Basic Climbing Course
Transcription
Basic Climbing Course
2015 Basic Climbing Course Student Manual Climb! Olympia Mountaineers www.olympiamountaineers.org Table of Contents Key Dates 2 Introduction 3 Basic Field Trips Requirements 7 Lecture Supplements The Club Standards 8 The Climbing Code 8 Helmets 9 Other Safety Considerations 9 Equipment 10 The Ten Essentials 10 Equipment Checklist 11 Critical Skills 12 Mountaineering Knots and Slings 15 Intro to Climbing Section Basic Skills 16 Belay Practice 19 Snow Travel and Self Arrest 22 Glacier Section Snow Camp 23 Glacier Travel 32 Rock Section Rock Fundamentals 28 Rock I 29 Rock II 31 Glossary 34 Application for Graduation 37 Application for Extension 39 Stewardship Form 41 Cover photo: Sulfide Glacier Mt. Shuksin, photo by Andrew Monk 1 Key Dates General Notes: Lectures start promptly at 6:30 PM unless otherwise specified th (Chapters referenced are from the text Freedom of the Hills 8 Edition) INTRODUCTION TO CLIMBING SECTION Section Leaders: TBD Lecture Schedule Date Subject Study Chapters Feb. 17 Equipment, Knots, Belay and Rappel 5, 9, 10, 11 March 3 Belay Practice, Hands on 5, 9, 10, 11 March 17 Snow Travel 16, 17, Field Trip Schedule Date Alt. Date Field Trip Location Leader Feb. 21 Basic Skills TBD TBA March 8 (Sunday) Belay Practice Priest Point Park TBA Mt. Rainier NP TBA March 21 March 22 Snow Travel Phone GLACIER CLIMBING SECTION Section Leader: TBD Lecture Schedule Date Subject Study Chapters April 7 Introduction, glacier travel and hazards 16, 17, 22, 26, 27 June 2 Z-Pulley Workshop 17 Field Trip Schedule Date Alt. Date Field Trip Location April 12-13 April 11-12 Snow Weekend Mt. Rainier NP Glacier Travel Mt. Rainier NP June 6 ROCK CLIMBING SECTION Section Leader: TBD Lecture Schedule Date Subject Study Chapters April 21 Introduction, climbing techniques and anchors 11, 12, 13, App. A Field Trip Location Climbing Gym Warehouse Rock Gym Field Trip Schedule Date Alt. Date April 27 May 2 May 9 Rock Fundamentals Spire Rock- Spanaway May 16-17 May 23-24 Rock I &II – Rock Weekend McCleary Cliffs at Lake Cushman June 9th Final Test Basic Course Chair: Bob Keranen 360-340-1882 2 [email protected] Introduction Welcome to the Olympia Mountaineers Basic Climbing Course. Taking this course is a great way to learn solid climbing fundamentals, meet new climbing partners, and find opportunities to climb some of the area's most spectacular peaks. Students with some prior climbing experience typically learn new skills, improve their prior skills, and become better rounded climbers. The course is broken down into four sections. The first of the four sections is Wilderness Skills, which is a prerequisite for the climbing and scrambling courses. It is expected that students entering Introduction to Climbing would be recent graduates of Wilderness Skills or actively using the skills taught in that course. The second section is Introduction to Climbing and is prerequisite for the final two sections, Rock and Glacier climbing. Students are allowed two years to complete the course, although the course is designed to be finished in one year. Application deadlines for graduation or extension into a second year are due on October 1st. Graduation requirements include completing all field trips, lectures, experience climbs, Mountaineering Oriented First Aid (MOFA), a conservation project, a final exam, and approval from the Climbing Committee. Upon completion of a section a student can participate in the following climb types: Introduction to Climbing: Completion of this section allows students to participate on Conditioners and Alpine climbs. Leader permission is required for Alpine Climbs. More, information about the types of climbs is given below. Basic Rock Section: Completion of this section allows students to participate on Conditioners, Alpine, and Rock climbs. Basic Glacier Completion of this section allows students to participate on Conditioners, Alpine, and Glacier climbs. Experience Climbs To graduate from the Basic Climbing Course students must successfully complete at least four basic experience climbs, including one Conditioner, one Glacier, one Rock, and the fourth climb could be an Alpine, Rock or Glacier climb. The Conditioner must be done before any other climbs. More about the types of climbs is given below. About the Climbs All of the Mountaineer Basic Experience Climbs are done "Alpine Style", which means carrying everything you need to climb a peak. Alpine style climbers must share the work of carrying all the group gear and carry their own personal gear. Some climbs have approaches that take one hour, and others approaches might take all day or multiple days to travel into remote wilderness areas. Students are required to complete a minimum of four Mountaineer's basic experience climbs to qualify for graduation. Feel free to participate on more than the minimum number of climbs you are qualified to do. Basic Experience Climbs are divided into four categories, which broadly describe the nature of the technical challenges. The four categories include: Conditioner, Alpine, Rock, and Glacier. 3 Climb Categories Conditioner (C) Conditioners are typically non-technical routes that are climbed for fun, exercise, testing equipment, and as training for more technically challenging routes. All students are required to do at least one conditioner before any of the other climbs. Again, feel free to do more than one, since there are several excellent mountains to climb that are rated as Conditioners. Basic Alpine (A) Alpine climbs are a mixed bag with a lot of variety. Alpine climbs sometimes offer a short section of roped glacier or roped rock climbing, but not enough to qualify as a glacier or rock climb. Usually Alpine climbs consist of long sections of steep snow and sections of 3rd class unroped scrambling. Do not assume that alpine climbs are easier or safer than basic rock or glacier climbs. Many Alpine climbs rival the longer glacier climbs for strenuousness, and unroped scrambling can present risks not found on many roped rock climbs. NOTE: Students should request leader permission to participate on Alpine climbs if they have not completed the entire basic climbing course. Students should discuss the climb with the leader to make certain their skills and their level of conditioning match the climb leader's expectations. For example, a climb leader might expect traveling light and fast over exposed rock while unroped. Other alpine climbs might require rappelling that is taught in the Rock Section or glacier travel and camping on snow that is taught in the Glacier Section. Basic Rock Climbs (R) Basic Rock Climbs typically have between two to six pitches of roped rock climbing at a relatively low technical level, from exposed 4th class to class 5.5. The most common and generally most serious hazard on Basic Rock climbs is rock fall. It should be taken seriously at all times. Due diligence and caution by all party members should reduce rock fall potential to a reasonable level of risk. Glacier Climbs (G) Glacier climbs are long, strenuous climbs on the higher glaciated peaks in the Northwest. They are typically overnight or multi-day trips, may include camping on snow, and often require a pre-dawn start from a high camp followed by several hours of glacier travel. Management of physical requirements such as food, clothing, and water tend to be most problematic on glacier climbs. After unfavorable weather conditions, the most common causes for aborting a glacier climb are party members who fail to carry or drink enough water and become dehydrated; or become severely sunburned or snow-blinded; or succumb to altitude sickness. The risk of a serious crevasse accident is minimal if the party is well equipped, well trained, and attentive. How-ever, the complacency that often sets in after hours of slogging up a glacier can increase danger. Party members should keep ropes extended and hold their ice axes ready for arrest. Rating Systems Learning and understanding the various rating systems allows the climber to match their skills and desired level of challenge against the relative difficulty of a climb. 4 Climb Categories S/S: Seriousness and Strenuousness Some of the Mountaineer climb listings may present a rating that looks like a fraction, for example: 2/3. The scale is from 1 to 5, with 1being easiest and 5 being the hardest. The first number, seriousness, refers to the technical difficulty, exposure, and commitment of a climb. The second number, strenuousness, refers to the physical demands and level of conditioning required. Grades I - V In this rating system the overall difficulty of a route is represented by a Roman numeral from I through V, with Grade I being easiest and Grade V being most difficult. This rating takes many factors into account including: length in both time and distance, average difficulty of individual pitches, expected hazards, level of commitment and the ability to escape. Classes 1 - 5 Never applied to the entire climb, this rating, known as the "Class;' indicates the severity of the most difficult pitch on the route. These numbers are loosely defined as follows: Walking Easy scrambling, some use of hands may be required Scrambling, usually unroped and potentially exposed Difficult scrambling, exposure may require roped climbing for safety Technical climbing requiring placement of protection for safety Class 5 rock climbing is further divided into decimals to better define the difficulty of the pitch, ranging from to 5.10, and up to 5.13 for more extreme climbing. Most basic rock climbs range from Class 5.0 to 5.5. Safety We climb because we enjoy the sport and intend to have fun during our trips into the mountains. But, never forget that climbing is a dangerous sport with serious risks. So please, no goofing around with safety. Unsafe behavior cannot be tolerated in a class of this nature. So just as a solid belay anchor includes backups and redundancy, the theme of safety will be reemphasized often throughout this course. 