Scientific Investigator - CDTS

Transcription

SCIENTIFC INVESTIGATOR JOURNAL Issue 5, Jan. 12-Mar. 13
CDTS Chandigarh
From the Desk of Principal
Principal
Central Detective Training School
Chandigarh
I am extremely happy to present the 5th edition of the “Scientific
Investigator” - a quarterly journal of CDTS, Chandigarh.
Besides the articles, this journal covers all the activities carried out in CDTS,
Chandigarh during the period from January 2012 to March 2013. I hope that
articles written by eminent faculty members/officers and our own staff
pertaining to Scientific Investigation will be professionally useful to our
readers.
I am sure that the team work of my CDTS staff and efforts put by the editorial
team of this journal will bring good results. We shall keep looking forward to
the valuable suggestions and feedback of our readers to improve the journal.
(B.M.SHARMA, IPS)
1
CDTS Chandigarh
From the Editor’s Desk
Vice Principal
Central Detective Training School, Chandigarh
The methodical way of investigation is known as Scientific Investigation, which includes
the scientifically examining a crime scene, picking up of right type of physical clues from the site as
a professional police officer, handling various clue materials in the way that these are not
destroyed while packing and transporting to Forensic Science Laboratory, seeking right type of
scientific opinion from the laboratory, conducting interviews of victims and witnesses and
interrogation of suspects and accused as a psychologist, logically interpreting the scientific
reports obtained from the forensic laboratory and then preparing a charge sheet / final report for
submitting it to Court. The present day requirement is that a police officer should scientifically
investigate his case. The old and obsolete methods of investigation comprising third degree aids
in interrogation are not acceptable to the modern society as the Human Right violations are no
longer tolerated. The CDTS , a pioneer institute in this region, conducts various courses for police
officers of the rank of ASI to DY.SP from the northern states of India and also for the paramilitary
personnel and Air Force police. Courses are also arranged for the police officers of SAARC
countries such as Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan etc and also for Afghanistan. Important among the
courses conducted in CDTS are; Advance Course on Scientific investigations, Juvenile Justice &
Human Rghts, Specialized course on advance technology in Forensic science / scene of crime
management, Courses on Anti Human Trafficking , Investigation techniques, Advance courses on
Investigation And Detection Of Crime, Specialized course on investigation of economic offences,
Specialized course on investigation of cyber crime, Need based new courses are also added from
time to time. Apart from fulfilling the specific training requirements of these courses, more
emphasis is laid on attitudinal change of the trainees and scientific investigation, to prepare the
police officers as professional scientific investigators, who are committed to public service within
the framework of law and established procedures. The institute is also publishing a Quarterly
Journal by the name Scientific Investigator, by means of which information regarding the number
and type of courses conducted in CDTS is circulated. Some scientific and general articles useful for
police officers are also published in this Journal. Due to some administrative reason the
publication of this Quarterly Journal was stopped after its 4th issue in December 2011. The
present issue therefore, covers the activities of CDTS, Chandigarh for the period from January
2012 to March 2013.
2
(Dr.L.S.Rana)
CONTENTS
Scientific
Investigator
CDTS Chandigarh
Editorial Board
Jan’ 12- Mar’13
No.
4
3
2
Subject
Page
Training Calender Year 2012-13
4
Advance Course on Scientific Investigations”
5
Advance Course on Juvenile Justice & Human Rights
6
Specialized Course on Advance Technology In
Forensic Science / Scene Of Crime Management
8
5
Specialized Course on Anti Human Trafficking
9
6
Specialized Course on Investigation Techniques
10
7
Specialized Course on Crime Scene Investigation
11
8
NR Specialized Course on Investigation of Economic Offences
12
9
NR Specialized Course on Investigation of Cyber Crime
13
10
Crisis Response Team Training In Usa
14
11
43rd All India Science Congress
15
12
Independence Day
16
Restricted circulation for
Police use only
13
Improvised Timing & Triggering Mechanism For IED’s
17
14
Hurt Endangering Life/dangerous to Life ?
23
Opinions expressed in this
journal do not reflect the
policies or views of the
Central Detective Training
School,
Chandigarh,
BPR&D,
but of the
individual contributors.
Authors
are solely
responsible for the details
and statements made in
their articles.
15
Crime Against Women : A Study Of U.T., Chandigarh
25
16
Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP)
29
17
Identification Of Various Methods For Position And Location
Of Mobile Station
31
18
Enlightenment
38
19
Drug Abuse Pattern In Punjab: A Survey
Patron :
Sh. Rajan Gupta, IPS DG,
BPR&D, New Delhi
Chairman :
Sh. B. M. Sharma, IPS
Principal
CDTS Chandigarh
Editor :
Dr. L. S. Rana
Vice Principal
CDTS Chandigarh
Assistant to Editor :
Sh. Jagdish Chand
Stenographer
CDTS Chandigarh
39
20
Police And Private Security
3
46
Respect the
Humanity
CDTS Chandigarh
Training Calender Year 2012-13
( From Jan 2012 To March 2013)
Sl.
No.
Name of the Course
Duration
From
To
Level of
Participants
1
Advanced course on scientific investigation
8 weeks
21.11.2011 17.2.12
DySP/Inspr./ SI
2
Course on Juvenile Justice & Human Rights
1 week
27.2.2012
2.3.12
DySP/Inspr./ SI
3
Investigation of NDPS cases
1 week
5.3.2012
9.3.12
DySP/Inspr./ SI
4
Course on Awareness on Forensic Science
1 week
12.3.2012
16.3.12
DySP/Inspr./ SI
5
Advanced Course on Scientific Investigation
13 weeks
02.04.2012 29.06.2012
SI/ASI
6
Course on Awareness of Forensic Science
1 Weeks
09.07.2012 13.07.2012
Inspector/SI
7
Course on Investigation of Murder/
Homicide Cases
2 Weeks
16.07.2012 27.07.2012
Inspector/SI
8
Course on Investigation of Economic Offences
2 Weeks
30.07.2012 09.08.2012
Inspector/SI
9
Course on Investigation of Motor/
Train Accident Cases
1 Week
21.08.2012 24.08.2012
DySP/Insp//SI
27.08.2012 07.09.2012
Inspector/SI
10.09.2012 14.09.2012
DySP/Inspr/SI
12 Advanced Course on Scientific Investigation for 3 Weeks
Supervisory Officers
17.09.2012 05.10.2012
DySP/Inspr
13 Course on Investigation of Computer Crimes
2 Weeks
08.10.2012 19.10.2012
Inspector/SI
14 Course on Investigation of NDPS Cases
1 Week
22.10.2012 26.10.2012
DySP/Inspr/SI
15 Course on Juvenile Justice and Human Rights
1 Week
29.11.2012 02.11.2012
DySP/Inspr/SI
16 Interrogation Techniques
1 Week
05.11.2012 09.11.2012
Inspector/SI
17 Advanced Course on Scientific Investigation
13 Weeks
19.11.2012 15.02.2013
SI/ASI
18 Course on Crime Scene Investigation
1 Week
25.02.2013 01.03.2013
Sub Insp./ASI
19 Course on Homicide Cases
1 Week
04.03.2013 08.03.2012
Inspector/SI
20 Course on Investigation of Computer Crimes
2 Weeks
11.03.2013 22.03.2013
Inspector/SI
10 Course on Investigation of Terrorist Crimes and 2 Weeks
Post Blast Cases
11 Course on Human Rights and Crimes
Against Women
1 Week
***
4
CDTS Chandigarh
93RD (13 WEEKS) ADVANCE COURSE ON
INVESTIGATION AND DETECTION OF CRIME –
FROM 19.11.12 to 15.02.13
The “93rd (13 Weeks) Advance Course
on Investigation and Detection of Crime” was
conducted in CDTS, Chandigarh from
19.11.12 to 15.02.13 for the police officers of
the rank from ASI to Dy.Ss.P. The Course was
inaugurated by Sh. S.P.S.Verma, IPS, DIG,
Principal, CDTS, Chandigarh. A total number
of 25 Police officers from northern states of
the country participated in this course.
The below mentioned 15 Modules were
conducted during the course on different
fields: Module No. 1 : Police Behavior and
Attitude; Module No. 2 : Police Procedure &
Report Writing, Crime Records & Inspection
Module No. 3 : Soc and Collection of Physical
Clues and HLP; Module No. 4 : Use of Forensic
Tools in Investigation and Identification of an
Individual ; Module No.05 : Interrogation
Techniques ; Module No.
6 : Medical
Jurisprudence and Homicide Investigation;
Module No. 7 : Investigation of Body Offences
and Rape; Module No.08 :Investigation of
Road Traffic Accidents Cases; Module No. 9 :
Investigation of Property Offences; Module
No. 10 : Investigation of Economic Cases and
Examination of Questioned Documents ;
Module No. 11 : Investigation of Organized
Crimes
; Module No.12: Investigation of
Cyber Crime Cases;
Module No.13 :
Terrorism Left Wing Extremism/Post Blast
Investigation of Arson Cases; Module No.14 :
Visit to Police Stations and Practical Training in
Relation to
Undetected
Cases; Module
No.15 : Presentation Of Cases In The Courts
The Dy. S’s.P working in CDTS,
Chandigarh, acted as Module Coordinators in
different Modules mentioned above.
At the end of the course the trainees
were taken to various Police Stations where
they have applied their mind in the unsolved
cases of that Police Station and got
acquaintance with various Registers
maintaining Records of the Police Stations.
They were also taken to a modern Police
Station in Punjab. A Study Tour to Wagha
Border, Golden Temple and PPA Phillaur, was
also arranged for the trainees.
A demonstration of the Field Drug
Detection Kit is being given to the
trainees by Dr. L.S. Rana, DY SP, CDTS
Chandigarh
An Essay competition on the topic of Socioeconomic disparities – A threat to National
Inte4gration”was also conducted and the Ist ,
2nd and 3rd position holders of the
competition were awarded with Cash Prizes.
Sports competition amongst the trainees in
the sports discipline of Badminton Volley Bal
and Table Tennis were also arranged and
winning teams were awarded with the Prizes
by the Principal, CDTs, Chandigarh.
The
course concluded with a VIVA
VOCE/ASSESMENT test following which the
results of the course was declared. Ist three
position holders of the overall module tests
were declared and they were given a
“Scientific Investigation Kit” at the Valedictory
address. The Valediction of the course was
held on 15.2.2013. Sh. S.P.S.Verma, IPS/DIG,
Principal, CDTS, Chandigarh, read the course
report. Course completion certificates were
distributed to the trainees by the Chief Guest.
The Vote of thanks was delivered Sh. K.I.P.
Singh, Dy.S.P., CDTS, Chandigrh.
5
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATOR JOURNAL Jan 2012- March 2013
ADVANCE COURSE ON JUVENILE JUSTICE & HUMAN RIGHTS
FROM 27-02-12 TO 02-03-12.
CDTS Chandigarh
The Advance Course on Juvenile Justice &
Human Rights was organized at CDTS,
Chandigarh from
27-02-12 To 02-03-12.
The course was of one week duration and was
attended by 24 Police officers of the rank of
ASI to Dy.S.P. from the northern states of the
country. The Aim of the course was to get the
trainees acquainted with an overview of the
Juvenile crime cases and to teach them child
psychology. They were trained to cope up
various problems during various problems in
handling juvenile offences and safeguarding
human rights. The trainees were trained in
using latest legal instructions while handling
juvenile offences. The course was inaugurated
by Sh. B.B.Sharma, IPS, IGP (Trg), BPR&D,
New Delhi on 27.2.2012 and the welcome
address was given by Sh. S.P.S.Verma, IPS,
DIG/Principal, CDTS, Chandigarh. Sh. K./I.P.
Singh, Faculty, was the Course Coordinator of
this course.
Sh. SPS Verma, IPS, DIG & Prinicpal,
CDTS Chandigarh presenting a bouquet to
Sh. B B Sharma, IPS, IGP (Trg.) on the
inagural function of the course.
The topics covered during the course were
p s y c h o l o g i c a l a p p ra i s a l o f j u v e n i l e
delinquency , recent trends in juvenile
delinquency, international perspectives of
juvenile justice, Role of NGOs in juvenile
justice system, social dimensions of juvenile
delinquency, use of scientific aids in
investigation of juvenile crimes, human rights
violation, role and responsibility of media and
police, right of child and their social aspects,
role of juvenile courts and child committees in
juvenile case, juvenile justice act-2000 and
study of juvenile psychology, human rights,
misuse of cyber in juvenile delinquency and
juvenile and their human rights.
Sh. Ananad Prakash, IPS, IGP, BPR&D, &
Sh. B B Sharma, IPS, DIG,(Trg.) BPR&D,
ON a visit to CDTS on 1st Mar 2012
In addition to this, the trainees were also
taken to Juvenile Observation Home in Sector
25, Chandigarh were the officials briefed them
about the functioning of the Observation
Home and the related Laws.
The object of
this visit was to sensitize the officers
regarding the functioning of the Observation
Home to deal with the offenders of the law in
the society.
The trainees were trained to
handle the juvenile crime in a humane
manner.
The functioning of various
committees, State and National Commissions
were also discussed with the trainee officers.
Experts from CDTS and from various other
fields were invited to deliver expert lectures to
the trainee police officers.
A module test
was conducted during this course to evaluate
the knowledge gained by the trainees. First
three position holders on the basis of the test
were also declared.
6
....ADVANCE COURSE ON JUVENILE JUSTICE & HUMAN RIGHTS
FROM 27-02-12 TO 02-03-12.
Sh. SPS Verma, IPS, DIG, Principal
CDTS Chandigarh giving speech on
the occasion of the course.
CDTS Chandigarh
Sh. Ananad Prakash , IPS, IG, BPR&D
at the valediction function of the course.
Valediction ceremony of this course was conducted on 02.03.2012 by Sh. Anand Prakash,
IPS, IGP, BPR&D, New Delhi. Sh. S.P.S.Verma, DIG/Principal, CDTS, Chandigarh, presented
the Course Report. Trainee officers in the valedictory address praised the infrastructure and
facilities provided to them during the course and they appreciated the experience gained by
them from the expert faculty during the course. The Course completion certificates were
distributed to the trainees by Sh. Anand Swroop, IPS, IGP, BPR&D. The course concluded with
a Vote the Thanks by Sh.K.I.P.Singh, Faculty, CDTS, Chandigarh.
7
SPECIALIZED COURSE ON ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY IN
FORENSIC SCIENCE / SCENE OF CRIME MANAGEMENT
FROM 12.03.12 TO 23.03.12
CDTS Chandigarh
Central Detective Training School, Chandigarh
is one of the reputed schools of Bureau of
Police Research and Development, where
routine and specialized courses for the
Investigation Officers are conducted
throughout the year under the approval and
able guidance of our Hqrs., Bureau of Police
Research and Development. As per the
approval of BPR&D, New Delhi, a Specialized
course on Advance Technology in Forensic
Science / Scene of Crime Management was
conducted from 12.03.12 to 23.03.12 in
CDTS, Chandigarh for the police officers of the
rank from ASI to Dy.Ss.P. The Course was
inaugurated by Sh. S.P.S.Verma, IPS, DIG,
Principal, CDTS, Chandigarh and it was
successfully coordinated by Sh. Gagandeep
Singh, Dy.S.P., CDTS, Chandigarh. A total
number of 27 Police officers from northern
states of the country participated in this
course. The State-wise participation is as
under:
J&K- 3, HP -6, Haryana-5,
Delhi-9 and NIA-1
Chandigarh-3,
The aims & objectives of the course were to
make the trainee police officers aware of latest
technology and development in the field of
Forensic Science- to enable them to handle
the tools of Forensic Science used in
examination of various physical evidences
available at the crime scene,
Location ,
Collection and evaluation of clue material - to
explain the knowledge of use of Information
Technology by Criminals, how to follow & track
them, its use in police working & computer
crime so that at the end of the course
participants will be able to use these
techniques in their day-to-day working.
Various topics such as Crime Scene
Management, Lifting and Packing of Finger-
prints, DNA Finger Printing on Criminal
Investigation, Forensic examination of Paints
and Pigments, Various types of Deaths, Brain
mapping, Narco-analysis and Lie Detection
Technique, Forensic Toxicology, Sexual
offences, Different kinds of forgeries, and
Hand-writing principles, Different types of
poisons and their symptoms and the types of
samples required for their identification,
Forensic Ballistics, Collection of Digital
Evidence, Identification of Tyre marks, Foot
prints, Track marks, Skid marks and their
utilization in Forensic Investigation, Handling,
Custody and Marking of Questioned
Documents, Forensic clues of blood, semen
and saliva, Arson investigation, Collection,
Procurement and standard material for
Document examination, Identification of
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic substances,
Explosive and their Forensic value and
Technical Surveillance were discussed during
the course.
