Processamento Paralelo Introdução

Transcription

Ontology-Driven
Conceptual
Modeling
Giancarlo Guizzardi
IAOA Summer School
Trento, Italy
Day 3
Computer Science Department
Federal University of
Espírito Santo (UFES),
Brazil
Distinctions Among Categories
of Object Types
Type
ObjectType
Sortal Type
Non-Sortal Type
{Insurable Item}
Anti-Rigid Sortal Type
Rigid Sortal Type
{Student, Teenager,
FootballPlayer}
Kind
subKind
{Person}
{Man, Woman}
Relational Dependence (D+)
•
A type T is relationally dependent on another type P
via relation R iff for every instance x of T there is an
instance y of P such that x and y are related via R:
D+(T,P,R) =def □(x T(x)  y P(y)  R(x,y))
e.g.,
D+(Student, School, Enrolled-at) =def
□(x Student(x)  y School (y)  Enrolled-at(x,y))
Distinctions Among Categories
of Object Types
Type
ObjectType
Sortal Type
Non-Sortal Type
{Insurable Item}
Rigid Sortal Type
Kind
subKind
{Person}
{Man, Woman}
Phase
{Teenager,
LivingPerson}
Role
{Student,
Husband}
Roles
«role»
Student
enrolled-at
School
*
Roles
e
n
«role»
Student
enrolled-at
School
*
The Relational property in this case is part of
the very definition of the Role:
Student(x) =def Person(x)  y School(y)
 enrolled-at(x,y)
Roles
• Defined as a (anti-rigid) specialization of a kind such that the
specialization condition is a relational one (correlated with
derivation by participation)
«kind»Person
enrolled-at
«role»Student
«kind»School
1..*
1..*
«kind»Person
enrolled-at
«role»Student
«kind»School
1..*
1..*
SCHOOL
PERSON
STUDENT
WORLD W
«kind»Person
enrolled-at
«role»Student
«kind»School
1..*
1..*
SCHOOL
PERSON
STUDENT
WORLD W’
«kind»Person
enrolled-at
«role»Student
«kind»School
1..*
1..*
SCHOOL
PERSON
STUDENT
WORLD W’’
Phases
• Defined as a (anti-rigid) specialization of a kind such that the
specialization condition is an intrinsic one
• Phases are always defined in a so-called Phase Partition
• Phase Partitions are partitions in strong sense, i.e., they are
disjoint and complete generalization sets
Person
{disjoint,complete}
«phase»
LivingPerson
«phase»
DeceasedPerson
Person
{disjoint,complete}
«phase»
LivingPerson
«phase»
DeceasedPerson
LivingPerson
Deceased
Person
PERSON
WORLD W
Person
{disjoint,complete}
«phase»
LivingPerson
«phase»
DeceasedPerson
LivingPerson
Deceased
Person
PERSON
WORLD W’
Person
{disjoint,complete}
«phase»
LivingPerson
«phase»
DeceasedPerson
LivingPerson
Deceased
Person
PERSON
WORLD W’’
{disjoint,complete}
«kind»
Person
«phase»
DeceasedPerson
{disjoint,complete}
«subkind»
Man
«phase»
LivingPerson
«subkind»
Woman
{disjoint,complete}
«kind»
Person
«phase»
LivingPerson
«phase»
DeceasedPerson
{disjoint,complete}
«subkind»
Man
«subkind»
Woman
Man
Living
Person
Deceased
Person
Woman
PERSON
WORLD W
{disjoint,complete}
«kind»
Person
«phase»
LivingPerson
«phase»
DeceasedPerson
{disjoint,complete}
«subkind»
Man
«subkind»
Woman
Man
Living
Person
Deceased
Person
Woman
PERSON
WORLD W’
«phase»
Child
{disjoint,complete}
{disjoint,complete}
«kind»
Person
«phase»
Teenager
«phase»
Adult
«phase»
DeceasedPerson
{disjoint,complete}
«subkind»
Man
«phase»
LivingPerson
«subkind»
Woman
Imagine a game quite like football...
