docgiorgi goraSvili terorizmis kriminologiuri daxasiaTeba
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giorgi goraSvili terorizmis kriminologiuri daxasiaTeba
avtoris stili daculia iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti iuridiuli fakulteti giorgi goraSvili terorizmis kriminologiuri daxasiaTeba xelmZRvaneli: iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, sruli profesori guram naWyebia naSromi wardgenilia samarTlis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad Tbilisi 2011 1 Sinaarsi gamoyenebuli abreviatura ----------------------------- ----------- 5 Sesavali ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- 6 Tavi I terorizmis konceptualuri saTaveebi $ 1. teroris koncefciis formireba---------------------------------------- 13 $ 2. terorizmis definicia -------------------------------------------------------- 16 Tavi II terorizmis saTaveebidan dRevandelobamde (mizezebi da pirobebi) $ 1. $ 2. $ 3. $ 4. $. 5 adreuli terorizmis xana ------------------------------------------------------ 25 revoluciuri terorizmis xana -------------------------------------------29 civi omis terorizmis xana ----------------------------------------------- 32 terorizmis Tanamedrove xana ------------------------------------------ 36 terorizmi socialur konfliqtTa speqtrSi ---------------- 43 $. 6 terorizmis kriminologiuri klasifikacia -------------------- 46 Tavi III saqarTvelosTvis terorizmis terogenuri saxeebi $ 1. saxelmwifo terorizmi ------------------------------------------------------ 50 1.1. saxelmwifo terorizmis fenomenologia -------------------- 50 1.2. saxelmwifo terorizmis gamovlenis formebi ----------------- 53 $ 2. religiuri terorizmi -------------------------------------------- 55 2.1. religiuri terorizmis fenomenologia ------------------------- 55 2.2. axali msoflio musulmanuri wesrigi -------------------------- 56 2.3. konfliqtis islamisturi gageba ------------------------------------- 58 $ 3. eTno–separatistuli terorizmi 3.1. eTno–separatistuli terorizmis fenomenologia ----- 62 3.2. irlandiis nacionalur – gamaTavisuflebeli armia -- 64 3.3. qveyana da Tavisufleba baskebs -------------------------------------- 66 3.4. Tamil-ilamis gamanTavisuflebeli vefxvebi ----------------- 68 3.5. terorizmi CeCneTSi ---------------------------------------------------------- 70 $ 4. TviTmkvleloba Tanamedrove terorizmis arsenalSi ----- 74 2 Tavi IV saqarTvelos terogenuri safrTxeebis analizi $1. zogadi aspeqtebi ----------------------------------------------------------- 77 $2. secesiis ufleba anu ormagi standartebi ---------------------- 78 $3. eTno–separatistuli safrTxeebi ------------------------------------- 82 $4. Crdilo-kavkasiuri safrTxeebi ------------------------------------------- 84 $5. problemis saboloo analizi --------------------------------------------------- 90 Tavi V terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis formebi da saSualebebi $1. terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis zogadTeoriuli safuZvlebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92 $ 2. terorizmTan brZolis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi saSualebebi ---------------------------------------------------------------- 99 2.1. erTa liga terorizmis winaaRmdeg ------------------------------- 99 2.2. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis farglebSi miRebuli saerTaSoriso normebi terorizmis winaaRmdeg -------------- 103 2.2.1. saerTaSoriso normebi sahaero transportis usafrTxoebis xelmyofi aqtebis winaaRmdeg da maTi asaxva saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi -------------- 103 2.2.2. saerTaSorisod daculi pirebis winaaRmdeg danaSaulis aRkveTisa da dasjis Sesaxeb konvencia da misi debulebebis asaxva saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi ----------------- 107 2.2.3. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis konvencia mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg da misi debulebebis asaxva saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi ------------------------------------- 110 2.2.4. saerTaSoriso normebi birTvuli terorizmis winaaRmdeg da maTi asaxva saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi _____________________________________________________116 2.2.5. saerTaSoriso normebi sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli aqtebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb da misi 3 debulebebis asaxva saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi -------------------------------------------------------------- 126 2.2.6. gaeros konvencia plastikuri feTqebadi nivTierebebis niSandebis Sesaxeb maTi gamovlenis mizniT -------------------------- 130 2.2.7. konvencia teroristuli dabombvis winaaRmdeg da misi debulebebis asaxva saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi --------------------------------------------------------------- 130 2.2.8. saerTaSoriso konvencia terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb da misi debulebebis asaxva qarTul normatiul sivrceSi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------132 2.2.9. globaluri kontrteroristuli strategia ------------ 140 2.2.10. evropuli konvencia terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 141 $ 3. terorizmTan normatiuli saSualebebiT brZolis franguli modeli ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 143 $ 4. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kontrteroristuli kanonmdeblobis mimoxilva ------------------------------------------------------ 147 $ 5. terorizmTan brZolis normatiuli saSualebebi saqarTveloSi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 153 $ 6. terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qarTuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebis sakanonmdeblo srulyofisaTvis ____________________________________________________164 $ 7. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis analizi __________________________________________________ 167 daskvna --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 173 bibliografia -------------------------------------------------------------------- 183 4 gamoyenebuli 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. abreviatura: ssk _ sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi; sssk _ sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi; e.w. _ egreT wodebuli; e.i. _ ese igi; ix. _ ixileT; dasax. naSr. _ dasaxelebuli naSromi; gv. _ gverdi; sxv. _ sxva; a.S. _ ase Semdeg; aSS – amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi gamomc. _ gamomcemloba; Tb. _ Tbilisi; mux. – muxli; Изд. _ Издательство; Гос. _ Государство; М. _ Москва; С. _ Страница. 5 Sesavali kvlevis aqtualoba. qarTul iuridiul mecnierebaSi terorizmi saTanadod araa damuSavebuli. terorizmi aris socialuri, fsiqologiuri, politikuri magram, upirveles yovlisa samarTlebrivi, amasTan sisxlissamarTlebrivi problema, radganac terorizmi danaSaulia. terorizmis kriminologiuri analizi ki saSualebas iZleva dasmuli problema farTo, sociologiur aspeqtSi gaanalizdes, rac aRniSnulis SedarebiT Rrma wvdomaSi dagvexmareba. terorizmi xSirad Tanaarsebobs iseT movlenebTan, rogoricaa : eTnikuri separatizmi, religiuri fanatizmi, eqstremistuli memarjvene, an memarcxene politikuri moZraobebi. saqarTveloSi bolo dros ganviTarebulma movlenebma, kerZod, ki 2008 wlis agvistos ruseT–saqarTvelos omma da ruseTis mxridan saqarTvelos separatistuli regionebis damoukideblobis aRiarebam cxadyo, rom samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis separatistuli moTxovnebis ukan ruseTis saxelmwifo dgas. aRniSnul viTarebaSi dRis wesrigSi dadga momxdaris gaanalizeba da momavali safrTxeebis prognozireba. jer kidev meoce saukunis 70-ian wlebSi mkvlevarebma gaamaxviles yuradReba im periodis msoflioSi axlad gamokveTil tendenciaze. kerZod, garkveuli saxelmwifoTa mxridan, sxva saxelmwifoebis mimarT, sayovelTaod aRiarebul diplomatiur meTodebTan erTad, ZirgamomTxreli saqmianobis warmoebis Sesaxeb. kerZod, e.w. revoluciis iatakqveSa mzadebis, am mizniT Sesabamisi kadrebis momzadebis, iaraRiT da teqnikuri saSualebebiT momaragebis, dafinansebis da propagandis warmoebis Sesaxeb. 2008 wels saqarTveloSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma cxadyo, rom ruseTis federacia sagareo politikis instrumentad separatizmis waqezebas kvlavac iyenebs, iseve rogorc civi omis periodSi. msoflio gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom separatizmis xelSewyobidan terorizmis xelSewyobamde erTi nabijia da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, ki es orive movlena erTad Tanaarsebobs. ukanasknel periodSi mravali saxelmwifo Tavs aridebs pirdapir konfrontacias, romelmac SeiZleba didi xarjebi gamoiwvios da sasurveli mizani mainc ver iqnes miRweuli. amis gamo, aRniSnuli saxelmwifoebi eZeben zemoqmedebis sxva saSualebebs, maT Soris, pirvel planze terorizmia. saqarTvelos istoriuli ganviTarebis mocemul etapze aucilebelia gaanalizdes is safrTxeebi, romelTa winaSec SeiZleba qveyana aRmoCndes da daisaxos profilaqtikis gzebi da 6 saSualebebi. mniSvnelovania terorizmis im saxeebis da formebis calke gamoyofa da Seswavla, romelTa warmoSobis safrTxe SeiZleba Seiqmnas saqarTveloSi. saqarTvelosTvis terogenulad unda CaiTvalos saxelmwifoebrivad xelSewyobili, religiuri da eTnikur-separatistuli terorizmis saxeebi. saqarTvelos separatistuli regionebis mxardaWeris fonze interesis sagans warmoadgens ruseTis federaciis centraluri xelisuflebis damokidebuleba sakuTari federaluri respublikebis samarTlebriv statusTan da zogadad secesiis uflebis mimarT, rac SesaZleblobas iZleva gaivlos paralelebi da gamoaSkaravdes erTi da imave sakiTxisadmi ormagi standartis arseboba. terorizmi socialur konfliqtTa speqtrSi gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs. terorizmis gamijvna omis, partizanuli an erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli brZolis, aseve konfliqtis sxva formebisgan did mniSvnelobas iZens, aRniSnuli movlenis swori Sefasebis da mis mimarT reagirebis adekvaturi, samarTlebrivad dasabuTebuli zomebis gasatareblad. terorizmTan brZolaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania normatiuli saSualebebi, rogorc saerTaSoriso, ise Sidasaxlmwifoebrivi aspeqtiT. kargad gaazrebuli da efeqturi antiteroristuli kanonmdebloba aris saxelmwifos konkretuli samoqmedo gegma da samarTlebrivi dasayrdeni terorizmTan brZolaSi. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs iseTi kontrteroristuli kanonmdeblobis arsebobas, romelic efeqturobasTan erTad ar arRvevs adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs da Tavisuflebebs. am aspeqtiT, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kontrteroristuli kanonmdeblobis Seswavla. kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi. winamdebare sadisertaciao kvlevis mizania iuridiul, filosofiur da sociologiur literaturaze dayrdnobiT Seswavlili iqnes terorizmis kriminologiuri arsi, mizezebi, misi gamovlenis formebi, gaanalizdes saqarTvelos terogenuri safrTxeebi, terorizmTan brZolis zogadTeoriuli safuZvlebi, saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi regulirebis meqanizmebi. kvlevis meTodologiuri safuZveli. kvlevisas gamoyenebulia istoriuli, 7 dasmuli problemis SedarebiTY- istoriuli, formalur-logikuri, dogmaturi, SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi, sistemur-struqturuli da sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi. kvlevis Teoriuli kvlevis normatiuli safuZveli. sadisertacio kvlevisas gamoyenebulia qarTveli da ucxoeli avtorebis doqtrinuli naSromebi, romlebic Sesrulebulia Semdeg samecniero disciplinebSi: sisxlis samarTalSi, kriminologiaSi, sociologiaSi, fsiqologiaSi, filosofiaSi. sadisertacio naSromi eyrdnoba iseT mecnierTa naazrevs rogorebic arian : g. mamulaSvili, m. lekveiSvli, l. aleqsiZe, m. kvaWaZe, l. sanikiZe, a. trainini, i. antoniani, i. karpeci, v. kudriavcevi, a gurovi, e. liaxovi, m. kireevi, g. minkovski, v. revini, v. petriSevi, v. ustinovi, a. blini, g. Sulci, v nanda, m. flori, g. streiki, d. poilki, a. Smiti, r. eriqsoni, u. lakuari, d. bimani, p. Colqi, e. skoti, b. jenkinsi, r. eriqsoni da sxvebi. safuZveli. sadisertacio kvlevisas gamoyenebulia terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebi, kerZod : gaerTianebuli erebis egidiT miRebuli 13 kontrteroristuli konvencia da maTze damatebiTi 3 oqmi, terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb evropuli konvencia, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis egidiT miRebuli globaluri kontrteroristuli strategia, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis da sisxlis samarTlis saproceso normebi, saqarTvelos kanoni terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebulebebi, safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis da sisxlis samarTlis saproceso normebi, aSS-s konteroristuli normebi da a.S. disertaciis mecniereul siaxleze saubrisas xazi unda gaesvas Semdegs: 1. disertacia terorizmis kriminologiuri kvlevis pirveli cdaa qarTul samecniero sivrceSi. 2. terorizmis mizezebi da pirobebi ganxilulia movlenis istoriuli ganviTarebis fonze, vinaidan terorizmi yovelTvis determinirebuli iyo konkretuli epoqis sinamdviliT da, Tavis mxriv, did zegavlenas axdenda masze. 3. naSromSi mocemulia Tanamedrove terorizmis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli niSnebi. 8 4. terorizmi gamijnulia socialuri konfliqtis sxva iseTi saxeebisgan, rogoricaa omi, partizanuli brZola, erovnul gamaTavisuflebeli moZraoba da a.S. 5. terologiaSi gavrcelebuli klasifikaciebisagan gansxvavebiT naSromSi mocemulia terorizmis kriminologiuri klasifikacia ZiriTadi niSnebis, motivisa da miznis da araZiriTadi – gamoyenebuli xerxis da saSualebis, samoqmedo farglebis, ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtis mixedviT. 6. Seswavlilia “eTnikuri”, “saxelmwifo” da “religiuri” terorizmi, radganac Tanamedrove etapze terorizmis zemoxsenebul saxeebs saqarTvelosTvis terogenuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia. 7. naSromSi dadginda ormagi standartis arseboba, ruseTis federaciis oficialur midgomebSi, secesiis uflebis mimarT. 8. gaanalizda saqarTvelos terogenuri safrTxeebi da moxda maTi dajgufeba regionaluri da globaluri mniSvnelobis mixedviT. 9. gamoTqmulia winadadeba, momavalSi separatistuli da sxva iseTi qmedebebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, romelTac SeuZliaT gamoiwvion saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Sesusteba, kontrolis dakargva ama Tu im teritoriul erTeulze, anda socialur jgufze, dawesdes sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba. 10. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 329 –e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli teroristuli mizniT mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis dros, gafarTovdes teroristTa moTxovnis adresatTa wre da aRniSul wreSi moazrebul iqnen fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi. 11. naSromSi gaanalizebulia teroristuli aqtis da zogadad teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis miznad miCneuli “sazogadoebis daSineba da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedeba.” kvlevis Sedegad gakeTebulia daskvna, rom teroristuli aqtis mizani daSineba ar aris. daSineba da saxelmwifo xelisuflebaze zemoqmedeba aris teroristTaTvis sasurveli politikuri miznis misaRwevad gamoyenebuli saSualeba da Semadgenlobis obieqturi mxaris niSans warmoadgens. 12. kvlevis Sedegad dadginda terorizmis ZiriTadi imanenturi elementebi, romlebic yvela droisa da formis terorizms axasiaTebs. aRniSnuli niSnebis safuZvelze naSromSi SeTavazebulia teroristuli aqtis (ssk-is 323-e mux.) sakanonmdeblo definicia. 9 13. gamoTqmulia winadadeba, gafarTovdes teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa wre saerTaSoriso normatiul aqtebze dayrdnobiT da saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis specialuri 38-e TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebis garda, ssk-iT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva qmedebebi, terorizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, CaiTvalos teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebad. kvlevis Sedegad gamoyofilia teroristuli xasiaTis Semdegi danaSaulebi: sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba (ssk-is 227-e mux); satransporto komunikaciebis blokireba (ssk-is 2221 mux.); wylis xomaldis naosnobisTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna (ssk-is 2271 –e mux.); mekobreoba (ssk-is 228-mux); birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba (ssk-is 231-e mux.); birTvuli nivTierebis marTlsawinaaRmdegod dauflebis muqara (ssk-is 2311-e mux.); birTvuli iaraRis an sxva birTvuli asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis damzadeba (ssk-is 232-e mux.); 14. teroristuli xasiaTis qmedebebis sisxlissamarTlebrivad sruli regulirebis mizniT, mizanSewonilia Seicvalos aRniSnul danaSaulTa gansazRvris dRemde arsebuli sakanonmdeblo teqnika. moxdes teroristuli xasiaTis qmedebaTa kriminalizacia maTi swori da samarTliani Sefasebis, aseve terorizmTan efeqturi brZolis mizniT. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT disertaciaSi mocemulia konkretuli winadadebebi. 15. disertaciaSi gamoTqmulia winadadeba saqarTvelos ssk-is 325muxliT gaTvaliswinebul SemadgenlobaSi, “saqarTvelos politikuri Tanamdebobis pirze Tavdasxma”, gafarTovdes sisxlis samarTlis normiT dacul subieqtTa wre. 16. “terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonSi mravali progresuli debulebis miuxedavad, regulaciuri sfero SezRudulia da akrZalul qmedebaTa wre konkretizacias moiTxovs. amasTan, terorizmis, rogorc socialur–samarTlebrivi movlenis farglebi bundovania. disertaciaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba zemoxsenebuli kanonis regulaciuri sferos gafarToebis da dazustebis Sesaxeb. 17. “terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonSi terorizmis definicia akrZaluli qmedebebis CamoTvlis principiTaa mocemuli. akrZaluli qmedebebis CamoTvliT terorizmis gansazRvreba ver amowuravs movlenis yvela formas. aqedan gamomdinare, terorizmis cnebaSi, romelic mocemulia 10 kanonis pirvel muxlSi, gansazRvruli unda iyos movlenis imanenturi elementebi, rac SesaZleblobas mogvcems Seufasebeli ar darCes terorizmis arc erTi gamovlineba. 18. “terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli muxlis “b” qvepunqtSi saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 323 –e muxlis identurad mocemulia “teroristuli aqtis” cneba. teroristuli aqtis arsebuli sakanonmdeblo reglamentacia ar Seesabameba movlenis socialur bunebas. kerZod, teroristTa mizani ar SeiZleba iyos mosaxleobis daSineba da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedeba. teroristTaTvis daSineba da zemoqmedebis sxva saSualebebi miznis miRwevis xerxs warmoadgens. 