Israel in Statistics 1948-2007(Statisti

Statistilite 93
•
Israel in statistics
1948-2007
• In 1948, 82% of the Israeli population was Jewish, and
1. Population
almost all of the rest was Arab. In 2007, 76% were Jewish,
20% were Arab, and 4% were non-Arab Christians and
persons of other religious denominations whose religion is
not recorded in the population registry (mostly relatives of
Jewish immigrants who arrived in the 1990s).
Nurit Yaffe
•
The Israeli population grew from 806,000 in May 15,
1948 (Independence Day) to 7.2 million at the end of 2007.
It is projected that by 2030 the population of Israel will be 10
million.
•
Jewish Israelis comprised 6% of the world’s Jewish
population in 1948, and 41% in 2007.
•
Between 1948 and 2007, the population grew at an
average annual rate of 3.8%.
• The share of Israeli born persons out of the total Jewish
•
The population numbered 1 million in 1949, 2 million in
1958, 3 million in 1970, 4 million in 1982, 5 million in 1991,
6 million in 1998 and 7 million in 2007.
1a
population increased from 35% in 1950 to 70% in 2007.
• Between 1949 and 2007, the share of Muslims out of the
total Arab population increased from 70% to 83%, the share
of Christians decreased from 21% to 8%, and the share of
Druze decreased from 9% to 8%.
Population and components of growth, 1948-2007
Average
annual
growth rate
% of
immigration
balance
out of total Population at end of
period (millions)
growth
1948 – 2007
3.8
38
7.2
1948 – 1960
8.2
65
2.2
1961 – 1971
3.2
38
3.1
1972 – 1982
2.4
20
4.1
1983 – 1989
1.8
6
4.6
1990 – 1995
3.5
56
5.6
1996 – 2000
2.6
39
6.4
2001 – 2007
1.9
15
7.2
• The median age of the population rose by four years –
from 24.5 in 1955 to 28.7 in 2007. This increase was primarily
the result of a decline in fertility. The average number of births
per woman decreased from 3.9 to 2.9.
•
The share of children (aged 0-14) in the population
decreased from 36% in 1955 to 28% in 2007, whereas the
share of elderly persons (aged 65 and over) increased from 5%
to 10%. However, the share of children in the Israeli population
has remained higher than in any other Western country, and
the share the elderly persons has remained lower.
1c
75+
70-74
•
Between 1948 and 2007, 62% of the overall population
growth resulted from natural increase, and 38% resulted
from migration balance – including changes in the size of the
population due to changes in national borders. Since 1967,
the population of Israel includes residents of East Jerusalem,
and since 1982 – Druze and Muslims in the Golan.
1b
Population, by age, percentages, 1955, 2007
2007
1955
64-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
Immigrants, thousands, 1948-2007
35-39
30-34
250
25-29
20-24
200
15-19
150
10-14
5-9
100
0-4
50
0
15
’48
’58
’68
’78
’88
’98
10
5
0
5
10
15
•Along the years, the sex ratio of the population has changed.
’07
In 1948, there were 107 males per 100 females in the Jewish
population. By 1955, there were 103 males per 100 females in
the total population. In 1978, the sex ratio balanced out, and
since then, there has been a female majority. Today, there are
98 males per 100 females.
•
The Israeli population comprises one thousandth of the
world population. It is similar to the population of Switzerland,
and greater than that of Norway, Denmark, New Zealand and
Finland.
12
2. Geographical distribution
• Between 1970 and 2006, the average age at first marriage
Nurit Yaffe
rose by 2.6 years for grooms (from 25.0 to 27.6), and by 3.0
(from 21.7 to 24.7) years for brides.
1d
•
The population growth has been accompanied by an
increase in average population density – from 43 people
per square kilometer in 1948, to 316 in 2007. The highest
density was found in the Tel Aviv District (7,073 people per
sq. kilometer in 2007), and the lowest density was found in
the Southern District (73 people per sq. kilometer). Today,
compared with European countries, Israel’s population
density is lower only than that of the Netherlands and Belgium.
Average age at first marriage, by sex, 1970-2006 .
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2a Persons per square kilometer, 1948-2007
‫ שנים נבחרות‬, ‫מספר נפשות לקמ"ר‬
1970
1980
1990
brides
20056
2000
grooms
350
300
• Despite the rise in the average age at first marriage, rates
250
200
of marriage have always been high in Israel. In 2007, for
example, only 6% of both males and females at ages 45-49
had never been married.
150
100
50
0
• Since the early 1950s, life expectancy has risen by about
1948
12.5 years for the Jewish population. Since the early 1970s,
life expectancy of the total population in Israel has risen by
about 9 years.
1971 - 1974
1980 - 1984
1990 - 1994
2000 - 2004
2007
Men
73.4
76.1
78.8
81.6
82.5
70.1
72.7
75.1
77.4
78.8
1972
1983
1990
2000
2006
7
•
In 2007, the population was more evenly distributed
between the districts than in 1948. The population of the
Northern and Southern districts comprised 19% of the total
population in 1948, and 31% in 2007, whereas the share
of the population of the Tel-Aviv, Central, and Haifa districts
decreased from 71% in 1948 to 53% in 2007.
1e Life expectancy, by sex, 1971- 2007
Women
1961
2b Population by district, %, 1948, 2007
1948
Total
100
100
12
17
12
24
Tel Aviv District
10
17
21
14
36
Southern District
 2
14
..
 4
Jerusalem District
Northern District
• Infant mortality rate has dropped from 36.5 per 1,000
births in the late 1950s to 10.9 three decades later. During
that period, the decrease in infant mortality was a major cause
for the rise in life expectancy. By 2007, infant mortality rate
was 3.9.
Haifa District
Central District
•
The population increase has been accompanied by
an increase in the number of households, which rose from
766,000 in 1970 to 2.1 million in 2007. Similarly, the decline
in fertility has been accompanied by a decline in the average
size of households, which dropped from 3.8 persons in 1970
to 3.3 in 2007. The percentage of one-person households
rose from 12% to 18%, and the percentage of households
with seven or more members dropped from 11% to 6%
respectively.
2007
Judea and Samaria*
17
*Population in Jewish settlements
• The increase in population size of the country as a whole
was accompanied by an increase in the size of the localities
in Israel. In 1948, Tel Aviv-Yafo was the only city in Israel with
more than 100,000 residents. In 2007, there were 14 cities
of that size, including five cities with more than 200,000
residents (Jerusalem, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Haifa, Rishon LeZiyyon
and Ashdod).
3
3. Education
graders increased from 72% in 1992 to 84% in 2007; the
percentage of 12 graders entitled to a matriculation certificate
increased from 46% to 53%, respectively.
Revital Cohen - Aviel Krantzler
•
The level of education of the Israeli population has been
constantly rising since World War II, as in other Westernized
countries. The percentage of adults (aged 14 and over until
1985, and aged 15 and over afterwards) with no schooling
decreased from 16% in 1961 to 3% in 2007; and the
percentage of those with 13 or more years of schooling rose
from 9% in 1961 to 42% in 2007.
•
Most of those entitled to a matriculation certificate met
university entrance requirements, and were thus potential
candidates for higher education. In 1995, 39% of all 12 graders
met these requirements, compared with 45% in 2007.
12 graders entitled to a matriculation certificate who met
3b university entrance requirements, percentages, 1995-2007
%
%
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
•
In 2006, the share of persons aged 25-64 with postsecondary or higher education was 46%, similar to Canada
(47%) and higher than in other countries such as Japan (40%),
the United States (39%), Denmark, and Finland (35%).
