Small Satellites - The Aerospace Corporation

Transcription

Small Satellites:
Past, Present, and Future
Henry Helvajian and Siegfried W. Janson
Editors
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Contents
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xvii
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxv
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi
1 The First Small Satellites:
Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
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$GGLWLRQDO9DQJXDUG/DXQFKHV &RQFOXVLRQV 5HIOHFWLRQV $FNQRZOHGJPHQWV %LEOLRJUDSK\ 2 The History of Small Satellites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
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High-Value Missions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
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Contents
0LVVLRQ0DQDJHPHQW 6FLHQWLILF5HVXOWV &RQFOXVLRQV $FNQRZOHGJPHQWV 5HIHUHQFHV 4 The Role of AMSAT in the Evolution
of Small Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
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A “100 Satellite” Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
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7 The United States Air Force Academy
FalconSAT Small Satellite Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
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5HIHUHQFHs 8 The United States Naval Academy
Small Low-Cost APRS Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
,QWURGXFWLRQ 7KH$3560LVVLRQ 3&6$7 3&6$7 $1'( 5$)7 &RQFOXVLRQ 5HIHUHQFHV 9 The Naval Postgraduate School
Small Satellites Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
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10 The UK’s First Nanosatellite—SNAP-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
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&RQFOXVLRQV $FNQRZOHGJPHQWV 5HIHUHQFHV 11 Microvariability and Oscillations of STars
(MOST) Mission: Canada’s First Microsatellite
and Space Telescope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
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7KH6SDFH)OLJKW/DERUDWRU\ $FNQRZOHGJPHQWV 5HIHUHQFHV 12 TUBSAT: The Technical University of Berlin
Satellite Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
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13 Proba: ESA’s Series of Small Satellite Testbeds . . . . . . . 385
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Design, Production, and Operations:
Orbital’s MicroStar Satellite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
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Autonomous Extravehicular Robotic Camera . . . . . . . . 487
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Contents
0LQL$(5&DP$SSOLFDWLRQV &RQFOXVLRQV 5HIHUHQFHV 522
17 Developing and Maturing
Microsatellite Formation Flight Technology . . . . . . . . . 525
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18 A Mass-Producible Glass/Ceramic Micropropulsion Unit
for a Co-Orbiting Satellite Assistant (COSA) Mission . 559
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20 Picosatellites at The Aerospace Corporation . . . . . . . . . 635
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Space Debris and Reentry Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
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23 The Future of Small Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
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Satellites as an Assembly of Mass-Producible
Functionalized Modules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815
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Contributors
William AilorLV3ULQFLSDO'LUHFWRURIWKH&HQWHUIRU2UELWDODQG5HHQWU\'HEULV
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David J. Barnhart 0DM 86$) LV $VVLVWDQW 3URIHVVRU DW WKH 6SDFH 6\VWHPV
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Dirk BernaertsLVWKH3URED3URMHFW0DQDJHUDWWKH(XURSHDQ6SDFH7HFKQRO
RJ\&HQWUH1RRUGZLMN7KH1HWKHUODQGV
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Bob Bruninga&GU861>UHW@WHDFKHVDWWKH6DWHOOLWH/DEDWWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV
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Matthias Buhl LV D 6FLHQFH$VVRFLDWH DW WKH ,QVWLWXW IU /XIW XQG 5DXPIDKUW
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Vladimir ChobotovLVDPHPEHURIWKH&HQWHUIRU2UELWDODQG5HHQWU\'HEULV
6WXGLHV&25'6DW7KH$HURVSDFH&RUSRUDWLRQLQ(O6HJXQGR&DOLIRUQLD
Srimal W. ChoiLV6HQLRU3ULQFLSDO6\VWHPV(QJLQHHUDW2UELWDO6FLHQFHV&RUSR
