Challenging the theory of how galaxies formed

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Challenging the theory of how galaxies formed: 'Clumpy' galaxies are created by low spin, NOT high gas content | Daily Mail Online
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Challenging the theory of how galaxies
form: 'Clumpy' star clusters are created by
low spin and NOT their high gas content
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Clumpy galaxies filled the early universe billions of years ago
Majority of stars we know about likely formed in these galaxies
Astronomers believe the shape of galaxies is determined by low spin
Findings challenge the idea that high gas content is the main factor
By RYAN O'HARE FOR MAILONLINE
PUBLISHED: 05:48 EST, 16 December 2015 | UPDATED: 05:56 EST, 16 December 2015
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From the spiral of the Milky Way to cigar-shaped M82, galaxies come in all shapes and sizes, including
'clumpy'.
Now scientists think they have uncovered what makes this clumpy variety the shape they are and it's
down to the speed of their spin.
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The findings, from astronomers in Australia, challenge the existing idea that clumpy galaxies are
mainly formed from high levels of gas.
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Regular spiral galaxies, such as the 'whirlpool galaxy' on the left, form far fewer stars than the clumpy galaxy
on the right. The blue regions have the least star-forming gas and red-yellow regions have the most.
Astronomers now think dense 'clumpy' galaxies form as the result of low spin
According to Dr Danail Obreschkow, from the University of Western Australia and International Centre
for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR) clumpy galaxies filled the early universe, ten billion years ago.
This means that most of the stars we know about were forged in the stellar nurseries of these early
clumpy galaxies.
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And over billions of years, the clumpy collections of stars went on to form the regular shapes we
observe today.
Dr Obreschkow said: 'The clumpy galaxies produce stars at phenomenal rates.'
'A new star pops up about once a week, whereas spiral galaxies like our Milky Way only form about
one new star a year.'
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Astronomers believe that clumpy galaxies filled the early universe and developed into spiral galaxies, such as
our own Milky Way (pictured), and other regular shapes over billions of years. This would mean that the
majority of stars we know of were born in stellar nurseries of clumpy galaxies
The astronomers focused on a few massive star
forming clumps called Dynamo galaxies.
As the light from some of these galaxies takes
500 million years to reach Earth, the team were
able to observe the galaxies at a relatively young
age – in galactic terms.
But despite the youthful age of these galaxies,
they still appear clumpy.
'We see that galaxy the way it probably looks
now... something could have happened to it but
it's very unlikely.'
Observing galaxies 10 billion light years away
provided a snapshot much further back in the
Universe's timeline.
Using telescope arrays in Hawaii, the team
measured the spin of galaxies, as well as their
gas content and found that the dynamo galaxies
have a low spin.
WHAT ARE CLUMPY GALAXIES?
Clumpy galaxies filled the early universe, ten
billion years ago.
This means that most of the stars we know
about were forged in the stellar nurseries of
these early clumpy galaxies.
As the light from some of these galaxies takes
500 million years to reach Earth, the team were
able to observe the galaxies at a relatively
young age – in galactic terms.
Using telescope arrays in Hawaii, the team
measured the spin of galaxies, as well as their
gas content and found that the dynamo
galaxies have a low spin.
It is this characteristic, rather than their gas
content, which causes them to become clumpy.
Our own spiral galaxy has much higher spin.
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It is this characteristic, rather than their gas
content, which causes them to become clumpy. Our own galaxy has much higher spin.
Dr Obreschkow explained: 'While the Milky Way appears to have a lot of spin, the galaxies we studied
here have a low spin, about three times lower.'
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Clumpy galaxies produce stars 'at phenomenal rates', churning out new stars in a matter of weeks. By
comparison, spiral galaxies, such as the Milky Way (pictured left) may only give birth to new stars from their
star-forming regions (pictured right) every year or so
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Professor Karl Glazebrook, who led the survey team, said the findings are exciting as galactic rotation,
which was first observed a century ago.
'Today we are still revealing the important role that the spin of the initial cloud of gas plays in galaxy
formation
'This novel result suggests that spin is fundamental to explaining why early galaxies are gas-rich and
lumpy while modern galaxies display beautiful symmetric patterns.'
ASTRONOMERS SPOT 'GALAXY GATHERING' 8.5BN LIGHT-YEARS AWAY
Last month, astronomers discovered a giant gathering of galaxies in a very remote part of the
universe, thanks to Nasa's Spitzer Space Telescope and Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (Wise).