•
The rise in the level of education is also reflected in the
increased percentage of students in institutions of higher
education out of all students – 10% in 2007, compared to
1% in 1949.
2007
Percentages
100
100
100
Kindergartens
19
21
18
Primary
72
44
37
Secondary
7
28
28
Post-secondary
1
2
3
Higher Yeshivas and Kolels
..
..
5
Higher Education
1
5
10
2,255
•
There were 208 recipients of academic degrees in 1948,
and 55,000 in 2007.
•
In 2007, first degree students at academic colleges,
including academic colleges of education, (approximately
93,000) outnumbered those enrolled in universities
(approximately 76,000).
institutions of higher education, by type of
3c Students ininstitution
and degree, 1948-2007
•
Between 1991 and 2007 (2006/2007), the number
of teachers rose from 72,000 to 114,000. Of those, the
percentage of teachers with academic degrees rose from
39% to 76%, and the percentage of teachers aged 50 and
over rose from 12% to 26%. During the entire period, women
comprised over 75% of all teachers.
100,000
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
•
Between 1990 and 2007, the average class size dropped
slightly – from 28 to 27 students per class.
20,000
10,000
0
•
•
19
48
51
School enrollment rates have risen continuously for boys
and girls; the rates for girls have always been consistently
higher than for boys. In 2007, 94% of the boys and 97% of
the girls aged 14-17 were enrolled in school, compared to
86% and 92%, respectively, in 1994 (data for 2007 include
students in apprenticeship schools under the supervision of
the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor).
54
19
57
19
60
19
63
19
66
19
69
19
72
19
75
19
78
19
81
19
84
19
87
19
90
19
93
19
96
19
99
20
02
20
0
20 5
07
141 1,424
19
Total – thousands
44
45
46
44
46
46
45
In 1948, there were two universities in Israel. Five
universities were established in the 1950s and 1960s, and the
Open University was established in the mid-1970s. At the end
of the 1970s, teacher training colleges became institutions
of higher education rather than post-secondary institutions.
During the 1990s, many academic colleges were established;
in 2007 there were 62 institutions of higher education.
19
1990
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
•
3a Students in the Education System 1949-2007
1949
39
40
38
41
42
41
Universities (Excl. the open 1st degree University), 1st degree
‫ יי‬2nd degree
Academic and teacher training colleges, 1st degree
Academic and teacher training colleges, 2nd degree
‫ יי‬3rd degree
•
In 1965, 31% of all first degree students were enrolled
in the field of Humanities. By 2007, the percentage of
students enrolled in the field of Humanities decreased to
12%. Concomitantly, the percentage of students enrolled
The percentage of matriculation examinees out of all 12
4
4. Labour force and wages
in the field of Education rose from 2% to 17%, partly due to
the academization of that profession, and the percentage of
inthe
field
ofSocial
Sciences
rose
46from
916021%
02
students enrolled
to 31%.
Ruth Sehayek - Sigal Zanti
•
In 1955, there were 631,000 persons in the civilian labour
force, and in 2007 there were 2.9 million (until 1985, the
civilian labour force included persons aged 14 and over; since
then, it includes persons aged 15 and over). Between 1955
and 2007, the civilian labour force grew at an average annual
rate of 3%.
First degree students in institutions of higher education,
3d by field of study, percentages, 1965, 2007
Engineering
‫הסדנה‬
•
Agriculture
‫תואלקח‬
Medicine
The participation rate of men in the labour force has
dropped steeply – from 80% in the mid-1950s, to 60% in
2003. Since 2003 that percentage rose and reached 62% in
2007. In contrast, the participation rate of women rose steeply
– from 27% in the mid-1950s, to 51% in 2007.
Law
‫פ‬
6002
population
(men and women) has remained relatively stable
(54% in 1955, 50% in 1987, and 56% in 2007).
and
‫ד‬Natural
‫ה‬mathematics
‫ו‬sciences
‫ת‬‫הק‬
‫האופר‬
•4691The participation rate in the labour force of the total
•
The share of females in the labour force almost doubled
between 1955 and 2007 – from 25% to 47%.
Persons in the labour force, by sex, percentages of all
4a persons aged 15+, 1955-2007
Education
‫ח‬‫ונ‬
80
70,000
60
53
40,000
20
30,000
10
20,000
0
The share of females out of all first degree recipients was
43% in 1970, 50% in 1987, and 56% in 2007; of all second
degree recipients, the share of females was 27%, 43% and
57%, respectively; and of third degree recipients, the share of
females was 13%, 33% and 51% , respectively.
07
05
20
20
95
00
20
90
women
19
85
19
80
men
19
5
6
75
19
19
19
1
•
70
10,000
5
2007
0
03
50,000
30
6
52
35
9
02
30
1
51
20
9
1965
01
15
9
5
10
60,000
40
5
0
5
50
1
0
•
The rise in school enrollment among youths has been
accompanied by a decline in rates of labour force participation
among that population. In 1956, 37% of all teenagers aged
14-17 were in the labour force, compared with 9% (aged 1517) in 2007.
•
The rate of national expenditure on education out of
the GDP has varied between the mid-1960s and the early
1990s, from 7.4% to 8.6%. Between 1996 and 2002, the rate
remained above 9.0%. National expenditure on education
reached a peak of 9.3% in 1997 and 2002. Since 2002, the
rate has been dropping steadily, and in 2007 it declined to
8.3%.
•
The labour force includes employed persons (who work
at least one hour a week), as well as unemployed persons.
Over the years, the share of persons working full time (35 or
more hours a week) has decreased – from 78% in 1955 to
64% in 2007.
•
From 1990 to 2000, the share of employed persons who
worked more than 50 hours a week increased – from 18%
to 25% (from 26% to 36% for men, and from 5% to 10% for
women).
•
Over the years, two important changes occurred in the
composition of employed persons according to industry. First,
the share of employed persons in agriculture has decreased
– from 10% in 1968, to 2% in 2007. Secondly, the share of
employed persons in manufacturing, electricity and water,
5
90,000
80,000
70
Humanities
‫ד‬‫חורה‬
100,000
0
50
‫ד‬‫חה‬‫הר‬
19
Social sciences
and construction has decreased – from 33% in 1995, to 22%
in 2007, whereas the share of employed persons in services
has increased – from 56% in 1995, to 76% in 2007.
4b
compared with 76% to 91% among females).
• The highest rate of unemployment was 11.2% (in 1992), and
the lowest was 2.6% (in 1973). In all years, the unemployment
rate has been higher among women than among men.
Employed persons, by industry (selected), percentages,
1995, 2007
Unemployed persons, percentages of labour force,
4d 1955-2007
Manufacturing
12
10
Construction
8
6
4
Trade
and repairs
2
7
0
0
2
5
00
9
9
20
1
5
8
90
9
1
80
9
9
9
1
75
1
1
6
70
9
1
9
1
9
1
6
0
5
5
9
1
•
Out of a total of 2.051 million households in 2007, 75%
had at least one employed person (73% in 1998). Of all
households with at least one employed person, 44% there
was only one employed person, 45% had two employed
persons, and 11% had three or more employed persons in
2007.
Business
activities
Public
administration
•
89% of the households with children aged up to 17 in
2007, had one or more employed persons (similar to 1998).
Education
•
Data on wages are calculated for employee jobs (jobs of
employee workers who work at least one day a month and
appear on the payroll of the establishment or institution. Jobs
appearing on the payrolls of more than one establishment
or institution are counted the number of times they appear).
