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2003 Annual Report
CIPS 2003 Annual Report Annual Report 2003 Center for Integrated Plasma Studies 1 2003 Annual Report Cover: This image shows Perspective view of potential well for ions moving in a model Field-Reversed Configuration. Source image provided by Jim Howard, modified by Genevieve Taylor. 2 2003 Annual Report Table of Contents About CIPS.......................................................................................... 4 Directions and Contact Information ................................................. 5 Mission Statement .............................................................................. 7 General Outline of Research ............................................................. 8 Note from the Director ....................................................................... 9 CIPS 10th Anniversary Retreat ....................................................... 10 Personnel ........................................................................................... 11 Research Grants ................................................................................ 13 Seminar Series ................................................................................... 16 Professional Interests ....................................................................... 18 Presentations ..................................................................................... 28 Current Research Programs ............................................................ 32 Dan Barnes ......................................................................................................................... 32 John R. Cary ....................................................................................................................... 33 Isidoros Doxas ..................................................................................................................... 35 Kathy Garvin-Doxas ........................................................................................................... 37 Martin Goldman, David L. Newman .................................................................................. 39 James Howard ..................................................................................................................... 42 Marie Jensen ........................................................................................................................ 47 Alan Kiplinger .................................................................................................................... 47 James Meiss ......................................................................................................................... 52 Scott Parker ......................................................................................................................... 53 Scott Robertson, Zoltan Sternovsky .................................................................................... 55 Extra Activities ................................................................................. 58 Credits ............................................................................................... 62 3 2003 Annual Report About CIPS The Center for Integrated Plasma Studies (CIPS) is a research center at University of Colorado at Boulder, CO. Situated in the Duane Physics Complex (see maps and photos on pp. 5-6), its main office is on the 8th floor of the Gamow Tower. The center first came into being in 1993, in order to consolidate plasma research on campus and in the Boulder scientific community at large. Since the first days of its existence it has hosted scholars from all over the world. In 2003, its 10th year, CIPS was home to 10 Fellows, 14 Members, 19 Scientist Associates, 23 graduate and undergraduate students, as well as other staff, which altogether made 43 regular and temporary employees CIPS’s scholars constitute a number of research groups, each responsible for its own projects. Our scholars make use of a number of highly specialised laboratories across the Physics Department. CIPS is funded by research grants received from NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), NSF (National Science Foundation), DOE (Department of Energy), and other agencies. 4 2003 Annual Report Directions and Contact Information CIPS is located on Colorado Avenue, in the middle of the main campus of the University of Colorado at Boulder, CO. The closest parking lot is on Euclid Avenue (numbered 15 on the map on p. 6) and comprises a short-term, pay parking garage. Our mailing address is: Center for Integrated Plasma Studies 390 UCB Boulder, CO 80309-0390 USA Email us at: [email protected] Or phone or fax us at: tel. (303) 492 8760 fax. (303) 492 0642 The Duane Physics Complex building (view from NW). Carolyn James, Administrative Officer. Scott Knappmiller, a student researcher, in the plasma laboratory. 5 2003 Annual Report 1 2 Gamow Tower (F7) Duane Physics Laboratories (F7-8) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Benson Earth Sciences (F9) Coors Events Center (H-I12) Engineering Center (F-G10) Environmental Design (G6) Fleming Law (J-K10) Folsom Field (D-E8) Imig Music (G-H7) JILA (F-G7) LASP (F7) 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Mathematics Building (F9-10) Muenzinger Psychology (E6) Norlin Library (E5-6) Parking Lot (G6) Power House (F6) Regent Administrative Center (I8) Student Recreation Center (D6-7) Telecommunications Building (G6) University Club (H5-6) University Memorial Center (G5) 6 2003 Annual Report Mission Statement The mission of the Center for Integrated Plasma Studies is to foster plasma and beam related science and research. In particular, CIPS provides a home for interdisciplinary plasma related activities. This includes coordination of high-performance scientific and networking capability. The Center for Integrated Plasma Studies has the additional mission of scientific outreach, including making plasma physics, general physics and astrophysics highly accessible to the general public. 7 2003 Annual Report General Outline of Research The focus of research carried out at CIPS is the study of plasma, hot ionized gas, such as found in the stars, in space, and in lightning storms. It is used for applications as diverse as fluorescent lighting and microchip fabrication. Plasma physics has broadened considerably from its original domain. It includes not only the study of ionized gases, but also the study of strongly coupled systems, nonneutral plasmas, dusty plasmas, and charged particle beams. Plasma research has long been applied to space, astrophysical, and fusion plasmas, but in addition is now applied to semiconductor processing, intense particle beams, and high-definition video display. Plasma physics is important in both naturally occurring systems as well as in the laboratory. Because of the broad scope of plasma physics, members have links to many other units at University of Colorado. These units include the Departments of Physics, Astrophysical and Planetary Science, Applied Mathematics, Mechanical Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, and Electrical Engineering. Other institutes, such as the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) and JILA, are represented as well. In addition, CIPS reaches outside the University with affiliates from government labs, such at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the High Altitude Observatory of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), and the Space Environment Labs of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and from several local research companies, such as Lodestar Corporation, Tech-X Corporation and Science Applications International Corporation. The Center for Integrated Plasma Studies supports communication and exchange of ideas in plasma physics. It does so through its seminar series, which covers all aspects of plasma physics. In addition, CIPS provides research opportunities for students and all others interested in this field. 8 2003 Annual Report Note from the Director This past year was our 10th year of existence and we celebrated with a retreat, a barbecue, and an overnight stay at the University’s Mountain Research Station. We thank Alan Kiplinger and Carolyn James for the arrangements that made the retreat go smoothly. Many of us had our first chance to use the observatory that Alan assembled at the Research Station for his research on coronal mass ejections. The clear dark skies provided excellent views of Mars icy polar cap, the Ring Nebula and a number of star clusters in the Milky Way. The highest point of the year, however, was our beginning a search for a new faculty member in experimental plasma physics. The retirement of Prof. Raul Stern had reduced the breadth of our experimental program. We appreciate the strong support from the College of Arts and Sciences and from the Physics Department that made the search possible, and look forward to interacting with a new experimentalist next year. Scott Robertson 9 2003 Annual Report CIPS 10th Anniversary Retreat CIPS members, friends, and their families celebrated the 10 th Anniversary of the Center on August 26, 2003, star gazing at the University of Colorado Alpine Observatory at the Mountain Research Center. This star party coincided with the closest approach of Mars in 60,000 years. There was a new moon, so we also observed for Uranus, Neptune, star clusters, galaxies, nebulae, iridum flares, and other satellites and meteors. Captured image of Mars as viewed from the Mountain Research Station. Marty Goldman, Steve Seibold (MRS), and Alan Kiplinger pose for a shot. CIPS members conversing on the lodge deck. 10 2003 Annual Report Personnel Director: Scott Robertson Associate Director: Scott Parker CIPS Fellows John R. Cary, Professor Isidoros Doxas, Senior Research Associate Martin V. Goldman, Professor Alan Kiplinger, Senior Research Associate James D. Meiss, Professor David L. Newman, Senior Research Associate Scott E. Parker, Associate Professor Scott H. Robertson, Professor Theodore Speiser, Professor Emeritus Raul A. Stern, Professor Emeritus CIPS Members Daniel Barnes, Senior Research Associate Yang Chen, Research Associate Kathy Garvin-Doxas, Research Associate Rodolfo E. Giacone, Research Associate Amanda A. S. Gulbis, Research Associate James E. Howard, Research Associate Marie J. Jensen, Research Associate Chet P. Nieter, Research Associate Zoltan Sternovsky, Research Associate CIPS Research Support Staff Carolyn M. James, Professional Research Assistant 11 2003 Annual Report Graduate Students Brent Goode Samuel Jones Charlson Kim Jinhyung Lee Jim Peoble Viktor Przebinda Jonathan Regele Naresh Sen Kiran Sonnad Ireneusz Szczesniak Srinath Vadlamani Weigang Wan Undergraduate Students Marina Bondarenko Russell Harding Amanda Heaton Scott Knappmiller Jason Kohut Arthur Michalak Candace Nichols Christopher Omland Kelsi Singer Amber Westcott Patrick Wheeler Volunteer Arlena Szczesniak, volunteer Members from other Institutes Frances Bagenal, Professor of APS Daniel Baker, Professor, Director of LASP Timothy Fuller-Rowell, Senior Research Associate with CIRES Alan Gallagher, JILA Mihály Horányi, Associate Professor of Physics/LASP CIPS Scientist Associates HAO/NCAR: Paul Charbonneau, Tom Holzer, Art Hundhausen, BC Low, Gang Lu, Art Richmond and Ray Roble. Lodestar Corporation: Dick Aamodt, Dan D’lppolito, and Jim Myra Space Science Inst: Paul Dusenbery SEC/NOAA: Ernie Hildner, Terry Onsager, Vic Pizzo, Howard Singer and Ron Zwickel NIST: John Bollinger Tech-X Corporation:: Svetlana Shasharina, David Bruhwiler and Peter Stoltz University of Northern Colorado, Greeley: Robert Walch 12 2003 Annual Report Research Grants active during calendar year 2003 Agency Funding Period Primary Investigator; Amount Co-Investigators DOE 1994-2004 John R. Cary 982,000 DOE 1995-2004 John R. Cary 1,649,000 Chaotic Dynamics in Accelerator Physics DOE 1997-2003 Scott Robertson; Mihály Horányi 1,005,000 Fundamentals of Dusty Plasma DOE 2000-2003 Scott Parker 290,000 Electromagnetic Gyrokinetic Turbulence Simulations DOE 2002-2005 Martin Goldman; David L. Newman, Robert Ergun* 171,879 Origins of Nonlinear Wave Structures and Particle Heating in Current Driven Plasmas DOE 2002-2005 Scott Parker 755,000 Plasma Microturbulence Project Ronald Cole; Lecia Barker, Lynn Snyder, Barbara Wise, Scott Schwartz (Kathy Garvin-Doxas) 888,189 IERI: Scaling Up Reading Tutors HHS 2002-2005 NICHHD Title Transport in Toroidal Confinement Configurations and Advanced Computational Methods for Fusion Applications (Neoclassical Transport of Energetic Particles in Asymmetric Toroidal Plasma) NASA 2000-2004 Martin Goldman; David L. Newman, Scott Parker 259,115 Simulation and Theoretical Modeling of Observations of Bipolar Structure and Low Frequency Waves in the Auroral Ionosphere NASA 2001-2004 Alan Kiplinger 255,228 Hard X-Ray Spectroscopic Microwave and H-Alpha Linear Polarization Studies with Hard XRay Observations From HESSI NASA 2002-2005 Robert Ergun; Yi-Jiun Su David L. Newman 220,373 Modeling of Parallel Electric Fields in the Aurora 13 2003 Annual Report Agency Funding Period Primary Investigator; Amount Co-Investigators NASA 2002-2005 Yi-Jiun Su; Scott Parker, Robert Ergun NASA 2002-2005 Joshua Colwell; Scott Robertson, Mihály Horányi 383,979 Dynamics of Charged Dust Near Surfaces in Space NASA 2003-2006 David Newman Martin Goldman 198,684 Kinetic Studies on Nonlinear Wave Structures and Transition Layersin the Auroral Ionosphere NASA 2003-2006 Scott Robertson, Mihaly Horanyi 209,858 Mesospheric Aerosol Paricle Spectrometer. NIST 2001-2005 Scott Robertson 211,493 Study of Laser-Cooled Ions in Penning Traps for Quantum Information Processing NSF 2000-2004 Robert Schnabel; Clayton Lewis, Diane Sieber, Elaine Seymour, Lecia Barker (Kathy Garvin-Doxas) 715,321 ITW: Attracting and Retaining Women in Information Technology Programs: A Comparative Study