Hele 07.04. copy.indd
Transcription
Hele 07.04. copy.indd
CITIES OF THE FUTURE Cities with the lowest possible greenhouse gas emissions and a good urban environment Preface Bergen has a long-term goal of becoming a greenhouse gas neutral city. Projects in the four priority areas of land use and transport, stationary energy, consumption pattern and waste, and adaptation to climate change are at various stages of programme clarification, but all are a result of discussions with all the municipal agencies and other relevant bodies. Bergen will also initiate a project on climate change and human rights to clarify to what extent sustainable climate development can be defined as a human right. This work will be carried out in collaboration with several research institutions and organisations. Bergen is the only city in Europe to have been invited to become a member of the European Climate Forum. The Norwegian parliament’s processing of the Bergen Programme for transport, city development and the environment in February 2006 represented a trend break in Bergen’s urban development. In Proposition no. 76 (2004-2005) to the Norwegian parliament a new transport policy was adopted, including, among other things, the building of a light rail system, a new ring-road system and environmental measures in the city centre. In addition to forming the backbone of an efficient public transport system, the new light rail will also shape urban land-use development for the coming 10-20 years. Bergen’s urban densification policy as laid down in the municipal master plan is largely based on the development of areas along the light rail. The ring-road system will divert unnecessary traffic from the city centre. Work has commenced on the development of a more environmentally friendly transport system, and Bergen has come a long way towards completing a district heating network based on energy from waste. Projects relating to stationary and mobile energy consumption will make Bergen more energy efficient. The building of an environmentally friendly waste suction network in the city centre is also in full swing. Bergen’s environmental plan has been incorporated into the land-use part of the municipal master plan in that the plan now includes the environmental policy strategies. An action plan has been prepared for better air in Bergen, and climate and energy plans are being drawn up. In addition, the City Government and the City Council have passed several resolutions implementing various transport policy measures. Bergen has put a good deal of work into risk and vulnerability issues in urban development. In recent years Bergen has organised open urban development conferences for the interested public, and has also held conferences on the theme of children and childhood environment. The City Government is convinced of the importance of involving children in efforts to achieve sustainable urban development. It is important to give priority to forums for interaction and collaboration at international, national and regional levels. Locally, such collaboration is already happening in several fields. In the following we will clarify where Bergen stands in relation to its goal of becoming a greenhouse gas neutral city and describe the projects which we consider suitable for further development in the “Cities of the Future” collaboration. We presuppose that more detailed action programmes will be drawn up during the autumn of 2008. Bergen, 4 April 2008 Lisbeth Iversen Commissioner for Climate,Environmental Affairs and Urban Development Contents 1 Relevant goals and strategies 2 1. 2. 3. 4. Land use and transport 15 Reasons for the prioritisations Prioritised projects 16 17 Stationary energy 22 Reasons for the prioritisations in the project period Prioritised projects 23 25 Consumption pattern and waste 28 Reasons for the prioritisations in the project period Prioritised projects 29 30 Adaptation to climate change 34 Reasons for the prioritisations in the project period Prioritised projects 36 36 Other expert milieus in Bergen today - background and collaboration 41 Organisation of work locally - coordination with the network programme 43 Project sheets 45 1 APPLICABLE GOALS AND STRATEGIES LAND-USE PART OF THE MUNICIPAL MASTER PLAN 2006-2017 The land-use part of the municipal master plan was adopted by the Bergen City Government on 25 June 2007. In the following, we will describe the factors underlying our application. The municipal master plan is based on an overriding urban development goal and sub-goals for various development areas. Municipal master plan’s overriding goal Bergen shall provide good living conditions for all its inhabitants within the framework of environmentally friendly development. Municipal master plan’s objectives Bergen shall be a city in which environmental considerations constitute an overriding principle in all activity and planning. It shall emphasise health-promoting urban development by facilitating access to physical activity for all the city’s inhabitants. Bergen shall provide a good and safe local environment for all its inhabitants. It shall provide its inhabitants with a sense of cultural belonging and identity and ensure proximity and access to cultural and natural experiences. Regional collaboration shall be strengthened, with main emphasis on commercial and industrial development, transport solutions and the construction of housing. The Bergen area shall be an attractive region for trade and industry, with good availability of areas that are suitable for business activities and well located in relation to housing and transport needs. Bergen shall have housing for all who want to settle in Bergen. Universal design (accessibility for all) shall be a principle in the construction of buildings, outdoor venues and transport solutions. The surroundings of all the city’s inhabitants shall be designed to promote equal functioning for everyone. All urban development shall pay close attention to aesthetics and the city’s distinctive character as well as to risk and vulnerability. The green areas shall be managed with a long-term perspective. Bergen shall have an environmentally friendly, safe and efficient transport system with separate infrastructures for public transport and road haulage. Climate shall be a central consideration in all work on the development of the transport system in Bergen. 2 Tegnforklaring Utsnitt Bergen sentrum som viser fredete bygg og anlegg og fornminne. Fredet område Kulturminne Inndeling av det sentrale byområdet i soner relatert til bestemmelser og retningslinjer. F Hordvikneset Fornminne NF Steinstø EN 1:15 000 RD Klauvaneset JO H N H F B2 SA L S8 N B4 HU SF F B3 Tellevik B1 S7 I/K/L1 Hordvik A B5 Hylkje I/K/L2 Salhus NF Falkanger S35 S8 B7 Tellevikafjellet Veten B6 Havn Baugtveitstemma G Haukås Havn S8 Breistein B10 kå et La atn I/K/L4 ng I ava Ulsetstemma tn et I/K/L6 I I Vågsbotn Li atn Hetlebakk et Flaktveit N Haukedal S33 N I S8 Hetlebakkstemma I D/M2 Åstveitskogen S31 F Ytre Arna Gaupåsvatnet Gaupås Krå Åstveitvatnet H va I H F tnet Rolland Griggastemma I Hjortland Eidsvågneset F Åstveit NF Eid sv F åg en Storsåta F Setervatnet Selvik H Jord S32 Hellen alsv atne B43 B12 B11 B47 Øyjorden Langevatnet ågen Arnav B15 F ed St or t Tangelandsvatnet Borge rte Skåldalsfjellet B19 S8 Ulriken Liava tne S37 Minne Skomakervatnet O S29 Solheim I/K/L7 I Tenebekktj. Litlavatnet Eikelifjellet Bjørndalstj. Hetlevik va tn Utsnitt Trengereid - Skulstad et VA KS Gullfjellet S11 Løvstakken Landås S10 Minde Stemmevatnet Haukelandsvatnet Trengereid Sm åva Gullfjelltjørnane Nubbevatnet Austefjellet Landåsfjellet S12 Tv tnet va eite S.Skulstad Unneland Gløvrevatnet tnet S13 Gulsteinen Sædal Gje B48 rim t Bontveit Totlandsfjellet KO MM U Myravatnet H H H H Fisk H atne t I Dyngelandsvt. Samdal NF Frotveitvatnet Søviktj. Skjold Nordås S24 Frotveit Riple H Skr ane Øv.Totland S17 H H Søvik Søreide Dyngeland I/K/L8 Ulsmåg H S25 H H Storrinden Langav atnet nv E H H H Steinsvik atnet Myrdalsv B25 S18 Ned.Totland Fjellbirkeland S19 Birkelandsvatnet S20 vatnet Tran Sørås atne ev t Myrdal NF B26 Sa I/K/L11 H B24 ttu H H DolvikB32 4 Haugsdal Lund Nes NF Nordåsvatnet UN B33 Hammersland 4 Hop Kyrkjetangen H H O S H lsv 3 H H H H H H B50 Hope atne t H H NF N SA M Knappen Fisk Grimstad 3 S16 I KO M M H mda OR ADFJ IMST Bønes Kokstad Liland B30 Rå I Blomsterdalen Apeltun Ned.Birkeland Haugland Bjørnevatnet T tnet tn et Orrtua Hatlestad idva Grim Ådlandsvt. Almeland Stendafjellet Sandven Skeisåsen se Espeland NF NF B27 B28 Skeie Sletten D/M4 Valle Rådalen B42 t S23 H I Gimmeland tnet S21 I I I Øv.Birkeland Fjelltveit ava I I Skeievatne B31 I Sti gn I Håvardstun B45 Smørås Ulveva Sandsli dsvatnet I/K/L10 Kirkebirkeland vatnet Apeltun Havn Håvardstunvt. Birkelan Skjenavatnet Flesland NA NG ER Straume DEN E Furedalsvatnet G atne S15 H Knappentjernet B34 UN MM KO Liavarden Kråkenes H NF Sælevatnet B49 I Hamre Titlestad Kaland H et atn Stendavatnet H H H H HH I F H H Klokkarvatnet N Fana F H Fanahammaren Kismul I NF S22 Lyngbø Fisk Saganeset tn et F F va Hjellestad Kalandseidet NF Hordnes H H H F Sele H H H H H FFNF I sv Kalandsvatnet H Ha ug HH A-sN A-s H NFFisk Ferdselsområde H Stend la N Grimseid H N H H H ra H HH Jo H nd N H H I Mildevatnet H HH NH H Milde H Fisk HH Salbu Fanasåta H H Ulvvt. Landbruk-, natur-, friluftsområde (LNF) LNF - spredt bolig H H NF Nordvikvatnet H N Fisk N FA AF E RD OMRÅDER SOM ER BÅNDLAGT ELLER SKAL BÅNDLEGGES (§ 20-4, 1. ledd nr.4) JO Storavatnet H H atne alsv Hisd Krokeide t N H Havn HN NF Korsnes Militært skytefelt Fisk NE OM MU OS K LY S EF JO R D EN Militært forbudsomr. FFNF B46 H FFNF N F F N Båndlegging etter lov om naturvern Nordvik H N Områder som skal reguleres etter PBL Sakstad Båndlegging etter lov om kulturminner OVERSIKT SENTEROMRÅDER H S1-S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S12b S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30 S31 S32 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 Bergen sentrum Ikke i bruk Hegreneset - høyhus maks 50 meter Sjøfronten Laksevåg - lokal senter type 1 Landåstorget - lokal senter type 2 Wergeland - bybanestopp/lokalsenter Sletten - bybanestopp/lokalsenter Slettebakken - bybanestopp Fjøsanger - lokalsenter type 2 Fantoft - bybanestopp Paradis - bybanestopp Hop - bybanestopp Nesttun - bydelsenter Torsvei - bybanestopp Kilden/Nordåsdalen - lokalsenter type 2 Skjold skole - bybanestopp Lagunen/Rådal - bydelsenter Fanahammeren/Fana - lokalsenter type 2 Blomsterdalen - lokalsenter type 1 Fanatorget - lokalsenter type 1 Søreide - lokalsenter type 1 Oasen/Fyllingsdalen - bydelsenter Loddefjord - bydelsenter Drotningsvik - lokalsenter type 2 Lone - lokalsenter type 2 Indre Arna - bydelsenter Ytre Arna - lokalsenter type 1 Eidsvåg - lokalsenter type 1 Åsane - bydelsenter Toppe - lokalsenter type 2 Salhus - lokalsenter type 2 Haukås/Myrsæter - lokalsenter type 2 Danmarksplass - lokalsenter type 1 Oppdatert: 28.04.2008 VIKTIGE LEDD I KOMMUNIKASJONSSYSTEMET (PBL § 20-4, 1.ledd nr.6) Nåværende Fremtidig Videreutvikling Havn Havn T T Byggeområde Terminal B Boligområde Vegareal S Senterområde OVERSIKTSPLANRESTRIKSJONER I/K/L I/K/L Industri, kontor, lager I/K/L Område som er unntatt fra rettsvirkninger p.g.a. innsigelser Offentlig bebyggelse Område som er særskilt unntatt rettsvirkning G Grav- og urnelund Restriksjoner etter annet lovverk enn PBL Regulerte fri- og grøntområder>5 daa Nedbørfelt for drikkevann I I Idrettsanlegg Nedbørfelt for Osvassdraget LANDBRUKS- NATUR- OG FRILUFTSOMRÅDER (§ 20-4.1. ledd nr. 2) Lyseskarfjellet Rød KOMMUNEPLANENS AREALDEL 2006 - 2017 (2025) AREALBRUK BYGGEOMRÅDER (§ 20-4.1. ledd nr. 1) OMRÅDER FOR SÆRSKILT BRUK ELLER VERN AV SJØ OG VASSDRAG (§ 20-4, 1. ledd nr.5) Vann med restriksjon (drikkevann) H Småbåthavn FFNF Vannareal for allmenn flerbruk Fisk Fiskeområde A Akvakulturområde LNF-område i sjø og vassdrag F Friluftsområde i sjø og vassdrag Idrettsområde OMRÅDER FOR RÅSTOFFUTVINNING (§ 20-4, 1. ledd nr.3) D/M Eksisterende Deponi/Masseuttak Byfjellsgrense Høyspentlinjer Flystøysone 1 Flystøysone 2 Flystøysone 3 Flystøysone 4 Flystripe Kommunedelplaner Forminneområde med meldeplikt til Riksantikvaren for alle planer/arealinngrep i sentrum Meldepliktsone Avinor Meldepliktsone Forsvaret Områdeavgrensning for maksimale byggehøyder i sentrumsområdet Områdeavgrensning for parkeringsnorm sentrum og indre by Områdeavgrensning for arealanalyse Søreide Bybanestopp Sentrum - Nesttun D/M Saksgang 1. gang Oppstart, vedtak 19.09.2005 Kunngjøring oppstart 05.10.2005 1. gangs behandling, vedtak 06.12.2006 2. gang 06.12.2006 - 01.02.2007 07.05.2006 - 06.06.2007 2. gangs behandling, vedtak 18.06.2007 13.03.2008, 10.04.2008 Bergen bystyre, vedtak 25.06.2007 31.03.2008, 28.04.2008 Offentlig ettersyn, fra - til Fremtidig Grense for arealbruksområde Hovedveg Jernbane Bybane Skipsled Funksjonell strandsone OPPLYSNINGER Annen særskilt bruk eller vern (NF, NFFisk, Ankringsplass) I JURIDISKE LINJESYMBOL KOMMUNEPLANENS AREALDEL 2006 - 2017 (2025) Plannummer: 19430000 3. gang PDF: 22.05.2008 GR B23 Nattland Paradis Bjørge Skaret Helldal ev ev dd 2 Hilleren B22 Fantoft ER NG MNA Dyrdalsvatnet Rambjørvatnet S14 Fjøsanger Varden N SA NF Grimen NE Ortuvatnet S12b tveit Kråtjørna et Bjørnd Søylevatnet Store- atn alsvatn et S26 Håkonsvern Mathopen E Haukeland Bjørndal Sælen UN Skulstadvatnet Fyllingsdalen 2 LK OM M N.Skulstad Storavatnet H B35 DA B21 B20 Lægdene Markskiltjørna Bjørndal Skåldal Vassdalsvatnet Nipetj. G S27 sa Haukeland I B36 NF rt av at Espeland B19 I/K/L7 Svartatj. FFNF ne I t Storfjellet Damsgårdfjellet B38 RAUNEFJORDEN T dik et S8 Store Lungegårdsvatnet t Lyderhorn Storavatnet Gullbotn Gulltjørna Gråfjellet B17 T Tangeland Sva Grav da I/K/L14 Vadmyra N Repparåsen T Krokavatnet S8 Loddefjord H Arnatveit et Sv a et lsvatn S3 S2 B41 Alvøen atn S5 S8 Havn Dokken I/K/L6 S8 Kongshavn Kråtjørna S1 I/K/L6 Lyngbø Håkonshella ne evat F B37 liv S4 S9 Nygård B39 Laksevåg Stiavatnet ge Skomakerdiket I/K/L13 Skålevikvatnet Ørnafjellet Drotningsvik La n Revurtj. S8 Nøstet EN Gravdal Olsvik S28 Tind iket D OR B40 B H A Holo FJ H Godvik Breivik N S8 Trengereid Herland H Rødland Blåmanen Vå ge n DE R Kjøkkelvika A n v Ha A-s Romslo D/M3 Havn D PU JO YF Nordnes Risnes I I Bjørndalsåta Skuteviken Kvarven Brøstaneset Tunes B16 Tarlebøvatnet Sandviksfjellet N Indre Arna Rundemanen S8 B14 B13 S30 Mjeldheim Øvre Jordalsvatnet Storevatnet 1 N DE N Kvitebjørnen A Sandviken S10 N.Skulstad N Vardegga S8 S7 S11 F I/K/L5 Munkebottsvatnet Hegreneset I/K/L7 I NF Kvamme Jordal Munkebotn S8 S37 Åsheim NF t BYFJORDEN 1:25 000 FORTETTINGS- OG TRANSFORMASJONSOMRÅDER I/K/L6 - Laksevåg I/K/L7 - Næringskorridoren I/K/L13 - Høyhus maks 27 meter Områdeavgrensning for maksimale byggehøyder i sentrumsområdet Områdeavgrensning for parkeringsnorm sentrum og indre by H tnet Stemmeva Spåkevatnet Eidsvåg F Biskopshavn Garnes Haugland F Lønborg Helleneset I/K/L7 SENTEROMRÅDER S1 - Parkeringsnorm sentrum S2 - Høyhus maks 50 meter S3 - Høyhus maks 27 meter S4 - Høyhus maks 27 meter S5 - Høyhus maks 50 meter S7 - Høyhus maks 50 meter S8 - Sjøfronten S9 - Laksevåg lokalsenter S10 - Landås lokalsenter S11 - Bybanestopp Wergeland S37 - Danmarksplass lokalsenter I Ulsetåsen Tertnes S8 S8 DE Nyborg OR FJ av Ulset S3 S2 I/K/L6 R SØ Novarinden S5 S8 Havn Fisk Geitanuken F Morvik S4 S9 sv Toppe S1 I/K/L13 Hau I/K/L3 S8 B9 I B44 S36 S34 F D/M1 B8 Mjølkeråen Målestokk: 1 :35 000 Saksnummer: 200311945 Land-use part of the municipal master plan (2006-2017), adopted 25 June 2007 3 The city’s history and identity Bergen’s long history has put its stamp on both the buildings and the people in the city; it is at the core of the identity and character we associate with Bergen today. From approximately the year 1000 until 1830 Bergen was the largest city in Norway, and it retains a strong urban tradition. Its different roles as political centre, international port, trading city, seat of various religious orders and university town all manifest themselves in the buildings and urban landscape. The city centre area has strong mediaeval traits and, despite numerous fires, the buildings have been re-erected within the same property boundaries, on the old foundations and in the same traditional style. If Bergen is to maintain its status as a city with an important European city centre, then historical traditions must provide the premises for urban development. The city aims to preserve and improve the qualities of the city centre area and to safeguard traditions in its densification of the centres of the city districts and along the light rail corridor. In Bergen there have always been close connections between town and country. There were farms around the city and there are still areas close by where the buildings and landscape reflect the old livelihoods and living conditions of people outside the city centre. As a general rule, traditional farming is the best way of preserving the agricultural areas, but in some cases it is relevant to give special protection to the cultural landscape. The urban landscape and buildings The setting of the city has led to a clearly demarcated city centre with the mountains as a permanent backdrop and the sea never far away. The tightly packed and narrow structures give the impression of a continuous carpet covering the landscape and weaving together the spaces between the mountains. The buildings are experienced as homogeneous, without any out-of-scale individual houses. The municipal master plan proposes to make this pattern an overriding principle for new buildings, which will be required to fit into the cultural-historical landscape and conform to the heights of existing buildings. Densification of the city centre area, in the centres of the city districts, in the local centres and around the light rail stops is an overriding objective. Greater density and higher buildings are planned along the light rail in particular. According to the municipal master plan, increases in height will follow overall plans to ensure good coherence with the existing buildings. The municipal master plan envisages continuing Bergen’s historical tradition of single tall buildings for the authorities and the church. Greater height may be considered in the case of buildings of special symbolic value or with socially important assembly functions for the general public, and taller buildings may also be considered in the city centre area to reinforce existing features of the urban landscape. The urban spaces The urban spaces and city squares (called “almenninger”, meaning “commons”) are a product of a mediaeval town plan, of European urban traditions, sea transport, the West-Norwegian landscape, shortage of ground space, density of population and the Bergen urban culture. The “almenninger” are physical expressions of a public right of access, and the physical space can be perceived as an example of the right of every individual to participate in processes relating to the development of the city. The historical qualities of the urban spaces are the city’s greatest asset and form the basis for city life, experiences and identity. The blend of residential houses, shops, offices and businesses makes the urban spaces busy thoroughfares, places to linger and venues for numerous activities all day long. The locations and qualities of the urban spaces are the backbone of the city’s movement pattern. These qualities should serve as a model for urban structure in the densification areas. 