opportunita` per lo sviluppo sostenibile?

opportunita` per lo sviluppo sostenibile?

BIOMASSA:
OPPORTUNITA’ PER LO SVILUPPO SOSTENIBILE?
VENERDI’ 5 GIUGNO 2015 – TAIO (TN), SALA CONVEGNI C.O.CE.A.
Maniche filtranti e introduzione
alle candele ceramiche
Gianpaolo Giaccone
Managing director BWF FTI Spa
List of Contents
1.
Composition of biomass
2.
Wood and old timber / scrap wood
3.
Filter media
4.
References
5.
Summary
6.
Future
List of Contents
1. Composition of biomass
2.
Wood and old timber / scrap wood
3.
Filter media
4.
References
5.
Summary
6.
Future
Biomass - Composition
•
Biomass consists mainly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
• The contents of nitrogen, chlorine and sulphur are also important, because
these are elements relevant for emission
Biomass - Composition
Nitrogen (N) – direct influence on the formation of nitrogen
oxides (Nox)
Hard coal
Wheat grain
Nitrogen contant (N) [%]
Straw
Miscanthus
pinewood
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
Biomass - Composition
Sulphur (S) – formation of sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Hard coal
Wheat grain
Sulphur (S) [%]
Straw
Su
Miscanthus
Pine Wood
0
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9
1
Biomass - Composition
Chloride (Cl) – formation of hydrochlorid acid (HCl)
Hard coal
Wheat grain
Straw
Miscanthus
Pine Wood
0
0,1
0,2
Chloride (Cl) [%]
0,3
0,4
Biomass - Composition
Ash Content and Ash Composition
• wide variation with biomass
• stalk / stem type biomasses in particular (straw from wheat corn) can
give higher ash contents
• lower ash fusing temperatures
• favouring of caking and slagging
List of Contents
1.
Composition of biomass
2. Wood and old timber / scrap wood
3.
Filter media
4.
References
5.
Summary
6.
Future
Biomass - Wood
Wood is a frequently used biomass fuel
Classification of wood fuels
•Wood from forests and plantations, entire trees, standing timber,
residual forest wood, wood type biomass from landscaping
•Industrial wood leftovers, chemically untreated wood leftovers,
chemically treated wood leftovers, fibrous waste from wood
leftovers, fibrous waste from wood pulp and paper industry
•Used wood chemically untreated wood, chemically treated wood
•Blends
•Biomass consists mainly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
•The contents of nitrogen, chlorine and sulphur are also
important, because these are elements relevant for emission
Biomass – Scrap Wood
Scrap wood is a fuel which is frequently used, particularly in
the medium and high capacity ranges of biomass fuel
powered plants.
Classification of old wood
European norms are still a work in progress
(CEN TC 335 und CEN TC 343)
Relevant classifications in Austria and Germany
Austria:
Q1 – Q7
Germany:
A1 – A4 and PCB-scrap wood
Comparability:
A1 – A2 with Q1 – Q4
A3 – A4 with Q5 – Q7
Biomass – Old Forest / Scrap Wood
Scrap wood is an extremely inhomogeneous fuel of foreign
and disruptive materials
• ash content
• chlorine (CI)
• sulphur (S)
• iron (Fe), aluminium (Al), silicium (Si)
• sodium (Na), potassium (K)
• heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg)
List of Contents
1.
Composition of biomass
2.
Wood and old timber / scrap wood
3.
Filter media
4.
References
5.
Summary
6.
Future
List of Contents
1.
Composition of biomass
2.
Wood and old timber / scrap wood
3. Filter media
4.
References
5.
Summary
6.