of Three Programmatic Approaches NSF 2003-2004 Robert Schnabel; Clayton Lewis, Diane Sieber, Elaine Seymour, Lecia Barker (Kathy Garvin-Doxas) 24,491 IT Workforce P.I. Conference: Supplement to Attracting and Retaining Women in Information Technology Programs: A Comparative Study of Three Programmatic Approaches NSF 2001-2005 John R. Cary; Isidoros Doxas 350,000 ITR/AP: Application of Modern Computing Methods of Plasma Simulation NSF 2001-2004 Isidoros Doxas 162,950 Using Space Weather and Magnetospheric Physics to Motivate the Electricity and Magnetism Standard Physics Curriculum for Non-Majors 97,001 Title CUSP Dynamics-Particle Acceleration by Alfven Waves 14 2003 Annual Report Agency Funding Period Primary Investigator; Amount Co-Investigators NSF 2002-2003 Isidoros Doxas NSF 2002-2005 David L. Newman; Martin Goldman, Robert Ergun 340,000 Influence of Double Layers and Electron Holes on Observed Phenomena in the Auroral Downward Current Region NSF 2002-2005 Lecia Barker; Kathy Garvin-Doxas 400,000 ITR: Research on Recruiting Middle School Minority and Majority Girls into a High School IT Magnet NSF 2002-2005 Robert Ergun; Martin Goldman, David L. Newman 270,000 GEM: Self-Consistent Characterization of Parallel Electric Fields in the Lower Magnetosphere NSF 2002-2005 James Howard 94,000 Nearly Axisymmetric Systems NSF 2003-2006 Walter Kintsch Isidoros Doxas 99,992 Scalable and Sustainable Technologies for Reading Instruction and Assessment University 2001-2005 of Texas, Austin Isidoros Doxas 104,604 8,345 Title SGER: Using Branch Prediction and Speculative Execution to Predict Space Weather with a Cluster of Inexpensive PCs Low-Dimensional Models for the Solar Wind Driven MagnetosphereIonosphere System * italicized names signify CIPS non-members 15 2003 Annual Report Seminar Series coordinated by Zoltan Sternovsky, David L. Newman Date Speaker Title January 24 Peter Stoltz, Tech-X Corporation Secondary electron emission related to heavy-ion fusion January 31 Christopher Watts, NM Tech Alfvén wave studies in a helicon plasma Februrary 7 Charlson C. Kim, CIPS Hybrid kinetic-MHD simulations in general geometry Februrary 28 Kiran Sonnad, CIPS Finding a near integrable Hamiltonian using Lie Transformation March 21 Alexey Burov, FNAL Circular modes and beam adapters April 4 Tom Crowley, NIST Fluctuation and electric potential measurements in the Madison symmetric torus April 11 Charlson C. Kim, CIPS Hybrid kinetic-MHD simulations in general geometry April 18 Yang Chen, CIPS Simulations of turbulence transport with kinetic electrons and electromagnetic effects April 25 Srinath Vadlamani, CIPS The “Continuum-particle method”: an algorithmic unification of Vlasov and particle-in-cell methods May 2 Yi-Jiun Su, LASP Electron accelerations by Alfvén Waves in the dayside Auroral region May 8 Viktor Przebinda, CIPS Implementing dynamic load balancing for VORPAL May 9 Marie Jensen, NIST Temperature measurements of lasercooled ions in a Penning Trap 16 2003 Annual Report Date Speaker Title August 4 Carl R. Sovinec, Univ. Wisconsin Analyzing pulsed poloidal current drive and single helicity in the reversed-field pitch September 5 David L. Newman, CIPS Hybrid Vlasov/fluid simulations of coherent phase-space structures: lowcost approaches to studying 2-D plasma dynamics September 12 Peter Stoltz, Tech-X Corp. Numerical modeling of electron emission from the walls of high-power waveguides September 19 Scott H. Robertson, CIPS Teaching plasma physics to undergraduates with Mathcad® October 17 Dan D’Ippolito, Lodestar Corp. Blob transport in the Tokamak scrapeoff-layer (SOL) October 24 Scott E. Parker, CIPS Gyrokinetic simulations of electromagnetic turbulence November 7 Robert Ergun, APS Auroral particle acceleration by strong double layers November 14 Fatima Ebrahimi, Univ. of Wisconsin Nonlinear magnetohydrodynamics of AC helicity injection November 21 Peter Messmer, Tech-X Corp. December 5 James E. Howard, CIPS Generation of teraHerz radiation by laser-solid interaction The Discrete Virial Theorem 17 2003 Annual Report Professional Interests John R. Cary Dan Barnes Dr. Barnes develops and applies advanced computational methods for the study of magnetically confined plasmas. He is especially interested in the coupling and interplay between fluid and particle methods, both by extending fluid methods to include kinetic effects, and by extending particle methods to the long time step and large spatial scale regime required for the study of macroscopic phenomena. He is currently a member of the NIMROD team which develops advanced fluid modeling codes and the VORPAL team which develops advanced electromagnetic particle codes. Dr. Barnes also has been and continues to be a principal in the Innovative Concepts program of the national fusion program. He contributes to the theory of fieldreversed configurations and also has a continuing interest in electrostatic confinement systems. My interests are concentrated in plasma physics, beam/ accelerator physics, nonlinear dynamics, and computational physics. My plasma physics interests include studies of space plasma physics as well as fusion plasma physics. My beam physics interests are in understanding collective instabilities, the nonlinear dynamics of two-degree-of-freedom symplectic maps, and the use of laser plasma interactions to generate large electric fields for particle acceleration. My computational interests are in massively parallel computing and in scientific Object Oriented Programming. Yang Chen My research is on the numerical modeling and prediction of turbulence and transport in toroidal fusion plasmas. In order for the fusion reaction to take place in a self sustained manner, the plasma must be heated and maintained at a certain level of density and temperature. However, instabilities tend to develop in such plasmas which either terminate the plasma or lead to saturated turbulence and enhances particle and energy transport. 18 2003 Annual Report Isidoros Doxas The main subject of my research is plasma turbulence in laboratory and space plasmas, especially as analyzed by the methods of nonlinear dynamics and large-scale particle simulations. I have worked on stochastic transport in fusion devices, and on the limits of quasilinear theory. For the past ten years I have participated in and directed research projects in magnetospheric physics. Rodolfo Giacone My research activities are in the area of plasma physics, with emphasis on laser plasma interactions as related to plasma based accelerators. I am also interested in the use of modern computing methods with applications to laserplasma physics. Our research in the area of plasma based accelerators was focused on laser wake field accelerator schemes. In particular, we studied some proposed all-optical injections schemes to inject electrons into a plasma wake field for acceleration. We performed numerical simulations using VORPAL, particle-in-cell code developed in our group. We showed the previous proposed all-optical injection schemes failed to produce single particle beams. We proposed an alternative scheme which generated a high quality, single particle beamlet. Kathy Garvin-Doxas My research focus is on education and technology particularly in the sciences. I evaluate a variety of new learning tools as they are being designed using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods (pre- and postsurveys, video-taped and direct observations and analysis individual and focus group interviews) to determine student learning gains, how well the learning tool works, and recommendations for improvements. This work has lead to my involvement with national efforts to employ evaluation as an agent for change in teaching and learning at the classroom, discipline, and institutional levels. I also work on gender issues related to science and technology, as well as effective collaboration in classrooms— particularly in science lab settings. 19 2003 Annual Report Martin Goldman I continue to develop nonlinear theoretical models to interpret measurements in Earth’s auroral ionosphere of localized unipolar fields (double layers), associated localized bipolar electric field structures and highly nonthermal particle distributions. This year I have developed a theory of associated shear-driven instabilities. Amanda Gulbis Since I received my degree in December of 2002, I spent the spring and summer of 2003 wrapping up my thesis work. We presented the work in one paper and at three different conferences, and have submitted an additional paper for publication. I conducted follow-up experiments on dust transport in plasma sheaths and created documentation for my work to allow continuation of the project with future students. James Howard My research interests lie mainly in applications of Hamiltonian dynamics to a wide variety of physical problems, including dust dynamics in planetary magnetospheres, asteroidal satellites,microwave ionization of Rydberg atoms, plasma confinement, and RF ion traps. In addition I collaborate with Applied Math faculty on dynamics problems, particularly Hamiltonian systems and symplectic maps. I also enjoy collaborations with colleagues in Vienna, Potsdam and Budapest on a variety of astrophysical problems. 20 2003 Annual Report Marie Jensen My recent work has been focused on measuring the temperature of laser-cooled ions in a Penning trap, primarily motivated by the possibility of creating manyparticle entangled states. Such states would have applications in the fields of both quantum information and frequency standards. A Penning trap is a device used to trap charged particles. The confinement is due to a combination of static electric and magnetic fields. Alan Kiplinger My research revolves around several areas of observing solar activity. In particular, solar activity that has direct effects on the Earth and its space environment. These phenomena include solar flares and their associated interplanetary particle events and coronal mass ejections. Efforts involve the use of solar hard and soft X-ray, microwave, optical and EUV data. James Meiss My research is in the area of dynamical systems, in particular the study of the onset and characterization of chaos. Current research has focused on the geometry of three and four dimensional dynamical systems. 21 2003 Annual Report Chet Nieter David L. Newman My primary research activities are in the field of nonlinear plasma physics, with emphasis on theoretical modeling and nonlinear simulation of wave and particle phenomena in a variety of near-Earth space plasma and laboratory environments. My research is in the area of radio frequency heating of fusion plasmas, in particular the numerical modeling of mode conversion and resonant absorption with the plasma physics code VORPAL. I have used VORPAL to model the generation and absorption of Electron-Berstein waves in magnetically confined, over-dense plasmas. Scott Parker My research areas include theory and simulation of plasma turbulence and transport, kinetic particle effects and kinetic closure of macroscopic magnetohydrodynamic fluid models, magnetosphere and auroral ionophere Alfven waves, and new numerical methods for kinetic plasma simulation. 22 2003 Annual Report Scott Robertson My research interests are in experimental plasma physics including the ionosphere and space, as well as the development of rocket-borne probes for ionospheric aerosols (NASA-funded). A second NASA grant (with Josh Colwell) supports laboratory studies of the electrostatic transport of lunar and martian dusts. A DOE grant (with Mihály Horányi) supports fundamental studies of dusts in plasmas. I also involve undergraduates in research on confinement of plasma in Penning traps and interact with a NIST group using Penning traps. In 2002, although I was officially on sabbatical leave, I continued to advise Engineering Physics students and to advise graduate students. Zoltan Sternovsky My research interest is currently in plasma probes, in the physics of dusty plasmas and in the electric properties of cosmic dust particles. I perform experiments in this area and I am also involved in the development of probe theories and dust charging in plasmas. I build experimental setups, develop instrumentations and perform numerical calculations. 23 2003 Annual Report Publications Celestial Mechanics J. E. Howard, A. V. Krivov, and F. Spahn, “Transverse Halo Orbits about Mars?” Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1680 (2003). J. E. Howard, C. Mitchell and M. Horányi, “Accuracy of Epicyclic Description of Dust Grain Orbits about Saturn,” J. Geophys. Res. 108, 1179 (2003). J. E. Howard, “The Role of Magnetic Tilt in Jovian Dust Dynamics,” 23rd Annual Meeting of the Division of Planetary Science, Monterey, CA, October 2003. Dusty plasmas M. Horányi, C. Mitchell, and J. E. Howard, “Epicyclic Description of Dust Grain Orbits about Saturn,” J. Geophys. Res. 108, 1179 (2003). M. Lampe, R. Goswami, Z. Sternovsky, S. Robertson, V. Gavrishchaka, G. Ganguli and G. Joyce, “Trapped ion effect on shielding, current flow and charging of a small object in a plasma,” Physics of Plasmas 10, 1500-1513 (2003). C. E. Krauss, M. Horányi and S. Robertson, “Experimental evidence for the electrostatic discharging of dust near the surface of Mars,” New Journal of Physics 5, 70.1-70.9, June 2003. S. Robertson, A. A. Sickafoose, J. Colwell, and M. Horanyi, “Dust grain charging and levitation in a weakly collisional DC sheath,” Physics of Plasmas 10, 3874-3880 (2003). Education M. Klymkowsky, K. Garvin-Doxas, and M. Zeilik, “Bioliteracy and Teaching Efficacy: What Biologists can Learn from Physicists,” Cell Biology Education, 2, 155-161 (2003). Ionospheric Physics B. Smiley, S. Robertson, M. Horányi, T. Blix, M. Rapp, R. Latteck and J. Gumbel, “Measurement of positively and negatively charged particles inside PMSEs during MIDAS/SOLSTICE 2001,” Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D8), pp. PMR 11-1 to PMR 11-10, 19 Feb. 2003. doi: 10.1029/2002JD002425. Laboratory Plasmas Z. Sternovsky, S. Robertson, and M. Lampe, “The contribution of charge exchange ions to Langmuir probe current,” Physics of Plasmas 10, 300-309 (2003). S. Robertson and Z. Sternovsky, “Monte Carlo model of ion mobility and diffusion for low and high electric fields,” Physical Review E 67, 046405 (2003). Z. Sternovsky, S. Robertson and M. Lampe, “Ion collection by cylindrical probes in weakly collisional plasmas: Theory and experiment,” J. Applied Physics 94(3), 1374-1381, August 2003. Laser Plasma B. Bezzerides, D. C. Barnes, et al., “Modeling stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in the trapping regime: Properties of a 3-wave, local space/time approach,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 48, 248 (2003). D. C. Barnes, “The bounce-kinetic model for nonlinear Langmuir waves BSRS in the trapping regime,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 48, 249 (2003). E. S. Dodd, D. C. Barnes, et al., “Quantitative comparison between reduced description PIC (RPIC) and full PIC simulations of laser-plasma instabilities,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 48, 250 (2003). 