READ FULL POST - Fourpoint Investments
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READ FULL POST - Fourpoint Investments
2014 student housing year-end REPORT Developer: Gilbane Development Company, 1200 West Marshall Virginia Commonwealth University Chris Bancroft Chris Epp Meredith Wolff Direct – 512-649-2400 Direct – 512-649-3400 Direct – 512-649-4100 Mobile – 512-705-0212 Mobile – 214-448-3285 Mobile – 713-737-5430 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Greetings from FourPoint Student Housing unparalleled perspective on future trends on Investments, and thank you for taking time both a micro and macro level. to read our 2014 Student Housing Year End On behalf of FourPoint Student Housing In- Report. The findings, charts, and conclusions vestments, we would like to thank all of our found in this report are based on our constant clients, buyers, friends, and colleagues for an pursuit and meticulous tracking of relevant incredible 2014. We are very bullish on the data points across the entire student housing outlook of the 2015 sales environment, and industry. Over the past 10 years, FourPoint we look forward to another banner year for individuals have performed detailed finan- everyone in the industry. cial analysis on over $15B worth of student We are proud to present our year-end review, housing assets across the US, allowing us an and we invite you to contact us to discuss. Credits: Graphic Design: Naomi Bludworth Editorial: Peter Benzinger Cover Photo: Developer: Core Campus, Hub Tucson University of Arizona FourPoint Student Housing Investments 7500 Rialto Blvd, Building 1, Suite 250 Austin, TX 78735 | 512-649-7300 | FourPointInvestments.com contents 2014 year-end report at a glanc e 2014 Student Housing Transactions 4 Sales Volume: 2014 was an extremely active year for sales in the student Student Housing Pricing/ CAP Rate Metrics 10 Student Housing Buyers & Sellers 15 $2.38B in total sales volume and 80 individual transactions, CMBS Loan Analysis 18 2014 edged out 2007 in becoming the 3rd most active sales Student Housing Development Pipeline 21 FourPoint Student Housing Investments 28 housing industry, and we saw some of the largest and most expensive transactions ever recorded. With approximately market in the history of the industry. Cap Rates: The past year marked a continued downward trend in the student housing cap-rate environment. Record low US Treasury rates along with increased appetite for student housing exposure from a wide array of capital sources helped push more investors into the space. The confluence of these Developer: Asset Campus Housing, Domain Fayetteville University of Arkansas elements helped establish a new frontier in ultra-core sales, which resulted in some of the most expensive trades and lowest cap rates ever recorded. Current Buyer and Seller Profiles: Student housing has become a mainstay in most real estate investment portfolios, and the profile of buyers and sellers continues to evolve. On the buyer side, REITs, foreign equity, and institutional funds dominated the Class A acquisition space, while both new and familiar private capital continues to seek risk-adjusted returns in value-add plays. On the seller side, merchant developers seek to monetize in a favorable cap rate environment while REITs have continued to selectively dispose of their of non-core asset holdings. CMBS Loan Performance: While CMBS lenders have reentered the student sector in full force, we continue to survey the performance of loans coming due in the next 24 months. In 2016 and 2017 alone, more than $2.4B in total loans will mature, and a sizeable chunk of these loans are non-performing. Development Activity: In 2014 and 2015 alone, over 200 new properties totaling in Disclaimer excess of 97,000 beds will be delivered in student markets The information in this report has been derived from sources deemed reliable. However, across the US. These numbers mark the peak of the current being subject subject to errors, omissions, and changes in data, no warranty is made as three-year student housing development boom. Develop- to its accuracy. Further, no warranties or representation shall be made by FourPoint Stu- ment activity is occurring across the country in virtually ev- dent Housing Investments and/or its agents, representatives, or affiliates regarding oral statements that have been made in the discussion of the above report. This presentation, ery major student market, and developers are pushing the prepared by FourPoint, was distributed to the recipient under the assumption that s/ he is a envelope on design and amenity features while keeping an sophisticated real estate professional, and s/he should not make investment decisions based eye on pedestrian locations to campus. on this report. This publication does not render legal, accounting, appraisal, counseling, investment, or other professional advice. Should such services or other expert assistance be needed, it is recommended that the services of a competent person or firm, having access to the details of the situation, be employed. This report shall not be reproduced or quoted without express written approval from FourPoint principals. 2 0 1 4 Fo u r Po i n t y e a r - e n d r e p o r t | 3 Developer: American Campus Communities, Chestnut Square Drexel University 2014 STUDENT HOUSING TRANSACTIONS 4 | 2 0 1 4 Fo u r Po i n t y e a r - e n d r e p o r t 2014 Student Housing Regional Transactions The numbers on the map represent the number of student housing 3 transactions in 2014 that were over $5M in total consideration. 4 For this analysis, we assumed that 6 15 Class A properties were built after January 1, 2009 and Class B/C properties were built prior. 