SUPORT DE CURS - Proiect PODCA 22763

Transcription

UNIUNEA EUROPEANĂ
Fondul Social European
GUVERNUL ROMÂNIEI
Ministerul Dezvoltării Regionale
şi Administraţiei Publice
Instrumente Structurale
2007-2013
Proiect cofinanţat din Fondul Social European prin Programul Operaţional Dezvoltarea
Capacităţii Administrative 2007 – 2013
Axa prioritară 1: „Îmbunătăţiri de structură şi proces ale managementului ciclului de politici publice”
Domeniul major de intervenţie: 1.3 „Îmbunătăţirea eficacităţii organizaţionale”
Operaţiunea: Module de pregătire în domenii ca achiziţiile publice, ECDL, limbi străine, dezvoltarea de
proiecte, licitarea şi managementul proiectelor etc.
Titlul proiectului: „Îmbunătăţirea eficacităţii organizaţionale a administraţiei publice locale şi a
instituţiilor deconcentrate din jud. Alba prin furnizarea de programe de instruire pentru dezvoltarea şi
perfecţionarea abilităţilor de comunicare în sfera publică şi comunicare în limba străină ale angajaţilor,
cu scopul atingerii unor cerinţe şi standarde impuse de Uniunea Europeană”
Contract PODCA: 402 / 24.10.2013
Cod SMIS: 22763
Beneficiar: Universitatea „1 Decembrie 1918” din Alba Iulia
SUPORT DE CURS
LIMBA ENGLEZĂ – NIVEL MEDIU
GABRIEL BĂRBULEȚ
ALBA IULIA
2014
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Acest material a fost elaborat în cadrul proiectului „Îmbunătăţirea eficacităţii organizaţionale
a adminsitraţiei publice locale şi a instituţiilor deconcentrate din jud. Alba prin furnizarea de
programe de instruire pentru dezvoltarea şi perfecţionarea abilităţilor de comunicare în sfera
publică şi comunicare în limba străină ale angajaţilor, cu scopul atingerii unor cerinţe şi
standarde impuse de Uniunea Europeană”, proiect cofinanţat din Fondul Social European prin
Programul Operaţional Dezvoltarea Capacităţii Administrative 2007 – 2013.
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CUPRINS
1.
THE NOUN AND THE ARTICLE ............................................................................... 4
2.
THE ADJECTIVE ..................................................................................................... 13
2.1.
3.
Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs....................................................... 14
THE ADJECTIVE/ THE NOUN ................................................................................ 18
3.1.
Place of adverbs/ adjectives ........................................................................................ 22
4.
THE ADJECTIVE; THE PRONOUN ........................................................................ 26
5.
THE VERB ............................................................................................................... 28
5.1.
Present Continuous; Social English ............................................................................. 28
5.2.
Present Perfect ............................................................................................................ 31
6.
MODAL VERBS ....................................................................................................... 33
7.
BIBLIOGRAFIE ....................................................................................................... 36
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1. THE NOUN AND THE ARTICLE
1.
Fill in the blanks in the sentences, using an appropriate noun with the same root as the verb in
italics:
1. Life has been transformed since the beginning of the century. Life has undergone a …… . 2. He
organized the conference extremely well. The …… was excellent. 3. He announced the date of the
election. Did you hear the……? 4. He would do better to persuade him. …… is more effective than
force. 5. Please sign this form. I need your …… . 6. You must encourage him. He needs …… . 7.
You have arranged the furniture very well. I like the …… of the furniture. 8. He arranged everything
connected with the meeting. He made the …… for the meeting. 9. Letters and parcels are not
delivered on Sundays. There are no …… on Sundays. 10. He suddenly realized he had been
tricked. The …… that he had been tricked came suddenly. I need your help to realize this plan.
Your help is necessary for the …… of this plan. 11. He emphasized the need for good
pronunciation. He placed great …… on good pronunciation. 12. I admire his patience. I am full of
…… for his patience. 13. British people consume a lot of sweets. Sweet …… is very high in Britain.
14. He annoyed the passers-by. He caused the passers-by …… .
2.
Complete the sentences below using an article + a noun that is associated with the underlined
noun:
1. We went into shops which had absolutely nothing on …… . 2. You shouldn’t ask a question if
you already know…… .
3. I’ve never taught a class where …… are so noisy. 4. It was a lovely
house but …… were too steep for old people. 5. In a test …… should not be too difficult or too
easy. 6. It’s a newspaper where …… aren’t covered with pictures. 7. I’m not surprised you can’t
walk in those shoes, …… are much too high. 8. Before you go on a long journey in your car, check
to make sure …… have enough air in them. 9. I bought the radio in a sale. …… had been slashed
by 50%. 10. What’s the point in buying an expensive television if ……isn’t clear?
3.
Discuss the use of the article in the following examples. Give the plural forms of the underlined
nouns:
1. A stream is a small river. 2. An undertaker was arrested for drunken driving. 3. The best pet for a
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child is a dog. 4. If you don’t like public transport, you should get a car. 5. A dog is sitting listening
to a record-player. 6. You can never trust a politician. 7. A car isn’t the best way to travel in a city.
4.
In some of the sentences below both the noun groups are possible; in others only one is
correct. Decide where you can use both and where only one is possible:
1. I’m thirsty; let’s go to a pub/ the pub. 2. Nowadays a hairdresser’s/ the hairdresser’s is a place
where both men and women can have a haircut. 3. Don’t forget, you’re going to a doctor’s/ the
doctor’s today. 4. I need some stamps; where can I find a post office/ the post office? 5. Our fear of
a dentist’s/ the dentist’s starts when we are children. 6. It’s such a small village; you wouldn’t
expect it to have a school/ the school.
5.
Choose the appropriate form in the examples below:
A. 1. Lithuanian borders were set up in the spring/ in spring. 2. In summer/ a summer it’s hot but
in winter/ a winter it’s very cold. 3. During a day/ the day it was very hectic but at the night/ a night
it was desolate. 4. What are you doing after lunch on Tuesday/ a Tuesday? 5. Past/ the past is
forgotten. 6. It was summer/ a summer of intense heat. 7. Air force relief flights continue in a
morning/ the morning. 8. I did a lot of work in Hamburg in eighties/ the eighties. 9. Do you suffer
from malaria/ a malaria? 10. I get fed up when I have cold/ a cold because my nose goes bright
red. 11. What is the best treatment for flu/ the flu? 12. I took some aspirin for headache/ a