24 2003 Annual Report D. F. Dubois, D. C. Barnes, et al., “Scaling studies for NIF parameters using the RPIC code,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 48, 250 (2003).. Magnetic fusion H. Li, K. Nishimura, D. C. Barnes, S. P. Gary, and S. A. Colgate, “Magnetic dissipation in a force-free plasma with a sheet-pinch configuration,” Phys. Plasmas 10, 2763-2771 (2003).. D. C. Barnes, “Stability of a long field-reversed configuration: Complete two-fluid theory,” Phys. Plasmas 10, 1636-1642 (2003).. Z. Wang, S. C. Hsu, C. W. Barnes, D. C. Barnes, et al., “Study of angular momentum transport in the Los Alamos flowing magnetized plasma (FMP) experiment,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 48, 89 (2003).. Y. Chen, and S. E. Parker et. al., “Simulations of turbulence transport with kinetic electrons and electromagnetic effects from the Summit Framework,” Nucl. Fusion 43, 1121-1127 (2003).. S. T. Jones and S. E. Parker, “Including Electron Inertia Without Advancing Electron Flow.” J. Comput. Phys., 191, 322 (2003).. Y. Chen, S. E. Parker, B. I. Cohen, A. M. Dimits, W. M. Nevins, D. Shumaker, V. K. Decyk and J. N. Leboeuf, “Large-Scale Electromagnetic Turbulence Simulations with Kinetic Electrons.” J. Nuc. Fusion, 43, 1121 (2003).. Y. Chen and S. E. Parker, “A delta-f Particle Method for Gyrokinetic Simulations with Kinetic Electrons and Electromagnetic Perturbations.” J. Comput. Phys., 189, 463 (2003).. S. Vladlamani, S. E. Parker, Y. Chen and C. Kim, “The Particle-Continuum Method: An Algorithmic Unification of Particle-In-Cell and Vlasov Methods,” 18th International Conference on the Numerical Simulation of Plasmas, Cape Cod, MA, Sept. 7-10, 2003. C. C. Kim, S. E. Parker and C. Sovinec, “Hybrid Kinetic-MHD Simulations in General Geometry,” 18th International Conference on the Numerical Simulation of Plasmas, Cape Cod, MA, Sept. 7-10, 2003. Y. J. Su, S. T. Jones, R. E. Ergun, S. E. Parker, “Modeling of Electron Acceleration by Dispersive Alfven Waves in the Dayside Auroral Region,” Submitted to Journal of Geophysics Research – Space Physics Dec. 2003. S. E. Parker, Y. Chen, W. M. Nevins and B. I. Cohen “Electromagnetic Turbulence Simulations with Kinetic Electrons,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., 48, 84 (2003).. S. E. Parker, S. T. Jones and Y. Chen, “Gyrokinetic and Gyrofluid Modeling of Low-Frequency Phenomena in Well-Magnetized Space Plasmas,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, International Union of Radio Science, Columbus, OH, June 22-27, 2003. B. I. Cohen, A. M. Dimits, W. M. Nevins, Y. Chen and S. E. Parker, “Limitations on a Kinetic Electron Closure for Extended Hybrid Electromagnetic Simulation of Drift Waves,” International Sherwood Fusion Theory Meeting, Corpus Christi, TX, April 28-30, 2003. C. C. Kim, S. E. Parker and C. Sovinec, “Hybrid Kinetic-MHD Simulations in General Geometry,” International Sherwood Fusion Theory Meeting, Corpus Christi, TX, April 28-30, 2003. S. Parker, Y. Chen, W. Nevins and B. Cohen, “Characteristics and Features of Electromagnetic Microturbulence with Kinetic Electrons,” International Sherwood Fusion Theory Meeting, Corpus Christi, TX, April 28-30, 2003. W. Wan, Y. Chen and S. E. Parker, “Delta-f Simulations of Collisionless Tearing Modes,” International Sherwood Fusion Theory Meeting, Corpus Christi, TX, April 28-30, 2003. Y. Chen and S. Parker, “Simulations of Electromagnetic Microturbulence with Kinetic Electrons,” International Sherwood Fusion Theory Meeting, Corpus Christi, TX, April 28-30, 2003. Y. Chen and S. Parker, “Large-Box-Size Gyrokinetic Simulation of Turbulent Transport with Kinetic Electrons and Electromagnetic Perturbations,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., 48, 219 (2003). C. C. Kim, S. E. Parker and C. Sovinec, “Hybrid Kinetic-MHD Simulations in General Geometry,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., 48, 278 (2003). W. Wan, Y. Chen and S. E. Parker, “Delta-f Simulations of Collisionless Tearing Modes,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., 48, 156 (2003). 25 2003 Annual Report C. Nieter, J.R. Cary, R.W. Harvey, R. Dominguez, A.P. Smirnov, “Study of Electron-Berstein wave absorption using VORPAL”, in Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas - AIP Conference Proceedings 694 (Moran, WY 2003). Nonlinear dynamics and chaos R.D. Hazeltine and J.D. Meiss, Plasma Confinement, 2nd Edition (Dover Press, 2003), 480 pp. ISBN 0486432424. H.R. Dullin, and J. D. Meiss, “Twist Singularities for Symplectic Maps,” Chaos 13 1-16 (2003). A. Gomez and J.D. Meiss, “Reversible Polynomial Automorphisms in the Plane: the Involutory Case,” Physics Letters A, 312 49-58 (2003). H. E. Lomelí and J.D. Meiss, “Heteroclinic Orbits between Invariant Circles in Volume Preserving Mappings,” Nonlinearity 16, 1573-1595 (2003). Non-neutral plasma M. J. Jensen, T. Hasegawa and J. J. Bollinger, “Temperature Measurements of Laser-Cooled Ions in a Penning Trap” AIP Conference Proceedings 692, Non-Neutral Plasma Physics, eds. M. Shauer, T. Mitchell, and R. Nebel., 2003. Particle accelerators D. Bruhwiler, J Cary, E. Esarey, W. Leemans, R. Giacone, D. Dimitrov, “Particle-in-cell simulations of tunneling ionization effects in plasma-based accelerators”, Phys. Plasmas 10, 2022 (2003). J. R. Cary, R. Giacone, C. Nieter, D. Bruhwiler, E. Esarey, G. Fubiani, W. P. Leemans, “All Optical Beamlet Train Generation,” paper FOAB005, Proc. Particle Accelerator Conference (Portland, OR, 2003). D. Bruhwiler, J. R. Cary, D. Dimitrov, E. Esarey, W.P. Leemans, “Simulation of Ionization Effects for High-Density Positron Drivers in Future Plasma Wakefield Experiments,” paper FOAB012, Proc. Particle Accelerator Conference (Portland, OR, 2003). P. Stoltz, J. R. Cary, G. Penn, J. Wurtele, “A Boris-like Integration Scheme with Spatial Stepping,” paper RPAG058, Proc. Particle Accelerator Conference (Portland, OR, 2003). D. Bruhwiler, D. Abell, R. Busby, J. R. Cary, P. Messmer, I. Ben-Zvi, A. Burov, “Direct Simulation of Friction and Diffusion Coefficients for Ions Interacting with a Cold Electron Distribution,” paper RPAG045, Proc. Particle Accelerator Conference (Portland, OR, 2003). J. Lee, J. R. Cary, “Longitudinal Cooling of a Strongly Magnetized Plasma,” paper WPAE040, Proc. Particle Accelerator Conference (Portland, OR, 2003). C. Nieter, J. R. Cary, “VORPAL: A Computational Tool for the Study of Advanced Accelerator Concepts,” paper TPPG052, Proc. Particle Accelerator Conference (Portland, OR, 2003). V. Przebinda, J. R. Cary, C. Nieter, “Parallel Optimization through Dynamic Load Balancing,” paper TPPG053, Proc. Particle Accelerator Conference (Portland, OR, 2003). R. Giacone, J. Cary, C. Nieter, et al. “Generation of single pulse particle beams in a plasma channel by laser injection in Laser wake field accelerators”, Proc 2003 Particle accelerator Conference, TPPG039, 102 (2003). J. Faure, E. Esarey, G. Fubiani, C. Geddes, W. Leemans, C. Schroeder, B. Shadwick, C. Toth, J. van Tilborg, G. Dugan, J. Cary, R. Giacone, C. Nieter,”Laser triggered injection using colliding pulses”, Proc 2003 Particle Accelerator Conference, TPPG011, 97 (2003). E. Esarey, G. Fubiani, W. Leemans, C. Schroeder, B. Shadwick, J. Cary and R. Giacone,”Electron injection by colliding laser pulses”, Proc 2003 Particle accelerator conference, TPPG010,97 (2003). 26 2003 Annual Report Space Physics M. V. Goldman, D. L. Newman and R. E. Ergun, “Phase-space holes due to electron and ion beams accelerated by a current-driven potential ramp.” Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 10, 37-44, (2003). R. E. Ergun, L. Andersson, C. W. Carlson, D. L. Newman, M. V. Goldman. “Double layers in the downward current region of the aurora,” Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 10, 45-56, (2003). R. E. Ergun, C. W. Carlson, J. P. McFadden, R. J. Strangeway, M. V. Goldman, D. L. Newman, “Fast auroral snapshot satellite observations of very low frequency saucers.” Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 10, 454-462, (2003). Weigel, R. S., W. Horton, and I. Doxas, “Substorm classification with the WINDMI model,” Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 10, 363 (2003). 27 2003 Annual Report Presentations papers presented at professional conferences but not published and invited talks Celestial Mechanics J. Howard, “Asteroidal Satellites,” Institut fur Astronomie, Vienna, Jan 9, 2003, Eotvos University, Budapest, Jan 15, 2003, Astronomical Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Jan 20, 2003, Astronomical Institute, Bucharest, Jan 29, 2003. J. Howard, “Transverse Halo Orbits about Mars?,” Potsdam, Feb 13, 2003. J. Howard, “Dust Dynamics Near Jupiter,” CIPS seminar, April 17, 2003 . Dusty plasmas C. E. Krauss, M. Horányi, and S. Robertson, “Modeling Electrostatic Discharges Near the Surface of Mars.” Presented at the AGU Fall 2003 meeting, San Francisco, 8-12 December 2003. A. A. S. Gulbis, J. Colwell, M. Horányi and S. Robertson, “Dust transport above a surface with a sheath.” 45th Annual Meeting of the Division of Plasma Physics of the American Physical Society, Albuquerque, 27-31 October 2003. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 48, 114, Oct. 2003. Z. Sternovsky, S. Robertson, and M. Lampe, “Dust charging model in weakly collisional plasmas.” Tenth Workshop on the Physics of Dusty Plasmas, U.S. Virgin Islands, 18-21 June 2003. C. E. Krauss, M. Horányi and S. Robertson, “Electrostatic discharging of dust near the surface of Mars.” Tenth Workshop on the Physics of Dusty Plasmas, U.S. Virgin Islands, 18-21 June 2003. J. E. Colwell, A. A. S. Gulbis, M. Horányi and S. Robertson, “Transport of Dusty Regolith in Near-Surface Sheaths.” Tenth Workshop on the Physics of Dusty Plasmas, U.S. Virgin Islands, 18-21 June 2003. A. A. S. Gulbis, J. Colwell, M. Horányi and S. Robertson, “Dust transport above a surface with a sheath.” Workshop on the Interrelationship between Plasma Experiments in Laboratory and Space, Kalispell, Montana, 29 June - 3 July, 2003. Education I. Doxas, F. Bagenal, C. Willis, and R. Walch, “Developing an Integrated Research and Teaching Environment on the Web,” American Association of Physics Teachers, Madison, WI, 2003. K. Garvin-Doxas, and I. Doxas, “Integrating research and Education: A 3D Modeling and Data Visualization Package for Data Assimilation,” American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, CA (2003). I. Doxas, “Using Simulations to Teach Astronomy,” American Association of Physics Teachers, Austin, TX (2003). K. Garvin-Doxas, and L. Barker, “Toward an Improved Climate in Computer Science Classrooms,” IT workforce stakeholder meeting, Boulder, CO (2003). M. Zeilik, and K. Garvin-Doxas, “The Field-Tested Learning Assessment Guide: A community repository of proven alternative assessment instruments for STEM education,” American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, CA (2003). L. Barker, and K Garvin-Doxas, “Research on Recruiting Middle School Minority and Majority Girls into a High School IT Magnet,” NSF CISE-ITWF PI conference, Albuquerque, NM (2003). K. Garvin-Doxas, “Digital Currents: A gateway to understanding what middle and high school students (particularly girls) find interesting about IT,” Teaching with Technology, Boulder, CO (2003). K. Garvin-Doxas, and L. Barker, “Creating Learning Environments that Support Interaction, Information Technology in Computer Science Education,” Thessaloniki, Greece (2003). 28 2003 Annual Report Ionospheric Physics B. Smiley, Z. Sternovsky, S. Robertson, M. Horányi, “Rocket-borne probes for charged ionospheric aerosol particles.” Submitted to the National Radio Science Meeting (URSI), Boulder, Colorado, 4-8 January, 2004. B. Smiley, Z. Sternovsky, S. Robertson, M. Horányi, “Rocket-borne probes for charged ionospheric aerosol particles.” Submitted to the AGU Fall 2003 meeting, San Francisco, 8-12 December 2003. B. Smiley, M. Rapp, T. Blix, S. Robertson, M. Horányi, and R. Latteck, “Measuring the charge and size distribution of charged aerosol particles inside PMSE and NLC.” 16th ESA Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programmes and Related Research, 2-5 June 2003, Sankt Gallen, Switzerland. Ed.: Barbara Warmbein. ESA SP-530, Noordwijk: ESA Publications Division, ISBN 92-9092-840-9, 2003, 537542. S. Robertson, B. Smiley, M. Horányi, Jorg Gumbel and Jacek Stegman, “Rocket-borne probes for charged ionospheric aerosol particles.” Tenth Workshop on the Physics of Dusty Plasmas, U.S. Virgin Islands, 1821 June 2003. S. Robertson, M. Horányi and B. Smiley, “Probing ionospheric aerosol particles by sounding rocket.” Workshop on the Interrelationship between Plasma Experiments in Laboratory and Space, Kalispell, Montana, 29 June - 3 July, 2003. B. Smiley, Z. Sternovsky, S. Robertson, M. Horányi, “Rocket-borne probes for charged ionospheric aerosol particles.” 