Biogeografia e Evolução de Organismos Marinhos

Biogeografia e Evolução de Organismos
Marinhos
Rita Castilho
!
Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e Ambiente
Universidade do Algarve
Rita Castilho
CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve
What is biogeography?
Science that attempts to document and
understand spatial patterns of biodiversity.
!
The study of the past and present
geographic distribution of organisms.
“ the study of what organisms live where on
earth and why” (from Humphries and Parenti, 1999)
History of Biogeography
Approaches to biogeography?
• Historical Biogeography – Reconstruct the origins, dispersal, and
extinctions of taxa and biotas
• Ecological Biogeography – Accounts for the present distributions
in terms of interactions between organisms and their physical
and biotic environments
• Paleoecology – Bridges the gap between these two fields,
investigating the relationships between communities (abundance,
distribution, and diversity of species) and abiotic conditions
(climate, soils, water quality, etc.).
• Analytical Biogeographers - Develop general mathematical rules
of how geography effects the evolution and distribution of plants
and animals
• Conservation Biogeography - Work on the protection and
restoration of natural environments
James H. Speer
History of Biogeography
Population
Genetics
Phylogeography
Population Biology
population size
population structure
migration rates
divergence estimates
Phylogenetic
Biogeography
Area relationships
vicariance
dispersal
Late Quaternary Biogeography
responses to climates changes
location of refugia
range expansion
population vicariance
History of Biogeography
HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY
!!
Earth history
!
determines
!
!
Species
individual areas
their aggregation
results in
modify
!
Historical
events
Areas of
endemism
their aggregation
results in
!
Biogeographical
regions
generate
Distributional
patterns
History of Biogeography
ECOLOGICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY
!
!
Ecological niche
generate
their aggregation
results in
!
!
Functional types
result in
!
Distributional
patterns
History of Biogeography
Earth
Environment
Environmental
constraints
determine
Ecoregions
generate
HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY
!!
Earth history
!
determines
!
!
Species
individual areas
!
Areas of
endemism
!
!
Ecological niche
their aggregation
results in
modify
Historical
events
ECOLOGICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY
!
!
!
Functional types
Biogeographical
regions
generate
generate
their aggregation
results in
their aggregation
results in
Distributional
patterns
History of Biogeography
result in
!
Earth
Environment
Environmental
constraints
determine
Ecoregions
generate
Biogeographic Techniques
• Simulation modeling
• GIS
• Statistical Analysis
• multivariate and geospatial statistics
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Remote Sensing
Submersible vessels
Automated ground-based data collection systems
Radioisotopes
Stable isotopes
Molecular biological techniques
Genetic tools
James H. Speer
History of Biogeography
History of Biogeography
History of Biogeography
History of Biogeography
The Cenozoic Era (56 Ma – Present)
Sea level changes
Beginning of ice ages
Closure of Panama Seaway
Mediterranean dessication event
Opening of Bering Strait
Mid Miocene Cooling
Closure of Tethys Sea
‘HARD’ BARRIERS TO DISPERSAL
100-30MY
: Opening of Atlantic Ocean
!
18-20MY
: Closure of eastern Tethys Sea
Paleocene-Eocene warming
End of Cretaceous (dinosaur extinction)
!
3-4 MY
: Closure of Panama Seaway
!
Widening of Atlantic
3-5 MY
: Opening of Bering Strait
Biogeography
History of Biogeography
Biogeography
History of Biogeography
East Atlantic - Indian+Pacific = 2.5MY
West Atlantic - Indian+Pacific = 3.4MY
East Atlantic
West Atlantic
History of Biogeography
History of Biogeography
Historical vs Ecological Biogeography?
Historical Biogeography:
- How did the taxon come to be confined to its present range in space?
History of Biogeography
Historical vs Ecological Biogeography?
Historical Biogeography:
- How did the taxon come to be confined to its present range in space?
- When did that pattern of distribution come to have its present
boundaries and how have geological or climate events shape that
distribution?
History of Biogeography
Historical vs Ecological Biogeography?
Historical Biogeography:
- How did the taxon come to be confined to its present range in space?
- When did that pattern of distribution come to have its present
boundaries and how have geological or climate events shape that
distribution?
- What are the species’ closest relatives, and where are they found?
History of Biogeography
Historical vs Ecological Biogeography?
Historical Biogeography:
- How did the taxon come to be confined to its present range in space?
- When did that pattern of distribution come to have its present
boundaries and how have geological or climate events shape that
distribution?
- What are the species’ closest relatives, and where are they found?
- What is the history of the group and where did the earliest members of
the group live?
History of Biogeography
Historical vs Ecological Biogeography?
Historical Biogeography:
- How did the taxon come to be confined to its present range in space?
- When did that pattern of distribution come to have its present
boundaries and how have geological or climate events shape that
distribution?
- What are the species’ closest relatives, and where are they found?
- What is the history of the group and where did the earliest members of
the group live?
- Why are the animals and plants of large, isolated regions, such as
Australia or Madagascar, so distinctive?
History of Biogeography
Historical vs Ecological Biogeography?
Historical Biogeography:
- How did the taxon come to be confined to its present range in space?
- When did that pattern of distribution come to have its present
boundaries and how have geological or climate events shape that
distribution?
- What are the species’ closest relatives, and where are they found?
- What is the history of the group and where did the earliest members of
the group live?
- Why are the animals and plants of large, isolated regions, such as
Australia or Madagascar, so distinctive?
- Why are some closely related species confined to the same region,
while in other cases they are widely separated?
History of Biogeography
Historical vs Ecological Biogeography?
Historical Biogeography:
- How did the taxon come to be confined to its present range in space?
- When did that pattern of distribution come to have its present
boundaries and how have geological or climate events shape that
distribution?