37 14 Total United States Total Transactions: 80 CLASS # AVG$/UNIT AVG$/BED AVG$/SF AVG CAP RATE A 31 $196,474 $74,525 $177 6.03% B/C 48 $105,466 $34,797 $93 6.77% Below, regional pricing analysis includes 79 transactions. It does not include one transaction that consisted of a 5-property national portfolio across multiple states. Pacific Coast Region Midwest Region Total Transactions: 3 Total Transactions: 15 CLASS # AVG$/UNIT AVG$/BED AVG$/SF AVG CAP RATE CLASS # AVG$/UNIT AVG$/BED AVG$/SF AVG CAP RATE A 0 - - - - A 6 $154,856 $63,077 $152 6.03% B/C 3 $114,334 $33,402 $102 7.00% B/C 9 $89,703 $29,276 $82 6.86% Mountain States Region Southeast Region Total Transactions: 4 Total Transactions: 37 CLASS # AVG$/UNIT AVG$/BED AVG$/SF AVG CAP RATE CLASS # AVG$/UNIT AVG$/BED AVG$/SF AVG CAP RATE A 4 $262,430 $83,954 $254 5.35% A 14 $177,239 $75,824 $174 6.10% B/C 0 - - - - B/C 23 $101,025 $33,439 $85 6.75% Four property portfolio in Tallahassee, FL counted as one transaction. Southwest Region Northeast Region Total Transactions: 14 Total Transactions: 6 CLASS # AVG$/UNIT AVG$/BED AVG$/SF AVG CAP RATE CLASS # AVG$/UNIT AVG$/BED AVG$/SF AVG CAP RATE A 7 $213,278 $70,422 $156 6.39% A 0 - - - - B/C 7 $89,172 $35,418 $93 6.96% B/C 6 $199,029 $60,995 $191 6.90% Two property portfolio in Richmond, VA counted as one transaction. 2 0 1 4 Fo u r Po i n t y e a r - e n d r e p o r t | 5 2014 Student Housi ng Transactions 39 2 26 25 33 30 3 28 27 4 5 6 21 22 1 7 9 10 11 14 12 13 16 17 15 18 19 With approximately $2.38B in total sales volume, 2014 edged out 2007 totals to be the 20 36 38 40 41 42 44 45 47 48 52 53 83 34 35 23 24 46 8 31 32 37 29 49 43 63 57 59 56 54 55 61 62 58 60 50 51 70 65 66 64 67 68 69 71 72 73 74 80 78 75 79 77 81 82 76 3rd most active sales market in the history of the industry. Developer: Fountain Residential LoftVue, Texas Christian University Nationwide Portfolio Transaction 2014 Student Housing Transactions # Property Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Campus Park Campus Commons Sterling Sierra Auraria Student Lofts Vista Lofts Asbury Green District on Apache Regents on University Hub Tucson Eagle Creek Village at the U Ballpark Apartments 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 College Edge Brookside Apartments Cottages of College Station Brook Place Apartments University House The Connection Montgomery Village Campus Quarters Reserve on West 31st Campus Court Campus View The Den 2040 Lofts Hannah Lofts Beacon Hill Portfolio College Station at West Lafayette 401 Lofts The Enclave Hawks Landing Level 27 University Hills West Run Apartments Jones Place Townhomes Greystone Student Housing Portfolio University Gate Apartments West Chester Commons Orchard Trails Carrollton Terrace Chesterfield Apartments Stuart Court Apartments The Landing Deacons Station Stratum on Highland The Spectrum Hub Oxford Highland Square 21 Eagles Reserve on South College City STe # of Beds Fresno Pullman Reno Denver Denver Denver Tempe Tempe Tuscon Denton Tyler Austin CA WA NV CO CO CO AZ AZ AZ TX TX TX 460 992 704 438 291 355 900 640 594 172 588 768 Bryan Bryan College Station Huntsville Huntsville Huntsville Huntsville Corpus Christi Lawrence Lawrence Columbia Columbia Milwaukee East Lansing Muncie West Lafayette Akron Bowling Green Oxford Oxford Toledo Morgantown Morgantown Bloomsburg Erie West Chester Orono Charlottesville Richmond Richmond Greenville Winston Salem Memphis Fayetteville Oxford Oxford Starkville Auburn TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX KS KS MO MO WI MI IN IN OH OH OH OH OH WV WV PA PA PA ME VA VA VA NC NC TN AR MS MS MS AL 400 266 1,354 532 687 792 192 336 720 647 656 552 612 702 291 960 323 480 480 756 301 994 159 394 485 459 576 80 n/a n/a 888 300 270 504 582 753 828 576 # Property Name 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 * Veranda Apartments University Downs Campus Evolution Villages 400 Meeting Street Campus Center Pointe West Woodsong Village Eclipse on Broad The U Athens The Standard at Athens Flats at Atlantic Station 100 Midtown Campus Edge Flats at Kernan Legacy Suites Grandmarc Tallahassee The Boardwalk at Appleyard West 10 Aqua Cove Aqua Club Aqua Park Aqua Palms The Courtyards Gateway at Glades Orion on Orpington 109 Tower 42 North On 50 Campus Club College Court Apartments The Flats at 4200 Pointe at South Florida Apartments Waterfront Apartments at Kahului Candlebrook/Lupert Adler Student Housing Portfolio City STe Auburn Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa Charleston Charleston Columbia Athens Athens Athens Athens Atlanta Atlanta Marietta Jacksonville Tallahassee Tallahassee Tallahassee Tallahassee Tallahassee Tallahassee Tallahassee Tallahassee Gainesville Gainesville Orlando Miami Tampa Tampa Tampa Tampa Tampa Tampa Kahului Multiple AL AL AL SC SC SC GA GA GA GA GA GA GA FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL HI IN, GA, KY, VA # of Beds 368 436 1,164 160 112 480 164 128 495 610 281 330 168 480 288 371 936 876 876 480 947 528 375 432 620 542 420 444 256 356 539 1,002 n/a 3,435 2014 Student Housing Transaction Totals: Transactions 80 Units 16,369 Beds 45,888 * Two property portfolio accounted for as one transaction. ** Four property portfolio accounted for as one transaction 5-property nationwide portfolio accounted for as one transaction. Historical Student Housing Transactions [ Sales Volume ] [ No. of Transactions ] $4,000,000,000 - 90 81 $3,500,000,000 $3,000,000,000 - 83 67 60 59 $2,500,000,000 - 50 46 $2,000,000,000 - 40 $1,500,000,000 - 30 30 $1,000,000,000 - 20 $500,000,000 $0 80 70 65 64 62 80 10 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Volume 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 0 Transactions Large Portfolio Transactions Data internally tracked, compiled, and calculated from FourPoint Student Housing Investments’ proprietary database. Only accounts for sales over $5M. Portfolio sales are accounted for as one transaction. 