5 Summary of Sections and Skills Learned Introduction to Climbing Section Mountaineers membership required Prerequisites: Wilderness Skills Course; OR Scrambling Graduate and be an active participant in alpine scrambling in good standing with the club. Attendance at all lectures and field trips is required. The first two field trips must be taken with the Olympia Branch. Snow 1 field trip, or equivalent, may be made up with another club branch if permission from that branch is obtained and the dates fit the Olympia Basic Course schedule This section will teach: Climbing equipment, including: harness, rope, belay devices, and ice axe. Knots Belay Techniques, including: sitting hip belay, belaying with a device and Munter hitch, standing carabiner and boot axe belays, communication and voice commands. Rope management and coiling. Traveling along a fixed line Rappelling is introduced in this Section, but taught with more emphasis in the Rock Section. Because many alpine style climbs require a snow approach this Section includes snow travel, ice axe use, self-arrests, self belay, glissade, and snow anchors. Rock Section Prerequisites: Introduction to Climbing Section Attendance at all lectures and field trips is required. The first field trip in the Warehouse Rock Gym must be taken with the Olympia Branch, but the other field trips may be made up with other club branches. * This section will teach: Rock climbing techniques and moving safely on rock. Rappelling with device and carabineer brake Knots, anchors, and more practice belaying Glacier Section Prerequisites: Introduction to Climbing Section Attendance at all lectures and field trips is required. Field trips may be made up with other club branches. * This section will teach: More practice with self-arrests and snow belays. Camping on snow High altitude climbing Glacier travel and recognizing glacier hazards Crevasse rescue and Z pulley setup * If permission from that branch is obtained and the dates fit the Olympia Basic Course schedule. Make up field trips may not be possible. 6 Basic Field Trips Requirements The field trips are conducted to give you the opportunity to practice techniques you've learned from the lectures and the text. These are accepted mountaineering techniques and will be used on any climb scheduled by the Mountaineers. Be on time. Have yourself and your gear ready at the designated time. Students arriving late may not be allowed to participate. Please be cautious. There is always a certain degree of risk in any mountaineering practice or climb. Pay attention and follow your instructor's advice. Your safety and enjoyment depend on your cooperation. Do not litter any of the practice or climbing areas. Carry out everything you carry in. Follow the instructions given. The techniques and information taught on these field trips are accepted mountaineering techniques. There maybe more than one way to do some things, but the techniques you will learn has been standardized for consistent instruction and safety. Be courteous. The instructors on these field trips are fellow Mountaineers who are volunteering their time to teach during these practices. Listen to their advice. Bring the equipment required for each practice. The needed equipment for each field trip is listed on page 7 in this manual. Club ropes will be used on all field trips. Mark all your equipment with name or initials that will stand up to abrasion and moisture. Wool clothing, pile, or polypropylene must be worn or carried in the pack for Belay Practice and Rock field trips. Wool clothing, pile, or polypropylene must be worn at Snow Travel & Self Arrest, Snow Camp and Glacier Travel field trips. It is also mandatory for all Basic snow climbs and for all glacier travel. Follow the club standards. No one should leave the practice site for home until dismissed by the leader. Each student must have his or her own individual equipment and lunch. Relatives and close friends will be separated on practices. Attendance and participation in the field trips are mandatory. The field trips are scheduled in a sequence that will prepare you for field trips and climbs. The sequence is planned to provide you with the knowledge of necessary climbing techniques prior to the time the techniques are actually needed. This is intended to provide all participants with a margin of safety in all practice and climbing situations. You must complete the Basic Techniques and Belay Practice field trips with the Olympia Branch. No Exceptions. You must also: Complete the Basic Techniques field trip prior the Belay Practice field trip. Complete the Belay Practice field trip prior to Snow Travel & Self Arrest and Rock Fundamentals field trips. Complete Snow Travel & Self Arrest prior to Snow camp field trip. Complete Rock Fundamentals prior to Rock 1 field trip. Complete Rock 1 field trip prior to Rock 2 field trip. Complete Snow Travel &Self Arrest and Snow Camp prior to Glacier Travel field trip. Prior to participating in a field trip students must attend the lecture(s) relevant to that field trip. You must sign up for the field trips at the lecture which immediately precedes any trip. Basic Experience Climbs Requirements To Get Basic Experience Climbs Credit Basic students must complete all lectures through rock climbing and all field trips through Rock2 prior to participating in rock climbs. Only those Basic Experience climbs approved by the Climbing Committee and those Basic Experience climbs listed in The "Go Guide" by other Mountaineer basic climbing courses may be used for Basic Experience climb Basic students must complete all lectures through Snow and credit. Glacier Travel and all field trips through Glacier Travel prior to participating in glacier climbs. The summit must be reached on basic alpine, rock and glacier climbs by the individual climber and the entire climb must be completed in a safe and competent manner to receive credit. 7 The Club Standards All members of the Mountaineers, in order to attain the Club purposes, "To explore and study the mountains, forests and water courses of the Northwest and beyond" in a spirit of good fellowship, shall subscribe to the following standards: To exercise personal responsibility and to conduct themselves on Club activities and premises in a manner that will not impair the safety of the party, or prevent the collective participation and enjoyment of others. To respect private property. To enter the "outdoors" as a visitor, leaving behind no debris, environmental scars, or other indications of their visit which would reduce the enjoyment of those who follow. To minimize the environmental impact on the outdoors by using campfires only in properly designated areas and extinguishing completely after use; conducting human sanitation and washing away from watercourses; and carrying out all solid waste brought into the out-doors. To abstain from using alcohol and other drugs or medications on Club activities and premises in which such use would affect the safety of the party or impair the collective participation and enjoyment of others. Do not bring pets, firearms, or any other item(s) that will impair the safety or enjoyment of others on Mountaineer premises or on Club activities. To obey all applicable specific regulations of governmental agencies which affect Mountaineer activities and property. To obey those specific regulations imposed by the Board of Trustees, Branches and Divisions of The Mountaineers, which are necessary to implement the above. Those Mountaineers who deviate from this philosophy and from the specific Club regulations may be subject to the disciplinary procedures of the Club, including expulsion. The Climbing Code A climbing party of three is the minimum, unless adequate prearranged support is available. On glaciers a minimum of two rope teams is recommended. Leave the trip schedule with a responsible person. Carry at all times the clothing, food and equipment necessary. Keep the party together and obey the leader or majority rule. Rope up on all exposed places and for all glacier travel. Anchor all belays. Never climb beyond your ability and knowledge. Never let judgment be overruled by desire when choosing the route or turning back. Follow the precepts of sound mountaineering as set forth in textbooks of recognized merit. Behave at all times in a manner that will reflect favorably upon mountaineering, with minimum impact to the environment. The Climbing Code is a standard of judgment based on many years of mountaineering experience. In risky or doubtful situations it increases the margin for safety and success. It is a guide for both veteran and novice alike; the key to safe and sane climbing. Follow it religiously until its precepts become second nature. 8 Helmets Mountain climbing is an inherently dangerous activity, you must be aware of that. Some of the hazards are beyond your control, like naturally falling ice or rock. You and your climbing partners can reduce other hazards. One of the greatest risks as a climber is suffering a serious or fatal head injury from falling rock, ice or other objects or from striking your head while falling yourself. A quality safety helmet may well save your life, but only if it is worn. While participating in this course you will be required to wear a UIAA approved helmet. But anytime you climb, you should personally consider wearing a helmet if you would be exposed to head injury. Don't be swayed by careless decisions of others: It's your head! Conditioning Students will benefit themselves and their classmates by starting or continuing a conditioning program. If you are not in condition, you will fatigue easily after a short period of exercise, and you will be susceptible to muscle cramps, stiffness and soreness in following days. As you reach the point of exhaustion, you can become too tired to concentrate on route finding and technical skills. In short, a supposedly enjoyable outing becomes a painful ordeal with increasing risks to both you and other party members. Aerobic power is what is needed to maintain the level of energy needed for mountaineering. Only if one regularly participates in a strenuous physical activity such as jogging, swimming, bicycling or hiking, can your aerobic power be increased. The activity should be prolonged enough to produce a sweat and induce mild breathlessness for at least 30 minutes at a time. Many of the other risks associated with climbing can also be minimized by your personal choices and actions. The primary responsibility for your safety is always your own. Other Safety Considerations The popularity of hiking, backpacking, backcountry skiing, and climbing grows each year. Competition for space and solitude increases. Soil, plant, water, wildlife, and scenery bear the brunt of the seasonal onslaught of backcountry users. Litter, pollution, erosion, and noise increasingly scar the wilderness we seek to enjoy. When we step from the car and onto the