4 The city centre The centre of Bergen, with its concentration of economic, social and cultural activity, is a dominant pivot in the urban structure. Good accessibility, pedestrian friendly zones and the prioritisation of public transport are essential if the centre is to serve its function and maintain its attraction. All handling of heavy goods should be removed from the centre, which must also be protected against unnecessary road traffic. Environmental qualities will be emphasised. The improvement of streets and urban spaces has high priority in the Bergen Programme (2010-2015). The City has also contributed substantially to this development over its own budgets. Pedestrians have been given high priority in the centre of Bergen. Industrial and commercial areas Bergen wants to strengthen its position as an attractive city for expertise-intensive businesses and commercial service providers. These businesses are very interested in locations near the city centre. There are substantial transformation areas in central parts of the city that will generate continued growth in new housing developments and new jobs. The three further development areas, the business corridor, Midtun and Laksevåg, cover a total of approximately 375 acres. All the central areas defined in the municipal master plan also represent great potential for offices and service industries. Regulations and guidelines have been drawn up for the establishment of retail businesses in Bergen. It is recommended to locate large retail businesses in the centres of the city districts or the city centre. Stores for space-intensive goods can be located in some of the industrial areas provided there is good access to the transport system. The strategic business plan is rooted in Bergen Scenarios 2020, which is a unique collaborative project involving private and public sector players. The object of Bergen Scenarios 2020 is to promote value creation in Bergen and Hordaland. The project has drawn up two scenarios visualising possible developments in the Bergen area up until 2020. Housing construction Over the last 30 years housing construction has accounted for the greatest urban growth in terms of area. Despite the recent intensification of housing construction in the centre, population growth has still been greatest in the outermost city districts. The current master plan intends to reverse this trend by utilising more development areas for housing and business purposes nearer the city centre. The recommendation is to build 1,500 new housing units per year during the plan period, with a clear focus on densification in and around the centres of the city districts, the local centres and around the light railway stops. Sixty per cent of the building is planned as densification and forty per cent as field development. The next few years will also see the construction of 2,000 new student housing units and other rental housing. 5 The transport system Bergen’s topography and road network mean that a lot of the traffic between the city districts also goes through the centre of Bergen, and the demand for transport is greatest on the arteries leading in to the centre. Population development in outer urban areas and neighbouring municipalities is also generating an increasing need for transport across the urban region. A land-use policy that reduces the need for transport and facilitates attractive alternative forms of transport such as buses, light rails, cycling and walking will in the long run lead to cleaner city air and lower emissions of greenhouse gases. Slower traffic growth is therefore an important element of the city’s overriding transport strategy. The “public transport city” extends about ten kilometres out from the centre The proposed Norwegian National Transport Plan 2010-2019 estimates an annual growth in traffic in Bergen of two percent in the plan period. Records from recent years (2002-2007) show that the traffic in Bergen is growing by 3-4 per cent per year. Use of public transport declined throughout the 1990s, but has risen again by a total of 8.5 per cent since 2004. Hordaland County Council has resolved to use public transport to deal with traffic growth in the coming years, and the City of Bergen supports this strategy. The City of Bergen’s draft “Strategy for public transport in Bergen” (December 2005) is based on a differentiation of the urban area in relation to the envisaged role of public transport. In this strategy the city is divided into three zones: the centre, the “public transport city” and nearby environments. The “public transport city” in Bergen extends about ten kilometres out from the centre and serves about 70 per cent of the city’s population, 90 per cent of the jobs and 80 per cent of public transport users. It is primarily within this area that investments in public transport can ensure efficiency, accessibility and environmentally friendly traffic solutions for all types of journeys, including leisure trips. Healthy urban planning – green areas The city is approaching the limit with respect to how far urban sprawl can be allowed to encroach on the green areas. The drawing of a boundary (the “ANR” [agriculture, nature and recreation] boundary) between building development zones and green areas is being considered for the whole city. If the city is to improve its attractiveness and competitiveness, the mountains around the city (the city mountains) and the areas along the coast and fjords must be made as accessible as possible to the public. Today, most of the city mountains have their own management plans which clearly demarcate the limits for building development. The municipal master plan facilitates the long-term management of the coastal zone by reserving new coastal recreation areas for the public and paying attention to the long-term management of the functional shoreline belt. In drawing up the municipal master plan, it has been important to check and identify the best places to draw the ANR boundary. In places where it is natural or possible, the ANR boundary follows the boundary for the city mountains. The plan points out that the ANR boundary should remain fixed for the 12-year plan period. It is proposed to set aside 13 areas along the shore to be zoned for recreation or outdoor pursuit areas. Establishing green areas in the individual city districts will also have a positive impact on the greenhouse gas accounts since it will reduce transport and thus also carbon emissions. 6 The preservation and development of agriculture in Bergen is another important objective. In addition to greatly benefiting the urban environment, local agricultural production for a local market has a positive impact on the demand for transport, reducing carbon emissions. Agriculture is necessary to preserve the cultural landscape and it makes a positive contribution by absorbing some of the abundant precipitation. FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE BERGEN PROGRAMME When the Bergen Programme for transport, city development and the environment (2002-2015) has been completed, the city will still face major challenges on the environmental and transport fronts. Road traffic is now the dominant source of local air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Fifty-four per cent of carbon emissions in Bergen come from road traffic, and the percentage is increasing every year. The problem is greatest in the city centre area and the Bergen valley. The traffic load must be reduced in the central parts of the city if we are to prevent the air pollution in these areas becoming a health risk to large groups of the population. The parking policy must be designed to motivate more people to use public transport between the city districts and the centre. On 13 March 2008 the City Government recommended the City Council to pass the following resolution: The City of Bergen stresses the importance of continuing the second stage in the construction of the light rail from Nesttun to Rådal and the second stage in the construction of the western ring road from Sandeidet to Liavatn with no pause in construction work. The City of Bergen also assumes that the Skansen tunnel will be completed in the first part of the period and investments in paths and tracks for pedestrians and cyclists will be increased at least threefold in the period 2010-2019. A minimum of NOK 100-200 million per year must be earmarked for miscellaneous items in the period 2010-2019. In the near future, the City Government will submit a proposal to continue the Bergen Programme for the period 2010-2019. If the City Council and the County Council follow the recommendation of the City Government, the further development of the transport system in Bergen will include the following main projects in the period 2010-2019: - Extension of the light rail from Nesttun to Rådal with no pause in construction work after the first construction stage Strong focus on the development of the network of pedestrian and cycle paths and tracks Completion of the western ring road Building of the Skansen tunnel to relieve the city centre of road traffic Further investment in environmental measures in the city centre. 7 MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR WATERCOURSES – A CORNERSTONE OF THE MUNICIPALITY’S WATERCOURSE MANAGEMENT Many of the large watercourses near the city are considerably polluted, mainly as a result of leakages and capacity problems in the sewerage network. Watercourses must be clean before they can be perceived as an asset and used as an arena for recreation. Tackling the pollution problem is therefore regarded as the most important challenge in watercourse management in the years to come. In addition to this, Bergen faces a considerable challenge with regard to averting damaging encroachments into and along the watercourses. Other challenges include the need to ensure public access to areas around the watercourses for recreation, the handling of conflicts of interest around water use and the watercourses, the securing of biological diversity in relation to the watercourses, the managing of hydrological changes resulting from changes in land use and preparation for consequences of climate change, such as increased flood danger. Work commenced on the management plan for watercourses using these issues as a starting point. The object of this work was to contribute to building knowledge about watercourse culture in Bergen and to set the municipal strategies for achieving sustainable, uniform and coordinated watercourse management in future. Among other things, the plan shall: • • • • Visualise values, interests and challenges in and around the watercourses Clarify positions of responsibility and authority in connection with Bergen’s total watercourse management Draw up strategies for preserving and developing watercourse values Propose an action plan. Bergen is a member of the Watercourse committee for West Norway. The committee is chaired by the County Governor of Hordaland. The counties of Sogn og Fjordane and Hordaland are participating in the collaboration. Work is currently in progress on management plans for Nordåsvannet lake and the Strynevassdraget watercourse. 8 ACTION PLAN FOR BETTER AIR IN BERGEN Measurements in Bergen have shown an improvement in air quality since the mid-1990s. However, measurements in recent years indicate a renewed deterioration in quality. Some of the fluctuations are due to the weather in the winter months, road traffic and more wood-fired heating following on higher electricity prices. At Danmarksplass, the regulatory permitted level for annual nitrogen dioxide concentrations, stipulated to protect human health, will be exceeded within the next few years. If this trend continues, the regulatory requirements for evaluating and proposing remedial action will be exceeded as early as 2008. In 2007, the 2004 action plan for better air was revised in collaboration with a number of other municipal agencies, as well as with the Port Authority, the Public Roads Administration, the County Governor, the County Council, the National Rail Administration and Avinor (formerly the Norwegian civil aviation authority). The collaborative forum on air and noise acted as a reference group. The work was based on national measurements of air quality. The main strategy is to implement measures targeting the causes of air pollution in Bergen rather than the symptoms. Relevant measures to counteract nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, carbon dioxide and noise have been evaluated for cost and effect. The action plan will roll over every second year and will be reviewed again in the autumn of 2010. The programme includes the following measures: ACTION AREA MEASURES Traffic control 1. 2. Vehicle control 3. 4. Evaluate peak-load pricing and facilitate more attractive public transport services. Develop park-and ride-solutions (incentive parking) and control parking in the city centre Tax on studded tyres combined with a scrap vehicle payment system, intensified winter maintenance and information Prepare introduction of low emission zone Wood-firing 5. Grants to city centre households that replace old wood-fired stoves Enterprises and individuals 6. Good travelling and driving habits, mobility advice/ eco-driving training Vessels in port 7. Reduce emissions from vessels in port through use of onshore electricity Prevention 8. Street cleaning, brushing and salting of the most polluted stretches of road Warnings on the radio and in the press on days with high air pollution 9. Internal municipal measures and influencing measures 10. “Putting one’s own house in order” measures and measures to influence public attitudes 9 RISK AND VULNERABILITY – ADAPTATIONS TO CLIMATE CHANGE The sea is rising as a consequence of rising water temperatures and ice-melting on land. At the same time the ground is rising due to the ice that weighed down Fenno-Scandinavia during the last Ice Age. At present, the increases in sea and land levels are almost in balance along the coast of western Norway. However, with global warming the sea is expected to rise between half a metre and a metre more than the land towards the end of this century. In time, this will pose a serious challenge to the existing infrastructure and it will also be necessary to design new infrastructure to cope with the steadily rising sea levels. Estimated rise in sea level measured in cm along the Norwegian coast in the year 2100 compared with 2000 given a “business-as-usual” greenhouse gas scenario. As a reference, the light-coloured columns illustrate an increase in water levels of 100 cm. From Drange, Marzeion, Nesje and Sorteberg, Up to one metre higher water level along the Norwegian coast in the year 2100, CICERONE, 2, 2007. Water level meters around the world show that the global sea level has risen by approximately 17 cm in the last hundred years. Furthermore, we know that the rise in sea level has accelerated since the early 1990s. Measurements from satellites after 1993 show that the sea is now rising a good three millimetres per year, which is twice as fast as the mean for the last hundred years. We also know that the sea will keep rising for a long time to come; it will continue for hundreds of years even after mankind has managed to control its greenhouse gas emissions. This means that we will need both to adapt to the changes that will come and to plan ahead so as to avoid nasty surprises as a result of higher sea levels. A recently conducted analysis indicates that the sea will probably rise by 70 cm or more along the southern and western coast – a good 60 cm in the north and about 40 cm at the heads of the Oslo and Trondheim fjords, see Figure 1. These figures include the effect of the land rising and therefore show how much the sea will have risen in relation to the land in a hundred years. 