2014 was an extremely active year for sales in the the “normalized” 2012 volume is right on par with sales student housing industry, experiencing some of the volumes in 2007 and 2014. largest and most expensive transactions ever recorded. With approximately $2.38B in total sales volume and 80 The volume trends that occurred in 2014 bring the individual transactions, 2014 was virtually identical to student housing industry back in line with or above 2007 statistics. Additionally, 2014 experienced a 15.0% previous historic highs. The fundamentals of the student increase over 2013’s total volume of $2.03B. 2014 figures housing industry remain strong, and student housing represent the 3rd highest total volume and number of product has become a mainstay in most real estate student housing trades to occur in a single year. investment portfolios. As the student housing business continues to evolve, more and more capital is seeking a In 2012 the industry witnessed the highest total sales home in the asset class— 2014 numbers reflected this. volume in history, with $3.84B worth of student housing We continue to enjoy a historically low interest rate properties trading hands. However, nearly $1.5B of this environment and widely available financing, and the transaction volume resulted from two large portfolio presence of these elements in today’s markets fuels trades that occurred, which largely skewed the numbers. the upward momentum in transaction volume for the If these two portfolios are subtracted from the totals, foreseeable future. 8 | 2 0 1 4 Fo u r Po i n t y e a r - e n d r e p o r t Quarterly Transactions Sales activity over the course of 2014 paints a somewhat predictable picture [ Sales Volume ] of the disposition cycle in the student housing industry. Due to the cyclical [ No. of Transactions ] $1,000,000,000 35 $875,000,000 30 nature of student housing lease-up, buyers and lenders remain extremely sensitive $750,000,000 to the preleasing performance when $625,000,000 underwriting a potential transaction. As $500,000,000 a result, most properties are marketed $375,000,000 22 25 23 20 15 upon full lease-up and are brought to 15 10 $250,000,000 market in the late Summer or early Fall 5 $125,000,000 with the expectation of transacting in the $0 4th quarter of the same year. This trend is illustrated by the fact that Q1 Q2 Volume the majority of 2014 transaction volume 20 Q3 Q4 0 Transactions Data internally tracked, compiled, and calculated from FourPoint Student Housing Investments’ proprietary database. Only accounts for sales over $5M. Portfolio sales are accounted for as one transaction. occurred during the second half of the year, with the lowest point being Q1. Q3 and Q4 presented exceptionally high transaction volumes as most trades closed and funded upon receipt of October rental payments. In an attempt to preempt the flood of properties that will come to the market in the Fall 2015, we expect to see many sellers list their properties for sale as soon as they reach at least 80%+ pre-leased for the ’14-’15 academic year. monthly transactions [ Sales Volume ] [ No. of Transactions ] 20 $500,000,000 18 16 $400,000,000 14 12 $300,000,000 10 8 $200,000,000 6 $100,000,000 $0 3 Jan. 10 8 8 7 6 5 4 Feb. Mar. Apr. May Volume June July Aug. Sep. 5 Oct. Nov. Dec. Transaction activity remained steady for the first 5 months of 2014 and reached a peak in Q4 with the disposition of several large core assets. The continued downward compression of the cap rate market 10 dramatically reduced the bid/ask spread 8 between buyers and sellers, and several 6 listed deals were preempted with full-price 4 contracts prior to the official call for offer 2 date. 0 Transactions Data internally tracked, compiled, and calculated from FourPoint Student Housing Investments’ proprietary database. Only accounts for sales over $5M. Portfolio sales are accounted for as one transaction. 2 0 1 4 Fo u r Po i n t y e a r - e n d r e p o r t | 9 Developer: Landmark Properties, The Standard at Athens University of Georgia STUDENT HOUSING PRICING/ C A P R AT E M E T R I C S 10 | 2 0 1 4 Fo u r Po i n t y e a r - e n d r e p o r t Student Housing Historical Pricing Metrics [Price / Unit / Bed] [Price / SF] $160,000 - $200 $144,000 - $185 $128,000 - $170 $112,000 - $155 $96,000 - $140 $80,000 - $125 $64,000 - $110 $48,000 - $95 $32,000 - $80 $16,000 - $65 $0 - 2006 2007 2008 2009 Price/Unit 2010 2011 Price/Bed 2012 2013 2014 $50 Price/SF Data internally tracked, compiled, and calculated from FourPoint Student Housing Investments’ proprietary database. Pricing indicated in chart represents stabilized sales. Stabilized sales include all transactions not sold by a lender or receiver. Average sales pricing for student housing has generally transactions for each year above that level. Price per bed has trended upward from 2012 through 2014. This can be trended relatively flat for the past three years. Additionally, attributed to several factors, including cap rate compression, the average age of student housing product that traded in a continuous drop in the 10-year Treasury, asset age, and 2013 vs. 2014 decreased from seventeen years old in 2013 an increased focus by investors on assets with core pricing to twelve year old in 2014. Again, the shift in demand for fundamentals (mid/high-rise product, pedestrian locations, assets of these vintages is attributed to investors buying etc). 2013 and 2014 saw an increase in the number of higher numbers of new construction and core product trades above $150,000 per unit with almost half of the total backed by strong market fundamentals. 2 0 1 4 Fo u r Po i n t y e a r - e n d r e p o r t | 11 Class A vs. B/C Pricing Class A sales pricing averaged $196,474/unit, [Price / Unit / Bed] [Price / SF] $74,525/bed, and $177/psf in 2014. This represents a significant increase over 2012 pricing at $164,598/ $200,000 - $200 $180,000 - $185 are driven by a continued focus from investors $160,000 - $170 on high-density core product in primarily urban $140,000 - $155 $120,000 - $140 range— some of the highest pricing ever seen in $100,000 - $125 the student housing industry. Now more than ever, $80,000 - $110 $60,000 - $95 supply/demand characteristics, and markets with $40,000 - $80 positive enrollment growth will all fuel continued $20,000 - $65 $0 - $50 class a Price/Unit class b/c Price/Bed Price/SF unit, $59,285/bed, and $145psf. These metrics locations. Nine of the trades in 2014 were above $300,000/unit, with two in $450,000-$500,000/unit student housing investors are attracted to strong fundamentals. Location, high barriers to entry, good sales pricing at record levels as investors seek to mitigate risk wherever they can. As expected, Class B/C pricing generally trades well below that of Class A product. Class B/C pricing for 2014 came in at $105,466/unit, $34,797/bed, and $92/psf. Most of this segment is made up of older garden-style Data internally tracked, compiled, and calculated from FourPoint Student Housing Investments’ proprietary database. Class A properties include properties built from 2008-2014. Class B/C pricing includes properties built prior to 2008. product (including first generation by-the-bed product), conventional multifamily product that is leased to students, and older Class C product (most of which is leased by the unit). Developer: Landmark Properties, The Standard at Athens University of Georgia Student Housing Cap Rates [Cap Rate] [10-Year Treasury] 9% 3.0% 8% 2.5% 7% 2% 6% 1.5% 5% 1% 4% 1/1/14 3/1/14 5/1/14 7/1/14 8/1/14 Cap Rate Linear Cap Rate 9/10/14 11/1/14 11/27/14 12/22/14 0 10-Year Treasury Linear 10-Year Treasury Data internally tracked, compiled, and calculated from FourPoint Student Housing Investments’ proprietary database. Graph includes all stabilized sales with cap rate data available. All data deemed reliable; however, no representation is being made to the accuracy thereof. The total average cap rate for the student housing or walking distance to campus, and a high barrier to industry in 2014 was 6.51% across all asset classes. This entry market. Of course, these asset types will always reflects a gentle decline in cap rates over the past several command the lowest cap rates. With more focus on this years. The decline can be attributed to the addition of asset class, a decline in the overall student housing cap new, aggressive capital sources in the market, a higher rate environment comes as no surprise. New sponsors, number of new development trades, and a historically managers, debt, and equity sources have continued to low interest rate environment. Additionally, we continue chase the recession-resilient space in pursuit of yields to witness investors seeking product backed by the that generally out-perform similar quality conventional strongest market fundamentals: infill product, adjacent product in the same market by 50-100bps. 2 0 1 4 Fo u r Po i n t y e a r - e n d r e p o r t | 13 Class A Cap Rates Class A cap rates for 2014 averaged [Cap Rate] 6.03%. The majority of Class A cap 8.5% - rate trades in 2014 represented 8.0% - brand new developments or assets that are only one or two years old. 7.5% - 2014 was a record breaking year for 7.0% - new student housing deliveries, and 6.5% - many of these developments were 6.0% - built by merchant builders with no 5.5% - plans for a long-term hold. As a result, many of these assets were 5.0% - sold immediately upon certificate of 4.5% 2/28/2014 6/30/2014 8/1/2014 11/1/2014 occupancy, commanding the lowest 12/22/2014 cap rates in the space. Consequently, Cap Rate the industry is seeing more high- Linear Cap Rate density product being built than ever before. Mainly mid- and high- Data internally tracked, compiled, and calculated from FourPoint Student Housing Investments’ proprietary database. Graph includes all properties sold in 2014 and built after January 1, 2009 with cap rate data available. All data deemed reliable; however, no representation is being made to the accuracy thereof. rise properties, these assets tend to feature cutting edge design, architecture, and ultra luxury amenity packages that continue to raise the standard for competitors. The combination of developers continuing to deliver in-demand product, readily available construction, and permanent financing with aggressive capital chasing these deals suggests that the Class A cap rate environment will remain in the 5%-6% range during 2015. class b/c cap rates [Cap Rate] Class B/C cap rates for 2014 averaged 8.5% - 6.77%. While institutions and other 8.0% - low cost of capital buyers continue to chase low-risk core product, 7.5% - a diverse group of opportunistic 7.0% - buyers maintains a strict focus on 6.5% - more value-oriented acquisitions. 6.0% - Although these buyers may be priced out of the Class A environment, 5.5% - they tend to enjoy a much healthier 5.0% - yield provided by assets built in 4.5% - this profile. Ranging from 1960’s and 1970’s-vintage product with heavy capital improvement needs to generation-one lease by-the-bed product with minimal capital needs, product tends to be available for every yield profile. 14 | 2 0 1 4 Fo u r Po i n t y e a r - e n d r e p o r t 1/1/2014 3/15/2014 6/1/2014 Cap Rate 8/1/2014 11/10/2014 12/22/2014 Linear Cap Rate Data internally tracked, compiled, and calculated from FourPoint Student Housing Investments’ proprietary database. Graph includes all all properties sold in 2014 and built prior to 2009 with cap rate data available. All data deemed reliable; however, no representation is being made to the accuracy thereof. Developer: landmark Properties, The Retreat at Orlando University of Central Florida STUDENT HOUSING BUYERS & SELLERS 2 0 1 4 Fo u r Po i n t y e a r - e n d r e p o r t | 15 Buyer Trends 2014 saw most acquisition activity from Private Equity 1% Funds, Student Housing Operators with JV Equity, and 6% Fami ly Office 19% 30% Oper ator/Fund 2014 7% significantly year over year, and REITs saw a decline in acquisitions over the same period. In addition, the Private Equity industry saw more activity from Family Office/Ultra REIT High Net Worth buyers. University The increase in activity by Private Equity Funds can be attributed to a spike in new development activity as these buyers tend to have some of the lowest cost of capital. This profile has dominated the acquisition of newly developed product. That said, 30% Private 2% Fami ly Office 22% 33% Oper ator/Fund 2013 8% buyers, Syndicators, and Student Housing Operators continue to be the staple of the investment community, finding success in the lower end of the Class A spectrum all the way through the Class B/C market. Pension Fund New sources of capital continue to enter the student Private Equity housing industry, including a handful of overseas Sharia- REIT compliant funds and large Private Equity shops. While Syndicator Uni versity 17% Equity Funds have increased their acquisition activity Pension Fund Syndicator 7% Syndicators. 