headache. 13. Leukaemia is cancer/ a cancer of the blood. 14. Don’t sit in a draught or you’ll catch
chill/ a chill. 15. I hope I haven’t caught hepatitis/ a hepatitis.
B. 1. After a while. Maria came in, her hair/ the hair freshly combed. 2. Bess kissed her on her
cheek/ the cheek. 3. The Baron leaned forward and looked her in the face/ her face. 4. He put his
hand/ the hand on the shoulder/ her shoulder.
5. She slipped her arm/ the arm under his and
gave him a nudge. 6. The General had a pistol in the hand/ his hand. 7. He could have shot me in
the foot/ my foot.
Decide whether you can leave out “the” in the following examples:
1. He became the chairman of the company. 2. Mrs Jacobs is the head of two departments. 3.
They made him the leader of the gang. 4. I’m going to meet the director of the club. 5. Mr J.Benn,
the owner of the shop, made no comment. 6. He’s been the captain for the last six matches. 7. I
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was the manager for only six weeks before the company went bankrupt.. 8. They made the
President sign the document. 9. She was the Queen for only a hundred days. 10. I was the best
man at the wedding.
7. Complete the following sentences, using the words in brackets in the right order:
1. Have you ever met……? (stupid/ so/ boy/ a). 2. I don’t think I’ve ever read …….. . (a/ such/
essay/ brilliant). 3. It was just ……. to miss. (good/ a/ too/ chance). 4. Do you realise …… it is? (a/
task/ what/ difficult) 5. I just don’t know …… that is. (possibility/ likely/ how/ a) 6. We mustn’t ignore
……. As this. (a/ as/ threat/ serious).
8.
Make seven complete (and sensible) sentences by matching the following beginnings and
endings:
1.The slower you eat,
a. the greater the likelihood of meeting someone
with whom you have
2. the further it is from the sun,
b. the shorter the length of time you’ll be able to
keep doing it
3. The wider your circle of friends,
4. The stronger the walls of a horse’s shoe,
arger the biscuit,
6. he lower the power of the satellite signal,
c. the longer the baking time.
d. the more you will think you have eaten.
e. the slower it travels.
f. the fewer the nails needed to hold the shoe
in place.
7. The more intense the exercise,
9.
g. the larger the dish diameter required.
Fill in the article where necessary:
A. They advanced into… hall, went from table to table, scooping each plate clean, gathering up
cold chips, tasty cod-shells of yellow batter, or crusts of bread and butter. Neither spoke, and …
whole operation went on in silence. … man digging into … pile of steaming fish and chips stared
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at Bert, who was composed enough to take up … vinegar bottle and sprinkle it over what was in
his hand, giving … impression either that he worked in … place collecting scraps like this, or that
this was … form of super-cheap meal served by … café to … unobtrusive waifs and tramps. Bert
cleared another table, glancing now and again at … chatting waitresses nearby. … blonde-dyed
heavily painted woman passed Brian half … cup of still hot tea, which he drank too slowly for …
job he was out with Bert to do. He set … cup down, and … man who had seen him drink … tea
covered his meal protectively. Brian had never done this before, might normally have been afraid
to come into … café and play locust to its cast-off food, but he was too surprised at finding such
edible nutriment set out plainly for … getting to worry about who was looking on.
(Allan Sillitoe, Key to the Door)
B. In … England, … Wales, … Scotland and … Northern Ireland, … English is … language
predominantly spoken. In … Wales, however, … Welsh, a form of British Celtic is … first language
of … majority of … population in most of … western counties. … Manx and …Cornish varieties of
… Celtic are no longer effectively living languages, although, in … Isle of Man, …Manx is used in
addition to … English for certain official pronouncements. English is spoken throughout … Channel
Islands, but … Norman French patois is still also spoken there by some people. French is still …
official language of … Jersey.
10. Complete the following sentences with a noun formed from the multi-word verbs in columns A
and B:
A. come
B. over
1. Most plane crashes occur during ……..or landing.
break
off
At the age of 35 Frank Haggler made a ………last night, and regained the
take
up
heavyweight
championships of the world at Wembley Stadium.
cut
back
3. Shall we eat out tonight or get a Chinese ………?
hold
down
If you have a ……while driving on a motorway, it can be very expensive to get
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build
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away
……… in teaching staff have meant that the student-teacher ration has increased
6. There was a …….. on the Underground yesterday because of a temporary power
7. The City pages of daily newspapers are full of stories about company mergers
8.Before the war broke out, there was a steady …… of tension, as each side
atrocities
1.
Fill the gaps with suitable nouns from the list below:
ABSTRACT NOUNS:
adventure, atmosphere, business, confidence, death, education, environment, experience, failure,
fear, history, imagination, industry, kindness, knowledge, life, love, philosophy, pleasure, success,
thought:
MASS NOUNS:
butter, cheese, coffee, juice, metal, milk, pasta, plastic, poison, soup, sugar, tea, wine, wood.
1. A thorough ………….of English is required. 2. It was an unforgettable…………… . 3. The
journey was a great ……… .
4. Oak is a harder …………….. than pine. 5. She had a thrilling
……………. . 6. It was a great ………….. to meet them. 7. He has a very vivid …………. . 8. The
trip was an utter …………… 9. This is a very salty …………… 10. Cheddar is a very tasty …………
. 11. He has a great ………….of music. 12. I’d like a strong black ………please.
2.
Substitute the correct paired phrases for the underlined definitions in the sentences below:
e.g. He’s the kind of person who will change his mind a dozen times before making a decision.
Answer: chop and change.
Trial and error
short and sweet
by and large
sick and tired chop
and
change
touch and go
few and far between hit and miss
safe and sound
black and
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blue
1. I’m fed up with your noise! 2. Sunny days are rare in January. 3. If you want your letter to be
published in the newspaper,, keep it concise. 4. The only way to learn something is by
experimenting. 5. There are very few strict rules about English grammar. 6. I slipped on the ice
yesterday and now my bottom is badly bruised. 7. It’s doubtful whether Simon will pass his final
exam next week. 8. His performance as an actor is very unpredictable - sometimes he’s brilliant,
other times he’s awful. 9. On the whole, it has been a successful conference. 10. While their
mothers were telephoning each other frantically at four in the morning, the two girls were alive and
unharmed at the house of a friend.
4.
3.
Match the expressions on the left to their definitions on the right:

to put your foot in it

to pull s’one’s leg

to have/ get cold feet about smth
to be difficult to control

to put your feet up
to be useful

to twist s’one round your little finger
to be very good at

to keep your fingers crossed
to have hardly enough to live on

to come in handy

to be a dab hand at

to be a handful

to live from hand to mouth
to have doubts about a decision you’ve made
to be difficult to control
to tease someone
to relax
to hope things will turn out right
to cause embarrassment by saying s’thg inappropriate
Put each of the collectives in its correct sentence:
a mine of information / a load of rubbish / a clash of cultures / a breath of fresh air / a flash of
inspiration / a flood of tears / a battle of wits / a round of applause / a wink of sleep (not get) / a sea
of faces / a piece of cake (to be… colloquial) / a bag of nerves
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1. You can ask Tim anything, he seems to have a tremendous amount of knowledge. He is
…………. 2. Most of what you watch on TV these days is ………. I don’t know why we bother to
pay the licence fee any more. 3. On hearing that she had been rejected by the drama school, she
spent the evening in ………… . 4. Seeing a MacDonald’s in the middle of Beijing seemed to me
…………. . 5. After boring old Mr Atkins, the new head teacher is …………….. . 6. When he stood
on the platform in order to give his first-ever public speech, he almost fainted when he saw
…………….looking expectantly at him. 7. Someone next door was playing heavy metal music all
night long. I didn’t get ……….. . 8. While I was sitting in the bath last night, the solution to our
problem came to me in ………….. . 9. ‘Cambridge Proficiency? No problem, it’s …..’, he boasted.
10. Some of the discussion programmes on TV are quite entertaining, especially when you get
good speakers who have opposing views. It very often turns into ………… . 11. ‘Could we have
………… for our most marvellous speaker? She really kept up absorbed for the whole evening.’ 12.
He chain smokes, never sits still and is always giving little coughs. He really …………. .
5.
Match the expressions with their definitions:

Let’s call it a day
well before deadline

He left on the dot of 6.00
a disastrous day

You can stay here for the time being
spontaneously

She goes to bed in the early hours.
Give pleasure

we decided on the sour of the moment
at 3 a.m. or 4 a.m.

Some good news can make my day
just before it’s too late

I like to arrive at the airport in good time at exactly that time

It was just one of those days

He’ll be here in no time (at all)