trail, the protective asphalt is left behind us. Our attitude and actions must change to conform to the fragile surroundings. We are obligated, as users, to help sustain the illusion of solitude and the illusion of being first. Most of us are sensitive to the obvious-no littering, no polluting, no tree or trail cutting. The land, however, demands more of us. We must learn how to minimize our impacts even more. We might have to work at it a bit, but only until it becomes second nature, just like taking the right equipment. Learn, practice, and teach the following principles: Plan ahead and prepare Camp and travel on durable surfaces Pack it in, pack it out Properly dispose of what you can't pack out Leave what you find Minimize use and impact of fires For rock climbing: minimize climbing impacts, too. 9 Equipment The cost of equipping yourself depends on how much gear you have accumulated in prior outdoors activities (climbing, backpacking, hiking, and skiing), your abilities in crafting, improvising or bargain hunting, and your tastes. Some items can be rented or borrowed until your interest is certain and your funds are available. However many items will need to be bought eventually, and these will be the major expense of this class for most students. Some clothing items can be bought at the Good Will and Salvation Army Thrift Stores with persistence and luck. Army Surplus Stores also provide bargains at times. For those willing to spend the bucks, there are many outdoor recreation stores to cater to your comfort and style and you will soon find that there is no upper limit to what you can spend to equip yourself. Many items cannot be improvised. For example, regular sunglasses are no substitute for glacier glasses and ski pants are no substitute for wool or fleece pants. An approved climbing helmet is required on all rock climbs and many alpine and glacier climbs. Bicycle and construction helmets are not acceptable. Your compass must have these features: rotating bezel, parallel straight edges, adjustable declination and a clear base. Sunscreen should have a sun protection factor of at least 8, and for those with sensitive skin or planning climbs above 8000: a stronger lotion is desirable. The equipment checklist tells what is needed for each trip. The Ten Essentials 1. Navigation 2. Sun Protection 3. Insulation (Extra Clothing) 4. Illumination 5. First Aid Supplies 6. Fire 7. Repair Kit and Tools 8. Nutrition (Extra Food) 9. Hydration (Extra Water) 10. Emergency Shelter Sources of Climbing and Camping Equipment Recreational Equipment Ine. 625 Black Lake Blvd SW, Suite 410 Olympia, WA 98502 360-786-1938 Marmot Mountain Works 827 Bellevue Way NE Bellevue, WA 425-453-1515 Warehouse Rock Gym 315 Jefferson Street Northeast Olympia, WA 98501 360-596-9255 North Face 1023 1st Avenue Seattle, WA 206-622-4111 Big5 Sporting Goods 1001Cooper Point Rd. Olympia, WA 360-786-6529 Patagonia Seattle 2100 First Avenue Seattle, WA 206-622-9700 Wilderness Sports 14340 NE 20th Bellevue, WA 425-746-0500 Mt. Constance Mtn. Shop 1500 NE Riddel Rd. Bremerton, WA 360-377-0668 Feathered Friends 119 Yale Avenue N. Seattle, WA 206-292-2210 Eddie Bauer, Ine. 5th & Union Seattle, WA 206-622-2766 For additional sources, see yellow pages under Camping Equipment, Skiing Equipment, Mountain Climbing Equipment and Sporting Goods. 10 All Washington topo maps are available at Dept. of Natural Resources, Maps and Surveys Office, 902-1234. Many of the sources listed have some rental equipment; however, in general, the equipment is limited in quantity. Rent early to be sure of getting what you want. You may not be satisfied long with renting, primarily because of the inconvenience and/or unavailability of rental equipment. Rock I & II Conditioner Alpine Glacier R R R R R R R R R R R - S S S S R O R O R O O S R R R R R R R R R O O R R** R** R R R R R R R O O R - R R R R R R R R R O O R - R R R R R O R O R O O S R R R R R O R O R O O S R R R R R S R L R O O S R R R R R S R R R O O R R R R R R R R R R O L R R - R R - R R - R R R R R - R R R R R - R R - R R - L L L L L L L L R R L R R R R L Rock Rock Fund. R Climbs Rock Gym Rock Section R Glacier Section Z-Pulley Glacier Travel Ten Essentials (every time, all the time) Clothing Fleece* Pants Fleece* Sweaters or pile jackets (1 or 2) Fleece* hat, ear covers Fleece* socks (2 pair) Gloves; preferably Fleece* Cover mittens; waterproof/windproof Climb boots – lug soles Gaitors; extends to below the knee Rain Gear; coat and pants Wind parka Heavy parka Long underwear; synthetic or wool Technical Gear Carabiners; 6 standard, 3 locking (2 small) Climbing Helmet, UIAA approved Rescue Pulley Crampons Ice Axe Leather Belay Gloves – rough cowhide Climbing rope; 9 or 11 mm Texas Prusiks (provided by the Olympia Branch) Additional prusiks Harness Chest Sling Additional slings Belay / Rappel Device Snow Wands (6) Rock Shoes Travel Gear Snow Shoes (Rent or buy) Ski or Trekking Poles Overnight Gear Sleeping Bag – Synthetic or down Insulation Pad Backpacking stove Fuel Bottle Cooking pot Eating utensils Tent or bivouac sack Large pack – 40 pound capacity Other Items Day Pack – 15 pound capacity*** Water bottle; 1 quart (2 quarts in summer) Sunscreen; SPF 10 or better Food or snacks/meals (10 essentials) Snow Shovel Plastic Tarp Snow Camp Intro to Climbing Basic Skills Belay Practice Snow Travel EQUPMENT CHECK LIST R R R R R S R L R O O S - R R R R R - - - L R R R R R R R R R R R L L R R L - - - - - - - - - - - O O - R - R R R - O O - L R R R - S R R - R R O S R R L R R R R R R R R R L L R R R R R R R R - R R L L R R R R - R R - R R - R R R - R R - R R R - R O R R - R R O L - R L L - R R L R R - L - - L S L S - - - - - L S L S L S L S - S - S - R R A A A R A R - S - - S - S S S S S S S - L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L R S - R R R R - R R R R - O R R R A S - R R R R - - R R R R - R R R R - R R R R - R R R R L L R R R R L L R R R R L - * Acceptable alternatives include pile or wool. ** 2 pair of fleece* pants and 2 fleece* shirts are required for Snow Camp field trip. *** A large overnight pack can be substituted for a day pack. R: Required; S: Suggested; 0: Optional; A: One for every other student; L: Leader may require on some climbs. 11 CRITICAL SKILLS Mountaineering is a sport of controlled risk. As mountaineers we face both objective dangers in the mountain world and subjective factors that are dependent on the climber. Although we can't change objective hazards, such as bad weather, we have considerable control over subjective factors: A CLIMBER'S KNOWLEDGE, SKILL AND JUDGMENT As soon as you know you need help or extra practice, contact your mentor. That's what mentors are for. They expect to be called. Your mentor will work out an arrangement with you to meet the requirements on the attached Critical Skills chart. Your mentor will then call the Critical Skills Coordinator and "OK" you for the next field trip, climb or other course related-activity. The Coordinator will then note the "OK" in your field trip record book. Without this "OK” you may not be able to continue to the next field trip (see chart). It would also be a good idea for you to contact the Critical Skills Coordinator to make sure everything has been cleared for you to continue. This section focuses on the skill element. The climbing committee has identified "Critical Skills" that are extremely important to you and your climbing partner's safety. If you're not proficient (able to perform the skill properly without help from your instructor) at these skills at a particular point in the course, we feel the Example: risk of serious injury or death is too great for you or Let's say you are having a day when nothing is going your climbing partners. right. It's Snow Travel field trip, and your instructor A critical skill has a "what" and a "when" component. feels you don't have the sitting hip belay down as well We've identified 3 "what" areas: as you should (and you even belayed perfectly on the previous field trips). The chart says you must show Belays proficiency with your belay technique by the next field trip and before a climb. Give your mentor a call to Ice axe arrests schedule time to get together. Knots We've also identified when you must show proficiency of the skills. They are critical on all climbs. The field trips at which you must show proficiency are listed on the attached chart. They are also marked in your field trip record books. If you have a Mt. Snoqualmie climb scheduled, you have to demonstrate proficiency before you can go on the climb. And remember, this is all about "critical skills': You can also call your mentor or any member of the climbing committee about anything. If you want help So. . . . . . .what happens if your instructor is not on something other than a critical skill, we're here for comfortable with your skill level of a critical skill after that too. a particular field trip or climb? Your instructor/leader will make a note in your field trip record book or climb report. You will see your record book after each field trip. IT'S YOUR RESPONSIBILITY FROM HERE. A WORD ABOUT YOUR MENTOR.... We all need a little help once in a while, so all students are assigned a mentor. Mentors are volunteers who have passed the course and give their time to help students work through areas of difficulty. Please call them if you need help with any area of instruction or if you just want extra practice. In the event you and your mentor cannot schedule a time to meet, or if you just can't "get it" the way s/he teaches it, call the mentor coordinator to make other arrangements. 