groundwater
cattle; adjusting number
and active grazing on a
pollution (manure
of cattle to natural
large area
and whey)
conditions
* higher temperatures
during the grazing season:
allow animals retreat in a
natural shelter (dense
trees), building of suitable
* use of technologies
shelters, livestock
that cause less damage protection against
* impacts on soil:
when mowing, suitable disease-intensive attacks
erosion, trampling
load of pasture land
by parasites, higher
connected with
and an appropriate
probability of bacterial
grazing
choice of species
infections of animals
* extreme weather
events: building of
shelters for animals with a
system for the storage of
* impacts on
manure and slurry
vegetation:
* prolonged grazing
browsing, damage of
season: time adjustment
young stands,
* fencing of pasture
of grazing according to
invasive plant
land or active grazing natural conditions
species
with shepherd
(probably earlier arrival to
the mountains and later
departure)
* supervision over
grazing
FORESTRY
(logging,
transporting
timber,
craftwork)
Whole area
* the specification and
adoption of acceptable
grazing orders for the
pastures
* production of
different
dairy products on
pastures
(butter, cheese…)
* noise
* time limits (hours,
months) for logging
and transporting
timber – according to
soil humidity
* impacts on the soil: * control, better
construction of
planning of contructing
timber sledge trails timber sledge trails,
(erosion , soil
detours away from the
compaction)
areas of peatbogs
* postponed mowing in
combination with using
minimal amount of
fertilizers
* drought, high
temperature: due to
increased fire danger
establishing appropriate
fire lanes
* windbreaks:
establishment of stable
mixed stands with
appropriate percentage of
deciduous forest, edge
permeability leak
* impacts on
* definition and using * forest certification,
vegetation: damage of less harmful logging appropriate use of
of vegetation
technologies for
biomass for heating
nature, spatial
definition of allowed
areas for mechanized
logging
* impacts on water: * promotion of
* prevention against bark
disposal of tree
sustainable
beetle: mixed forest;
residues on
certification and
control in forest, control
peatbogs, cutting
responsible forest
over forest management,
down trees from the management in
burning populated
edge to the peatbogs relation to the
hunting bunches, when
promotion of the use using mechanized logging
of wood and products it is necessarily to throw
of wood
branches under the
wheels; monitoring of
development and number
[45]
of bark beetles; improving
of living conditions for
forest birds, which are
one of the natural
enemies of bark beetles
RECREATION
AND TOURISM
(hiking,
trekking,
picking up
forest fruits,
mountain
biking, horse
riding, cross
country skiing,
sledding,
skiing, events)
* noise
*snowbreak and sleet:
intensive care of young
forest, mixed forest
* directing visitors to
the marked paths,
restoration of
shortcuts
* increased danger of
natural hazards:
appropriate spatial
planning
* increased number of
visitors due to lower
temperatures in
comparison to lower
altitudes: limitation and
control over number of
visitors
Goreljek, Mrzli
studenec,
hiking trails
* impact on soil:
walking, cycling and
horse riding outside
paths, trampling,
erosion, creating
new paths
* wastes
[46]
* definition of minimal
proportion of biomass
which should stay in
forest after logging
and transporting the
wood
* effective supervision
* lack of snow / short
period with snow cover:
all year-round tourism; to
snow cover independent
activities in winter time
(wellness); help with
artificial snowmaking
without chemicals
URBANISATION
(settlements,
infrastructure) Goreljek
* impact on
vegetation:
Uncontrolled picking
up
of forest fruits,
destruction
of unknown
mushrooms
* impacts on
animals: frightening
of animals
* impact on water:
pollution of
groundwater with
sewage
* noise
* waste
*promotion of nature
friendy sport activities like
running, cycling, cross
country skiing
definition of quiet
zones
without visitors
* treatment of waste
water
* detailed spatial plan
* prevent the illegal
conversion of
agricultural buildings
to holiday houses
* impact on air:
exhaust gases
TRAFFIC
(roads,
parking)
public, local,
forest roads
and parking
places
* use of renewable
energy sources (solar
cells)
* damage of soil and
vegetation
* noise
* regulation of parking * promotion of cycling
places
and walking- no
greenhouse emissions
* impact on air:
exhaust gases-air
pollution
* impact on soil:
wash of salt and
sand spreading from
the road in winter,
dust deposition,
* drought, water
shortages: promotion of
technologies for water
saving
* increase the efficiency
of existing infrastructure;
* promotion of efficient
energy consumption of
buildings (kilowatt-hours
mean release of carbon
dioxide, nitrogen oxide,
and thus contributes to
air pollution and
environmental change)
* establishment of
traffic free forest roads
to preserve quiet
zones
* speed limits
* efficient public
transport on alternative
energy sources
* development of tourist
products based on
sustainable mobility
[47]
washing of oil in
parking areas,
parking outside
marked locations,
erosion on forest
roads
[48]
* impacts on
animals: car
accidents with
animals, scaring,
habitat
fragmentation
* marking of cycling
paths
* restriction in number of
vehicles in peak season
* impact on water:
leaching of oil, salt,
solvents, tires and
brakes pieces
* study of the impacts * supervision
of existing drainage
system from the public
roads on habitats of
peatbogs;
adaptation of winter
road maintenance in
the influence areas of
peatbogs to ensure
proper chemical and
ecological status
Figure 20:
Quiet zones on sampling area Pokljuka
(Source: TNP, 2013)
[49]
Figure 21: Map of conflict areas on sampling area
(Source: TNP, 2013)
The map presents the areas where conflicts between different human activities (traffic, recreation,
settlements…) and environment protection (Natura 2000 HT) appear.