Simulation exercises for
collection of Digital evidences and other
physical evidences were also carried out.
Experts both from in-house and outsources were called to deliver various expert
lectures in their fields of specialization.
The closing ceremony of the course was
organized on 23.3.2012 (AN) in CDTS,
Chandigarh. The proceedings were started at
2.30 PM. by Sh. Gagandeep Singh,
Dy.S.P./Course Coordinator; Course report
was also presented by him. The Valedictory
address was delivered by Shri S.P.S.Verma,
IPS, DIG, Principal CDTS, Chandigarh. Trainee
Police Officers also expressed their
experiences and learning regarding the
course and highly appreciated the conduct of
the course and the facilities in CDTS,
Chandigarh. The course concluded with the
vote of thanks by Shri Gagandeep Singh,
DY.S.P, CDTS, Chandigarh.
8
Specialized Course on Anti Human Trafficking
(01 week) 17.09.12 to 21.09.12.
CDTS Chandigarh
A Specialized Non-Residential Course on Anti
Human Trafficking was conducted at CDTS,
Chandigarh, from 17.09.12 to 21.09.12. The
course was of five days duration and was
attended by 28 police officers from northern
India of the rank of Inspector and SubInspectors. The State-wise break of the
participants was; Punjab-14, Haryana-4,
Himachal Pradesh-5, J &K-3, Delhi-1 and MP1. The Aim of this course was to get the
trainees acquainted with various aspects of
Human Trafficking. They were taught various
skills to overcome the problems faced by them
in the field.
Sh. SPS Verma, IPS, DIG, Principal
CDTS delivering the valedictory address
on 21/9/2012
They were encouraged to adopt latest legal
procedures and related laws in the
investigation of Human Trafficking cases. The
Course was inaugurated by Sh. S.P.S.Verma,
IPS, DIG, Principal, CDTS, Chandigarh on
17.9.2012. The Course Coordinator was Sh.
K.I.P.Singh, Dy.S.P. , CDTs, Chandigarh.
Various topics such as SOP in Human
Trafficking Investigation, Registratin of FIR,
Laws related to searches, kfunctions of
Immigration companies in Hum Trafficking
cases, Legal requirements for operators of
Immigration companies, Roles of
Immigration companies in curbing human
trafficking, Laws and procedures relating to
missing persons and children, Role of
intelligence in Anti Human Trafficking
operations , Rescue operations in liberating
the trafficked victims, TIP to identify Human
Traffickers, Role of DNA in identifying the
victims, seeking help of Interpol, Extradition
proceedings including letter of Rogatory in
Anti human trafficking cases, use of Cyber
technicality in detecting the human
trafficking, use of fingerprinting sciences in
anti human trafficking, scientific methods of
interrogation, observing human rights
guidelines in antihuman trafficking cases,
legal provisions to deal with Human trafficking
cases, protection of Immigration Act and IPC
sections, Interview of victims and
interrogation of suspects, case study of
women trafficking to dance bars in south of
India and Role of media in spreading the public
awareness against the abuse of human
trafficking; were covered during this course.
The topic selected were as per the guidelines
of BPR&D Hqrs. Experts both from in-house
and out-sources were called to deliver various
expert lectures in their fields of specialization.
conducted on 21.9.2012 (AN) in CDTS,
2.30 PM. by Sh. K.I.P Singh, Dy.S.P./Course
Coordinator; Course report was also
presented by him. The Valedictory address
was delivered by Shri S.P.S.Verma, IPS, DIG,
Principal CDTS, Chandigarh. Trainee Police
Officers also expressed their experiences and
learning regarding the course and highly
appreciated the management of the course
and the facilities in CDTS, Chandigarh. The
course concluded with the vote of thanks by
Shri K.I.P. Singh, DY.S.P, CDTS, Chandigarh.
9
SPECIALIZED COURSE ON INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES
FROM 05-11-12 TO 09-11-12.
CDTS Chandigarh
The
Specialized course on Investigation
Techiques
was conducted in CDTS,
Chandigarh from 5.11.12 to 9.11.12 for the
police officers of the rank from ASI to Dy.Ss.P.
The Course was inaugurated by Sh.
S.P.S.Verma, IPS, DIG, Principal, CDTS,
Chandigarh and it was successfully
coordinated by Sh. K.I.P. Singh, Dy.S.P.,
CDTS, Chandigarh. A total number of 18
Police officers from northern states of the
country participated in this course.
qualities of good interrogator, interrogation of
suspect, use of polygraph test, Brain mapping
and Narco-analysis in interrogation,
differences between interrogation
and
interview, Role of Fingerprint sciences, Use of
technical Aids in interrogation, Human Right
Violation in interrogation and preparation of
interrogation Reports were taught to the
trainees. The Faculties from CDTS and from
outside were invited to deliver expert lectures
on various topics.
acquaint the trainee police officers about the
methods of interrogation. They were taught
to leave the old torturous methods of
interrogation and were taught about the
modern and scientific methods in this regard.
They were apprised that the results obtained
from the use of scientific investigation are
much better and raise the image and morale
of Police in public eyes. For the sake of above
objectives a number of topics such as
Interrogation Techniques, Transactional
analysis and reid-techniques of interrogation,
2.30 PM. by Sh. K.I.P. Singh, Dy.S.P./Course
appreciated the conduct of the course and the
facilities in CDTS, Chandigarh.
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10
SPECIALIZED COURSE ON CRIME SCENE
INVESTIGATION 26.11.12 TO 30.11.12.
CDTS Chandigarh
A Non-Residential Specialized Course on
Crime Scene Investigation was conducted by
CDTS, Chandigarh, from 26.11.12 to
30.11.12.
The Course was of five days
duration and was attended by 19 police
officers from northern states India.
The
State-wise break-up was Punjab-8, Haryana2, Himachal Pradesh-6 and Chandigarh-3.
They were provided with the training material.
The officers were of the Rank of SubInspectors and Inspectors. The Aim of this
course was to get the trainees apprised with
the practical aspect of the crime scene
investigation and enhance their skill to
overcome the problems they are facing dayto-day. The trainees were also encouraged to
adopt a procedure as per various legal
enactments and follow the modern techniques
of investigation. The course was inaugurated
on 26.11.2011 by Sh. S.P.S.Verma, IPS, DIG,
Principal, CDTS, Chandigarh. Dr.L.S.Rana,
Dy.S.P., was the Course Coordinator of this
Course.
Various topics such as SOP for Crime
Scene Investigation, Principles of Crime
Scene Investigation, Protection, preservation,
recording and systematic evidence collection,
importance of photography at crime scene,
crime scene diagramming and sketching,
importance of site map in investigation,
collection, preservation of various biological
material like blood, semen, etc, collection of
samples for DNA analysis, detection of
fingerprints, their lifting and recording of the
fingerprints of alive and dead, development of
latent fingerprints from crime scene, their
lifting handling and packaging, handling track
mark footprints at the crime scene, skid marks
and their importance in speed determination,
electronic
crime scene investigation,
identifying, protecting and preservation of
devices in computer crime, explosion
investigation etc. A practical / simulation
exercise for handling various exhibits at crime
scene was also carried out for the trainees.
Various cases were discussed as a part of case
studies. The topics selected were as per the
guidelines from BPR&D Hqrs. Expert Faculties
in their respective fields both in-house and
Guest faculties were called to deliver the
lectures. In the end of the Module, a Module
test was also conducted in which the Ist three
position holders were announced who will be
sent for further training abroad on the
recommendations of BPR&D.
The closing
ceremony of this course was held on dated
30.11.2012. Valedictory address was given
by Sh.B.S.Rana, Vice Principal, CDTS,
Chandigarh.
Dr.L.S.Rana, presented the
Course Report. The trainee officers in the
feedback session praised the infrastructure
facilities provided to them and the experience
they gained from the faculty and experts from
their respective fields. The trainees were
given Course Certificates and the Vote of
Thanks was presented by Dr.L.S.Rana, Course
Coordinator.
11
NR SPECIALIZED COURSE ON INVESTIGATION OF ECONOMIC OFFENCES 03.12.2012 to 07.12.2012.
CDTS Chandigarh
As per the approval of BPR&D, New Delhi, a
Specialized course on Investigation of
Economic Offences was conducted in CDTS,
Chandigarh from 3.12.12 to 7.12.12. for the
police officers of the rank from ASI to Dy.Ss.P.
The Course was inaugurated by Sh.
S.P.S.Verma, IPS, DIG, Principal, CDTS,
Chandigarh and it was successfully
coordinated by Sh. Samy Singh, Dy.S.P.,
CDTS, Chandigarh. A total number of 26
Police officers from the northern states of the
country participated in this course.
acquaint the trainee police officers with the
theoretical and practical aspects of economic
offences to enable them to handle
investigation of such cases in a professional
way. They were taught various laws and
rules related to Economic offences to fortify
their knowledge in this regard various topics
such as
Registration of FIR in Economic
offences, Forensic investigation of economic
crimes, Money laundering Hawala
Transaction, Investigation of disproportionate
assets, investigation of share market, laying
traps, Passport frauds, Insurance frauds,
intellectual property rights, Economic crimes,
Fake currency notes and their detection,
Railway frauds, Financial frauds, Banking
frauds, etc. were covered. Learned faculties
from CDTs, Chandigarh and from other
sources were invited to deliver expert lectures
on various topics. Module test was also
conducted in the end of this course to assess
the knowledge obtained by the trainees.
2.30 PM. by Sh. Samy Singh, Dy.S.P./Course
appreciated the conduct of the course and the
facilities in CDTS, Chandigarh.
Thoughts
Passing breeze disturbs the flame of candle
Passing passion disturbs the mind
To steady the flame, it is covered with Chimney
To steady the mind it is covered with spirituality
If we slip with passing passion again & again,
it may lead to some addiction,
bad behaviour or unethical personality trait
which may become disease.
And then we end up spending 30-40 years or whole life
in overcoming this disease. Sometimes it is never overcome.
12
NR SPECIALIZED COURSE ON INVESTIGATION OF CYBER CRIME
FROM 10.12.12 TO 14.12.12
CDTS Chandigarh
The Specialized Course on “Investigation of
Cyber Crime” was conducted by CDTS,
Chandigarh from 10.12.2012 to 14.12.2012
for the police officers of the rank from ASI to
Dy.Ss.P.
The Course was of two (2) weeks
duration and attended by 24 Police Officers
from the northern states of the country The
aim of this course was to get acquaint the
trainees with the theoretical as well as
practical aspect of Investigation in the field of
Cyber Crime Investigation. The Course was
successfully coordinated by Sh. Gurcharan
Singh, Course Coordinator. Experts both from
in-house and out-sources were called to
deliver various expert lectures in their fields of
specialization. The Course was formally
inaugurated by Shri S.P.S.Verm, IPS, DIG,
Principal, CDTS, Chandigarh on 10.12.2014.
In this course, Trainee Officers were
adjudged/ assessed at various stages such as
Module Test, Viva-Voce, Discipline &
Punctuality in the class, their behaviour with
the fellow officers, staff and towards guest
faculties etc. The Ist three position holders of
this course would be considered for further
advance training abroad by Govt. of India on
the recommendations of BPR&D Hqrs.
The basic idea to send the IOs for
advance training aboard is that IOs should be
more acquainted/conversant with the
procedures as the IO is the first Govt.
representative/ authority to reach at the
“Scene of Crime”, and handle the situation at
the first hand . He needs to be specialised and
advanced to deal with any situation at the
crime scene.
The Expert faculties in their respective field
acquainted and updated the trainee officers
with latest inputs on the topics of Cyber Crime
& Digital Forensic, Overview of Information
related amendments in Cr Pc, IPC & Evidence
Acts, Basic concept of IP address, MAC
address, Domain name system and DNS
Server, Concept of HTTP, HTTPS, PROXY
Server, Gateway, Router etc., Basic concept of
E-mail, Email client, E-mail Header, Tracing of
E-mail & E-mail related crime and case
studies, Overview of Cell Forensic, Digital
Signature, Hacking Phishing, Network
Security, Investigation of Cyber Crime initial
step, Cyber Crime Scene Management,
Comparison of digital evidences, Credit card,
ATM Card, Security features and Internet
Banking & related crimes. The topics selected
for this course were as per the guidelines of
BPR&D Hqrs. Besides giving them theoretical
inputs on scientific aids to”Investigation of
Cyber Crime” they were also given input on
practical exercises on Microsoft
word/excel/PowerPoint, Search & seizure
w.r.t. Computer Crimes, E mail Tracing,
Internet, Search Identification, Technical
Surveillance, Scientific Analysis of call details
(CDRs) with live practical's, Password
Management were also shown to them which
were highly appreciated by trainee officers.
organized on 14.12.2012 in CDTS,
Chandigarh at 1600 hrs. The proceedings
were started by Sh. Gurcharan Singh, Cyber
Faculty who was the Course Coordinator;
Course report was also presented by him. The
Valedictory address was delivered by Shri
S.P.S.Verma, IPS, DIG, Principal
CDTS,
Chandigarh. Trainee Police Officers also
expressed their experiences and learning
regarding the course and highly appreciated
the management of the course and
appreciated various lectures. They also
praised the CDTS facilities.
The course
concluded with the vote of thanks by Shri
Gurcharan Singh, Course Coordinator.
13
Sh. Gagandeep Singh, Dy. SP, CDTS, Chandigarh,
undergone Crisis Response Team Training
in Montross (USA)
CDTS Chandigarh
Sh. Gagandeep Singh who joined CDTS Chandigarh on 11th January 2012 as a Dy. S.P.,
attended 33 days course entitled “Crisis Response Team” at Montross (USA) from
22nd Oct. 2012, to 23rd Nov. 2012. There were 22 Police officers from various states
of India and from Paramilitary forces. The trainees were exposed to various techniques
of fighting with terrorist, how to save the hostage from terrorists, how to prevent
terrorist attacks and how to react during terrorist attacks. A few glimpses of the
course:-
14
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATOR JOURNAL Issue 5, Jan. 12-Mar. 13
43rd All India Police Science Congress held at Patna
on Feb 27, 2013 to March 1, 2013.
CDTS Chandigarh
The research topic of Shri Gurcharan Singh, Faculty Member of Cyber Crime, Central
Detective Training School, Chandigarh was shortlisted for making presentation during
43rd All India Police Science Congress held at Patna on Feb 27, 2013 to March 1, 2013.
This Police Science Congress was attended by delegates from all State Police Forces,
CAPFs, CPOs along with forensic scientists, administrators and technology experts. Shri
Gurcharan Singh presented Research paper on “Significance of passive/ Idle Mode
Network Parameters of GSM/CDMA for Law Enforcement Agencies”.
A Group photograph of delegates attending 43rd All India Police Science Congress held at
Patna on Feb 27, 2013 to March 1, 2013.
15
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATOR JOURNAL Issue 5, Jan. 12-Mar. 13
CDTS Chandigarh
INDEPENDENCE DAY CELEBRATION’S
15-8-2012
To mark the patriotic spirit, Independence Day was celebrated in CDTS Chandigarh
on 15th, August 2012. Sh. S.P.S. Verma, IPS, DIG, Principal CDTS Chandigarh
unfurled the National Flag and addressed the gathering. Few glimpses of the
function are as below:-
16
Dr.L.S.Rana
IMPROVISED TIMING AND
TRIGGERING MECHANISM FOR IED’S
INTRODUCTION:Improvised explosive devices
(IED’s) have been one of the
dearest tools of the militants all
over the world to spread terror. One
of the important part of the
composition of IED’s is its triggering
mechanism. Various types of
triggering mechanisms standard as
well as improvised are used by the
miscreants for this purpose. Control
over the timing of blast is another
facility which finds favour with the
terrorists as in that case the device
can be planted several days ahead
of a particular event at a particular
place and provides the perpetrator
of the crime a safe escape.
Examples of this type of strategy
are the blasts, one at the Swai Man
Singh stadium at Jaipur( Rajsthan)
and the other in the stadium at
Srinagar in which the attack was
planned on the Governer of Jammu
and Kashmir. ABCD timer, which has
the provision of delaying a blast
from about 8 minutes to 196 days
was detected to have been used in
both these blasts.
Remnants of ABCD timers like
broken pieces of its connecting
electric wires, body pieces of the
device and its metallic on-of switch
after the blast, are many a times
found present in the crater or the
nearby area. These evidences
indicate the use of this device in the
blasts. Another such timing and
triggering device is time pencil
which also has the provision of
delaying a blast from generally ½ an
hour to 8 hours is also commonly
used by the miscreants.
