Chapter 13: Architecture - Glasgow Independent Schools

PART THREE
Chapter 13: Architecture
Structural Systems covered in this chapter:
• Load-Bearing
• Post-and-Lintel
• Round Arch and Vault
• Pointed Arch and Vault
• Dome
• Corbelled Arch, Vault,
and Dome
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Cast-Iron
Balloon-Frame
Steel-Frame
Suspension and
Cable-stayed
• Reinforced Concrete
• Geodesic Domes
•
•
•
•
Key Terms for this chapter include:
tensile strength
adobe
hypostyle
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian
columns
• capital, volute
• entablature, architrave,
frieze, cornice, pediment
• keystone
•
•
•
•
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• barrel vault
• nave, groin vault, bays
• ribs, buttresses, piers,
flying buttresses
• oculus, coffering,
portico, rotunda, drum,
minaret, pendentives
• ferroconcrete
• cantilever
• sustainable development
Structural Systems in Architecture
2 Basic Systems
• Shell system
• Skeleton-and-skin system
2 factors considered in any structural system
• Weight
• Tensile Strength: The amount of stretching
stress (tensile) a material can withstand before
it bends or breaks.
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Load-Bearing Construction
Also called “stacking and piling”, this
is the simplest method of making a
building. Layer is piled upon layer
getting gradually thinner towards the
top.
• Adobe: Construction using sun-dried
bricks and coated with mud plaster.
Insert visual(s).
Suggestion: 13.1
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Great Friday Mosque, Mali, Rebuilt 1907
in style of 13th century original
Post-and-Lintel
An elementary construction method
based on 2 vertical uprights (posts)
supporting a horizontal crosspiece
(lintel).
• Hypostyle: A large hall constructed using
post-and-lintel.
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Hypostyle from courtyard temple
of Amon-Mut-Khonso, 1390BC
Post-and-Lintel
Greek Order of Columns
• Doric: No base; the
capital (topmost part) is
bell-shaped (7th c BC)
• Ionic: Stepped base; the
capital has 2 spirals
called volutes. (6th c BC)
• Corinthian: Stepped
base; the capital is carved
acanthus leaves (4th c BC)
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Column styles
of the Greek orders.
Post-and-Lintel
The entablature consists of 3 basic elements:
• Architrave: Unadorned
band of lintels above
columns
• Frieze: Decorated with
relief sculpture
• Cornice: Shelf-like
projection above frieze
The entablature supports a
triangular element called a
pediment.
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Elevation,
Temple of Athena Nike
*Temple of Athena, Nike,
Acropolis, Athens, 427-424 BC
Buyodo-in Temple, (Phoenix Hall),
Uji, Kyoto, 1053
Round Arch and Vault
The round arch and vault is constructed
of wedge-shaped stones that meet at an
angle perpendicular to the curve of the
arch. It uses the forces of tension and
compression. Stability is created by the
topmost stone called the keystone.
• Barrel Vault: A series of arches placed flush
together; creates large interior spaces.
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*Pont gu Gard(Aqueducts),
Nimes, France, 1st century
Round Arch and Vault
• Barrel Vault: A series of arches placed
flush together; creates large interior
spaces.
• Nave: A long central area of a church.
• Groin Vault: The result of 2 barrel vaults
crossed at right angles to each other.
The weight and stress is channeled
down to the four corners.
• Bay: A space created by one groin vault.
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Pointed Arch and Vault
The pointed arch and vault arcs up to a
point. This allows weight to channel down
at a steeper angle creating a taller arch. It
is reinforced with ribs to create stability.
• Buttresses, Piers, Flying Buttresses:
Exterior reinforcements used on cathedrals to
create stability.
Insert visual(s).
Suggestion: 13.11 Nave, Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Reims
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Interior, Abbey Church of Sainte-For, Conques,
France, 1050-1120
*Nave, Cathedral of Notre-Dame
de Reims, 1211-1290
Dome
A dome is a structure generally in the shape of
a hemisphere or half globe. A drum is often
the circular base of a domed building.
• Coffering: Recessions created into a ceiling which
help to lessen weight.
• Oculus: An opening at the top of a domed ceiling.
• Portico: A porch extending from a building.
• Rotunda: A round building.
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Dome
• Minarets: Slender towers often seen on the
outside of mosques.
• Pendentives: Their function is to make a smooth
transition between a rectangle and a dome in a
building.