Between 1980 and 2007 the number of employee jobs rose
from 1.3 million to 2.8 million. During that period, average
wages also rose by 53%, at fixed prices (average annual
growth rate of 2%). In manufacturing, wages rose by 90%
(average annual growth rate of 3%), and in public services
– by 58% (average annual growth rate of 2%).
25
1995
20
15
10
5
0
Health,
welfare and
social and
personal
services
5
0
Transport,
storage and
communication
2007
•
With the rising level of education, there has been an
increase in the share of persons employed in white-collar
professions (academic professionals, associate professionals
and technicians, and managers).
Employed persons, by occupation (selected), percentages,
4c 1995, 2007
1995
2007
Academic professionals
12
14
Associate professionals and technicians
14
16
5
7
Sales and service workers
17
20
Skilled workers
25
18
Managers
220.0
Average wage index, at constant prices, 1980-2007
4e (basis:1978)
200.0
180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
100.0
•
1980
1985
Manufacturing
The share of employees out of all employed persons has
grown – from 74% in 1970, to 87% in 2007. Among males,
the increase has been more moderate (from 73% to 83%,
6
1990
All industries
1995
2000
Public services
2007
5. Standard of living
used. In the 1980s, the deep-freezer was introduced in Israel.
Ownership of deep freezers grew from 9% in the mid-1980s
to 19% by 2007. Dishwashers and microwave ovens were
also introduced in Israel during the 1980s, and by 2007
33% and 83% of the households, respectively, owned those
appliances.
Yafit Alfandari - Nurit Dovrin
Standard of Living of Households
• Since the 1950s, there has been a steady rise in the standard
of living of households. This process has been characterized
by a decline in the share of household expenditures on
products, and an increase in the share of expenditures on
services. Thus, the share of expenditures on food and on
clothing and footwear (products) has declined steadily since
the 1950s, whereas the share of expenditures on transport
and communications (services) has increased.
•
In the mid-1950s, 82% of the households in Israel owned a
radio, and 13% owned a record player. Over the years, other
forms of entertainment and media penetrated the market. By
2007, 91% of all Israeli households owned a television, 53%
owned a radio, 49% owned a DVD, and 68% subscribed to
cable or satellite television.
• Until the 1990s, telephone communication was exclusively
through stationary telephone lines. By 1997, nearly every
household owned a phone..
• The cellular phone entered the market in the 1990s, and
by 2007 the share of households owning at least one cellular
phone reached 89%. Today, for the first time, the percentage
of cellular phone owners is higher than that of stationary
phone owners (84%).
• At the end of the 1950s, 54% of all households lived in
owned dwellings, and 45% lived in rented dwellings. The
percentage of households living in owned dwellings rose
steadily, and reached 71% by the mid-1970s, whereas the
percentage of households living in rented dwellings declined
sharply to 20% during the same period. Since the mid-1970s,
the percentages of households living in owned dwellings has
remained almost unchanged, whereas of the percentage of
households living in rented dwellings rose to 25% by 2007.
• Over the years, housing density in Israel has declined. The
number of households with two or more persons per room
has dropped from 24% in 1975 to 6% in 2007.
• By the end of the 1960s, wages constituted 98% of the
households gross monthly income. Over the years, this
proportion has dropped – to 83% in 1979/80, 77% in 2001,
and 78% in 2007.
• The rise in income and standard of living has been
accompanied by increased inequality in the distribution of
income among households in the various deciles. The gross
income of households in the upper decile constituted onefifth of the total income of households in the economy in the
1950s, compared with one-third in the 2000s.
•
In the 1950s, the largest share of household expenditure
was on food (40%). Over the years, the share of expenditure
on food has dropped continuously – reaching 20% in
the 1990s, and 17% in 2007. The second largest share of
household expenditure in the 1950s was on clothing and
footwear – 12% of the total expenditure. Expenditures on this
item have decreased as well, to as low as 3% in 2007. One
of the reasons for the decline in expenditure on clothing and
footwear is the drop in the prices on those items as a result of
exposure to competition with imported products – a trend
that has accompanied the globalization process. Regarding
the items on which household expenditure increased, the
rise in expenditure on transport and communications was
particularly significant (from 5% in the 1950s to 21% in 2007).
The changes in household expenditure can be attributed to
a rise in the standard of living, and specifically to an increase
in rates of car ownership, as well as to the technical and
communications revolutions which took place over the last
three decades.
•
The rise in standard of living and in technological
advancement have been accompanied by an increase in the
variety of luxury items available to households. Some of those
items have become an integral part of daily life.
Household ownership of cellular phones and stationary
5a phones, percentages, 1997-2007
cellular phones
stationary phones
•
In the 1950s, only 40% of all households had refrigerators,
and the rest used ice boxes. Twenty years later, almost every
household had a refrigerator, and iceboxes were no longer
7
6. THE ECONOMY
5b Distribution of gross income by quintiles, percentages
Talia Shalem-Cohen - Ronen Elkayam
•
Between 1950 and 2007, the Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) in Israel increased at an annual average rate of 5%-6%
at constant prices, and the GDP per capita increased at an
annual average rate of 3%. By 2007, the GDP per capita was
six times higher than in 1950.
•
The GDP per capita increased substantially until 1972 (5%6% per year). Between 1973 and 1984, the annual growth
rate declined to 1%. Between 1985 and 1996, the GDP per
capita increased again by an annual average rate of 2%-3%,
and in 1997-1999 it decreased again by an annual average
of 1%. In 2000, which was a year of rapid economic growth,
especially in the high-technology industries, the GDP per
capita increased sharply by 6%. However, the growth in 2000
was moderated by the second Intifada during the last quarter
of the year. Between 2001 and 2003, the Intifada continued
and the GDP per capita declined at an average annual rate
of 2%. However, the period between 2004 and 2007 was
characterized by a rapid and stable growth – at an annual rate
of 3%-4%. The growth during that period can be attributed
primarily to intensification of national trade and the relatively
calm security situation.
Quintile 5 (upper)
Quintile 4
Quintile 3
Quintile 2
Quintile 1
standard of living of Individuals
• In 2007, 53% of all persons aged 20 and over were satisfied
(or very satisfied) with their financial situation; 53% managed
to cover their monthly expenditures; 45% expected that their
financial situation would improve.
•
Of all persons aged 20 and over who worked in 2007,
85% were satisfied with their work and 55% were satisfied
with their income.
•
In 2007, the Gross Domestic Product per capita was about
NIS 92,000 ($22,500).
•
In the years 2002 through 2007, 50% of the persons aged
20 and over went on holiday or trip in the country (including
overnight stays away from home), and 30% went on holiday
abroad at least once a year, with almost no changes from year
to year.
6aGross Domestic Product per capita, 1950-2007, NIS at 2005
prices
1 0 0 ,0 0 0
9 0 ,0 0 0
8 0 ,0 0 0
7 0 ,0 0 0
NIS
6 0 ,0 0 0
5 0 ,0 0 0
4 0 ,0 0 0
3 0 ,0 0 0
2 0 ,0 0 0
1 0 ,0 0 0
0
19
50
19
55
19
60
19
65
Economy, total
19
70
19
75
19
80
19
85
Business sector
19
90
19
95
20
00
05 07
20 20
•
The expansion of economic activity was accompanied
by a transition toward producing high-technology products
and services. The share of financial and business services,
communications, electricity, and electronics industries in the
GDP increased to 35% in 2007. Labour productivity increased
at an average annual rate of 4% in 1960-2007.