Prominent example of the use of
this device are the Mumbai blasts of
1993.The has also been used in
many other blasts in Punjab and
Jammu and Kashmir. In post blast
cases examination of the scene, the
presence of the metal parts of the
time pencil which are generally
flown to distant places indicates its
use in the blast. Thus the type of
remnants available at the blast sites
indicate the composition of IED’s
including its usual timing and
triggering mechanism. It has been
17
CDTS Chandigarh
Keywords:
Triggering,
Initiating,
Gelatine,
Sulphuric Acid,
Potassium Chlorate
Delay Devices,
ABCD Timers,
Time Pencils,
IED’s,
Blast
Vice Principal
CDTS Chandigarh
Improvised Timing and Triggering Mechanism For IED’S
CDTS Chandigarh
Abstract :
Apart from the usual
timing and triggering
devices like ABCD
timers, time pencils etc.,
recent blasts in Punjab
(India) have revealed
that militants are using
most innovative
techniques to carry out
the blasts using the
material very commonly
available everywhere
without attracting
attention of law
enforcement/security
agencies. For arriving at
a definite conclusion,
experiments had to be
carried out and results
found have been very
interesting.
possible to a certain extent to
identify the militant groups involved
in the explosion by identifying the
components of the Improvised
Explosive Devices, specifically the
triggering devices. Hence it has
always been of great importance to
identify initiating/triggering device
for the law enforcement agencies,
which help in narrowing down to the
culprits responsible for bombing
incidents. However, in the recent
blasts in Punjab, in spite of the best
efforts put in, it has not been
possible to locate the residues of
initiating/triggering devices
physically, causing the anxiety to
know the technique used by the
militants to trigger the IEDs. The
chemical analysis of the pieces of
the container of IED, the damaged
pieces of air bag/briefcase used for
carrying or hiding the IED and the
soil, concrete, damaged parts of
surrounding material etc. collected
from the site, gave positive tests for
the presence of sulphate and
chloride ions, whereas in
corresponding control samples
these ions were found absent.
These chemical results indicated
towards the use of well known
reaction of concentrated sulphuric
acid on potassium chlorate alone or
potassium chlorate and sugar
mixture to cause explosion 1-4.
Number of experiments were
carried out in laboratory to study as
to what could have been used as
container of sulphuric acid and the
way in which acid would have come
in contact with the chlorate or its
mixture with sugar to cause
explosion. The method of keeping
sulphuric acid filled perforated
container besides potassium
chlorate appeared crude and very
risky as even while carrying the
explosion devices, the acid can
spill/come out of the container,
falling on the chlorate or its mixture
with sugar and cause explosion,
killing the carrier himself.
Live recovery of empty gelatin
capsule shells from some
miscreants gave idea that they may
have been using these capsules as
container for the acid. Interestingly
gelatin capsule’s shell gets
dissolved in water and dilute
hydrochloric acid in just 2 to 3
minutes time and hence it was
thought that the concentrated
sulphuric acid which is considered
very strong will char/burn the
gelatin capsule shell in still lesser
time and the possibility of its use as
container for sulphuric acid seemed
remote. However, when reaction of
concentrated sulphuric acid on the
gelatin capsule shells was studied, it
was surprisingly found that the
reaction was much slower and thus
the technique used by the terrorists
to trigger the IED was uncovered by
carrying out the study in detail. The
results have been reported in this
research paper for the information
of the police officers/forensic
experts involved in the examination
or investigation of explosion cases.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
Empty gelatin capsule shells of
different sizes No. 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
and 5 shown in photograph-1 have
been taken.
45
18
SCIENTIFIC
SCIENTIFICINVESTIGATOR
INVESTIGATORJOURNAL
JOURNALJan
Jan20122012-March
March2013
2013
Ist Experiment
A capsule shell of each size was
taken and 0.2ml of concentrated
sulphuric acid was filled in each with
the help of a micropipette. The time
of filling the acid in each capsule
shell was noted. Each capsule shell
filled with acid was then kept in an
empty, clean, dry and transparent
small injection vial (2ml capacity) to
keep it in a vertical position along its
length. Time taken by the sulphuric
acid in decomposing the capsule
and coming out of it was recorded.
The experiment has been repeated
by taking 0.15ml, 0.10ml and
0.05ml of sulphuric acid and putting
it in capsule shells of different sizes
and the time taken by the sulphuric
acid in coming out of these shells
have been noted. The average
results of three observations of
each type are recorded in table-1.
Graphs, appendix-1 were plotted by
taking the quantity of sulphuric acid
used on X-axis and the time taken
by the sulphuric acid in coming out
of the shells in each case on Y-axis
and 0; 4, 3, 2, 1, 0 and 00 and 4, 3,
2, 1, 0, 00 and the cap of no.00, as
shown in photograph-2 were used
to obtain two layers to seven layers
respectively of the capsule shell wall
. 0.2ml of concentrated sulphuric
acid was then put in each
combination with the help of a
micropipette and time of filling the
acid was noted in each case. Each
combination of capsule shells filled
with acid was then kept in an empty,
clean, dry and transparent small
injection vial (2ml capacity) to keep
it in a vertical position along its
length. The time taken by the acid
to come out of each combination
was calculated by noting down the
final time at which the first drop of
acid came out of the capsule shell
combination. The average time
taken on the basis of three
observations of each combination
has been recorded on the second
column of table-2.
CDTS Chandigarh
Abstract
...Gelatin capsule shells
of different sizes have
been found used as a
container for sulphuric
acid to react with
potassium chlorate or
the mixture of
potassium chlorate &
sugar for triggering
improvised explosive
devices (IED’s). This
technique had been
adopted by the specific
group of militants in the
recent past in Punjab
State. The capsules by
innovatively arranging
in the system can
provide a timing and
triggering device.
Depending upon the
arrangement, time
IIIrd Experiment
period of blast can be
The above mentioned combinations delayed from 9 minutes
of the capsule shells were again to 725 minutes.
taken and the average time on the
IInd Experiment
A capsule shell of smallest size basis of three observations taken by
(no.4) was inserted into another 0.15ml, 0,10ml and 0,05ml of
capsule shell having slightly higher concentrated sulphuric acid in
size (no.3) to get double thickness coming out of each combination
or two layers of the capsule shell after decomposing the capsule shell
wall. One such combination of walls have been measured in each
capsules shells (no.4 and 3) was case and recorded in the 3rd to 5th
inserted into another capsule shell c o l u m n o f t a b l e - 2 . T h e
of next higher size (no.2) so that a graphs,appendix-2 ware then
three times thickness of three plotted by taking the number of
layers of the capsule shell wall was layers of the capsule shell
obtained. In this way combinations combination on X-axis and the time
of capsule shells of sizes no.4 and 3; taken by the acid in coming out in
4, 3 and 2; 4, 3, 2 and 1; 4, 3, 2, 1 each case on Y-axis.
19
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATOR JOURNAL Issue 2 , April-June 2011
CDTS Chandigarh
Table 1:
Experimental data showing the
decomposition time of the shells of
different numbers of gelatin
capsules with fixed amount of
sulphuric acid.
more time in coming out of the
capsule shell if lesser quantity of it is
used. The graphs in appendix1,which have been plotted by taking
the quantity of the sulphuric acid on
X-axis and the time taken by the
sulphuric acid in coming out of the
Time
in
minutes
in
getting
the
capsule
shell
Capsule
capsule shell of different sizes on Ydecomposed and acidcoming out of it,
Size
when quantity of acid used is
No.
axis, is a straight line. This shows
0.2ml 0.15ml 0.10ml 0.05ml that the time taken by the sulphuric
4
9.1
15.2
22.0
27.6 acid in coming out of the capsule
3
10.1 16.1
22.8
29.0 shell for its reaction with the
2
11.2 17.8
24.0
30.2 chemicals i.e. potassium chlorate or
1
12.6 19.2
25.4
32.0 its mixture with sugar surrounding
it, is inversely proportional to the
0
14.2 20.2
27.1
33.3
quantity of the acid taken and a
00 15.3 22.1
28.1
34.2
desired duration of the same can be
achieved by taking the required
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table-1 shows the time taken in quantity of the acid in the capsule
minutes by the different quantities shell.
i.e. 0.2, 0.15, 0.1 and 0.05ml of While going down the table-1, as
sulphuric acid in coming out of the the size of the capsule shell
single capsule shell of different sizes increases from no.4 to 00, the time
of its decomposition with the fixed
after decomposing the same.
While going from left to right in the quantity of acid increases but does
table-1, as the quantity of acid used not become even double. Again the
decreases from 0.2 to 0.05ml, the small increase in time can be
time taken in the decomposition of attributed to the fact that as the size
the capsule shell increases of the capsule shell increases, the
s i g n i f i c a n t l y a n d b e c o m e s height of the column of fixed
approximately 2.5 to 3 times to its quantity of acid inside the capsule
duration with 0.2 ml. This can be shell decreases, which in turn
explained by taking pressure into decreases the pressure on the base
consideration. The decrease in the of the capsule shell and hence the
quantity of sulphuric acid to one reaction of the sulphuric acid on the
fourth of its original amount base of the capsule shell slows down
decreases significantly the height of to some extent.
the cylindrical column of acid inside Table 2:
the capsule shell. The decrease in Experimental data showing time (in
the height of the cylindrical column, minutes) taken by sulphuric acid in
decreases pressure on its base, coming out after decomposing
which slows down the reaction of different capsule shell wall
sulphuric acid on the base of the combinations when different
capsule shell. The acid thus takes quantity of acid was used.
20
wall of the innermost capsule shell
is not completely damaged by the
0.20ml 0.15ml 0.10ml 0.05ml action of the acid, which still holds
some of the acid inside and the
9.1
15.2
20.2
26.1
pressure on the next capsule due to
26.1 40.1
50.2
75.2
the cylindrical column of the acid
50.2 75.3
95.3
140.3
inside is not full. These two factors
90.1 125.2 150.1 200.4 become more effective with the
130.3 182.1 225.4 300.3 increase in the number of capsule
200.1 270.2 325.1 475.4 shell used in increasing the layers of
350.2 375.3 475.4 725.1 the capsule shell combinations.
No. of layers
in capsule
shell
combinations
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Time (in minutes) taken by sulphuric acid in
coming out afterdecomposing the capsule
shell wall when quantity used is.
In table-2, the time taken by the
fixed quantity of sulphuric acid in
coming out of the capsule shell
combinations having different
layers of their walls have been
shown. The time taken by the acid
in coming out after decomposing
the capsule shell combination
increases drastically by 30 to 40
times as the number of layers of the
wall of the combination increases
from one to seven. The graphs in
appedix-2 plotted by taking the
number of layers of the wall of the
capsule shell combination on X-axis
and the time taken by the acid in
coming out in each case on Y-axis, is
not a straight line. The graphs show
a tilt towards the ordinate with the
increase in thickness of the capsule
wall, which shows that the time
taken is not directly proportional to
the number of layers of wall of the
capsule shell combinations. The
reason for this behavior may be
explained by the fact that when the
acid decomposes and comes out of
the innermost capsule shell in the
combination and start reacting with
the next capsule shell, a slight
decrease in its concentration occurs
due to its reaction with the
innermost capsule shell and also the
Thus as the number of layers of the
wall of the capsule shell
combination increases, the time
taken by the acid in coming out of it
increases disproportionately.
As we go horizontally along the
table-2, time taken by the acid of
different quantities in coming out of
a given capsule combination is
shown, which increases to about
2.5 to 3 times as the quantity of the
sulphuric acid decreases from 0.2 to
0.05ml in these combinations for
the reasons already explained
above.
Quantity of sulphuric acid more
than 0.2ml has not been tried in this
experiment because in that case a
chance of spilling of acid occurs
from the capsule shell of smallest
size i.e. no..4. The quantity below
0.05 also could not be tried because
in that case the loss in
concentration of this quantity of
acid in the reaction with capsule
shell combinations having seven
layers of wall thickness may be so
marked that the acid may not
remain effective to cause its
reaction with potassium chlorate
21
CDTS Chandigarh
CDTS Chandigarh
and hence may fail to trigger the
IED.
From the perusal of the results
given in tables-1 and 2 and
discussions given above, it is clear
that a time delay of 9 minutes to
725 minutes i.e. 12 hours can be
obtained by taking different sizes of
capsules shell, changing these to
combinations having different
layers of their walls and by selecting
different quantities of the acid used.
The system can act as a delay cum
triggering device to explode the
IEDs.
CONCLUSION
From the post blast scene, if
damaged pieces of any kind of usual
detonation /initiation /triggering
devices are not recovered, then it
becomes important to carry out
chemical testing of post blast
residues and control samples to find
out the presence of sulphate and
chloride ions due to the presence of
sulphuric acid and decomposition
of Potassium chlorate chemicals
respectively6, which might have
been used in the initiating reaction
technique in capsule shell/shells
container as an innovative timing
mechanism to blast the IEDs.
Photograph 1
Photograph 2
REFERENCE
1. Vogel, A.I.Macro and Semimicro
quantitative inorganic analysis 367,
fourth edition, Orient Longman
Delhi,1977.
2. Guide book for dealing with
suspected bombs explosives and
other dangerous substances 3, 28
(v), 68 Bureau of Police Research &
Development, Minstry of Home
Affairs, Govt. of India, New Delhi,
1973.
3.
Guide book for dealing with
suspected bombs, explosives and
other dangerous substances 3, 28g
(ix), Bureau of Police Research &
Development, Minstry of Home
Affairs, Govt. of India, New Delhi,
1973.
4.
Kolla, P. “Trace Analysis of
Explosive from complex Mixture
with sample retreatment and
selective detection”, journal of
Forensic Science, JFSCA 36, 5m
1342-1359 (1991).
5.
Pharmacopoeia of India (The
Indian Pharmacopoeia)), Volume-I
(A-P) 91, Third Edition, Controller of
Publications, Delhi 1985.
6.
Vogel, A.I.Macro and Semi
micro quantitative inorganic
analysis 369, Fourth edition, Orient
Longman Delhi, 1977.
Graphs between the number of layers
of capsule shells and the time taken
by sulphuric acid in coming out these
22
Dr. K Vij*
HURT ENDANGERING LIFE/
DANGEROUS TO LIFE ?
From the standpoint of
seriousness of injuries, IPC
recognizes four types: (1) simple, (2)
grievous, (3) injuries of the kind
inflicted with intent to commit murder
prescribed in clause Firstly and
Secondly of section 300, and (4)
injury sufficient to cause death in
ordinary course of nature envisaged
by clause Thirdly of section 300.
There is no provision in the IPC which
envisages or refers to an injury
described as ‘dangerous
to life’.
However, the expression ‘dangerous
to life’ has become so popular with
doctors and the investigating
agencies that they hardly want to
part with this practice. And, the
doctor is often faced with the query
from the investigating agency: “could
the injury designated as ‘grievous’ by
you, prove dangerous to life?”. This
exercise is often adopted by the
police to introduce section 307 IPC
before launching the case in the
court. However, looking at various
judgments, one finds that honorable
courts have been consistently
seeking for the opinion of the doctor
as to “whether the injury in question
was sufficient to cause death in the
ordinary course of nature” to bring
the offence under the umbrella of
section 307 IPC. And, it is pertinent to
lay down that it is the court which
ultimately frames the charges ( i.e.
the charges leveled by the police may
or may not withstand the scrutiny of
the court).
.
Rattan Lal and Dhiraj Lal in
(Indian Penal Code, 32nd Edition
2010…page 1823) while describing
8th clause of 320 IPC i.e. ‘hurt which
endangers life’ quote views of some
medico-legal jurists: Taylor in
(Principles and Practice of Medical
Jurisprudence, 11th Edition Page
230) says that : “ the meaning of the
words ‘dangerous to life’ is left
entirely to the professional
knowledge of a witness. It is not
sufficient that he should make a
simple assertion in that the wound
was dangerous to life; he must be
prepared to state to the Court
satisfactory reasons for this opinion;
and these reasons may be rigorously
inquired into by counsel for the
defense. Danger to life primarily
depends upon hemorrhage, shock or
damage to a vital organ; and
s e c o n d l y, o n t h e c h a n c e o f
complications such as infection
leading to septicemia, payaemia, or
gas gangrene and, of infection of
particular parts or tissues --pneumonia, pleurisy, pericarditis,
meningitis or peritonitis; or more
remotely to the effects of scarring,
causing stricture (of the urethra,
oesophagus; etc) . It further says
that : “As a general principle, the
court is likely to consider as
dangerous to life in a legal sense only
those wounds in which the danger is
imminent. The law appears to
contemplate the more immediate
rather than the more remote possible
dangers”.
In the similar tune,
reference has been made about
Modi’s and Glaister’s
Medical
Jurisprudence. Author’s Text book of
Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, (5th
Edition) carries
mention of this
expression too.
It is understandable that the
expression ‘dangerous’ is an
adjective and the expression
‘endanger’ is a verb. Both these
expressions spring from the basic
word ie. ‘danger’. And, carry / convey
implications of menace or affliction,
23
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATOR JOURNAL Issue 5 , Jan 12- Mar 13
CDTS Chandigarh
Keywords :
Injuries
Grievous
Oesophagus
Septicemia
Payaemia
*Professor & Head
Forensic Medicine Deptt.