19. “terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli muxlis “g” qvepunqtSi gansazRvrulia teroristuli saqmianoba, romelSic igulisxmeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis, terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, XXXVIII TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebis Cadena. normis amgvar formulirebas ver daveTanxmebiT, radganac teroristuli saqmianoba scildeba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis XXXVIII TaviT gaTvaliswinebul teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebs. 20. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli muxlis “v” da “z” qvepunqtebis Tanaxmad “teroristuli jgufi” da “teroristuli organizacia” aris mxolod “teroristuli aqtis” Casadenad SekavSirebul pirTa erToba. es debuleba ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 327-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul normas, romelic krZalavs teroristuli organizaciis Seqmnas, xelmZRvanelobas anda masSi monawileobas. saqarTvelos ssk-is 327-e muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristul organizaciad CaiTvleba pirTa nebismieri erToba, imis miuxedavad, Tu konkretulad romeli teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis Cadena aqvs gamiznuli. 21. organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis interesebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos sssk-iT garantirebuli advokati – braldebulis urTierTobis konfidencialuroba, aSS-s kanonmdeblobis msgavsad, SesaZlebelia gadaixedos. igulisxmeba, organizebuli danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis Sesaxeb, warsulSi ukve momxdaris, an momavalSi dagegmilis, informaciis miReba da teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis gaxsna anda maTi Tavidan acileba. kvlevis obieqti da sagani. disertaciis kvlevis obieqtia: terorizmi rogorc socialur–samarTlebrivi 11 movlena, terorizmis gamovlenis formebi da saxeebi, terorizmis mizezebi da pirobebi istoriuli ganviTarebis konteqstSi, saqarTvelos terogenuri saxeebis gamoyofa da analizi, terorizmis definicia, terorizmTan brZolis zogadTeoriuli aspeqtebi, terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saerTaSoriso normatiuli aqtebi da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normebi, ucxoeTis qveynebis kontrteroristuli kanonmdebloba. kvlevis sagnad gvevlineba iuridiul, fsiqologiur, sociologiur da filosofiur literaturaSi wamoyenebuli mosazrebebi terorizmis mizezebis, socialuri bunebis, gamovlenis saxeebis da formebis, brZolis saSualebebis Sesaxeb. saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi, maT Soris, ucxoeTis qveynebis normatiuli saSualebebi terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. saqarTvelos antiteroristuli kanonmdeblobis srulyofisTvis Sesabamisi rekomendaciebis da winadadebebis SemuSaveba. disertaciis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba. disertaciaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi, rekomendaciebi da winadadebebi saintereso iqneba am sakiTxiT dainteresebuli Teoretikosi da praqtikosi muSakebisaTvis, sakanonmdeblo organosa da specialuri samsaxurebisaTvis. naSromi saintereso iqneba araiuristi, rigiTi mkiTxvelisTvisac, radganac masSi mecnierulad iqneba damuSavebuli Tanamedrove terorizmis problemebi da saqarTvelos adgili msoflio terologiis rukaze. naSromi nawilobriv Seavsebs qarTul iuridiul literaturas terorizmis problemis kvlevis sakiTxSi. naSromSi aris mcdeloba amomwuravad iqnes Seswavlili terorizmis definiciuri problemebi, movlenis istoriuli ganviTareba, misi mizezebi, saerTaSoriso da saqarTvelos normatiuli saSualebebi terorizmTan brZolis aspeqtiT. disertaciis struqtura da moculoba. naSromi Sedgeba Sesavlis, 5 Tavis, 23 paragrafis, 21 qveparagrafisgan, daskvnisa da gamoyenebuli literaturis nusxisagan. naSromis moculoba sul Seadgens 197 gverds, romelsac Tan erTvis gamoyenebuli literaturis nusxa 13 gverdze. 12 Tavi I terorizmis konceptualuri saTaveebi $ 1. teroris koncefciis formireba terorizmma, rogorc movlenam, ganviTarebis xangrZlivi istoriuli periodi ganvlo, romelic moicavs “Silot sikarebisa” da “haSaSinebis” saqmianobas, parizis quCebSi datrialebul iakobinelTa terors, rusi revolucionerebis brZolas, meore msoflio omis Semdeg gaCaRebul antikoloniur moZraobebs, memarjvene, memarcxene, religiur, eTno-nacionaluri mimarTulebis jgufebis teroristul saqmianobas. safrTxis uzarmazari mniSvnelobis gamo, terorizmze bevri iTqva da daiwera. movlenas sxvadasxva kuTxiT da sxvadasxva aspeqtiT ixilavdnen da ikvlevdnen, Tumca veranairad ver moxerxda terorizmis, rogorc socialur_samarTlebrivi movlenis, erTiani, yvelasaTvis misaRebi iuridiuli gansazRvrebis SemuSaveba, xolo erTiani normatiuli gansazRvrebis gareSe, SeuZlebelia erTiani samarTlebrivi midgomebic. amitomaa, rom, Tuki sazogadoebis erTi nawilisTvis garkveuli jgufi teroristulia, meore nawilisTvis erovnul_nacionaluri, religiuri, an socialuri uflebebisaTvis mebrZolia. `sayovelTaod cnobili gancxadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom `erTisTvis teroristi, TavisuflebisTvis mebrZolia meoresTvis~ iqca ara mxolod erTgvar kliSed, aramed erT-erT rTulad gadasalaxav winaaRmdegobad terorizmTan brZolaSi~.1 sityva “Terrere” (terere) laTinurad daSinebas niSnavs2, igi ori mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba: pirveli - “SiSi”, “saSineleba”, meore “daSinebis saSualeba”, “SiSis sagani”, “saSiSi garemoeba”.3 laTinuri “Terrere” - dan aris nawarmoebi franguli sityva “terreur ”-i, romelic, Tavis mxriv, safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis Semdeg Zaladobrivi socialuri movlenis aRmniSvnelad iqca. franguli ganmartebiTi leqsikoni terorizms ganmartavs rogorc “revoluciuri jgufebis mier Cadenili Zaladobrivi aqtebis erTobliobas, rac terorizmis meSveobiT miznad isaxavs sazogadoebis yuradRebis mipyrobas.” terorizmadaa, agreTve, miCneuli “saxelmwifos mier damyarebuli Zaladobrivi reJimi”.4 s. oJegovis da n. Svedovas redaqciiT gamocemuli rusuli ganmartebiTi leqsikoni terorizms ganmartavs, rogorc “teroris politikasa da praqtikas”, raSic igu1 ix. В.В. Устинов Международный опыт борбы с терроризмом, стандарты и практика. М., 2002, с. 8. 2 ix. Histoire du Terrorisme de l’Antiquite a al Qaida. Sous la direction de Gerard Chaliand et Arnaud Blin, Bayard, Paris, 2004, p. 9. 3 ix. Ю. С. Горбунов, Терроризм и правовое регулирование противодействия ему. Монография. М., 2008, с. 16. 4 ix. Larusse trois volums en couleurs. Tome trois. Librairie Larasse, P., 1966. P. 828. 13 lisxmeba “politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis daSineba, gamoxatuli ZaladobaSi, TviT maT fizikur ganadgurebamde”, agreTve “mosaxleobis daSineba”5. daSineba, Zaladobrivi qmedeba, Zaladoba an misi gamoyenebis muqara.6 terorizmze mxolod maSin SeiZleba saubari, rodesac qmedebis sazriss SiSis danergva, daSineba Seadgens, es aris terorizmis uZiriTadesi niSani... 7 termini “terori” da misgan nawarmoebi terorizmi safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis (1789-1794), kerZod, ki iakobinelTa diqtaturis, periodSi iqca Zalismieri gziT miznis miRwevis garkveuli meTodis aRmniSvnelad, romlis safuZvelic mowinaaRmdegis daSineba, Tavzaris dacema, misTvis permanentuli SiSis gancdis Tavs moxvevaa. “teroris”, rogorc sistematurad gamoyenebuli Zaladobis koncefcia, romelic mimarTulia garkveuli politikuri Sedegebis miRwevisken, Camoayaliba maqsimilian robespierma safrangeTis revoluciis dros: “saWiroa davTrgunoT respublikis sagareo da saSinao mtrebi, anda daviRupoT respublikasTan erTad. ase rom, aRniSnul situaciaSi Cveni politikis upirvelesi mizania vmarToT xalxi gonierebis, xolo xalxis mtrebi teroris meSveobiT. Tuki saxalxo saxelmwifos dasayrdeni mSvidobis dros aris keTilgoniereba, revoluciis dros keTilgonierebasTan erTad aucilebelia teroric; keTilgonierebis gareSe terori damRupvelia; teroris gareSe keTilgoniereba ususuri.”8 iakobinelTa teroriT batonobis dros, mxolod 1793 wlis Semodgomidan 1794 wlis zafxulamde sikvdiliT daisaja daaxloebiT 40 aTasi adamiani, ganadgurda aTasobiT realuri, Tu potenciuri mowinaaRmdege, qali Tu kaci, moxuci Tu axalgazrda. maTi umravlesoba saerTod udanaSaulo adamiani iyo. teroris koncefciis mamamTavars maqsimilian robespiers, TviTon uaRresad moralur pirovnebas, surda Camoeyalibebina idealuri sazogadoeba, romelic maradiuli eTikuri principebis Sesabamisad iqneboda mowyobili, Tumca am keTilSobiluri miznebis miRwevis saSualebad man terori SearCia. 9 terorizmi, rogorc garkeuli miznis miRwevis xerxi, gamarTlebulia zogierTi socialuri jgufisTvis. sainteresoa, rom gaeros terorizmis problemaTa kvlevis specialuri, saerTaSoriso komitetis mier terorizmis gamomwvev mizezebad dasaxelebulia : `neokolonializmi, rasizmi, agresiis politika, okupacia da misi Sede5 ix. С. И. Ожегов, Н.Ю. Шведова «Толковый словарь русского языка». М., 1995 г., с. 784. ix. В. Даль, Толковый словарь живого великорусского языка. Т. IV. –М .: «Русский язык», 1980. c. 401; С.И. Ожегов Словарь русского языка. –М.: «Русский язык», 1968.c. 784. 7 ix. Ю. М. Антонян Терроризм. Криминологическое и уголовно-правовое исследование. М.: Щит-М, 2001. с .8 8 ix. M. Robespierre, “Principes de morale politique,” 1974 wlis 5 Tebervals safrangeTis nacionalur konventze warmoTqmuli sityva. http://membres.lycos.fr/discours/1794.htm http://membres.lycos.fr/discours/1794.htm. 2009 9 ix. С. А. Эфиров Покушение на будущее. Логика и футурология «левого» экстремизма. М.: Мол. гвардия, 1984. сс. 145-153 6 14 gebi : usamarTloba, uTanasworoba, Cagvra da eqspluatacia.