10 The Nansen-Bjerknes Centre for Climate and Ocean Research is currently under formation in Bergen. The new centre is the result of the organisational merger of the Nansen Centre and the Bjerknes Centre and will provide Bergen with a leading centre for research into climate and environmental issues. The new centre will be partially funded by external support from trade and industry and administrative agencies. The City of Bergen has also been urged to provide funding. In the City Government’s opinion, the formation of the Nansen-Bjerknes Centre for Climate and Ocean Research is an important contribution to the local climate and environment efforts. A centre of this kind with national and international clout will also stimulate industrial and commercial development in the environmental field in Bergen. This has been an important building block in the City Government’s political platform, which states, among other things, that: The City Government wishes to make Bergen a leading player in the area of environmentally friendly technological solutions and environmental research. In collaboration with the research communities in Bergen, the City Government wishes to work for the localisation of a national climate research centre in Bergen. The groundwork must be laid for the establishment of industrial clusters and education in the fields of environment and climate. The change in sea level is of vital interest to the urban community. The possible rise in sea level is already an issue in planning the Bergen of the future, but updated knowledge will make an important contribution to future urban development. The City of Bergen has put a lot of effort into implementing RAV analyses in all planning and processing of building and development permits. The land-use part of the municipal master plan includes the following provision: Where necessary, RAV analyses will be included in land-use planning and when processing applications for development and building permits. The analyses will be limited to relevant issues and the scope adapted to the individual case. The need for remedial action and the provisions for consecutive ordering must be clarified. Legal authority: Norwegian Planning and Building Act section 68, Norwegian Public Administration Act section 17. There are a number of factors that may trigger a requirement for an RAV analysis, for example a gradient of more than 27 degrees. An RAV analysis will be required for any new development localised to areas below the 2.5 contour line. The same applies to areas exposed to strong winds, floods or debris flows. These factors are described in more detail in the municipal master plan. 11 CLIMATE AND ENERGY ACTION PLAN – A LONG-TERM PROGRAMME Climate, energy and the environment have been incorporated into the land-use part of the municipal master plan adopted on 25 June 2007. The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and a good urban environment thus form an integral part of the municipal land-use and transport policies. In 2008 and 2009 the City of Bergen will be preparing a climate and energy action plan. Among other things, this will set concrete targets for greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption as well as show how Bergen can achieve a global warming reduction of 50 per cent carbon dioxide equivalents in the period 1991-2030. Despite the reduction in emissions from landfills and oil-firing, greenhouse gas emissions continue to grow every year. In the period 1991-2006 they rose by 14 per cent. Reducing these emissions poses a great challenge to Bergen, especially as 55 per cent of the emissions come from road traffic, which has grown by an average of 3-4 per cent annually in Bergen over the last few years. The City of Bergen was first off the mark with a climate plan in 1999. The goal adopted in this plan was the same as Norway’s Kyoto goal, i.e. a three per cent reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in relation to the 1991 level in the period 2008-2012. The climate and energy action plan to be presented in 2009 will contain new and more ambitious goals that are more in line with the cross-political agreement on Norwegian climate policy. A 4-5 year action plan is assumed to be part of the municipal authorities’ work. The city’s businesses and its inhabitants will be involved in drawing up the action plan, allowing them to own the processes and actions. In 2008, a new position as Head of Climate Affairs was created in the City Government’s Department of Climate, Environmental Affairs and Urban Development to lead this work. The land-use part of the municipal master plan recommends the use of indicators for carbon dioxide emissions and other factors for which annual reports are relevant. Further work is being done on this, and it may prove to be a good way of obtaining information about developments in the city in connection with the work on the 4-5 year action plan. This work will examine ways of reducing greenhouse gases from mobile sources and promote the use of green energy solutions in new and already existing buildings. It will also make visible the connection between land-use policy and development patterns on the one hand and emissions, energy consumption and impact on climate on the other. The City of Bergen’s own agencies and external players will be involved in the work. Stationary 22% Process 4% Landfill 9% Mobile consumption 10% Road traffic 55% 12 Greenhouse gas emissions in Bergen in 2006 broken down by source ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT On 19 November 2007 the City Council resolved to introduce environmental management into all of the City of Bergen’s activities. This means that all municipal units will be ISO 14 001 or Eco-lighthouse certified. The Green Flag will be introduced for schools and kindergartens. The public sector faces considerable environmental challenges. The City Council therefore considers it vital to take initiative as rapidly as possible with regard to its own employees, the people of Bergen, trade and industry and state authorities, and to promote an awareness of the important challenges we face locally in environmental and climate issues. An important effect of environmental certification will be to make the organisation more aware of the environmental work already in progress and give people a better idea of what is required to consolidate the environmental effect. The City Council’s goal is for all municipal activities to obtain environmental certification by the end of 2009. The following items were adopted when the City Council considered the case: 1. The City of Bergen will introduce environmental management into its organisation through environmental certification of all municipal units and by coordinating it with the Balanced Scorecard, the existing management and reporting system. 2. The City of Bergen will build necessary internal expertise and provide tuition and training according to EcoLighthouse and Green Flag rules. 3. Schools and kindergartens will be offered tuition and training in accordance with Green Flag certification requirements and the other municipal units in the requirements for obtaining Eco-Lighthouse certification. 4. Provided that the City of Bergen focuses on the Green Flag and Eco-Lighthouse certification schemes, the City Council will support the GRIP (Green in Practice) recommendations for good process and optimum result. The City Council assumes that further work will be carried out in accordance with the recommendation. The City Government has already decided to set up a climate fund based on a previous provision of NOK 10 million for climate and environmental measures. NOK 2.5 million of the climate fund has been earmarked for certification work. In its activities, the City of Bergen already has an adequate system for waste, discharges into water and aesthetics, but there is great room for improvement in the transport sector. Through better organisation of the car population, eco-driving training and greater use of videoconferences the City can protect the environment and save a substantial amount of money – potentially several million NOK. 13 CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMAN RIGHTS Today, mankind faces huge challenges with respect to future climate changes and their consequences. Local air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions are part of our everyday life and play a prominent role in deciding the premises for our future. Both the United Nations (UN) and the European Union (EU) have highlighted the focus on sustainable development in a number of different issues and international agreements. Sustainable development has been on the specialist and political agenda for many years, with an overall focus on the economic, social and environmental aspects. Despite this, neither the targets for greenhouse gas reductions nor international, national and local climate targets are being met. The UN Climate Panel states clearly that if we are to prevent a worst-case scenario we need binding agreements and action within the next 10-20 years However, whatever happens, we will not be able to avoid climate change and adaptation to the changes will therefore be an important factor to be considered in connection with sustainable development. In today’s situation, the individual has no guaranteed right to sustainable decisions being made through either national or international governance. Fragmented political responsibility at all levels exposes coming generations to uncertainty, insecurity and a lack of sustainable decisions that can guarantee the future of our planet. The Rio Declaration’s principle that the polluter should pay applies to individuals, businesses, organisations and many others, but not to states. Under today’s rules, cross-border pollution is tolerated and states have no liability beyond any agreements they might have signed. “The Bergen Charter of Climate Change and Human Rights” wishes to add a new dimension to the UN and EU principle of sustainable development – the human rights dimension. This would mean extending the sustainability principle to include not only economic and social development and environmental protection but also human-rights aspects. The Convention must focus on the “public right”, the right of the individual to an extended accessibility concept – the right to a society which focuses on democracy, social economy, air that we can breathe and the worth of the individual. Education, dissemination of knowledge and information about these rights must play an important role in the Bergen Charter. The legal work on the convention will be exemplified by means of a concrete urban development case from Bergen – a management model in which these aspects and dimensions are duly represented. An extension of the model from the Damsgårdssundet project, with a clear human rights profile, may be a good place to start. Collaboration should be established with similar case projects in other cities and countries. In Bergen, we have a local expert milieu engaged in research into central topics that are relevant to the work on a new human rights convention with a holistic academic superstructure. EUROPEAN CLIMATE FORUM Bergen has recently, as the only city in Europe, been invited to become a member of the ECF. The primary reason for this invitation is that Bergen is collaborating with local research institutions on the development of a local climate model and is also studying ways in which human rights could be introduced as a fourth dimension, in addition to the economic, social and environmental dimensions, of the UN’s climate policy. The work being carried out by the City of Bergen in connection with the “New energy round Damsgårdssundet” project has also attracted interest. These plans will make Bergen a model city in the ECF collaboration. 14 1 LAND USE AND TRANSPORT PRIORITISED PROJECTS IN THE PROJECT PERIOD 2009-2014 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 Planning and further development of the light rail network Densification along the light rail and development of city centre areas Parking Evaluation of peak load pricing Low emission zones Cycle paths/tracks Development of agriculture in Bergen Recreation and green structure Bergen watercourses - a source of positive natural and cultural experiences Pedestrian routes and universal design Information strategy for increased use of local recreation facilities Onshore electricity for vessels in port 15 REASONS FOR PRIORITISATIONS See the description of the land-use part of the municipal master plan. The projects included in the priority area of land use and transport will improve the urban environment and promote better urban development with lower greenhouse gas emissions. Work on the construction of the light rail in Bergen started on 7 January 2008. Bergen is the first city in Norway to have started to build this type of transport system. Since it is an attractive proposition to localise housing and jobs in areas with good public transport, the light rail will also be important to the other priority areas described in this application. The construction of the district heating network in the same corridor as the light rail will reinforce this development, with respect to both land use and densification. A drop in the demand for land in the peripheral areas of the city will result in lower energy requirements and lower emissions of greenhouse gases. It is therefore proposed that the densification process should pay considerable attention to establishing good urban space structures with interplay between historical structures, cultural monuments, landscape features, common functions, public transport and lines of vision. Requirements should be made regarding proportions and coherence between the different facades as well as the functional content of the urban spaces. Universal design, prioritisation of pedestrian axes, speed-reducing driving patterns and the function of urban spaces both as places to spend time and as social and cultural arenas must all be taken into account when planning. A denser and more multifunctional centre presupposes a transport system that provides good frameworks for the urban areas that have been rendered calmer. In Bergen’s dense urban structure, the light rail and an improved public transport system will provide necessary long-term frameworks for new qualities. It is vital that the overall urban space structure provide a reliable high-quality framework for the densification and transformation that is currently ongoing in the city centre area. The facades towards important urban spaces must contribute to making the spaces attractive, light and safe 24 hours a day. Bergen has implemented universal design in all of its planning and building permission processing. In 2006 Bergen drew up a separate accessibility report, and its municipal master plan includes provisions for universal design. In collaboration with the County Council, Bergen has created a new specialist position for this area. In the years ahead, Bergen’s parking policy will be given new focus, with greater priority being given to incentive parking along the main public transport axes into the city. Bergen expects this, along with other transport policy measures, to result in a gradual transition to greener forms of transport. Another measure that will have a similar effect is the prioritisation of cycle paths, especially in and around the centre. Bergen will also facilitate the use of bicycles for transport to the light rail stops. In the next few years Bergen will give high priority to good and long-term management of the green areas to the benefit of the city’s inhabitants. This will involve adapting areas for recreation and outdoor pursuits and making the city mountains and watercourses as accessible as possible through good management plans. 