Gian Sagar Medical College
& Hospital, Ram Nagar,
Rajpura (Punjab)
Hurt endangering life/dangerous to life ?
CDTS Chandigarh
b u t i n d i f f e r i n g d e g r e e s o f of the injuries is such which could
imminentness. Categorization of the merit such a conclusion then such an
injury remaining the same i.e.
“grievous” (remaining clothed under
the concept propagated through
clause 8th …. Atma Singh, Vs State of
Punjab, 1980, Cr LJ 1226). The
wording written in some books i.e.
“the injury/injuries may prove fatal in
the absence of surgical aid” conveys
nothing but confusion and not to be
adhered to literally.
Doctors,
probably, are wary of extending
opinion in the form of “the injury/
injuries is / are sufficient to cause
death in the ordinary course of
nature” while responding to queries
by the police during processing of the
case of ‘the injured’.
And, they,
perhaps hold that this type of
certification is only meant for the
PMRs. Here, it needs be clarified that
the sufficiency of injury to cause
death in the ordinary course of nature
does not necessarily convey that the
same should inevitably and under all
circumstances must cause death (….
Atma Singh, Vs State of Punjab,
1980, Cr LJ 1226). Observations of
the court emphatically clarify the
concept: “We are of the view that the
Court is not absolved of the
responsibility while deciding a
criminal case to form its own
conclusion regarding the nature of
t h e i n j u r y, E x p e r t ’s o p i n i o n
notwithstanding. The Court has to
see the nature and dimension of the
injury, its location and the damage
that it has caused. Even when an
injury is described as to be one which
endangers the life, the court has to
apply its own mind and form its own
opinion in regard to the nature of
injury, having regard to the factors
that should weigh with the Court. We
are also firmly of the view that
wherever a doctor describes an injury
as ‘dangerous to life’ and the nature
45
24
SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATOR
JOURNAL
Jan52012SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATOR
JOURNAL
Issue
, Jan March
12- Mar2013
13
Kuldeep Singh*
CRIME AGAINST WOMEN :
A STUDY OF U.T., CHANDIGARH
Introduction
Crime against women in India isn’t
just a current issue, but rather has
deep seated traditional roots in the
culture. In India, the problem of
violence against women is a result of
a long standing power imbalance
between men and women. Women in
India are subject to all forms of
violence like Female infanticide,
discrimination within the household,
lack of opportunity to work, honor
killings, women as property, rape,
molestation, etc. According to the
latest National Crime Records Bureau
(NCRB) figure reported that
Chandigarh stands as second most
unsafe UT in India for crime against
women and children, while Delhi has
been ranked on top and Pondicherry
on the third number.
Figures released by NCRB states that
City recorded 241 cases of crime
against women in 2012, in Delhi the
number was 5959. Out of the 241
cases registered at different police
stations in the city, 73 percent cases
were registered of cruelty by
husbands or his relatives.
In rape case most of the victims were
below victims the age of 30 years.The
NCRB report also reveals that most of
in the rape cases, victims were raped
by their neighbours, their relatives,
close family members and person
known to victim. Prior to discuss the
crime against women in Chandigarh,
it is necessary to discuss the concept
of crime against women.
Crimes against Women:
crime is that it is behaviour or an
activity in violation of the legal code.
Paul Tappan (1960: 10) has defined
crime as “An intentional act or
omission in violation of criminal law
committed without defence or
CDTS Chandigarh
justification and sanctioned by the
state for punishment as a felony or a
misdemeanor.”
Crime generally
consists of various elements like
external consequences, Actus Reus,
Mens Reas, Prohibition, Act and
Punishment. But Actus Reus and
Mens Reas both are most important
element of the crime. These both are
the Latin words Actus Reus means
‘guilty of act’ and Mens rea means
‘guilty mind’. Any wrong act without
any intention is does not called crime.
Any crimes which are directed
specifically
against Women are
characterised as ‘Crimes Against
Women’. Indian Penal Code (IPC) has
classified crime against women
broadly in seven categories.
1. Rape ( section 376)
2. Kidnapping and abduction (section
360)
3. Dowry deaths (section 304 B)
4.Cruelty by Husband and Relative
(section 498A)
5. Molestation (section 354)
6. Sexual harassment (section 294)
7. Outraging the modesty of women
(section509)
On the basis of these crimes, in this
paper, an attempt has been made to
study the crime against women in
Chandigarh. An attempt has been
made to discuss the definition of the
particular crime and status of that
particular crime with examples in
Chandigarh.
CRIMES AGAINST
CHANDIGARH
WOMEN
IN
1.
Rape: (Section 376 of IPC)
Table-1 shows that highest number of
rape were in Chandigarh registered in
2010 i.e. 31 then in 2009, 29 cases
25
Key Words:
Crime,
Eve- teasing,
Kidnapping,
Molestation,
Sexual Harassment.
(*Assistant Professor,
Centre for Police
Administration,
Univ. Institute of Emerging
Areas in Social Sciences,
Panjab University,
Chandigarh
CRIME AGAINST WOMEN :A STUDY OF U.T., CHANDIGARH
were registered and in 2012 till Aug
31, 17 cases has been registered.
Table- 1: Number of rape cases
registered by Chandigarh Police from
2009 to 31 Aug, 2012
CDTS Chandigarh
Abstract :
In India, these days
security of women is a
great challenge before
law and order
administration. Women
do not feel secure in
schools/colleges, work
p l a c e s ,
l o c a l
transportation and even
in their homes too. The
life of women is
surrounded by violence,
exploitation and crime.
Government has made
attempt to enact many
laws for the Protection
of Women such as:Immoral Trafficking
against Women
Act,1956, The Dowry
Prohibition Act, 1961,
T h e
I n d e c e n t
Representation of
Women (Prohibition)
Act,1986, National
Commission for Women
Act,1990, Pre-Natal
Diagnostic Techniques
(regulation and
prevention of misuse)...
1.
Year
2009
2.
2010
3.
2011
4.
2012
S.No
Case Registered
29
31
27
(upto 31 Aug)
Case :1
Poonam committed suicide by
hanging herself from ceiling fan on
Sep 25, 2012 and her husband and
father-in-law booked for abetting her
to commit suicide just because she
was unable to fulfill their dowry
demands.
3. Molestation: (Section 354 of IPC)
This offense is considered less serious
than Rape. Table-3 shows that
highest number of cases of
molestation were registered in 2010
i.e. 29 then in 2009, 26 cases were
registered and till Aug 31, 12 cases
has been registered and some
selected famous cases are discussed
below.
17
Source: Chandigarh Police
Case I
A shocking rape case in Chandigarh
was of Nari Niketan, where an
employee raped a mentally
challenged girl in 2009 which results
the victim to a mother of a girl. A local
court awarded 10-year rigorous
imprisonment to nine people,
including two women. The accused Table-3 : Number of molestation
were booked for offences like rape, cases registered by Chandigarh
criminal conspiracy and destruction Police from 2009 to 31 Aug, 2012
of evidence. Besides the jail term, S.No
Case Registered
Year
court has also slapped a fine of Rs 1.
2009
26
2,000 each on all accused.
Case II
Neha Alhawat case, where a 21 year
old girl was raped and then murdered
near a taxi stand in sector 38 in year
2010. Even after two years Central
Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL) is
not able to deliver the report in this
case.
2. Dowry death: (Section 304 B of
IPC): Table-2 shows that highest
number of dowry death was
registered in 2010 i.e. 05 and till Aug
Table-2: Number of dowry death
cases registered by Chandigarh
Police from 2009 to 31 Aug, 2012
Case Registered
1.
Year
2009
2.
2010
5
3.
2011
2
4.
2012
S.No
2
(upto 31 Aug)
4
2.
2010
29
3.
2011
21
4.
2012
(upto 31 Aug)
12
Case I
The Ruchika Girhotra Case involves
the molestation of 14-year-old
Ruchika Girhotra in 1990 by the
Inspector General of Police Shambhu
Pratap Singh Rathore (S.P.S.
Rathore) in Haryana, India. After she
made a complaint, the victim, her
family, and her friends were
systematically harassed by the police
leading to her eventual suicide. On
December 22, 2009, after 19 years,
40 adjournments, and more than 400
hearings, the court finally
pronounced Rathore guilty under
Section 354 IPC (molestation) and
sentenced him to six months
imprisonment and a fine of Rs 1,000.
The CBI had opposed Rathore's plea
and had sought an enhancement of
his sentence from six months to the
26
CRIME AGAINST WOMEN : A STUDY OF U.T., CHANDIGARH
maximum of two years after his
conviction. Rejecting his appeal
against his conviction by a Central
Bureau of Investigation (CBI) special
court, Chandigarh District Court on
May 25 sentenced the disgraced
former police official to one and a half
years of rigorous imprisonment,
enhancing his earlier six-month
sentence and immediately taken into
custody and taken to the Burail
prison. On 11 November 2010, the
Supreme Court granted bail to S P S
Rathore on the condition that he
should not leave Chandigarh.
Case II
Molestation of girl outside a
discotheque at sector 26 on July 14,
2012 by a group of youth where she
was rescued by her boss and friends.
The assailants tried to molest other
girls, who managed to flee. The
incident occurred when 25-year-old
came to the discotheque for a party.
She came out at 1:20 am when a
dozen youths surrounded her as she
was about to sit in her car. She
worked with a software firm in the
city.
4.
(Sexual harassment: Section
294 of IPC) : In Chandigarh, from the
last few years the number of cases of
sexual harassment and eve- teasing
are increasingly. The Table- 4 shows
highest number of cases were
registered in 2011 i.e. 34 and till Aug
sharp weapon causes her injure on
her head by three youths just
because she answer back to their
comment. Not just they hurt her;
even they tried to drag her in their
CDTS Chandigarh
c a r. A l l t h i s h a p p e n e d n e a r
Government College for Girls- 42. A
case was registered at police station
...Act, 1994, The Prein Sector 36.
Natal Diagnostic
Techniques (regulation
Case II
and prevention of
A BBA student and a resident of misuse) Amendment
Sector 46, was on her way to attend A c t , 2 0 0 2 , T h e
classes at a private education Protection of Women
from Domestic Violence
institute in Sector 47 when Randeep Act, 2005 and Immoral
Singh cornered her at 12 noon. The Trafficking (prevention)
youth, son of a leading sweet shop Amendment Act, 2006
owner in Sector 46, first snatched the etc. Still this crime is
girl's mobile phone and keys of her increasing day- by- day.
We find new cases of
Honda Activa. When she resisted, he crime against women in
sped away from the spot with her the newspapers every
day, after the stiff
Activa.
o r
Within minutes, Randeep returned in p e n a l t i e s
punishments.
In
this
a black-coloured Alto car and dragged
paper an attempt has
her into the vehicle and drove away. been made to analyze
Inside the car, Randeep assaulted the t h e c r i m e a g a i n s t
girl with an iron rod. When girl raised women in Chandigarh.
an alarm, she was thrown out from
the moving car in Sector 34. Girl
suffered injuries in the attack.
5.
Cruelty by husband and
relatives: (Section 498 A of IPC):
Table-5 shows that highest number of
cases of cruelty by husband
registered in 2009 i.e. 51 then
decreased to 46 in 2011 and till Aug
Table-4: Number of sexual
harassment cases registered by Table-5 : Number of cruelty by
Chandigarh Police from 2009 to 31 husband or relatives of husband
cases registered by Chandigarh
Aug, 2012
Police
from 2009 to 31 Aug, 2012
Case Registered
Year
S.No
1.
2009
11
2.
2010
6
3.
2011
4.
2012
(upto 31 Aug)
Case Registered
1.
Year
2009
34
2.
2010
41
11
3.
2011
46
4.
2012
S.No
(upto 31 Aug)
51
44
Case I
Komal where she was attacked with a
27
CRIME AGAINST WOMEN : A STUDY OF U.T., CHANDIGARH
CDTS Chandigarh
Aug, 2012
Case
The resident of Maloya was registered S.No
Case Registered
Year
for cruelty against her wife for the 1.
2009
2
demand of dowry.
2010
2.
5
6.
Kidnapping (female): (Section
2011
3.
2
360 of Indian penal code): Table-6
2012
(upto 31 Aug)
4.
4
shows that 46 cases of kidnapping
were registered in 2011 and theses Case
were the highest number of cases A car dealer was arrested from his
compared to other years and till 31 shop, sec-7 against the complaint of
22 year old woman working in NGO,
aug 31 cases has been registered.
who passed her obscene comments
Table-6: Number of kidnapping outraging her modesty. The victim
cases registered by Chandigarh initially went to his shop at around
2:30 pm but the accused asked her to
Police from 2009 to 31 Aug, 2012
come back later in the evening to
Case Registered
Year
S.No
collect a cheque of Rs 3,000 that he
2009
35
1.
wished to donate.
2010
2.
28
The woman alleged that when she
2011
3.
46
returned later, the accused was alone
2012 (upto 31 Aug)
4.
in the shop, made lewd remarks and
31
obscene gestures.
Conclusion
Only legislation and law enforcement
Case
agencies
cannot prevent the incident
A sector 23 businessman had alleged
that his 16 year old daughter has of crime against women. Now social
been kidnapped by a Zirakpur awakening and change in the attitude
resident with help of his relative. The of peple is needed, so that due
complainant today Rupinderpal had respect and equal status is given to
complained to the police that Inderjit women This awakening can be
Singh Malik and Sangeeta, both brought by education campaign
residents of Orbit Apartment 1, VIP among youth making them aware of
Road, Zirakpur has allegedly existing social evils and the means to
kidnapped his daughter from the eradicate same. Mass media can also
Carmel Convent School, Sector 9, on play an active role here as in the
Oct 14, 2011. The girl has been present days it has reached every
recovered from Giderbaha, Punjab. corner of the nation. Various NGOs
can hold a responsible position here
7. Outraging the modesty of a by assigning them with the task of
woman: (Section 509 of IPC): Table- highlighting socio-economic causes
7 shows that in 2011, 12 cases has leading to such crimes.
been registered and these are the
highest number as compared to other REFERENCES:
years. Till august 31, 11 cases have Kelly Dawn, Askin (1997), War
been registered. The latest example Crimes Against Women: Prosecution
of this kind of crime is discussed i n I n t e r n a t i o n a l Wa r C r i m e s
Tr i b u n a l s , M a r t i n u s N i j h o f f
below.
Publishers, Netherland.
Table-7: Number of outraging the P.C., Tripathy (1998), Crime against
modesty of a woman cases registered working women, APH Publication,
by Chandigarh Police from 2009 to 31 New Delhi.
28
Shivani Sharma*
VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL (VOIP)
-A BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) is
transferring of voice packets from one
end to another in few seconds through
internet. The deployment of VOIP
services has bought revolution in the
telecommunication. The blustering
growth and popularity of Internet
Protocols has allowed phone calls to be
routed in small packets over Internet
infrastructure rather than the traditional
Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN) infrastructure.The increasing
access of such easily available
communication resources has put the
homeland security at high risk. One such
savage example is 26/11 Mumbai
attack.Terrorists used VOIP phones to
communicatewith each other. These
VOIP phones were registered in Florida
and brought by funds transferred from
Karachi. Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI) of US helped the Indian
Investigating Agencies to record and
traces the VOIP calls. The US Federal
Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has helped
the investigators to track the VOIP
telephone to the computer in Lahore.
The traditional method of communication
such as PSTN uses circuit switched
network to carry call. When two parties
create a call, they established a direct
path between themselves. For the
duration of the call, only these two
parties used this path; it is a temporary,
but dedicated connection. The Internet
is, instead, a “packet-routed” network.
Rather than fixed circuits, the sent data
are broken into small packets and each
packet travels its own route over the
Internet. The packets are reassembled
and rearranged when received at the
other end. A VOIP system employs a
packet-switched network, where the
voice signal is digitized, compressed and
packetized. This compressed digital
message no longer requires a voice
channel. Instead, a message can be sent
across the same data lines that are used
for the Intranet or Internet and a
dedicated channel is no longer needed.
S. K. Jain**
CDTS Chandigarh
The message can now share bandwidth
with other messages in the network.
Normal data traffic is carried between
PC’s and other networked devices
through a company’s worldwide
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/IP
network. Each device on the network has
an IP address, which is attached to every
packet for routing. VOIP application
allows communication between two
parties over the packet switched Internet
through three scenarios i.e. PC (Personal
Computer) to PC, PC to Phone, Phone to
Phone [1-3].The recording set-up for
VOIP calls was in such manner to record
the calls through three scenarios:
a.)
PC to PC: VOIP facility in PC to PC
mode could be colligated by using their
personal computers connected to
internet connection (Figure 1). Thereare
several softwarelike Skype, Google Talk
etc. freely available on the internet that
can be used for this type of VOIP. A high
speed internet connectionis required to
place a call through software using
microphoneand speakers connected to
PC.