The galaxy cluster, located 8.5 billion light-years away, is the most massive structure yet found at
such great distances.
It is believed to be one of the five most massive in existence at that time.
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The galaxy cluster (pictured), located 8.5 billion light-years away, is the most massive structure yet found at
such great distances
Galaxy clusters are gravitationally bound groups of thousands of galaxies, which themselves each
contain hundreds of billions of stars.
The clusters grow bigger and bigger over time as they acquire new members.
'Based on our understanding of how galaxy clusters grow from the very beginning of our universe,
this cluster should be one of the five most massive in existence at that time,' said co-author Peter
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In the coming year, the team plans to sift through more than 1,700 additional galaxy cluster
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'Once we find the most massive clusters, we can start to investigate how galaxies evolved in these
extreme environments,' said Gonzalez.
Read more:
International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR): International Centre for Radio Astronomy
Research
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effect' by hiring hunky
actor Nick Hendrix as
new sidekick to sex up
quaint crime series
Prince protégé Sheena
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3361285/Challengin…ormed-Clumpy-galaxies-created-low-spin-NOT-high-gas-content.html
Page 11 of 21
26/04/2016, 18:24
Easton, 56, is almost
unrecognisable during
shopping trip in Las
Vegas as she pays
tribute to her 'warm and
generous' friend
What a Marvel-lous
moment! Iron Man Star
Robert Downey Jr
shows his softer side as
he meets thrilled super
fans at children's
hospital in London
Tamara Ecclestone
enjoys a family dinner
with Jay Rutland and
their daughter Sophia
as they step out for the
first time after her
husband is cleared in
court case
McFly reunite for tour
after three year hiatus
to start families... as
they reveal they're
'excited' to compete
with ex-supergroup
bandmates Busted
PICTURE EXCLUSIVE:
Brad Pitt breaks down
in tears as films
emotional scenes with
Lizzy Caplan on rainsoaked set of new
World War II drama
Allied
Terri Irwin's estranged
sister Patricia Raines
claims she and her
sibling haven't spoken
in two years and says
she lives in fear of her
Rachel Roy cancels
event due to a 'personal
emergency' amid
Beyonce backlash over
whether she is 'Becky
with the good hair' who
got too close to Jay Z
Spursing them on!
Emma Bunton and
Michael McIntyre come
together over their love
of football as they put
on an energetic display
to cheer on Tottenham
It's not just about the
music! FEMAIL breaks
down how Beyonce
turned Lemonade into a
fierce fashion show,
modeling more than 20
stylish ensembles
Beyonce with the good
hair! From untamed
curls to regal braids,
see every one of the
unforgettable hairstyles
worn throughout her
Lemonade video
Game Of Thrones'
Natalie Dormer looks
effortlessly chic in a
camel coat as she
supports co-star Kit
Harington at his Doctor
Faustus performance
SPOILER: Had Jon
Snow cheated death?
Did Sansa escape? 10
Page 12 of 21
26/04/2016, 18:24
questions answered in
the return of Game Of
Thrones, by JIM
SHELLEY
Kim Kardashian looks
exhausted as North
wakes her up to play
hide-and-seek before
she heads off for a
workout
We feel sorry for her
Arya surprised to see
me? Maisie Williams
shocks Game Of
Thrones fans as she
crashes their season six
viewing party
A Stark warning
'We trust you will
stand united with us':
Demi Lovato and Nick
Jonas cancel their
North Carolina shows
over the state's
discriminatory LGBT
law HB2
The Eurovision Long
Contest! Competition
show set to last up to
five hours this year after
changes to the voting
system
Can viewers cope?
No dad bod here! Buff
Eddie Cibrian and bikini
girl LeAnn Rimes put on
another sizzling display
in Mexico
She's at it again with her
skimpy bikinis
Holly Willoughby and
Phillip Schofield are left
in fits of laughter after
Alison Hammond gets
stuck in a doorway on
This Morning
So funny
But everything is
going right for her!
Reese Witherspoon
models Mercury Is In
Retrograde tank top as
she welcomes new
puppy into family
Tom Hanks cuts a
typically dapper figure
in black suit as he joins
glamorous co-star
Sarita Choudhury at A
Hologram For The
King's London premiere
Kissing like teenagers!
Christie Brinkley, 62,
looks thrilled as
boyfriend John
Mellencamp, 64, plants
smooch on her lips as
they leave NYC hotel
It's a boy!