• Fault, Forward Kick, Shoot, Assitance, Blocked Shoot,
Defended Shoot, Running Forward Kick, Penalty Kick, Pass,
Card Punishment, Goal, Direct Free Kick
Football Game Action
Fault
Card Punishment
Forward Kick
pass
Direct Free Kick
Running Forward Kick
Shoot
Assistance
Penalty kick
Goal
Blocked Shoot
Defended Shoot
«role»
Customer
«kind»
Person
«role»
Customer
«kind»
Person
«kind»
Organization
«role»
Customer
«kind»
Person
«kind»
Organization
An anti-rigid type cannot be a supertype of a Rigid Type
WORLD W
Student
Person
Instance of
x
WORLD W
Student
Instance of
Person
Instance of
x
WORLD W’
Student
R-
Instance of
Person
Instance of
x
Since Student is anti-rigid, there must be a world
W’ such that x is not an instance of Student in W’
WORLD W’
Student
R-
Person
R+
Instance of
Instance of
x
But since Person is rigid then x
must be an instance of Person in all worlds,
including in W’
WORLD W’
Student
R-
Person
R+
Instance of
Instance of
Instance of
x
But, given the semantics of supertying, we have
that in all worlds (including W’),
whoever is a Person is a Student
WORLD W’
Student
R-
Person
R+
Instance of
Instance of
Instance of
x
We run into a logical contradiction!
Type
ObjectType
Sortal Type
Rigid Sortal Type
Kind
Non-Sortal Type
subKind
Phase
Role
An anti-rigid type cannot be a supertype of a Rigid Type
Different Categories of Object Types
Category of Type
Supply
Identity
Inherits
Identity
Rigidity
Dependence
SORTAL
-
+
« kind »
+
+
+
-
« subkind »
-
+
+
-
« role »
-
+
-
+
« phase »
-
+
-
-
NON-SORTAL
-
-
Distinctions Among Object Types
Type
ObjectType
Sortal Type
Rigid Sortal Type
Kind
Non-Sortal Type
subkind
{Person}
Phase
Rigid Non-Sortal Type
Anti-Rigid Non-Sortal Type
Role
{Student,
{Teenager,
Living Person} Employee}
{Customer}
Type
ObjectType
Sortal Type
Rigid Sortal Type
Non-Sortal Type
Kind
subkind
Phase
{Person}
{Brazilian,
Man, Woman}
{Student,
Husband}
{Person}
Role
Category
{Teenager, {Physical Object}
LivingPerson}
{Student,
{Teenager,
{Customer}
Categories (I-,R+)
• Categories are rigid non-sortals representing necessary (in
the modal sense) features of entities of different kinds
• Typically, they form the top-most layer of object types in an
ontology
«category»
Rational Entity
PERSON
{disjoint}
«kind»
Person
«kind»
Artificial Agent
ARTIFICIAL
AGENT
RATIONAL ENTITY
Categories
• Like all non-sortals, categories are always defined as
abstract classes, which means that all categories must have
at least a kind as a subtype
Type
ObjectType
Sortal Type
Rigid Sortal Type
Kind
subkind
Non-Sortal Type
Phase
Role
Category
Categories
• A kind can be subtype of multiple categories and a category
can be a supertype of multiple kinds
• Since all kinds are disjoint (otherwise the instances in their
intersection would inherit multiple principles of identity), all
subtypes of a category form a disjoint generalization set
• On the other hand, since categories represent features of
multiple kinds, they are very seldom complete
«category»
PhysicalObject
{disjoint}
«kind»Person
«kind»Car
«kind»Bridge
Type
ObjectType
Sortal Type
Rigid Sortal Type
Non-Sortal Type
Kind
subkind
Phase
{Person}
{Brazilian,
Man, Woman}
{Student,
Husband}
{Person}
Role
Category
RoleMixin
{Teenager, {Physical Object}
LivingPerson}
{Student,
{Teenager,
{Crime Weapon}
{Customer}
RoleMixin(I-,R-,D+)
• RoleMixen are anti-rigid and relational dependent nonsortals representing contigent (in the modal sense) features
of entities of different kinds
• As all Non-Sortals, RoleMixins classify entities belonging to
different kinds
• Like all non-sortals, categories are always defined as
abstract classes
Roles with Disjoint Allowed Types
«role»Customer
Person
Organization
Person
Organization
«role»Customer
participation
Forum
Participant
1..*
Person
SIG
*
participation
Forum
Participant
1..*
Person
SIG
*
Roles with Disjoint Admissible Types
«roleMixin»
Customer
«roleMixin»
Customer
«role»
PersonalCustomer
«role»
CorporateCustomer
«roleMixin»
Customer
Person
«role»
PersonalCustomer
Organization
«role»
CorporateCustomer
«roleMixin»
Customer
«kind»
Person
«role»
PrivateCustomer
«roleMixin»
Participant
«kind»
Social Being
Organization
«role»
CorporateCustomer
«kind»
Person
«kind»
Social Being
SIG
«role»
«role»
IndividualParticipant CollectiveParticipant
Roles with Disjoint Admissible Types
1..*
F
«roleMixin»
A
1..*
D
E
«role»
B
«role»
C
Which one is better?