Figure 1. PC to PC calling
*Senior Scientific Assistant,
b.)
PC to Phone: VOIP services
CFSL, MHA, Chandigarh.
between PC and Phone could be
**Deputy Director,
established by connecting both devices
CFSL, MHA, Chandigarh.
by internet (Figure 2).
Figure 2. PC to Phone calling
To establish this communication facility,
gateway is required that connects IP
network to phone network through
Router.A gateway converts a telephone
conversation into the correct format i.e.
into data packets to enable it to travel
across a data network as Internet
Telephony. Gateway has interfaces to
both IP networks and PSTN. PSTN calls
29
CDTS Chandigarh
Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP)-A Brief Introduction
can be routed through voice-enabled were configured (Figure 4).The facility
routers.
was established to record the voice calls
c.)Phone to Phone: VOIP services could when routed through internet. The calls
also be established by using Phone at routed over the internet were recorded
both ends (Figure 3). The phone network using the Knoahsoft software Harmony
is connected to internet connection installed in the server at one end. This
through gateway. Gateways are required data was stored in the data storage
at both ends of a telephone conversation device of the server and then transferred
so that voice can be converted and then to workstations for further analysis of
reconverted back into intelligible recorded speech files for the purpose of
language at the other end.
Fo r e n s i c S p e a ke r I d e n t i f i c a t i o n .
Spectrographic studies of speech
samples recorded in three modes of
Internet telephony has been carried out
and it was observed that the information
Figure 3. Phone to Phone calling
regarding speaker specific
The emergence of VOIP technology has features(formant frequencies and
bought unlimited future prospect or harmonics) presented in PC to PC and PC
potential to exchange voice and data with to PSTN mode were similar to normal
high encryption. Moreover, VOIP services mode as compared to PSTN-PSTN mode
are ubiquitous, cheap, reduced the call in internet telephony. Integration of the
c o s t , e a s i l y a c c e s s i b l e , s i m p l e VOIP and PSTN resulted in degradation of
infrastructure, scalable and secure but it VOIP speech quality and significant shift
is really a matter of deep worry for law in formant frequencies of PSTN-PSTN
enforcement agencies to trace such calls mode towards lower frequency region
and callee. It is hard pressed to follow the [6].The parameters extracted in
path of the calls carried by Internet thesedifferent conditions could be helpful
driven phone programs such as Skype, for forensic experts in examination of
Google Talk, MSN, Yahoo Messenger etc. actual crime cases of Forensic Speaker
with today’s best computer technology Identification, as and when situation
[4]. In addition to that number of issues arises.
such as Packet loss, Delay or Jitter, Echo,
Denial of Service attack etc. yet to
resolve to improve the Quality of Service
(QoS) of Internet Telephony. Some
studies using freely available software Fig. 4. Block Diagram of VOIP Communication
such as Skype have been already carried References: 1. www.voip-info.org 2. Sharma,
out for the purpose of Forensic Speaker S., Jain, S.K., Sharma, R.M., and Agrawal, S.
S., “Present Scenario of Forensic Speaker
Identification [5].
Identification in India” Proc. of International
In India, Central Forensic Science conference on Spoken Languages O
Laboratory, Chandigarh took an initiative COCOSDA (2010) (http: //desceco.org/Ounder XI Five Year Plan Project to carry COCOSDA 2010 /proceedings/paper_50.pdf)
out research work on the identification of 3 Goode, B., “Voice over Internet Protocol
the speaker from the speech samples (VOIP)”, Proc. IEEE, (2002),Vol.90,No.9, pp.
recorded over internet. The facility for 1495 -1517. 4. Kuhn, D.R., Walsh, T.J. & Fries,
interception and recording of VOIP calls S.,“NIST; Security Considerations for Voice
for the purpose of Forensic Speaker over IP Systems” (2005) (www.csrc. nist.gov/
publications/nistpubs/800-58/SP800-58Identification was developed at CFSL
final.pdf) 5.Sharma, S., Jain, S.K., Sharma, &
Chandigarh. For VOIP set-up, fully Sharma, R.M., “Internet Telephony and
dedicated work stations, servers, Speaker Identification-Forensic Relevance”
routers, voice interface card, Cisco accepted for publication in The Indian Police
Unified Call Managers (CUCM) and IP Journal July-Sept, (2013) 6. Sharma, S., Jain,
communicators running over high speed S.K., and Sharma, R.M., “Spectrographic
broadband connections having static IP study of Speech Samples Recorded
were installed attwo different sites at Through(VOIP)” accepted for poster
CFSL, Chandigarh. CUCM was installed in presentation in International conference on
Spoken Languages O-COCOSDA to be held at
server and all calling devices such as IP
KIIT, Gurgaon(2013).
Phones, IP communicators and PSTN line
SI TE 1
SI TE 2
MODEM
MODEM
ROUTER
VIRTUAL
VIRTUAL
PRIVATE
PRIVATE
NETWORK
NETWORK(VPN)
(VPN)
ROUTER
SWITCH
SWITCH
IP Phone
PC
Communicator
SERVER
with
CUCM
IP Phone
30
45
PC
Communicator
IDENTIFICATION OF VARIOUS METHODS FOR POSITION AND
Gurcharan Singh* LOCATION OF MOBILE STATION (CELL PHONE SUBSCRIBER)
– ZEROING THE LOCATION OF THE CRIMINALS
INTRODUCTION
In today’s fast world mobile has
become one of the important
commodities of a human being. It
has become a necessity rather than
a luxurious commodity. Even a
common person is more dependent
on his mobile for his day to day
activities. Nowadays it is not
possible to imagine the
Communication World without the
use of Mobile Phones. They are used
all over the World and one of the
most common and most used
Standards is GSM. -- Today's
criminal has a number of weapons
at his disposal, but you might be
surprised to learn one of their
cheapest and most effective tools is
a cell phone. The tools of choice for
today's savvy criminals are prepaid
cell phones; which they are
acquiring with the fake identity and
addresses and it has become really
difficult for the security/
investigating agencies to
apprehend such criminals.
Such
cell phone connections, now-a
days, are very cheap, disposable
and totally untraceable. Thus, the
need of the hour is to identify
methods and location based
services for pin pointing the exact
location of criminals within the
existing infrastructure available
with the service providers. The
location based services are of great
significance in mobile
communication in fighting crimes.
The success factor of location based
services heavily depends upon the
accuracy of location determining
technology to predict mobile users’
location and the minimum response
time to get the information.
BRIEF ARCHITECTURE OF
GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE
COMMUNICATION
CDTS Chandigarh
Key Words:
Location based
services,
Base Transceiver
Station,
Mobile Stations
As per functioning of the cellular
phone, the Mobile Switching Centre
handles various types of
information of the subscriber before
handing it over to the Mobile Station
for communication. The brief
functioning of the GSM network is
as follows:-
Faculty , Cyber Crime,
CDTS, Chandigarh
From the above diagram, you will
find that the Mobile Switching
Centre keeps various types of
information of the subscriber such
as:-EIR : Equipment Identification
Register – which stores the physical
address, i.e. International Mobile
Equipment Identification Number
(IMEI) of the Mobile Station and can
be used for monitoring the stolen
and misplaced cell phones. The
31
IDENTIFICATION OF VARIOUS METHODS...
CDTS Chandigarh
service providers also implement cell configuration data and control
the black-listing of the MS on the of radio frequency (RF) power level
EIR.
in BTS. When the data sessions
from mobile broadband services
-AUC – Authentication Centre – and others service comes to BTS
It authenticates the subscriber for than BSC will allocate Radio
t h e c o m m u n i c a t i o n . T h e resource to this session before they
Authentication is carried out on two reach the application layer which
unique numbers, i.e. IMSI and Ki located on the core network or
No. The call encryption is also done outside (internet).
-BTS - Base Transceiver station:
through the AUC.
In mobile communications, a BTS
- HLR – Home Location Register holds the radio transceivers that
: A HLR is a database of user define a cell and coordinates the
(subscriber) information, i.e., radio-link protocols with the mobile
customer profiles, services allowed device. The BTS is the networking
to the subscriber etc. while using c o m p o n e n t o f a m o b i l e
the mobile (cellular) networks. It is communications system from which
a key component of mobile all signals are sent and received. A
networks such as GSM, TDMA, and BTS is controlled by a base station
CDMA. A HLR contains user controller. A BTS is also called a
information such as account base station (BS) and is commonly
information, account status, user referred to as a "cell phone tower".
preferences, features subscribed to
The
by the user, user’s current location, - MS – Mobile Station:
etc. HLRs are used by the Mobile mobile station (MS) consists of the
Switching Centers (MSCs) to p h y s i c a l e q u i p m e n t ( i . e .
originate and deliver arriving handset/cell phone) such as the
radio transceiver, display and digital
mobile calls.
VLR - Visitor Location Register : signal processors, and a smart card
A VLR is a database, similar to a called the Subscriber Identity
HLR, which is used by the mobile Module (SIM). The SIM provides
network to temporarily hold profiles personal mobility, so that the user
of roaming users (users outside can have access to all subscribed
their home area). This VLR data is services irrespective of both the
based on the user information location of the terminal and the use
retrieved from a HLR. MSCs use a of a specific terminal. By inserting
the SIM card into another GSM
VLR to handle roaming users.
- Base Station Controller (BSC) cellular phone, the user is able to
is located between BTS and Mobile receive calls at that phone, make
service switching centre (MSC). calls from that phone, or receive
BSC provides the control function other subscribed services.
between both BTS and MSC. Beside
handover function, BSC provides LOCATION BASED SERVICES/
32
45
POSITIONING
CELLPHONE
OF
THE
Mobile Subscriber location systems
h a v e r e c e i v e d c o n s i d e ra b l e
attention and various technologies
have been proposed in the past few
years. The systems attempt to
locate mobile station (MS) by
measuring the parameters of radio
signals travelling between the
vehicle and a set of fixed base
stations (BSs). A variety of wireless
location techniques include angle of
arrival (AOA), signal strength (SS),
time of arrival (TOA) and time
difference of arrival (TDOA). TOA
location scheme measures the
propagation time for a radio wave to
travel between the MS and a BS.
The AOA scheme utilizes an
antenna array and a directive
antenna to estimate the direction of
arrival signal. The signal-strength
scheme makes use of a known
model to describe the path loss
attenuation with distance. The
TDOA scheme measures the time
difference between the radio
signals. The angle-based schemes
require a minimum of two BSs to
determine the MS location, while
the time-based schemes require at
least three BSs. But the time-based
schemes provide more accuracy
than angle-based schemes.
Different applications of wireless
location services have been
discussed below and if they are well
taken by the security agencies in
consultation with the service
providers; it will go a long way in
zeroing the location of criminals as
near as possible:-
BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION HEXAGONAL CELL - LOCATION
In the Global System for Mobile
Communication, we first need to
understand the functioning of
following terminologies:• MCC (Mobile Country Code)
• MNC (Mobile Network Code)
• LAC (Location Area Code)
• Cell ID (Cell Tower ID)
MCC represent the operator's
country (for India it is 404), MNC is
allocated to different operators. LAC
- The served area of a cellular radio
network is usually divided into
location areas. Location areas are
comprised of one or several radio
cells. Each location area is given an
unique number within the network,
the Location Area Code (LAC). This
code is used as a unique reference
for the location of a mobile
subscriber. This code is necessary to
address the subscriber in the case
of an incoming call. LAC can be
more than one in a city based on the
high traffic and density. The LAC
contains number of Base
Transceiver Stations or Towers. .
Each BTS tower covers 360 degree
all along having 3 antennas situated
at 120 degree distance from each
other and each antenna is assigned
a unique Cell-ID number; probably
with the last digit as 1,2 and 3.
These three antennas are also
known as Alpha, Beta and Gamma
e.g. BTS may have the Cell ID as
34361, 34362, 34363 where the
last digit 1,2 3 tells about the
33
CDTS Chandigarh
CDTS Chandigarh
direction of the antenna or Alfa,
Beta & Gamma under which the
Mobile Station is situated.
Whenever a mobile is connected to
mobile network (for example
Airtel(40445) ), a combination of
MCC(404)+MNC(45)+LAC(61)+CE
LL-ID(34361) will be assigned to
that.
In the following image, 3 BTS are
shown (A,B,C) they make a virtual
reachable circular area around
t h e m b a s e d o n t h e BT S ' s
transmission power and if you see
the antennas meeting virtually with
each other are making a
HEXAGONAL shape.
`
For any movement each mobile
device is connected to minimum
one BTS carrying the strongest
signal strength as compared to
other. The mobile station keeps in
his cache memory the two other
adjoining BTSs so that in case the
signal weakens, then it latches to
the other available BTS having
strongest signal strength.
The
mobile station switches between
one BTS to other based on the signal
strength from them on a given time.
The height of tower and the area
covered by the BTS or you can say
area's width (in a circular area
around the BTS) depends on the
transmission power of the BTS and
there are mathematical formulas to
calculate that.
So if we understand the location of
three antennas of the BTS, i.e.
Alpha, Beta and Gamma, we can
restrict the location of the Mobile
Stations/subscriber to 120 degree
instead of whole of 360 degree.
There are many freeware
application programmes available
like Celltrack, GSM tracker, Net
M o n i t o r, w h i c h g i ve l o t o f
information of the BTS to which the
MS is latched like Cell ID, Location
Area Code, Signal Strength,
direction of the tower etc.
The
today’s Investigating Officer should
be well equipped with such type of
applications on his Cell Phone to
physically identify the location of
the criminals. It helped a lot in
many cases specially while taking
the dump data from the service
providers in solving the blind cases;
where the data is narrowed down to
a single antenna rather than taking
the full data of the BTS; which is
voluminous and zeroing the number
of the criminals would be an
umpteen task
TIMING/ANGLE/GPS ASSISTED
LOCATION METHODS
There are variety of methods exist
with the Service Providers for
obtaining the exact location of the
Mobile Station.
These methods
include Cell Of Origin (COO), Timing
Advance (TA), Enhanced Observed
Time Difference (E-OTD), Time of
Arrival (TOA), Angle of Arrival
34
45
SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATOR
Jan 2012-2011
March 2013
SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATOR
JOURNAL JOURNAL
Issue 2 , April-June
(AOA) and Global Positioning
System (GPS).
The different
methods to obtain a position,
described below, can be divided into
four categories, depending upon
where the information is gathered
and calculated:? Network based
? Network based, Mobile Station
assisted
? Network assisted, Mobile Station
based
? Mobile Station based
The first category relies solely on
the network. It can derive the
needed information without
involving the handsets. COO and TA
are in this category. Network based,
MS assisted methods are the most
common. The important
calculations are done within the
network but some information is
needed from the MS, such as
receiving the signal from the MS to
measure a time value.
They are
mostly executed in the network, but
the final calculations may be made
in the MS. The difference between
this and the network based, MS
assisted methods could be where
the method was initialised. E-OTD,
for example, can be of both types. If
it’s the subscriber himself who
wants the result of the position,
then the calculation can be done in
the MS and presented on the
display.
Cell Of Origin (COO)
COO is the simplest and cheapest
method to use since it requires no
changes in handsets or network,
and is already being used by the
operators. The method uses the cell
area in which the mobile station is
registered. By identifying the cellID of serving cell, the corresponding
Base Transceiver Station (BTS) can
be found. The BTS has a fix position
and known properties, such as
signal strength, and an area around
the BTS can be calculated in which
the handset should be located to
receive signals in this cell. This
method is fairly inaccurate. The
area calculated around the BTS is
based on transmitted signal
strength and known signal
attenuation, which would give a
radius around the BTS. Thus this
method depends upon the network
cell size, which can vary from 150m
in an urban area up to 30,000m in a
rural area. So for some services this
method might be accurate enough
in an urban area, such as getting
the address to a postal office in the
vicinity, but far from acceptable in a
rural area. As mentioned above,
COO is of both the types network
based and MS based. The cell-ID is
stored both in the network and the
MS, and the method is already in
use through the network.
This
makes it possible to execute this
method solely on information
accessible from the MS. It should
also be noted that due to signalling
issues, such as multi-path effects,
the strongest signal doesn’t have to
come from the closest BTS.
Timing Advance (TA)
There is another method, which is
used to synchronize the signals
between the MS and the BTS. With
a maximum radius of 35km, each
increment of the TA value
corresponds to a distance of about
550m. I.e. a TA value of 0 means
35
CDTS Chandigarh
CDTS Chandigarh
the MS is between 0 and 550m away
from the BTS, a value of 5 means
between 2750 and 3300m away. By
using the TA value, in addition to the
COO, the circle around the BTS will
be narrowed down to an
approximate 550m wide arc. In a
rural area where the cell size can be
up to 35km in radius this will show
an improvement over plain COO.