~10 terorizmis determinantebad zemoaRniSnuli mizezebis dasaxeleba, garkveulwilad, amarTlebs teroristebs, aniWebs maT marTali saqmisTvis wamebulTa statuss, hqmnis maTgan goliaTTan mebrZoli daviTis saxes. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, garkveul wreebSi yalibdeba azri teroristebis qmedebebis legitimurobis Sesaxeb. teroristuli saqmianobis legitimacia gamoixateba imaSi, rom teroristebi borotebas ebrZvian da Tavisi saqmiT keTili Sedegis miRweva surT. aRniSnulSi mdgomareobs teroristuli ideologiis sakvanZo sakiTxi, romelic gacilebiT adre, saukuneebis gadaRma, Teoriulad wamoayena nikolo makiavelma, xolo iezuitTa ordenma samoqmedo devizad aRiara : `mizani amarTlebs saSualebas.~ aRniSnuli devizi mudam Tan sdevs yvela drois da mimarTulebis teroristul ideologias, rogorc TviTgamarTlebis unikaluri saSualeba. teroristuli TviTgamarTlebis doqtrina mdgomareobs imaSi, rom simarTlisTvis mebrZolebi iZulebulni arian daadgnen teroristuli meTodebiT brZolis gzas, radgan sxva arCevani ar gaaCniaT da radgan naTeli miznis miRweva surT, zustad amgvari ideologiiT cdiloben isini legitimurobis mopovebas da sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan nawilSi aRweven kidevac mizans. rogorc ernest genri ambobda : teroristebs, maT organizaciebs rom ar hqondeT garkveuli socialuri jgufebisgan mxardaWera teroristul saqmianobaSi, ideebSi, finansur uzrunvelyofaSi, legitimurobisTvis brZolaSi, dRemde, albaT, aRarcerTi teroristuli organizacia ar iarsebebda. mis winaaRmdeg dauZinebeli brZolis miuxedavad, terorizmi viTardeba, iZens axal momxreebs, xorcieldeba axali teroristuli aqtebi...11 Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom raoden samarTlianic ar unda iyos mizezi, verasodes ver gaamarTlebs teroristul saSualebebs. teroristuli saSualebebi aris aRniSnuli samarTliani safuZvlebis diskreditacia. . . 12 gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mier mogvianebiT miRebul 1269-e rezoluciaSi xazgasmulia, rom warmomSobi mizezebis da dasaxuli miznebis miuxedavad, terorizmis nebismieri gamovlineba danaSaulia. `upirobod ganikiTxavs terorizmis yovel aqts, meTods da praqtikul gamovlinebas, rogorc danaSaulebrivs da gaumarTlebels, misi motivaciis, formis, Cadenis adgilis da Camdeni pirebis miuxedavad, gansakuTrebiT ki iseTs, romelic xelyofiT emuqreba saerTaSoriso mSvidobas da uSiSroebas.~13 10 ix. UN.Doc. A/C.6/34/5 SR.10. P. 14. ix. Г.Э. Против терроризма. М.: АПН, 1981. с. 8. 12 ix. G. P. Shultz, Terrorism and the Modern World,. Terrorism: An International Journal 7, 1985,№.4, p. 437. 13 ix. 1999 წლის 1269-ე რეზოლუცია. S/Res/1269 www.un.org, 1999 11 15 $ 2. terorizmis definicia Sefasebis ormagi standartis da terorizmis sayovelTaod miRebuli iuridiuli definiciis ararsebobis pirobebSi, rogorc doqtrinaSi, aseve, oficialur normatiul aqtebSi, xSiria terorizmis aRreva sxva socialur–samarTlebriv movlenebTan. gansakuTrebiT xSiria omis, partizanuli brZolis, erovnul–gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis, dekolonializaciis procesebis terorizmTan gaigiveba. zogierTi avtori terorizmisa da Zaladobis sxva formebis ganmasxvavebel indikatorad asaxelebs politikuri oponentebis sxvadasxva meTodebiT sistematur daSinebas maTze zegavlenis moxdenis mizniT.14 mocemuli indikatori arsebiTad arasakmarisia aRniSnul socialur movlenebs Soris ase Tu ise mkveTri zRvaris gasavlebad. imis gamo, rom terorizmi ar aris moqceuli mkacr iuridiul CarCoebSi, sazogadoebaSi gavrcelda misi arasamarTlebrivi, populisturi gageba. terorizmis cneba asaxavs garkveul socialur_samarTlebriv movlenas. dRes aseTi doqtrinuli, saerTaSoriso Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebriv kanonmdeblobaSi SemuSavebuli terorizmis cnebaTa ricxvi, zogierT avtorTa monacemebiT, or aseuls aRemateba da jerjerobiT arcerTi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli ar aris. terorizmis iuridiuli gansazRvrebis garSemo azrTa aseTi sxvadasxvaoba, Cveni azriT, gamowveulia ramdenime mizeziT: 1) terorizmis mravalferovani da rTuli bunebiT, ris gamoc Wirs movlenis zogad-iuridiuli analizi da moqnili samarTlebrivi normis SemuSaveba ; 2) msoflio politikur asparezze terorizmis mimarT gansxvavebuli damokidebulebiT, e.w. ormagi standartebis arsebobiT. (terorizmisTvis xelis Sewyobidan masTan brZolamde); 3) TviTon terorizmis, rogorc socialuri movlenis gansakuTrebuli politikuri datvirTulobiT. terorizmi xom yovelTvis garkveuli politikuri miznebisTvis gamoiyeneboda, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra sarCuli edo mas, nacionaluri, religiuri Tu sxva. terorizmis cnebis SemuSaveba umniSvnelovanesia. aRniSnuli Camoayalibebs erTian midgomas saxelmwifoTa mxridan, gamijnavs erTmaneTisgan zemoqmedebis samarTlebriv da ukanono saSualebebs.15 saerTaSoriso sixlis samarTlis sasamarTlos iurisdiqciis farglebSi terorizmis ver moxvedris erT-erT mizezad SeiZleba terorizmis iuridiuli cnebis ararsebobac miviCnioT 16 terorizmis akrZalva erT qveyanaSi ar aris sakmarisi teroristuli Tavdasxmebis Tavidan asacileblad sxva danarCen qveynebSi. sayovelTaod miRebuli cnebis arseboba aucilebelia msoflioSi 14 ix. Ю. С. Горбунов, Терроризм и правовое регулирование противодействия ему. Монография. М. 2008, с. 16. 15 ix. V. Nanda, The Role of International Law in Combating Terrorism, 10 Mich. St. U. Dcl. Intl L. pp. 603, 604 2001. 16 ix. R. J. Goldstone & J. Simpson, Evaluating the Role of the International Criminal Court as a Legal Response to Terrorism, 16 Harv. Hum. Rts. №. 13,14. 2003. 16 “erTnairi minimaluri iuridiuli standartis” dasadgenad. teroristebis mier gamowveuli mavne Sedegi SeiZleba sxvadasxva saxelmwifos Sida kanonmdeblobiT isjebodes samarTlis zogadi normebiT, magaliTad, mkvleloba, Tavisuflebis ukanono aRkveTa da a.S. miuxedavad amisa, saerTaSoriso samarTali avaldebulebs saxelmwifoebs ebrZolon terorizms17 da ganaxorcielon Sida saxelmwifoebriv kanonmdeblobaSi teroristuli danaSaulebis kriminalizacia.18 gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos 1373-e gadawyvetilebis mixedviT, saxelmwifoebs ekisrebaT mniSvnelovani valdebulebebi terorizmTan brZolis aspeqtiT19. terorizmis erTiani iuridiuli definiciis ararsebobis pirobebSi Riad rCeba sakiTxi, ras da vis unda ebrZolon saxelmwifoebma, Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli xdeba imis sababi, rom zogierTi saxelmwifo saerTod Tavs aridebs terorizmTan brZolis valdebulebas, zogierTi ki terorizmTan brZolis egidiT axSobs kanonier politikur opozicias. magaliTad, ruseTSi da egvipteSi terorizmTan brZolis saxeliT kanonieri politikuri opoziciis struqtura ganadgurda 20. saerTaSoriso terorizmis winaaRmdeg gaerTianebuli erebis organizacias miRebuli aqvs 21 globaluri da regionaluri SeTanxmeba, aqedan 12 globalur konvencias warmoadgens.21 gaeros erT-erTi bolo konvencia birTvuli terorizmis aRmofxvris winaaRmdeg 17 ix. M. Flory International Law: Instruments to Combat Terrorism, in Terrorism and International Law 31, Rosalyn Higgins & Maurice Flory eds., 1997. 18 ix. G. Starke, The Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism, 19 Brit. Y.B. Intl. L. pp. 214, 215. 1938. 19 ix. S.C. Res. 1373, U.N. Doc. S/Res/1373. Sept. 28, 2001 20 ix. Human Rights Watch, in the Name of Counter-Terrorism: Human Rights Abuses Worldwide. 2003, http://www. hrw.org/un/ chr59/ counter-terrorism-bck.pdf. 21 ix.: International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, Dee. 9, 1999, S. Treaty Doc. No. 106-49, G.A. Res. 54/109, V.N. Gaor, 54th Sess., Supp. No. 49, U.N. Doe. A/54/49 [hereinafter Financing Convention]; International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, Dec. 15, 1997, S. Treaty Doc. No. 106-6,37 I.L.M. 249 [hereinafter Bombings Convention]; Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection, Mar. 1, 1991, U.S. Treaty Doc. No. 103-8, 2122 U.N.T.S. 359 [hereinafter Plastic Explosives Convention]; Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf, Mar. 10, 1988, 27 I.L.M. 685 [hereinafter Fixed Platforms Convention]; Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, Mar. 10, 1988, S. Treaty Doc. No. 101-1, 27 I.L.M. 668 [hereinafter Maritime Convention]; Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation [supplement to the Montreal Convention), Feb. 24, 1988, S. Treaty Doc. No. 100-19, 1589 U.N.T.S. 474 [hereinafter Montreal Airports Protocol]; Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, Mar. 3, 1980, T.I.A.S. No. 11080, 1456 U.N.T.S. 101 [hereinafter Nuclear Materials Convention]; International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages, Dec. 17, 1979, T. I. A. S. No. 11081, 1316 V.N.T.S. 205 [hereinafter Hostages Convention); Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons, Including Diplomatic Agents, Dec. 14, 1973,28 U.S.T. 1975,1035 U.N.T.S. 167 [hereinafter Internationally Protected Persons Convention]; Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation, Sept. 23, 1971, 24 U.S.T. 546565, 974 U.N.T.S. 178 (jan. 26, 1973) [hereinafter Montreal Convention]; Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, Dee. 16, 1970, 22 U.S.T. 1641, 860 U.N.T.S. 105 [hereinafter The Hague Convention]; Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft, Sept. 14,1963,20 U.S.T.2941,704 U.N.T.S. 219 [hereinafter Tokyo Convention]. 