45th Annual Meeting of the Division of Plasma Physics of the American Physical Society, Albuquerque, 27-31 October 2003. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 48, 114, Oct. 2003. Laboratory Plasmas K. Downum, S. Robertson, and Z. Sternovsky, “The plasma sheath problem: numerical calculations and experiment.” 45th Annual Meeting of the Division of Plasma Physics of the American Physical Society, Albuquerque, 27-31 October 2003. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 48, 114, Oct. 2003. Z. Sternovsky, S. Robertson and M. Lampe, “Ion collection by cylindrical probes in weakly collisional plasmas.” 45th Annual Meeting of the Division of Plasma Physics of the American Physical Society, Albuquerque, 27-31 October 2003. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 48, 114, Oct. 2003. Magnetic fusion S. G. Shasharina, R. Eger, J. R. Cary, T. W. Fredian, and D. Alexander, “Distributed Technologies for Nuclear Fusion Data,” Proc. 2003 International Sherwood Fusion Theory Meeting (Corpus Christi, TX, 2003) 2C21. B. Goode, J. R. Cary, and L. A. Berry, “Combined Parallel Gradient and Collisional Decorrelation Effects in the Absorption of RF Waves,” Proc. 2003 International Sherwood Fusion Theory Meeting (Corpus Christi, TX, 2003) 1E50. C. Nieter, J. R. Cary, R. W. Harvey, R. Dominguez, A. P. Smirnov, “Simulation of electron-Bernstein wave absorption using VORPAL,” Proc. 2003 International Sherwood Fusion Theory Meeting (Corpus Christi, TX, 2003) 1E50. R. Busby, D. Bruhwiler, P. Stoltz, D. Abell, J. Cary, P. Messmer, I. Ben-zvi, and A. Burov, “Direct simulation of friction coefficients for ions interacting with a magnetized electron distribution,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 48 (7), 117 (2003). C. Nieter and J. R. Cary, “Delta-f simulations of electron Bernstein modes using VORPAL,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 48 (7), 189 (2003). Y. Chen, “Simulations of Electromagnetic Microturbulence with Kinetic Electrons.” Invited speaker at the 2003 International Sherwood Fusion Theory Meeting, presentation 2D03. Nieter, C., Cary, J.R., Harvey, R.W., Dominguez, R., Smirnov, A.P., “Simulation of Electron-Berstein wave absorption using VORPAL”, International Sherwood Fusion Meeting (Corpus Christi, TX 2003). 29 2003 Annual Report S. E. Parker, Y. Chen and W. Nevins, “Characteristics of Electromagnetic Turbulence,” 2003 Joint US European Transport Task Force Meeting, April 2-5, 2003, Madison, WI. S. Parker, “Electromagnetic Gyrokinetic Simulations,” Plasma Seminar, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, Feb. 19, 2003. Non-linear dynamics Doxas, I., “The Nonlinear Dynamics of the Magnetosphere and its Implications for Space Weather Forecasting,” Hellenic Astronomical Society, Athens, Greece (2003). J. Howard, “Stability of Hamiltonian Systems,” Institut fur Astronomie, Vienna, Jan 8, 2003 and University of Bucharest, Jan 30. J. Howard, “Nearly Axisymmetric Systems” Astronomical Institute, Bratislava, Feb 6, 2003, and University of Potsdam, Feb 13, 2003. J. Howard, “Discrete Virial Theorem,” CIPS Seminar, Dec. 5, 2003. Non-neutral plasma J. Lee and J. R. Cary, “Microwave cooling of non neutral electron plasma,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 48 (7), 39 (2003). M. J. Jensen, T. Hasegawa, J. J. Bollinger, and D. H. Dubin, “Measurement of the heating rate of strongly coupled 9Be+ ions in a Penning trap” DPP03 Meeting of The American Physical Society. M. J. Jensen, T. Hasegawa, J. M. Kriesel, and J. J. Bollinger, “Temperature Measurements and Heating Rate Studies in Penning Trap Ion Crystal s” DAMOP03 Meeting of The American Physical Society. S. Robertson and B. Walch, “Reduction in asymmetry transport in the annular Penning trap.” Workshop on Nonneutral Plasmas, Santa Fe, 7-11, July 2003. Particle accelerators B. Goode, J. R. Cary, and L. A. Berry, “The effect of field gradients, curvatures, and collisions on rf wave tunneling and mode conversions,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 48 (7), 188 (2003). E. Esary, G. Fubiani, C. Schroeder, W. Leemans, J. Cary, R. Giacone, C. Nieter, D. Bruhwiler, D. Dimitrov,”Colliding laser pulses in plasmas”, 48th Annual Meeting, Division of Plasma Physics of the American Physical Society. R. Giacone, J. Cary , C. Nieter, D. Bruhwiler, E. Esarey and W. Leemans,”Generation of a single beam in the laser plasma wake field accelerator”, 48th Annual meeting Divison of Plasma Physics of the American Physical Society. D. Dimitrov, D. L. Bruhwiler, R. Busby, J. R. Cary, E. Esarey, W. P. Leemans, “Simulation of ionization effects for high-density positron drivers in future plasma wake field experiments,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 48 (7) 252 (2003). S. Hendrickson, J. Cary, P. Messmer, P. Stoltz, “Numerical modeling of breakdown in high-power waveguides,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 48 (7), 314 (2003). Plasma diagnostics J. Exby, R. Busby, D. A. Dimitrov, D. Bruhwiler, J. R. Cary, “Web service model for plasma simulations with automatic post processing and generation of visual diagnostics,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 48 (7), 118 (2003). 30 2003 Annual Report Space physics K. Sonnad and J. Cary, “Derivation of a phase space distribution leading to a near symmetric Hamiltonian in high intensity beams,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 48 (7), 109 (2003). D. Betterton, and I. Doxas, “Using Java 3D for Magnetospheric Visualization,” American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, CA (2003). W. Horton, S. Seibert, M. J. Mithaiwala, and I. Doxas, “Calibrating a Magnetotail Model for Storm/ Substorm Forecasting,” American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, CA (2003). I. Doxas, W. Horton, D. Baker, R. McPherron, R. Weigel, and M. Wiltberger,” Branch Prediction and Speculative Execution in Magnetospheric Forecasting,” American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, CA (2003). I. Doxas, and W. Horton, “The Dimensionality of Driven Stochastic Systems and its Relevance to Space Weather Forecasting, Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) conference,” Snowmass, CO (2003). M. V. Goldman, D. L. Newman, A. Mangeney and F. Califano, “Full vs. Hybrid Vlasov Simulations of 2D Electron-Beam-Driven Plasmas, Abstract FP1.113” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc, 48, October 27-31, Albequerque, NM, 2003. D. L. Newman, M. V. Goldman, R. E. Ergun, L. Andersson, “Auroral Transition Layers and Electron Holes in Limiting Magnetization Regimes, Abstract GP1.124.” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc, 48, October 27-31, Albequerque, NM, 2003. D. L. Newman, M. V. Goldman, R. E. Ergun, L. Andersson, “Vlasov Simulation of Nonlinear Wave Structures in Space Plasmas.” 2003 URSI North American Radio Science Meeting, Columbus, OH, June 24, 2003. D. L. Newman, M. V. Goldman, R. E. Ergun, L. Andersson, N. Sen, “Hybrid Vlasov-Fluid Simulations of Coherent Phase-Space Structures: Low-Cost Approaches To Studying 2-D Behavior.” 18th International Conference on Numerical Simulation of Plasmas, Cape Cod, MA, September 9, 2003. M. V. Goldman, D. L. Newman, A. Mangeney and F. Califano, “Vlasov simulations of nonlinear wave structures relevant to magnetized space and laboratory plasmas.” First International Workshop on the Theory and Applications of the Vlasov Equation, 26-28 November 2003, Nancy, France. D. L. Newman, M. V. Goldman, R. E. Ergun, L. Andersson, “Simulation of Current-Driven Double Layers and Electron Holes: Relevance to Laboratory and Space Plasmas.” 7th International Workshop on the Interrelationship between Plasma Experiments in Laboratory and Space Whitefish, MT, June 30, 2003. 31 2003 Annual Report Current Research Programs The following abstracts are brief summaries of various research projects currently carried out by CIPS scientists. Dan Barnes Extended MHD modeling with NIMROD Describing high temperature plasmas in terms of fluid variables presents a challenging numerical problem because of the importance of widely varying time and space scales. CIPS is playing a central role in extending the NIMROD community code (http:// www.nimrodteam.org) to include important effects which are omitted from previous treatments of the plasma as a single electrically conducting fluid (magnetohydrodynamics or MHD model). Recently, a time-implicit method has been developed and applied to describe plasmas as two independent fluids (electrons and ions). While a single-fluid plasma has only nondispersive waves which have a frequency increasing linearly with wavenumber, a two-fluid plasma supports dispersive waves, for which the frequency increases quadratically with wavenumber. If a timeexplicit method is applied to a two-fluid plasma description with realistic spatial resolution, the maximum numerically stable time step becomes extremely small. Figure 1 shows how the frequency depends on wavenumber for a case in which the variation is primarily perpendicular to the magnetic field, and also shows excellent agreement of the numerical results with theoretically predicted modes. Figure 1: Mode frequency ? vs. wavenumber parallel to magnetic field k|| times ion collisionless skin depth di. The open symbols show the theoretical frequencies, while the solid symbols show the numerical results. There are two modes for two different values of plasma pressure (? = 10-2 and ? = 10-8) shown. The green (red) dashed lines show the behavior of a nondispersive (dispersive) mode. Only the two lowest frequency modes are shown in the Figure There is a higher frequency branch which has a frequency about 104 times the highest frequency shown. Thus, if an explicit time advance requiring t < 1 were used, about one trillion time steps would be required to represent a single period of the lowest frequency mode. As a practical matter then, the time advance must be made implicit. 32 2003 Annual Report The time advance used to obtain the results of the Figurez reduce to about 60 the number of time steps required to represent a single period of the low frequency modes of interest here. The method uses a predictor-corrector method with a direct solve based on the SuperLU (http://acts.nersc.gov/superlu) software package and is implemented in the NIMROD finite element framework so that it may be applied to any plasma geometry. John R. Cary, Brent Goode RF heating of plasmas There are many applications of of Radio Frequency (RF) power in plasma, from heating and current drive, to profile control and instability suppression. The accurate prediction of the propagation and absorption of RF waves in plasmas is a crucial element in the design of a working fusion reactor. We are working in collaboration with Lee Berry of Oak Ridge National Lab. We have calculated an improved plasma response theory with additional terms Figure 2: One component of a wave to describe new physical effects, which were not electric field in a fusion plasma calculated included in previous calculations. These new with the theory of Smithe et al.(black), and with our corrected collision model (red). terms allow us to add the effects of magnetic field gradients in arbitrary directions and magnetic field curvature to the calculation of the plasma’s response to RF fields. When previous calculations left these effects out they made assumptions about the size of these effects relative to other physical phenomena, such a thermal motions of particles. We are using our new theory to examine the effect that these approximations had on the accuracy of previous results. Our new theory also has a more complete incorporation of collisional effects than other RF absorption theories used for fusion physics. We have incorporated the effects of collisions from the start. This allows us to derive an expression for the plasma response which is valid at all temperatures, unlike previous theories which assumed high temperatures in their treatment of collisions. When we take the high temperature limit of our theory, we find that the coefficient of the collisional term in one previous theory needed a correction. There are cases in existing fusion experiments where this correction would make a difference in the propagation and absorption of a wave. 33 2003 Annual Report John R. Cary, Rodolfo Giacone Production of high quality, single electron beams by optical injection Our research efforts have recently been concentrated on a promising, novel concept to generate high quality particle beams in the laser wake field accelerator (LWFA) scheme called optical injection. Through the use of a new computer code (VORPAL) developed in our group, we demonstrated that most proposed all-optical injection schemes failed to produce a single electron beamlet. We showed that multiple particle beams are generated instead, which is very undesirable for most applications. We have developed and tested new alternatives for injection schemes by performing computer simulations using VORPAL. In one proposed scheme, we made use of a cleanup pulse to effectively eliminate all but the first accelerating bucket. The absence of trailing accelerating buckets then eliminates the production of trailing beamlets. We were able to obtain single, short (< 10 fs.) beams with normalized emittance less than 0.5 pi-mm-mrad and energy spread of a few percent. We also showed that a similar effect can be achieved by propagating a laser pulse in a plasma channel. One advantage of this method is that it uses only two laser pulses instead of three as in the cleanup pulse scheme. John R. Cary, Jinhyung Lee Microwave cooling of a strongly magnetized electron plasma For a strongly magnetized electron plasma whose transverse temperature is below the Landau temperature of the plasma, the gyromotion separates from the other dynamics, and the motion is quantized. From results of molecular-dynamics simulations for the strongly magnetized