16 PRIORITISED PROJECTS IN THE PROJECT PERIOD 2009-2014 The following projects will be worked on in the autumn of 2008 to produce concrete action plans for the period 20092014. Most of the projects that are presented have already been planned or initiated. The work schedule of the projects will mainly coincide with the project period for “Cities of the Future”. Project 1.1 Planning and further development of the Bergen light rail network (separate project sheet) The City of Bergen and Hordaland County Council are working to find a way of funding the construction of the light rail as far as Rådal by the end of 2012. If they succeed, it will be extended by 3.5 km as far as Rådal, continuing from the first stage without any pause in construction work. The municipal master plan shows a light rail system with a commuter service running between the airport and the Åsane Senter complex, with a line from the centre of Bergen via Haukeland hospital to Fyllingsdalen and on to Loddefjord. Densification potential for housing and workplaces along a light rail system has been evaluated as shown in the figures below. System A currently has 61,000 housing units within 800 metres of a light rail stop. An estimated 42,000 new housing units can be built around the light rail stops in this system. Today, there are 102,000 jobs within walking distance of a light rail stop in system A. This means that 90 per cent of current workplaces in Bergen will be within walking distance of a light rail stop. Calculations show that at least 50,000 new jobs can be established within walking distance of the stops. System B has a slightly higher densification potential than system A. The two different systems for a “fully” developed light rail system in Bergen A B Either system will make it possible to reach all the city district centres within a travelling time of approximately 20 minutes from the centre of Bergen. In the west it will be natural to connect the light rail to Sotra and Askøy. Substantial growth in Fjell municipality and the consequent increase in traffic indicate that it is advisable to give priority to public transport between Sotra and the centre of Bergen. In the long term, the light rail to Loddefjord can be extended to Straume in Fjell municipality. In its consultation statement about the national transport plan, Fjell municipality supports this strategy, and the City Government of Bergen supports the immediate initiation of zoning work for a larger light rail network. 17 Project 1.2 Densification along the light rail and development of city centre areas The municipal master plan recommends high and intensive development within 200 metres’ walking distance of the light rail stops, adapted to local conditions such as terrain, building type and existing activities. The light rail will pass through areas of varying character as regards urban structure, population density, traffic and land use, and it will therefore be natural to give the centres different functions in view of the kind of area they will be serving. Within a short time, a strategy programme will be drawn up for each of the light rail stops. The strategy programmes will be a follow-up of the municipal master plan and will provide a more detailed physical design for the light rail stops and the local centres. They will include targeted decisions based on a vision of the kind of place the light rail stops, the central areas, and the city districts will become. Environmental considerations will weigh heavily. The strategy programmes will include: • • • • • The central area of the place, seen in relation to what the centre will entail Solutions in the peripheral zone More detailed definition of measures where the municipal authorities can play a role in relation to consecutive ordering provisions and development contracts Definition of the heart/centre of the place Requirements with regard to energy and environmental solutions Project 1.3 Parking The City of Bergen has implemented new norms for its parking policy in the municipal master plan. In the budget for 2008, a sum of NOK 40 million has been earmarked for incentive parking. The plan is to move some of the parking capacity away from the central city area to incentive parking sites on the outskirts. The elimination of street parking and getting all cars in the city centre area into car parks is also a priority area for Bergen. It will then be important to develop the streets and urban spaces into social arenas and pedestrian zones. Incentive parking is one of several elements in a total transport policy and will need to interact with other measures. Incentive parking facilities must be located conveniently for users of through bus services between the city districts, not just for those using services in and out of the centre. The ambition level for incentive parking interlocks with other transport policy measures and car-use restrictions will strengthen the justification for building incentive parking facilities. 18 On 13 March 2008 the City Government recommended that the City Council pass a resolution on incentive parking facilities. The following are some of the most important points in this recommendation: The establishment of incentive car-parking facilities for 600 vehicles to begin with. Priority will be given to facilities along the light rail. It is an objective to increase the proportion of cyclists in Bergen. Cycle parking is one of several incentives to get more people to use green forms of transport, and is an inexpensive measure that is not space-consuming. All major stops, public transport hubs and incentive parking facilities should provide secure cycle parking. In the short term, NOK 4.6 million (of a total framework of NOK 40 million) will be earmarked for creating 740 new cycle parking places. Cycle parks will be established along the light railway as an integral part of the stops. Incentive parking facilities in Bergen will be located at the most important public transport hubs. Project 1.4 Evaluation of peak load pricing The City Government has resolved to study the impact of peak load pricing in Bergen on the basis of experiences from Stockholm and London and other European cities. Among other things, they will compare the cities in question with respect to settlement pattern, labour market, social infrastructure and public transport services. The work will commence in 2008. Project 1.5 Low emission zones The City of Bergen wants to establish low emission zones for heavy goods vehicles, possibly implementing a trial scheme. The City Government is preparing the groundwork for this scheme, but its implementation will depend on central government decisions. The City Government is aware that the Directorate of Public Roads has sent a letter to the Ministry of Transport and Communications proposing a low emission zone scheme. The proposal would include an amendment to section 13 of the Norwegian Road Traffic Act with pertaining draft regulations. In a letter dated 31 March 2008 the Directorate of Public Roads confirms that it is very interested in Bergen starting the planning of a low emission zone in the near future. There are currently about 60 cities in Western Europe planning to introduce low emission zones and about ten such zones have already been established. The letter from the Directorate of Public Roads is appended to this application. Project 1.6 Cycle paths/ tracks (separate project sheet) In the period 2010-2019 Bergen wants to increase its investments in the construction of pedestrian and cycle paths/ tracks at least threefold in relation to the period 2006-2015. The proposal to continue and develop the Bergen programme includes a suggestion for financing these investments. A new, improved system of cycle paths is an important part of the Bergen programme and an important strategy in the land-use part of the municipal master plan. The overriding goal is better health, a better environment and greater enjoyment. Cycling as a means of transport will be given priority because investments in this will provide the greatest cost benefit in terms of the environment and health. The potential for transition from car use to cycle use is greatest in this segment. Cycling competes with car-use on shorter journeys and may take some pressure of the road network. Priority is given to measures nearest the city centre and in the south, where the population density is greatest. 19 Project 1.7 Development of agriculture in Bergen Bergen is a substantial agricultural/forestry municipality in Hordaland. Agriculture/forestry will be developed by following up the agriculture and forestry plan and will promote: • • • “short-journey/ local” and ecological food production experiences in the cultural landscape shaped by agriculture sustainable utilisation of Bergen’s forestry resources, for example by developing concepts for the use of bioenergy based on local woodland resources These measures will have a positive impact on climate in that that local agricultural production for a local market will help to reduce the need for transport and thereby also reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Local bioenergy sources will reduce the need for transport. Project 1.8 Recreation and green structure (separate project sheet) The project is intended to lay the foundations for attractive recreational areas near to where people live and move and in the city centre. The Outdoor Recreation report contains a number of measures to promote this goal. A number of areas are important for local recreation: • • • • • • Preparing the walking/skiing areas Løvstien, Haukås, Gjeddevatn, Vestparken etc. Continuing the work on reserving recreational areas/swimming spots in the shoreline belt. Implementing measures in the prioritised watercourses, cf. management plan for watercourses - including implementing four-year plan for the Nesttun watercourse Implementing measures in the city mountains, cf. management plan for the city mountains. Developing new and attractive urban spaces, including a waterfront promenade along Damsgårdssundet. Renovating parks and green areas in the city, including Nygård park. These measures will have a positive impact on climate in that they will reduce the need to travel out of one’s own city district for recreational experiences. Transport and therefore also greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced. Project 1.9 The Bergen watercourses – a source of positive natural and cultural experiences On the basis of the work already carried out in the management plan for watercourses, efforts will continue in three areas: 20 • Clear overview and good specialist know-how. In this project a number of goals relating to the City of Bergen’s need for professional expertise in the field and for good management of the municipal water and watercourse resources have been proposed. • Active and aware citizens and decision-makers. Several measures have been proposed to support the City of Bergen’s attitude-forming work in this area. Efforts targeting schools are considered important. • Coordinated public agencies. The goal here is for the City of Bergen to organise its activities in a manner that will preserve and develop values and interests relating to the Bergen watercourses in compliance with, among other things, the EU Water Framework Directive and other international agreements. Project 1.10 Pedestrian routes and universal design (separate project sheet) More details about pedestrian axes and green structures in the city centre area are provided on the separate project sheet. In the coming years, reducing the need to travel outside one’s own city district for recreational experiences will be an overriding goal. This project will create new opportunities for people in the city through the opening of pedestrian routes connecting large stretches of waterfront with natural green areas. In the steep terrain, old footpaths will be upgraded and good qualities ensured along the links with the new urban development areas along the waterfront. Public use of the harbour areas will be considered in all development plans. Project 1.11 Information strategy for increased use of local recreation facilities The aim of this project is to improve accessibility to the outdoor recreational areas in Bergen and make them easier to find for its inhabitants. Some concrete measures that will be taken are: • • • signposting and putting up information boards in the terrain developing the City’s website in this area preparing suitable brochures/printed matter Project 1.12 Onshore electricity to vessels in port Discussions are ongoing about the possibility of connecting onshore electricity to vessels in port. Existing proposals go in for new electricity production in a combined natural gas-based power/heat system with the possibility of using biogas at a later date. If this project materialises, it will be a collaborative venture involving the City of Bergen, Bergen interkommunale havn (intermunicipal ports) and Gasnor. The City Government will submit a case to the City Council on the provision of electricity to vessels in port as soon as practicably possible. It will be considered during the course of 2008 whether this is something Bergen will go in for. MAIN PLAYERS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PRIORITISED PROJECTS: Norwegian Public Roads Administration Hordaland County Council The City of Bergen Bergen Port authority The County Governor Various special interest organisations 21 2 STATIONARY ENERGY PRIORITISED PROJECTS IN THE PROJECT PERIOD 2009-2014 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 22 Guidelines for energy efficient buildings in new development areas Construction of passive housing in Sædalen Construction of new indoor swimming hall and upper secondary school with forward-looking energy solutions New Søreide school Passive house standard in council houses for disadvantaged persons Replacement of oil boilers outside the district-heating licence area Ny Krohnborg school – a new local centre with energy and environmental ambitions Rehabilitation of council housing Extension of district heating in Bergen Local district heating network New renewable energy production REASONS FOR PRIORITISATION IN THE PROJECT PERIOD Energy use in all forms is closely linked to greenhouse gas emissions. With regard to stationary energy, this is an important priority area for Bergen which is focusing strongly on reducing the use of fossil energy and electricity for heating. Stationary energy consumption increases from year to year, with households accounting for the greatest amount (46 per cent). Electricity accounts for as much as 76 per cent of stationary energy consumption, oil and paraffin for 12.1 per cent, gas for 2.9 per cent, waste for 6.4 per cent and biomass for 2.6 per cent. The greatest challenges lie in reducing energy consumption in general and the use of electricity for heating in particular. Bergen has a relatively high potential for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from stationary energy consumption by phasing out oil boilers and replacing them with renewable energy sources. It will be important in future to use efficient and flexible energy solutions with a strong emphasis on renewable energy. New buildings and major rehabilitation projects are priority areas, as is the implementation of measures in existing buildings. District heating The development of the district heating network has been a priority area since 1999 and deliveries of district heating have increased gradually. Today, 150 GWh of district heating is supplied to the city’s inhabitants and businesses. A consumption of approximately 10,000 tonnes of oil per year has been replaced by district heating. In 2006, the licence area was extended to include the whole of central Bergen and large parts of Laksevåg. The district heating network will be extended to existing buildings in the course of the next five years. One challenge faced by the district heating network in Bergen is how to utilise waste heat in the summer months. One idea that is being considered is the use of this energy for drying clean wood for pellet production. Another question to be addressed is passive house design versus district heating in new buildings within the licence area – few developers are willing to invest in both. Existing and planned district heating network in the city centre District heating production from 2003 with forecasts up to 2025 23 New buildings There is great potential for creating good energy solutions in new buildings. The challenge lies in persuading developers to make the best choices. The 28 passive house standard apartments constructed in Løvåshaugen illustrate current possibilities for building passive houses and using alternative energy solutions in Bergen. They also show that it is possible to use low-energy solutions without major extra cost. This project has acted as a