• Corbelling: Each row of stones extends slightly
beyond the one below until eventually the
opening is bridged; can be used in arch, vault,
and dome construction.
Insert visual(s).
Suggestion: 13.15 Interior of the Pantheon
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*Pantheon, Rome, 118-25
*Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, 532-37
*Taj Mahal, Agra, India, 1632-53
Cast-Iron Construction
Cast-iron construction utilizes a skeleton
and skin method. During the 19th century
its usefulness as a structural building was
proven.
• 2 early cast-iron construction structures: The
Crystal Palace and the Eiffel Tower.
Insert visual(s).
Suggestion: 13.22 Eiffel Tower
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*Eiffel Tower, Paris, Iron, 934
Balloon-Frame Construction
Balloon-frame construction utilizes a
skeleton and skin method. The builder
first develops a framework by nailing
boards together, then adds a roof, and
sheathes the walls.
• 2 innovations caused the development of
balloon-frame construction:
Improved methods for milling lumber
Mass produced nails
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Steel-Frame Construction
Steel-frame construction utilizes a
skeleton and skin method. Each lower
story supports those above it. The builder
creates a steel cage. A skin of some other
material is sheathed over it. Skyscrapers
are built using this method.
• The elevator was an innovation caused by the
development of steel-frame construction.
Insert visual(s).
Suggestion: 13.25 Lever House
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Wainwright, Louis Sullivan, 1890-91
Lever House, 1952
Suspension and
Cable-stayed Structures
Suspension is a structural method made
possible by steel. Cables run vertically to a
main cable which sags on a parabolic curve
between vertical support pylons driven into
the ground.
Cable-stayed structures combine piers with
suspender cables (stays). The suspenders
rise on an incline towards the towers.
Insert visual(s).
Suggestion: 13.26 Golden Gate Bridge
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*Golden Gate Bridge,
San Francisco, 1937
Millau Viaduct, France,
1993-2004
Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced concrete relies on iron rods
embedded into wet concrete. The iron
adds tensile strength, while the concrete
provides shape and surface allowing for a
wide variety of structures and shapes.
• Ferroconcrete: Another term for reinforced
concrete.
• Cantilever: A horizontal form supported at one
end and jutting out into space at the other;
made possible by ferroconcrete.
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Sydney Opera House, Joern Utzon,
Sydney, Australia, 1959-72
*Fallingwater, Frank Lloyd
Wright,, Mill Run, PA 1936
Geodesic Domes
A geodesic dome is basically a bubble
shaped structure created by a network of
metal rods arranged in triangles and
tetrahedrons. It is a modular system and
requires no interior support.
• R. Buckminster Fuller is credited with the
invention of the geodesic dome.
Insert visual(s).
Suggestion: 13.30 U.S. Pavilion, Expo 67
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*Pavilion, Expo 67, Montreal,
1967.
Purpose of Architecture
Every structure is designed to
serve a specific function. We
evaluate a structure according to
how it fulfills its purpose.
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Guggenheim Museum, Frank O.
Gehry, Spain, 1997
Burnham Pavilion, Millenium
Park, Chicago. 2009
Teahouse, Kengo Kuma, 2007
Green Architecture
The pursuit of creating healthier and
less wasteful human habitat is at the
core of green architecture. It is an
aspect of a larger concern called
sustainable development.
• Sustainable Development: Providing present
needs without compromising the ability of
future generations to provide for their own
needs.
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Renzo Plano, California
Academy of Sciences,
2000-2008
Handmade School, Anna Heringer,
Bangladesh, 2004-6. Cob walls
and lashed bamboo.
The High Line, New York, 2011
Architecture: SUMMARY
Structural Systems:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
load-bearing
post-and-lintel
round arch and vault
pointed arch and vault
keystone
dome
corbelled arch, vault,
and dome
© 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
cast-iron
balloon-frame
steel-frame
suspension and
cable-stayed
• reinforced concrete
• geodesic domes
•
•
•
•
Architecture: SUMMARY
Key Terms:
tensile strength
adobe
hypostyle
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian
columns
• capital, volute
• entablature, architrave,
frieze, cornice, pediment
• keystone
•
•
•
•
© 2013, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
• barrel vault
• nave, groin vault, bays
• ribs, buttresses, piers,
flying buttresses
• oculus, coffering, portico,
rotunda, drum, minaret
• ferroconcrete
• cantilever
• sustainable development