12 CRITICAL SKILLS WHAT HAPPENS IF . . . . . . Intro to Climbing Field Trip Belay Practice Critical Skill What To Do if Not Proficient: (All skills must be demonstrated to the satisfaction of your mentor and the Climbing Committee) Knots Must demonstrate proficiency before next field trip and before any climb. Belaying, all aspects (Device and Munter hitch) Must show proficiency before next field trip. Must show proficiency before Rock Fundamentals field trip and before any Alpine, Rock or Glacier climb. Arrests Must demonstrate proficiency before any climb on snow (must see mentor if scheduled for a climb on snow prior to Snow Camp; otherwise can demonstrate proficiency with instructor at Snow Camp). Snow Travel & Self Sitting Hip Belay Arrest Knots Must show proficiency before next field trip. Must show proficiency before Rock Fundamentals field trip and before any Alpine, Rock or Glacier climb. Must demonstrate proficiency before next field trip and before any climb. Arrests and Team Arrests Must demonstrate proficiency before Glacier Travel field trip and before any climb. Glacier Section Snow Camp Must demonstrate proficiency before next field trip and before any climb. Standing Carabiner-Ice Must demonstrate proficiency before Glacier Travel field trip and before any Axe and Boot Axe Belay climb. Glacier Travel Rock Fund Rock Section Knots Rock I Rock II Any Climb Sitting Hip Belay Must demonstrate proficiency before Rock Fundamentals field trip and before any climb. Knots Must demonstrate proficiency before any climb. any climb Belays Must show proficiency before any climb. Cannot participate in any climb without safe belaying skills. Arrests Must demonstrate proficiency before any climb. Knots Must demonstrate proficiency before next field trip and before any climb. Belaying Must show proficiency before next field trip. Cannot participate in Rock I field trip or any climb without safe belaying skills. Knots Must demonstrate proficiency before next field trip and before any climb. Belaying Must show proficiency before next field trip. Cannot participate in Rock II field trip or any climb without safe belaying skills. Knots Must demonstrate proficiency before next field trip and before any climb. Belaying Must show proficiency before next field trip. Cannot participate in field trip or any climb without safe belaying skills. Knots, Belays and Arrests Must demonstrate proficiency before next field trip and before next climb. 13 CRITICAL SKILLS Critical Skills Problem on Climb Critical Skills Problem on Field Trip Leader Confers with student Field Trip Leader/Instructor confers with student Leader Contacts Critical Skills Coordinator Student Contacts Mentor Leader/Instructor contacts Critical Skills Coordinator More Practice/Help Student Demonstrates Critical Skills Continued Problem with Critical Skills Mentor Contacts Critical Skills Coordinator Student is Unable to Perform Critical Skill Satisfactorily Critical Skills Coordinator “OKs” next Field Trip or climb Critical Skills Coordinator: Richard Irwin Student is Dropped from course. 360-580-8694 14 [email protected] MOUNTAINEERING KNOTS AND SLINGS Knot craft is the first critical skill you will be learning, and it's a skill you must begin learning immediately. Knots are the technical climber's safety net-our critical backup. There are 12 knots used to fulfill a variety of purposes, which you must become absolutely confident with: 1. Single bowline (for anchors) 2. Double bowline (use as a center-person knot) 3. Water knot (for permanent knot in slings or runners) 4. Figure eight loop (clip into carabiners) 5. Figure eight rewoven (for direct tie into your harness) 6. Grapevine or double fisherman (tying two ropes together) 7. Bachman (for Z-pulley in crevasse rescue) 8. Prusik (for ascending rope or rappel backup) 9. Munter hitch (emergency belay or rappel) 10. Girth hitch (tying into anchor) 11. Clove hitch (tying into anchor) 12. Mule knot (used in leader tie off) In addition to learning how to tie these knots, gain an understanding of the circumstances under which each knot is used. Practice tying the knots every day with a piece of six foot rope or perlon. You will be expected to tie them under the close scrutiny of your instructor or mentor. Do them over and over againeven try tying them with your eyes closed. Review each knot prior to every field trip so time isn't wasted relearning a technique and potentially delaying your progress or your field trip group. Runners or slings are loops made from 5 to 6 feet of one inch tubular nylon webbing using a water knot. They are used extensively in anchoring belays. Be sure to set the water knot joining the webbing together before you have to trust it. Most knots used in mountaineering tend to loosen under normal use. Therefore, you should leave sufficient tail-about two inches or more, so that you can tie off loose ends with an overhand knot. Two habits to get into: Conduct a safety check-once knots are tied, check each others' knots before moving. Get in the practice of rechecking your knots frequently-and your partner's. The knot must also be "dressed" correctly; that is, the rope or webbing used is correctly positioned so the knot material lies cleanly and in correct position in relation to the other strands in the knot. This is extremely important for the Prusik and water knot. Freedom of the Hills covers all of these knots. 15 Notes 16 Basic Skills (Intro to Climbing) DATE: See field trip schedule TIME: To be announced (TBA) DURATION: Approximately 7 hours PLACE: TBA EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: See Equipment Checklist plus: USGS Mount Rainier National Park (MRNP) map, 1” webbing and 5-6mm perlon on Equipment list Handout, Prusik material for Texas Prusiks will be provided; Lunch and liquid REVIEW: Chapters 1, 2, 4, 5, 9 and 10 This is the first of several field trips in which you will put into practice what you have learned from the text and course lectures. Here you will demonstrate your ability to tie knots and be taught fundamental sling and rope handling techniques, belaying principles, and map and compass use. Know your knots before this field trip. Climber: Belayer: Climber: Climber: Climber: Climber: This is an indoor practice so dress accordingly. Lunch will be taken at a time convenient, there is no general break. Climber: Field trip stations will include: Climber: 1. Knot Demonstration "Climbing" Can he climb? "Climb" Acknowledges climber; yes, he can. "Up Rope" Belayer takes up extra slack. "That's Me" Belayer stops taking up slack. "Falling!" Belayer instantly goes into arrest. "Slack" Belayer doles out about 6 inches. If climber needs more, he repeats the command. "Tension" Belayer takes up as much slack as he can and then goes into arrest. "Off Belay" Spoken only after climber has clipped into an anchor or is in a secure position. "Belay Off" Spoken~ after climber has been securely anchored or is in a secure position. You will demonstrate your ability to tie the following: Belayer: 1. single bowline 2. double bowline 3. Mule (leader tie off) 4. Bachman 5. clove hitch 6. Munter hitch The use of names with climbing signals is a useful practice when climbing in a crowded area. 7. Prusik 8. figure eight rewoven 9. figure eight loop 10. water knot 11. grapevine (dbl. fisherman) 12. girth hitch 2. Harnesses a. Approval of commercial harness b. Emergency alternative (refer to Chapter 9 page 149) c. Chest harness 3. Prusik Use of the Prusik knot and Prusik slings will be demonstrated by an instructor. (Chapter 17 p379-380) 4. Belaying and Roping up The rope is your safety line. You will learn the proper use and care of it. The standard climbing signals will be introduced; these will be used throughout this course and your climbing days: Study the signals plus what they mean and where they're used (Chapter 110 page 183). Climber: "On Belay" Signifies he's ready to climb – i.e., tied in and at the start of the pitch. Belayer: "Belay On" Signifies he's ready to belay – i.e.,gloves on, 'biners in place, anchor secure, in belay stance. Climber: "Test Belay" Belayer: "Test Belay" Much time is wasted on climbs by those who cannot tie in quickly and correctly. You must have your knots and roping up techniques mastered by the next field trip. What is a belay? How do you set it up? How is it done? All will be taught at the belay station. You will get more out of this station if you review Chapter 10 before the field trip. 5. Rope Coiling Learn mountaineer coil and butterfly coil as shown in Freedom of the Hills. 6. Map and Compass The first steps in becoming comfortable with your compass and topographical map will be taken here, under direction of the field trip leader and instructors. Study your notes taken during the navigation lecture and your text. 7. Ten Essentials The ten essentials are essential to assuring an adequate margin of safety. Each year climbers experience or encounter delays or mishaps that require equipment or provisions beyond the normal requirements of the climb. Your ten essentials will be criticized by an experienced mountaineer. Consider his or her advice carefully; your life may some day depend on it. 17 BELAYING WITH BELAY DEVICES The belayer should connect to the main anchor with the climbing rope by taking a length of rope directly from their harness and making a clove hitch and clipping it into the main anchor with a locking carabiner. When sitting and facing the direction of fall, take the climbing rope closest to the climber and make a bight in the rope and insert it thru the aperture in the metal plate, and clip it into the locking carabiner on the front of your harness. If the belay device has a safety loop attached, clip the carabiner to it too. BELAY DEVICE SETUP When using a figure 8, it is recommended that you clip two carabiners to the large loop to prevent the device from sliding away. Some figure 8s are not designed to be used as belay devices. The only ones recommended by the manufacturers for belaying are: SMC Straight 8, Wild Country Super 8, CLOG Cosmic Arrester. When used as a belay device, the anchor tie-in should be on the side of your braking hand. This will reduce the twisting motion when holding a fall. When arresting, the brake hand moves away from the device, towards the hip on the same side as the braking hand. (See Chapter 10 p159-163) Belay devices must be attached to the belayer and not directly to the anchor. Be certain there is minimal slack between your anchor and your belay position, otherwise unwanted movement may occur when holding a fall. RAPPEL DEVICES SETUPS The setup and rope handling with the tuber is the same as the belaying technique. With the figure 8, a bight of rope is brought thru the large hole and placed around the backside of the small hole. The locking carabiner keeps the rope from slipping off. Rappelling with a stitch plate or other like device is not recommended. 18 Texas Prusik System Prusik slings are to be carried on all glacier climbs. They allow you to rescue yourself should you fall into a crevasse. It consists of two parts: 1. 