catalyst for more passive house projects; five different projects are currently being planned in the Bergen region with the support of the State Housing Bank. One of these projects involves the rehabilitation of an old house, while the others concern new buildings. The municipally owned land development company Bergen Tomteselskap (BTS) is working on strategies for demanding forward-looking energy solutions in its development areas. It has evaluated the possibility of constructing local district heating / neighbourhood heating networks in its development areas and identified some areas that are suitable for waterborne heating systems. Other energy solutions are required in other areas. BTS has tried stipulating the passive house standard as a specification in its sales prospectuses, and one area will be developed with passive housing in the next few years. The challenge for the Bergen authorities lies in creating conditions that will allow developers to make good energy decisions at an early stage in the building process. These are issues that will be worked on in connection with the climate and energy action plan for Bergen. Energy consumption in older buildings There is both potential for and a challenge to be faced in reducing energy consumption in older buildings and using a greater proportion of renewable energy. Since 2003, the City of Bergen has been participating in ENOVA’s energy management programme. From 2003 to 2007, 194 municipal buildings reduced their annual energy consumption by 10 GWh. The target is 13 GWh by 2009. All oil boilers have been phased out and 11 GWh have been converted to district heating and biomass heating. We want to continue this work and develop it in the municipal building mass. It would also be an advantage for similar measures to be implemented by other property management enterprises, big or small. Energy management in the City of Bergen will be continued through the introduction of an Environmental Management system in all municipal units. This will be discussed in more detail under the priority area of consumption pattern and waste. Approximately half of the city’s wood-burning stoves have now been replaced by clean-burning stoves, a system that has been assisted since 2006 by a payment scheme for scrap wood-burners. This scheme was continued in 2008 and is being considered for 2009. Extending the scheme to apply to oil-fired systems will be considered in connection with the project currently being implemented by Friends of the Earth Norway. This project is described below. A good deal of the large oil boilers inside the district heating licence area have already been converted to district heating. This work will continue with the extension of the district heating network. The challenge of reducing energy consumption is greatest in existing buildings. The City of Bergen has therefore included some projects on this in its “Cities of the Future” application. 24 PRIORITISED PROJECTS FOR THE PROJECT PERIOD 2009-2014 The following projects will be worked on in the autumn of 2008 to produce concrete action plans for the period 20092014. Most of the projects that are presented have already been planned or initiated. The work schedule of the projects will mainly coincide with the project period for “Cities of the Future”. Project 2.1 Guidelines for energy efficient buildings in new development areas Guidelines will be drawn up in connection with the Climate and Energy action plan for Bergen on how to ensure optimum energy efficiency in both new and rehabilitated buildings in new development areas in Bergen. The possibility of using zoning plans, building permission processing and development agreements to stipulate requirements for good forward-looking energy solutions in building projects will be evaluated and tested in new development areas and projects. The specific project plan and areas chosen will be outlined during the autumn of 2008. Project 2.2 Construction of passive housing in Sædalen Bergen Tomteselskap (BTS) is drawing up strategies for requiring forward-looking energy solutions in its development areas in the years to come. They have already tried stipulating passive-house and low-energy specifications in their sales prospectus for a development in Øvre Sædal. According to the specifications in the sales prospectus, fifteen dwellings will be required to conform to the passive house standard and 32 to the low energy standard The design and engineering phase of this project will start during 2008. Project 2.3 Construction of new indoor swimming hall and upper secondary school with forward-looking energy solutions The City of Bergen and Hordaland County Council are engaged in a collaborative project to build a new central upper secondary school and a new indoor swimming hall at Nygårdstangen towards Store Lungegårdsvann. An international architectural competition was held for this project, and the Norwegian Association of Architects’ ECOBOX scheme helped in the preparation of the programme and evaluation of the drafts. The winner of the competition is KHR arkitektur in Copenhagen in collaboration with EKJ Rådgivende Ingeniører as. Rambøll Norge is project coordinator. The building is scheduled for completion in the autumn of 2011. An advantageous location for public and pupils alike, at a main public transport hub and next to a multi-storey car park and light rail stop, and the inclusion of two functions in one building provides the project with an excellent basis for good climate and energy accounts. Extra resources are now being put into the design and engineering with the intention of making the school a showcase building for correct energy-use and environmental development. The school’s educational plan will help to develop knowledge about these issues and will form an integral part of the pupils’ responsibility and experiences in the everyday life of the school. The final ambition level for the building will be clarified in September 2008. Project 2.4 New Søreide school The planning of a new school at Søreide has just started. A new primary school is to be built and the City Government wants this school to be a pilot project for new energy solutions and the use of wood as a building material. The school will also be an important building in the development of the local centre at Søreide. It is a goal for the solutions and principles used in the building to be included in an educational plan to develop the pupils’ knowledge in this area. 25 Project 2.5 Passive house standard in council houses for disadvantaged persons There are plans to build assisted living facilities for the handicapped in Rådalslien by the Lagunen shopping centre. The ambition level is the passive house standard. The pre-project is expected to be ready in September 2008. Building is scheduled to start in the fourth quarter of 2008 with completion in the fourth quarter of 2009. Funds for this investment have been earmarked in the budget. Project 2.6 Replacing of oil boilers outside the district-heating licence area A number of oil boilers in Bergen have been replaced through various projects - a large number of them by district heating. Oil-firing still accounts for approximately 13 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions in Bergen and should be phased out. The Hordaland branch of Friends of the Earth Norway has received grants from, among others, the City of Bergen and the power company BKK for a project aiming at replacing oil boilers in the area outside the district heating licence area. The project is in its start-up phase and will be developed during 2008. It will start by mapping oil boilers and oil burners outside the licence area, and a pilot project will be used to visualise bioenergy and heat pumps as replacements for oil-fired heating. The pilot project will visualise costs, barriers and the practical installation of a biosystem, and will be included in the strategic information work targeting owners of buildings with oil-fired heating. If the project shows a potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions it will in all probability be extended beyond the first year. Project 2.7 Ny Krohnborg School – a new local centre with energy and environmental ambitions Ny Krohnborg school is an old school building worthy of preservation which is to be rehabilitated in connection with the “New energy round Damsgårdssundet” project. The school will be developed with a new sports hall under the school yard and community centre areas. The object is to achieve much better energy use than the current 260 kWh per square metre. It is a precondition that energy-saving and environmental measures used in the development will be included in the educational plan for the pupils to promote new knowledge and responsibility in everyday life at school. Relevant measures will be specified during the autumn of 2008. Building will start in September 2009 and the school will be taken into use in April 2011. Project 2.8 Rehabilitation of council housing In connection with the “New energy around Damsgårdssundet” project an older residential block at Nordre Skogvei 73 will be rehabilitated. The ambition level is to achieve energy utilisation on a par with the low energy standard. The pre-project and planning are expected to have been completed by September 2008. Building is scheduled to start in the first quarter of 2009 and be completed at the end of 2009. Funds have been earmarked in the budget for 2009. Project 2.9 Extension of district heating in Bergen The waste incineration plant at Rådalen will be expanded and new district heating pipes will be laid in the centre and out to Laksevåg (inside the licence area). The expansion of the waste incineration plant will mean an increase in capacity from 120,000 to 240,000 tonnes of residual waste per year. In 2006, 150 GWh of district heating were sold. At present the maximum amount of energy generated by waste incineration is approximately 110 GWh, which will increase to 220 GWh after the expansion. The district heating network will be extended during the next five-year period in Bergen city centre and in Laksevåg. The forecast for energy sales in 2015 is 230 GWh + 60 GWh el. Most of the existing oil boilers in the extension area will be replaced by district heating, which means a considerable reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in Bergen. 26 Project 2.10 Local district heating networks The Bergen area’s inter-municipal waste handling company BIR Bedrift and the power company BKK Varme are collaborating to examine the possibility of building two biofuel plants with connected district heating networks, the first one in Åsane and the second in Loddefjord. The fuel used will be waste wood which is currently either deposited in landfills or sent to Sweden. Each of the plants will deliver up to 28 GWh per year from 10,000 tonnes of chippings. The licence application process is already in progress for Åsane, and Loddefjord will follow next year. The two district heating networks will be completed over a ten to twelve-year period. Total investments in Åsane will amount to approximately NOK 115 million and will be dependent on support from ENOVA to achieve profitability in a long-term perspective. Another possibility is to build a local network based on biofuel in Bergen Tomteselskap’s development areas at Breistein, Haukåsen and Hetleviksåsen. It may also be possible to connect these to the two other local networks. Prestudies have already been implemented in these areas and they have been deemed suitable for a large waterborne system. Project 2.11 New renewable energy production Most of Bergen’s water sources are mountain lakes. This means that the water is transported down to the water treatment plants. Espeland water treatment plant (WTP) is a former power station and the transportation pipeline from the source to the WTP is adapted to power production. The Agency for Water and Sewerage Works is working on concrete plans for installing power turbines to exploit the free-fall energy. Tarlebø was formerly a separate waterworks, but was taken out of production with the opening of the new Svartediket WTP. The transportation pipelines from this water source to Svartediket WTP are intact and more power production equipment can easily be installed here too. MAIN PLAYERS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PRIORITISED PROJECTS: Department of Climate, Environment and Urban Development Agency for Planning and Environment Agency for Water and Sewerage Works Production of energy BKK, BIR, Agency for Water and Sewerage Works Preparation, construction and rehabilitation Bergen Municipal Buildings Agency Bergen Housing and Urban Renewal Bergen Tomteselskap Knowledge-building State Housing Bank, University College of Bergen, Bergen School of Architecture 27 3 CONSUMPTION PATTERN AND WASTE PRIORITISED PROJECTS IN THE PROJECT PERIOD 2009-2014 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 28 New waste plan – more waste sorting Returning points – quality in urban spaces. Design competition Internal waste sorting and recycling in municipal offices Recycling and good management of used EE products Utilisation of resources – new trends – new jobs Waste sorting in schools and kindergartens Introduction of environmental management in municipal activities Waste network Production of biogas from sludge and food waste from catering Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from closed-down municipal landfills Inversion of scheme for requesting not to receive advertising material Tax system that rewards good habits Reduction of plastic packaging in handling of groceries REASONS FOR PRIORITISATIONS IN THE PROJECT PERIOD Increasing consumption in the western world has been a major contributor to the climate change we are witnessing today. It is important to keep this in focus when considering measures for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. If we want to reduce consumption, the individual consumer needs to act. However, society in general must facilitate the making of the “right” choices. Eco-labelled and ecological products should be made easily obtainable at a reasonable price. It should be possible not to have to take home the great quantities of useless packaging that exist today. It should be made easier to recycle and repair products. Local recycling centres must also be opened. In Bergen we have Fretex (Salvation Army charity shops) and other organisations managing recycling. There is also an open hall at the recycling station in Blomsterdalen where people can deposit furniture and utility articles for others to take over free of charge. Bergen also has several smaller enterprises engaging in the redesigning, renewal and repairing of old furniture etc. Recycling and redesigning is a separate priority area in connection with the “New energy round Damsgårdssundet” project. Our increased consumption means that we produce more waste. Bergen has for a long time had problems with the siting of return points, especially in the centre. Finding suitable return points for hazardous waste has proved particularly complicated, but there are now stations for such waste all over the city. Waste containers in the streets in Bergen city centre are another challenge. The construction of a waste suction network is planned for the whole of the centre, and work on this has already been started. The collection of electrical and electronic waste is a yet another challenge, and solutions with possibilities for recycling and good management are being discussed. 29 PRIORITISED PROJECTS FOR THE PROJECT PERIOD 2009-2014 The following projects will be worked on in the autumn of 2008 to produce concrete action plans for the period 20092014. Most of the projects that are presented have already been planned or initiated. The work schedule of the projects will mainly coincide with the project period for “Cities of the Future”. Project 3.1 New waste plan – more waste sorting A new waste plan for Bergen will be drawn up towards 2009. More waste-sorting at source will be a central element in this plan and a new tax system that rewards waste sorting will be an important measure. A project is already ongoing on Osterøy, where a waste-sorting tax incentive is being tried out. New projects for improving our consumption pattern and reducing waste will be defined in the process of drawing up the new waste plan for Bergen Project 3.2 Return points – quality in urban spaces. Design competition At present, the return points are more or less fixed features in Bergen urban spaces. Aesthetically these elements do not fit well into central urban spaces, and planning and design criteria should be drawn up for the “place” itself. To follow up the City of Bergen’s focus on quality in its urban spaces an architectural competition will be held for industrial designers and landscape architects. They will be asked to develop concrete designs for recycling containers and alternative designs for the “place” itself – “the new watering hole” or community meeting place – suitable for different locations in and outside of the centre. Project 3.3 Internal waste sorting and recycling in municipal offices Certain types of waste pose greater problems than others. In municipal offices there is often a lot of discarded computer equipment and other electronic equipment. The City must handle this in a good and efficient manner, ensuring that anything that can be re-used by others is directed through the right channels. Discarded equipment must be dealt with adequately. Discarded furniture often has great user value. A municipal workshop has been set up for repairing furniture. A project to make a good system for handling special types of waste will be discussed in connection with the introduction of environmental management in the municipal system. Relevant product groups are electrical and electronic waste and furniture, which have great re-cycling potential. The project will be developed during the autumn of 2008. Project 3.4 Recycling and good management of used EE products EE waste has often been left for long periods without being dealt with. Useable and less useable products are sent abroad. During the autumn of 2008 a project will be developed to increase the recycling of EE products while establishing good solutions for handling this waste in Bergen. 