2013’s profile was similar, although Private 18% market rate multifamily is commanding all-time low cap rates— often times in the 4% range— student housing remains an attractive alternative investment vehicle with a meaningful yield premium over market rate product. His torical Buyer Trends Developer: CA Ventures, Uncommon at Eugene, University of Oregon 100% 90% 80% Operator/Fund University Institution 70% 60% - TIC 50% - REIT 40% - Private 30% 20% 10% 0% 2006 16 | 2 0 1 4 Fo u r Po i n t y e a r - e n d r e p o r t 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Data internally tracked, compiled, and calculated from FourPoint Student Housing Investments’ proprietary database. Pricing indicated in chart represents stabilized sales. Stabilized sales include all transactions not sold by a lender or receiver. Seller Trends Developers and Private sellers dominated the sales 9% Developer 10% 32% 2014 market in 2013 and 2014. While some developers continue to deliver new product at a record pace, Fund others have elected to take advantage of the Lender/Receiver historically-low cap rate environment and sell. Private Private owners at the end of their hold periods are REIT Syndicator 27% taking advantage of this trend as well. As market fundamentals have continued to improve over the past several years, Lender and Receiver sales have declined significantly. 15% 7% Developer: GMH Communities, University Orchard Salisbury University 11% Developer 10% Fund 42% 2013 Lender/Receiver Private REIT 16% Syndicator 5% 16% Historical Seller Trends 100% - Developer: Asset Campus Housing Domain Columbia, University of Missouri 90% 80% - University Developer Lender/Receiver 70% 60% 50% - Institution REI T Oper ator/Fund Private 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% - Data internally tracked, compiled, and calculated from FourPoint Student Housing Investments’ proprietary database. Pricing indicated in chart represents stabilized sales. Stabilized sales include all transactions not sold by a lender or receiver. 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2 0 1 4 Fo u r Po i n t y e a r - e n d r e p o r t 2012 | 17 Developer: Landmark Properties, The Standard at Athens University of Georgia C M B S L O A N A N A LY S I S 18 | 2 0 1 4 Fo u r Po i n t y e a r - e n d r e p o r t Future CMBS Loan Performance [ Bar Graph Axis ] [ Line Graph Axis ] $ 1,500,000,000 - $225,000,000 $1,204,000,000 - $180,000,000 $908,000,000 - $135,000,000 $612,000,000 - $90,000,000 $316,000,000 - $45,000,000 $200,000,000 - 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total Loans Currently on Watchlist Total Performing Loans Currently Less than 1.0 DSCR $0 As the CMBS lending market continues to regain its strategies available to them via disposition or refinance. footing in the student housing debt space, it is important Traditionally, many of the borrowers in this pool are to note the stark differences between the performance Tenant in Common (TIC) entities that are not eligible of loans originated in 2004-2007 and the loans originated for conventional refinance programs. from 2008-today. Loans originated from 2004-2007: The above graph illustrates the dramatic increase of 10-year term CMBS loan maturities over the next 3 years, with the most significant spike occurring in 2016 and 2017. For Loans originated from 2008-today: The marked drop in 10year term CMBS loan maturities in 2018 indicates the correction in the CMBS lending market that occurred between 2008 and 2009. Further highlighting this example, in 2016 alone $202M worth of loans maturing correction is the dearth of non performing or “Watch-list” are on the “Watch-list,” and over $140M in loans have loans and increase of performing loans, which points to a DSCR less than 1.0. This indicates that as these loans more prudent lending practices and sustainable long- mature, many borrowers will not have suitable exit term performance. 2 0 1 4 Fo u r Po i n t y e a r - e n d r e p o r t | 19 loan maturities [ Loan Volume ] [ No. of Loans ] $2,000,000,000 120 108 101 98 $1,600,000,000 100 100 80 $1,200,000,000 60 $800,000,000 46 45 43 40 36 30 $400,000,000 20 0 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 The above graph illustrates the dramatic increase of CMBS loan maturities over the next 8 years. As these loans mature, borrowers must find suitable exit strategies via disposition, refinance, or workout with the lender. It is important to note that in 2016 and 2017 alone, more than $2.5 Billion in loans mature. Developer: Core Campus, Hub Oxford University of Mississippi 20 | 2 0 1 4 Fo u r Po i n t y e a r - e n d r e p o r t 2023 0 Developer: Core Campus, HUB Tucson University of Arizona STUDENT HOUSING DEVELOPMENT PIPELINE 2 0 1 4 Fo u r Po i n t y e a r - e n d r e p o r t | 21 2014 Student Housing Deliveries 6 39 3 4 5 41 42 7 49 9 12 10 13 11 48 38 54 55 45 47 62 58 59 63 46 36 37 65 64 56 43 44 40 8 67 66 53 52 51 50 61 60 70 68 69 57 79 83 78 71 72 80 73 75 74 76 81 77 82 94 102 93 91 95 96 97 98 88 101 100 99 92 90 89 87 103 106104 105 84 85 1 2 14 86 35 18 15 16 17 34 20 21 19 25 2223 31 30 24 32 27 26 29 28 2014 was by far the most active development year in the history of the student housing 107108 109 110 111 112 113 114 33 115 space. The map above pinpoints all known developments as reported by Axiometrics and confirmed by FourPoint independent research. Total United States # of Properties Developed # of Units Developed # of Beds Developed 115 18,457 54,243 Pacific Coast Region Southwest Region # of Properties Developed # of Units Developed # of Beds Developed # of Properties Developed # of Units Developed # of Beds Developed 6 1,245 3,608 22 4,054 11,952 Midwest Region Mountain States Region # of Properties Developed # of Units Developed # of Beds Developed # of Properties Developed # of Units Developed # of Beds Developed 7 961 3,850 26 4,097 10,830 Southeast Region Northeast Region # of Properties Developed # of Units Developed # of Beds Developed # of Properties Developed # of Units Developed # of Beds Developed 45 6,531 19,485 9 1,569 4,518 22 | 2 0 1 4 Fo u r Po i n t y e a r - e n d r e p o r t 2014 Student Housing Deliveries # City