But in urban area it might not
provide much improvement, since
many cells have a size smaller than
550m. In such cells the TA would
never be assigned a value higher
than zero, since it would define a
distance longer than the cell size. As
with COO, the TA value is stored in
both the network and the MS, and
can be retrieved at both positions.
Thus this method can be executed
both through network and from an
application stored on the SIM card.
However, whereas most handsets
support the command to fetch the
cell-ID, not all support the request
for the TA value.
Time Of Arrival (TOA): TOA works
by measuring signals sent from the
MS to three or more BTSs. By
sending a known signal the BTS can
receive the signal and hand it over
to a Location Measurement Unit
(LMU). The LMU measures the time
it took for the signal to travel
between the MS and the BTS i.e. the
TOA value. These values can be
used to calculate a circle around the
BTS, since the propagation time of
t h e ra d i o wave i s d i r e c t l y
proportional to its traversed
distance. The intersection point of
the circles from three base stations
uniquely determines the position of
the Mobile Station as explained in
the figure below:-
.
Enhanced Observed Time
Difference (E-OTD)
The Enhanced Observed Time
Difference (E-OTD) method is
based on measurements at the
mobile terminal of observed time
differences between pairs of local
base transceiver stations. Since
transmissions from base stations
are not synchronized, the network
must measure the relative time
difference between the
transmissions. For any particular
pair of stations, the time difference
is related to the difference in
distance from the mobile to the two
stations. A hyperbolic line of
constant distance difference can be
drawn for three station pairs. The
intersection of the hyperbolae is the
position of the mobile phone – as
shown in figure below. This can be
calculated at the mobile terminal (if
all the information is available) or in
the network. This method is capable
of positioning a mobile phone with
an accuracy of 60 to 200 metres.
ENHANCED OBSERVED TIME
DIFFERENCE (E-OTD)
Angle of Arrival : If the angle in
which the signal from the MS arrives
to the BTS can be measured, a line
can be drawn from the BTS using
this angle. By measuring the angle
at two or more different BTSs an
intersection of the lines can be
calculated where the MS would be
36
located.
An advantage of this method is that
only two BTSs are required to find
an intersection, which can be useful
in remote and rural areas. The main
disadvantage is the need of
complex antennas to measure the
angle. Each BTS has to be equipped
with an array of antennas, usually
between four and 12, with a spacing
of less than one wavelength or
equipped with smart directional
antennas, which are very expensive
thus not widely implemented by the
service providers
Global Positioning System
(GPS) Assisted: This positioning
mechanism is similar to the E-OTD
technique just discussed, in that
timing measurements are carried
out based on signals received in
order to determine mobile handset
location. For “GPS assisted”
positioning, these signals would
come from a GPS satellite network,
instead of GSM base station
equipment, as shown in Figure
below. “Assistance data” can be
sent to a mobile handset from the
GSM network as location
information is required. Assistance
data can take the form of a list of
visible GPS satellites, from which a
handset takes measurement
information that aids location
determination. “GPS assisted”
positioning requires a mobile
handset that can receive signals
from GPS satellites. Accuracy is
typically <109 yds (<100 m).
Conclusion: As discussed above,
there are many Location Based
Services existing with the Network
of the Global System for Mobile
Communication; some are explored
but some are still un-explored.
There is a need of the hour that the
regulator must issue directives to
the Service Providers to formulate
the same for providing useful
assistance to the Investigating as
well as Security Agencies at grass
root level.
Reference: - International Journal
of Mobile Communications. Snap Track, "Location Technologies
for GSM, GPRS and UMTS
Networks," Qualcomm Co.http://
www.cdmatech.com/download_libr
ary/pdf/location_tech_wp_103.pdf, 20.05.2007- G. Wilde,
"Performance implications of
wireless location technologieseffect on location-based services
revenue growth" in Business
Briefing: Wireless Technology,
2003, pp. 1-4. -H. Laitinen,
"Cellular Location Technology,"
CELLO Consortium Report available
athttp://www.telecom.ntua.gr/cell
o/documents/CELLO-WP2 Enabling location-based services
t h r o u g h p a s s i ve m o n i t o r i n g
techniques: A white paper from
Telesoft Technologies. - M o b i solutions.blogspot.com – Shri
Sandeep Choudhary blog GSM Association, “Location Based
Services”, veriosn:3.1.0, January,
2003 (PRD SE.23)-L Barkhuus, A
Dey. “Location-based services for
mobile telephony: a study of users'
privacy concerns”, - Proceeding of
INTERACT, 2003 - B
R a o ,
L
Minakakis. “Evolution of mobile
location
37
CDTS Chandigarh
ENLIGHTENMENT
Enlightenment is like a Joke! It is like a
fish searching for (through) the ocean.
Once upon a time, there was a
congregation of fishes who got together
to discuss who had seen the ocean.
None of them could actually say they
had seen the ocean. Then, one fish said,
“I think my great grandfather had seen
the ocean” A Second fish said, “yes, yes
I also heard about this”. A third fish
said, “Yes, certainly, his great
grandfather had seen the ocean”. So
they built a huge temple and made a
statue of the great grandfather of that
particular fish. They said, “He had been
connected with ocean”.
Enlightenment is the very core of our
being. We all come into this world gifted
with innocence, but as we become more
intelligent, we lost out on innocence, we
were born with silence, and as we grew
up, we lost the silence and were filled
with words. We lived in our hearts, and
as time passed, we moved to our heads.
The reversal of this journey is
enlightenment. It is the journey from
head back to the heart, from words back
to silence, getting back to our innocence
in spite of our intelligence. Although
very simple, this is a great achievement.
Knowledge should lead you to that
beautiful point of “I don’t know”.
The completion of knowledge will lead
you to amazement & wonder. Mysteries
are to be lived, not understood. One can
live life so fully in its completeness.
Enlightenment is the state of being so
mature and unshakeable by any
circumstance, come what may. Nothing
can rob the smile from your heart. Not
identified with limited boundaries and
feeling “all that exists in this universe
belongs to me”this is enlightenment.
Un-enlightenment is easy to define. It is
limiting yourself by saying, “I belong to
this particular place,” or “I am from that
culture”. It is like children saying, “my
dad is better than your dad” or “My toy is
better than your toy”. I think most
people around the world are struck in
that mental age group. Just the toys
have changed. Adults say, “My country
is better than your country”. A Christian
will say, “The Bible is truth” and a Hindu
will say, “Vedas are truth”. Muslims will
say, “The Koran is the last word on god.
We attribute glory to something just
because we are from that culture, not
for what it is. If one could take credit for
all that exists throughout the ages and
feel as though “it belongs to me” then
that is maturity. “This is my wealth
because it belongs to the divine”. The
divine according to times and space,
gave different knowledge in different
places. One becomes knower of the
universe and sees that, “all the beautiful
flowers are all from my garden”. The
whole evolution of man is from being
somebody....
Enlightenment is a rare
combination of innocence and
intelligence, with words to express and
at the same time, being silent. In that
state, the mind is fully in the present
moment. Whatever is necessary is
revealed to you in a natural and
spontaneous way. You just sit & the song
flow through you.
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e
k
sy
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qt
Zu
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38
CDTS Chandigarh
R. M. Sharma**
DRUG ABUSE PATTERN IN PUNJAB:
A SURVEY.
Summary
These days, the Drug Abuse is
becoming one of the most potent
problems in the world and so as for the
India. Like other states of India, the
Punjab is also not apart from this severe
problem. In this study the data collected
was of commonly abused drugs for
different districts of state of Punjab of
north-west India. It was observed that
the border areas of Punjab were most
affected.
Introduction
Drug is any chemical that changes
the way body work or the way one think,
feels or act i.e. change in the body
chemistry. Drugs are used to treat or
prevent disease, to reduce pain, to
promote sleep, and so on (Bell, 2009). In
today’s scenario, Drug Abuse is becoming
one of the most potent problems in the
world. Beside the use of natural drugs
there is an increasing trend in the use of
synthetic and prescription drugs.
Globally, UNODC (United Nations Office
on Drugs and Crime) estimates that in
2009, 149 to 272 million people (about
3.3% to 6.1%) of the population aged
15-64 used illicit substances at least once
in the previous year. About half those
numbers are estimated to have been
current drug users that are, having used
illicit drugs at least once during the past
month prior to the date of assessment.
While the total number of illicit drug users
has increased since the late 1990s, the
prevalence rates have remained largely
stable, as has the number of problem
drug users which is estimated at between
15 and 39 million (UNODC, 2011). With a
slight increase of some 7 per cent, global
seizures of heroin remained rather stable
in 2010 (81 tons in 2010 compared with
76 tons in 2009), though different trends
were observed in different illicit markets.
Areas of opium poppy cultivation
reported to be eradicated in India, (in
Hectares) 2002-2010; 219, 494, 167,
12, 247, 8000, 624, 2420 and 1022
Sahil Sharma*
respectively. Areas of Cannabis
cultivation and production in India,
during the year 2010 are 552 Hectares
(UNODC, 2012).
In India Cannabis, Opium and
Heroin is the major drug to be consumed.
Abuse of Cocaine, synthetic drugs,
pharmaceutical drugs and inhalants was
also noticed in some parts of the country.
Heroin trafficking continued to be
predominant in the Border States like
Punjab, Rajasthan and West Bengal.
There were substantial seizures of Heroin
of South West Asian origin in Punjab,
Rajasthan and Delhi. Significant seizures
of Heroin were also made in West Bengal
near the Indo-Bangladesh Border. Illicit
poppy cultivation of approximation 5.532
acres was identified and destroyed in the
states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal
Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand,
West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh
trough coordinated action by NCB and
other agencies (Narcotics Control Bureau
India, 2009).
Like other states of the Country
Punjab is also not apart from this severe
problem. According to a survey
conducted by psychologist Dr. Shiv Sood,
62 percent of the boys and girls in the age
group of 19-24 years are exposed to
drugs. After Nagaland, Punjab ranks
second in the country for Drug Abuse. As
per a survey, more than 70 per cent of
boys and girls in Punjab, abuse drugs.
Drug and substance abuse are the
problems that are threatening the future
of generation next in rural Punjab (Indian
Express, 2011). Similar studies were also
reported by Sahota and Garg in 2011
according to which Poppy husk and
Smack were found to be the most
commonly abused drugs in Punjab.
According to an official survey, 65
percent of youth in and around the border
area of Amritsar are addicted to alcohol
and drugs. The number of deaths due to
Drug Abuse is increasing day by day. One
of the main reasons of increased deaths
39
CDTS Chandigarh
Keywords :
Narcotic Drugs,
UNODC,
Heroin,
Trafficking,
Scheduled Medicines
Opium
Poppyhusk
Cocaine
Charas
Sahil Sharma*
R. M. Sharma**
*Research Student,
Deptt. of Forensic Science,
Punjabi University Patiala.
**Professor,
Department of Forensic Science,
Punjabi University Patiala.
Drug abuse pattern in Punjab: A Survey
is use of injections already used by HIV
infected person and in this way HIV is also
spreading in the society. The alarming
thing is it is growing in youth, in the age
of 15 to 25 years, so clients who are
school going children, studying in eight,
ninth and tenth standard. At the deaddiction centre in Tarn Taran, one can
find youngsters who started using drugs
when they were in their teens. They said
easy availability of drugs was the reason.
In the age of 16 years they used smack
and heroin (NDTV, 2011). On 30May
2012, 20 grams of heroin worth Rs 10
lakh in the international market was
seized from two youths near Kapurthala
chowk, Jalandhar (Jagran Post, 2012).
On 2June 2012, District rural police
Jalandhar, has busted a gang of
international drug traffickers and seized
34.2 kg Methamphetamine and 19 kg
ephedrine, synthetic drugs from a farm
house of one of the member of the gang
worth Rs 200 crore. (Punjab News-line
Pulse of Punjab, 2012) On 2June 2012,
The worst dreams of customs officials
came true following recovery of 5
kilogram of heroin valued at around Rs 25
crore in the international market from a
cement bag sent in sealed goods train
from Pakistan at Amritsar rail cargo.
(Times of India, 2012)
The pattern of drug abuse in a group of
South African students were studied by
A.M. Simon in 1982, Otero-Lopez el al. in
1994 explored the drug–delinquency
relationship, Martin W. Adler in 1995
reported that administration of drugs of
abuse to human volunteers is an
important and valuable clinical research
procedure such as drug dependence
recognition, Robert L. Balster and George
E. Bigelow in 2003 reported that
regulatory control of drugs with abuse
liability is an important component of
drug control policy and is believed to help
prevent nonmedical use, D. Mohan et al.
in 2004 conducted epidemiological
survey of drug abuse in three districts of
Punjab State bordering Pakistan covering
1276 households, Vikram Patel et al. in
2005 reported concern regarding the
irrational production, prescription and
use of drugs in India, William H.
Richardson in 2007 reported some herbal
products are emerging as popular drugs
for recreational abuse, Linda SimoniWastila and Huiwen Keri Yang in 2007
reviewed the prevalence, risks and
protective factors, and screening and
diagnosis of Drug Abuse in older adults,
Ravneet Kaur and Jatinder K. Gulati in
2007 conducted a research to study the
pattern of drug abuse in various parts of
India, McCabe S in 2008 conducted a
review based on Internet survey, showed
that college students who take
prescription drugs for nonmedical
reasons are more likely to abuse alcohol
and other illicit drugs, Ahmad Nadeem et
al. in 2009 reported the epidemic of
substance abuse in young generation has
assumed alarming dimensions in India, V.
Gajalakshmi and C.V. Kanimozhi in 2010
reported that students aged 13–15 years
in Grades 8–10 have been surveyed in
the year 2006 and in 2009 to monitor the
prevalence’s of smoking and smokeless
tobacco use and to assess their attitudes,
knowledge and behaviors towards
tobacco use and its health impact these
are some research work that have been
conducted for legal as well social help.
In this study an attempt has been made
to find out the most commonly abused
drug in the different districts of state of
Punjab of north-west India. The data is
considered to be of very helpful in various
medico-legal studies and to understand
the most prevalent type of drug in the
region; it will also help in narrowing down
the compounds to be identified in the
laboratory. Forensically this data gives
an idea of screening of person on the
bases of location and commonly abused
drug if being found involved in drug
trafficking or abusing of drug and
narrowing down the investigation.
Therefore, this data reveals some
important information which should be
taken into consideration to stop drug
trafficking and identify the most
commonly available drugs in the region.
Keywords
Drugs, Drug abuse, Crime, Cases.
Material and methodology
In the present investigation an attempt
has been made to study the trends and
issue in Drug Abuse in States of Punjab
for the period from 2007 to 2011. For this
purpose cases of drugs received in
P u n j a b S t a t e Fo r e n s i c S c i e n c e
Laboratory, Mohali, Punjab, were studies
for the said period. The collected data in
terms of Number of Cases, their Types
and other relevant details were collected
40
CDTS Chandigarh
CDTS Chandigarh
and interpreted.
Result and discussion
The collected data for the period
from 2007 to 2011 was analyzed in terms
of total Number of Cases of Drugs in a
particular Year, Drug type and Number of
Cases in a particular Year, Number of
Cases in particular District and Number of
Cases and their Types in a particular
District were shown in the form of Bar
charts in Figures 1-16.
Fig.1 shows number of cases of drugs
received in the laboratory from 2007 to
2011. In 2007, a maximum number of
cases i.e. 1059 were received in the
laboratory. Further breakup of the cases
with respect to Drug Type (fig.2) showed
the maximum number of cases related to
Scheduled Medicine i.e. 939 cases
followed by 33 cases of Poppy Husk , 29
cases of Heroin, 27 cases of Opium, 25
cases of Scheduled Injection and few
cases of Charas (only 4) and only 2 cases
of Cocaine. Further evaluation of the data
showed that the maximum numbers of
cases i.e. 264 were received from district
Gurdaspur (Fig. 3). Further breakup of
the cases showed that the maximum
number of cases were of Scheduled
Medicine i.e. 260 followed by 3 cases of
Heroin and 1 case of Cocaine (Fig.4). 192
cases were received from district
Amritsar comprising 147 cases of
Scheduled Medicine followed by 20 cases
of Heroin and 20 cases of Scheduled
Injections, 4 cases of Opium and 1 case of
Charas (Fig.4). 152 cases were received
from district Tran Taran comprising 140
cases of Scheduled Medicine followed by
5 cases of Opium and 4 cases of
Scheduled Injections, 2 cases of Poppy
Husk and 1 case of Heroin (Fig.4). 132
cases were received from district Faridkot
comprising 126 cases of Scheduled
Medicine followed by 5 cases of Opium
and 1 case of Heroin (Fig.4). 60 cases
were received from district Barnala
Medicine and 1 case of Poppy Husk
(Fig.4). 54 cases of Scheduled Medicine
were received from district Muktsar
from district Bathinda were received
(Fig.4). 33 cases were received from
district Ludhiana comprising 19 cases of
of Opium, 2 cases of Charas, 1case of
Poppy Husk and Heroin each (Fig.4). 31
cases were received from district Moga
Medicine followed by 1 case of Opium and
Poppy Husk each (Fig.4). 25 cases were
received from district Jalandhar
Medicine followed by 2 cases of Charas
and Opium each, 1 case of Heroin and
Poppy Husk each (Fig.4). 16 cases were
received from district Mansa comprising
7 cases of Opium and Poppy Husk each
and 2 cases of Scheduled Medicine
district Kapurthala comprising 12 cases
of Scheduled Medicine and 1 case
Cocaine (Fig.4). 11 cases were received
from district Ferozepur comprising 10
cases of Scheduled Medicine and 1 case
of Scheduled Injection (Fig.4). 9 cases of
Scheduled Medicine were received from
district Patiala (Fig.4). 8 cases of
district Hoshiarpur (Fig.4). 7 cases were
received from district Fatehgarh Sahib
comprising of 5 cases of Scheduled
Medicine and 2 cases of Heroin (Fig.4). 5
cases of Scheduled Medicine were
received from district Ropar (Fig.4). 5
cases were received from district SASNagar Mohali comprising of 4 cases of
Scheduled Medicine and 1 case of Poppy
Husk (Fig.4). 2 cases of Scheduled
Medicine from district Sangrur and SBSNagar were received (Fig.4).