She left the building in the nick of time
6.
Here are some adjectives which have similar meanings. Fill in the gaps with suitable nouns:
1.
a light summer coat
a pale face
very quickly/ soon
finish what we’re doing
temporarily
a bright sunny day
a colourless liquid
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2.
a famous…………..
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a well-known…
a notorious………..
an infamous…….
a long…………
a wide……..
a broad………
a
distinguished….
3.
an extensive………
4.
an old……
5.
a new……..
an elderly……..
an ancient………..
a modern………
an old-fashioned……….
an up-to-date……..
a recent…………….. a
fresh………..
6.
a considerable…….
a major……. a strong……
an important…
a
A minor….
A small……
a little……….. an essential……
a rare………
a peculiar……..
significant…… a vital….
7.
an insignificant…….
8.
a strange………. An unusual……
an
uncommon……
7.
Re-write the sentences on the left using one of the similes on the right:
1.
She is very forgetful.
2.
She ran very fast.
- like a bomb.
3.
She slept very deeply.
- like a sieve.
4.
She didn’t ‘fit’ with the others.
5.
She is very wasteful with money.
6.
Her car goes fast, despite its age.
- like a fish out of water.
7.
She’s always knocking things over.
- like a bat out of hell
8.
She only weighs 45 kgs.
9.
The village has no ‘life’ after 8.00 p.m.
8.
Match the words in column A to their pairs in Column B, then find the correct definition of the
- money like water.
- like a bull in a china shop.
- like a log.
- as dead as a dodo
- as light as a feather
phrase, in Column C:
Column A
Column B
Column C
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aches and
outs
exact data
down and
out
various activities or topics
ins and
goings
a person who lives on the streets
odds and
pains
all the details of a situation
pros and
downs
several minor health problems
give and
ends
advantages and disadvantages
peace and
parcel
a tingling feeling in your limbs
this and
take
tranquillity
ups and
figures
the busy activity at a scene
pins and
cons
part and
comings and
facts and
good times and bad times
that
quiet
a variety of different items
an essential component (of a problem)
needles
concessions on both
sides
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2. THE ADJECTIVE
1. monosilabice:
comparativ de superioritate
superlativ
cold
colder (than)
the coldest
gay
gayer
the gayest
big
bigger
the biggest
Today it is colder than yesterday.
2. bisilabice terminate în -er, -y, -ow, -le:
clever
cleverer
the cleverest
happy
happier
the happiest
narrow
narrower
the narrowest
humble
humbler
the humblest
 bisilabice cu alte terminatii:
intense
more intense (than) the most intense
3. cu mai multe silabe:
beautiful
more beautiful
the most beautiful
 comparativ de inferioritate: less + adj. than:
it is less cold than yesterday
 comparativ de egalitate: as + adj. + as:
it is as cold as yesterday
adjective / adverbe neregulate
 much
more
the most
less
the least
 many
 little
few
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 good
better
the best
 bad/ ill
worse
the worst
 old
older
the oldest
elder
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the eldest
She is older than her brother. His elder sister is 24.
My elder sister is 4 years older than me.
 far
farther
the farthest (în spatiu)
further
the furthest (în timp)
 late
later
the latest (cel mai recent/ târziu/ nou)
the latter (ultimul din doi)
 near
nearer
the last (ultimul din serie)
the nearest (cel mai apropiat)
the next (imediat urmãtorul)
2.1. DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
1. Use the right form of the adjectives in brackets:
The (long) the speech is, the (tedious) it is.
The (stormy) the weather, the (dangerous) the trip.
The (eager) the child, the (intricate) the question he asks.
Her words are becoming (sharp).
Don’t count on him to do it. He is getting (tired).
Her voice was growing (loud).
2. Do the same thing for the following examples:
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The (near) station is Calea Victoriei.
John’s (late) novel was a (good) seller and for sure it won’t be his (late) one.
Her (old) brother is called Jim.
We were in a hurry to catch the (late) bus.
Which is (old) of the two?
They got down to business without (far) delay.
I saw him meet her at the (far)end of the street.
I shall need (far) help with this.
3. Translate:
Lucrul cel mai simplu e sa trimiti un bilet.
Care dintre ei e mai bun la franceza?
Ia-o pe poteca cea mai ingusta.
Erai mai ocupat decat mine la vremea aceea?
Ana e cea mai timida perietena a fiicei noastre.
Pare sa fie mai putin frig decat anul trecut pe vremea asta.
Hotelul acela era si mai elegant.
4. Give the right form of the adjective, then combine it with the appropriate noun in the right
column:
eg. it has no taste
tasteless
a tasteless meal
it has no life
valley
it has no trees
body
it has no use
rag
she has no job
child
she has no mother
woman
she has no hat
girl
city
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5. Give the same meaning, using compound adjectives:
eg. a text long of two paragraphs
a girl having fair hair
a two-paragraph-long text
a fair-haired girl
a tree old of two centuries
a table covered with cloth
a child of three years
a vase having many colours
the rain of last week
a house with three corners
a man having broad shoulders
a person with straight hair
a man having fishy eyes
a teacher that has an open mind
a girl having an empty head
a person that has the heart of a lion
6. Do the same thing for the following examples:
eg. an animal like a cat
a cat-like animal
a pallor like that of death
an atmosphere like that of home
a neck like that of a swan
a speed like that of a rocket
a smell like that of the forest
a noise like comparable with that of a rocket
7. Make up four meaningful sentences:
will, quarter, to, he, than, come, eight, past, later?
appointment, is, time, past, the, four, the, next, half.
due, is, past, two, train, the, latest, twenty, at.
missing, nineteen, page, is, chapter, in, three.
8. Use appropriate modal verbs and those between brackets to rephrase the following sentences:
eg. Mary understands English very well (speak). She can speak English very well.
The boy is late for school (hurry).
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The girl doesn’t have to wait any longer (go in).
I am waiting for a letter (receive).
She is angry with you (speak).