30 Project 3.5 Utilisation of resources – new trends – new jobs The “New energy round Damsgårdssundet” project has a wide-ranging sustainability programme as the foundation for renovation and transformation. The establishment of new and sustainable cultural businesses on the western side of the sound is a goal in discussions about the creation of new jobs. As we are developing an initially unattractive attractive central area, we must endeavour to facilitate the creation of an environment in which new goals – and in fact new trends – provide a basis for a city district with its own identity in the urban community. In the course of 2008, a report will be submitted describing proposed projects that will highlight waste and recycling as attractive products. The report will be prepared as a process involving local players, the Section for Arts and Culture, the Bergen National Academy of the Arts, Fretex (Salvation Army’s charity shops) and the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Organisation. If waste suction is introduced in parts of the area, the local terminals will have urban qualities, with service functions for the public, production of compost for collection, a second-hand shop etc. Project 3.6 Waste sorting in schools and kindergartens This is a collaborative project between the City of Bergen and BIR (the Bergen area’s inter-municipal waste handling company) with partners. Staff and pupils at Flaktveit School have been sorting waste since the spring of 2007, and food, plastic, paper and cardboard and residual waste have been sorted with a good result. In connection with this project the Green Flag will also be introduced for all primary and lower secondary school classes in Bergen. This project is estimated to cost NOK 1.3 million, of which 0.5 million will be taken from the City’s climate fund for the introduction of environmental management. Start-up in 2008. Project 3.7 Introduction of environmental leadership in the City of Bergen On 19 November 2007 the City Council decided that all municipal units would introduce environmental leadership into their activities. In this connection relevant environmental parameters will be implemented in the City’s existing reporting system, the Balanced Scorecard. The managers of the individual municipal units will be responsible for follow-up of this. The details of the practical implementation of and schedule for the work will be decided during the spring of 2008. A project coordinator will be appointed to manage the project. This project will have an effect on concrete environmental objectives such as reduction in use of paper, energy, better waste management, more efficient transport and, not least, thoughtful procurement processes. Project 3.8 Waste network In order to tackle the problem of ugly waste containers in the streets of central Bergen, and to reduce the amount of heavy traffic in cramped urban areas, BIR has drawn up a plan for the development of a waste suction network in the city centre areas in collaboration with the City Government’s Department of Climate, Environmental affairs and Urban Development. The waste network has already been installed in several major housing complexes in Bergen. The plan is to develop the network in three central areas with a local collection terminal in each area. A subsidiary of BIR – Bossnett AS – will build the network. Construction of a pipeline system has commenced, but the final decision will be made by the municipal authorities in April 2008. The work schedule and detailed plans will not be drawn up until then. The plan for the network will be ready in the autumn of 2008. 31 Project 3.9 Production of biogas from sludge and food waste from catering Bergen has several big sewage treatment plants. These plants will be upgraded in the coming years for secondary treatment. In this connection the municipal Agency for Water and Sewerage Works and BIR are together examining the possibility of building a decomposition facility for sludge and food waste from catering. The plant will produce biogas containing methane. What the gas will be used for has not yet been decided, but whatever the case it will replace fossil oil or gas. It is being discussed whether to use it for blending with natural gas or to purify it for use as gas for vehicles. The estimated quantities of gas from the plant will correspond to the annual consumption of Bergen’s 85 natural gas buses. The project will also create a potential for the collection of wet organic waste from households for the same process. The sketch project has already been implemented with positive results and its continuation and development will be decided during 2008. Alternative locations for biogas plants in the different areas Project 3.10 Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from closed-down municipal landfills For a number of years methane gas has been collected from the landfill in Rådalen. The gas has been used to produce electricity for the incineration plant. Recently the production of gas has been so low that it has not been possible to produce electricity. For this reason there is a need for new measures to reduce emissions from the landfill. In the course of 2008 an environmental risk evaluation will be carried out of the current post-operation at the Rådalen landfill site with a view to sustainable securing of the site. Measures will be implemented on the basis of this evaluation with a view, among other things, to reducing/eliminating greenhouse gas emissions. Project 3.11 Inversion of scheme for requesting not to receive advertising material On 13 February 2008 Bergen City Government passed the following resolution: The City Government of Bergen requests the Ministry, in its proposal for a new Marketing Act which it is expected to present to parliament in the spring, to propose an amendment that will invert the present scheme whereby people can request not to receive unaddressed advertising material. At present, large quantities of unsolicited advertising material are produced and distributed. The advertisements often go straight into the residual household waste or, at best, they are recycled. The City Government of Bergen would like to see an inversion of the present scheme, so that instead of requesting not to receive such advertising, people would have to make an active request to receive it, i.e. they would have to signal “yes please” on their mail boxes in order to receive the mail and would no longer need to signal “no thank you” to stop it coming. It is well documented that a scheme like this is a substantial plus in the climate issue. 32 Corresponding measures have been considered in Aurskog-Høland municipality. It has been claimed that the municipal decision in Aurskog-Høland to invert the current scheme contravenes section 2 of the current Marketing act. This is why Bergen City Government is proposing an amendment to the Act, and asking that a proposal for an inversion of the current scheme be proposed in connection with the Cities of the Future project. Project 3.12 Tax system that rewards good habits The City Government would also point out that under the current system free bus passes for travelling to work are taxed, while the benefit of an individual parking place at work is not taxed. The Ministry must make sure that the tax system too is adapted to the goals for sustainable urban development. The City of Bergen will propose that a project be developed during 2008 to evaluate how the tax system can reward sustainable urban development and not counteract it. Project 3.13 Reduction of plastic packaging in the handling of groceries A large part of today’s household waste consists of plastic packaging. This waste takes up a lot of space and is often unnecessary. The City of Bergen proposes preparing a project during the autumn of 2008 to evaluate the possibility of reducing the use of packaging in the grocery business in general. Bergen proposes to make this a joint project for all cities participating in Cities of the Future, as this is a national problem that cannot be solved by the individual city alone. MAIN PLAYERS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PRIORITISED PROJECTS Adaptation, construction and rehabilitation Municipal Buildings Agency (BKB) Bergen Housing and Urban Renewal (BBB) Bergen Tomteselskap (BTS) BIR (the Bergen area’s inter-municipal waste handling company) Knowledge-building State Housing Bank University College of Bergen 33 4 ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGES PRIORITISED PROJECTS IN THE PROJECT PERIOD 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 34 Critical infrastructure Water supply and effects of climate change Wastewater management and effects of climate changes Haukås watercourse – a new city district with open solutions for surface water Nesttun watercourse Water between the Lungegård lakes Research project on rising sea level – collaboration with Bjerknes Centre NORADAPT Dimensioning of the surface water system - use of global climate models and data for local climate changes MARE – international project on, among other things, the risk of flooding Climate changes and human rights – “The Bergen Charter of Climate Change and Human Rights” REASONS FOR PRIORITISATIONS IN THE PROJECT PERIOD The City of Bergen would like to see a broad initiative to start work on a new human rights convention which will secure the right to a sustainable future and sustainable decisions within the framework of the climate goals recommended by the United Nations. The convention can be designed as an additional chapter to the European Convention on Human Rights with the Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg as its highest body or, possibly, as a separate convention with its own court. The convention must build on the individual’s right to a sustainable future. It should be supplemented by the reports written by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe concerning the need for internationally binding conventions on climate and environmental issues, with corresponding opportunities to impose penalties or sanctions in the event of non-compliance or of decision-making that flouts the convention and international agreements. Socalled soft laws fail to commit nations and do not secure the future of individuals. Bergen is a city in close proximity to the sea and the mountains, with large quantities of precipitation. In recent years incidences of extreme weather have resulted in loss of human life and material assets. An RAV analysis has therefore been carried out in connection with the land-use part of the municipal master plan. Different types of risk maps have been drawn up, mapping, for example, local precipitation, floods, water levels and land-slide risk areas in the whole of the City. These maps will be used in planning processes and developments to reduce the risk of unforeseen incidents. Several future climate changes are expected which will lead to rises in sea level and more extreme precipitation. This will in turn result in more floods and landslides. In order to meet these challenges we need greater expertise in the field of the effects of global warming in our own area. For this reason, a lot of the proposed projects will relate to building knowledge about local climate models, registration of climate vulnerability and drawing up forecasts and scenarios to help identify what adaptation will be necessary in the Bergen area. This work is linked to national and international research communities. The vulnerability committee has defined water supply and sewerage as a critical part of the infrastructure. Our modern society is dependent on a well-functioning, highly reliable and regular water supply and sewerage system. The City of Bergen attaches great importance to having a hygienic water supply with good usability qualities and secure and reliable wastewater management. Priority will also be given to the use of water as a structure in the urban environment by opening closed water conduits and installing systems for separating the surface water from wastewater. In the municipal planning work, an overarching risk and vulnerability analysis has been carried out for land use following the principles defined by the Directorate for Civil Protection and Emergency Planning. The main principles of the analysis have been incorporated into the municipal master plan. Special risk and vulnerability maps have been drawn up for landslides, floods, wind and waves. These thematic maps are linked to the municipal master plan, and the provisions and guidelines in the land-use part of the plan are based on the thematic maps. 35 PRIORITISED PROJECTS IN THE PROJECT PERIOD 2009-2014 The following projects will be worked on in the autumn of 2008 to produce concrete action plans for the period 20092014. Most of the projects that are presented have already been planned or initiated. The work schedule of the projects will mainly coincide with the project period for “Cities of the Future”. Project 4.1 Critical infrastructure The vulnerability committee has defined water supply and sewerage as critical infrastructure. Our modern society is dependent on a well-functioning, highly reliable and regular water supply and sewerage system. The City of Bergen attaches great importance to having a hygienic water supply with good usability qualities, and secure and reliable wastewater management. For this reason the City of Bergen gives priority to the rehabilitation and renewal its network of water mains and sewers. In our efforts to improve reliability and safety we are participating in Norwegian Water’s (national association of water and wastewater works) benchmarking of service quality, and have also initiated benchmarking with a focus on cost-efficiency. The following can be mentioned: - Rehabilitation and renewal of the water mains and sewerage network and installations is permanently ongoing. The prioritisation of measures is based on operational experience and reports. Norwegian Water benchmarks 26 municipalities per year. The benchmarking is based largely on the same data as that reported to KOSTRA (Statistics Norway’s local government and state reporting system), with some supplements. EFFOmeter VA is a benchmarking tool that focuses more on economy and cost, and it is used to supplement Norwegian Water’s benchmarking. We are in phase 2 of adjusting the model and the plan is to make it an annual integral part of Norwegian Water’s benchmarking. Project 4.2 Water supply and effects of climate change Climate changes will mean rising temperatures and increasing and more intense precipitation. This will in turn lead to more bioproduction in the catchment areas with a resultant increase in content of organic substances. Rising temperatures and more wind will have an adverse effect on the stability of water sources, which means we will have to improve the reliability of water treatment by optimising the processes and developing better indicators for monitoring water sources and treatment. This work has been integrated into the EU Techneau project in which SINTEF (Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology) has involved the City of Bergen both as a case and an end user. This is a multidisciplinary programme under the auspices of the EU. SINTEF is project manager for the part in which Bergen is involved. The programme’s time horizon is 2010. Project 4.3 Wastewater management and effects of climate change Like many other municipalities, Bergen has a combined system for the transport of wastewater and surface water. Increased precipitation (in quantity and intensity) will challenge the capacity both of the network of sewers and the treatment plants. At present we have strict requirements for managing overflows in the sewerage network. In this connection the separation of the sanitary sewage and surface water is a priority. The City of Bergen is modelling the whole of its sewerage network to identify both critical points and areas where it is possible to establish new solutions or to re-open former streams. A great number of concrete projects are in progress to treat surface water as a resource. See the Haukåsvassdraget project and the project to open the channel between the two Lungegård lakes. The municipal Agency for Water and Sewerage Works is modelling the sewer zones successively to identify problem areas/ bottlenecks and possibilities of opening up channels and/or leading the surface water and wastewater through separate systems. The Fjellsiden zone has been modelled and work in other zones is ongoing. 