Future
m-Aramide (NO, NX)
• Temperature
100° - 140°C
160° - 180°C
continuous *
peaks *
• Limited chemical stability
• Normally not used in flue gas cleaning unit of incineration applications
• Has been used for years in some smaller straw fired power stations
* talking into account the Arrhenius rule
Arrhenius Rule
According to Svante Arrhenius, Swedish chemist ( 1859 – 1927 )
A temperature increase of ∆t = 10°C results
a doubling of the chemical reaction velocity
It makes a difference, to which temperature level with the corresponding
harmful gas components, textile filter media are exposed to
Polyphenylene Sulfide ( PPS )
• Temperature
120° - 140°C
160° - 180°C
continuous *
peaks *
• Excellent chemical stability in acidic and alkaline conditions,
cannot be hydrolysed
• Sensitive to oxidative influences, bromine and heavy metals in the dust
(possible catalytic effect)
* talking Arrhenius rule into consideration
Polyimide ( PI )
• Temperature
260°C
120° - 180°C
continuous operation *
peak temperature *
• Good chemical stability with acids, oxidation and hydrolysis
taking into account the bag house temperature
• Sensitive to oxidative influences, hydrolysis and alkaline conditions
* talking Arrhenius rule into consideration
FiberGlass + e-PTFEmembrane (PMTECGL750)
•Temperature
250°C
continuous operation*
280°C
peak temperature*
•Average chemical stability, sensitive to acid attack and hydrolysis
•Inert fibre type
* talking Arrhenius rule into consideration
Polytetrafluorethylene ( PTFE )
•Temperature
250°C
•Excellent chemical stability
•Inert fibre type
continuous operation
280°C
peak temperature
PM-Tec® membrane on the filter media
needlona® needle felt
Fibre glass
• high durability
• extremely stable and
mechanically robust
• constant air permeability
• high fibre consolidation
• extremely stable and
mechanically robust
• constant air permeability
PM-Tec® = Perfect interaction of substrate, membrane and lamination
Limitations
Oxidative impacts by NO2
Max. NO2 concentrations for 24 months service life
NO2 [mg/Nm³]
30
25
PPS
20
P84
15
10
5
0
120
140
160
Temperature [°C]
180
200
Acid Dew Point Curves
Temperature [°C]
200
175
H2O
15 Vol.%
H2O
10 Vol.%
H2O
5 Vol.%
SO 3
&
H 2O eous
gas
150
r
u
o
vap
125
100
O4
H 2S
s
ur
h
p
ul
c id
a
ic
te
a
s
n
e
d
con
75
0,001
0,01
0,1
SO3 [ppm]
1
10
100
1000
Operation below Dew Point
Physical results
Heavy baked and crusty filter cake
High adhesive forces
Operation below the Dew Point
Chemical decomposing of Polyimide fibres by liquid ZnCl2
Incineration of contaminated wood
List of Contents
1.
Composition of biomass
2.
Wood and old timber / scrap wood
3.
Filter media
4. References
5.
Summary
6.
Future
m-Aramide Reference in Denmark
Filter Media
needlona® NO/NO 401 CS29
Firing
Fuel
not specified
straw
Gas cleaning
Dust load
Cleaning
Gas volume
Filter area
a/c-ratio
Temperature
no neutralisation, no DeNOx
not specified
Pulse Jet, p = 0,7 bar
20.400 Nm³/h
369 m²
1,33 m/min
122° - 130°C continuous
Gas composition
O2 =
8,0 Vol.%
NOx =
415 mg/Nm³
cross-section after 24 months lifetime
LA 29636 dated 08/2004
Lifetime
appox. 24 months
Comment
m-Aramide chemically heavily damaged;
filter bags, however, still fully operational
Polyphenylene Sulphide Reference in Italy
Filter Media
needlona® PPS/PPS 554 CS18
Type of firing
Fuel
Gas cleaning
Dust load
Cleaning
Gas volume
Filter surface area
a/c-ratio
Temperature
grate firing
natural wood, low proportion of RDF
Dry sorption Ca(OH) 2
3 g/Nm³
Pulse Jet
31.255 Nm³/h
876 m²
0,93 m/min
155°C continuous
180°C peaks
H2O = 8,0 Vol.%
cross-section after 24 months service
O2 = 10,0 Vol.%
LA 32111 dated 06/2006
NOx = 158 mg/Nm³
24 months, still in operation
PPS affected by oxidation after 24 months,
however, filter bags still in excellent condition
Gas composition
Time in service
Comment
Polyimide Reference in Switzerland
Filter Media
needlona® PI/PI 551 MPS CS31