17 aris mimarTuli.22 terorizmTan mimarTebaSi saerTaSoriso samarTlisTvis damaxasiaTebeli dRevandeli tendencia mdgomareobs imaSi, rom aqcenti gadatanilia saerTaSoriso konvenciebis debulebebis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv kanonmdeblobaSi asaxvaze da ara terorizmis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli definiciis SemuSavebaze, saerTaSoriso danaSaulad gamocxadebaze.23 gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mier SemuSavebuli erT-erTi definiciis mixedviT: teroristia nebismieri adamiani, romelic garkveuli qveynis mxridan aRiarebis uqonlobis miuxedavad, moqmedebs marto, an rogorc garkveuli jgufis warmomadgeneli, romelic ar aris miCneuli sakuTari eris oficialur nawilad da moqmedebs, raTa gaanadguros, an daazianos samoqalaqo mosaxleoba, agreTve, raTa gaanadguros an daazianos sakuTreba, romelic ekuTvnis samoqalaqo mosaxleobas an xelisuflebas, garkveuli politikuri miznis miRwevis mizniT. terorizmi aris samoqalaqo pirebis sicocxlis ganadgureba an janmrTelobis dazianeba, agreTve, samoqalaqo, an saxelmwifo sakuTrebis ganadgureba an dazianeba, Cadenili garkveuli qveynis xelisuflebis oficialuri gadawyvetilebis gareSe, garkveuli individumebisa Tu jgufebis mier, romlebic moqmedeben xelisuflebisgan damoukideblad an xelisuflebis dakveTiT an TanxmobiT, cdiloben ra politikuri miznis miRwevas.24 terorizmis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi debulebebis qmediToba damokidebulia konkretul saxelmwifoTa SidasamarTlebriv bazaze. saerTaSoriso samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac terorizmis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli da naTeli definiciis ararseboba fatalur problemas ar warmoadgens, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdebloba teroristuli danaSaulobebis zust da amomwurav gansazRvrebas unda Seicavdes.25 miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela qveynis samarTlebriv sistemas gaaCnia sadavo sakiTxebi doqtrinuli TvalsazrisiT, iurisprudenciaSi udavo WeSmaritebad iTvleba is, rom saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi sistema unda uzrunvelyofdes kanonis sworad ganmartebas da erTgvarovnad gamoyenebas.26 22 ix. saerTaSoriso konvencia birTvuli terorizmis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (Riaa xemosawerad 2004 wlis 14 seqtembridan) http://untreaty.un.org/English/notpubl/English_18_15.pdf 2009 23 ix. Davis Polk & Wardwell, Defining Terrorism: The Evolution of Terrorism as a Legal Concept in International Law and it’s Influence on Definitions in Domestic Legisiation, New York, Boston College International & Comparative Law Review, HeinOnline - 29 B. C. Int'l & Compo L. Rev. 23 2006. p.35. 24 ix. http://www.inlink.com/~civitas/mun/ res9596/terror.html. 25 ix. Davis Polk & Wardwell, Defining Terrorism: The Evolution of Terrorism as a Legal Concept in International Law and it’s Influence on Definitions in Domestic Legisiation, New York, Boston College International & Comparative Law Review, HeinOnline -- 29 B. C. Int'l & Compo L. Rev. 23 2006 p.69. 26 aRniSnul sakiTxze ixileT, agreTve, sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili, saxelmZRvanelo, avtorTa koleqtivi, gamomcemloba “meridiani”, 2007 w., gv. 90. 18 terorizmis SidasamarTlebrivi definiciis SemuSavebas gaaCnia oTxi ZiriTadi funqcia: pirveli, SidasamarTlebriv meqanizmebzea damokidebuli konkretuli pirebisTvis (fizikuri an iuridiuli) “teroristis” an “teroristuli organizaciis” sisxlissamarTlebrivi statusis miniWeba. aRniSnuli statusi SesaZleblobas iZleva konfiskacias an gayinvas daeqvemdebaros teroristuli danaSaulebis Camden pirTa finansuri aqtivebi. teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis CadenaSi eWvmitanilebis mimarT ganxorcieldes konkretuli sagamoZiebo moqmedebebi: dakaveba, dakiTxva, gaZlierebuli TvalTvali da sxva. meore, SidasamarTlebrivi definicia terorizms gamijnavs sxva msgavsi danaSaulebisgan. mesame, safuZvlad udevs Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi struqturebis koordinacias. magaliTad SeerTebul StatebSi teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebs iZiebs gamoZiebis federaluri biuro, iusticiis saministro da ara adgilobrivi policia, rac problemis mogvarebaSi specsamsaxurebis CarTvis SesaZleblobas iZleva. meoTxe, a) terorizmis zusti definicia aucilebelia kontrteroristuli saSualebebis da meTodebis swori SerCevisTvis saxelmwifos Zalismieri organoebis mxridan, terorizmTan brZolis egidiT;27 b) samoqalaqo sazogadoebis kanonieri uflebebis gaumarTlebeli SezRudvis Tavidan acilebisTvis; g) teroristebis efeqturad gamovlenisa da dasjisTvis; d) organizebuli danaSaulobis sxva formebisgan terorizmis gamijvnisTvis.28 rogorc aRiniSna, terologiaSi terorizmis or aseulze meti cnebaa SemuSavebuli, sailustraciod mizanSewonilia ramdenime maTganis ganxilva: v. vitiuki ayalibebs terorizmis ZiriTad niSnebs: 1. terorizmi aris politikuri brZolis taqtika, romelic dakavSirebulia ganzraxi da sistematuri Zaladobrivi qmedebebis ganxorcielebasTan. terorizmi organizebuli danaSaulobisgan politikuri bunebiT gansxvavdeba. 2. terorizms axasiaTebs ara marto ama Tu im gavleniani pirebis, aramed TviT xelisuflebis da garkveuli socialuri jgufebis, fizikuri pirebis daSineba. 3. terorizms axasiaTebs taqtika, romelic mdgomareobs politikuri mkvlelobebis sistematur organizebaSi, rac ar aris dakavSirebuli masebis revoluciur brZolasTan.29 27 ix. W. M. Reisman, International Legal & sponses to Terrorism, 22 Hous. J. Int' l l. № 3, 1999. p.9 ix. D. Polk & Wardwell, Defiining Terrorism: The Evolution of Terrorism as a Legal Concept in International Law and it’s Influence on Definitions in Domestic Legisiation, New York, Boston College International & Comparative Law Review, HeinOnline -- 29 B. C. Int'l & Compo L. Rev. 23, 2006. p.70 29 ix. В. В. Витюк Социальная сушность и идеино-политические концепции современного левого терроризма. Автореф. дисю доктю философ.наук. М.,1985, С. 9. 28 19 r. eriqsonis azriT, terorizmi aris Zaladobis marTlsawinaaRmdego gamoyeneba an gamoyenebis muqara, mimarTuli individebis winaaRmdeg, SiSis gamosawvevad, raTa aiZulos an daaSinos saxelmwifo, sazogadoeba an individi, politikuri, socialuri, Tu ideologiuri miznebis miRwevisTvis.30 terorizmis iuridiuli definiciis Tematikaze gansakuTrebulad saintereso naSromi aqvs Seqmnili holandiel mecniers, politologs aleqs Smidts. aRniSnul naSromSi mas gaanalizebuli aqvs terorizmis 140-ze meti gansazRvreba, romelic SemuSavebulia 19361981 wlebSi. am Seswavlis Sedegad, man gamoyo terorizmis maxasiaTebeli 22 ZiriTadi Semadgeneli elementi da 20 ZiriTadi mizani (romlis miRweviskenac yvelaze xSirad aris xolme mimarTuli teroristuli saqmianoba). terorizmis ZiriTad elementebs Seadgens: 1) Zaladoba; 2) politikuri xasiaTi; 3) daSineba, terori; 4) muqara; 5) fsiqologiuri efeqtebi da aRniSnuliT gamowveuli reaqcia; 6) msxverplisa da safrTxis diferenciacia (aRniSnul niSanze yuradReba gaamaxvila, agreTve, germanelma kriminologma Snaiderma, rodesac aRniSna, rom terorizmSi gamokveTilia sami mxare: teroristi, msxverpli (romelic mxolod miznis miRwevis saSualebaa teroristisTvis) da e.w. “samizne jgufi”, romlzec msxverplis meSveobiT fsiqologiuri zemoqmedeba xorcieldeba);31 7) mizanmimarTuli, dagegmili, sistematuri da organizebuli moqmedeba; 8) brZolis meTodi, erTgvari strategia, taqtika; 9) miRebuli normebis, humanitarulis CaTvliT, gansakuTrebiT uxeSi darRveva; 10) Tanxmobis miRwevis iZulebiTi, gamoZalviTi xasiaTi; 11) saqmianobis farTod gaxmaureba, reklamireba; 12) ganurCevloba msxverplis SerCevisas; 13) samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze, SeuiaraRebel adamianebze Tavdasxma; 14) daSineba; 15) msxverplis udanaSauloba; 16) jgufi, moZraoba, an organizacia, rogorc samarTaldamrRvevi; 17) simboluri, demonstraciuli xasiaTi; 18) moulodneloba araprognozirebadoba; 19) saidumlo xasiaTi; 20) ganmeorebadoba, seriuli xasiaTi, Zaladobis erTgvari kampania; 21) terorizmis danaSaulebrivi xasiaTi (aRniSnuli qmedebis danaSaulebrivi kriminalizacia. SeniSvna Cemia-g.g) 22) moTxovnebi, romlebic mimarTulia mesame pirebze.32 rac Seexeba terorizmis ZiriTad miznebs, Smidtis azriT, esenia: 1) terorizeba, farTo masebis daSineba; 2) xelisuflebis mxridan represiebis provocireba; 3) Zalebis mobilizeba; 4) masebSi sakuTar moqmedebebze dadebiTi an uaryofiTi Sexedulebis Seqmna, sazogadoebis polarizacia da radikalizacia; 5) politikuri Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba, garkveuli xelisuflebis damxoba; 6) wina30 ix. R. J. Erikson. Legitimate USE of military forse against state-sponsored international terrorism. Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112-5532. 1989.p.22. 31 ix. Н. Шнайдер, Криминология, М., 1994 с. 439. 32 ix. A. P. Schmid, Political Terrorism: A Research Guide to Concepts, Theories, Data Bases and Literature, Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1983, pp. 76 -77. 20 aRmdegobis dasusteba da ganadgureba; 7) Tanxebis mopoveba, SeiaraRebis SeZenis anda sxva aqtivobis dasafinanseblad; 8) siZlieris SenarCuneba, kargi disciplina, moqnili mmarTveloba, samizne jgufebis gadmobireba da maTi erTgulebis miRweva; 9) sazogadoebis demoralizacia, masSi areulobis, uwesrigobis Setana, permanentuli gangaSis da aforiaqebulobis ganwyobis Camoyalibeba, panikuri, kolafsuri klimatis Seqmna; 10) saxelmwifo sakuTrebis, misi mosamsaxureebis ganadgureba da dazianeba, saxelisuflebo Zalebis mxridan winaaRmdegobis gawevis Tavidan acilebis mizniT; 11) xelisuflebis dasusteba da diskreditacia, xelisuflebis uZlurebis demonstracia, raTa ganadgurebuli iqnes demokratiuli institutebi, damsxvreul iqnes sazogadoebis rwmena sakuTari xelisuflebis mimarT; 12) saqmianobis dagegmva sazRvargareT; 13) sakuTari Tavis reklamireba, sazogadoebis yuradRebis miqceva, misi mxardaWeris mopoveba. 