electron plasma, we concluded that crystallization can be achieved below a longitudinal critical temperature irrespective of transverse temperature. In order to get such a cold electron plasma whose longitudinal temperature is low Figure 3: Time evolution of the longitudinal enough for the plasma to be a crystalline temperature for N_1/N_0 = 0.2, applying the best phase, we introduce microwave cooling to cooling parameters. the electron plasma. A microwave tuned to a frequency below the gyrofrequency forces electrons moving towards the microwave to absorb a microwave photon. Simultaneously the electrons move up one in Landau state and then lose their longitudinal momentum. In this process, the longitudinal temperature of the electron plasma can be decreased. On the basis of a small ratio 34 2003 Annual Report between the ground and the first excited state, we set up two level transition equations and then derive a Fokker-Planck equation from the two level equations. With an aid of a finite element method (FEM) code for the equation, the cooling times are calculated for several values of the magnetic field, the microwave cavity, and the relative detuning frequency from the gyrofrequency. Consequently, the optimal values of microwave cavity and detuning frequency from the gyrofrequency, for longitudinal cooling of a strongly magnetized electron plasma with microwave bath, have been found. Also, the microwave intensities to keep a constant ratio between two transverse Landau levels has been calculated. By applying the optimal values with an appropriate microwave intensity, the best cooling can be obtained. For the electron plasma magnetized with 10T, the cooling time to the solid state is approximately 2 hours. Isidoros Doxas with Wendell Horton, Manish Mithaiwala Low-dimensional dynamical models for the solar wind driven magnetosphere-ionosphere system A new, spatially-resolved nonlinear dynamics model of the coupled solar wind driven magnetosphere-ionosphere system is developed for the purpose of determining the energy flows from the nightside magnetosphere into the ionosphere. The model is derived from Maxwell’s equations and nonlinear plasma dynamics and focuses on the key conservation laws of mass, charge and energy in Figure 4: A plot of the chaotic attractor of the coupled the power transfer elements in this magnetosphere-ionosphere in the I-V (current-voltage) complex dynamical system. In space. The model exhibits chaotic behavior for certain contrast to neural networks, the parameter ranges, with unpredictable onset times. model delineates the physically realizable, time ordered sequence of events in substorm dynamics initiated by changes in the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The spatially resolved model predicts a different causal order and different signatures for the consequences of the different energetic events associated with magnetic reconnection in the geotail and the onset of near geosynchronous orbit flux tube convection. The conservation laws constrain the numerous energy transfer coupling mechanisms leading to various, and sometimes chaotic, dynamical events in the transfer of electrical power to the inner magnetosphere and to the ionosphere. 35 2003 Annual Report Isidoros Doxas with Robert Weigel, Daniel Baker, Michael Wilberger, John Lyon, Wendell Horton Using branch prediction and speculative execution to forecast Space Weather Recent advances in the development of integrated models of the Sun-Earth environment are placing increasing emphasis on data assimilation schemes that can maximize the information extracted from our sparse sampling of upwind conditions. 5: A plot of the variance of the magnetic field as a Standard Kalman Filter techniques, Figure fraction of maximum variance, when the incoming solar widely used in tropospheric weather wind speed is varied by 5%. The result shows that BPSE modeling, require significantly better can span the relevant parameter space with relatively few speculative runs. coverage than is available upwind. Branch Prediction and Speculative Execution consists of making probabilistic estimates of current upstream conditions, and distributing among available machines simulations that assume each of the probabilistically estimated states as initial conditions. As the near-Earth space evolves and near-Earth satellite data are compared with the models, some of the speculatively executed simulations will be proved wrong. At that point the machines that were executing them will be reassigned either to new lines of speculative simulation, or to increase the processing power devoted to more promising simulations already executing. The scheme is particularly suited to Space Weather since our upwind early warning sentries can provide only sparse sampling of the incoming solar wind, while the bulk of our monitors, which can provide significantly better coverage, are located close to Earth and provide much shorter lead times. By the time the data comes in from the near-Earth monitors, the forecasts of the speculative simulations are already in hand, reducing the lead time computational penalty (the portion of the lead time devoted to advancing the model) to almost zero. The scheme is similar to Ensemble Kalman Filters but is less reliant on dense data coverage, allows numerical models easier adherence to conservation laws, and can be used with empirical models without modification. Isidoros Doxas, Delores Knipp, Courtney Willis Using Space Weather to motivate the standard Electricity and Magnetism curriculum A computer module is being developed that uses the real-life effects of Space Weather as a motivation for studying the basic concepts of Electricity and Magnetism at the level of a typical introductory physics course for non-majors. The module is designed to enable instructors to engage students in exploring problems that are complex enough 36 2003 Annual Report to be of practical interest, while still allowing them to concentrate on the simple concepts and equations they need to learn. The design of the module is based on studies carried out over the past six years at three different Universities, and the evaluation shows an improvement both in student attitudes towards science, and in content assimilation. Figure 6: A 3D model of the Earth showing the ring current Isidoros Doxas, Walter and the substorm wedge. The red dots are simulated ground stations. The applet calculates the measured AL index using Kintsch, Michael the model values of the current. Klymkowsky, Kathy Garvin-Doxas, Noah Finkelstein, Courtney Willis Using Latent Semantic Analysis to classify student concepts in science Misconceptions are deep-seated models that students hold about the way the physical world works. They are an impediment to learning, and they can best addressed with specifically designed instructional tools and methods. Mapping the dominant misconceptions in a field is also critical for the development of research-based assessment tools in that field, because they make the most reliable distracters in multiple-choice instruments. This project uses Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) to identify and classify misconceptions in Physics, Astronomy, and Biology. LSA is a vector-based model that uses Singular Value Decomposition to identify the most important eigenvectors in a multidimensional space derived from texts on a given subject, affording a wide number of semantically meaningful Figure 7: The inter-rater correlation for the vector operations, like dot products. Astronomy question as calculated for two experts (blue) and LSA using a general English space Results so far indicate that LSA is (orange) and a specialized Physics-andcomparable to human experts in Astronomy space developed for the project classifying student essays according to (green). We see that although the correlation between the two experts is always higher, LSA science concepts present in them. give competitive results, especially with the specialized text space developed by the project. 37 2003 Annual Report Kathy Garvin-Doxas, Isidoros Doxas The Use of technology to enhance student learning Kathy Garvin-Doxas works in research and evaluation of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) education initiatives, particularly those that involve the use of technology to enhance student learning. With STEM Colorado, she coordinates assessment and evaluation efforts among participating departments as well as basic organization for the project. Her research focuses on misconceptions about classroom collaboration and cooperative learning; issues of gender and diversity among those who Figure 8: An example of a computer teacher manual developed by study and work in information technology fields; based Kathy Garvin-Doxas that uses video articulating the communication process necessary clips from actual classroom and lab for eliciting student misconceptions about STEM sessions to illustrate examples of good subjects as a model for computer-student pedagogy. interactions; and the development of researchbased learning assessment instruments as well as protocols and instruments for use in evaluating course transformation and the success of innovations. Additionally, she provides workshops on institutional change and course transformation for many national organizations in STEM education, and on improving teaching and learning in STEM classrooms. Kathy Garvin-Doxas, Lecia Barker Recruiting middle school girls into a high school Information Technology Magnet program The project examines the recruiting message and methods for recruiting middle school girls into the Denver Public Schools Computer Magnet (DPSCM), a three-track program that recruits from all 22 middle schools in the Denver Public School District (DPS). The objective is to identify recruiting methods that IT magnet programs across the nation can use to have more effective and Figure 9: Kathy Garvin-Doxas leading a workshop for DPS Computer Magnet sustainable means of attracting girls from different students on group learning. socio-cultural groups. The project builds upon previous research, which shows that middle school is a critical juncture for girls since it is at that stage when girls begin to make choices that are more influenced by stereotypical career choices and other culture-based beliefs than personal preference. The project identifies barriers to entry and retention as well as positive messages that increase participation. Both approaches are needed because simply removing the barriers does not necessarily increase girls’ participation. 38 2003 Annual Report Martin Goldman, David L. Newman, Naresh Sen Kinetic Simulation of nonlinear electrostatic field structures in Earth’s Auroral zone and analogous laboratory environments Recent in situ observations by satellites such as FAST (Fast Auroral SnapshoT) reveal the key role played by electrostatic structures, such as double layers and electron phasespace holes (Figure 10), in Earth’s auroral current system. Our research — performed in collaboration with Prof. Robert Ergun and Dr. Laila Andersson of CU’s Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) — is focused on understanding the origin and evolution of such structures through the use of numerical simulations. In addition to their role in the near-Earth space environment, we are interested in how analogous phenomena can be studied in a laboratory setting. Our simulations are based on the numerical integration of the Vlasov equations, which describe the evolution of the phasespace distribution of particles in a collisionless plasma. 30 Figure 10: “Snapshot” of electron phase-space distribution from current-driven Vlasov simulation seeded with a charge-neutral density depression in the center. Rapid electron acceleration by the double-layer electric field is followed by spatial growth of waves, which saturate as a train of electron holes moving to the right electron holes double layer 0 -30 0 x/λe 2560 10,000 Effect of hot electron “halo” populations on the formation and evolution of strong auroral double layers Double layers are characterized by intense localized electric fields that can accelerate electrons and ions to high energies. Electron holes are long-lived nonlinear structures that are formed by the electrons accelerated through the double layer. New observations suggest that the characteristics of auroral double layers can be influenced by the presence or absence of a hot background population of halo electrons. Figure 11 compares the electric field histories from two Vlasov simulations, which differ only in the density and temperature of the halo electrons. Note how the presence of a cool and dense halo results in a more stable and less turbulent double layer. (b) (a) ωet 0 0 x/λe 2560 0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0 x/λe 0.5 1.0 2560 1.5 eEλe/Teo Figure 11: Time histories of the electric field from 1-D Vlasov simulations (a) with and (b) without a cool, dense electron halo. The vertical blue structure is the signature of the double layer and the horizontal red and blue streaks are the signatures of electron holes moving rapidly to the right. 