Firing
Fuel
Gas cleaning
Cleaning
Grate firing
natural wood, bark (S-content < 0,04 mass%)
Precoating during start-up, no neutralisation,
Pulse Jet, p = 4 bar, Δp-regulated
Gas volume
Filter surface area
a/c-ratio
Temperature
150.000 – 170.000 Am³/h
3.032 m²
0,80 – 0,93 m/min
140°C continuous
(Design 140 – 170°C)
H2O = 16,0 – 24,0 Vol.%
O2
<
6,0 Vol.%
NOx = 100 - 150 mg/Nm³
03/2007, still in operation
< 1,0 mg/Nm³
14 mbar
Gas composition
Lifetime
Emission
Pressure loss
VetroCore Reference in Norway
Filter Media
needlona® VetroCore 100
Firing
Fuel
Gas cleaning
Dust load
Separation
Grate firing
wood
not specified
< 0,5 g/Nm³
pre-separation by cyclone
pulse jet
Gas volume
Filter surface area
a/c-ratio
Temperature
12.900 Nm³/h
592 m²
0,60 m/min (@170°C)
130° - 180°C continuous; 200°C peak
Gas composition
not specified
Start up
Emission
end of 2003
< 20 mg/Nm³ (warranty)
Roh- und Reingasseite nach
3 Monaten Standzeit,
LA 28987 von 12/2003
PTFE Reference in Germany
Filter Media
needlona® PTFE/PTFE 704 MPS CS18
Firing
Fuel
Gas cleaning
Cleaning
Fluidised bed
Scrap wood AI, AII, wood chips, tree cut
Dry sorption with Ca(OH)2/HOK
Pulse Jet
Gas volume
Filter area
a/c-ratio
Temperature
67.700 – 90.700 Nm³/h
3.080 m²
0,56 – 0,78 m/min
144° - 163°C continuous
Gas composition
H2O
= 16,5 – 27,0Vol.%
O2
= 4 – 7 Vol.%
NOx
= 110 – 230mg/Nm³
October 2004, still in operation
< 2 mg/Nm³ monitored
14 mbar
Start up
Emission
Pressure loss
PTFE Reference in Germany
Filter Media
needlona® PTFE/PTFE 804 MPS CS18
Firing
Fuel
Gas cleaning
Separation
Grate firing
scrap wood, AI - AIV
dry sorption with Ca(OH)2
integrated SNCR
pulse jet
Gas volume
Filter surface area
a/c-ratio
Temperature
30.000 – 31.000 Nm³/h
1.100 m²
0,82 m/min
140° - 155°C continuous
Gas composition
O2 = 5 – 6 vol.%
Start up
Emission
October 2002
< 4 mg/Nm³ measured
PMTECGL750 Reference in Italy
Filter Media
Pm-TecGL750
Firing
Fuel
Gas cleaning
Separation
Grate firing
scrap wood, AI - AIV
dry sorption with Ca(OH)2
integrated SNCR
pulse jet
Gas volume
Filter surface area
a/c-ratio
Temperature
152.000 – 155.000 Nm³/h
4.890 m²
0,6 m/min
135° - 190°C continuous
Gas composition
O2 = 5 – 6 vol.%
Start up
Emission
November 2012
< 2 mg/Nm³ measured
List of contents
1.
Composition of biomass
2.
Wood and old timber / scrap wood
3.
Filter media
4.
References
5. Summary
6.
Future
Summary
•Textile filter media provide a wide range of types covering the diverse
requirements of flue gas cleaning units in incineration applications of
biogenous solid material
•Established experience gained over several years
•Achieved emission values are well below the legally imposed limit values
•in combination with a proper bag house design, it is possible to achieve
service lives of several years
List of contents
1.
Composition of biomass
2.
Wood and old timber / scrap wood
3.
Filter media
4.
References
5.
Summary
6. Future
PYROTEX® KE – benefits at a glance
• Withstands exhaust gas of up to 850°C continuous temperature
• Even peak temperatures of up to
1,000°C can be achieved
• Non-flammable
• 100% spark resistant
• Superior chemical resistance
• Light-weight construction
• Emission levels of < 1 mg achievable
• Manufactured of non-carcinogenic,
bio-degradable fibres
PYROTEX® KE
conical collar with
installation system
PYROTEX® KE
T-shaped collar
Sources:
A. Schuster
Potenziale, Nutzungspfade und Eigenschaften
nachwachsender Rohstoffe
Orientierungsseminar Bioenergie - Technische Grundlagen
J. Karl
Einführung in die Technik der thermischen Verwertung von
festen Biobrennstoffen
Orientierungsseminar Bioenergie - Technische Grundlagen
H. Hartmann
Klassifizierungsnorm und deren Konsequenzen
VDI Berichte Nr. 1891
T. Brunner
I. Obernberger
M. Wellacher
Altholzaufbereitung zur Verbesserung der Brennstoffqualität
VDI Berichte Nr. 1891
Grazie per l‘attenzione
Gianpaolo Giaccone
Managing director BWF FTI Spa