•
The growth in the GDP was accompanied by an increase
in imports of goods and services, which reached an average
annual growth rate of 7% in constant prices. Thus, the total
amount of available resources in Israel – from domestic
production and imports – was 38 times higher in 2007 than
in 1950.
8
•
•
The proportion of resources allocated for general government
and private consumption decreased from 70% in the initial years
following the establishment of the state to 56% in 2007; and the
proportion of resources allocated for capital formation decreased
from one-third in the initial years (due to the need to raise new
capital stock) to 13% in 2007. In contrast, the share of exports out of
all available resources increased from 3% in 1950 to 30% in 2007.
• Private consumption expenditure per capita increased at
an average annual rate of 3.4% between 1950 and 2007. By
2007, private consumption expenditure per capita was 6.9
times higher than in 1950.
• The rise in standard of living was accompanied by a change
in the composition of private consumption expenditure. On the
one hand, expenditure on basic products decreased: the share
of expenditure on food, drinks, and tobacco dropped from
39% in 1950 to 18% in 2007, and the share of expenditure on
clothing, footwear, and personal items dropped from 12% to
5% during the same period. On the other hand, expenditure on
housing, electricity, fuel, and various services (e.g., education,
health, transport, entertainment, sports and domestic help)
increased, as did expenditure on travel abroad.
The development of public services increased the tax
burden. The tax rate reached 37.2% of the GDP in 2007,
compared to 20% during the initial years of the state. (The tax
rate in 2007 was similar to that of developed countries such
as Canada and Germany, but lower than that of Scandinavian
countries, which amounts to approximately 50%.) However,
transfers and benefits paid to households increased from 2%3% of the GDP during the initial years of the state to 10%12% during the last 20 years.
6d Taxes as percentage of the GDP, 1951-2007(annual average)
7 0 ,0 0 0
‘6 8 7
-’7
‘7 3 2
-’7
‘7 8 7
-’8
‘8 5 4
-’8
9
‘9 0
-’9
‘9 7 6
-’9
9
‘0 0
‘0 1
-’0
‘0 4 3
-’0
7
The government debt increased from 52% of the GDP in
the initial years of the state to almost 300% in between 1978
and 1984. The government debt decreased to 130% of the
GDP between 1990 and 1998, and to 91.7% between 1999
and 2007.
Private consumption expenditure per capita
Disposable income per capita
NIS
5 0 ,0 0 0
-’6
•
Private consumption expenditure per capita and disposable
6b income per capita, 1950-2007, at 2005 prices
6 0 ,0 0 0
‘6 6
‘5 1
-’6
0
5
50
40
30
20
10
4 0 ,0 0 0
•
Gross fixed capital formation – expenditures on machinery
and equipment, buildings, various construction works, and
transport equipment – increased over the years at an average
annual rate of 4.5%. During the initial years following the
establishment of the state, there was a considerable investment
in residential construction, which constituted 48% of the total
gross fixed capital formation. In contrast, 27% of the gross
fixed capital formation in recent years has been in residential
construction, and 73% of the gross fixed capital formation has
been in industries – non-residential construction, infrastructure
works, machinery, equipment, and motor vehicles.
3 0 ,0 0 0
2 0 ,0 0 0
1 0 ,0 0 0
20
20
05
00
95
19
20
85
90
19
75
70
80
19
19
19
60
65
19
19
19
19
19
50
55
0
07
•
General government expenditure on civilian consumption
– i.e., educational services, health, and welfare – increased at
an average annual rate of 5% between 1950 and 2007, and
the per capita expenditure on civilian consumption increased
at an average annual rate of 2%.
•
There was a general upward trend in defense expenditures
during the first 25 years following the establishment of the
state, which reached a peak in 1973-1975. In subsequent
years, defense expenditures decreased. The average annual
increase in defense expenditures per capita between 1950
and 2007 was 2.3%.
6e Gross fixed capital formation, billions of NIS, 1950-2007, at
2005 prices
Defense expenditure as a percentage of the GDP, 19516c 2007 (annual average)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
50
19
55
19
60
19
65
19
Total
9
7 -’
90
‘9
3
-’0
‘01
-’0
7
9 0
‘
0
6
-’9
8
5 -’
-’7
-’6
7
’8
4 9
2
-’7
6‘ 6 ‘68 ‘73 ‘78 ‘8
‘
7
5
-’6
‘5
1
‘04
9
70
19
75
19
80
19
85
19
Residential building
90
19
95
19
00
20
Industries
05 007
2
20
7. Foreign trade
7b Imports by economic use, percentages, 1950-2007
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
The changes in the volume of foreign trade since the
establishment of the State reflect changes in the structure
and needs of the economy. From 1950 to 2007 imports of
goods (gross) increased from US dollars 300 million to 56,621
million, and exports of goods (gross) increased from US dollars
35 million to 54,065 million.
20
•
10
0
Helen Brusilovsky - Bat-Sheva Fishman
1950
1950
1960
1960
•
Along the years there were fluctuations in the prices of
exports and imports. Between 1955 and 1972, the prices of
exports increased by 22%, and the prices of imports increased
by 13%. As a result, the Terms of Trade Index improved by
5.7%. During 1973-1980, the prices of fuels, which constitute
a large share of all imports, increased, resulting in the
worsening of the Terms of Trade Index by 9%. During 19811999, the Index improved by 25%, mostly as a result of the
decrease in the prices of fuels. During this period, the prices
of exports increased by 31%, in US dollars, and the prices of
imports increased by 15%. During 2000-2007, the prices of
fuels once again increased, and the Index worsened.
1970
1970
1980
1980
1990
1990
2000
2000
2007
2007
7a
Trade per capita, millions of US dollars, 1950-2007
Imports
per capita
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2007
209
134
235
658
785
1,094
1,423
Exports
per capita
28
100
247
1,365
2,457
4,506
6,391
Consumer goods
Trade deficit
per capita
Fuels
Raw materials
Unworked diamonds
Investment goods
•
In 1950, the export of agricultural products and
worked diamonds made up 75% of the all exports. Over
the years, exports of agricultural products decreased, and
in recent years it was 2%-3%. On the other hand, the share
of industrial exports (excluding diamonds) increased – from
25% in the 1950s to 75% (its highest share) in 2001. In 2007,
it reached 74% of all exports.
237
234
482
2,023
3,242
5,600
7,814
•
During 1950-2007, the share of consumer goods
out of all imported goods dropped from 26% to 13%,
and the share of investment goods decreased from
34% to 14%. The share of raw materials (including
unworked diamonds and fuels) increased from 39% in
1950 to a record high of 81% in 1980. In 2007 their
share was 73%.
•
In the early years of the State, imports from the United
States constituted 48% of all imports. Over the years its share
decreased, and in 2007 it was 17%. The share of imports from
Asian countries increased from 4% in the 1950s to 21% in
2007.
10
•
In the 1950s, exports to European countries constituted
70% of Israel’s exports (related to the large share of agricultural
exports in those years). Following a decreasing trend, the
figure reached 36% in 2007, while the share of exports to
American and Asian countries increased from 25% to 68%,
and from 1% to 18%, respectively. Exports of diamonds to
Asian countries was more than 50% of all exports of diamonds
in recent years.
8. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Nava Brenner
•
From 1990 to 2007, the national expenditure on civilian
research and development (R&D) increased from NIS 11
billion to NIS 30 billion, at constant prices.
•
The national expenditure on civilian R&D per capita, in
terms of the Purchasing Power Parity of the Dollar, increased
from $304 in 1990 to $1,220 in 2007.