Computer
Computer
has-part
has-part
Computer Part
Disk Drive
Memory
Computer Part
Disk Drive
Memory
Disk Part
Memory Part
by Chris Welty
The Pattern in ORM
by Terry Halpin
Patterns and Metaphors
•
•
From a modeling viewpoint, patterns can be seen as
higher-granularity modeling primitives
Design Patterns are the modeling counterpart of a device
for Structure Transferability capturing a domainindependent system of types and relations that offer a
stardardized solution for a recurrent problem
RoleMixins
• A RoleMixin cannot be a super-type of a category, in
fact, an Anti-Rigid Non-Sortal type cannot be a
supertype of a rigid one
Type
ObjectType
Sortal Type
Rigid Sortal Type
Kind
subkind
Non-Sortal Type
Phase
Role
Category
RoleMixin
RoleMixin
Supplier
PERSON
Personal
Customer
CUSTOMER
Corporate
Customer
ORGANIZATION
WORLD W
RoleMixin
Supplier
PERSON
Personal
Customer
CUSTOMER
Corporate
Customer
ORGANIZATION
WORLD W’
Type
ObjectType
Sortal Type
Rigid Sortal Type
Kind
{Person}
subkind
{Brazilian,
Man, Woman}
Non-Sortal Type
Phase
Role
Non-Rigid Non-Sortal Type
Category
Semi-Rigid Non-Sortal Type
RoleMixin
Mixin
{Student, {Teenager, {Physical Object}
Husband} LivingPerson}
{Insurable Item}
Modal Meta-Properties
• We will discuss here four types of Ontological MetaProperties which are of a modal nature
RIGIDITY
NON-RIGIDITY
ANTI-RIGIDITY
SEMI-RIGIDITY
Non-Rigidity
• Anti-Rigidity is not the logical negation of rigidity, nonrigidity is! Anti-Rigidity is stronger than that as a logical
constraint
Rigidity
R+(T) =def □(x T(x)  □(T(x)))
Logical Negation
Non-Rigidity
R-(T) =def (xT(x) T(x))
Non-Rigidity
constraint
Rigidity
R+(T) =def □(x T(x)  □(T(x)))
Logical Negation
Non-Rigidity
Anti-Rigidity
R-(T) =def (xT(x) T(x))
R~(T) =def □(x T(x)  (T(x)))
Non-Rigidity
constraint
Rigidity
R+(T) =def □(x T(x)  □(T(x)))
Logical Negation
Non-Rigidity
R (T) =def (xT(x) T(x))
Anti-Rigidity
R-(T) =def □(x T(x)  (T(x)))
Semi-Rigidity
R~ (T) =def R-(T)  R~(T)
Mixin(I-,R~)
• Mixins are semi-rigid non-sortals, i.e., they represent
features which are necessary (in the modal sense) for some
of its instances but contingent to others
SR(T) =def NR(T)  R-(T)
• Every Mixin must be a supertype of a rigid type as well as a
supertype of a Non-Rigid type (typically a phase)
«mixin»
InsuredItem
«kind»House
{disjoint}
{disjoint,complete}
«kind»Car
«phase»
«phase»
InsuredHouse NonInsuredHouse
Mixins
• Mixins represent semi-rigid features of multiple kinds
• Since all kinds are disjoint, all subtypes of a mixin form a
disjoint generalization set. On the other, like in the case of
categories, these generalization sets are very seldom
complete
«mixin»
InsuredItem
«kind»House
{disjoint}
{disjoint,complete}
«kind»Car
«phase»
«phase»
InsuredHouse NonInsuredHouse
Mixin
CAR
INSURABLE
ITEM
HOUSE
Insured
house
Uninsured
house
WORLD W
Mixin
CAR
INSURABLE
ITEM
HOUSE
Insured
house
Uninsured
house
WORLD W’
Different Categories of Object Types
Category of Type
Supply
Identity
Identity
Rigidity
Dependence
SORTAL
-
+
« kind »
+
+
+
-
« subkind »
-
+
+
-
« role »
-
+
-
+
« phase »
-
+
-
-
NON-SORTAL
-
-
« category »
-
-
+
-
« roleMixin »
-
-
-
+
« mixin »
-
-

-
Stereotype
« kind »
Constraints
RIGID SORTALS
supertype is not a member of
{« subkind », « phase », « role », « roleMixin »}
« subkind » supertype is not a member of {« phase », « role », « roleMixin »}
For every subkind SK there is a unique kind K such that K is a supertype of SK
ANTI-RIGID SORTALS
« phase » Always defined as part of disjoint and complete partition.