- What are the species’ closest relatives, and where are they found?
- What is the history of the group and where did the earliest members of
the group live?
- Why are the animals and plants of large, isolated regions, such as
Australia or Madagascar, so distinctive?
- Why are some closely related species confined to the same region,
while in other cases they are widely separated?
Long-term, evolutionary periods of time, with larger, often global areas,
and often with taxa above the species level and extinct taxa.
History of Biogeography
Historical vs Ecological Biogeography?
Ecological Biogeography:
- Why is a species confined to its present range in space?
History of Biogeography
Historical vs Ecological Biogeography?
Ecological Biogeography:
- Why is a species confined to its present range in space?
- What enables it to live where it does, and what prevents it from
expanding into another areas?
History of Biogeography
Historical vs Ecological Biogeography?
Ecological Biogeography:
- Why is a species confined to its present range in space?
- What enables it to live where it does, and what prevents it from
expanding into another areas?
- What roles do water, soil, climate, latitude, topography and interactions
with other organisms play in limiting its distribution?
History of Biogeography
Historical vs Ecological Biogeography?
Ecological Biogeography:
- Why is a species confined to its present range in space?
- What enables it to live where it does, and what prevents it from
expanding into another areas?
- What roles do water, soil, climate, latitude, topography and interactions
with other organisms play in limiting its distribution?
- How do we account for the replacement of species as one moves up a
mountain or seashore, or from one environment to another?
History of Biogeography
Historical vs Ecological Biogeography?
Ecological Biogeography:
- Why is a species confined to its present range in space?
- What enables it to live where it does, and what prevents it from
expanding into another areas?
- What roles do water, soil, climate, latitude, topography and interactions
with other organisms play in limiting its distribution?
- How do we account for the replacement of species as one moves up a
mountain or seashore, or from one environment to another?
- Why are there more species in the tropics than in cooler environments?
History of Biogeography
Historical vs Ecological Biogeography?
Ecological Biogeography:
- Why is a species confined to its present range in space?
- What enables it to live where it does, and what prevents it from
expanding into another areas?
- What roles do water, soil, climate, latitude, topography and interactions
with other organisms play in limiting its distribution?
- How do we account for the replacement of species as one moves up a
mountain or seashore, or from one environment to another?
- Why are there more species in the tropics than in cooler environments?
- What controls the diversity of organisms that is found in any particular
region?
Short-term periods of time, with local, within-habitat, intracontinental
questions, with species and subspecies living organisms.
History of Biogeography
History
History of Biogeography
Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)
A Welsh naturalist, explorer, geographer,
anthropologist and biologist. He independently
proposed a theory of natural selection which
prompted Charles Darwin to publish his own
more developed and researched theory sooner
than he had intended. Wallace is sometimes
called the "father of biogeography".
History of Biogeography
Distinct Faunas across Similar Environments
Wallace’s Faunal Regions
History of Biogeography
Wallace’s line and Wallacea
Wallace’s line runs
between Bali and
Lombok, extending
north through the
Makassar Strait
between Kalimantan
(Borneo) and
Sulawesi. On the
western side of this
line the animals are
predominately of
Asian origin (tigers,
rhinoceros etc.). On
the eastern side of
the Wallace line the
animals are of
Australian descent
with a lot of endemic
species.
Wallace, A. R. (1876). The Geographical Distribution of Animals London, Macmillan.
History of Biogeography
Closely Related Taxa in Close Proximity and....
Close proximity and different taxa
Wallace’s Line
History of Biogeography
History of Biogeography
History of Biogeography
What are the patterns of distribution of species
seen across the globe?
!
Geographical regions have characteristic biotas.
Similar/closely related taxa tend to be closer together
than more distantly related groups.
Similar environments are found in different areas BUT
the same species may not be found in all places where
they could be.
Not closely related species in similar environments may
appear similar due to convergence.
History of Biogeography
How else might we explain this
distribution without biogeography
principles??
What distributions would we expect
to see WITHOUT macroevolution??
!
What broad distribution patterns
do we actually see?
History of Biogeography
Fossil Plants as Indicators of Climate
Presence of cycads
in fossil record
indicates a tropical
paleoclimate
Cycads: commonly a tropical Mesozoic plant
History of Biogeography
Fossil Plants as indicators of climate
WARM
COOL
History of Biogeography
Marine
Temperature
and
Biogeography
Calcareous nanoplankton:
warm waters
!
Planktonic diatoms: cool
waters, high latitudes
History of Biogeography
History of Biogeography
Plate Tectonics…Enter Alfred Wegener
Die Entstehung
der Kontinente
und Ozeane
[The origin of
continents and
oceans], 1915.
Alfred Wegener (1880-1930)
coincidence?
Rita Castilho
CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve
Clear direct evidence
Rita Castilho
CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve
Species and Areas: History of Ideas
Two important scientific advances in the mid 20th century
have revolutionized historical biogeography
1. Acceptance of plate tectonics
Up until the 1960s, most persons considered
the earth's crust to be fixed. Finally, in the
1960s the geological evidence was at hand
that made continental drift irrefutable.
History of Biogeography
slow process
Rita Castilho
CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve
Species and Areas: History of Ideas
Two important scientific advances in the mid 20th century
have revolutionized historical biogeography
1. Acceptance of plate tectonics
Up until the 1960s, most persons considered
the earth's crust to be fixed. Finally, in the
1960s the geological evidence was at hand
that made continental drift irrefutable.
2. Development of new phylogenetic
methods
Willi Hennig (1950) introduced the modern
concepts of phylogenetic theory (first
published in 1956). Using this methodology,
hypotheses of historical lineages of species
could be reconstructed.
History of Biogeography
History of Biogeography