14) saxelmwifo aparatisa da usafrTxoebis samsaxurisTvis dabrkolebebis Seqmna, Seferxeba; 15) axali kadrebis mozidva teroristuli saqmianobisaTvis; 16) teroristuli jgufis SigniT, agreTve, mis mxardamWerebSi garkveuli moraluri dogmebis Tu normebis Seqmna; 17) teroristuli jgufis farglebSi mkacri disciplinis SenarCuneba, moRalateebis da Sinaganawesis damrRvevTa dasja; 18) gamarjvebis miRweva iZulebiTi daTmobebis xarjze (mag. dapatimrebul TanamebrZolTa gaTavisufleba da a.S.); 19) teroristuli jgufis mowinaaRmdege ZalebisTvis daxmarebis gamwev, an raime sxva bralis mqone wevrTa dasja; 20) sazogadoebaze, saxelmwifoze dominirebuli mdgomareobis miRweva, maTi daqvemdebareba da paralizeba, damoneba da daSineba. terorizmis maxasiaTebeli 22 elementidan da 20 miznidan avtori xuT ZiriTads gamoyofs TiToeulisTvis. kerZod, terorizmis xuTi ZiriTadi elementia: Zaladoba, politikuri xasiaTi, terori anu daSineba, muqara, mesame pirebze zemoqmedeba. rac Seexeba terorizmis xuT ZiriTad mizans esenia: masebis daSineba da terorizeba, xelisuflebis mxridan ganurCeveli represiebis provocireba, teroristuli Zalebis gaZliereba, mobilizeba da xelisuflebis Zalebis Sesusteba, sazogadoebriv azrze zegavlena dadebiTi an uaryofiTi formiT, politikuri Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba da mmarTveli reJimis damxoba.33 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom terorizmis erTiani cnebis SemuSaveba ara mxolod saerTaSoriso masStabiT, aramed erTi saxelmwifos SigniTac sakmaod Wirs. 1985 wels aSS-is senatis miTiTebiT yvela samTavrobo dawesebulebas daevala SeemuSavebina terorizmis gansazRvreba sakuTari Sexedulebis Sesabamisad.34 saboloo jamSi yvela federalurma dawesebulebam SeimuSava terorizmis sakuTari definicia da, miuxedavad gansazRvrebebis didi simravlisa, isini erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen, razec uolter lakuarma, saerTaSoriso strategiuli kvleviTi centris xelmZRvanelma, ganacxada, rom mxolod aSS-is mTavrobam SeimuSava terorizmis uam33 ix. A. P. Schmid, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 97-99. ix. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Security and Terrorism, Report on .State-Sponsored Terrorism,. 99th Cong., 1st sess., June 1985. 34 21 ravi gansazRvreba, romelTaganac erTmaneTis identuri arcerTi ar aris. . .35 a. S. S. -is samaTavrobo dawesebulebebis mier SemuSavebul terorizmis gansazRvrebaTa Soris mniSvnelovania Semdegi: a. vice-prezidents daqvemdebarebuli, agresiuli terorizmis Semswavleli komisiis mier SemuSavebuli cneba: vice prezidentis miznobrivi jgufi: terorizmi - Zaladobis ukanono gamoyeneba, anda aseTi Zaladobis muqara, mimarTuli adamianebisa anda sakuTrebis mimarT, politikuri an socialuri miznebis miRwevis mizniT. rogorc wesi, xelisuflebis, adamianTa anda jgufebis daSinebis an iZulebis ganzraxviT, maTi qmedebisa Tu politikis Secvlis mizniT.36 b. saxelmwifo departamenti: winaswar ganzraxuli, politikurad motivirebuli Zaladoba, mimarTuli mSvidobiani samiznis winaaRmdeg, Cadenili nacionalisturi mimarTulebis jgufebis Tu saxelmwifos saidumlo agentebis mier, rogorc wesi, farTo masebze zemoqmedebisTvis.37 g. Tavdacvis saministro: terorizmi - es aris Zaladobis marTlsawinaaRmdego gamoyeneba, an misi gamoyenebis muqara, pirTa Tu sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg, xelisuflebisa, Tu sazogadoebis daSinebis an iZulebisaTvis, politikuri, religiuri da ideologiuri miznebis misaRwevad.38 sirTules warmoadgens teroris da terorizmis cnebebis urTierTgamijvnac da xSirad literaturaSi isini sinonimebad gamoiyeneba, Tumca aRniSnuli cnebebi erTi da imave socialuri datvirTviT ar xasiaTdebian. teroris da terorizmis cnebebis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis klasifikacia sam ZiriTad jgufadaa SesaZlebeli: 1) terorisa da terorizmis cnebebi identuri socialuri movlenebis gamomxatveladaa miCneuli da maT Soris tolobis niSani Zevs. es Sexeduleba sakmaod gavrcelebulia. 35 ix. W. Laqueur, .Reflections on Terrorism,. Foreign Affairs. №1. 1986 p. 65. ix. Vice President, Public Report of the Vice President.s Task Force on Combatting Terrorism. Washington, D.C., February 1986, p. 1. 37 ix. Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1984. Washington, D.C.: November 1985, inside front cover. 38 ix. Defense Department: Terrorism is the unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence against individuals or property to coerce or intimidate governments or societies, often to achieve political, religious, or ideological objectives. Source: http://www.periscope.usni.com/demo/terms/t0000282.html. 36 22 2) rodesac terors ufro farTo mniSvneloba eZleva, xolo terorizmi ganxilulia rogorc misi Semadgeneli nawili, misi gamoxatuleba.39 3) rodesac es ori cneba mkveTradaa gamijnuli. cnebebs “terorsa” da “terorizms” Soris arsebobs mkveTri zRvari, miuxedavad imisa, rom meore nawarmoebia pirvelisgan. “terorizmi - es aris pirvel rigSi, sustebis iaraRi, romelsac iyeneben imis gamo, rom maT ar SeuZliaT mowinaaRmdegesTan pirdapiri SerkinebiT miaRwion gamarjvebas (am SemTxvevaSi adgili eqneboda oms), “terori, ki aris maTi iaraRi vis xelSicaa xelisufleba, rac aniWebs mas oficialur (institucializebul) xasiaTs.”40 “terori _ es aris represiis politika saxelmwifos mxridan, romelic emyareba mis Zalismier institutebs. terorizmi _ es aris Zaladoba, ganxorcielebuli opoziciuri dajgufebebis mier. teroris iaraRi _ represiaa, terorizmis iaraRi _ teroristuli aqti.”41 sakmaod originaluri mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli aRniSnul sakiTxze efirovs. misi azriT, terorizmi SeiZleba moviazroT farTo da viwro mniSvnelobiT. farTo mniSvnelobiT terorizms avtori miakuTvnebs saxelmwifo terors, teroristul politikas, saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg ZirgamomTxreli saqmianobis yvela saxes da genocids. viwro mniSvnelobiT terorizmad SeiZleba ganvixiloT sisxlissamarTlebrivad relevanturi konkretuli teroristuli aqtebi. teroris cnebaSi avtori moiazrebs imave Sinaarss, rac aRniSnul cnebas hqonda iakobinelTa diqtaturis dros, kerZod ki, saxelmwifo terors.42 Cveni azriT, samive mosazrebas Tavisi susti mxare gaaCnia. amovalT im debulebidan, rom terors Cven ganvixilavT rogorc xerxs, romelic mdgomareobs imaSi, rom erTma mxarem daSinebiT aiZulos meore mxare Seasrulos misTvis sasurveli qmedeba. aqedan gamomdinare, terori, rogorc xerxi da meTodi, arsebobs rogorc SedarebiT ufro farTo, zogadsocialuri movlena terorizmisgan gansxvavebiT. terori Tanaarsebobs omebTan, revoluciebTan, ajanyebebTan, saxelmwifos mxridan qveynis SigniT totalitarul, xolo qveynis gareT kolonialur politikasTan da sxva. terori zemoaRniSnuli movlenebis nawils warmoadgens. terori poulobs gamoxatulebas sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulebSic, romelTa Soris terorizmicaa. zogierTi avtori sisxlis sa- 39 ix. С. И. Ожегов, Н.Ю. Шведова Толковый словарь русского языка. М., 1994. С. 784. ix. М.В. Назаркин. Криминологическая характеристика и предупреждение терроризма. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени к.ю.н, М.1998, с. 30. 41 ix. Е. Кожушко Современный терроризм, анализ основных направлений. Минск, 2000, с. 10 42 citata moyvanilia wignidan Ю. М. Антонян Терроризм. Криминологическое и уголовно-правовое исследование. М. Щит-М, 2001. с.11 40 23 marTlis mTel rig danaSaulebs gamoyofs terorizebis elementebiT.43 terorizmi SeiZleba ganvixiloT mxolod rogorc sisxlissamarTlebrivi danaSauli (Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi Tu saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aspeqtiT), romelsac gaaCnia normatiulad gansazRvruli niSnebi. terori, marTalia, terorizmSic poulobs gamoxatulebas, magram am ukanasknelisagan gansxvavebiT, gacilebiT farTo socialur speqtrze vrceldeba. gaeros mxridan aRiarebuli iqna TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, Tumca am uflebis farglebi burusSia gaxveuli da gaugebaria, ra SemTxvevaSia saxeze terorizmi da ra SemTxvevaSi nacionalur-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraoba.44 saxelmwifoebi, romlebic dainteresebulni iyvnen nacionalur gamaTavisuflebeli brZolisTvis mxardaWeriT, cdilobdnen aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad mimarTuli qmedebebi terorizmis definiciis qveS ar moqceuliyo. maSindeli msoflios polarizacia sabWoTa, dasavlur da mesame msoflios qveynebis banakebad, terorizmis cnebis gansazRvris sakiTxebSic gansxvavebul midgomebs ganapirobebda.45 43 ix. В. П. Емельянов, Уголовная Ответственность за Терроризм и Преступления с Признаками Терроризиввния. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора юридических наук. М.1998. с. 30 доктора юридических наук. М.:2001. с. 104 – 193. 44 ix. J. E. Alvarez, The u.n. s 'War' on Terrorism, 31 Int’l. Legal Info. 2003. P. 238 45 ix. P. J. Van Krieken, Terrorism and the Internationa Legal Order With Special Reference to the Un, the Eu and Cross-Border Aspects 13 (2002) p. 114. 