Entertainment Tonight
host Brooke Anderson
welcomes third child
with husband Jim
Walker
So ladylike! Girls star
Lena Dunham covers up
her tattoos with prim
pastel dress as picks up
a Matrix award in NYC
Page 13 of 21
26/04/2016, 18:24
Her famous complexion
was made all the more
radiant
'We're over the moon!'
Paddy McGuinness'
wife Christine joyously
announces the couple
are expecting their third
child
Let the oven see the bun
Bump on the beach!
Olivia Wilde proudly
displays her pregnant
belly in skimpy bikini as
she enjoys Hawaiian
vacation with family
Hardly massive
Pregnant Chelsea
Clinton keeps her baby
bump under wraps in a
baggy tunic as she
continues to work the
campaign trail for mum
Hillary ahead of primary
Pretty Little Liars'
Troian Bellisario lost
her bag and phone and
guy who found it goes
on an epic Coachella
adventure... posting it
all on her SnapChat
Kylie Minogue's fiancé
Joshua Sasse exhibits a
huge bushy beard in a
host of hues as the
couple a romantic stroll
She stared adoringly at
the newly bearded face
'Feeling great!' Rebel
Wilson raises a
triumphant fist as she
celebrates losing eight
pounds in just FOUR
days
Slimming down
Modern day pin-up!
Amy Schumer is a
vintage vixen and she
strips down for
stunning Vanity Fair
cover
Donned a red corset and
matching briefs
Taking turns with the
baby! Alec Baldwin, 58,
enjoys stroll with son
Rafael before his
pregnant wife Hilaria,
32, shares a selfie with
the little boy
'No bottoms, no
problem!' Joan Smalls
shows some skin in
stripe bikini in the
Bahamas... as she
cheekily reveals she
forgot half her swimsuit
Made In Chelsea star
Binky Felstead wows as
she flaunts her svelte
figure in bold patterned
neon bright bandeau
bikini
Workouts are working
Not missing a beat!
Elizabeth Banks keeps
her fierce Rita Repulsa
glare even while on
break from filming new
Power Rangers reboot
Mean and green
Page 14 of 21
26/04/2016, 18:24
'Prayers please': Kim
Zolciak reveals her dog
Sinn had to undergo
emergency surgery
after he accidentally ate
a rock
Poor wee mutt
She means business!
Karlie Kloss wears a
chic power suit after
relaxing weekend
gardening with her mum
and pup
Suits you!
Watch out, kids! Neil
Patrick Harris
transforms into evil
Count Olaf on the set of
A Series of Unfortunate
Events
Certainly turned heads
'I'm loving my new
shape': Alexandra
Burke displays her
slender physique as she
steps out in London
with mystery man after
losing 18lbs in 6
months
She shawl looks good!
Emmerdale beauty
Gemma Atkinson
covers up her incredible
figure in casual Navajo
jumper as she steps out
in Manchester
Still going strong!
Eighties icon Brigitte
Nielsen, 52, looks
radiant as she enjoys
lunch in LA with
husband of 10 years
Mattia Dessi, 37
Blonde beauties
Elizabeth Olsen and
Emily VanCamp look
stunning in minidresses
for Captain America:
Civil War photocall
Love Island's Cally
Jane Beech shows off
every inch of her
slender figure as she
enjoys al fresco
workout in scanty outfit
Showed off her taut abs
'I felt my family would
be better off without
me': Andrea McLean
shares details of her
battle with postnatal
depression on Loose
Women
He's back! Hugh
Jackman teases
Wolverine appearance
with glimpse at final XMen: Apocalypse trailer
Jennifer Lawrence takes
centre stage
Topless Nicole Trunfio
flaunts generous
glimpse of cleavage in
see-through lace bra as
she enjoys first week of
marriage
She wed in a plunging
bridal gown last week
Page 15 of 21
26/04/2016, 18:24
'Chicken or beef?'
Rylan Clark shares first
look at his cameo role
in Ab Fab: The Movie as
he serves dinner to
Joanna Lumley for role
as an air steward
'Blondes do have more
fun!' Big Bang Theory's
Kaley Cuoco cuddles up
to new love Karl Cook
on romantic day out
Such a lovey-dovey
couple
No baby blues here!