In 2008, 846 cases were received in the
laboratory (Fig.1). Further breakup of the
cases with respect to drug type (Fig.5)
showed the maximum number of cases
related to Scheduled Medicine i.e. 706
cases followed by 48 cases of Unknown,
33 cases of Heroin, 19 cases of Scheduled
injection, 18 cases of Poppy Husk, 10
cases of Opium and few cases of Charas
(only 8) and only 4 cases of Cocaine.
Further evaluation of the data showed
that the maximum numbers of cases i.e.
182 were received from district Tran
Taran (Fig.6). ). Further breakup of the
cases showed that the maximum number
of cases were of Scheduled Medicine i.e.
152 followed by 8 cases of Scheduled
Injections, 6 cases of Unknown, 5 Cases
of Poppy Husk, 4 cases of Opium, 4 cases
of Heroin, 2 cases of Charas and 1 case of
from district Amritsar comprising 107
26 cases of Heroin, 9 cases of Unknown, 4
41
cases of Opium, 4 cases of Scheduled
Injections and 3 cases of Cocaine (Fig.7).
125 cases were received from district
Gurdaspur comprising 111 cases of
of Unknown and 3 cases of Scheduled
Injections (Fig.7). 95 cases were
r e c e i v e d f r o m d i s t r i c t Fa r i d k o t
Medicine and 2 cases of Unknown (Fig.7).
Jalandhar comprising 46 cases of
Scheduled Injection and 1 case of Poppy
Husk (Fig.7). 38 cases were received
from district Bathinda comprising 30
cases Scheduled Medicine, 5 cases
Unknown, 2 cases of Charas and 1 case of
Opium (Fig.7). 35 cases were received
cases of Scheduled Medicine and 1 case
of Heroin (Fig.7). 31 cases were received
from district Kapurthala comprising 29
cases Scheduled Medicine and 2 cases
Unknown (Fig.7). 22 cases were received
from district Ludhiana comprising 8 cases
Unknown and Poppy Husk each, 3 cases
of Charas, 2 cases of Scheduled Medicine,
1 case of Heroin (Fig.7). 19 cases were
comprising 18 cases Scheduled Medicine
and 1 case Charas (Fig.7). 17 cases were
received from district Barnala comprising
15 cases Scheduled Medicine and 2 cases
of Unknown (Fig.7). 17 cases of
district Sangrur (Fig.7). 14 cases were
9 cases Scheduled Medicine, 3 cases
Poppy Husk, 1 case of Opium and Heroin
each (Fig.7). 12 cases were received
from district Moga comprising 11 cases
Scheduled Medicine and 1 case of
Unknown (Fig.7). 11 cases were received
from district SBS- Nagar comprising 7
cases Scheduled Medicine, 2 cases
Unknown and Scheduled Injections each
were received from district Hoshiarpur
district Bathinda comprising 5 cases
Scheduled Medicine and 1 Poppy Husk
were received from district Ropar (Fig.7).
4 cases of Scheduled Medicine were
received from district Patiala (Fig.7). 1
case of Scheduled Medicine was received
from district SAS- Nagar Mohali (Fig.7).
laboratory (Fig.1). Further analysis of the
cases with respect to drug type (Fig.8)
showed the maximum number of cases
related to Scheduled Medicine i.e. 646
cases followed by 149 cases of Unknown,
42 cases of Heroin, 25 cases of Poppy
Husk, 13 cases of Scheduled injection, 13
cases of Cocaine, 9 cases of Charas and 8
cases of Opium. Further evaluation of the
data showed that the maximum numbers
of cases i.e. 231 were received from
district Tran Taran (Fig.9). Further
breakup of the cases showed that the
maximum number of cases were of
Scheduled Medicine i.e. 201 followed by
20 cases of Unknown, 4 Cases of Poppy
Husk, 4 cases of Heroin, 2 cases of
Scheduled Injections (Fig.10). 118 cases
were received from district Amritsar
Medicine followed by 25 cases of Heroin,
24 cases of Unknown, 9 cases of Poppy
Husk, 8 cases of Charas, 8 cases of
Cocaine, 5 cases of Opium and 2 cases of
Scheduled Injection (Fig.10). 73 cases
were received from district Gurdaspur
comprising 45 cases of Unknown followed
by 26 cases of Scheduled Medicine 2
cases of Heroin (Fig.10). 68 cases were
r e c e i ve d f r o m d i s t r i c t B a t h i n d a
Medicine and 3 Unknown (Fig.10). 63
cases were received from district Faridkot
Medicine and 1 case of Scheduled
Injection (Fig.10). 63 cases were
received from district Jalandhar
Medicine followed by 7 cases of
Unknown, 4 cases of Heroin, 2 cases of
Scheduled Injection and 1 case of Charas
district Ferozepur comprising 27 cases of
Scheduled Medicine followed by 3cases of
Unknown and Scheduled Injection each
and 3 cases of Heroin (Fig.10). 33 cases
were received from district Ludhiana
Medicine followed by 8 cases of Poppy
Husk, 5 cases of Cocaine, 4 cases of
Unknown, 3 cases of Opium, 1 case of
were received from district Moga
Medicine and 5 cases of Unknown
42
CDTS Chandigarh
CDTS Chandigarh
of Scheduled Medicine and 5 cases of
Unknown (Fig.10). 27 cases were
district Hoshiarpur comprising of 19
2 cases of Heroin and 1 case of Scheduled
10 cases of Scheduled Medicine followed
by 7 cases of Unknown and 4 cases of
Poppy Husk (Fig.10). 20 cases were
received from district Sangrur
district Ropar comprising 13 cases of
Scheduled Medicine followed by 1 case of
Scheduled Injection and Unknown each
were received from district Patiala
district Muktsar comprising of 7 cases of
of Unknown (Fig.10). 12 cases were
received from district SBS- Nagar
comprising of 10 cases of Scheduled
Medicine followed by 2 cases of Heroin
district Barnala comprising of 6 cases of
of Unknown (Fig.10).7 case were
received from district SAS- Nagar Mohali
comprising of 4 cases of Unknown
followed by 3 cases of Scheduled
Medicine (Fig.10).
laboratory (Fig.1). Further evaluation of
the cases with respect to drug type
(Fig.11) showed the maximum number
of cases related to Scheduled Medicine
i.e. 821 cases followed by 115 cases of
Opium, 11 cases of Scheduled injection,
8 cases of Poppy Husk, 6 cases of Charas
and 3 cases of Cocaine. Further breakup
of the data showed that the maximum
numbers of cases i.e. 174 were received
from district Amritsar (Fig.12). Further
evaluation of the cases showed that the
maximum number of cases were of
Scheduled Medicine i.e. 139 followed by
19 cases of Heroin, 10 cases of Unknown
and 3 Cases of Opium and Scheduled
Injection each (Fig.13). 128 cases were
received from district Tran Taran
Unknown, 2 cases of Opium and 1 case of
Poppy Husk, Heroin and Scheduled
Injection each (Fig.13). 102 cases were
r e c e i ve d f r o m d i s t r i c t B a t h i n d a
Medicine followed by 8 cases of Unknown
and 1 case of Heroin (Fig.13). 102 cases
were received from district Gurdaspur
were received from district Jalandhar
Unknown and 2 cases of Scheduled
received from district Ferozepur
Medicine followed by 1 case of Unknown
and Scheduled Injection each (Fig.13).
Ludhiana comprising 38 cases of
of Poppy Husk and Charas each, 4 cases
of Unknown, 1 case of Opium, Cocaine
and Scheduled Injection each (Fig.13).
Mansa comprising 32 cases of Scheduled
Unknown, 2 cases of Poppy Husk and 1
case of Opium (Fig.13). 36 cases were
received from district Ropar comprising
by 3 cases of Opium, 1 case of Unknown,
1 case of Scheduled Injection (Fig.13).
Faridkot comprising 32 cases of
Opium (Fig.13). 32 cases were received
from district Moga comprising 29 cases of
of Unknown and 1 case of Opium
district Muktsar comprising 27 cases of
received from district Sangrur
of Scheduled Medicine followed by 1 case
of Cocaine (Fig.13). 21 cases were
received from district Barnala comprising
43
by 3 cases of Opium and 1 case of
Medicine followed by 1 case Heroin
district Hoshiarpur comprising 17 cases
of Scheduled Medicine followed by 2
cases of Unknown and 1 case of Charas
district Patiala comprising 18 cases of
Scheduled Medicine followed by 1 case
from district SAS- Nagar Mohali
were received from district SBS-Nagar
Mohali (Fig.13).
laboratory (Fig.1). Further evaluation of
the cases with respect to drug type
(Fig.14) showed the maximum number
of cases related to Scheduled Medicine
i.e. 643 cases followed by 24 cases of
Heroin, 20 cases of Opium, 18 cases of
Poppy Husk, 13 cases of Scheduled
Injection,10 cases of Charas and 3 cases
of Cocaine. Further breakup of the data
showed that the maximum numbers of
cases i.e. 136 were received from district
Bathinda (Fig.15). Further evaluation of
the cases showed that the maximum
number of cases were of Scheduled
Medicine i.e. 124 followed by 5 cases of
Charas, 3 cases of Poppy Husk and 2
Cases of Cocaine and Heroin each
district Ludhiana comprising 113 cases of
Poppy Husk, 2 cases of Opium and Charas
each, 1 case of Scheduled Injection
district Mansa comprising 49 cases of
of Opium, 6 cases of Poppy Husk, 2 cases
of Heroin and 1 case of Charas (Fig.16).
Sangrur comprising 56 cases of
were received from district Barnala
Medicine followed by 2 cases of Heroin, 1
case of Scheduled Injection and Cocaine
district Hoshiarpur comprising 37 cases
of Scheduled Medicine followed by 2
cases Scheduled Injection and Charas
1 case of Scheduled Injection and Opium
from district Kapurthala comprising 29
2 cases of Scheduled Injection and 1 case
of Heroin (Fig.16). 29 cases of Scheduled
Medicine were received from district
Gurdaspur (Fig.16). 29 cases were
received from district Moga comprising
by 1 case Opium (Fig.16). 25 cases were
r e c e i ve d f r o m d i s t r i c t A m r i t s a r
comprising 17 cases of Heroin followed
by 5 cases of Opium and 3 cases of
Scheduled Medicine (Fig.16). 24 cases
were received from district Faridkot
Medicine followed by 2 cases of Opium
district Muktsar comprising 22 cases of
Scheduled Injection (Fig.16). 18 cases of
district Ropar (Fig.16). 14 cases were
received from district Patiala comprising
by 1 case of Scheduled Injection (Fig.16).
Fatehgarh Sahib comprising 10 cases of
Opium and 1 case of Scheduled Injection
district SBS- Nagar comprising 7 cases of
Scheduled Injection (Fig.16). 3 cases of
district Fazilka (Fig.16). 3 cases of
district Pathankot (Fig.16).1 case of
Scheduled Medicine was received from
district Jalandhar, SAS- Nagar Mohali and
Tran Taran each (Fig.16).
Conclusion
In the present investigation an
attempt has been made to study the Drug
Abuse problem in the State of Punjab
with special reference to Trends and
Issues for the period 2007 to 2011.
Following conclusion has emerged out of
the study.
Punjab falls on one of the main
routs of Drug smuggling from
Afghanistan into Pakistan and then into
India on way to Delhi and other
44
CDTS Chandigarh
Abstract :
In India, these days
security of women is a
great challenge before
law and order
administration. Women
do not feel secure in
schools/colleges, work
p l a c e s ,
l o c a l
transportation and even
in their homes too. The
life of women is
surrounded by violence,
exploitation and crime.
Government has made
attempt to enact many
laws for the Protection
of Women such as:Immoral Trafficking
against Women
Act,1956, The Dowry
Prohibition Act, 1961,
T h e
I n d e c e n t
Representation of
Women (Prohibition)
Act,1986, National
Commission for Women
Act,1990, Pre-Natal
Diagnostic Techniques
destinations, including those of Abroad.
During the days of Terrorism smuggling
Narcotics and other related Drugs shoot
up because of higher margins. The
careful evaluations of the studied data
indicated that smugglers are not only
routing but also selling and distributing
Drugs in Punjab. In order to make quick
money these smugglers with the couriers
and peddlers have succeeded to a
shocking extend in dragging our youth
into Drug Addiction. Number of cases of
Scheduled Medicines indicated that a
very large percentage of the populations
300
1000
1200
of the State are consuming these
substances.
A serious and sustained crack- down on
Drug smugglers is required. The police
need to launch an overall offence against
Drug smugglers and peddlers through
registration of cases and their legal
followings including convention and
attachment of properties. The Health
Department needs to have a
comprehensive policy with regard to Deaddiction and so should the Department
of Youth Welfare, sports and Youth
Affairs.
Year- 2007
Year- 2007
939
Year v/s Number of Cases
Year- 2007
300
260
900
250
264
1059
1004
N umber of cases ?
250
800
1000
905
846
700
192
200
N u m b er o f C a ses ?
731
600
N u m b er of C ases ?
800
600
500
400
152
200
147
150
140
126
150
100
132
59
54
50
100
38
29
2020
400
60
300
50
38
33
200
11
7
5
2008
2009
2010
2
2011
Opium
Poppy Husk
Charas
Heroin
Injection(scheduled) Medicine(scheduled)
8
13
212 1
n
rn
Districts ?
JLD KPT LDH
2
1
1
1
2
Heroin
20
Medicine (scheduled)
147
Injection (scheduled)
20
59
38
1
2
126
5
1
1
5 1 4
2 52 1 4
2
20
7
1
2
29
5
1
260
8
19
12
2
1
8
54
9
5
4
2
2
140
1
4
Districts ?
Fig. 2
Fig. 4
Fig. 3
Year- 2008
Year- 2008
7
1
Drug Type ?
Fig. 1
3
1
3
10
9
Mans
SASSBS- Tarn
Moga MKS PTA Ropar
SNG
a
Nagar
Nagar Taran
1
1
Cocaine
Ta
ra
r
G
ga
r
SN
Na
SSB
FZR GSR HSR
5
Poppy Husk
2
Ta
A
ag
a
SA
Cocaine
Years ?
S-N
KS
Ro
pa
r
og
a
PT
M
M
T
a
H
KP
an
s
M
LD
R
R
D
JL
HS
S
R
GS
FZ
FG
N
K
D
FD
BT
2
0
2007
5
Charas
R
4
25
BN
29
AS
33
27
4
Opium
9
0
100
10
1
25
ASR BNN BTD FDK FGS
16
13
8
20
12
8 77
2 11
1 311
19
5 1
1
0
31
25
200
0
41
54
Year- 2008
200
Year- 2009
160
152
800
700
182
646
140
180
706
700
140
N umber of C ases ?
N u m b er of C ases ?
125
500
400
120
95
100
100
93
500
80
60
46
40
4 34
200
18
8
4
Poppy Husk
Charas
Cocaine
31
12
11
6
19
5
4
1
G
n
ga
r
SN
Na
Ta
ra
S-
rn
SB
SA
GSR HSR
JLD
Cocaine
3
Heroin
26
4
8
1
Year- 2009
300
7 5 86
2 2 4 214
1
200
149
4
3
1
5
100
2
42
25
1
1
3
15
30
93
2
5
2
9
18
34
1
1
29
2
9
2
8
10
46
11
11
5
4
5
1
17
1
2
8
7
152
2
6
9
13
Charas
Cocaine
8
4
2
111
Fig. 7
Year- 2009
Year- 2010
250
Opium
Poppy Husk
Heroin
Injection
(scheduled)
Medicine
(scheduled)
Unknown
Drug Type ?