39 2003 Annual Report Two-dimensional structure of auroral double layers and electron holes in the opposite limits of strong and weak ion magnetization Current-Driven 2-D Transition Layers Our Vlasov simulations of auroral with Strongly Magnetized Electrons double layers and electron holes have Strongly Magnetized Ions Unmagnetized Ions 0 0.4 B B been extended to a second spatial E|| E|| 0 1280 0 1280 0 z/λ z/λ dimension using different reduced 0 -0.4 treatments to model the perpendicular E⊥ E⊥ particle dynamics. Figure 12 contrasts 1280 2 0 1280 0 z/λ z/λ 0 -4 two simulation runs in which the ions |E|2 |E|2 were treated alternatively in the limits -10 1280 0 1280 0 z/λ z/λ of strong and weak magnetization. Note in particular how the structure of the Figure 12: The spatial distribution of electric fields double layer (bounded by dashed from two 2-D reduced Vlasov simulations differing only in the ion magnetization. purple lines) differs in the two runs. o o " eo eo eo eo eo eo " " Theory and simulation of electron-shear-modified two-stream instabilities Our 2-D double-layer simulations reveal the presence of gradients (perpendicular to B) in the electron current (parallel to B). This electron shear can play a potentially important role in the subsequent evolution of the plasma. We have begun a study of the role of electron shear on the linear and nonlinear evolution of streaming instabilities. Figures 13 and 14 show electrostatic potentials and fields at three times during the evolution of periodic 2-D Vlasov simulations for initial states of symmetric counterstreaming electron beams with and without velocity shear. The linear stages of evolution are in good agreement with theoretical predictions from a model based on the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Mathieu equation. The nonlinear stages are quite different, with larger electron holes in the sheared run. Unsheared Electron Distribution (a) 0 (b) 0 (c) 0 eφ/Teo z/λe z/λe z/λe 0.2 512 512 512 -0.3 15 -10 20 -10 (d) 0 log10|eEλe/Teo|2 512 -8 1 z/λe 512 -5 1 z/λe 512 -5 (f) 0 -2 z/λe (e) 0 Figure 13: Electrostatic potential and electricfield intensity from a periodic Vlasov simulation with strongly magnetized unsheared electrons. The top, middle, and bottom rows are from the linear, early nonlinear, and late nonlinear stages of evolution. Sheared Electron Distribution (a) 0 Figure 14: Same as Fig. 13, but for electrons that are initially sheared so that the electron beam velocities are maximum at the center (in y) and minimum at the edges. (b) 0 (c) 0 eφ/Teo 1 z/λe 512 z/λe 512 z/λe 512 -1 20 -15 40 -10 (d) 0 log10|eEλe/Teo|2 512 z/λe 512 -5 1 z/λe 512 (f) 0 -9 z/λe (e) 0 -1 40 1 -5 2003 Annual Report New “reduced” kinetic algorithms for efficient simulation of multidimensional plasmas We are engaged in an ongoing effort to develop new simulation techniques that take advantage of the essentially noiseless character of the Vlasov method while simultaneously reducing computational demand that a full-Vlasov approach would require in higher dimensions. -32 z/λe ωet = 0 32 -32 z/λ 32 “Dissipative moment closures” for unmagnetized particles We have implemented a method ne ni ωet = 63 -32 z/λ 25% max 32 -32 z/λ 32 in which the perpendicular depletion dynamics of an unmagnetized plasma species is evolved using ne ni ωet = 126 -32 dissipative moment closures, z/λ 32 -32 z/λ 32 which reproduce the linear kinetic response while evolving only a ne ni limited number of moments of the distribution. The parallel Figure 15: Electron and ion density at three stages during the dynamics continue to evolve evolution of an initially symmetric ion-acoustic pulse using using a fully kinetic (Vlasov) the reduced Vlasov simulation method for both electrons and algorithm. This approach greatly ions. reduces the size of the computational grid needed. As an illustration, Figure 15 shows three times during the evolution of a symmetric 2-D ion-acoustic pulse using the reduced Vlasov method, with full kinetics employed along one dimension and moment closure along the other. The symmetry of the pulse at subsequent times is an indication of how the moment method matches the full kinetic behavior. e e e e Reduced algorithms for weakly magnetized particles Treating a weakly magnetized species with a full Vlasov simulation is particularly costly because it requires at least five phase-space dimensions. Several reduced methods are under consideration to ease the computational demand. In one such method, the two perpendicular velocity dimensions are reduced to a single ring in the perpendicular velocity plane. Despite the great reduction in computational complexity, this reduced algorithm can be shown to yield linear dispersion curves (Fig. 16) that agree rather well with those derived from full kinetic theory. ωi = 2 Ωi 6 5 4 2 ωi = 3 Ωi 6 5 3 e 4 3 h 1 0 h 2 1 1 k⊥ ρi 2 6 5 3 0 1 2 3 ωi = 5 Ωi k⊥ ρi 2 3 h 4 3 2 1 0 1 k⊥ ρi Figure 16: Comparison of dispersion relation from reduced model (red) and full kinetic theory (black). 41 2003 Annual Report James Howard Nearly Axisymmetric Systems Nearly axisymmetric systems occur in many physical problems, including dust dynamics in planetary magnetospheres, ion motion in a Paul trap, microwave ionization of Rydberg atoms, field errors in plasma fusion devices, or any axisymmetric device where imperfections introduce small azimuthal variations. In a truly axisymmetric system, all dynamical quantities, including the canonical momentum pf, are independent of the azimuthal angle f, allowing a two-dimensional description of single particle motion in terms of an effective potential, U e . In the presence of small azimuthal variations it often happens that pf, merely oscillates about an average value, pφ , which may be used to define an average effective potential, Ue. The motion may then be described as quasi-two dimensional, with orbits confined within a topological torus much smaller than the exact zero velocity surface. Ion Traps Another important and very actively studied axisymmetric system is the RF Paul trap, which offers myriad physical and technological applications. While the pioneering experiments were conducted in purely axisymmetric geometry, current experiments are almost invariably performed using slightly nonaxisymmetric electrodes, in order to establish an “axis of crystallization,” along which ions can line up. In addition, easily fabricated elliptic traps are widely used in quantum computation research. In all these applications it is essential to avoid unstable combinations of parameters, which can lead to “crystal melting” and rapid loss of trapped ions. Perhaps the most thoroughly studied configuration is the relative two-ion motion, which is conveniently split into a rapid “Zitterbewegung” and a slow time-averaged “secular” motion. Elliptic traps are also of current interest for quantum Figure 17: Three-dimensional contour computation applications. In contrast to the dust plot of zero-velocity surface for twoproblem, where the perturbation strength is small ion motion in an elliptic ion trap. and dictated by planetary parameters, the asymmetry of the Paul trap has no such limitations and can in fact be quite large. Preliminary results indicate that two-ion motion in an elliptic trap with an asymmetry smaller than about 10 percent remains quasi-two-dimensional. At large asymmetry particle confinement is limited only by the topology of zero-velocity surfaces, which involves some interesting applications of singularity theory, where the familiar two42 2003 Annual Report dimensional critical points are generalized to Morse saddles with normal forms u = x12 ± x22 ± x32 , where the xi are local rectangular coordinates. Figure 17 is a three dimensional contour plot of the zero-velocity surfaces for two-ion motion in an elliptic trap. Plasma Physics Field-Reversed Configurations Field-Reversed Configurations (FRC) offer several attractive features for a fusion reactor: high â (and therefore high power density) operation, negligible toroidal magnetic field, structural simplicity (no internal coils), and the potential for environmentally desirable advanced fuels. In addition, FRCs provide insight into other fusion devices (e.g. Tokomaks, Mirror Machines, and other Compact Tori), as well as the opportunity to study basic plasma physics problems. For these Figure 18: Potential Trough for FRC reasons several major FRC experimental programs are under way worldwide (particularly in Russia and Japan) with a scattering of small-scale theoretical programs. These include equilibrium and stability studies utilizing various combinations of fluid and kinetic models, as well as numerical code development. In the USA significant programs exist at Princeton, Cornell, U. Washington, and Los Alamos National Laboratory, in both prolate and oblate geometry. Of these the prolate case been more thoroughly studied as more suitable for extrapolation to a fusion reactor, although oblate configurations offer their own set of advantages. The magnetic field is purely poloidal with a field null within the plasma, resulting in typically chaotic ion dynamics. For small gyroradius, the FRC is theoretically unstable to three n = 1 MHD modes; the radial shift, tilt, and interchange modes. However, several experiments demonstrate stability to the most important of these modes, the tilt mode. The reasons for this anomolous stability may lie in neglected finite gyroradius effects or perhaps are rooted in kinetic effects not present in a fluid model. We have shown that while classical guiding center motion only exists for very low particle energy in such a well, ions are nevertheless well confined by energy conservation, and may circulate, as shown in Figure 19 or suffer reflections between high-field regions, making transitions between these Figure 19: Regular orbit two modes. In general the motion is a mixture of a chaotic confined in closed sea, with regular (non-chaotic regions) embedded as phase potential trough. 43 2003 Annual Report space islands centered on periodic orbits. Dust Dynamics Saturn We have continued our investigations of charged dust dynamics in planetary magnetospheres, with new excursions to Jupiter and Mars. A more complete treatment of orbital equilibrium and stability has been carried out for dust grains near Saturn, with emphasis on the subtle synergism between the topology of zero velocity surfaces and orbital chaos and ergodicity. New classes of orbits have been discovered and paths for Figure 20: Artist’s conception of a their possible loss to the planet or outer nonequatorial halo orbit about Saturn. space. Two-dimensional Lyapunov exponents have also been calculated in order to quantitatively measure the degree of orbital chaos. Calculation of 3D Lyapunov exponents is under way to measure the nonaxisymmetric effects of radiation pressure. Surprisingly, we have found significant populations of orbits which are confined in open potential wells by virtue of an underlying invariant action.This intriguing synergism between topology and ergodicity may have profound implications for particle confinement and loss. Jupiter We have verified our conjecture that the tilt of the jovian magnetic axis induces strongly chaotic behavior for dust grains smaller than about 750 nm, an interesting application of nearly axisymmetric theory. The predictions of a simplified model have been confirmed by more complete orbital simulation. It remains to implement a perturbative expansion of the single particle Hamiltonian to demonstrate that an invariant averaged canonical momentum exists for regular orbits. Figure 21: Tilted magnetic dipole structure of Jupiter. 44 2003 Annual Report Asteroidal Satellites Transverse Orbits We are continuing our work on the equilibrium and stability of asteroidal moons about exended asteroids. Our principal results demonstrate that initially circular orbits remain so under gradual increase in asteroid rotation rate. Remarkably, periodic orbits appear to remain exactly periodic, now recognized as an instance of “adiabatic switching.” In a new paper for Celestial Mechanics, in collaboration with Prof. Dan Scheeres (U. Mich.), we extend our repertory of gravitational models and employ second order perturbation theory to improve our semi-analytic description of orbital tilt into a successful quantitative theory. Figure 22: Transverse satellite orbit about a rotating asteroid. Microwave Ionization of Rydberg Atoms Classical models have enjoyed considerable success in describing the ionization of Rydberg atoms by microwave radiation. In particular, this approach, a wedding of celestial mechanics and atomic physics, yields useful ionization thresholds, which shed light on both classical dynamics and “quantum chaology.” Circular Polarization Experiments are currently being planned using elliptically and circularly polarized (CP) microwaves, which are usually studied in the case where the orbital plane coincides with the plane of polarization. At very low scaled RF frequencies ω/ωκ<0.1 ionization is well described by a static Stark model. Here we consider the range 0.1< ω/ωκ <0.8 but allow out-of-the-plane motion. For small electric field strength we again have a nearly axisymmetric system, with the spherically symmetric Kepler Hamiltonian as unperturbed system. We are currently investigating the structure of the zero velocity surface which turns out to be isomorphic to the ZVS for the radiation pressure model for a nonmagnetic planet. Two-Frequency Excitation Our previous theoretical work on two-frequency excitation resulted in successful experiments carried out at SUNY Stony Brook. These experiments, originally at high microwave frequency, i.e. well above the orbital frequency of the participating electron, are now being extended to much lower microwave frequencies, where new resonances come into play. A new theory for this interesting frequency regime has being developed, featuring a new “island interspersal” condition on the two frequencies. The theory is complicated by the presence of new island chains corresponding to sums and differences of the driving frequencies and their harmonics. 