State Units Beds # City State Units Beds 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Los Angeles Pomona Eugene Eugene Eugene Seattle Rexburg Reno Greeley Fort Collins Colorado Springs Boulder Boulder Flagstaff Tucson Tucson Tucson Albuquerque Waco Waco Waco Austin Austin Austin Austin San Marcos San Antonio San Antonio San Antonio College Station College Station Houston Corpus Christi Stephenville Norman Columbia Springfield Lincoln Grand Forks Ames Minneapolis Minneapolis Madison Madison Champaign Chicago Edwardsville Moline Normal Bloomington Indianapolis Muncie West Lafayette East Lansing East Lansing Mount Pleasant Louisville Akron Akron Columbus California California Oregon Oregon Oregon Washington Idaho Nevada Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Arizona Arizona Arizona Arizona New Mexico Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Oklahoma Missouri Missouri Nebraska North Dakota Iowa Minnesota Minnesota Wisconsin Wisconsin Illinois Illinois Illinois Illinois Illinois Indiana Indiana Indiana Indiana Michigan Michigan Michigan Kentucky Ohio Ohio Ohio 446 305 120 231 45 98 185 190 92 193 156 61 84 164 165 164 76 166 257 103 365 47 79 141 122 265 198 247 212 196 307 115 153 198 314 158 65 130 224 219 195 140 55 97 40 135 72 68 100 204 304 226 230 282 66 216 252 191 192 56 1,658 511 380 787 160 112 1,074 704 262 674 616 203 317 328 393 594 232 786 718 287 887 183 233 343 321 899 590 536 668 784 928 347 499 501 895 552 180 175 600 660 588 285 163 363 116 398 288 252 285 635 397 522 490 702 105 584 656 574 624 156 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 Norwood Philadelphia Slippery Rock Binghampton Oneonta Syracuse Durham Princess Anne Blacksburg Charlottesville Chapel Hill Chapel Hill Charlotte Charlotte Charlotte Charlotte Cullowhee Durham Greensboro Raleigh Wilmington Wilmington Johnson City Knoxville Knoxville Fayetteville Auburn Birmingham Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa Allendale Charleston Clemson Clemson Columbia Conway Athens Athens Athens Atlanta Carrollton Kennesaw Macon Savannah Savannah Swainsboro Tallahassee Tallahassee Tallahassee Tallahassee Gainesville Gainesville Orlando Orlando Miami Ohio Pennsylvania Pennsylvania New York New York New York New Hampshire Maryland Virginia Virginia North Carolina North Carolina North Carolina North Carolina North Carolina North Carolina North Carolina North Carolina North Carolina North Carolina North Carolina North Carolina Tennesee Tennesee Tennesee Arkansas Alabama Alabama Alabama Alabama South Carolina South Carolina South Carolina South Carolina South Carolina South Carolina Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Florida Florida Florida Florida Florida Florida Florida Florida Florida 180 344 201 79 117 69 142 144 254 219 85 194 195 144 244 202 42 222 216 54 124 168 189 177 59 150 86 60 172 201 25 112 12 107 260 244 32 190 190 140 196 102 28 114 149 60 33 124 124 263 253 55 364 221 149 480 850 603 191 330 132 460 417 913 622 259 608 554 480 740 760 134 384 584 162 348 528 550 526 228 471 305 88 618 452 100 419 48 352 847 460 128 610 474 290 568 408 112 338 446 72 132 224 356 782 676 115 1,313 894 542 Source: AxioMetrics and Proprietary Research 2014 Student Housing Delivery Totals: Properties Built 115 Units 18,457 Beds 54,243 2015 Student Housing Development Pipeline 1 4 2 3 24 7 6 56 57 25 27 26 55 38 39 8 29 28 31 30 21 22 68 72 12 13 16 17 14 15 19 60 61 65 64 62 75 82 87 76 77 80 81 78 74 83 85 63 66 9 11 10 2015 will boast the second most deliveries in any 54 53 58 59 51 50 46 44 45 43 37 48 49 32 47 33 34 35 23 5 36 42 40 41 52 73 67 85 87 86 69 70 71 88 89 90 91 given year, and cap a three-year development boom in the student housing space. The above 20 pinpoints all known developments as reported 18 92 93 by Axiometrics and confirmed by FourPoint independent research. Total United States # of Properties in Pipeline # of Units in Pipeline # of Beds in Pipeline 93 15,046 44,685 Pacific Coast Region Southwest Region # of Properties in Pipeline # of Units in Pipeline # of Beds in Pipeline # of Properties in Pipeline # of Units in Pipeline # of Beds in Pipeline 5 865 2,944 14 2,442 7,207 Midwest Region Mountain States Region # of Properties in Pipeline # of Units in Pipeline # of Beds in Pipeline # of Properties in Pipeline # of Units in Pipeline # of Beds in Pipeline 3 455 1,518 30 4,005 11,788 Southeast Region Northeast Region # of Properties Developed # of Units in Pipeline # of Beds in Pipeline # of Properties in Pipeline # of Units in Pipeline # of Beds in Pipeline 32 5,921 16,918 9 1,358 4,310 24 | 2 0 1 4 Fo u r Po i n t y e a r - e n d r e p o r t 2015 Student Housing Development Pipeline # City State Units Beds # City State Units Beds 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Seattle Eugene Eugene Corvallis San Bernardino Boise Bozeman Logan Tempe Tempe Tempe Arlington Waco San Marcos San Marcos College Station College Station Corpus Christi Houston Kingsville Norman Norman Lincoln Grand Forks Minneapolis Minneapolis Minneapolis Ames Ames Columbia Columbia St. Louis Carbondale Champaign Champaign Chicago Edwardsville Madison Madison Ann Arbor Ann Arbor East Lansing Columbus Richmond Terre Haute West Lafayette Bowling Green Louisville Louisville Columbus Washington Oregon Oregon Oregon California Idaho Montana Utah Arizona Arizona Arizona Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas Oklahoma Oklahoma Nebraska North Dakota Minnesota Minnesota Minnesota Iowa Iowa Missouri Missouri Missouri Illinois Illinois Illinois Illinois Illinois Wisconsin Wisconsin Michigan Michigan Michigan Indiana Indiana Indiana Indiana Kentucky Kentucky Kentucky Ohio 56 183 192 330 104 236 139 80 72 220 159 335 186 100 78 100 320 123 160 198 197 194 199 130 333 66 202 110 53 119 98 164 121 143 136 111 120 329 75 122 210 119 50 66 75 44 76 159 271 50 162 512 734 1016 520 539 499 480 242 600 708 514 564 233 252 340 914 482 465 504 705 684 581 393 799 191 643 320 144 259 351 465 349 526 472 490 384 961 75 232 513 376 114 216 260 56 239 657 758 176 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 Marion Toledo Middletown Philadelphia Rochester Durham