Fig. 8
200
900
231
13
0
Districts ?
Fig. 6
250
5
4
3
Districts ?
Fig. 5
5
1 1
400
Mans
SASSBS- Tarn
KPT LDH
Moga MKS PTA Ropar
SNG
a
Nagar
Nagar Taran
1
2
Unknown
Drug Type ?
FGS FZR
11
9
8 8
2 3 1 2 13 1
1 2
1
Medicine (scheduled) 107
Ta
A
KS
Ro
pa
r
S-N
ag
ar
og
a
PT
M
M
T
a
H
KP
an
s
M
LD
R
R
D
JL
HS
S
R
GS
K
FZ
D
FD
BT
FG
N
R
Unknown
BN
Medicine
(scheduled)
AS
Injection
(scheduled)
10
3
1
1
Charas
0
Heroin
2 1
Poppy Husk
17
14
10
0
17
11
5
2 12
4
Opium
22
48
33
10
Opium
35
19
17
20
18
9
0
ASR BNN BTD FDK
38
40
29
15
20
60
49
34
30
26
80
300
100
111
107
Number of Cases ?
600
600
120
153
160
Year- 2010
180
201
174
821
200
800
160
r
n
Ta
ra
r
G
ga
Na
S-
4
26
3
45
Fig. 9
12
10
26
7
7
5
5
12
13
3
15
1
4
5
10
201
140
r
n
Ta
ra
rn
r
G
ga
S-
Year- 2011
124
160
643
Na
pa
r
ag
a
Ro
S-N
SN
A
a
Districts ?
Fig. 12
Year- 2011
Year- 2011
700
Year- 2010
KS
Drug Type ?
Fig. 11
20
Fig. 10
og
5
4
Districts ?
PT
26
7
Unknown
M
49
Medicine
(scheduled)
M
19
3
0
Injection
(scheduled)
SB
27
7
11
Heroin
T
3
Cocaine
a
6
Charas
Ta
20
2
H
8
Poppy Husk
0
4
SA
62
1
KP
3
2
1
an
s
65
4
2
LD
6
24
4
1
M
37
Unknown
2
R
Medicine(scheduled)
2
3
25
15
Opium
5
3
1
R
2
27
19
100
D
25
36
28
22
20
JL
8
Heroin
20
20
HS
Cocaine
55
32
21
115
4
55
33
200
1
Districts ?
160
67
56
40
Mans
SASSBS- Tarn
Moga MKS PTA Ropar
SNG
a
Nagar
Nagar Taran
4
80
60
300
S
8
20
10
2 4 42
R
Charas
rn
SB
SA
8
Ta
pa
r
ag
a
SN
Ro
S-N
a
A
KS
og
M
M
PT
a
H
T
KP
an
s
M
LD
R
R
D
3
9
34
11
GS
12
7
5
Poppy Husk
15
5
13
12
FZ
20
15
12
Opium
75
5
FG
26
12
10
5 38514 4 7
7
K
1 42
D
21
JL
HS
S
R
GS
K
FZ
D
26
21
FD
22
12
FG
2
BT
31
10
FD
333
400
N
33
0
BT
26
19
7
1
ASR BNN BTD FDK FGS FZR GSR HSR JLD KPT LDH
31
27
N
3
102
100
500
R
63
36
R
64
0
50
BN
20
9
588 2
102
BN
27
2524
AS
49
45
N u m b e r o f C a se s ?
62
37
100
63
120
AS
65
50
73
140
600
128
100
118
68
700
150
N um be r o f C a se s ?
150
120
113
139
140
136
140
600
105
38
21
29
55 4
1 1 11 12
31
27
20
15
300
26
18
18
1 1 3 11
2
1
31
3 21 11
1
65
Mans
SASSBS- Tarn
Moga MKS PTA Ropar
SNG
a
Nagar
Nagar Taran
44
41
10
Charas
3
38
32
29
27
4
20
2
1
Districts ?
Fig. 13
18
31
3
26
1
1
1
3
105
1
r
G
Ta
ra
ga
SN
r
pa
r
ag
a
A
PT
Ro
a
K
KS
og
PT
M
T
R
a
M
Na
rn
21
H
15
KP
50
2
an
s
17
30
1
2
28
1
2
1
17
1
2
2
2
2
3
40
1
124
7
9
6
2
1
1
1
2
22
10
1
3
34
2
29
37
1
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
45
1
1
1
7
2
1
1
2
2
1
29
113
18
Districts ?
18
13
3
1
Fazilk
Mans
SASSBS- TarnT
FZR GSR HSR JLD KPT LDH
Moga MKS PTK PTA Ropar
SNG
a
a
Nagar
Nagar aran
5
Cocaine
Medicine (scheduled)
22
9 7
6
12 22 1 12 1
3
Charas
1
Heroin
LD
67
1
1
3
1
R
54
1
3
5
Poppy Husk
14
13
0
D
2
18
20
Medicine
(scheduled)
JL
2
Injection
(scheduled)
HS
Heroin
GS
1
13
9
Drug Type
?
Cocaine
S-
19
18
Poppy Husk
1
SB
32
1
Ta
8
24
20
Opium
0
1
S -N
93
1
1
Opium
SA
17
10
Unknown
2
23
M
Medicine (scheduled) 139
5
3
N
3
1
29
24
K
1
2
R
19
3
5
1
Cocaine
Heroin
1
D
1
Charas
1
FD
Poppy Husk
1
BT
1
29
22
31 1
2 1
ASR BNN BTD FDK FGS
32
29
BN
3
3 121 3522 2
0
36
40
100
AS
3
29
22
17
10
25
Opium
37
34
5
0
ASR BNN BTD FDK FGS FZR GSR HSR JLD KPT LDH
49
40
40
20
57
60
56
60
200
S
2
R
17
11 32 1 2
ka
1
z il
8
1 1 1
32
30
19
17
80
FZ
32
19
10
3 3 3
50
FG
54
100
Fa
60
80
400
n
67
40
120
500
93
80
100
20
100
127
120
200
Districts ?
Fig. 16
1
49
28
22
1
3
13
18
1
1
2
56
7
1
Dr. Akshat Mehta*
POLICE AND PRIVATE SECURITY
The domain of security is
generally comprehended in terms of the
role of Police. Police is seen as an
organized body of civil officers entrusted
with the tasks of preservation of good
order, the prevention and detection of
crime and the enforcement of laws
(Sharma, 1977, p.1). The domain of
security is widely interpreted to be public
in nature. The maintenance of order and
enforcement of law are comprehended in
terms of the functions of the
governmental agencies. Policing as a set
of activities are also understood to be
those undertaken by public law
enforcement officers.
However, this ‘only public’ nature
of security or monopoly of security with
the State has been witnessing
alterations, owing to the rise of private
security. In recent past, the private
security has witnessed a rapid growth.
This growth is on account of a host of
factors relating to cost, accessibility,
flexibility, perception of security and the
limitations of public security. Private
security has provided many citizens with
a 24x7 kind of reliable and cost-effective
option for safeguarding their life as well
as property. The heightened threat
perceptions emanating from terrorism
and other disruptive issues have also
pushed individuals and companies to look
for tailor-made and reliable security
beyond public security.
The author in a previous work had
noted with caution that internal security
in India has been marred by the feelings
of all pervasive deep ‘insecurity’ amongst
the citizens on account of innumerable
challenges. The challenges discussed
included persistent Terrorist activities;
growing spatial spread and consolidation
of Naxalism; simmering social fault-lines
of caste, religion, gender, ethnicity,
region and language; crisis of
governance including the failure of Police
to enforce the rule of law; rising crime
rate; dilatory and ineffective criminal
justice system; and politicized and
unprofessional approach of Police
CDTS Chandigarh
(Mehta, 2009). It is pertinent to mention
here that shortage of manpower is one of
the key factors hampering the public
security in overcoming these challenges.
No wonder, the number of private
security agencies and private security
personnel have increased manifold. The
growth is also visible in terms of foray of
private security agencies into multiple
sectors including Banks, Industries,
Education, Hospitals, Hotels and Airport
around the World. In case of certain
agencies, a great deal of specialization
has also been seen.
R. K. Raghavan, Former Director,
Central Bureau of Investigation says that
finding public police response as
inadequate; many consumers have gone
towards private security agencies for
handling their personal security
problems. The mushrooming of these
companies is a testimony to this trend. In
his opinion, these agencies provide
manpower that offers at least a
semblance of protection to threatened
individuals (Raghavan, 2003). Harwood
also supports this rationale by stating
that “in India, where the country’s police
forces are stretched thin, private security
guards have stepped into this vacuum
and are becoming de facto police officers”
(Harwood, 2009).
The Central Association of Private
Security Industry (CAPSI) in its website
mentions that it has emerged as an ‘elite
association’ nationally & internationally
of renowned security professionals
managing world’s largest ‘workforce of 7
million’ guardsmen and women engaged
in providing private security cover to the
Nation (CAPSI Website).
Not only the industry is
expanding, but in certain cases the
private security in India is undergoing a
metamorphosis and is rapidly
transforming from mostly unarmed,
static security guards that patrolled
apartment buildings, hotels and other
businesses into armed anti-terrorism
units. There has been surge in demand
for this kind of specialized security in the
46
Key Words:
Police;
Private Security;
Community-Orientation;
Client-Orientation;
The Private Security
Agencies (Regulation)
Act, 2005;
The Chandigarh
Administration
Private Security
Agencies Rules, 2006;
The Punjab Private
Security Agencies
Rules, 2007;
The Delhi Private
Security Agencies
(Regulation) Rules, 2009;
(*Assistant Professor,
Centre for Police
Administration,
Univ. Institute of Emerging
Areas in Social Sciences,
Panjab University,
Chandigarh
Police and Private Security
CDTS Chandigarh
Abstract :
The domain of security is
generally comprehended
in terms of the role of
Police. However, Private
Security has witnessed a
rapid growth in recent
past. This growth is
visible in terms of
increased number of
Private Security
Agencies as well as the
personnel coupled with
its foray into multiple
sectors. Several sectors
including Banks,
Industries, Education,
Hospitals, Hotels and
Airport have seen the
rising role of Private
Security around the
World. In the Indian
context too this
quantitative as well as
qualitative expansion of
Private Security has
been all too visible. This
expansion led the
Government to enact
The Private Security
Agencies (Regulation)
Act, 2005 and
subsequently States
have followed with the
Rules relating to the
same.
wake of Mumbai terrorist attacks of 2008 engaging a supervisor of private security
(Bennett, 2009).
guards, every private security agency
T h i s e x p a n s i o n l e d t h e shall in addition to ex-servicemen, give
Government of India to enact The Private preference to a person who has
Security Agencies (Regulation) Act, 2005 experience of serving in State Police
and subsequently States have followed including Armed Constabularies and
with the Rules relating to the same. This Home Guards. Similarly, in case of
growth of Private Security initially private security guard, Section 10
unregulated and then in a regulated mentions the preference for person who
environment has in addition to its has served as member in Police including
benefits raised certain issues vis-à-vis armed constabularies of States and
Police Administration.
Home Guards. Section 13 of the Act deals
The Police and Private Security, with the ‘Cancellation and Suspension of
both function in order to provide security. Licence’ and in its Clause (1) sub clause
The orientation, though, is different on (l) it says that one of the grounds for the
account of public law enforcement cancellation of licence is that the ‘licence
functions being society- or community- holder did not provide assistance to the
oriented, whereas private security Police or any other authority in the
functions are essentially client-oriented. discharge of its duties or acted in a
In this context Clifford Shearing noted manner prejudicial to national security or
that the nature of relationship between public order or law and order’.
private and public policing was clear;
Section 18 of the Act is titled
while the public police acted in the public ‘ D i s c l o s u r e o f i n f o r m a t i o n t o
interest, private police acted for private unauthorized person’. In its clause (1)
interests that were often, if not always, at prohibits the private security guard from
odds with the public interest (Shearing, disclosing/divulging any information
1992, p. 406). Further, there are acquired by him during employment
limitations on private security personnel except the disclosure required in
in terms of the possession and exercise of connection with any inquiry or
police powers – that is, the power of investigation by the Police. In clause (2)
arrest (Fischer and Green, 2004, p.48). it has been mandated upon private
These differences, however, do not wean security guards to render necessary
us away from realizing that for the sake of assistance to the Police in the process of
security at large, their roles should be any investigation pertaining to the
complementary in nature.
activities of their agency. Clause (3) puts
One of the most frequently cited the onus on the private security guard
view of the relationship between the two that during the discharge of duties, if any
agencies is that “both private security violation of law is noticed by him, he shall
and the public Police are committed to bring it to the notice of superior who in
similar general objectives and that turn shall inform the Police.
private security makes its contribution to
Section 21 lays down the ‘Penalty
these objectives by complementing the for unauthorized use of certain uniforms’
public Police”. This view is particularly and clearly prohibits the private security
emphasized by the private security guard and supervisor from wearing the
community (Shearing and Stenning, uniform or any dress having the
1981, p. 219).
appearance or bearing any of the
The Private Security Agencies distinctive marks of the uniform of Armed
(Regulation) Act, 2005 through its Forces and Police. The penalty for the
provisions have also established the guard/supervisor and proprietor of the
framework for relationship between the agency is imprisonment for term
two agencies. Section 7 of the Act titled extending to one year or fine extending
‘Application for Grant of Licence’ in its 4th to five thousand rupees or both.
clause mentions the obtaining of no
A look at the subsequent Rules
objection certificate by the Controlling framed by some of the governments in
Authority from the concerned police the northern region namely, The
authority on the receipt of an application Chandigarh Administration Private
for licence from a private security agency. Security Agencies Rules, 2006; The
Section 9 specifically says that while Punjab Private Security Agencies Rules,
47 45
SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATOR
JOURNAL
March
SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATOR
JOURNAL
Issue 5 Jan
, Jan201212- Mar
13 2013
Police and Private Security
2007; The Delhi Private Security
Agencies (Regulation) Rules, 2009; The
Haryana Private Security Agencies Rules,
2009; and The Himachal Pradesh Private
Security Agencies(Regulation) Rules,
2011 - also reveals that be it the
verification of character and antecedents
of the applicant for license or such
verification in case of the guard, the role
of Police straightaway comes into picture.
There is lot of interface between the
Police and Private Security on account of
these aspects.
Thus, we see that in Indian
context, the relationship between the
Police and Private Security has a
framework on account of the Private
Security Agencies (Regulation) Act and
the subsequent Rules framed by the state
governments. This framework attempts
to regulate the private security agencies
as well as their personnel and Controlling
Authority as well as Police have been
given powers in this regard. The private
security agencies have raised concerns
and fears of being over regulated, but
when compared to the previous unregulated era, one can easily
comprehend that for the sake of
standards, regulation is essential.
References:
Avant, Deborah, D. (2005), The Market
for Force: The Consequences of
P r i va t i z i n g S e c u r i t y, C a m b r i d g e
University Press, United Kingdom.
Central Association of Private Security
Industry (CAPSI), “About Us”, Retrieved
f r o m h t t p : / / w w w. c a p s i . i n / a b o u tus.html, last accessed on September 26
at 0500 hrs.
Fischer, Robert J. and Green, Gion
(2004), Introduction to Security, Seventh
E d i t i o n , E l s e v i e r, B u t t e r w o r t h Heinemann, London.
Harwood, Mathew (2009), “India’s
Security Guards Become First Line of
Defense”, Security Management,
Retrieved from http:// www.
securitymanagement.com/news/indiassecurity-guards-become-first-linedefense-005298, March 03, last
accessed on September 26, 2013 at 0715
hrs.
Kaur, Harpreet (2013), “Security Guards
Trained at Jahan Khelan in Great
Demand”, Hindustan Times, Hoshiarpur,
April 08, Retrieved from http://
www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Jalan
dhar/Security-guards-trained-at-JahanKhelan-in-great-demand/SP-Article11039329.aspx, last accessed on
September 27, 2013 at 0445 hrs.
Mehta, Akshat (2009), “Internal (In)
Security in India Challenges and
Responses”, The Indian Police Journal,
Vol. LVI-No.4, October-December, pp.
26-35.
Raghavan, R.K. (2003), “Policing and
Private Initiatives”, Frontline, Volume 20Issue 03, February 01-14.
Sharma, Prabhu Datta (1977), Indian
Police: A Developmental Approach,
Research Publication in Social Sciences,
New Delhi.
Thoughts
If you are planning ahead for one year, plant a seed, for ten
years, a tree, but if you are planning for hundred years, educate
the children.
“Confucius”
48
CDTS Chandigarh

Scientific Investigator - CDTS

Transcription

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