•
Civilian R&D is carried out by four major sectors: the
business sector, the government (including local authorities
and governmental institutes), higher education institutions,
and nonprofit institutions. Financial support for R&D is
provided by these sectors, as well as by foreign sources.
Between 1990 and 2007, the share of R&D performed by
the business sector increased from 53% to 79%, whereas
the share performed by the government sector decreased
from 11% to 5%, the share performed by higher education
institutions decreased from 29% to 12%, and the share
performed by nonprofit institutions decreased from 7% to
4%.
•
The share of R&D performed by the business sector as a
percentage of the GDP (3.4% in 2005), and the share of R&D
financed by that sector as a percentage of the GDP (3.4%)
amounted to almost twice those recorded in the US, and
more than three times those recorded in 15 EU countries, on
average.
•
The number of recipients of academic degrees from
universities and other institutions of higher education in the
fields of science and engineering more than doubled from
1995 (5,500) to 2007 (11,000).
•
The share of women out of all recipients of academic
degrees from universities and other institutions of higher
education in the fields of science and engineering, and their
8a. National
expenditure on civilian R&D as a percentage of the
8a
GDP, 1989-2007
11
share out of all employees in R&D in the business sector,
remained stable between 1995 and 2006 (40% and 23%,
respectively).
•
Between academic years 1991/2 and 2006/7, university
academic staff increased by 18%: senior staff increased by
8%, junior staff increased by 28%, and the other academic
staff (mainly external teachers) increased by 36%.
•
The number of full time employees in R&D companies in
the business sector increased from 24,000 in 1997 to 41,000
in 2000, decreased to 38,000 in 2002-2004 and increased to
41,000 in 2005 and to 43,900 in 2006.
•
The share of households with access to a computer grew
from 34% in 1997 to 69% in 2007, and the share of those
with a subscription to the Internet grew from 5% to 59%,
respectively.
•
In 2007, the share of Israeli households with access to a
computer (69%) was lower than in Japan (85%). In 2000, the
rates in Israel and Japan were similar (about 50%).
Share of households with access to a computer, international
8b comparison, 2000, 2007
Korea
Germany
Switzerland
Canada
Great Britain
Finland
Israel
Ireland
France
Spain
Italy
Portugal
0 10
20 30 40 50 60 70
80 90
9. MANUFACTURING
•
Average annual change in the Manufacturing Production
9a Index, percentages, 1951-2007
12
15
13
8
7
4
4
4
2
-1
1951
1955
19561960
19611965
19661967
6
19731980
19811985
19861990
19911995
19962000
20012003
20042007
12
0
0
0
2
0
2
7
5
0
0
2
0
9
5
0
1
9
9
9
1
8
5
0
9
1
8
9
1
7
5
0
9
1
7
1
9
6
5
0
Manufacturing Production Index
Labour Input Index
•
Manufacturing establishments that operated in the 1950s
were mainly warehouses and small establishments that
engaged mainly in processing agricultural products and in
clothing. At present, Israeli manufacturing is modern, and is
based mainly on high technology industries, which employ
skilled workers with academic and technical knowledge;
about 40% of the manufacturing product is exported.
•
Manufacturing industries are divided into four groups, by
technological intensity:
High technology: electronics; equipment for control and supervision;
computers and office machinery; aircraft; pharmaceuticals. Mediumhigh technology: refined petroleum; chemicals and chemical
products (excluding pharmaceuticals), machinery; equipment and
electric motors; transport equipment (excluding aircraft). Mediumlow technology: mining and quarrying, rubber and plastics, ferrous
and other mineral products; jewellery. Low technology: food
products; beverages and tobacco products; textiles; apparel; leather
products; paper and printing; wood products; furniture.
The classification is determined mainly by the share of expenditure on
Research and Development out of the total output. It was adopted in
recent years, and also applied retrospectively to the initial period of
Manufacturing in Israel.
Manufacturing production, according to technological
9c intensity, percentages, 1954, 2007
1954
Total
2007
100
100
Low Technology
55
24
Thereof: Food
24
12
Textiles, Apparel, Leather
20
3
Other
11
9
Medium-Low Technology
30
24
Medium-High Technology
15
13
..
39
High Technology
-2
19681972
6
From the establishment of the State in 1948 to the mid1960s, many manufacturing establishments were set up. By
1965, there were 25,000 manufacturing establishments in
Israel. Of those establishments, about 15% were considered
large (employing more than 10 persons). Notably, the data
on manufacturing establishments include those that did
not employ any workers besides their owners. The rise in
the number of manufacturing establishments increased
the demand for manpower, so that the number of persons
employed in manufacturing increased from 98,000 in 1952
(of whom 56% were employed in large establishments)
to 223,000 in 1965, (about 74% of whom were employed
in large establishments). In the years that followed, there
were fluctuations between periods of expansion and
slowdown in manufacturing. In 1966-1967, there was
a recession that curtailed the process of expansion in
manufacturing; the subsequent period between 1968 and
1972, was characterized by economic prosperity, which was
accompanied by increasing rates of export and employment.
The Yom Kippur War in 1973 and the First Lebanon War
in 1982, led to a prolonged economic slowdown between
1973 and 1985. Afterwards, from 1986 to 1990, the
economy began to recover, possibly as a result of the
economic stabilization program which was introduced in
1985. Following the massive wave of immigration between
1991 and 1995, mainly from the former Soviet Union,
economic growth returned to a high level, which was
maintained throughout the entire decade. Between 2001
and 2003, following the outbreak of the Second Intifada
(Palestinian uprising) and the collapse of the NASDAQ, the
manufacturing production index reached an all-time low.
In 2004-2007, the Israeli economy has been recovering
and Manufacturing has been growing.
1,400
1,300
1,200
1,100
1,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
9
•
Manufacturing Production Index and Labour Input Index
9b 1960-2007, at 1960 prices
1
Israeli manufacturing began to develop in the middle of the
20th century. In a census carried out in 1936 by the Jewish
Agency, 1,500 factories, employing 28,000 workers, were
enumerated. Some of those factories are still active, and at the
end of the 1990s they employed 62,000 workers – 18% of all
employees in manufacturing.
9
•
In 1960-2007, Manufacturing production increased by an
annual average of 5.7%, and labor input (actual work hours)
increased by an annual average of 2%.
1
Simcha Bar-Eliezer - Lior Zisman
•
The major change was the decline in the share of lowtechnology industries (e.g., food, textiles, apparel, and leather
products) due to the process of globalization and opening of
the Israeli market to competition. In contrast, high-technology
industries developed substantially, and accounted for most of
the growth in Manufacturing since the 1990s.
Product, output, jobs, and exports, by technological intensity –
9d percentages, 1965, 2007
Output
53
Product
46
10.10.
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE
MosheYanai,
Yanai Yaniv
- YanivSharabi
Sharabi
Dr.Dr.Moshe
•
During the first decade of Israel’s existence, the total
agricultural area increased by about 140%, and reached
3,940 thousand dunams by 1957. Until the beginning of
the 21st century, there were no significant changes in the
country’s agricultural area. Between 2003 and 2006, the
agricultural area diminished (the data for 2003 and onwards
cannot be compared with previous data due to changes in the
data collection method).