For every Phase P there is a unique Kind K such that K is a supertype of P
« role »
Let X be a class stereotyped as « role » and R be an association representing X’s restriction
condition. Then, #X.R  1
For every Role X there is a unique Kind K such that K is a supertype of X
NON-SORTALS
« category » supertype is not a member of
{« kind », « subkind », « phase », « role », « roleMixin »}
Always defined as an abstract class
Always specialized by a unique kind
Always defined in a disjoint partition
« roleMixin » supertype is not a member of {« kind », « subkind », « phase », « role »}.
Let X be a class stereotyped as « roleMixin » and R be an association
representing X’s restriction condition. Then, #X.R  1
Always defined in a disjoint partition
Always specialized by Sortals
« mixin » supertype is not a member of
{« kind », « subkind », « phase », « role », « roleMixin »}
Ontology-Derived Patterns
1..*
Obj.Type F
«roleMixin»
A
Sortal D
«role»
B
1..*
Sortal E
«role»
C
min1
1..*
1..*
«roleMixin»
Customer
«phase»
Living Person
«role»
Supplier
«phase»
Active Organization
{disjoint, complete}
«role»
PrivateCustomer
«role»
CorporateCustomer
«role»
Supplier
1..*
1..*
«kind»
Person
«kind»
Organization
«roleMixin»
Customer
«phase»
«phase»
Deceased Person Living Person
«phase»
Active Organization
«role»
«role»
PrivateCustomer CorporateCustomer
«phase»
Extinct Organization
PARTHOOD
Parthood
• Part-whole relations are fundamental from a cognitive
perspective, i.e., for the realization of many important
cognitive tasks.
• Moreover, and also for this reason, parthood is a relation of
significant importance in conceptual modeling, being
present in practically all conceptual/object-oriented
modeling languages (e.g., OML, UML, EER)
• Although it has not yet been adopted as a modeling
primitive in the semantic web languages, there is a
significant body of work discussing its relevance for
reasoning in description logics
• From now on, we use the symbol (<) to represent the partwhole relation
Ground Mereology
Parthood is irreflexive, i.e., nothing is part of itself
x (x<x)
Ground Mereology
x (x<x)
Parthood is anti-symmetric, i.e., if X is part of Y
then Y cannot be part of X
x,y (x < y)  ¬(y < x)
Ground Mereology
x (x<x)
Parthood is anti-symmetric, i.e., if X is part of Y
then Y cannot be part of X
x,y (x < y)  ¬(y < x)
Parthood is transitive, i.e., if X is part of Y
and Y is part of Z then X is part of Z
x,y,z (x < y)  (y < z)  (x < z)
Minimum Mereology
• The formal semantics just present defines a so-called strict
partial order relation
• These axioms are not sufficient to differentiate parthood
from other partial order relations (e.g., less-than, biggerthan, causality, strict temporal precedence)
• A stronger theory named Minimum Mereology, thus,
defines some additional notions
Overlap
X
Y
Two entities overlap if they share a part
(x  y) =def z (z  x)  (z  y)
Notice that this includes the case in which
one is part of the other
Y
X
X
Y
Disjointness
X
Two entities are disjoint if they do no overlap
(x  y) =def ¬(x  y)
Y
Weak Supplementation
• Mininum Mereology takes the partial order axioms of
Ground Mereology and includes the so-called WSP (Weal
Supplementation Property)
X
Y
?
Weak Supplementation
X
Y
?