Glowing Rebecca Judd
shows off her growing
bump in stunning navy
lace frock after
revealing she is
expecting twins
Katie Price sparks a
furious backlash on
Instagram after giving
her toddler juice in a
bottle as fans argue it
will damage her teeth
TOWIE's Jessica
Wright and Chloe Lewis
battle it out in plunging
swimwear as they party
on a yacht in Ibiza
Plenty of their stunning
curves on show
'I've no self-discipline:'
Defiant Chanelle Hayes
hits back at weight-gain
criticism as she reveals
she's spent 'so much
money' on pizza and
doughnut addiction
She's wheelie bin
getting stuck in:
Caprice covers up in a
black robe and sports a
full face of make-up to
put the rubbish out
Making everything glam
'Suns out, legs out!'
TOWIE star Lydia Bright
puts on a leggy display
in blue shorts suit as
she meets fans at her
boutique
Meet the parents! Gigi
Hadid celebrates her
21st with a weekend at
the beach with beau
Zayn Malik and their
families as singer
shares sweet snaps
'He looks like your
son!': Danniella
Westbrook, 42, reveals
'grief' she receives
about toyboy George
Arnold, 24... as she
flaunts bikini body
Posted a sexy selfie
Benedict Cumberbatch
is back in his
detective's overcoat as
Sherlock Series 4 starts
filming in Cardiff
It's been more than a two
year wait...
Mark Wahlberg and
Will Ferrell will reunite
for a Daddy's Home
sequel after the original
made over $240m
That's something to look
forward to
'I didn't want her to go
Page 16 of 21
26/04/2016, 18:24
through the pain':
BGT's Ian Marshall
admits he got a tattoo of
his wife's name to stop
her getting one and that
he proposed after ONE
day
Birthday girl Kate
Hudson flashes her taut
abs as she joins Rosie
Huntington-Whiteley
and Poppy Delevingne
in 'Hot Mess Brides'
fancy dress for 37th
bash
Star-studded occasion
PIERS MORGAN: JayZ's not the only one
who needs to be
nervous about Beyonce,
the born-again-black
woman with a political
mission
'He's found his 100th
problem': Beyonce fans
poke fun at Jay-Z after
her new album
Lemonade features
songs about cheating
and infidelity
TOWIE's Billie Faiers
flaunts her sensational
curves in racy coral
swimsuit before
slipping into tiny bikini
during sun-drenched
girls' holiday in Dubai
'Rise and shine!' Lisa
Snowdon showcases
her phenomenal figure
as she strips down to
nothing for sizzling bed
selfie
Oozed body confidence
Ferne McCann goes
for a playful look in
plaits and strapless
jumpsuit as she parties
with footballers after
rumoured beau Dele
Alli's awards win
Vicky Pattison cuts a
casual figure in a grey
hoody and black sports
leggings as she steps
out from ITV studios
A sporty look
'So excited'! Pregnant
Maria Fowler shares a
sweet snap of pink baby
clothes as she reveals
she's expecting a girl
with boyfriend Kelvin
Batey
Vogue Williams
displays her toned abs
and defined limbs as
she posts racy
Instagram snap just
days after completing
charity run
Matt LeBlanc takes a
trip without his Top
Gear friends! Actor
takes a solo trip across
the desert in the
monstrous Ariel Nomad
in latest show trailer
Low-key Kimberley
Page 17 of 21
26/04/2016, 18:24
Walsh dresses down
in her favourite cosy
camel coat as she takes
son Bobby, one, for a
day out
Who's that girl? Lil'
Kim looks
unrecognisable as she
shares photos in blonde
wig with lighter and
VERY taut skin
Undergone a dramatic
transformation
Newly-single Jessica
Michibata flashes her
pert posterior in a very
sexy bikini as she tops
up her tan on Hawaii
beach
Split from Jenson Button
in December
Plus-size model Tess
Holliday proudly
displays her growing
baby bump in a figurehugging dress after
hitting out at bodyshaming critics
Orange crush! Kylie
Jenner puts her killer
curves on display as
she relaxes poolside in
a tangerine bikini
Gave a sultry glance at
the camera
PICTURE EXCLUSIVE:
Pregnant Megan Fox
displays her baby bump
in a black bikini as she
and Brian Austin Green
quash divorce rumours
on romantic Hawaii trip
Bearded Dustin
Hoffman's son Maxwell,
32, is the spitting image
of his famous father, 78,
as they head to lunch in
SoHo
Spot the difference
'It takes a toll on your
self-esteem': Bella
Thorne reveals she has
cried over acne
problems because she's
treated 'differently'
when she breaks out
Silky! Shay Mitchell
dazzles in cream
jumpsuit as she heads
to Live! studio to take
over for Kelly Ripa who
is on a break after news
Michael Strahan quit
Engaged! Dog
Whisperer star Cesar
Millan, 46, is set to wed
his girlfriend of six
years Jahira Dar, 31
The star gushed on his
social media: 'I'm so
happy!!! She said yes!!!'