Area of field crops, citrus fruit and vegetables, thousands of
10a dunams,
1949-2006
2006-1949
38
22
26
26
20
28
25
20
24
24
3,000
23
2,750
15
2,500
2,250
5
4
2,000
1,750
1965
2007
1965
2007
1,500
1,250
1,000
Exports
57
Jobs
750
500
50
250
46
0
2006
2000
1965
1990
•
2007
1980
1965
Low Technology
Medium-High Technology
‫רי‬
‫י‬‫ו‬‫י‬
From the early 1950s to the end of the 1980s, the area
used for growing field crops was 60% of the total agricultural
area. Since 1990, its share has decreased to about 50%.
5
3
‫ירקות‬
•
14
7
1970
19
23 21
field crops
citrus fruit
vegetables
26
25
1960
29
20 20
1950
1949
35
2007
•
Medium-Low Technology
High Technology
The share of medium-high and medium-low technology
industries out of the total GDP, output, and jobs remained
similar throughout the period from 1965 to 2007. However,
in the low and high-technology industries, significant changes
occurred during that period. The share of low-technology
industries in the GDP and in the total number of jobs
decreased from 50% to 28% on the average, and the share
of high-technology industries increased from 5% to 30% on
the average.
•
In 1950, Israel’s exports totalled $35 million, of which
agricultural exports were 49%, and diamonds were 26%. In
2007, Israeli exports totalled $46 billion, of which 3% were
agricultural exports, 74% were manufacturing exports, and
23% were unworked and polished diamonds.
•
Over the years, manufacturing exports of high-technology
products increased: in 2007, exports of high-technology
industries comprised 46% of all manufacturing exports.
In those industries, exports comprised 74% of the output.
13
The citrus fruit industry has existed in Israel for over 150
years. From 1949 to 1966, the area of citrus plantations
grew from 125,000 to 416,000 dunams, and during the two
decades that followed there was no change. During those
four decades, the main citrus crops were white grapefruits
and Shamouti oranges, intended for export to the European
market. Following increased competition and reduced profits,
the area of citrus growing diminished to 163,000 dunams in
2006. Recently, there has been a recovery in the industry,
and an increase in the amount of citrus fruits planted, mainly
tangerines and grapefruit.
•
The vegetable crop area increased sharply during the first
four years after the establishment of the State – from 70,000
to 300,000 dunams. Between 1954 and 1988, the vegetable
crop area ranged from 300,000 to 400,000 dunams, and
between 1989 and 2006 it grew by about 65%, to 720,000
dunams.
•
During the 1960s and 1970s, the quantities of agricultural
output, as well as the input and net product of agriculture
increased at moderate and similar rates. Since 1980, the
amount of output has increased at a much higher rate than
that of input. As a result, the net domestic agricultural product
rose sharply, and doubled between 1990 and 2007. These
indices reflect the trend of growing efficiency in agriculture
which can be attributed, among other reasons, to a reduction
in the quantities of input required for the production of the
agricultural output. For instance, water consumption in
agriculture did not rise from the1970s to the 1990s (approx.
1,240 million cubic meters), and since then it has even
decreased (to 1,108 million cubic meters in 2006).
Since then, the increase in livestock and livestock products
has continued, albeit at a more moderate rate – the average
increase in production of the various products was 15%-70%
per decade.
10d Animal products, 1950-2007
Year
Output, input and net domestic product, quantity indices,
10b 1960-2007, at 1967/68 prices
Fish
Eggs (millions) Cow’s milk
Cattle
(million litres) for meat
(thousand
(thousand
tons)
tons)
Poultry
for meat
(thousand
tons)
1950
6.6
330.0
92.2
1.9
1960
1970
13.9
1,114.0
277.3
25.1
45.7
21.8
1,320.0
440.5
35.6
101.7
1980
24.7
1,614.9
670.3
55.0
200.0
1990
26.2
1,739.3
923.9
67.8
261.7
2000
37.7
1,704.2
1,149.3
86.5
412.4
2007*
44.2
2,013.4
1,185.0
105.2
524.0
7.4
*Provisional data
Net domestic product
Input
•
Output
•
Up to 2000, citrus fruits were the main agricultural export
product. Between 1949 and 1979, the quantity of exported
citrus fruits increased by 500% – from 155,000 tons to
965,000 tons. Since 1980, there has been a decline in the
amount of citrus fruits exported, and in 2007 it was 178,000
tons.
• Until 1995, only a small quantity of potatoes was exported.
Since then, there has been more than a ten-fold increase, and
in 2007 potato exports reached a peak of about 330,000 tons.
• The quantity of exported vegetables reached a peak of
249,000 tons in 2007.
• Exports of flowers began in the 1950s on a small scale;
since the end of the 1970s there has been an increase, and in
1998 flower exports reached a peak of 224,000 tons.
In 1960, self-employed persons and members of kibbutzim
constituted 60% and salaried employees constituted 40% of
all persons employed in agriculture. During the 1960s, foreign
workers entered agriculture, at first from Judea and Samaria
and the Gaza Area, and later from foreign countries. Over
the years, the number of self-employed persons and kibbutz
members working in agriculture decreased by 75%. The
number of salaried employees decreased by 60% between
1960 and 1980, and increased by 45% since 1980. In 2007,
foreign workers constituted 39% of all employed persons in
agriculture.
10h Employment in agriculture thousands, 1960-2007
80
70
60
10c Agricultural exports, thousands of tons, 1949-2007
50
40
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
30
20
10
0
(Israeli employees)
(Foreign workers (including from Judea and Samaria and the Gaza Area)
(Self-employed Persons and Kibbutz members)
•
Potatoes
Vegetables
Citrus fruit
Flowers
•
Production of livestock and livestock products increased
substantially during the first decade after the establishment
of the State: there was a six-fold increase in breeding of
poultry for meat, and a thirteen-fold increase in breeding of
cattle for meat; production of cattle milk and eggs tripled.
14
The supply of calories and nutrients per capita per day
increased between 1950 and 2006 – from 2,610 to 3,643
kilocalories (an average increase of 7% per decade). The
most substantial increase, of 15%, was recorded during the
1990s – from 3,089 kilocalories in 1990, to 3,556 kilocalories
in 2000.
•
Gross fixed capital formation in dwellings, the main
component of gross fixed capital formation in construction,
reached a peak in 1995-1998 – the annual average was NIS
36.8 billion (at 2005 prices). By comparison, in 2003-2007
NIS 27.0 billion (at 2005 prices) were invested – 27% less
than in 1995-1998.
11. CONSTRUCTION
Gershon Kun
•
Construction, unlike most industries, is characterized by
sharp fluctuations in the scope of its activity. On the one hand
construction is sensitive to changes in the overall economic
activities; on the other hand, fluctuations in construction
usually generate fluctuations in the overall economy.
Increased activity in construction was recorded during the first
major wave of immigration in 1949-1951, during the period of
intensified growth in the Israeli economy between 1954 and
1965, during the period of economic growth between the Six
Day War and the Yom Kippur War (1968-1972), and in the
mid 1990s, when a large wave of immigrants arrived in Israel
from the former Soviet Union. Of the residential construction
allocated for immigrant absorption, public construction was
dominant.
•
Construction area completed (for all purposes) increased
from an annual average of 3.2 million square meters in 19491969 to 5.3 million in 1970-1990, and reached a high of 9.3
million in 1991-1999. In 2000-2007, the annual average area
of construction completed was 8.1 million square meters.
•
From 1949-1969 to 1991-1999, the area of residential
construction completed almost tripled – from an annual
average of 2.3 million square meters to 6.7 million square
meters. In 2007, 5.1 million square meters of residential
construction were completed – about 70% of the total
construction area completed that year.