45 2003 Annual Report Nonlinear Dynamics Virial Theorem The virial theorem is one the keystones of classical mechanics, with a myriad applications in statistical mechanics (kinetic theory of gases), astrophysics (galactic dynamics), plasma physics (fluid and kinetic models), and practically every branch of the physical sciences. There are in fact many virial theorems, taking specialized forms for magnetic systems, special and general relativity, quantum mechanics, etc., etc. For natural Hamiltonian systems it yields a simple connection between the time averaged kinetic and potential energies of bounded orbits. Figure 23: Poincare section for the Recently we proved that a virial theorem also holds Henon-Heiles system. Chaotic regions for discrete symplectic maps of a particular form are represented in red, regular regions in green. analogous to natural Hamiltonian flows, for which kinetic and potential “energies” may be constructed. We also proved strong and weak forms of the classical virial theorem for both continuous and discrete Hamiltonian systems. Whilst applying these results to specific well-known examples, such as the Hénon-Heiles system (Fig.23) and the standard map (Fig. 24), we noticed pronounced differences in the rate of convergence of the virial for chaotic and regular orbits. Subsequent investigation revealed that this difference could be quantified and employed to provide a simple new measure of chaos, which we dubbed “meander.” We are presently applying these results to other physical examples, including the Paul trap and dust dynamics in planetary magnetospheres. Figure 25 illustrates a new discrete “power map” which illustrates bounded chaos. Figure 24: Standard Map (k=0.95) Figure 25: Power Map 46 2003 Annual Report Marie Jensen Measuring the temperature of laser-cooled ions in a Penning trap is primarily motivated by the possibility of creating many-particle entangled states. A Penning trap is a device used to trap charged particles. The confinement is due to a combination of static electric and magnetic fields. There is a strong magnetic field (in our case produced by a superconducting magnet) along the z-axis, also called the trap axis. This field provides the radial confinement, i.e., charged particles cannot escape from the trap along a direction perpendicular to the trap axis. The axial confinement is due to electric fields (appropriate voltages are applied to the electrodes to create the needed fields). Experiments on trapped ions are carried out at NIST by Marie Jensen, Taro Hasegawa and John Bollinger. In this experiment, ions of beryllium are confined in a 4.5 T field. The ions are lasercooled to a temperature of ~1 milliKelvin resulting in a Figure 26: A real space image of an crystalline state. When the ion crystal in a Penning trap. laser-cooling is turned off, the ion plasma heats up from collisions with residual gas. At the phase transition, which occurs at a temperature of 10 mK corresponding to a coupling parameter of Γ=170, a sudden, large temperature increase is observed. This increase is caused by the onset of a coupling to ion motion, which is not cooled by the laser-cooling and therefore is excited to higher temperatures prior to turning off the laser-cooling. A method has been found, by which this abnormal excitation can be avoided. In this case, the heating rate remains low and is sufficiently low that ionentanglement experiments will be pursued. Figure 27: A Penning trap device. Alan Kiplinger Dr. Kiplinger has been pursuing a three year grant under NASA’s Sun-Earth Connection Guest Investigator Program in support of the Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI). Rhessi was launched in February of 2002 has recorded over 10,000 solar flares in its first two years – including the largest solar flare ever recorded from space. An objective of these efforts is to study X-ray and other data on solar events, including flares, coronal mass ejections and interplanetary particle events, into order to obtain a more comprehensive view of our Sun-Earth connections regarding interplanetary proton events. Part of these efforts are to better predict occurrences of interplanetary proton events that can be dangerous to astronauts and spacecraft. 47 2003 Annual Report In late October and early November 2003 the Sun provided one of the most active periods of solar activity since spacecraft have been in space. On the same hemisphere of the sun there were three sunspot groups (known as active regions) that produced more than 100 major solar flares, the largest recorded flare as seen in X-rays and very large interplanetary particle events and geomagnetic storms. One of the active regions is known as region 486 and can be proclaimed as the most powerful of regions during this solar cycle. Figure 28: A full disk h-alpha image of the sun taken on Oct. 28, 2003 at Big Bear Solar Observatory. All 3 great active regions responsible for the solar activity seen in Oct. and Nov. are clearly visible. The region below center (active region 486) is the largest and most energetic region seen during this solar cycle. 48 2003 Annual Report Figures 29 and 30: The most powerful solar flare ever observed in X-rays as imaged by the TRACE satellite in the light of ionized Fe XII. The image to the left was taken just at the end of the energy releasing eruptive stage. The image below right shows the graceful post flare loop system that formed two hours later. Two of its solar flares saturated NOAA’s soft X-ray detectors that are used to classify solar flares. Kiplinger has carefully reconstructed the soft X-ray light curves of these giant flares by matching curves of similar but smaller flares from region 486. Images taken after the peak of the flare taken by NASA’s Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) satellite are shown below in the light of Fe XII in the extreme ultraviolet. The temperature of the plasma loops is approximately 500,000 K to 2,000,000 K. The reconstructed data however shows that the effective temperature of the soft X-ray emitting plasma is far hotter at ~ 38 million K. Moreover, the flare saturated the detectors at a level of ~X18.4 but the corrected data indicates fluxes 66% larger at X30.6 – easily making this the largest ever seen since X-ray observations began in the mid-1960’s. Almost simultaneously with the great flare, a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) erupted from the vicinity of region 486 at a speed that appears to be the fastest on record. The speed measured from these and other images is approximately 5 million miles per hour or ~ 2240 km/s. Images of this eruption as recorded by the coronagraph on the Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) are shown on the following page. 49 2003 Annual Report Figures 31 and 32: Images of the CME that accompanied the X30.6 flare from SOHO’s white light coronagraph. The image to the left extends 6 degrees from the Sun (marked by the white circle) and was taken during the eruptive phase only 6 minutes before the TRACE image above and left. Evidence of dramatic motion is shown in the image on the right which was taken one hour later and extends to 15 degrees. This was indeed a most remarkable period of activity when the Sun – Earth Connection and Plasma Physics really hit home. One Japanese spacecraft was lost completely and more than 25 other research satellites had to placed in safe hold conditions or suffered instrument losses. Astronauts on the International Space station were ordered into aft sections five times in order to receive more protection from proton storms. Power grid operators modified routing operations and reduced output of nuclear power plants in order to avoid damage from the numerous geomagnetic storms. Global positioning systems (GPS) had problems including a deep ocean drilling ship. We were fortunate that the great flare and CME pictured above occurred when it did and not five days earlier. Had that occurred, Earth would have taken the full blast of the CME and interplanetary particle storms – we would have had some real problems. In a paper being prepared, Kiplinger has found that intrinsic characteristics of these great flares are not fundamentally different from previous large events, but rather, they are just bigger. Kiplinger has also continued work and support from two solar optical telescope systems operated by the U.S. Air Force. They are known as the Improved Solar Optical Observing Network (ISOON) and the Solar Optical Observing Network Solar Patrol on Tape (SOONSPOT). The ISOON is a vast improvement over the older SOON world wide 50 2003 Annual Report network and was intended to replace it. However, only one ISOON telescope is yet in operation. ISOON does support full disk imaging and it records precise images in the light of Hydrogen – alpha every minute. H-alpha is a most sensitive spectral line in which to see solar flares. Dr. Kiplinger recognized the patrol potential of this remarkable telescope in detecting the elusive phenomena of “flare waves” which accompany either major solar flares or CME’s. Accordingly he developed a means to observe not only the brightness of the hydrogen on the Sun, but to also measure its motion via sensitive Doppler measurements and to fold that data into the massive datastream. Several wave events of differing types have been seen. One such event is shown below that is associated with an X11 flare from region 486 on October 29. In the image, one sees not only the flare itself in the lower right hand corner, but also a series of large diffuse light and dark bands. The light bands show the Sun’s chromosphere moving upward and the dark bands show it moving downward. Although this flare is less powerful than the X30.6 flare described above, it was a very powerful gamma ray line flare that allowed the RHESSI satellite to obtain some of its best gamma ray imaging to date. (RHESSI missed the peak of the X30 flare). Figure 33: Bands of a new type of “flare wave” discovered by the new patrol mode of the ISOON telescope. The broad dark and light bands represent a wave train moving away from the flare at 1100 km/s. The physical cause and exact nature of the wave is not yet understood. Progress was also made with respect to the older SOON system and Dr. Kiplinger’s data archival system SOONSPOT. In 2003, the SOONSPOT system employed 3 U.S. Air Force SOON observatories located around the world. Each site records full disk Ha images every 30 minutes, and large scale H-alpha images of active regions or other features every five minutes (or 30s during flares). As described below, student support is being utilized to catalog and make available all SOONSPOT data of important flares observed by RHESSI. In 2003, SOONSPOT data for flares was saved to hard disk for more convenient access than tapes provide. Other recent advances are that new data is slated to be recorded on DVD’s instead of tapes. This makes data retrieval and searching far more convenient due to the random access of the DVD medium. Finally, a new Memorandum of Understanding has been written approved and signed by the U.S. Air Force, the NOAA Space Environment Center and the University of Colorado to continue the SOONSPOT archival program. 51 2003 Annual Report James Meiss Transport and Mixing in Three Dimensional Fluid Flows Fluid mixing corresponds to the transport of passive scalars by kinematic advection and their subsequent diffusive homogenization. Such phenomena are fundamentally important in many physical systems and engineering applications and occur at a variety of scales ranging from the very small (micrometer scale) to the very large (planetary scales and beyond). For instance mixing in microchannels can be used to efficiently homogenize reagents in chemical reactions even when the flow is laminar. Understanding transport for planetary scale flows is critical for climate modeling and pollution dispersion in atmospheric science and eddy dynamics in oceanography. Transport and mixing are also important in granular flows, population biology, and reaction-diffusion systems. Figure 34: Lyapunov exponents and invariant tori for a three-dimensional flow corresponding to hexagonal convection cells. Fold and Cusp Singularities of the Frequency Map for Hamiltonian Systems In an integrable Hamiltonian system almost all motion takes place on invariant tori. The motion on these tori is conjugate to linear motion with frequencies that vary with the torus. The map that J assigns to each torus its frequency 1 is called the frequency map. Now consider an integrable symplectic Figure 35: Frequency map with a cusp singularity. 2 4 1 2 0 0 –2 –1 –4 –2 –1 0 1 2 –4 –2 0 2 4 52 2003 Annual Report map with a fold in the frequency map. The torus corresponding to the actions that map onto the fold has vanishing twist. The fold of the frequency map (the caustic) consists of singular values. The fold is a stable singularity for Lagrangian mappings, and therefore a one parameter family of such maps will not destroy the fold, but move it around in the frequency plane. Therefore the caustic will cross rational frequencies. When the map is perturbed by a small periodic perturbation interesting dynamics are Figure 36: Numerically computed frequency map with a fold singularity. expected when the fold is near a resonant frequency such that the resonance is in the image of the frequency map. This is the situation we study first. In a second step the existence of a special point on the fold line is assumed, which is another stable singularity, the cusp. Scott Parker, Yang Chen Our research is on the numerical modeling and prediction of turbulence and transport in toroidal fusion plasmas. In order for the fusion reaction to take place in a self-sustained manner, the plasma must be heated and maintained at a certain level of density and temperature. However, instabilities tend to develop in such plasmas which either terminate the plasma or lead to saturated turbulence and enhances particle and energy transport. Over the past years we have developed a Monte-Carlo simulation code, GEM (Journal of Computational Physics 189 (2003) 463-475), which can be used to study turbulence and transport in toroidal plasmas. GEM achieves large time steps and finite-beta capability by using three key algorithmic elements. It uses the parallel canonical formulation to eliminate the difficulty with the inductive electric field, it uses the split-weight scheme to increase the time step, and it uses a novel algorithm for the Ampere’s equation. Extensive benchmarks with continuum codes, which do Figure 37: Contour plot of the vector potential in x-z plane, where x is the radius, z is along the field line. From radially global simulation with beta slightly exceeding the experimental value. The plot shows a mode of tearing mode parity, but ion temperature gradient drive is essential. 