24 Tavi II terorizmis saTaveebidan dRevandelobamde (mizezebi da pirobebi) istoriam terorizmis Sinaarsze didi gavlena iqonia. aRniSnul movlenaze saubari TiTqmis SeuZlebelia istoriul konteqstSi misi ganxilvis gareSe. istoriulad terorizmi sxvadasxva xasiaTiT da formiT gvevlineboda Tavis TavSi asaxavda ra konkretuli periodis Taviseburebebs. terorizmi yovelTvis determinirebuli iyo konkretuli epoqis sinamdviliT da, Tavis mxriv, did zegavlenas axdenda masze. terorizmis ganviTareba SeiZleba ramdenime epoqad, etapad daiyos. yovelive es terorizmis, rogorc movlenis, ukeTesad gaTavisebaSi Zalian dagvexmareba. terorizmis istoriuli ganviTarebis etapebidan SeiZleba ramdenime xana gamoiyos: adreuli, revoluciuri, civi omis droindeli, Tanamedrove. $ 1. adreuli terorizmis xana terorizmi, rogorc brZolis meTodi, safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciidan ar dawyebula. safrangeTidan brZolis aRniSnulma meTodma terorizmis saxeli miiRo, Tumca, rogorc socialuri movlena, rogorc garkveuli miznis miRwevis Zaladobrivi xerxi, msoflio istoriaSi adridanve cnobilia.46 imis miuxedavad, rom terorizmi yovelTvis arsebobda, igi sxvadasxvanairad iwodeboda da aRiqmeboda drois sxvadasxva monakveTSi.47 ’’adreul saukuneebSi terorizmi xelisuflebisTvis brZolis erT-erT xerxadac ki Camoyalibda. sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebi TavianTi politikuri miznebis misaRwevad terors iyenebdnen. terors mimarTavdnen inkviziciis, sasaxlis gadatrialebisa da monarqis Camogdebis dros; igi gansakuTrebiT mZvinvarebda revoluciebis dros, roca revoluciis mowinaaRmdegeebs (politikur mtrebs) sastikad uswordebodnen.’’48 terorizmis (teroris) Tavdapirveli gamovlinebebi istoriulad SeiZleba jer kidev Zvel monaTmflobelur msoflioSi veZioT. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teraqtma dagvanaxa, rom terorizmis ’’formula’’ igive rCeba da masSi umTavresia ara Zaladoba, aramed daSineba, Tavzardacema. 11 seqtembris Semdeg msoflio ki ar Secvlila, 46 ix. Ю.В. Чуфаровский, Терроризм - глобальная проблема современности (методологический анализ) // Следователь, 1998. №5 47 ix. Ю. М. Антонян, Терроризм. Криминологическое и уголовно-правовое исследование. М. Щит-М, 2001. с. 6. 48 М. Квачадзе. Характеристика современного терроризма. В кн. Российский ежегодник международного права. 1995, с. 203-204. citata moyvanilia wignidan: m. lekveiSvili, g. mamulaSvili. danaSauli saxelmwifosa da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. Tb, 2002, gv. 25 aramed Seicvala adamianebis damokidebuleba terorizmis mimarT... saxlSi mokalaTebulebma televizoris ekranebidan dainaxes saSineli realoba da gaacnobieres sakuTari usuroba...49 teroris meTods, SiSis qveS morCilebaSi yolas, emyareboda msoflioSi yvela imperia. zustad terorsa da SiSze iyo dafuZnebuli SuamdinareTSi sargonis mier Camoyalibebuli asureTis pirveli imperia, Semdgom antikuri xanis samxedro imperiebi...50 romis imperias teroris meTodi saxelmwifo politikis rangSi hqonda ayvanili. aRniSnuli meTodis meSveobiT imperias morCilebaSi hyavda rogorc monebis didi masebi, ise dapyrobili saxelmwifoebi da politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebi rogorc romSi, ise mis farglebs gareT. aRniSnulis dasturia sisxlSi CaxSobili monaTa ajanyebebi (marto spartakis ajanyebis Semdeg jvarze gakvriT sikvdiliT dasajes eqvsi aTasze meti mona). romSi pirveli da meore triumviratis dros (Cvens welTaRricxvamde 60-53ww. da 43-36ww.) masobrivad xdeboda politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis fizikuri ganadgureba. imperatorebi neroni, sula, pompeusi, cezari da sxvebi mowinaaRmdegeebis fizikuri ganadgurebis garda, miznad isaxavdnen maT daSinebas da iZulebas, gadaedgaT iseTi nabijebi, rogorc es romis mmarTvelebs awyobdaT. tiranebi ixocebodnen, magram maT meTodebi sxvebis SeiaraRebaSi gadadioda. 51 uZvelesi saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri politika mimarTuli iyo monuri Sromidan minimaluri danaxarjebiT maqsimaluri sargeblis amoRebisken. aRniSnuli miznebis misaRwevad aucilebeli iyo Zaladobaze da terorze dafuZnebuli meTodebi, raTa fsiqologiurad gaetexaT, daemorCilebinaT jer kidev uaxloes warsulSi Tavisufali adamianebi.52 monaTmflobelur sazogadoebaSi Zaladoba iyo “sawarmoo berketi”, ekonomikuri urTierTobis elementi, mmarTveli fenis funqcia, romlis meSveobiTac xdeboda namati produqciis Seqmna.53 monaTmflobelur saxelmwifoSi terorizmis mTavar subieqts saxelmwifo warmoadgenda, romelic iyenebda terors, rogorc kanonier saSualebas masobrivi iZulebiTi SromisTvis, sazogadoebis marTvisTvis, omebis warmoebisTvis, politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis daTrgunvisTvis. teroristuli saqmianoba mimarTuli iyo rogorc qveynis Sida, ise gare funqciebis ganxorcielebisken... Sesabamisad, 49 ix. Д.В. Ольшанский, Психология терроризма, СПБ. 2002, с. 30. ix. Histoire du Terrorisme de l’Antiquite a al Qaida. Sous la direction de Gerard Chaliand et Arnaud Blin, Bayard, Paris, 2004, p.9. 51 ix. И. И. Карпец, Преступное общество. М.,1983, с. 29. 52 ix. Я. И. Кузьминов и др. Отчуждение труда. История и современность. Монография, М.,1989, С. 129. 53 ix. В.В. Денисов. Социология насилия. М.,1975, c. 50. 50 26 adreul terorizms politikurTan tivaciac. 54 erTad gaaCnda ekonomikuri mo- monaTmflobelur sazogadoebaSi gamoyenebuli Zaladoba iyofoda kanonierad da kanonsawinaaRmdegod imis mixedviT, Tu vin vis mimarT axorcielebda Zaladobas. saxelmwifodan momdinare Zaladoba, maT Soris monis mimarT, ar iTvleboda kanonsawinaaRmdegod. amgvarad Caeyara safuZveli midgomas, rom saxelmwifo terori aris politikuri brZolis kanonieri meqanizmi, xolo opoziciuri – ukanono, romelsac saxelmwifo unda ebrZolos yvela arsebuli saSualebiT. terori xdeba politikuri brZolis saSualeba da gamoiyeneba: mmarTveli klasis mier xalxis masebis morCilebaSi yolis, politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis damarcxebis da maTze zewolis mizniT; opoziciis mier xelisuflebisTvis Ziris gamoTxris da misi dezorganizaciis mizniT; monebis mier, rogorc sapasuxo reaqcia da SurisZieba. terorizmma yvela socialur wreSi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli saSualebis saxe miiRo.55 Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi qristianebis masobrivi devna–ganadgureba religiuri teroris Tavisebur gamovlinebad unda Sefasdes. romaeli mmarTvelebis mxridan xSiri iyo qristianebis masobrivi ganadgurebis faqtebi, IV saukuneSi romis armiidan gaaTavisufles yvela qristiani, daangries eklesiebi, gaanadgures saeklesio wignebi, qristianuli aRmsareblobis SemTxvevaSi romaelebi kargavdnen moqalaqeobas... 304 wels gamoica ediqti, romlis mixedviTac, qalaqis mTeli qristianuli mosaxleoba msxverplad unda SeewiraT kerpebisaTvis.56 qristianuli gadmocemis Tanaxmad, pirvel qristianTa xvedri mZime iyo, maT devnidnen, dascinodnen, sikvdiliT sjidnen.57 mociquli petre da pavle 64 wels awames romSi, sxva mociqulebis umravlosobac mowameobrivad aResrula: wm. mociquli Toma indoeTSi, wm. iakob alfesi egvipteSi jvarze gaakres, wm. iakob zebedesi ierusalimSi herode agripam sikvdiliT dasaja, wm. iuda iakobisa armeniaSi jvarze aResrula...58 ramdenime saukunis Semdeg ukve kaTolikuri eklesia jvarosnuli laSqrobebiT, kolonialuri dapyrobiTi omebiT fizikuri ganadgurebis SiSiT ZaladobiT moaqcevs mravalricxovan erebs qristianul sarwmunoebaze. kaTolikuri eklesiis mxridan teroris saxed SeiZleba miviCnioT inkviziciac59, romelmac gansakuTrebuli masS54 ix. Ю. С. Горбунов, Терроризм и правовое регулирование противодействия ему. Монография, М, 2008, c. 20. 55 ix. Ю. С. Горбунов, Терроризм и правовое регулирование противодействия ему. Монография, М. 2008, с. 21-22. 56 ix. С.Г. Лозинский. История папства. 3-е изд. М.,1986, С. 20-21. 57 ix. http://www.shemoqmedi.ge/Ivlisis%20Mixedvit%20Moxsenieba/19.htm 2008. 58 ix. g. qavTaraZe, qristianobis mosvla romis imperiis saTaveSi, http://www.lib.ge/body_text.php?6527, 2009. 59 ix. Х. А. Льоренте. Критическая история испанской инквизиции. Том I www.bookshelf.ath.cx/LIBRARY/CHI/contents.html. 2010. 27 tabebi germaniasa da espaneTSi miiRo60. mxolod 1481–1498 wlebSi inkviziciis koconze dawves 9 aTasi adamiani da 6,5 im adaminebis gamosaxuleba, romlebmac Tavs gaqceviT uSveles anda ganaCenis aRsrulebamde wamebiT mokles. konfiskebuli iqna 90 aTasi adamianis qoneba.61 aRsaniSnavia espaneli kaTolikeebis omi mavri musulmanebis winaaRmdeg pirineis naxevarkunZulis dasaufleblad. musulmanebi aRniSul naxevrkunZuls flobdnen XIII saukunidan. 1492 wels rodesac qristianebma sabolood gaimarjves, musulmanebi daayenes arCevanis winaSe: an unda gadmosuliyvnen qristianul religiaze an arada daetovebinaT qveyana. aRniSnuli ultimatumi wauyenes ebraelebsac, romelTa religiuri Tavisufleba musulmanTa mmarTvelobis periodSi eWvis qveS ar damdgara.62 saqarTvelos mTeli istoria aris damoukideblobisTvis brZolis istoria, romelic savsea ucxouri Zalebis mxridan qveynis politikuri sistemisa da mosaxleobis mimarT teroris magaliTebiT. Tanamedrove gadasaxedidan teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad, kerZod ki, politikuri Tanamdebobis pirze Tavdasxmad unda Sefasdes egrisis mefis gubazis mkvleloba 554 wels xobiswyalTan. gubaz mefe sparseTis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda. man ramdenime did warmatebas miaRwia TavisuflebisTvis brZolaSi. sparselebis winaaRmdeg mis egreTwodebul mokavSireebs bizantielebi warmoadgendnen, Tumca bizantielebi mxolod sakuTar gamdidrebasa da gamorCenaze zrunavdnen. mefe gubazi ar malavda Tavis ukmayofilebas medrove, momxveWeli sardlebis mimarT da amis Sesaxeb imperatorsac atyobinebda. bizantielma sardlebma imperatoris risxvisgan Tavis gadasarCenad gubaz mefes sparselebTan mokavSireoba mougones da mdinare xobiswylis piras 554 wels, muxanaTurad mokles. gubaz mefis mkvlelobas didi provokaciuli efeqti mohyva da maSindeli egrisis sagareo politikis mimarTulebis Secvlis safrTxe warmoSva. ganrisxebuli egriselTa erTi nawili iTxovda bizantielebTan kavSiris gawyvetas da iranis mxares gadasvlas. aRniSnuli kargad aris asaxuli bizantieli istorikosis agaTia sqolastikosis SemoqmedebaSi. aRwerilia, rom mefis mkvlelobiT ganrisxebuli egriselebi saxalxo krebaze ganixilavdnen qveynis momaval sagareo politikas da bWobdnen bizantielebis mokavSirebad darCeniliyvnen Tu sparselebis mxares gadasuliyvnen. qveynis sagareo politikis momavalze msjeloba bizantielma istorikosma aRwera aietis da fartaZis cnobili oratoruli gamosvliT. 