•
Gross fixed capital formation in construction, at constant
prices, increased between 1967 and 2007 at an average
annual rate of 4.2%, and was 4 times higher in 2007 than in
1967.
•
The construction area completed of public buildings
increased from an annual average of 320,000 square meters
in 1949-1969, to 651,700 square meters in 2000-2007.
Gross fixed capital formation in construction, NIS billion,
1967-2007, at 2005 prices
11a
70
•
Between 1955 and 2007, construction of approximately
two million new dwellings was completed. The largest number
of new dwellings completed was in 1992 – 70,100, and the
smallest number was in 1988 – 19,600.
60
50
40
•
Of all dwellings on which construction was completed, the
share of swellings in the Tel Aviv District decreased steadily,
from 32% in 1960-1969 to 10% in 2000-2007, whereas the
share of dwellings in the Central District increased steadily,
from 18% to 30%, respectively.
30
20
•
2007
Civil engineering works
Non-residential construction Residential construction
2005
2000
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
0
1967
10
•
The share of dwellings on which construction was
completed in the Northern District was highest in the 1980s,
and in the Southern District – in the 1990s.
The share of gross fixed capital formation in construction
out of the GDP dropped from 13.4% in 1996 to 8.4% in
2007, a rate even lower than that recorded before the mass
wave of immigrants from the former Soviet Union (8.7% in
1989).
11b
•
62% of the dwellings completed in 1962-2007 were in
private construction, and the rest were in public construction
(i.e., by the Ministry of Construction and Housing, national
Dwellings on which construction was completed, by district, thousands, 1960-2007
75
60
45
30
15
0
Jerusalem D.
Judea and Samaria Area
Haifa D.
15
Northern D.
Tel Aviv D.
Southern D.
Central D.
11c
Construction completed on dwellings, thousands, 1962-2007
12. TRANSPORT
250
Hila Yavlovich - Tehila Klien
200
•
150
100
2007
20
0
20
07
20055
20
00
19
95
2000
Public construction
1995
19
90
1990
19
85
19
80
1985
Immigrants
1980
19
7
19755
19
7
19700
19
6
19655
19
6
0
19622
50
Private construction
institutions, and local authorities). Dwellings built in public
construction are usually located in peripheral areas and in
Jerusalem, and they are relatively small, whereas dwellings
built in private construction are larger and located in the
central region of the country. Since 1995, there has been a
sharp decline in the extent of public construction, and a more
moderate decline in the extent of private construction.
The development of the transport infrastructure stimulates
the development of a country’s economy. The length of roads
in Israel in the early 1970s was 9,300 kilometers, and their
total area was 54,700 square kilometers. Over the years,
roads were lengthened and widened, and new roads were
constructed. By 2007, the length of the roads in Israel was
17,900 kilometers, and their total area was 144,600 square
kilometers. The most extensive addition was during the 1990s,
when 3,300 kilometers were added to the length of the roads,
and 33,000 square kilometers were added to their area.
12a Transport, 1970, 2007
Vehicles (thousands)
Drivers (thousands)
• 39% of the dwellings on which construction was completed
in 2007 were in buildings with 1-2 dwellings, compared to
35% in 2000.
•
Small dwellings (1-3 rooms) constituted 92% of all
dwellings on which construction was completed in 19551969. In subsequent years, large dwellings were built, so that
the share of small dwellings out of all dwellings constructed
decreased, and amounted to 17% in 2000-2007; 51% of the
dwellings on which construction was completed in 2007 had
five rooms or more.
Kilometers traveled (billions of kilometers)
Length of paved roads (thousands of kilometers)
Area of paved roads (thousands of square kilometers)
1970
2007
266
439
5.9
9.3
54.7
2,284
3,281
45.0
17.9
144.6
•
As the number of vehicles increased more than the length
and area of the roads, road density also increased.
12b
Transport, percentages of change, 1970-2007 (base year 1970)
•
11d
200
7
In 1961-2007, construction of 20,000 kilometers of
new and reconstructed roads was completed, and 40,000
kilometers of water, drainage and canalization pipes were
installed.
Completion of construction and reconstruction of roads, length
in km., 1961-2007
Length of roads
•
New roads
Area of roads
Vehicles
Drivers
Km. traveled
In 2007, approximately NIS 8 billion were invested in
transport infrastructure, more than half of it was invested in
roads. In 1995, NIS 5 billion were invested, of which 80% was
invested in roads (at 2005 prices).
• The average number of kilometers traveled per year by a
private car decreased from 19,300 in 1970 to 16,500 in 2007.
• Despite the increase in the number of vehicles per 1,000
residents – from 22 in 1950 to 315 in 2007 – the rate in Israel
is lower than in many Western countries (i.e., about 500 in the
Netherlands, and about 800 in the US).
• The number of road accidents with casualties increased,
with fluctuations, and reached an annual average of
approximately 25,000 in 1996-1998. Afterwards, the number
decreased, and in 2003-2007 the annual average was
approximately 17,000.
Reconstructed roads
16
•
The annual number of people killed in road accidents
increased since the establishment of the state, and reached
716 in 1974. In 1975-1986, the number decreased to 387.
Since then, there have been fluctuations; in 2007 the number of
people killed in road accidents was 398 – the lowest since 1985.
12c Persons killed in road accidents 1950-2007
13. TOURISM
Osnat Levy – Taly Rosenfeld
Tourist Arrivals
•
Since the establishment of the state, there were 57
million tourist arrivals in Israel, of which 80% occurred since
the 1980s. The number of tourist arrivals increased from
an annual average of 47,000 in the 1950s, to 2.7 million in
2000 (the year the Pope visited Israel). Along with the general
upward trend, tourism to Israel has been characterized by
fluctuations. Tourism declined substantially following security
events in Israel, in the Middle East, and throughout the world.
Afterwards, tourism recovered.
•
•
The share of public buses operating on scheduled routes
out of the total number of buses has decreased, from 90% in
the early 1960s to 44% in 2007.
Following the Second Intifada, which broke out at the end
of 2000, and with the intensification of terror attacks in 2001,
there was an ebb in tourism to Israel (0.9 million in 2002).
Since then, there has been a steady recovery, and in 2007 the
number of tourist arrivals reached 2.3 million.
•
The annual average number of train passengers between
1950 and 1989 was 3.6 million. During the 1990s and in the
21st century, programs were formulated for the development
of the Israel Railways, and its budget increased. The train has
become an advanced, popular mode of transportation. The
number of railway passengers was12 million in 2000, and
in 2007 a peak number of 32 million was reached. Between
1990 and 2007, the number of railway passengers increased
by an annual average of 16%.
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
50
19
Railway passengers, millions, 1950-2007
12d
Tourist arrivals to Israel and departures abroad of Israelis,
thousands, 1950-2007
13a
13b
35
60
19
70
19
Departures abroad
80
19
Tourist arrivals
00
20
Annual average
25
Average annual
increase, %
15
1950s
47,000
13.5
10
1960s
269,000
14.1
1970s
772,000
10.3
1980s
1.3 million
1.3
1990s
2.0 million
7.3
2000-2007
1.7 million
-2.2
5
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2007
•
About 2,300 aircraft landed in Israel in 1950, and about
117,000 passengers entered and departed from Israel in those
aircraft. The number of aircraft landings at airports in Israel
increased gradually over the years: in 2000 about 33,000
aircraft landed in Israel, and the number of passengers was
9.6 million. In 2001-2003, following the Intifada (Palestinian
Uprising) that broke out at the end of 2000, the number of
aircraft landings decreased sharply. Recovery began in 2004,
and in 2007 there were 34,500 aircraft landings and 10.2
million passengers.