2. A sling made of 45 to 55 inches of 6mm cord. This sling attaches to the climbing rope with a Prusik knot. The other end is clipped into the locking carabiner on the seat harness. Cord, 130"to 140" long, with loops for the feet at each end. The middle of this strand is tied with a figure eight, with a bight 6" inches long. This 6" bight will attach to the climbing rope with a Prusik knot between the Prusik of the short sling and the locking carabiner. The foot loops are tied with an overhand knot on a bight. To make a cinching loop, just feed the main cord through the loop making a girth hitch. (The cord lengths are approximate, the slings will be tailored to your height; however, after using, you may wish to make further adjustments.) For added stability while using the slings, they may be wrapped around your leg before slipping them over your boot. (Ref. Ch 17 p379-381) The foot ends are generally carried in the climber's pocket until they are needed. Chest Harness A chest harness (or sling) is also part of your crevasse rescue gear. It is used to hold the climber upright while ascending the rope. Chest harnesses made from webbing are the most comfortable. The webbing should fit tightly over your normal outer climbing clothes. The carabiner connecting the harness together in front should be positioned with the gate facing out. In use (while prusiking), the long Prusik sling and the climbing rope are clipped into this carabiner. This allows the climber to have both hands free to work the Prusik knots. Emergency Seat Harness The Climbing Committee recommends that you use an appropriate commercial seat harness on all field trips and experience climbs. However, a situation may arise where a person needs a harness to climb or rappel but has no commercial harness with them. In this case, a diaper sling may be rigged using a double-length runner or two single runners tied together with water knots. One such harness is illustrated below. Starting with the loop behind the back, one end is pulled to the front from each side and a third end from between the legs. The three loops are clipped together in front with a locking carabiner or two opposing regular carabiners. The harness can be snugged up by adjusting a water knot. Some safety considerations when using an emergency seat harness: Never rappel or climb using a simple waist-loop as a harness. Hanging by a waist loop will result in constriction of the diaphragm, an inability to breathe, and unconsciousness. Make sure the water knots are tied correctly with enough tail to prevent untying under the stress of a fall or rappel. Make sure that all three loops are clipped together by the carabiner(s). 19 Belay Practice DATE: TIME: DURATION: PLACE: EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: REVIEW: (Intro to Climbing) See field trip schedule TBA All day - Approximately 10hours Priest Point Park, Olympia See Equipment Checklist Lunch and liquid Chapters 2, 5, 9, 10, 11, Ch 16 (p349-351), Ch 17 (p379-381, p394-396) Be sure your slings are tied and ready before the practice begins to avoid unnecessary delays for you and other students. Throughout the day, you will use the knots and techniques taught on your first field trip. Practice at home. Know your knots! Critical Skills for Field Trips are Boxed Following check-in you will be grouped into teams and assigned to a group leader. The group leader will stay with each team throughout the day for assistance. You must complete all stations to receive credit for the field trip. 1. Knots 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Single bowline Double bowline Mule (Leader Tie Off) Bachman Clove hitch 6. Girth hitch 8. Standing Carabiner-Ice Axe and Boot-Axe Will be demonstrated and used. 9. Navigation You will apply fundamentals learned at the lecture and first field trip. 10. Ten Essentials 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Prusik Figure eight rewoven Figure eight loop Water Grapevine 12. Munter hitch Your ten essentials will be checked. If your instructor has comments on your minimum items, consider his or her advice carefully; your life may some day depend on it. *********************************************** 2. Weight Drop Special Notes: Follow the advice and directions of the instructor. Lack of attention may cause injury. You will be required to tie onto the climbing rope at the appropriate stations; do not clip onto rope with a carabiner. There will be no specific lunch break. Eat as your individual You will be introduced to one of the fundamental techniques schedule permits. of "climbing up a rope" here. You will be on your own on You will stay with your assigned group and leader unless this one, except for your station leader who will check to changes are made by the field trip leader. make sure you are hooked up correctly and safely. 3. Prusik Station 4. Sitting Hip Belay Station Sitting Hip will be demonstrated and practiced. Review and practice belay signals learned at the first field trip. Leader tie-off will be demonstrated. Do not invite your children, pets, friends, or relatives to this field trip. This field trip is for students only. 5. Fixed Line & Leader Tie Off Station Do not litter the park and please pick up any litter you see. Will be demonstrated and used. Ask questions: You're here to learn. 6. Mechanical Belay Devices & Munter Hitch Will be demonstrated and used. 7. Rappel Setup and Backup Will be demonstrated and explained. 20 THE SITTING HIP BELAY The belayer should connect to the main anchor with the climbing rope by taking a length of rope directly from his/her harness and tying a clove hitch into the locking carabiner clipped into the main anchor. The clove hitch allows the quick removal of any slack between the climber and the anchor and is therefore preferred by the Olympia Branch. It is imperative that the belayer's braking hand always be opposite to the side on the main anchor when using a sitting hip belay. This will reduce the twisting motion when holding a fall. A guide carabiner is placed on the harness (gate down and out), to help maintain rope. The climbing rope is then clipped thru it. Be certain there is minimal slack between your anchor and your belay position, otherwise, unwanted movement may occur when holding a fall. When sitting, face the direction of fall. Take the climbing rope coming from the climber and pass it under your seat. 21 Two good anchors should always be used. One anchor should be used only if it is absolutely bombproof (e.g. a large tree). 22 Snow Travel and Self Arrest DATE: TIME: DURATION: PLACE: EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: (Intro to Climbing) REVIEW: IMPORTANT: See field trip schedule TBA 1 day Mt. Rainier See Equipment Checklist plus: USGS Mt. Rainier East map Hero loop for S.C.I.A. Belay Chapters 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, and 16 All cars must carry chains and a shovel. Practice and Objectives Learn individual and team ice axe arrests Practice snow belay and anchor techniques Practice snow travel Critical Skills for Field Trips are Boxed 1. Snow Travel a. rest step b. step kicking c. ice axe carry 3. Sitting Hip Belay d. roped travel on snow e. switchbacking Your instructor will explain and demonstrate a proper belay stance for the sitting hip belay. Review Freedom of the Hills for the sitting hip belay. 2. Self Arrest Practice 4. Snow Belays Your instructor will fully explain and demonstrate all ice axe arrest positions. Each of you must successfully perform an arrest in each position to receive student credit. Your instructor will demonstrate and then you will practice arrest positions in the following sequence: Your instructor will explain and demonstrate how to prepare a proper belay stance for the boot-axe and standing carabiner-ice axe belays. These belays are illustrated on page 22. a. feet first, face down b. feet first, face up Your instructor or the field trip leader will demonstrate the use of snow flukes, pickets, the dead man, bollards and your ice axe as snow anchors. You will practice climbing on a fixed line using the prusik. c. head first, face down d. head first, face up Proficiency All Knots We will begin each new position at slow speed; don't be afraid to ask your instructor to hold you on the slope at the start if this seems to help. Ask your instructor to show you again before you try a position you're not sure about. If you have difficulty with a certain position, be sure to let your instructor know. 5. Snow Anchors and Fixed Line 6. Descending a. Glissades (standing/sitting) b. Descending downhill in the uphill tracks c. Descending downhill using plunge step Directions to Paradise, Mt. Rainier National Park From Olympia, drive through Yelm to McKenna. Turn right (Highway702) and drive about 9 miles to a stop sign at Highway7. Turn right (toward La Grande) or go straight (through Eatonville).The roads are well signed from here. Pass through Elbe, Ashford, the park entrance, Longmire, and up to Paradise.Allow2-1/2 hours from Olympia. (Approximately 170 miles round trip from Olympia.) \ 23 Snow Camp (Glacier Section) DATE: TIME: DURATION: PLACE: EQUIPMENTREQUIRED: Optional REVIEW: IMPORTANT: See field trip schedule TBA 2 days, overnight TBA See Equipment Checklist plus: USGS Mt. Rainier East map & Compass Extra candles and aluminum foil, Rubber gloves Chapters 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 16,17, 26, and 27 All cars must carry chains and a shovel. All snow shelters will be broken in prior to leaving This 2-day field trip has several objectives 1. Learn the basics of snow survival: manage as now camp, build a snow shelter and spend the night in or on snow. 2. Learn to identify avalanche terrain & conditions. 3. Learn crevasse rescue techniques, practice ice axe arrest, snow belays and anchor techniques. 