Pregnant Zoe
Hardman is the picture
of happiness as she
rocks casual look for
lunch date with beau
Paul Doran-Jones
Helen Mirren, 70, looks
timelessly chic in an all-
Page 18 of 21
26/04/2016, 18:24
black ensemble and
bright yellow handbag
as she jets in to New
York City
Make-up free
supermodel Heidi Klum
sports tousled hair and
patterned cropped
trousers as she jets out
of the UK
Fresh-faced and flawless
'If you're coming for
tea, I won't be opening
the door': Jean-Bernard
Fernandez-Versini
laughs off claims he's
bought a poky London
flat as he parties in LA
Sealed with a kiss:
Shanina Shaik and
shirtless fiancé DJ
Ruckus smooch as they
frolic on a Miami beach
Stunning couple
Jessica Alba flaunts
her fantastic figure in
low-cut white swimsuit
and glam backless
dress on chic beach
shoot during 35th
birthday break in Hawaii
Take a bow Sia! Singer
sends fans into a frenzy
as she performs in twotoned wig and giant hair
accessory at Coachella
She is known for her
outlandish costumes
GADGET REVIEWS
The hi-tech $2,000 spin bike that really
could change your life
Peloton's hi-tech bike lets you
stream live and on demand rides to
your home - and it's one of the best
Page 19 of 21
26/04/2016, 18:24
examples of fitness technology out
there - at a price.
comments
1 video
Apple's new 9.7inch iPad Pro is a
powerhouse you can take anywhere
Apple has added a few
improvements to the smaller
version, creating a tablet that is
astonishingly powerful, but, unlike its
big brother, is something you'll be
able to carry everywhere.
comments
1 video
A familiar old friend that could be the
perfect starter phone: Dailymail.com's
verdict on the iPhone SE
The new iPhone SE has a 4inch
screen and familiar design - but has
had a huge upgrade on the inside,
making this a perfect first time
iPhone.
36 comments
3 videos
Speaker that looks as good as its sounds:
B&W Zeppelin Wireless review
It's not cheap, but the $699 (£500)
Zeppelin Wireless is perfect for the
design conscious music fan.
comments
Samsung's $99 Gear VR gives a glimpse
into the virtual world
Samsung's Gear VR headset is
pretty impressive as first-generation
devices go.
14 comments
2 videos
The iPad grows up: Apple's iPad Pro
The iPad Pro is, for many, a real
laptop replacement - and a way to
combine work and play in a gadget
that will last all day and won't break
your back to carry.
193 comments
2 videos
B&W's P5 Wireless review - The ultimate
commuter headphones
They cost $400, but B&W's P5
wireless headphones will change
the way you listen to music on the
move - and could spell the end for
annoying wires.
1 comment
1 video
'A glimpse into the future of the living
room': The new Apple TV
Apple says apps are the future of
TV, and while its new $149 box does
have some issues, its combination
of streaming services, games and
other apps make it the best way to
make your TV smart.
77 comments
4 videos
$799 Blackphone 2 is secure handset
anyone can use
The Blackphone 2 is fully encrypted
by default and comes with a suite of
secure features that let you make
calls and send texts that are
impossible to eavesdrop on or track.
62 comments
The end of wonky wifi: Google's OnHub
It's incredibly simple to set up, and
we found it tripled the speed of our
home wifi connection - but at $199 is
expensive..
Page 20 of 21
comments
26/04/2016, 18:24
1 video
No more tangled wires: Powerbeats2
Wireless review
Beats by Dre's Powerbeats2
headphones have a new look - so
now you can pound the treadmill,
listen to your favourite tunes and
make sure you're fully colour-coordinated.
1 video
The best all in one wireless speaker you'll
ever hear: Naim Mu-so review
It might not be a name familiar to the
US market, but Naim is a legendary
British brand hoping to make a
splash with the American launch of
its $1499 Mu:So speaker.
3 comments
1 video
The only remote you'll ever need:
Logitech's Harmony Elite works with
270,000 gadgets from TVs to speakers and
lights
Harmony Elite (pictured) was
unveiled at this month's IFA
conference in Berlin. It works with
the Bluetooth and Wi-Fi enabled
Logitech Hub which connects all the
devices together.
55 comments
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Page 21 of 21

Challenging the theory of how galaxies formed

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