We spent all our money last week (borrow).
Dick and Tom are thinking of a trip to the Apuseni mountains (go).
The manager has no time to read the letters today (read).
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3. THE ADJECTIVE/ THE NOUN
1. Discuss the differences in meaning between the words in italics:
1.
She has a talking parrot.
Have you heard her parrot talking?
2.
She is an old friend.
My friend is quite old.
3.
All the people concerned were there.
All the concerned people were there.
4.
It wasn’t a proper meeting.
The meeting proper began at 9.
5.
The members of the staff present.
The present members of the staff.
6.
Is he the person responsible?
Is he a responsible person?
7.
I have a friend living in London.
8.
He is a complete idiot.
The complete meal cost a mere L5.
9.
The film has an involved plot.
The actors involved were unconvincing.
She has no living relatives.
2. Adjectives placed after a verb, NOT before a noun: afloat, afraid, alight, alike, alive, aloft, alone,
asleep, awake, well, unwell, ill, content;
Are you ………….yet?
The fire isn’t ………….yet.
Shh! The baby is …….. in its cot.
I don’t feel very ……… .
Don’t leave the baby ……..all night. Her two sisters look ……….. .
Adjectival expressions normally placed after a noun: galore, manqué, elect, present (=attending),
proper (=itself);
There was food ……….at the party. The manager ……….takes office next month.
He is an artist ………… .
Adjectival constructions placed after a noun, rather than before it: concerned (=affected), responsible
(=doer), involved (=included), imaginable (after a superlative);
All the people ………have been notified.
That was the most disgusting meal …………!
Adjectival expressions used after/ before a noun: affected, available, required, suggested, obtainable;
All the people ………..have complained./ All the ………… people complained.
Work expands to take up the time ………….. / the …………….time.
Insert suitable adjectives:
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1.
Do you have all the ingredients?
2.
Don’t forget to follow the guidelines.
8. The people have all been arrested.
3.
Never wake a baby.
9. In the sale there were bargains.
4.
I’d love a glass of lemonade.
10. Can I try one of those cakes?
5.
6.
7. I object to his rudeness.
She is the nicest person.
The meeting began promptly.
11. Some of the people fell asleep.
12. It seems to me that he is a fool.
3. Here are the first words of some common two-word compound nouns. What are the second words?
In some cases there may be several possibilities.
inverted…………….. general…………….. mineral………………. air-traffic……………….
price………………… one-parent…………. current ……………….stainless …………………
traveller’s ………….. compact …………… exclamation…………..
ten-pound ……………….
swimming …………. skating ……………. delivery……………… jumble …………………..
chain ……………….. clearance ………….. wastepaper ……………
public ……………………
4. anti- (opposed to), pro- (supporting), pre- (before), super- (greater than usual), half-, re- (again), un(reverse action), over- (too much), under- (too little), out- (more than), self- (by/for itself), co- (together),
counter- (against), ex- (former), semi- (half), sub- (below)
Fill the gaps in these sentences with suitable forms of the words in italics:
1. It’s an ………….to say that a change of leader will solve all our problems. Simple. 2. The minister
was accused of …………the number of unemployed. Estimate. 3. The …………..members
were……………by the moderate union members. Strike/ vote. 4. It may be ………….to force them into
making a decision, and if you upset them they’re likely to …………. Produce/ react. 5. Foreign-language
films may be sudden or shown with ……………. Title. 6. Magazines devoting page after page to reports
on the lives of the ……………and ……………..usually…………….more serious magazines. Rich/ star/
sell. 7. You needn’t refer to the manual: the use of the camera is…………. Explain. 8.
The……………began after the troops received a ……………signal. Attack/ arrange. 9. He…………..his
……………to turn up at the …………….party. expect/ wife/ Christmas. 10. He went out into the snow
and ……………….later looking…………………. . appear/ frozen.
5. Choose the word that best completes each of the sentences:
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1.
GUVERNUL ROMÂNIEI
2007-2013
Many species of animals and plants today are dangerous/ endangered/ precarious/ risky/ under
danger.
2.
Modern farm animals and crops are the result of centuries of selective breeding/ cultivation/
education/ mating/ reproduction.
3.
Much of our knowledge about evolution comes from the study of artefacts/ fossils/ relics/ ruins/
tracks.
4.
My friend is a keen amateur natural historian/ naturalist/ naturist/ nationalist.
5.
There are over 850,000 named colonies/ families/ species/ styles/ varieties of insects on this planet.
6.
Rabbits and mice are amphibians/ carnivores/ marsupials/ rodents.
7.
Crocodiles and alligators are crustaceans/ herbivores/ mammals/ reptiles.
8.
The oak and the beech are bushes/ coniferous trees/ deciduous trees.
9.
Crows and vultures are parasites/ predators/ scavengers/ scroungers, living on carrion.
10. The lioness lay in wait for her game/ lunch/ prey/ target/ victim.
11. Rats, mice and cockroaches are usually considered to be cuddly/ mischievous/ pets/ vermin/
weeds.
12. Cattle and chickens are domestic/ domesticated/ house-broken/ obedient/ tame/ wild animals.
13. Your cat has scratched me with its claws/ fangs/ hoofs/ nails/ paws/ pincers/ whiskers.
14. We all admired the parrot’s beautiful bark/ coat/ fleece/ fur/ hide/ plumage.
15. Many insects, such as wasps and ants, use their aerials/ antlers/ feelers/ horns/ whiskers to touch
objects.
16. A caterpillar/ chrysalis/ maggot/ moth/ snake/ worm hatches from an egg laid by a butterfly.
17. We saw a huge crowd/ flock/ herd/ pack/ shoal/ swarm of birds through our binoculars.
18. The champions/ leaves/ lichen/ mushrooms/ toadstool that we’ve gathered in the woods will taste
delicious fried in butter.
19. Squirrels and rabbits are amiable/ courteous/ delicious/ elegant/ endearing/ extravagant/ fierce little
creatures.
6. Match the words in the lists below together:
basket, bucket, bunch, carafe, cup, flight, flock, gust,
of
beans, bother, bread, cake,
cards, cattle, herd, item, jug, loaf, pack, pair, piece, pot, puff, range,
equipment, flowers,
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fruit, helpers, hills, sack, school, slice, spoonful, spot, team, tin/ can, tube
honey,