4. Learn to prepare for glacier climb, rising before dawn, roping up, roped travel with crampons. Snow Survival Your instructor will check your equipment, accompany you to the practice area and supervise you throughout the weekend. You will need a change of warm and dry clothes to put on after digging your snow shelter and after snow practice both of which are very wet work. You will not be allowed to return to your cars Saturday, so plan on packing all your gear with you to camp. Any student not completely and properly equipped will not be permitted to participate. Questions? Call the leader. Remember, sunburn and snow blindness can occur even if the sky is cloudy. So be safe and apply sunscreen. Water supply will consist of melted snow and what each of you carries. Following instruction at the camp area, you will construct your snow shelter. A shovel suitable for digging a snow shelter, a piece of plastic for snow removal, rubber gloves and a waterproof rain suit will make digging the shelter a pleasurable experience rather than an ordeal. Your shelter is where you will be sleeping. Your instructor will be close at hand to assist in your shelter making, explain construction methods, and answer any questions you may have. Two types of snow shelters - a snow cave and a ranger trench - are illustrated on the following pages. The first person starts by digging a rectangular entrance measuring about 18 inches wide by 5 feet (chest) high, See Freedom 8 p44-55 extending about 3 feet into the bank (figure 1). At that For many years, the "standard" snow cave has been described in detail, accompanied by phrases like "allow point, a waist-high platform is dug, about 4 feet wide and centered on the entrance. This is developed into an at least 3 hours for construction," "prepare to become 18-inch high, 4-foot wide opening extending into the soaked, it's a wet job, "and "it's hardly an emergency shelter, rather a major snow excavation job!" It does not bank. It is through this rectangular opening that snow from the enlargement process will pass, eliminating the have to be this way. Described below is a quicker alternative. In selecting the construction site, it is Building a Snow Cave preferable to find a steep bank, the steeper the bank, the easier the construction. (On flat terrain or extremely hard snow, as on a glacier, alternate methods are better.) The cave is begun part way up the bank so snow can be removed downhill. Generally, construction is easier with two people. need for a second person to haul snow. The second person can be cutting or forming blocks or balls of snow to later seal the front portion of the opening. Continue to dig, expanding the room in all directions except down (figure 2). Remove the snow through the rectangle. 24 The waist high platform becomes the floor of the cave. After excavating everything within easy reach, extend the entrance about 2 feet into the floor area and about 1 foot down (figure 3). Enter the partially constructed shelter, being able to almost stand. Continue to excavate, expanding the cave moderately in all directions so that the overall inside dimensions are about 7 feet long, 5 feet wide, and 3-1/2 feet high or more. Once inside, the fun of adapting the shelter begins. A waterproof ground sheet and an ensolite pad, placed in a slightly depressed flat area, will prevent slipping while sleeping. A small candle provides a warm glow. Small alcoves can be dug in the walls for storing odds and ends like pack, boots, digging utensils, and stove. Sticks poked into the walls are good coat hangers. Refinements in cooking, sleeping and entrance areas complete the steps in preparing a comfortable shelter. When the interior nears completion, one person fills in the horizontal slot with snow blocks previously constructed or cut from the interior (figure 4). One large block or two smaller ones leaning against each other are generally sufficient to close the upper half of the entrance tunnel. After caulking any remaining holes, the shelter is done (figure 5). It is recommended that those wanting to try this technique follow the dimensions very closely the first time. It is best not to dig the entrance too far into the bank, but only far enough to be able to enter into a solidly roofed room. However, the depth of the snow, the slope and various terrain features may dictate modifications and necessary adaptations. Snow caves can provide comfortable and practical winter shelters, eliminating the need for a tent. They are not complicated to construct and allow the builders an opportunity to improvise while developing their burrowing skills. If time permits, dig the entrance down to facilitate easy access. However, the sleeping platform should be above the top of the entrance to trap warm air. With the floor higher than entrance level, warm air can be trapped within the cave, heating to 35 ½ F or more from body heat with an assist from a small candle. The roof structure is important: the dome shape gives greater strength and when smoothed carefully, melting water will flow down the walls, instead of dripping on the occupants. Once the cave is dug, a ventilation hole must be poked through the outside for cooking fume exhaust. The waisthigh platform becomes the floor of the cave. 1 25 Ranger Trench The ranger trench is a glorified version of a classic snow shelter which has been described as a "coffin," "grave" and probably a half dozen other names. One of the main advantages of the trench is its simplicity. The normal tools for snow shelter construction a few shovels and a couple of saws - are all that is needed for construction. A ranger trench is simply a deep ditch with an A-frame roof and triangular-shaped cross section, wide end down. It starts 3 to 4 feet across and widens as it goes down. The roof blocks are shaped from the snow removed to make the trench. 26 Snow Camp (continued) (Glacier Section) Avalanche Awareness Practice and Objectives Learn to identify avalanche terrain and conditions. Dig a snow pit See Chapter 16 Freedom 8 p356-365 Avalanches are a danger to anyone traveling in the backcountry. At this field trip you will learn to recognize the snow and weather conditions that precede avalanches, the kinds of terrain where they occur, and the signs of past avalanche activity. You will learn which areas provide the most safety and which must be avoided. You will learn techniques for crossing a questionable slope and what to do if you're caught. You will have the opportunity to examine a snow pit. The knowledge and experience gained at this field trip will help you to avoid being caught in a slide, and to exercise certain precautions in order that you will be able to continue your outdoor activities safely. 27 Snow Camp (continued) (Glacier Section) Critical Skills are Boxed Snow Skills Snow and Roped Travel Practice and Objectives Practice and objectives Practice snow travel while roped Practice team ice axe arrest Practice individual ice axe arrests Practice snow belay and anchor techniques Observe pulley system setup for Crevasse Rescue Snow Travel Carrying ice axe Rest step Plunge step Switchback Walking with crampons We hope you will find these exercises enjoyable and valuable in building confidence and practicing a variety of techniques for use on snow climbs. 1. Self Arrest Practice Roped Travel This will be a review of ice axe practice, concentrating on: Self arrests (at least two successful in each position) Feet first, face up Feet first, face down Head first, face down Head first, face up With pack on Simulate arrest with crampons Pre-dawn with crampons Team ice axe arrest Team arrests Your instructor will demonstrate the various techniques and then will ask that you work energetically to get the most benefit and enjoyment as possible. Be sure to take sharp and breakable items out of packs since you will be arresting with, as well as without, packs. 2. Knots Tie &know how they are used. 3. Belays Sitting hip Boot axe Standing carabiner ice axe Belay device 4. Anchors Several 28 Rock Fundamentals DATE: TIME: DURATION: PLACE: EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: REVIEW: (Rock Section) See field trip schedule TBA 1 day TBA See Equipment Checklist plus: Lunch and liquid Mountaineering boots, no rock shoes Chapter 9, 10, 11, and 13 KNOTS AND BELAYS ARE CRITICAL SKILLS AND WILL BE EVALUATED THROUGHOUT THE DAY Practice and Objectives Learn and practice basic rock climbing skills including friction, crack, face and traverse moves Learn and practice mechanical rappel techniques Practice belay techniques and rope handling Practice navigation skills General Instructions You will work in pairs assigned by the field trip leader, rotating at your own speed. Take your pack and equipment with you at all times. There is no scheduled Rappel Station At this field trip, you will rappel using the carabiner brake method. This is illustrated below. A variety of mechanical devices for belays and rappels will also be demonstrated. Review "Rappelling" in Freedom of the Hills and your notes from the lecture. Rappelling precautions are also outlined in this section. Directions To be provided lunch break, eat lunch and snacks as time allows Climbers and belayers will wear helmets. All belays will be anchored and belayers will use leather gloves. Use correct signals including names. Climbers should tie into harness with a figure eight. Make sure that instructors fill out your field trip book after you complete each station. Turn in the field trip book and check out with field trip leader at the end of the field trip. Do not leave until you have been dismissed. 29 Rock I (Rock Section) DATE: TIME: DURATION: PLACE: MAP: EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: See field trip schedule TBA Approximately 8 hours McCleary Cliffs, near Lake Cushman Lake Cushman Custom Correct See Equipment Checklist plus: Lunch and liquid, Overnight gear & food if you plan to stay overnight REVIEW: Chapter 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 25, and appendix A KNOTS AND BELAYS ARE CRITICAL SKILLS AND WILL BE EVALUATED THROUGHOUT THE DAY Practice and Objectives: Practice basic rock climbing skills Work on anchor and belay techniques and rope handling Practice rappel techniques with friction devices 4. Belaying (including stance and proper aim of belay) a. proper signals (use partner's name) b. rope handling c. anchor placement and setup 1. Climbing Techniques (learn to trust your boots) a. climb with your eyes b. 3-point suspension- practice keeping hands below eye level c. weight over your feet d. rhythm, climb smoothly 2. Rappelling(with top-rope belay) a. anchor setup c. perpendicular to rock face b. carabiner brake d. "face" and "open-book" setup rappels 5. Rock Climbing a. slab b. face c. crack 3. Rappel Backup a. pulling on rope b. top belay 7. Knots All of them c. prusik d. autoblock 6. Climbing Holds a. friction b. jam c. undercling d. layback d. layback e. chimney e. down pressure f. other counter pressure g. testing holds h. use of small holds From Olympia, take Highway 101 north past Shelton to Hoodsport and turn left on the Lake Cushman Road. About 9.5 miles from Hoodsport, turn left toward the Stair-case area. Look for a parking area about 4 miles past this junction. If you see the end of the lake, you have gone too far. 30 Welcome to McCleary Cliffs This handout is a brief summary of the material to be covered at