Durham Providence College Park Charlottesville Richmond Charlotte Cullowhee Greenville Raleigh Memphis Tuscaloosa Fayetteville Baton Rouge Baton Rouge Baton Rouge Starkville Tuscaloosa Charleston Clemson Columbia Columbia Columbia Athens Atlanta Atlanta Kennesaw Macon Statesboro Tallahassee Tallahassee Tallahassee Jacksonville Gainesville Gainesville Daytona Beach Boca Raton Miami Ohio Ohio Pennsylvania Pennsylvania New York New Hampshire New Hampshire Rhode Island Maryland Virginia Virginia North Carolina North Carolina North Carolina North Carolina Tennessee Alabama Arkansas Louisiana Louisiana Louisiana Mississippi Alabama South Carolina South Carolina South Carolina South Carolina South Carolina Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Florida Florida Florida Florida Florida Florida Florida Florida Florida 54 200 205 355 70 126 52 94 283 70 103 300 194 240 272 64 200 213 298 274 235 152 266 152 49 177 74 141 268 230 268 198 145 237 46 219 124 69 169 40 240 159 208 192 596 567 1325 170 525 197 267 843 210 206 671 484 580 822 264 592 666 898 837 693 536 699 430 121 524 214 436 292 628 706 792 435 668 124 583 496 204 592 160 570 598 603 Source: AxioMetrics and Proprietary Research 2015 Development Pipeline Totals: Properties Under Construction 93 Units 15,046 Beds 44,685 Student Housing Supply and Demand Analysis [Proj. 2-Yr Enrollment Growth] 3500 49 3000 2500 6 2000 11 29 44 32 1500 2 16 20 34 2627 38 47 52 17 1922 303637 4546 50 35 14 18 25 39 40 4243 51 1 768 9 12 15 23 31 35 33 21 2428 48 4 10 1000 500 0 0 -500 59 41 13 500 1000 55 53 54 1500 56 57 2000 58 60 61 2500 3000 [Est. 2-Yr Number of Beds to be Delivered (’15-’16)] Market with More Enrollment Growth than New Deliveries Market with More New Deliveries than Enrollment Growth Supply/Demand Break Even Line Please note that the above graph is an analysis of markets with beds planned to be delivered in 2015 and 2016 as reported by third parties and/or independently confirmed by FourPoint Student Housing Investments. Not all universities in the US are included in this analysis. Please note that the data herein will be affected as additional 2016 developments are made public. Owner: Dinerstein Companies, Sterling Campus Center College of Charleston The above graph is a 2-year snapshot of 60 top universities that published enrollment growth data for 2015-2016 vs. the expected development pipeline of each university for the same period. As illustrated by the break-even line between enrollment and new deliveries, there are several supply and demand imbalances that currently exist throughout the student housing space. It is important to keep in mind that this chart does not take into account current supply and demand imbalances that may exist in a market, as it exclusively illustrates the next 24 months’ supply and demand. 26 | 2 0 1 4 Fo u r Po i n t y e a r - e n d r e p o r t Student Housing Pipeline Analysis # Universities Beds (2 yr Projected) Proj. 2 yr Growth 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Purdue University Clemson University University of Washington Ohio State University University of California University of North Florida Virginia Commonwealth University University of Virginia Western Kentucky University University of Iowa University of Memphis San Jose State University Southern Illinois University Michigan State University Appalachian State University Iowa State University University of Houston Utah State University University of Colorado-Boulder Texas State University Montana State University Cleveland State University Mississippi State University Boise State University Baylor University East Carolina University University of Toledo University of Kansas Florida International University University of Missouri Cal State Sacramento 56 121 162 176 188 204 206 210 239 247 264 345 349 376 450 464 465 480 482 485 499 509 536 539 564 580 596 600 603 610 616 376 1,229 636 1,012 570 2,120 442 402 474 1,015 1,951 470 -440 546 430 1,198 622 542 596 1,178 232 590 466 220 498 916 816 108 1,870 732 449 Year ove r Year Development [ No. of Beds Delivered ] 60,000 Universities Beds (2 yr Projected) Proj. 2 yr Growth 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 University of Mississippi University of Tennessee University of South Florida Georgia Southern University University of North Carolina-Charlotte University of Michigan University of Florida Kennesaw State University North Carolina State University Oregon State University University of Wisconsin University of Texas-Arlington Florida Atlantic University University of Georgia University of Nebraska Texas A&M University University of Oregon Drexel University Georgia Tech University University of Oklahoma Penn State University Florida State University University of Minnesota University of Alabama University of South Carolina University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign University of Maryland Arizona State University Louisiana State University University of Arkansas 642 652 656 668 671 745 752 792 822 1,016 1,038 1,062 1,098 1,182 1,198 1,254 1,255 1,325 1,334 1,389 1,392 1,546 1,633 1,919 2,110 2,126 2,343 2,383 2,428 2,557 1,445 464 1,104 504 608 708 814 542 480 2,056 438 514 1,816 670 684 826 -48 3,314 688 390 814 700 570 980 836 500 510 2,292 688 886 Year # of Properties Delivered # of Units Delivered # of Beds Delivered 2013 71 13,077 39,803 2014 115 18,457 54,243 2015 93 15,046 44,685 TOTALS 279 46,580 138,731 2014 marks the peak of the current three-year development boom in the student housing industry. When combined with 2013 deliveries and the expected 2015 pipeline, the three-year numbers total 279 new properties and nearly 140,000 beds. Development activity is occurring across the country in most every major student market, and developers are pushing the envelope on design and amenity features while keeping an eye on pedestrian locations to campus 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 # 2013 2014 2015 2 0 1 4 Fo u r Po i n t y e a r - e n d r e p o r t | 27 Developer: American Campus Communities, Plaza on University University of Central Florida FOURPOINT STUDENT HOUSING INVESTMENTS 28 | 2 0 1 4 Fo u