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William W. HansenLV6HQLRU5HVHDUFK$VVRFLDWHLQWKH3K\VLFDO6FLHQFHV/DER
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David Hardy LV 3URED 6\VWHPV (QJLQHHU DW WKH (XURSHDQ 6SDFH 7HFKQRORJ\
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Contributors
Steven L. HastLV6HQLRU3URMHFW/HDGHULQWKH$VWURG\QDPLFV'HSDUWPHQWDW7KH
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Henry HelvajianLVD6HQLRU6FLHQWLVWLQWKH3K\VLFDO6FLHQFHV/DERUDWRULHVDQG
UXQVWKH/DERUDWRU\IRU/DVHU0LFURHQJLQHHULQJ6FLHQFHDW7KH$HURVSDFH&RUSR
UDWLRQLQ(O6HJXQGR&DOLIRUQLD+HLVWKHHGLWRURIMicroengineering Aerospace
Systems$,$$7KH$HURVSDFH3UHVV
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David Hinkley LV 3URMHFW /HDGHU LQ WKH 3K\VLFDO 6FLHQFHV /DERUDWRULHV DW7KH
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Adam HuangLVDQ$VVLVWDQW3URIHVVRULQWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI0HFKDQLFDO(QJL
QHHULQJDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI$UNDQVDVLQ)D\HWWHYLOOH$UNDQVDV
Siegfried W. JansonLVD6HQLRU6FLHQWLVWLQWKH3K\VLFDO6FLHQFHV/DERUDWRULHVDW
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Contributors
Jaymie M. MatthewsLV02670LVVLRQ6FLHQWLVWDQG3URIHVVRURI3K\VLFVDQG
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R. Gilbert MooreLV'LUHFWRURI3URMHFW6WDUVKLQHDQG$GMXQFW3URIHVVRURI3K\V
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Simon NoletLVD3RVW'RFWRUDO$VVRFLDWHLQWKH6SDFH6\VWHPV/DERUDWRU\DWWKH
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Daniel L. OltroggeLV6HQLRU$QDO\VWDQG&(2RI(DUWK5HVHDUFK//&LQ&RO
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Contributors
Alvar Saenz-OteroLVD5HVHDUFK6FLHQWLVWZLWKWKH6SDFH6\VWHPV/DERUDWRU\DW
WKH0DVVDFKXVHWWV,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\0,7LQ&DPEULGJH0DVVDFKXVHWWV
Dan SakodaLVD5HVHDUFK$VVRFLDWHZLWKWKH6SDFH6\VWHPV$FDGHPLF*URXS
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Raymond SedwickLV$VVLVWDQW3URIHVVRURI$HURVSDFH(QJLQHHULQJDQG'LUHF
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Kenneth E. SiegenthalerLV3URIHVVRURI$VWURQDXWLFVDWWKH6SDFH6\VWHPV5H
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Chapter 1
The First Small Satellites: Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
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1.1 Introduction
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1.2 The Historical Background
1.2.1 Sounding Rockets
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1
Sputnik, Explorer, and Vanguard
Courtesy of M. Votaw
Courtesy of NASA
Courtesy of NASA
2
Fig. 1.1. Two views of Sputnik I (top). Explorer I (middle). Robert Bauman with Vanguard 1 (bottom).
3
Courtesy of B. Fraze
The Historical Background
Fig. 1.2. Comparative sizes of the Sputnik I, Explorer I, and Vanguard 1 satellites
(left, top to bottom) and their respective launch vehicles, R-7, Juno I, and Vanguard
(right, left to right).
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Courtesy of NASA
4
Fig. 1.3. Robert H. Goddard with his first successful liquid-fueled rocket.
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Fig. 1.4. Tactical V-2 rocket in Germany with mobile ground support vehicles (left).
V-2 launch at White Sands Proving Ground on 22 August 1951 (right).
6
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Fig. 1.6. Applied Physics Laboratory cosmic ray telescope in V-2 instrument section.
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Fig. 1.8. Viking 2 (left) and Viking 9 (right) launches at White Sands Proving Ground.
10
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Fig. 1.9. Dual Aerobee launches at White Sands Missile Range (a), Richard Custer
with Nike-Cajun rocket and HUGO payload at Wallops Island (b), Van Allen's Rockoon being launched from the icebreaker USS Eastwind (c), and Commander Gus
Ebel, Carl McIwain, and Frank McDonald with a Loki rocket at sea (d).
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Fig. 1.14. R-7 launch vehicle for Sputnik satellite.
Sputnik I
19
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1.4 Explorer I
Courtesy of NASA
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Fig. 1.15. Explorer I instrument section being installed on Scale Sergeant fourth-stage
motor.
Explorer I
21
Courtesy of NASA
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Fig. 1.16. Explorer I components and external shell. The cosmic ray experiment is
mounted on the upper portion of the compartment, and the telemetry section, flexible
antennas, and micrometeor detectors are mounted at the bottom. The white stripes
are designed for thermal control of the spinning satellite.