Rock I and Rock II. At Rock I and II, you will practice basic rock climbing techniques. You will apply fundamentals learned at lectures, Basic Techniques, Belay and Rock Fundamentals practices in actual rock climbing. You have a good opportunity to test your climbing abilities to their limits under controlled conditions. By the end of the practice you will not only have acquired new skills, but, just as important, you will have matured your climbing judgment by learning more about your capabilities. At this practice you will become acquainted with one of the more serious hazards (objective hazards) of mountain climbing: Rock Fall. As a safety measure, you will be required to wear a helmet at all times at this practice. Whether dislodged by yourself, a fellow climber, or by natural forces, if you see or hear a falling rock, you should immediately shout a loud warning, ROCK! Remember to repeatedly shout a warning regardless of the possibility that someone may be below you. done with anchored overhead belays. Pay strict attention to the climber, rope, and belaying responsibilities. Guard against letting your mind wander when you are belaying. Keep your braking hand in proper position at all times and use gloves while belaying. During roped climbing you and your rope partner will alternate as climber and belayer. When you start climbing on the rock, let your belayer know what you are up to using the proper signals. Pitches should be climbed both up and down; neglecting to learn to climb down will leave a serious gap in your training. Start with easier pitches at first and, as your ability and confidence grows, seek out your climbing limits by moving onto the more difficult holds. Remember the principles of balanced climbing outlined above. Lunch will be taken at a time when most convenient, probably when you are waiting for other climbers to finish with a practice pitch so you may use it. Be sure to check clothing and pack for ticks. If a warning of "ROCK" is called from above, look up and All rappels will be done with overhead belays. Review locate the rock. If necessary, you can dodge the rock or get rappelling in Freedom of the Hills and the following behind any projection at hand, being sure to relay the rappelling precautions: warning to other climbers. Remember: Although it may at Make sure the anchor is sound. first appear that the rock will miss hitting you, the rock may When a good anchor cannot be found and you are forced bounce and split into pieces which may abruptly change their to descend on a poor one, use a belay and move direction of fall. If you should dislodge a rock, do not wait to cautiously without jerking. see whether it is going to roll far enough to hit someone. Make sure there are no tangles in the rope length before Shout "ROCK” immediately! rappelling. Tie a large knot in the end of the rappel rope or ropes to The best solution to the rock fall problem is for each and prevent rappelling off the end. More safety can be every climber to practice an extreme form of self-discipline to achieved by putting a carabiner through a figure eight avoid dislodging rock. This discipline should be practiced 100 knot. percent of the time, whether on the trail, rock climbing, or Never let go of the rope with the braking hand, no matter scrambling. The rewards in the sport of climbing are primarily what happens. of a personal nature for the greatest majority of climbers. Make sure that your clothing (and long hair) is tucked in One of these rewards should be the personal pride you take to avoid jamming in the carabiner system. Carry a knife in in your ability to climb through an area where loose rock is an accessible place. present without causing a rock fall, even though other Look where you are going. climbers may not be below you. You will find that you can increase your rock climbing skills at a faster Make sure your rappel line reaches the bottom of the rate if you make up your mind early to avoid coming into pitch, or that it stops at a spot (ledge, etc.) where you can contact with loose rock. Avoiding loose rock most often reset the rappel if necessary. Obviously, it is not good forces the climber on to more challenging, but also more practice to reach the end of your rappel rope and find, rewarding, climbing routes and holds. A final, more sober while you are hanging there, that there is no way to get incentive to preventing rock fall is the thought that a rock you onto the rock. dislodge may cause a serious, possibly fatal, injury to a Always be sure of how much rope you have left. fellow climber. Rappelling is a fast, safe method of descending pitches that Each team and their instructor will proceed through the otherwise would be difficult to climb down. Its safety depends activities of the day as a group and will be checked out at the on your ability to set up a rappel properly and then execute end of the day as a group, so stay together. Group leaders sound rappelling technique. will direct teams to available and permissible pitches for practice; your cooperation is requested. There are many possible pitfalls in the rappel system .Learn what they are and how to avoid them. Study what constitutes Remember not to step on the climbing rope. It is your lifeline a sound anchor, and, on climbs, experiment setting up and should be treated with respect. different types of anchors by improvising with what nature offers. Learn what knots mayor may not be used and Your instructor will have you set up a belay position and practice them. discuss proper belaying techniques. All climbing will be 31 Rock II DATE: TIME: DURATION: PLACE: EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: REVIEW: (Rock Section) See field trip schedule TBA All day. Approximately 8 hours McCleary Cliffs, Lake Cushman Same as Rock I Same as Rock I Today's practice is a continuation of Rock I. During the day, you will have the opportunity to refine your climbing techniques and develop the habits of a safe and confident climber. You are encouraged to try some of the more challenging routes at McCleary Cliffs. Belaying and Knots are Critical Skills 32 Glacier Travel DATE: TIME: DURATION: PLACE: EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: REVIEW (Glacier Section) See field trip schedule TBA All day. Approximately 10 hours Mt. Rainier (See Snow 1 for map) See Equipment Checklist plus: USGS Mt. Rainier East map Chapters 9, 10, 16, 17, and 22 Belaying and Knots are Critical Skills Practice and Objectives Learn and practice glacier travel techniques Learn and practice crevasse rescue methods Practice snow belays Practice snow anchors Practice roped travel Practice self arrest Students will be formed into groups and assigned to an instructor and an assistant instructor. Instructors will check your equipment before starting out. Before stepping onto the glacier, your instructors will remind you about glacier travel, rope etiquette, cramponing, ice axe handling (including crevasse probing), and route finding. You will put on a seat harness, chest harness, prusiks and crampons, and will rope up. Once each rope team has set up their crevasse rescue practice area, each team must demonstrate their ability with the z-pulley pulley rescue method. Each student will be "rescued" and lead a rescue as time permits. "Victims" are cautioned to dress warmly no matter what the surface temperature might be. Also, remember that a certain amount of snow will probably be showered down on you by the ropes. Wear your hard hat! You will also be traveling in rope teams to practice the different climbing formations used for glacier travel before returning to the parking lot. Watch those crampons on the climbing rope! The procedures for setting up the z-pulley and single pulley systems for crevasse rescue are shown in Chapter 17 Freedom of the Hills 8th edition. 33 Study Chapter 17 Freedom of the Hills 8th Edition for Crevasse Rescue and Glacier Travel 34 GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL MOUNTAINEERING TERMS Most of the following definitions are from Fred Beckey's Cascade Alpine Guide, Volume 1. GROOVE: A very shallow inside corner, often smooth, generally flared. AID CLIMBING: Involves the use of any artificial means of ascent, not relying totally on hands and feet. (This includes any tension from such aids as knotted slings, a lasso, or a shoulder stand.) GULLY: A depression grooving a mountainside. ARETE, NOSE, PILLAR, AND BUTTRESS: Often refer to the same type of cornering formation on a mountain. Generally an arete is a major edge, not necessarily steep in profile. A nose is almost always quite steep. A pillar is usually rounded and sharply defined, and is generally steep. A buttress is a major formation on a peak, generally implied to be broader than an arete. BERGSCHRUND (schrund): A large crevasse formed by tension where flowing ice of a glacier fractures away from a nearly stagnant ice slope or headwall above. BULGE: The smallest steepening of the angle of a face. CHUTE: A depression steeper than a gully. See also couloir. CIRQUE: A deep, steep-walled amphitheater-like recess in a mountain; caused by glacial erosion. COL: A steep high pass, smaller than a saddle; a saddle is a more rounded ridge depression. COULOIR: A deep chute. Likely to have some snow or ice. Terms for depressions are used in this order of decreasing size: canyon, gully, couloir, chute, chimney, crack. DIHEDRAL: An inside corner, open book or diedre; a depression generally 90 degrees or more on its facings, as a junction of two rock planes. An angular slab lying against a flat wall may form a left-facing or right-facing open book. FACE: A steep mountainside, generally over 30 degrees if mixed snow, ice, and rock; and over 45 degrees if rock. FIRN: A consolidated granular transition of snow not yet changed to glacier ice. The word "firn" refers only to the substance of the material itself. It has survived at least one season of ablation. Its density may require cramponing in climbing situations. FREE CLIMBING: Means that no direct support from piton, stirrup, loop, rope, or carabiner is used; any such pieces of equipment may be used for safety only. Free climbing may be roped or unroped. FRIABLE: Easily crumbled rock. HEADWALL: Where the slope or face of a mountain, cirque, or glacier steepens dramatically in angle; it is often concave in shape. ICEFALL: A steep reach of glacier with a chaotic crevassed surface and rapid flow rate. JAM CRACK: A crack varying from fingertip size to