luggage, milk, potatoes, sheep,
smoke, socks, stairs, sugar, tea, tights,
toothpaste, tweezers, water, wind, wine,
whales.
7.
Match the two halves of these idiomatic expressions:
muscular - He’s as strong as
healthy - She’s as fit as
short-sighted - She’s as blind as
a bat a horse/ an ox
tough - She’s as hard as
a cucumber
crazy - He’s as mad as
a feather
attractive - She looks as pretty as
a fiddle
well-behaved - They were as good as
gold
a
mouse
hard of hearing - He’s as deaf as
nails
stupid - She’s as thick as
a picture
unemotional - He’s as cool as
a
post
very slim - She’s as light as
two short planks
drink too much - He drinks like
the wind
drive fast - She drove like
cat and dog
have a row - They fought like
a sieve
run fast - She ran like
a fish
a hatter
sleep well - I slept like
a house on fire
forgetful - I have a memory like
wildfire
extravagant - He spends money like
like water
swim well - He swims like
a log
be good friends - We got on like
the wind
very quickly - The news spread like
a bat out of hell
8. Match the words with their synonyms below:
amazed, annoyed, clever, confused, cured, depressed, determined, different, disappointed, dull,
encouraged, exciting, frightened, glad, respected, revolting, shocked, upset, worried, worrying;
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admired, anxious, astonished, better, bewildered, delighted, despondent, disgusting, disillusioned,
distressed, disturbing, diverse, dreary, heartened, horrified, indignant, persistent, scared, talented,
thrilling.
3.1. PLACE OF ADVERBS/ ADJECTIVES
1. Compare:
1. Tricia only wants to help.
Only Peter wants to help.
2. Paul just doesn’t like flying.
Olivia doesn’t just like flying,…
3. Pam doesn’t really feel well.
Jack doesn’t feel really well.
Anne doesn’t feel really well.
4. Tony and Jane still aren’t married.
Still, Sue and Rob aren’t married.
Olivia and Paul aren’t still married, are they?
5. I don’t particularly want to see Lisa.
I particularly don’t want to see Lisa.
6. I enjoy eating normally. I normally enjoy eating.
Normally, I enjoy eating.
7. Carefully, I lifted the lid. I carefully lifted the lid.
I lifted the lid carefully.
2. Use some of the following constructions:
again and again
all the time
every so often
from time to time
many times
most of the time
once a week
once in a while
once every 4 years
over and over again several times
twice a day
at the moment
at one time
every day
before breakfast
before long
a fortnight ago
in a moment
in the past
the following week
the previous day
within the hour
in the evening
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The Olympics take place…… . I’ve warned you……………. to take care. I don’t have the information
………, so I’ll call you back…….. . ……… I agree to what she says, but ……….. we don’t see eye to
eye.
3. Match up the verbs and phrases:
a. to answer
to a letter
b. to call
a letter/ the phone
c. to contact
someone a letter
d. to drop
someone a line
e. to get
someone on the phone
f. to give
somebody by phone/ by post
g. to keep
someone a ring
h. to reply
someone a story
i.
through to some one on the phone
to tell
4. Use the right adjective:
astonishing
astonished
automatic
stylistic economical economic
legible
readable
automated
heartbreaking
poisoned
childish childlike stylish
heartbroken idealistic idealised
poisonous
satisfactory
satisfying
1. Don’t pick those mushrooms, they’re……… 2. She was……….. when she was picked for the team. 3.
This camera has…………….. exposure and focusing. 4. The characters in this film aren’t realistic,
they’re………….. . 5. He always dresses in a …………… way. 6. Small cars are more ……….. than
powerful ones. 7. He was ………… when his wife left him. 8. I’m afraid his work is only……………. . 9.
Your signature is barely………. . 10. Don’t be so …………., it’s only a game!
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5. Rewrite the sentences:
He takes an umbrella with him everywhere. Wherever…..
It doesn’t matter when you arrive.
You can …..
You did something that was very rude.
What….
They just need somebody to help them.
All….
He made a very impressive speech.
What…
He was astonished by her confidence.
What…
6. Change the sentences as in the model:
ex. What annoys me is intolerance. Intolerance is what annoys me.
What I need is a friend to lend a helping hand. All I need is a friend…
It doesn’t matter whether he gets here in time or not. Whether or not he gets here in time doesn’t
matter.
Whatever she does seems to be successful.
Wherever he goes he makes friends easily.
Whoever Jane meets, they admire her.
7. Discuss the difference:
She has a talking parrot.
Have you heard the parrot talking?
She is an old friend.
My friend is quite old.
It wasn’t a proper meeting.
The meeting proper began at 9.
The members of staff present.
The present members of staff.
Is he the person responsible?
Is he a responsible person?
I have a friend living in London.
He is a complete idiot.
She has an elder brother.
She has no living relatives.
The complete meal cost L5.
Her brother is elderly.
8. We particularly enjoyed our holiday. We highly enjoyed our holiday. We very much enjoyed our
holiday. We quite enjoyed our holiday. The weather was rather cold. The weather was quite cold The
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weather was utterly cold. The weather was bitterly cold. The food was absolutely perfect. The food was
almost perfect.
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4. THE ADJECTIVE; THE PRONOUN
1. Use a few (câteva), few (putine), a lot of (o multime de):
At night there are ….. people in the street. Last night I found ….. open restaurants. I saw ….. dogs in
that yard. Don’t worry, there are …… books to read. On a cloudy day there are ……. stars in the sky.
2. Use much / many:
They have got ….. luggage. Two or three friends doesn’t mean ….. friends. He gives her …… advice
but little helped. This child hasn’t got … energy. Does she know ….. French? Do you receive ……
letters? Is there …. traffic in your district?
3. Make sentences using the given words:
ex. I am too tired to walk.
The table is easy enough to move.
book - difficult/ easy - to read
suitcase - heavy/ light - to carry
tea - cold - to drink
your shoes - wet - to put on
4. Form sentences using make and as … as possible:
ex. life - happy We want to make our life as happy as possible.
room - warm
exercise - easy
play - successful
machine - safe
dress - elegant