Courtesy of U.S. Army/ Redstone Arsenal
22
Fig. 1.17. Night launch of Explorer I aboard the Juno I launch vehicle.
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23
Explorer I
Fig. 1.18. Upper-stage spin bucket on top of a modified Redstone first stage.
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24
Courtesy of C. McIlwain
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Fig. 1.19. Iowa graduate student Carl E. McIlwain with the cosmic ray experiment
that he flew on a Nike-Cajun rocket from Ft. Churchill, Canada, into an auroral substorm at about the same time that Explorer I flew. His analysis of the flux of energetic
particles detected on his Nike-Cajun flight allowed him to explain to Van Allen why
the Explorer I Geiger counter saturated.
Vanguard 1
25
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Fig. 1.20. Vanguard 1 during final installation and checkout on its TV-4 launch vehicle.
26
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Fig. 1.21. Successful launch of Vanguard 1 on 17 March 1958.
Vanguard 1
27
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Fig. 1.22. Dave Corbin assembling Vanguard 1 satellite.
28
Fig. 1.23. Vanguard 1 battery-operated transmitter.
DQWHQQDVDWWKHLUWUDQVPLWWHU·VIUHTXHQF\7KH0+]WUDQVPLWWHUIHGDGLSROH
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)LJ,WZDVSRZHUHGE\DQ$-PRWRUWKDWEXUQHGZKLWHLQKLELWHGIXP
LQJQLWULFDFLGDQGXQV\PPHWULFDOGLPHWK\OK\GUD]LQHWRGHOLYHUDYDFXXPWKUXVW
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Vanguard 1
Navy Electronics
Laboratory
San Diego,California
29
Blossom Point, Maryland
Ft. Stewart, Georgia
Batista Field, Havana, Cuba
Coolidge Field,Antigua Island
Mt. Cotopaxi,Quito, Equador
Ancon, Lima, Peru
Antafagasto, Chile
Peldehue Military Reservation,
Santiago, Chile
Fig. 1.24. Minitrack antenna dipole feed (top). Typical segment of a Minitrack interferometer antenna array (middle). Minitrack locations in the Western hemisphere
(bottom).
30
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WKHGUDJFRHIILFLHQWRIDVSKHUHLVLQGHSHQGHQWRIRULHQWDWLRQ&RQWLQXHGRSWLFDO
Fig. 1.25. Aerobee Hi in hangar with payload exposed.
Additional Sputnik Launches
31
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1.6 Additional Sputnik Launches
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Fig. 1.26. Sputnik II three-part payload, with science instrument package on top,
spherical Sputnik I type shell below that, and Laika the dog's capsule on the bottom.
32
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Additional Explorer Launches
33
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DIWHUWKHILUVWIHZZHHNVRILWVPLVVLRQDSSDUHQWO\GXHWRDIDLOXUHRILWVPRGXOD
WLRQV\VWHP
1.7 Additional Explorer Launches
Courtesy of George H. Ludwig
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WKH\ZHUHVXFFHVVIXOXQWLO([SORUHU9,DWZKLFKWLPHWKH\QXPEHUHGRQO\WKH
Fig. 1.27. Henry Richter of JPL (left) and Iowa graduate student George H. Ludwig
with prototype equipment for the Explorer II cosmic ray experiment, which added a
tape recorder to the basic Explorer I package. The satellite failed to reach orbit, but
an identical payload was flown successfully on the Explorer III mission on 26 March
1958.
34
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Fig. 1.28. A Juno II rocket.
35
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Fig. 1.29. The Explorer VI satellite.
36
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Fig. 1.30. The Thor Able III launch vehicle.
37
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39
Courtesy of NASA
Additional Vanguard Launches
Fig. 1.32. Transparent view of 51 cm Vanguard satellite interior.
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41
Fig. 1.34. Vanguard 3 satellite with magnetometer boom protruding from top.
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1.9 Conclusions
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Table 1.1 Summary of Launches from July 1957 to December 1959
Sputnik
Explorer
Vanguard
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1.10 Reflections
Courtesy of NASA
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Fig. 1.35. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center team toasting Sputnik I.
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1.11 Acknowledgments
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1.12 Bibliography
5+*RGGDUGA Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes6PLWKVRQLDQ,QVWLWXWLRQ
5+*RGGDUGLiquid Propellant Rocket Development,6PLWKVRQLDQ,QVWLWXWLRQ
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Bibliography
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Small Satellites - The Aerospace Corporation

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