room for a leg; it is usually climbed by wedging techniques. LEDGE or RAMP: Generally runs some distance; a ramp is an ascending ledge. MOAT: The space between snow/ice and a rock wall. It can be expected to widen as the summer progresses. NEVE: A French word translated "consolidated, granular snow in the state of transition to glacier ice:' Neve refers to the area covered by perennial snow or firn, lying entirely within a glacier's accumulation zone. The line (actually neve-line-zone) which equates to the lower elevation limit of the retained winter snowpack. At the end of the annual melt season it separates the neve area from the bare ice area of a glacier. In the accumulation area above, annual snowfall exceeds annual melting. NOTCH: Generally, a narrow col or sharp break in a ridge. OUTSIDE CORNER: A minor edge on a rock face, usually briefer and of less stature than a nose or rib. OVERHANG: A section of wall above the angle of 90 degrees. Termed ceiling or roof when nearly 180 degrees. PITCH: A section of the climb between belays; length can vary from a short distance to the full length of the rope; most pitches vary from 80 to 130 feet. Sometimes called a lead. PLATFORM: A level rock area, short in length. SERAC: A block tower or pinnacle of ice or firn formed by the intersection of crevasses, or found standing in ice cascades. SLOPE: A mountainside gender than a face. SPIRE,TOWER,NEEDLE: In general, a spire is smaller than a peak or mountain (exceptions: The Bugaboos, Twin Spires), but larger than a tower. A needle is generally a single thin block. GLACIER ICE: Clear and relatively unaerated dense glacier ice characterizes the basal parts of glaciers. Usually termed blue ice when found of this density on alpine walls. Below the neve line the main material of the glacier is bubbly glacier ice. I 35 NOTES 36 2015 Basic Climbing Graduation Application Olympia Mountaineers When all requirements of the Basic Climbing Course have been completed, fill out and mail this form to the Basic Records Course Chair: Bob Kerenan 431 E. Eastlake Shelton, WA 98584 [email protected] This form must be received by October 1, 2015 if you would like to receive your certificate at the Annual Olympia Mountaineers Banquet. Name:______________________________________________________________________ (as you would like it to appear on the certificate Address:____________________________________________________________________ I am applying to the Climbing Committee for graduation. I have met the following requirements: 3. Attended all lectures. 4. Passed the written examination. 5. Completed all field trips. 6. Completed the following experience climbs: (Give name of climb, type (C, A, R, or G), date, and leader's name.) ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 7. I hold a current Mountaineering Oriented First Aid (MOFA) card... Check one of the following: _____ I previously submitted a copy of the card to the Committee. _____ I am attaching a copy of the card. 8. Proof of Stewardship Requirement. _________________ (Date) ___________________________________________________ (Signature) 37 38 Application for 2015 Basic Climbing Course Extension Although students have two years to complete course requirements, The Climbing Committee encourages students to complete all lectures and field trips in the first year. This extension form must be completed and sent to the Climbing Committee. The information on the form is to make sure that the committee is current on what you need to complete the course and to make sure you are included in announcements concerning next year’s class and climbs being offered. Name: ______________________________________________ Date: __________________________ Street/Box: __________________________________________ Phone: _________________________ City/State/Zip: _______________________________________ E-mail: ________________________ Who is your mentor? ______________________________________________________________________ Describe the course requirement you missed: ___________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Describe the reason for missing:______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ What climbs, if any, have you done? Name the climbs completed, type of climb, date, route, and leader name. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ If an extension form is not received by the Climbing Committee you may not receive notification of time and location of Lectures and Field Trips. Return this form to: Bob Keranen 431 E. Eastlake Shelton, WA 98584 [email protected] 39 40 Important! Climbing Scrambling Take this form to your Stewardship Project Have the Project Leader/Contact sign the form Keep the form and submit with your graduation application Stewardship Project Report Student Name Date Location Agency/Facility Hours of Service Trail Maintenance Habitat Restoration Park Cleanup Facility Repair Writing/Calling Info Display Teaching Learning Type of Project Briefly describe Project Authority Project Leader/Contact Name Address Phone e-mail Signature Important Contacts Graduation Application or More Information Climbing Student send to: Return Completed Report with Graduation Application to Need more information? Scrambling Student send to: Tom Eckhout Bob Keranen 431 E. Eastlake Shelton, WA 98584 [email protected] Contact: Jim French E-mail: [email protected] 41 Phone: (360) 754-6551 Why do the Climbing and Scrambling Courses include a Stewardship Requirement? Our public lands need our support. The Mountaineers is one of the nation’s oldest and most highly regarded advocates for the preservation of our federal and state lands for human powered travel. For nearly a century, the Mountaineers have championed for protection and recreation access to public lands, testified in support of wilderness, parks and forests and taken tools in hand to build trails and restore natural habitat. The founding principles of the Mountaineers: Explore, Study, Preserve, and Enjoy the Natural Beauty of the Outdoors demonstrate the importance of balancing personal enjoying of our beautiful Pacific Northwest with the responsibility for preservation. Trail maintenance at Tolmie State Park Each year the Olympia Branch trains nearly 200 students in backcountry travel, requiring a minimum of 3 trips and often as many as 10 field trips to parks, forests and wilderness area. When class trips are combined with the outings of over 700 members, the Olympia Branch accounts for hundreds of hiking/climbing days on front country and backcountry trails. Public land managing agencies truly need our help to protect and restoring our natural environment, the same outdoor environment that makes courses and adventures possible. You may be surprised. Students find stewardship projects enjoyable. What kinds of projects qualify for the Stewardship Requirement? Stewardship is community service with a conservation orientation. These projects usually occur on federal, state or local public lands to preserve or restore our natural resources such as trail maintenance and habitat restoration. Other projects include; letter writing to support a natural resource campaign or to inform legislators of conservation issues, staffing an environmental booth, conducting wildlife inventories or salmon surveys, and cleaning up or restoring our parks. The time required for a project should be equivalent to a day trip. How do I find and sign up for a Stewardship Project that interests me? Habitat restoration at Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge The Olympia Branch’s Conservation Committee publishes a list of local projects and will distribute the list during the course lectures. The Mountaineers’ monthly Go Guide, and the club web site at www.mountaineers.org publish local and regional projects offered by all branches. Just contact the project leader at least one week prior to the project. The variety of projects requires different equipment, skills and physical stamina. You’re sure to find a project that’s educational, enjoyable and personally rewarding. Must I participate in an Olympia Branch Project? No. Any Stewardship Project sponsored by any organization will suffice. We encourage students to join in or even organize projects that meet their individual interests. 42 Basic Climbing Course Equipment List Technical Climbing Equipment Required for Course Commercial seat harness Leather Belay Gloves – rough cowhide 1” tubular nylon webbing (all lengths untied) a) 8 ft. of one color for chest harness b) 10 ft. of second color for double sling/runner c) Two 6ft. pieces third color for slings d) 4 ft. for Hero loop fourth color if possible 48” sewn nylon sling (For extended rappel*) 5 or 6mm Perlon a) 8 ft. for Leader Tie Off b) 4 ft. for Auto Block Belay device ATC or similar Carabiners: a) 6 standard: (no Nano/Mini) the carabiner brake works best with oval or “D” carabiners b) 3 locking: one must be a pearabiner (large pear shaped carabiner) for Münter hitch, the other two should be small locking biners. Climbing Helmet, UIAA approved Ice Axe Crampons Rescue Pulley Snow Wands Needed By Basic Skills FT1 Basic Skills FT 1 Basic Skills FT 1 " " Belay Practice FT 2 Belay Practice FT 2 Basic Skills FT 1 Belay Practice FT 2 Basic Skills FT 1 Basic Skills FT 1 Basic Skills FT 1 Belay Practice FT 2 Belay Practice FT 2 Snow Camp FT 4 " Snow Camp FT 4 * Check Mountaineers Website at www.mountaineers.org/blog/extended-rappel-andupdated-belay-techniques for explanation and video of this technique. Revised Jan. 20, 2015 Field Trip Signup Online: Go to www.mountaineers.org and log on, your default login name is your Mountaineers id number, which is about 6-digits long and should be in your new member packet. If for some reason you don’t know your number let me know and I'll dig up your membership number. Your default password is the first and last initials of your name plus your membership number. Example: Bob Keranen with membership id of 123456 would be: Login name: 123456 Password: bk123456 After logging on click on “Your Account” at the top of the page and verify your name, email address, etc. for spelling errors. In addition to verifying your account info, I'd like you to register for the Basic Skills Workshop on Feb. 16. Search to it by using the menu strip, selecting Connect > Activities by Branch > Olympia. Be sure to sign up for the Basic Climbing Course – Olympia/Basic Skills Workshop with a type of Climb and my name as the leader. Bob Keranen