17
07
20
Tourist Arrivals
30
20
90
19
•
The 1950s: Following the Sinai Campaign (1956), the
number of tourist arrivals to Israel declined by 15%. In 1958,
the 10th Independence Day, the number of tourist arrivals
increased by 60%.
•
The 1960s: Until 1966, the number of tourist arrivals
increased at an average annual rate of 19%. In 1967, the year
of the Six Day War, the number of tourist arrivals declined.
After the war, the number of tourist arrivals increased by
nearly 50%, in 1968.
•
13c
The 1970s: The Yom Kippur War (1973) led to a decline
in the number of tourist arrivals, which continued for three
consecutive years. Afterwards, the number of tourist arrivals
increased at an average annual rate of 16% per year (in 1978,
the peace agreement with Egypt was signed), reaching over
one million for the first time.
Annual average
•
The 1980s: During that decade, there were numerous
fluctuations in tourism. A decline in the number of tourist
arrivals began in 1982, after the First Lebanon War. In
addition, tourism was affected by terror attacks and by the
First Intifada.
•
The 1990s: As a result of the First Gulf War (1990-1991),
there was a cumulative decline of 24% in the number of
tourist arrivals. After the war, there was a substantial recovery
(especially following the peace agreement with Jordan in
1994). That agreement provided an opportunity for tourists
to combine visits to Israel with visits to neighboring countries.
In 1994, the number of tourist arrivals reached two million for
the first time.
•
2000-2007: In 2000, the number of tourist arrivals reached
a peak of 2.7 million. The Second Intifada and world terrorism
led to a sharp drop in the number of tourist arrivals, to less
than one million in 2002). Since 2003, there has been a
gradual recovery in tourism (despite a slowdown as a result
of the Second Lebanon War). In 2007, the number of tourist
arrivals reached 2.3 million.
•
The average length of stay for tourists staying in Israel up to
one month (90% of all tourists) declined from 13 days in the
1950s to 8 days in 2007.
•
During crisis periods, the share of Jews out of all tourists
arriving in Israel was relatively high, because they were the
ones who continued coming to the country regardless of the
security situation. In 2001-2003, arrivals of Jewish tourists
constituted approximately one-half of all tourist arrivals in
Israel, compared with one-fourth during the peak years of
tourism (1999-2000). Therefore, the share of tourists from
France (most of whom are Jews) grew from an annual average
of 10% in the 1980s and 1990s to 16% in 2001-2003. In
contrast, the share of tourists from Germany (most of whom
are non-Jews) declined from 10% to 5% during the same
period.
Departures Abroad of Israelis
•
During the 60 years of Israel’s existence, there were 60
million departures abroad of Israelis. Since the establishment
of the state, that number has risen steadily – from an annual
average of about 38,000 in the 1950s to a peak of 4.2 million
in 2007. The number of departures per 1,000 residents
increased from 22 to 578, respectively.
18
Departures abroad of Israelis
Average annual
increase, %
1950s
38,000
7.8
1960s
101,000
9.3
1970s
288,000
12.8
1980s
714,000
6.1
1990s
2.0 million
14.2
2000-2007
3.6 million
2.3
•
The 1950s: During the 1950s, the number of departures
abroad of Israelis continued to increase, almost throughout
the entire decade.
•
The 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s: During that period, the
upward trend in departures abroad of Israelis continued,
except for a decline of 24% in 1985 due to the reinstatement
of travel tax.
•
The 1990s: There was a sharp rise in the number of
departures abroad of Israelis. Among other reasons, that
increase can be attributed to: rapid growth in the population
following the massive influx of immigrants from the Former
USSR; cancellation of the travel tax in 1992; the peace
agreement with Jordan in 1994, cancellation of restrictions on
foreign currency in 1998; the decline in air fare; and the large
supply of inexpensive vacation packages to Turkey, Greece,
and Cyprus.
•
2000-2007: In 2002, the number of departures abroad of
Israelis declined by 8% as a result of the economic recession.
In 2004, when the economy began to recover, the number of
departures increased by 10%. The increase in departures was
more moderate in 2005 and 2007, due to the implementation
of the disengagement plan from Gaza, and to the Second
Lebanon War. In 2007, despite the crisis situation, the number
of departures abroad of Israelis reached a peak of 4.2 million.
•
The number of departures by land to Jordan and Egypt
is affected by the security events in Israel and the region.
The peace agreement with Jordan (1994) and opening of
the “Arava” and “Jordan River” checkpoints led to a rapid
increase in the number of departures by land (a rise of 83% in
1994), whereas terror attacks in Egypt and Israel led to a sharp
decline in departures by land (32% in 2001).
•
The average length of stay abroad of Israelis departing by
air for up to three months declined from 36 days in 1975 to
11 days in 2007.
•
From 1993 to 2007, the median age of Israelis departing
abroad remained stable (40 years).
14. ACCOMMODATION SERVICES
THE CENTRAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS
Tilda Khait
•
The increase in incoming tourism to Israel and in
domestic tourism generated a growing demand for hotels
and accommodation rooms. As a result, the number of
tourist hotels (registered as such by the Ministry of Tourism)
increased from 190 in the early 1960s to 331 in 2007, and
the number of rooms in those hotels increased from about
7,000 to 47,000, respectively. In addition, in 2007 there were
13,000 rooms in rural tourism accommodations, hostels, etc.
Jerusalem (main office)
•
Phone: 02-6592666
The average number of rooms per hotel increased from 34
in the early 1960s to 142 in 2007.
•
In the 1980s, rural tourism began to develop rapidly. By
the end of 2007, there were 100 rural tourism establishments
in kibbutzim and collective moshavim with close to 3,500
rooms, and approximately 1,200 more private establishments
with over 4,000 rooms.
14a
66 Kanfe Nesharim St., Corner Bachi St.
P.O.B. 34525, Zip Code 91342
Information Center in Jerusalem
Fax: 02-6521340
Library: located in Jerusalem and open to the public SundaysThursdays from 9:00 to 14:00
Tel Aviv-Yafo
Person-nights in tourist hotels, millions, 1981-2007
25
86 Menachem Begin Rd.
20
P.O.B. 57207, Zip Code 61571
15
10
Information Center in Tel Aviv-Yafo
5
0
1961
Phone: 03-5681933
1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001
Total
Tourist person-nights
Fax: 03-5681946
2007
Israeli person-nights
•
The number of tourist person-nights in hotels is on the rise,
despite fluctuations characterized by sharp declines at times
of crisis followed by periods of recovery. The most serious
crises included the First Lebanon War in 1982, the First
Gulf War in 1990-1991, and the Second Intifada between
2000 and 2003. The number of person-nights of Israelis has
increased almost continuously, and stabilized at an average
number of about 12 million person-nights annually over the
past few years.
CBS publications are also available at the Tel Aviv-Yafo
Information Center
Cover photograph
On right: The National Photograph Collection
On left: Courtesy ISCAR Ltd
•
In 1961, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv-Yafo had the largest
number of accommodation rooms in hotels (7,100 and 4,900,
respectively). In 2007, these were Elat and Jerusalem (10,800
and 9,100, respectively).
•
The number of employed persons in hotels rose steadily
until 2000. In 2001 and 2002, the number dropped sharply,
and since 2003 there has been a steady rise again. In 2007,
there were over 30,000 employed persons in hotels, included
persons hired by temporary employment agencies.
19
May 2009