36 Project 4.4 Haukåsvassdraget – a new city district with open solutions for surface water In the next few years, housing will be built for 10,000 people in the Haukåsvassdraget catchment area. Haukåsvassdraget is a vulnerable watercourse with (among other things) protected river mussels. The City of Bergen has evaluated ways of developing this area to include local use of surface water based on principles such as retention and infiltration, retaining and using the natural watercourses. The aim is to maintain optimal natural management of surface water in the catchment area, paying attention also to safety and the environment. COWI’s report on Haukåsvassdraget recommends introducing provisions for surface water management in the municipal master plan and subsequently in zoning and building plans. This has been done. The City of Bergen will not establish pipe-based surface water systems in the area. Private developers must take this into consideration. This is in line with the City of Bergen’s standards for water and wastewater and for surface water. Project 4.5 Nesttunvassdraget Nesttunvasdraget has unique qualities and is the second largest watercourse in Bergen. Approximately 25 per cent of the catchment area is built up, while 73 per cent consists of woodland and uncultivated and cultivated countryside. There has been a great deal of development in the area, and the land-use part of the municipal master plan shows that the groundwork is in place for further development. The goals of this project include increasing knowledge about the watercourse, ensuring that its ecological status is good, planning for its use and conservation, and stimulating to professional and financial involvement from the local community, the authorities and business. The City of Bergen wishes to secure the watercourse’s surroundings against damaging floods and to develop its urban qualities as a blue/green structure traversing this part of the city. The City of Bergen will exploit possibilities in the flood control measures to develop the watercourse’s natural qualities and improve accessibility. The period 2008-2010 will be used mainly for registration, evaluation and planning work. This work is intended to form the foundations for concrete projects in the period 2010-2012. By the beginning of 2012 central parts of the Nesttun watercourse and its immediate surroundings will have a new look, and by 2015 it should be well on the way to achieving the goal of “good ecological status”. Project 4.6 Water between the Lungegård lakes A new zoning plan for Nygårdstangen with several possible development projects in the area provides for a major urban space axis that will be a central feature in the important urban development area between the city centre and Store Lungegårdsvann lake. New surface water management measures will involve the integration of water in the development of the new pedestrian area (separate project sheet). 37 Project 4.7 Research project on rising sea level – collaborative project with the Nansen Bjerknes Centre Bergen has large areas that are exposed to flooding when the sea rises. The City of Bergen wishes to start a pre-project in 2008 to find out how to deal with these areas. The City Government has decided to embark on a three-year collaborative research project with the Nansen-Bjerknes Centre for Climate and Ocean Research, focusing on changes in sea level and targeting adaptation and planning needs in Bergen in particular. The City of Bergen will provide approximately NOK 1 million over a three-year period to support the project. In the research project, variations in sea level during the last 150 years will be charted, the current sea level status reviewed and an estimate of rising sea levels for the 21st and 22nd centuries will be presented. Simplified models for global rises in sea level with contribution from land glaciers will be used. Information about future rises in sea level, including uncertainties, will be extremely useful when adapting and planning new infrastructure along the whole of the Bergen shoreline. Project 4.8 NORADAPT The City of Bergen is participating in a nationwide research project on climate vulnerability and climate adaptation. The project is a collaboration involving CICERO (Center for International Climate and Environmental Research), Vestlandsforskning (Western Norway research institute), Østlandsforskning (Eastern Norway research institute) and the Norwegian Meteorological Institute. The project, which is funded by the Research Council of Norway, was commenced in 2007 and will last until the end of 2010. The main tool to be used is an indicator model that will be developed to contain relevant factors relating to vulnerability and adaptation. The City of Bergen will, among other things, link NORADAPT to its work on the climate and energy action plan in order to elucidate the connection between emission-oriented and adaptation-oriented climate policy. In the course of 2008 the project will analyse how climate changes may impact Bergen. The remaining part of the project up until 2010 will focus on how the City can best adapt to these changes. In the course of 2008 Bergen will decide which adaptation areas to invest in. The old Hanseatic wharf, Bryggen, and the historical areas around inner harbour, Vågen, and the large development areas along the waterfront in the centre will be given high priority. Project 4.9 Dimensioning of the surface water system – Use of global climate models and data for local climate change The Bjerknes Centre works with global climate models. Bergen has great local variations in precipitation, and defining the future basis for dimensioning the surface water system and measures in the watercourses is a challenge. The Bjerknes Centre and the City of Bergen are collaborating to downscale the global climate models to provide a better basis for evaluating the local and regional effects. This work will be linked to the Interreg project MARE in which Bergen is participating. 38 Project 4.10 MARE – International project on flooding MARE, which stands for Managing Adaptive Responses to changing flood risk in the North Sea region, is an international project with support from Interreg IVB. The partners are from Dordrecht (the Netherlands) and Sheffield, Lidkøping, Hannover and Flanders. The project’s starting point is climate change, urbanisation and other circumstances that lead to increased danger of flooding. The aim of the project is to identify new sustainable approaches for managing flood risk and remedial measures in this connection. A supranational approach will be developed for watercourse management, taking local flood risk precautions, as required in the Flood Directive. The project will also consider how the risk of flooding and response measures should be communicated to those who are exposed and how local residents and businesses can be involved. The collaboration between the City of Bergen and the Nansen-Bjerknes Centre will be a central factor in the implementation of this project. Estimated flooded area if the water rises 2.38 above the normal zero. 39 Project 4.11 Climate change and human rights “The Bergen Charter of Climate Change and Human Rights” The City of Bergen has been in dialogue with research communities in the fields of climate, the environment, adaptations to climate, development studies, human rights etc. There is both a will and an interest in Bergen in working on a wide-ranging and comprehensive basis across research, discipline and administrative boundaries for a Bergen Charter of Climate Change and Human Rights. Contact has been established with the Christian Michelsen Institute, the Bjerknes and Nansen Centres, the University of Bergen, the Rafto House Foundation and others. On the basis of the “think globally, act locally,” principle, we wish to highlight a new international management model and a new human rights convention by means of concrete case studies and dissemination, with global action goals. A concrete urban development case, e.g. the development of the Damsgårdssundet model, with a clear focus on human rights is the starting point for the project, which will be further concretised during 2008. MAIN PLAYERS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PRIORITISED PROJECTS: Internal Department of Climate, Environment and Urban Development Agency for Planning and Environment Agency for Water and Sewerage Works External The Bjerknes Centre CICERO Vestlandsforskning 40 OTHER EXPERT MILIEUS IN BERGEN TODAYBACKGROUND AND COLLABORATION Bergen has a broad commitment to climate and the environment and an influential expert milieu in the field, linked to public institutions, university and research groupings, trade and industry in general and voluntary organisations. In this active phase of climate commitment in Bergen, one of the measures employed will be the establishment of a network for all groupings in this expert milieu in a “Specialist Forum for Urban Development” and a review of possible ways of coordinating expertise, information, debate and specific collaborative projects. The following examples present some aspects of this broad expert milieu: International expertise and current initiatives • The City of Bergen, the Nansen-Bjerknes Centre, the University, Bergen Chamber of Commerce and Industry and Bergen Scenarios 2020 will establish a Climate Forum with the aim of holding 2-3 meetings per semester targeting trade and industry, politicians and the specialist community in general. • The expert milieus are working with the City of Bergen authorities to develop a climate centre linked to Bergen High Technology Centre’s development area on Marineholmen in the Damsgårdssundet sound. • “Energy Forum” is a specialist debate forum in Bergen, set up as an initiative and collaborative project involving the University of Bergen, the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen Energi, Hordaland County Council, Bergen Kommunale Kraftselskap (BKK), Hordaland olje og gass, StatoilHydro and Friends of the Earth Norway. In 2008 the “Energy Forum” will host the international ECT conference. • Bergen Scenarios 2020 – a meeting place and forum for debate under the auspices of the Bergen Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Energy and climate have constituted the main theme for its work since the autumn of 2006. This project will be concluded at the turn of the year 2008/2009. • Sparebanken Vest, as part of its Visjon Vest scheme, is responsible for the Vestlandskonferansen (West Norway conference) to be held in October 2008 – with climate as the main theme. In connection with this the bank has funded the registration of all players in the region in the field of climate adaptation and renewable energy. The work will be carried out by the Norwegian School of Management and IRIS research. Expertise development in the building and construction industry • • The State Housing Bank, Bergen School of Architecture and Bergen University College are working together to identify ways to bolster education and further education in the field of correct energy-use in building and construction. Bergen Tomteselskap, representatives from the construction industry and Bergen University College are discussing the possibility of developing a one-to-one project for training and quality assurance of the various craftsmen who will be implementing new technological solutions in the building and construction industry. 41 Knowledge development relating to children and teenagers • On the initiative of the City of Bergen, the Bjerknes Centre will set up and help to operate a Climate Patrol for children and teenagers. Children and teenagers will be given knowledge and “tasks” targeting their peers at school and at play and also the Bergen community in general. • The University of Bergen is responsible for coordinating and running the large interactive website sustain.no. Through this project, pupils of primary and upper secondary schools in the whole of Norway will be informed about environmental issues – spanning the whole breadth of sustainable development. The pupils will be able to publish their own projects on the website and discuss their experiences and results with others. ENOVA is collaborating in the project on energy matters. • The new Bergen Science Centre VILVITE at the High Technology Centre uses exciting and instructive ways to provide families and children with information about relevant climate and environmental topics. The centre opened on 31 May 2007 and is steadily increasing its range of activities. One of the centre’s current activities is running a course in energy teaching for primary and upper secondary school teachers. • VILVITE runs research courses for young people and has also set up an innovation office which runs entrepreneurship courses with scientific and industrial themes for young people. • The City of Bergen has created an adoption programme for watercourses in collaboration with the Centre of Schools’ Science Education at the University of Bergen, in which pupils hand in information about watercourses to the database sustain.no. Organisation of the work locally – coordination with the network programme. As part of the collaboration with the national network “Cities of the Future”, the City of Bergen will organise a sixyear action programme, from 2009 to 2014. This programme will turn the spotlight on this important issue and implement coordinated efforts in the urban community. In the following, we will show how the City of Bergen has organised its own activities in this work and how it proposes to coordinate and collaborate with other players in the region and the city. The City Government Department of Climate, Environmental Affairs and Urban Development has decided to hold regular meetings of specialists throughout the year through a “Specialist Forum for Urban Development” (Fagforum Byutvikling). Within this framework participants will be invited to take part in a Climate and Energy forum three times a year to exchange information and discuss collaboration between private and public sector players. Furthermore, various major projects will be coordinated under different themes and networks in the usual way. A report of the results of the action programme will be submitted to the City Government and the City Council annually. 42 ORGANISATION OF THE WORK LOCALLY - COORDINATION WITH THE NETWORK PROGRAMME The following chart shows how we envisage the organisation and coordination between players involved in the field for the next six years. CITY GOVERNMENT City Council Committee for Climate, Environmental Affairs and Urban Development CITY COUNCIL Department of Climate Environmental Affairs and Urban Development INTERNAL PROJECT GROUP City of Bergen Priority area 1 Priority area 2 County and regional public authority bodies Priority area 3 CLIMATE AND ENERGY FORUM Priority area 4 National Climate Centre ? ? ? Priority area 1: Land-use and transport Priority area 2: Stationary energy Priority area 3: Consumption pattern and waste Priority area 4: Adaptation to climate change INTERNAL PROJECT GROUP – City of Bergen The internal project group includes all City Government departments and relevant, municipal companies and enterprises. Other public sector bodies, such as Hordaland County Council, the Norwegian Public Roads Administration and the Regional Council will be invited to join the group as required. CLIMATE AND ENERGY FORUM Based on the above-mentioned players and expert milieus in Bergen, a Climate and Energy Forum will be established as an information and coordination arena under the auspices of the City of Bergen. The Climate and Energy Forum will be used actively in the implementation of the short-term action programme. 