[50]
6. Management objectives and monitoring
Monitoring is an essential part of any management plan by which the effects of particular
management strategies on the ecosystem and the populations of animals and plants could be
evaluated. The following issue presents a monitoring concept for bioindicators. For particular
ecosystem in high platou Pokljuka, some species or vegetation sampling, together with abiotic
parameters and human impacts, were chosen as indicators for monitoring programs. Bioindicators
for monitoring were chosen according to predicted changes of human and economic pressures
(changes in management) on particular ecosystems, and predictions of the effects of climate
changes. The selected species which should be thoroughly monitored (1) due to increasing pressures
following to changing forest management, include: (1) Boreal Owl (Aegolius funereus), Eurasian
Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium passerinum), Three–toed Woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) – spruce
forests; (2) due to habitat loss following the intensification of agricultural practices: Red-backed
Shrike (Lanius collurio) – agriculture landscape, montane pastures; and (3) because of direct takings
for medicinal uses: Arnica montana – montane pastures and meadows. All listed species respond
also to climate change impacts.
The monitoring program for each ecosystem (habitat type) or species was designed according to the
following concept: (1) Ecological characteristics of the ecosystem / Ecology and biology of the
species. (2) Conservation status of habitat types (species). (3) The influence of climatic factors and
climate change on habitats and species. (4) Management goals for habitat types and species. (5)
The objective of the monitoring of habitats and species. (6) Sampling unites and monitored
parameters. (7) Sampling design. (8) Monitoring location. (9) Equipment and formulars. (10)
Statistical approach. (11) Time schedule, staff, institution and finance. (12) Proposal for scientific
research in the frame of monitoring. (13) References.
While annual counts are desirable, for most species surveys every 2nd or 3rd year should be
acceptable. Surveys of owls should be performed at least every second year, because population
numbers fluctuate heavily according to rodent abundances. For all new or unusual plants and
animals which may be found accidentally in TNP a photo-documentation of the concerned
individuals, of the tracks and habitat is recommended.
[51]
7. Stakeholder involvement
The communication strategy should ensure the broadest possible participation of stakeholders and
the public for planning and implementation of climate change mitigation and adaptation. Climate
change should be seen as a development opportunity, emphasize understanding of the mechanisms
of climate change and encouraged to actively participate in the formulation of measures. We should
ensure access to high-speed and high-quality information about climate change and its effects in
relation
to
different
aspects
of
sustainable
development.
(http://www.stritih.com/images/Strategija_prehoda_v_NOD_2_osnutek_1_.pdf)
7.1.
Methods of stakeholder involvement
In our CAMP process different forms of stakeholder involvement were used: information,
consultation, collaboration. Information and consultation were used for the whole range of
stakeholders during the whole timeline, while collaboration is restricted to the most relevant
stakeholders- rangers, government, nature protection administration scientists.
Methods of public participation for different level of intensity of participation:
Information: leaflet about peatbogs on Pokljuka; newspaper articles about HC events; exhibition in
information centre in Trenta; science days for school groups
Consultation: public meetings/workshop about SWOT analyses and aims and goals of management
plan with people from local communities, tourist organisation, agricultural advisory service; public
meetings/workshop about SWOT analyses and aims and goals of management plan with local
people;
Collaboration: small group meeting-rangers workshop
7.2.
Assignment of involved stakeholder groups
Results from meetings with stakeholders, discussions and negotiations, responsibility for
implementation of management strategies and measures
We are preparing a new flyer about peat bogs in Pokljuka, with data about physical and social
characteristics of the sampling area and affects of climate change on it´s sensitive habitats. The goal
of this strategy is awareness rising among visitors and inhabitants.
It is also necessary to focus more attention on children and adolescents. TNP already organizes
science days on Pokljuka for schools, they visit nature trails and get information about peat bogs and
other sensitive habitats. The goal of this strategy is awareness rising among children and pupils,
students.
[52]
As part of preparing management plan for TNP, workshops for local communities had been
organized. The stakeholders were participating in SWOT analysis. The aim of the SWOT analysis was
to get a clear picture about the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and treats related to the
management of the protected area. People see an advantage in unspoiled nature, rich water
resources, preserved cultural heritage. Weaknesses are inadequate spatial planning, unregulated
municipal infrastructure, poor traffic regulations, poor relationship between permanent and
temporary residents. They see opportunities in sustainable transport, where local people could get a
job, in conservation and marketing of intangible cultural heritage and traditional knowledge,
economic activities should be focus in environmental technologies. The danger presents mass
tourism, one day visitors, environmental threats as a result of human activities, inadequate transport
policy. The second part of the workshops was about aims and actions of management plan.
Stakeholders insist that local people should play the major role and should be involved when
decisions are made. The goal was discussion of project outcomes.
At workshop called »Climate changes and management« was discussed about development of
climate in future and its impact on natural ecosystems, about phenology trends as indicator of
temperature changes, about impact of climate changes on ski centres in TNP and appearance of ice
on Bohinj lake, about monitoring of non-autochthonous plant species in TNP and about guidelines for
applying protected areas management categories. The goal was data exchange and awareness rising.
7.3.
Time-frame and concept of stakeholder involvement during CAMP implementation
outlook on future cooperation and integration of stakeholders
Till the end of the project: meeting with Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for Nature Conservation
Till the end of the project- opening of exhibition in TNP information centre in Trenta
Integration the local people in certain acctivities
In some monitoring activities, like are: (1) bird migration monitoring: arrival date and departure date;
(2) monitoring the sprouting and flowering of first spring plant species (for example: Crocus vernus,
Corulus avellana, Fagus sylvatica); (3) the date of first mowing, the local people could be included.
[53]
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HABIT-CHANGE CAMP – Triglavski narodni park – sampling area

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