r Po i n t y e a r - e n d r e p o r t Fo u r Po i n t E x p e r i e n c e Over $2,000,000,000 in student housing sales over the past 6 years Representing over 12,000 units and 30,000 beds Closed transactions in over 40 student housing markets across the US Over $7,000,000,000 in assets underwritten nationally across 43 states Extensive Market Knowledge Closings/Extensive Market Knowledge NATIONAL COVERAGE STUDENT HOUSING FOCUS 2 0 1 4 Fo u r Po i n t y e a r - e n d r e p o r t | 29 Fo u r Po i n t S t u d e n t H o u s i n g Te a m Chris Epp Chris Bancroft Meredith Wolff Principal Principal Senior Financial Analyst Chris Epp is co-founder of FourPoint Chris Bancroft is co-founder of Four- Meredith Wolff directs FourPoint Stu- Student Housing Investments based Point Student Housing Investments dent Housing Investments’ National in Austin, Texas. With nearly 15 years based in Austin, Texas. Chris has Private Client Services group. She is of real estate brokerage experience, been exclusively focused on the stu- responsible for client relationships Chris has played a meaningful role dent housing industry since 2004 and and the marketing of student hous- in over $3B of various real estate founded the national student housing ing assets valued $10M and below. transactions and is consistently rec- group for a nationally-recognized in- This includes both purpose built stu- ognized for service excellence by his vestment sales firm in 2007. In a few dent housing and conventionally built past employers and clients. After a very successful tenure at a nationally recognized brokerage house, Chris and his partner, Chris Bancroft, launched FourPoint Student Housing Investments in 2014 with the goal of providing a higher level of service for their clients. Chris is a frequent speaker at national multifamily conferences and is often featured in in- short years, he and his partners grew the student housing platform into a national leader in the industry. After a very successful seven-year tenure, Chris and his partner Chris Epp made the decision to launch FourPoint Student Housing Investments in 2014 with the goal of providing a higher level of service for their clients. He and his team provide a full range of services for clients, including apartments occupied with a majority of students. Additionally, she is responsible for all market research, tracking of national student housing transactions, and the production of reports for student housing markets across the United States. Throughout her tenure in the student housing industry, Meredith has valued over $6 billion worth of student housing as- dustry publications. Chris is a gradu- asset disposition, valuation, market sets. In 2012, she was ranked as one ate of Southern Methodist University, research, and capital markets execu- of the Top 30 Under 30 student hous- where he earned a BBA in Real Estate tion. Chris holds a Bachelor of Science ing professionals by Student Housing Finance and was the team captain of in Management - Finance from Tulane Business. Meredith graduated with a the SMU Mustang Swim Team. Chris University’s A.B. Freeman School of BBA in Real Estate Finance and a BS and his wife, Mairin, live in Austin, TX Business. Chris and his wife Meghan in Economics with Financial Applica- with their two daughters, Maible and live in Austin, TX with their son Chris- tions from Southern Methodist Uni- Georgina. topher and daughter Madeleine. versity. 30 | 2 0 1 4 Fo u r Po i n t y e a r - e n d r e p o r t 2014 FourPoint Student Housing Transactions DEACON’S STATION ECLIPSE ON BROAD WINSTON-SALEM, NC UNITS 75 BEDS 300 ATHENS, GA UNITS 32 BEDS 128 DENVER, CO UNITS 125 BEDS 438 TALLAHASSEE, FL UNITS 47 BEDS 127 OXFORD, MS UNITS 162 BEDS 582 THE BALLPARK HUB TUCSON U ATHENS THE DEN MONTGOMERY VILLAGE AUSTIN, TX UNITS 282 BEDS 768 TUCSON, AZ UNITS 164 BEDS 594 ATHENS, GA UNITS 154 BEDS 495 COLUMBIA, MO UNITS 158 BEDS 552 HUNTSVILLE, TX UNITS 48 BEDS 192 EAGLE CREEK CAMBRIDGE AUBURN TAYLOR BEND COLLEGE EDGE UNIVERSITY PLACE DENTON, TX UNITS 176 BEDS 176 AUBURN, AL UNITS 154 BEDS 308 OXFORD, MS UNITS 96 BEDS 288 BRYAN, TX UNITS 160 BEDS 400 ROCK HILL, SC UNITS 124 BEDS 432 CAMPUS QUARTERS UNION SQUARE & BEECH TREE AURARIA STUDENT LOFTS ECLIPSE TALLAHASSE HUB OXFORD FourPoint is currently representing owners under contract to sell 15 Assets across the US in the following markets: Richmond, VA; Greensboro, NC; Austin, TX; Winston-Salem, NC; Waco, TX; CORPUS CHRISTI, TX UNITS 108 BEDS 336 BLOOMINGTON, IN UNITS 38 BEDS 141 College Station, TX; Baton Rouge, LA; Blacksburg, VA; Stillwater, OK; and Raleigh, NC. 2 0 1 4 Fo u r Po i n t y e a r - e n d r e p o r t | 31 Developer: Gilbane Development Company, 1200 West Marshall Virginia commonwealth University Contact Information Chris Epp Direct - 512-649-3400 Mobile - 214-448-3285 [email protected] Chris Bancroft Direct – 512-649-2400 Mobile – 512-705-0212 [email protected] Meredith Wolff Direct - 512-649-4100 Mobile - 713-737-5430 [email protected] Address 7500 Rialto Blvd Building 1, Suite 250 Austin, TX 78735 Main - 512-649-7300 Fax - 512-649-8300 www.fourpointinvestments.com The information in this report has been derived from sources deemed reliable. However, being subject subject to errors, omissions, and changes in data, no warranty is made as to its accuracy. Further, no warranties or representation shall be made by FourPoint Student Housing Investments and/or its agents, representatives, or affiliates regarding oral statements that have been made in the discussion of the above report. This presentation, prepared by FourPoint, was distributed to the recipient under the assumption that s/ he is a sophisticated real estate professional, and s/he should not make investment decisions based on this report. This publication does not render legal, accounting, appraisal, counseling, investment, or other professional advice. Should such services or other expert assistance be needed, it is recommended that the services of a competent person or firm, having access to the details of the situation, be employed. This report shall not be reproduced or quoted without express written approval from FourPoint principals.