X
Y
Z
Weak Supplementation Principle
If Y is part of X and if parthood is irreflexive
Then there must be another part of X which
is complementary to Y
x,y (y < x)  z (z < x)  (z  y)
*
Event
*
1..*
Event
*
*
Event
*
1..*
Event
*
Weak Supplementation Pattern
2..*
Entity
{disjoint,complete}
AtomicEntity
ComplexEntity
*
Weak Supplementation Pattern
2..*
Entity
{disjoint,complete}
AtomicEntity
ComplexEntity
*
AtomicEntity(x) =def y (y < x)
Parthood in UML: Aggregation
2..*
Entity
{disjoint,complete}
AtomicEntity
ComplexEntity
*
•One of the representations of parthood in UML termed Aggregation
•The hollow diamond is connected to the whole
•Aggregation is supposed to be a irreflexive and anti-symmetric relation
Extensional Mereology
• From a formal perspective, the most used theory of
parthood is the Extensional Mereology, which can be
obtained from the Minimum Mereology by including a
Strong Supplementation Principle
Extenstional Mereology (+Strong Supplementation Principle)
Minimum Mereology (+WSP)
Ground Mereology (Irreflexivity, Anti-Symmetry, Transitivity)
Extensional Mereology
• The Strong Supplementation Principle implies something
called the Extensional Principle which implies that: two e
entities are identical if they have the same parts
((x=y)  z ((z < x)  (z < y)))
Problems from a Conceptual Modeling
point of view
• Ground Mereology
– Unrestricted transitivity of parthood
Claudio
part of
part of
LOA
part of
ISTC
Claudio´s
Brain
part of
part of
Claudio
part of
LOA
Claudio´s
Brain
part of
part of
Claudio
part of
LOA
Problems from a CM point of view
• Extensional Mereology
– Extensional Principle of Identity which makes all parts of an
entity as essential parts
– In other words, every object is defined by the sum of its. Thus,
we have that:
• (i) The change of any of the parts changes the identity of the object
John
George
Paul
Paul
John
Pete
The Beatles
Ringo
George
?
– Extensional Principle of Identity which makes all parts of an
entity as essential parts
– In other words, every object is defined by the sum of its. Thus,
we have that:
• (ii) Two objects are the same if and only if they have the same parts
John
George
Paul
Pete
The Beatles = The Liverpool Indoors Football Team
– Failure to take into account the different roles that parts play
within the whole. In other words, not all parts have the same
importance with respect to the whole: some parts are
optional, some parts can be replaced by others of the same
kind, some parts cannot be replaced without causing the
entity to change its class. Finally, some parts cannot be
replaced at all, i.e., without altering the identity of the whole
– There are other meta-properties that can be used to qualify
the relation between parts and wholes. An common one is
the distinction between shared or non-shared parts.
– There are other meta-properties that can be used to qualify
the relation between parts and wholes. An common one is
the distinction between shared or non-shared parts.
•The other representations of parthood in UML is termed Composition
•The black diamond is connected to the whole
•Composition is supposed to be a irreflexive, anti-symmetric and
transitive relation
•It is also suppose to imply non-shareability of parts and lifetime
dependence from the part to the whole
•As we will see, the notions of non-shareability, lifetime dependence
and transitivity are orthogonal!
Problems from a Conceptual Modeling
point of view
• In general, mereological theories treat aggregates (wholes)
roughly as sets of entities
• As a consequence, the conditions that bind all the parts of a
whole together are minimal. Thus, a whole formed by any
arbitrary sum of entities is considered as good as any other (e.g.,
the aggregate of number 3, van Gogh’s ear and the third act of
Turandot)
• However, humans only accept the aggregation of entities if the
resulting aggregate plays some role in their conceptual schemes,
i.e., if the wholes they form represent genuine categories
• We need then genuine unifying (characterizing) relations for
Integral Wholes
Integral Wholes
• We must complement mereology (the theory of parts) with
a theory of wholes, in which the relations that tie the parts
of a whole together are also considered.
Not one but several parthood relations
• Studies in Cognitive Science and Linguistics have shown that
we do not have a single notion of part, but multiple
parthood relations forming different types of aggregates
– (a) Quantities
• Subquantity of (alcohol-wine)
– (b) Collectives
• Member of (a specific tree – the black forest)
• Subcollective of (the north part of the black forest – the black forest)
– (c) Functional Entities
• Component of (heart-circulatory system)
Not one but several parthood relations
• These different notions of part are neither orthogonal to
the previously mentioned mereological axioms nor to the
different meta-properties that can be applied to part-whole
relations. Moreover, different notions of parts are related
to different sorts of unifying relations
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Processamento Paralelo Introdução

Transcription

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