43 PROJECT SHEETS The project sheets show some important ongoing projects in Bergen which will allow the people of Bergen to experience the effects of low greenhouse gas emissions in a good urban environment in the project period 20092014. • Bergen light rail - modern, attractive and environmentally friendly public transport • Cycling in Bergen - a threefold increase in investments in the coming years • Recreation and green structures - development of local, attractive recreation, activity and experience opportunities • Pedestrian routes and universal design - better access for all • Water between the Lungegård lakes - an overriding urban space project. Consequences of future increases in precipitation • New energy around Damsgårdssundet - a practice area for sustainable development. Transformation and improvement of living conditions • Sandviken - value creation with major antiquarian challenges • The Hanseatic wharf (Bryggen) and the historical areas around the inner harbour (Vågen) - major challenges to save Bergen’s prime cultural heritage site Bergen light rail - modern, attractive and environmentally friendly public transport The construction work on the Bergen light rail started on 7 January 2008, when the Minister of Transport and Communications laid the first rail. The City of Bergen, the Norwegian Public Roads Administration and the Hordaland County Council are working to find a way of funding the construction of the light rail as far as Rådal by 2012. Work is now in progress in several places between the city centre and Nesttun, and this part of the rail system will be ready for use in 2010. The land-use part of the municipal master plan assumes densification around the light railway stops, with approximately half of all new housing construction located in these places. The strategy programme for coordination and implementation of private development around the stops shall contribute to quality and good local centres around the new public transport hubs. Starvhusgaten – 2010: 1st stop The light rail carriages that will arrive in Bergen in 2009 Intensive work is in progress along the whole route. An efficient information system will provide the people of Bergen and others with good information. See www.bybanen.no Cycling in Bergen - a threefold increase in investments in the coming years The City Government plans a threefold increase in investments in better conditions for cyclists in the coming years. The matter is being processed in ongoing cases concerning the national transport plan and the continuing of the Bergen Programme 20102019. Through the Bergen Programme the City of Bergen, the Public Roads Administration and Hordaland County Council will in 2008 draw up an updated strategy for increased investment in the construction of cycle paths/ tracks and other facilities for cyclists. This work will focus on five aspects: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Cycle parking Main routes into the city centre Increased investment in local centres, public transport hubs and concentrations of workplaces Cycle and light rail – the good way to travel Cycling in and through the city centre Main principles for the measures: • Cycle parking must ensure that the cycles remain intact and are not stolen • Cyclists and pedestrians must be separated where the groups have a high annual average daily traffic • As few points of crossing, conflict and changes of system as possible • As many continuous networks as possible, preferably of the same type. Bergen needs some symbol brochures for cycling. The following proposals will be evaluated and prioritised during 2008: The light rail and cycle – “The good way to travel” Good cycle parking conditions around the stops when the light rail opens. Cycle parking in the city centre Good capacity. Secure parking. Showers and cloakroom facilities Prioritisation of cycles through the city centre Easier to be a cyclist in the centre of Bergen Cycle expressway. Fjøsanger – city centre Concrete measures along the Bergen valley Sandsli/ Kokstad – 15,000 jobs Measures will be evaluation in collaboration with local enterprises Cycle paths /tracks in Åsane In the work that is ongoing for developing the centre of Åsane new solutions for cycle transport will be given high priority. Pedestrian routes and universal design - access for all The City of Bergen has drawn up an accessibility map for the centre of Bergen showing routes with good accessibility for wheelchair users and specific heights of pavements at all crossroads. The map should be updated continuously as new street developments improve standards at crossroads. Work is also in progress to include gradients in this type of map. The areas around Damsgårdssundet– a pilot project In connection with the action plan for the urban development areas around Damsgårdssundet a work process has been carried out with the aim of incorporating good universal access qualities when establishing new pedestrian routes from the existing residential areas through the transformation areas towards the city centre, and in the new waterfront promenade. Conclusions and concrete solutions from this work will form a basis for negotiations with developers in the development areas and form a basis for the upgrading of public streets, urban spaces and pedestrian routes in the area. The work will be used to make a local accessibility map, which will also show the gradients in the hilly landscape. Project management: Department of Climate, Environmental Affairs and Urban Development Proposals for standards and concrete solutions will be included in all sub-plans in the area. The conclusions will be submitted to the City Government in the spring of 2008. Solutions embodying the principles are exemplified for the main routes that are highlighted in the sketch above The project will be implemented using a work process in which the following will be involved: • • • • • • State Housing Bank Internal UU group in Climate, Environmental affairs and urban Development The Norwegian State Council on Disability Miscellaneous elite users and experts Section for property development and development contracts Public Roads Administration Recreation and green structures - development of attractive local recreation, activity and experience opportunities One of the overriding goals for the next few years is the reduction of the need to travel out of one’s own city or city district for recreational experiences. The sketch map below illustrates how the new public access to large parts of the waterfront will be linked to natural areas by pedestrian routes. In the steep terrain, old footpaths will be upgraded and good qualities ensured along the links with the new urban development areas along the waterfront. Public use of the harbour areas will be considered in all development plans . The management plan for the city mountains has been adopted and given high priority. The following new measures are being implemented: Green: existing main pedestrian connections Red: need for upgrading pedestrian routes • New “Brushytte” refreshment cabin on Mount Fløyen. Attraction and stopping place for walkers in the area – ready 2008 • Establishment of kindergarten/ activity house for outdoor pursuits on Mount Fløyen in autumn 2008. Teaching. Base for hiring equipment • Outdoor recreation report – to be implemented: “Løvstien” new trail along Løvstakksiden, Haukås, Gjeddevann and Vestparken • Reserving recreation areas and swimming spots • Renovation of the Nesttun watercourse • Renovation of urban spaces, including new waterfront promenade around Damsgårdssundet. • Renovation of parks and green areas, including Nygård park. Five new swimming spots are planned in the city centre and it will be endeavoured to give them priority in concrete development plans. The spots are marked in blue-green on the map The Hanseatic wharf (Bryggen) and the historical areas around the inner harbour (Vågen) - major challenges to save Bergen’s prime cultural heritage site Bergen’s old Hanseatic wharf (Bryggen) has faced and continues to face three main challenges: 1. 2. 3. Until recently, the ground floors of businesses along the waterfront were flooded during spring tides. Due to changes in groundwater conditions, the buildings on Bryggen are sinking. The anticipated rise in sea level will affect the buildings on Bryggen 1. The municipal engineering enterprise, Bergen Bydrift, has recently carried out extensive work on Bryggen based on new surface water management and the establishment of pumping systems. As a result of this, the ground floors of the businesses are no longer flooded by spring tides. 2. The recently built underground car park on Bryggen has resulted in a fall in the groundwater level, affecting the filling material under Bryggen. The buildings are sinking. A new car park is currently planned on Fjellsiden behind Bryggen. A comprehensive geological survey will be made in connection with this, which may be instrumental in developing a total system for managing groundwater levels in Bergen. 3. In view of the anticipated rise in sea level, measures targeting Bryggen and Vågen are a priority area in the ongoing NORADAPT project. This project will be concluded in 2010 and provide the basis for concrete measures. The market place – The Fish Market under development The Bergen Fish Market is to be revamped. The new Fish Market must preserve Bergen’s traditional market-place functions in this historical area while at the same time ensuring that new working environment and food hygiene requirements are respected. Changes to the Fish Market have been the topic of a prolonged and heated debate in Bergen, and for several years the area has been marked by temporariness. Several architectural competitions have been held. Several development proposals have been presented and Bergen will now have to make some vital decisions for an important part of the city’s service provision – and our national trademark. Water between the Lungegård lakes - an overriding urban space project. Consequences of future increases in precipitation The wastewater engineer, the town planner and the gardener need to talk more to each other.” “The surface water should embellish the city – not damage it.” Quotes from the master plan for wastewater and water environment 2005-2015. As a result of the steadily increasing quantities of precipitation, the master plan for wastewater and water environment now includes a strategy and programme for area-by-area separation of wastewater and surface water. The strategy programme for water between the city centre and the Lungegård lakes has been drawn up in collaboration by the Agency for Planning and Environment and the Agency for Water and Sewerage Works. In the further development of the city centre towards Store Lungegårdsvann new surface water management will provide clean water to enrich the new pedestrian route. Concrete projects will highlight the city’s history, provide new water-related experiences in the urban environment, display water in artistic expression and, not least, promote a general understanding of the importance of water and the management of precipitation for Bergen and its people through the year. The strategy programme provides frameworks for projects and negotiations in the urban development area. This area is divided into nine sub-areas which can be developed independently of each other. The programme includes five overarching themes: principles for distinguishing lakes from sea surface water management water quality experiences and quality learning and safety The programme will provide the basis for negotiations and contracts with developers along the new urban space axis. Project management: Climate, Environmental Affairs and Urban Development, Agency for Planning and Environment. The present culvert will be kept as a reservoir to provide water as needed for the urban spaces along the pedestrian axis. This will allow for maximum flexibility in the development process. Sandviken - value creation with major antiquarian challenges The “Sandviken project” is Bergen’s contribution to the national value creation programme initiated by the Ministry of the Environment. The aim is for cultural heritage and the cultural environment to provide a basis for brand-building, commercial and industrial measures and a thriving community by 2010. The area has great cultural heritage interest, also in an international context, because of its history as a port, but the remaining cultural heritage environment is threatened by increasing pressure from traffic and development. The Director of Cultural Heritage Management has given notice of cultural environment conservation orders for parts of the plan area. Bergen in the 1740s The Pluss programme is coordinated by the Department of Climate, Environmental affairs and the Cultural Heritage Management Office. This programme is a broad network in which cultural heritage conservation, trade and industry and public and private bodies all focus on Sandviken. Sandviken is an area that will be greatly affected by rising water levels. With this in view, overarching measures will be evaluated in the project period, the main responsibility lying with the Department of Climate, Environmental affairs and Urban Development’s Agency for Planning and Environment. The project is three-fold: Concrete cultural heritage measures Registration of cultural heritage sites and monuments, plans, advisory services and renovation of buildings. Collaborative projects Local user groups, public bodies and trade and industry will collaborate. Important sub-projects are public areas, better accessibility to these and producing historical information and signs. Commercial and industrial development This work is rooted in Bergen Scenarios 2020, initiated by the Bergen chamber of Commerce and Industry. A marketing plan will be drawn up based on cultural heritage assets. The Sandviken Project is applying to collaborate with the North Sea Trail (Nordsjøløypa) and the Norwegian Traditional Fish project (Norsk Tradisjonsfisk). The project will coordinate, contribute to and support the network of businesses in the area. At its peak Sandviken had 183 waterfront warehouses. Today, less than 40 remain – many of them with regrettable modifications and extensions. New energy around Damsgårdssundet - a practice area for sustainable development. Transformation and improvement of living conditions This is a project involving six of the Bergen City Government departments, the State Housing Bank and the largest private developers in the area. A run-down area with a high proportion of council housing along Løvstakksiden will be given a physical boost. Social, cultural and commercial/industrial measures will help to merge the new urban areas along the waterfront and existing areas into a new identity area in the centre of Bergen with forward-looking solutions and a good urban environment. Forward-looking energy solutions in new buildings and the rehabilitation of older buildings have high priority in both private and municipal development projects. Priority is also being given to good pedestrian, cycling and public transport solutions in order to reduce the use of cars. The project’s action plan will be implemented in a number of different thematic areas: Democracy, involvement and responsibility Two meetings a year with all business-unit managers and other players in the area One annual information meeting/event targeting the whole population Exhibitions and thematic seminars Infrastructure Prioritised pedestrian and cycle network New pedestrian/cycle bridge over the sound Markusplasssen – new local urban space Light rail stop and free bus Traffic reduction and two housing zone car parks Housing programme, housing and area management BOB (housing association for the Bergen area) is the main developer for a residential area with approximately 1,500 housing units. New energy solutions. Large proportion of municipal and private rental housing. Measures are being evaluated. Ny Krohnborg urban district centre – the beating heart of the local community Ny Krohnborg school is to be renovated, and the additions of a new multipurpose hall, culture centre, kindergarten and urban district local market square will give the area a new and vital social and cultural hub. New energy and new solutions. Commercial, industrial and cultural development The High Technology Centre, the University and Solheimsviken industrial park will be further developed in the area. Approximately 4-5,000 jobs. New energy and energy solutions. Strategy plan for the creation of jobs in the culture sector – in collaboration with the National Academy of the Arts, the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Organisation and Fretex (redesign). Eastern side Innovation arena Science-based businesses Western side Innovation arena Art and culture businesses Task solving in health and welfare The action programme prioritises measures targeting children and young people, immigrants and the elderly. Expertise development Study trips and updating of expertise for project participants is given priority. Work seminars and thematic seminars form part of the action programme linked to Bergen University College, and several students are working on assignments in this field. Project management: Climate, Environmental Affairs and Urban Development, Agency for Planning and Environment