53 2003 Annual Report not use a Monte-Carlo approach, have been carried out. Recently the code has been extended to treat general equilibrium profiles, including equilibrium sheared ExB flow and sheared parallel flow. We have also improved the parallelization scheme so that more than 512 processors can be used on the NERSC SEABORG supercomputer. Recent GEM simulation indicates that electromagnetic turbulence is more robust to shear-flow suppression. In particular, turbulence can self-sustain by nonlinear effects in the presence of sheared flow, even if the plasma is linearly stable. Scott Parker, Weigang Wan Tearing mode instabilities play an important roll in tokamak discharges. The basic process is the anti-parallel magnetic field lines break and reconnect in the plasma to form magnetic islands. The perturbed vector potential is symmetric with respect to the central layer. Using an electromagnetic gyrokinetic δf particle-in-cell simulation model [Y. Chen and S. Parker, J. Comp. Phys. 189, 463 (2003)], we studied the evolution of collisionless and semicollisional tearing mode instabilities. Drift-kinetic electrons are used. Linear eigenmode analysis is presented for the case of fixed ions and there is excellent agreement with simulation. A double peaked eigenmode structure is seen indicative of a positive ∆’. Nonlinear evolution of a magnetic island is studied and the results compare well with existing theory in terms of saturation level and electron bounce oscillations. Electron-ion collisions are included to study the semi-collisional regime. The algebraic growth stage is observed and Figure 38 compares favorably with theory. Nonlinear saturation following the algebraic stage is observed. In simulations with larger box sizes (64 ion gyroradii radially) we found that the ion gyrokinetic response is important and cannot be neglected. Furthermore, in these larger box simulations, the instability exhibits an odd parity, different than the even tearing parity. 54 2003 Annual Report Scott Robertson and Zoltan Sternovsky Charged Aerosol Particles in the Ionosphere In the northern summer, ice particles form in the polar ionosphere at about 83 km altitude. When these particles grow sufficiently large they are observed near the Arctic Circle as noctilucent clouds. The distribution of these particles, their relationship to climate, and their effect on charge balance is just beginning to be understood. We have developed a series of rocket-borne probes to detect charged aerosol layers. These probes have flown in rocket campaigns from the Andoya rocket range in Norway and from Esrange in Sweden. We are developing more sophisticated probes to determine the charge-to-mass ratio of the aerosol particles so that particle sizes can be determined. In conditions too warm for clouds, the probes may observe the predicted global layer of aerosol particles containing metals ablated from meteors. These particles may serve as the condensation nuclei for the cloud particles. Figure 39: Rocket-borne probe for charged aerosols Scott Robertson and Zoltan Sternovsky Nonneutral plasma in Penning traps Figure 40: Scott Robertson next to a Penning Trap. Nonneutral plasmas are plasmas consisting of electrons or ions alone. The Penning trap is a device in which a magnetic field prevents loss of the particles in the radial direction and biased conductors at the ends prevent loss in the axial direction. In the absence of collisions with gas molecules, there should be no plasma losses. We used our Penning trap this past year to investigate the loss of electrons arising from “collisions” with stray electric fields. This loss mechanism has been termed asymmetry transport and limits 55 2003 Annual Report confinement times. We find that this transport is greatly reduced when the inside surfaces of the vacuum chamber are spray-painted with colloidal graphite. Probe data show that the potentials above these surfaces are spatially very uniform, with variations of order 15 millivolts, which is near to the resolution of the diagnostic probe. Without the coating, potential variations are ~250 millivolts although the surfaces are carefully cleaned with acids and solvents. Electron confinement times are increased by about an order of magnitude. Improved confinement times are particularly important for plasmas that are difficult to create, such as positron and antiproton plasmas. Dusty plasmas Surfaces of airless moons and asteroids are covered with a dusty regolith that is charged by the electrons and ions of the solar wind and by the photoelectric effect. There is observational evidence from satellites that the regolith particles are levitated and transported by electric fields and deposited in low-lying regions. The smaller particles may be accelerated to escape velocity. We have investigated these effects in the laboratory by placing dusty surfaces beneath plasma and in UV radiation. Figure 41: Zoltan Sternovsky in the lab. Simulated lunar and Mars dusts have been used as well as lunar dust returned by the Apollo 17 mission. CCD images have been made of levitated particles and of the spreading of dust layers. Modeling of dust charging and of the forces on the dust particles predict the sizes of particles that can be transported. Experiments have also been done with simulated Mars regolith. These experiments provide a basis for interpretation of data from robotic space missions and will help in planning future missions to the moon, Mars, a comet or an asteroid. Instruments are being developed for a return mission to the moon that will probe the plasma and dust environment at the lunar surface. 56 2003 Annual Report Laboratory plasmas In order to understand our dusty plasmas, we have needed to develop better diagnostic tools for lowtemperature laboratory plasmas. The standard diagnostic tool is the wire probe developed by Langmuir. Careful analysis of the plots of current versus voltage shows two significant deviations of the data from the standard theoretical models. The first of these is an excess ion current Figure 42: Plasma Probes arising from ion collisions near the probe. In collaboration with scientists at the Naval Research Laboratory, we developed a theoretical model for the ion current and showed that it explained a large discrepancy between theory and experiment for the ion part of the probe current. Another discrepancy is caused by a population of electrons created by secondary emission from the wall. A theory with two electron populations and with ion collisions fits the data to within a few percent, gives densities and temperatures for the two electron populations, and allows electron and ion densities to be compared as a check for consistency. With the improved data analysis, it is possible to being modeling the flow of energy between the two electrons populations and to make a predictive model for electron temperature. 57 2003 Annual Report Extra Activities additional tasks and positions Dan Barnes Fellow, American Physical Society Visiting Scientist, Los Alamos National Laboratory Principal Scientist, Coronado Consulting John R. Cary Advisor and mentor for Viktor Przebinda, an undergraduate student CEO, Tech-X Corporation Editor for Physical Review E for 3 year term, 2003-2005. Member, American Geophysical Union Member, organizing and program committee, Advanced Accelerator Concepts Workshop. Member, Organizing Committee of the Particle Accelerator Conference (2004) Member, Plasma Science Committee, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences Member, Program Committee of the Particle Accelerator Conference (2004) Member, Sherwood Fusion Theory Conference Executive Committee Member of thesis committee of Sam Jones and Charlson Kim Postdoctoral advisor of Rodolfo Giacone and Chet Nieter Principal dissertation advisor for Kiran Sonnad, Brent Goode, and Jinhyung Lee Supervisor of Kathy Garvin-Doxas and Isidoros Doxas Yang Chen Advisor for Weigang Wan, a graduate research assistant Member, American Physical Society Isidoros Doxas Chair, Space Science and Astronomy Committee, American Association of Physics Teachers. Member, Committee on Education and Public Outreach, Space Physics and Aeronomy Section, American Geophysical Union. 58 2003 Annual Report Kathy Garvin-Doxas Chair, Distance Education and Educational Technologies Topical Interest Group, American Evaluation Association. Member, Committee on Education and Public Outreach, Space Physics and Aeronomy Section, American Geophysical Union. Evaluator, Digital Library for Earth Science Education (DLESE) Evaluator, Field Tested Learning Assessment Guide (FLAG) Rodolfo Giacone Member, American Physical Society Martin Goldman Chair, American Physical Society PRL Evaluation Panel Member, American Physical Society Anti-terrorism Task Force Member, American Geophysical Union, Member, American Physical Society, Division of Plasma Physics Publication Committee Member, American Physical Society Panel on Public Affairs Member, American Institute of Physics, Committee on Journals Member, International Advisory Board of European Center for Nonlinear Sciences Member, Physics Dept. Chair Election Committee Member, Physics Dept. Faculty Search Committee, Plasma Physics Associate Editor, Physics of Plasmas. Peer Reviewer for various Adjudications and Letters. Principal Dissertation/Thesis Advisor for Naresh Sen (with David Newman) Member of Dissertation/Thesis Committee for Daniel Main, APS Dept Member of Masters or Ph.D. Qualifying Examination Committee for Colin Mitchel and David Foster Taught Physics 1230, “Light and Color,” with 180 students, and two sections of Physics 2010. James Howard Member, American Physical Society Member, American Astronomical Society Member, Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) Helped teach graduate class in classical mechanics. Peer review for Phys. Rev. Lett., Celest. Mech., and other technical journals. 59 2003 Annual Report Marie Jensen Member, American Physical Society James Meiss Principal Dissertation/Thesis Advisor for multiple Graduate Students. Member of Dissertation/Thesis Committee for Masoud Asadi-Aeydabadi, Member of PhD Qualifying Examination Committee, APPM. Supervisor, Dynamical Systems Tetrahedron Supervisor, Fall 2003, Independent study for Karl Obermeyer, APPM Major Professor, Spring 2003 APPM 8100, Seminar in dynamical systems Professor, Fall 2003, APPM 7100 Dynamical Systems and Chaos APPM 7100, 10 students Professor, Spring 2003, APPM 2360 Diff Eq, 100 students Course Coordinator for APPM 2360, Spring 03 Co-Organizer for a symposium, “Transport and Mixing in Three-Dimensions’ for the May 2003 SIAM Dynamical Systems Meeting with I. Mezic Associate Chair for Graduate Studies, Advisor for our 1st and 2nd year students. Graduate Committee. Departmental Technology Liaison to the FTEP program Departmental Technology Liaison to the FTEP program Fellow, Colorado Center for Chaos and Complexity. Associate Editor for SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems Peer Reviewer for various papers and proposals. David L. Newman Reviewed manuscripts submitted to Physical Review Letters, Physical Review E, Physics of Plasmas, Journal of Geophysical Research, Geophysical Research Letters and grant proposals submitted to the National Science Foundation (NSF) and NASA Nominated for membership in the International Union of Radio Science (URSI). Organized Fall 2003 CIPS Seminar Series Other interests: Member of Jefferson Symphony Orchestra (viola). Chet Nieter Member, American Physical Society Other interests: Holder of a 2nd degree Black Belt in Aikido 60 2003 Annual Report Scott Parker Chair, Department of Physics Computational Physics Committee Executive Committee, University Fusion Association Program Committee, International Fusion Theory Conference Session Organizer, IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science Member, American Physical Society Member, Department of Physics Evaluation Panel Member, Department of Energy Fusion Energy Advisory Committee, Priorities Panel Member, Program Advisory Committee, Heavy Ion Fusion Virtual National Laboratory Member, Thesis Committee for several graduate students. Mentor for Research Associate Yang Chen. Professor, Physics 5210, Fall 2003. Research Advisor for Weigang Wan, Srinath Vladlamani, and Charlson C. Kim. Team Leader, Summit Framework Scott Robertson Member, American Physical Society Member, Graduate Admissions Committee, Physics Department. Member, IEEE Member, Organizing Committee, 10th Workshop on the Physics of Dusty Plasmas Member of the Chair’s Advisory Committee, Physics Department. Peer Reviewer of multiple papers, proposals and manuscripts. Raul Stern Member, American Physical Society Zoltan Sternovsky Member, American Geophysical Union Member, American Physical Society 61 2003 Annual Report Credits Design, layout, and editing: Genevieve Taylor This report was composed by means of the following software: Adobe® Pagemaker® 7.0.1 Adobe® Reader® 6.0 Adobe® Photoshop® 6.0 Microsoft® Word® 2002 Illustrations: Cover image by James Howard CIPS logo by Arlena Szczesniak p. 2 (Commercial Seal of the University of Colorado): courtesy of CU-Boulder p. 3: by Marie Jensen pp. 4, 5 (Gamow Tower photos): by Arlena Szczesniak p. 4 (Library photos): by Carolyn James pp. 5 (Map), 6: courtesy of CU-Boulder pp. 5, 11 (photos): by Scott Knappmiller p. 7: by Chet Nieter p. 8: by James Meiss pp. 9, 11, 12 (solar images): from http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/ p. 10 (Mars): courtesy of Vern Raben p. 10 (photos): by Scott Robertson pp. 13--17: by John Cary pp. 18-23, 58-61 (backgrounds): by David Newman pp. 24-31: by Alan Kiplinger © Center for Integrated Plasma Studies, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO, USA – December 2004 62