tour - interesting
5. Use who (cine, care), whose (a/al/ai/ale cui), to whom (cui), whom (pe cine):
We don’t know the man … has come. We don’t know … that house is. I don’t remember …. he asked
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for advice. They don’t like the worker… helped them. He wants to know …. we invited to dinner. Tell
them …. that book is. She doesn’t care … you give the prize.
6. Ask questions:
ex. Whose is this car? It’s mine.
that house - ours
this newspaper - hers
that umbrella - yours
that large flat - theirs
this contract - his
that note-book - mine
7. Use something, somebody, somewhere, sometimes:
We must do … to help them. …. it is difficult to make the right decision. Where is the letter? I saw it ….,
but I don’t remember where exactly. There is ….. waiting for you in the hall. There may be ….. more
important than this matter.
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5. THE VERB
5.1. Present Continuous; Social English
 Read the following text:
Hello! My name is Rob Fellows. I come from Dundee, a town on the east coast of Scotland, but I am a
student at Durham University, in the north of England. I’m studying French and German, and I can
speak the languages quite well. I also know a little Spanish, so I can speak four languages. I’m enjoying
the course a lot, but it’s very hard work! I live in Durham Castle, because the Castle is part of the
University, with about thirty other students. The course started two years ago, ad I’m in my third year.
After the course I’m going to work in France, but I don’t know where yet.
 Ask questions about Rob, using he/his:
a. ----------- come from?
b. What ------------ studying?
c. How many --------------- speak?
d. Is ------------ enjoying -------------?
e. ------------------ live?
f. ------------------ live with?
g. ------------------ course start?
h. What ---------------- after the course?
 Match the questions and the answers:
1. Where were you born?
a. By bus.
2. Are you married?
b. I’m a teacher.
3. What do you do?
c. Three.
4. How many children do you have?
d. In Australia.
5. How far is from Dundee to Durham?
e. Because I need it for my job.
6. How do you come to school?
f. About 120 miles.
7. Why are you learning English?
g. No, I’m single.
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 Decide which is the correct verb form:
a. Maria comes/ is coming from Spain.
b. She speaks/ is speaking French, Spanish and English.
c. Today she wears/ is wearing jeans and a T-shirt.
d. She smokes/ is smoking twenty cigarettes a day.
e. She doesn’t smoke/ isn’t smoking now. She is in class.
Ask and answer the following questions:
a. Do you smoke? If you do, how many cigarettes do you smoke a day?
Are you smoking now?
b. Does your teacher smoke? Is he/ she smoking now?
c. Do you wear glasses? Are you wearing glasses now?
d. What are you wearing? What is your colleague wearing?
1. Match a line in column A with a line in column B:
A.
B.
Could you fill it up, please?
Yes, I’ll take the price off as well.
How would you like it?
Just one moment. I’ll look it up.
It’s a present. Could you gift-wrap it, please? Shall I check the oil, too?
Two lagers, please.
Would you drop me near the station?
Could you tell me where to get off?
Could I have three tens and the rest in five?
Could you tell me the code for Paris?
I’ll give you a lift if you like.
Halves of pints?
Yes, I’ll give you a shout.
2. Write a sentence about the people:
Country
People
adjective
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Italy
Italian
Italian
Germany
German
German
Brazil
Brazilian
Brazilian
Spain
Spaniard
Spanish
Holland
Dutchman/ the Dutch Dutch
Turkey
Turk
Turkish
Sweden
Swede
Swedish
Scotland
Scot/ Scotsman
Scottish
2007-2013
The Italians make good cars.
3. Make a dialogue using the following suggestions:
B. Answer the phone.
A. Say who you are. Ask how A is.
B. Reply.
A. Ask what B is doing tonight. Invite her/ him to go out for a meal.
B. You can’t tonight. Say what you are going to do.
A. Suggest tomorrow night.
B. You can’t. Say why. Suggest some time next week.
A. You can’t. You’re going away on business. Suggest Saturday evening.
B. Agree.
A.+ B. Arrange a time and a place to meet.
A. + B. Say goodbye.
4. Ask suitable questions for the following answers:
a. There are three pictures on the wall.
How many…
b. Jane lives near the railway station.
Where…
c. Everybody knows the right answer.
Who…
d. Our friends arrive tomorrow.
When…
e. We are coming next week, by car.
How…
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5.2. Present Perfect
 simple: have/ has + IIIrd form
ex. we have been, he has come, you have played
 continuous: have/ has been + -ing ex. we have been playing, she has been waiting
 interogativ:
ex. have you been?
 negativ: have not + IIIrd form
ex. they haven’t come
1. exprimă o actiune trecută, atunci când nu este precizat momentul când a fost efectuată:
I
have met Mary.
2. exprimă o actiune trecută raportată la momentul prezent; se foloseste cu următoarele adverbe:
always
We have always spent our winter holidays in the mountains.
often/ seldom They have often/ seldom travelled abroad.
never
They have never been here (before).
just
Tom has just arrived.
already
He has already read that book.
recently
We have recently been there.
so far
So far we have received five letters.
We have received five letters so far.
Yet (-,?)
They haven’t returned yet. Have they come yet?
3. exprimă o actiune începută în trecut si care contiunuă si în prezent:
since
They have lived here since 1993/ last April.
for
They have lived here for six years/ several weeks.
 forma continuă arată că actiunea a început în trecut si s-a efectuat fără întrerupere până în prezent:
I have been writing letters all day long. (I am still writing)
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 forma simplă arată că actiunea trecută este în prezent încheiată:
I have written three letters. (I have finished them)
4. exprimă actiuni trecute (momentul actiunii este neprecizat) efectuate de persoane care sunt în
viată: Jane has written two novels so far.
- în caz contrar se foloseste Past Tense:
Shakespeare wrote 37 plays.
5. exprimă o actiune trecută încheiată, dar care are rezultate în prezent:
I have bought a new car. (you can see my new car in the garage)
- în toate cazurile în afară de 3, dacă momentul actiunii trecute este precizat se foloseste Past Tense:
Last year we spent our winter holidays in the mountains.
They travelled abroad in their childhood.
They weren’t here three years ago.
Tom arrived ten minutes ago.
They read that book last summer.
We received three letters the other day.
They didn’t return at five.
I bought a new car two weeks ago.
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6. MODAL VERBS
1. Fill in the blanks with could or be able to:
When the coach plunged into the river, only the driver ……… get out. He was as strong as a horse: he
……..work all day and dance all night. I ………mumble a few Hungarian words. She ……. reach the
shore before she collapsed. I ………type when I was sixteen. ……… you walk after the accident or did
they have to carry you? Although a long way from the door, they …….. get out very quickly. The man
asked me the way, but as he ……. only speak Italian, I ……… help him.
2. Use must, have to or have got to:
must - obligation imposed by the speaker;
have to - obligation imposed by external authority/ habitual necessity;
have got to - urgency/ limited obligation
You ….. read this book. It’s really excellent. Pupils …… wear uniforms at school. Why did she say she
wouldn’t come to the cinema tonight? She ……. write a composition. She …….. attend a meeting once
a month. She has caught a cold and she ……. leave earlier than usual. Why are you in such a hurry? I
…….. be at the station at 5 o’clock, as my friend is arriving from the country today.
3. Use mustn’t or needn’t:
Passengers …….. climb into a moving vehicle. They …… hurry, it’s only six. He ……. pour her any
more beer. She has had too much of it already. You … take your umbrella, it isn’t going to rain. You ……
come in your car, you can use mine. You …… smoke in the nursery, it’s bad for the child. Zoo notice:
Visitors …… feed the animals. Shall I ask Mary? No, you ……, I know the answer myself.
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4. Change the sentences, using I would rather/ I had better + short infinitive:
ex. I prefer to have tea than coffee.
It will be better if I tell the truth.
I ‘d rather have tea than coffee.
I’d better tell them the truth.
He prefers to watch television than go to the theatre. It will be better if he sees a doctor at once. It is
advisable for her to spend more time in the library. I prefer not to sit up so late. It will be better for you to
come home earlier. My old uncle prefers to live in the country than in the town. It is advisable that I
phone Irene myself. She prefers to see a good film than to go to the opera.
5. Replaced the italicized words by used to + infinitive or to be used to + -ing:
At their age they are not accustomed to working three hours at a stretch. John was in the habit of
running for half an hour every day. Usually they went to the university by bus. He always had a cup of
coffee after lunch. Students usually turned in rather late. Before I went into hospital I was in the habit of
smoking twenty cigarettes a day. I am not accustomed to speak in this way.
6. Use modal verbs to express the idea of necessity, possibility, obligation etc.:
ex. The possibility of somebody’s arrival soon
He may come soon.
The necessity to finish he’s work.
A polite request to have somebody’s paper for a minute.
A prohibition against smoking in the waiting-room.
Somebody’s ability to speak four foreign languages.
The possibility of fine weather.
The possibility that somebody has fallen ill.
The necessity to start early in the morning.
Helen’s ability to have baked a good cake if she had had all the necessary ingredients.
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The possibility of having spent the holidays abroad.
7. Rewrite the sentences, using must:
Probably it was already late. I am sure you are cold. They are not here, I’m sure they are at the
restaurant. She has probably worked very hard to be promoted. I‘m sure he has worked here for 20
years at least. I feel sure Mary is at home, there’s light in her kitchen. The Browns are not early risers, I
am sure they are still sleeping. Probably they have changed the programme, this piece was not
announced.
8. Use won’t or wouldn’t:
I expected him to be reasonable, but he ……listen to me. I want to give him a chance, but he ….. take
it. She wanted to come, but her employer …… let her. I wanted to leave, but they …… hear of it. No
matter how hard I try, this engine …. start. Can you lend me your pen? Mine ….. write
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7. BIBLIOGRAFIE
 Adamson, Donald. 1997. Practice Your Conjunctions and Linkers. Londra: Longman
 Alexander, L.G. 1990. English Grammar Practice. Essex: Longman
 Close, R. A. 1969. Prepositions. London: Longman
 Budai, Laszlo. 1997. Gramatica engleza. Teorie si exercitii. Bucuresti :Teora.
 Hall, Eugene. 1995. Building English Sentences. Adverbul. Bucuresti: Teora.
 Leech, Geoffrey. 1997. English Grammar and Usage. Essex: Longman.
 Mackenzie, M. D. Munro. 1972. Using English Essential Tenses. London: Evans Brothers
 Misztal, Mariusz. 1996. Test Your English Grammar. Bucuresti: Teora
 Murphy, Raymond. 1994. English Grammar in Use. Cambridge University Press
 Schibsbye, Knud. 1978. A Modern English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press
 Thomson, A.J.; Martinet, A.V. 1997. A Practical English Grammar. Exercises. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
 Vince, Michael. 1994. Advance Language Practice. Oxford: Heinemann English Language
Teaching.
 Watcyn-Jones, Peter; Allsop, Jake. 1990. Test Your Prepositions. London: Penguin Books.
 Zdrenghea, Mihai M.; Greere, Anca L. A Practical English Grammar. 1997. Cluj-Napoca
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Conţinutul acestui material nu reprezintă în mod obligatoriu poziţia oficială a Uniunii Europene
sau a Guvernului României
Titlul proiectului: „Îmbunătăţirea eficacităţii organizaţionale a administraţiei publice locale şi a
instituţiilor deconcentrate din jud. Alba prin furnizarea de programe de instruire pentru dezvoltarea şi
perfecţionarea abilităţilor de comunicare în sfera publică şi comunicare în limba străină ale angajaţilor,
cu scopul atingerii unor cerinţe şi standarde impuse de Uniunea Europeană”, Cod SMIS 22763.
Editorul materialului: Universitatea „1 Decembrie 1918” din Alba Iulia
Data publicării: 28.02.2014
37

SUPORT DE CURS - Proiect PODCA 22763

Transcription

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