63 saqarTvelo im periodSi mxolod saRma azrma da rwmenis siyvarulma gadaarCina sagareo politikuri orientaciis Secvlisgan. 60 ix. Р.Р. Рахманова, Инквизиция. www.atheism.ru/library/Rahmanova_1.phtml 2008 ix. Ф.А. Брокгауз, И.А. Ефрон. Энциклопедический словарь. СПБ., 1894, Т. 25, С. 200. 62 ix. А.А. Крамсков. Терроризм и западное христианство. Терроризм и религия. М.,2005.С.49. 63 ix. l. sanikiZe, uqarqaSo xmlebi, Tbilisi.1993w., wigni pirveli, gv. 155-162. 61 28 saqarTvelos istoriidan religiuri teroris magaliTia jalal ეd-dinis mier 1226 wels TbilisSi asiaTasamde qristianis sikvdiliT dasja imis gamo, rom maT TaviaanTi rwmena ar uaryves.64 “xati uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi da yovlad wmindisa RmrTismSoblisa, romeli sions mkvidr iyo, brZana moyvanebad da xidisa Sesavalsa dadebad piraRmarT brZana yovelTa maT pyrobilTa qristianeTa iZulebiT daTrgunva patiosanTa xatTa dateveba sjulisa, ukeTu ara hyon, warkueTa TavTa. Dda viTar aRasrulebdes brZanebulsa amas, mohyvandes mamakacni dedaTa Tana da aiZulebdes esred yofad. mravalTa ukue brwyinvale Zleva aCvenes ara Tavs-debad Seuracxebad wmidaTa xatTa da datevebad sjulisa. xolo mravali simravle mamaTa da dedaTa ipova axovnad, romelTa miiRes gvirgvini wamebisa, romlisa aRracxva SeuZlebel ars simravlisaTvis, rameTu vhgoneb, viTarmed aT bevr aRiwia ricxvi moklulTa.”65 $ 2. revoluciuri terorizmis xana me-19 saukunis Suaxanebidan terorizmma Sinaarsi Seicvala da xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg revoluciurad ganwyobili Zalebis SeiaraRebaSi gadavida. mecxramete saukunis bolosa da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi terorizmi sxvadasxva saxis jgufebis dasaxasiaTeblad gamoiyeneboda, rogorebic iyo muSaTa organizaciebi, anarqistebi, nacionaluri mimarTulebis jgufebi da sxvani.66 saxelmwifos arsenalidan gamosulma terorizmma revoluciurad ganwyobili opoziciuri Zalebis sabrZolo taqtikaSi sapatio adgili daikava. aRniSnuli periodi me-19 saukunis dasawyisidan me-20 saukunis ocian wlebamde grZeldeboda da mas “revoluciuri terorizmis” xanas davarqmevT pirobiT. me-19 saukunis dasawyisi politikuri radikalizmis aRmavlobiT gamoirCeva. am periodSi aRmocenda anarqizmi, socializmi, nacionalizmi da sxvani. es mimdinareobebi aqtiurad iyenebdnen terorizms, rogorc TavianTi politikuri miznebis miRwevis efeqtur xerxs. am periodis teroristuli aqtivobis didi nawili evropis saxelmwifoebze modis. ganxorcielebul teroristul aqtTa Soris, aRsaniSnavia 1894 wels italieli anarqistis mier safrangeTis prezidentis sadi karnos mkvleloba; 1897 wels, isev anarqistebis mier sasikvdilod daiWra avstriis dedofali elizaveta; 1900 wels teroristuli aqtis mowyobiT mokles italiis xelmwife um64 ix. l. sanikiZe, uqarqaSo xmlebi, Tbilisi.1993w., wigni pirveli, gv. 390. ix. qarTveli mematiane jalal ed - dinis mier TbilisSi datrialebuli saSineli xocva - rbevis Sesaxeb. motanilia saqarTvelos istoriis 1990 wels TbilisSi gamocemuli saxelmZRvanelodan. gv. 18. 66 ix. Dr. D. J.W. Vanderhoof, The Criminology of Terrorism. Copyright © 2001, The University of North Carolina at Pembroke, www.uncp.edu 65 29 berto pirveli, xolo 1901 wels aSS -s prezidenti uiliam mak-kinli.67 aRniSnul periodSi gansakuTrebuli teroristuli aqtivobiT gamoirCeoda ruseTi, sadac terorizmma manamade arnaxul masStabebs miaRwia. ruseTSi Camoyalibda iseTi radikaluri politikuri moZraobebi, rogoric iyo “narodnikebi”, “eserebi”, “anarqistebi” da sxvani, romelTac Zalian moqnili, kargad mofiqrebuli, myari organizaciuli struqturebi Seqmnes da TavianT sabrZolo arsenalSi teroristul meTodebs sapatio adgili dauTmes. rusma “narodnikebma” 1878 wlis 4 agvistos q. petrburgSi mokles ruseTis Jandarmeriis Sefi n. v. mezencevi.68 imperator aleqsandre meoris mkvlelobis mizniT, 1879 wels aleqsandrovkasTan (axlandeli zaporoJie) scades rkinigzis afeTqeba.69 1880 wlis 5 Tebervals vinme xalturinma ganaxorciela afeTqeba zamTris sasaxleSi imperatoris sasadilo oTaxis qvemoT damontaJebuli asafeTqebeli mowyobilobiT, ris Sedegadac daiRupa 10, xolo daiWra 56 adamiani. TviTon imperatori sikvdils SemTxveviT gadaurCa.70 mravalricxovani uSedego mcdelobebis (sul iyo rva Tavdasxma) Semdeg, 1881 wlis 1 marts bombis afeTqebiT mokles ruseTis imperatori aleqsandre meore. 1900_1910 wlebSi mniSvnelovani teroristuli aqtivoba hqonda socialist-revolucionerebis centraluri komitetis sabrZolo organizacias (БО ЦК ПСР) aRniSnuli sabrZolo organizaciis farglebSi moqmedebdnen e.w. “mfrinavi razmebi” romlebic axorcielebdnen operaciebs ruseTis sxvadasxva regionSi.71 maT mier ganxorcielebul teroristul aqtebs Soris aRsaniSnavia 1904 wels ruseTis Sinagan saqmeTa ministris pleves mkvleloba, 1905 wels general saxarovis mkvleloba da sxv.72 “revoluciuri xanis” terorizms aSkarad gamoxatuli politikuri xasiTi hqonda, damyarebuli iyo kargad gaazrebul da damuSavebul ideologiaze. am periodis teroristTa moTxovnebi ZiriTadad saxelmwifoSi arsebuli politikuri wyobis dangrevisken, nacionaluri, socialuri da politikuri uflebebis mopovebisken iyo mimarTuli. “revoluciuri xanis” teroristuli aqtebi obieqtis mixedviT ufro seleqciuria, vidre masobrivi. mkvlevarebi “seleqciuri” terorizmis cnebaSi romelime erTi konkretuli pirovnebis, an pirTa jgufis winaaRmdeg mimarTul teroristul aqts gulis67 ix. Е. Кожушко, Современный терроризм, анализ основных направлений. Минск, 2000, c. 3. ix. История терроризма в Росси в документах, биографиях, исследованиях, Автор-составитель О. В. Будницкий. Ростов н/д: Феникс, 1996. c. 32-88. 69 ix. М. Г. Седов, Героический период революционного народничества. М., Мысль, 1966, c. 208. 70 ix. С. С. Волк, Народная воля. 1879-1882. М.-Л., Наука, 1966, c. 102. 71 ix. К.В. Жаринов, Терроризм и террористы (исторический справочник) Минск 1999. c.7. 72 ix. iqve, gv. 374-375. 68 30 xmoben. SemTxvevebs, rodesac teroristuli aqti pirTa ganusazRvreli wris winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli, “brma” terorizmad moiazreben.73 Tanamedrove teroristuli aqtivobisgan gansxvavebiT, “revoluciuri terorizmis” xana, naklebi msxverplianobiT xasiaTdeba, radganac misi obieqtis qveS ZiriTadad konkretuli pirebi xvdebodnen. teroristebi SeZlebisdagvarad Tavs aridebdnen “udanaSaulo” masebSi msxverpls. literaturaSi aRwerilia am periodis teroristebSi garkveuli Rirsebis kodeqsis arsebobac ki. “cnobilia mravali SemTxveva, rodesac isini (teroristebi. SeniSvna Cemia-g.g.) Tavs ikavebdnen terorisgan, rodesac samizne msxverplis irgvliv imyofebodnen qalebi an bavSvebi.”74 braian jenkinsi mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas xedavs “revoluciur” da “Tanamedrove” terorizmis maxasiaTeblebs Soris: “saukunis dasawyisSi (avtors mxedvelobaSi me-20 saukune aqvs) social-revolucionerebi ruseTSi amayad uwodebdnen TavianT Tavs teroristebs. . . isini cdilobdnen, seleqciuri mkvlelobebiT terori daeTesaT ruseTis mmarTvel elitaSi. moqmedebisas frTxilobdnen, raTa ar daezianebinaT “udanaSaulo pirebi” da im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki maTi samsxverple garSemortymuli iqneboda ojaxis wevrebiT, wyvetdnen Tavdasxmas (aq avtori rusi teroristebis erTgvar moralur kodeqsze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.). rogorc ar unda gagvikvirdes, dRevandeli teroristebi gacilebiT naklebad frTxiloben TavianT moqmedebebSi. maT gacilebiT ainteresebT teroristuli aqtis sazogadoebrivi rezonansi. masobrivi informaciis rolis zrdasTan erTad “terorizmi” damamcirebel (cudi tonis gamomxatvel, SeniSvna Cemia) terminad iqca...”75 teroristuli aqtivoba klebulobs, xolo me_20 saukunis ociani wlebidan da meore msoflio omis bolomde mTvlemare mdgomareobaSi gadadis (Tu ar CavTvliT irlandiis gamaTavisuflebeli armiis da sxva, ZiriTadad eTnikur-religiuri jgufebis saqmianobas, romlebic saerTo wesidan gamonakliss warmoadgendnen). aRniSnuli ganapiroba maSindel msoflioSi ori iseTi totalitaruli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebam, rogoric iyo sabWoTa kavSiri da faSisturi germania. teroristuli jgufebis aqtivobis Senelebaze imoqmeda meore msoflio ommac, romlis drosac msoflio saxelmwifoTa udidesi nawili saomar moqmedebebSi iqna CarTuli. terologiaSi cnobilia, rom totalitarul saxelmwifoSi, sadac saxelmwifo TviTon atarebs sakuTari moqalaqeebis mimarT teroris politikas, rodesac saxelmwifoSi daTrgunulia adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, sufevs sayovelTao SiSisa da undoblobis at73 ix. В. Замкова, М. Ильчков, Терроризм-глобальная проблема современности, М., 1996, c. 4-5. ix. К.Н.Салимов Современные проблемы терроризма (криминологическое исследование) Диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора юр.наук. 2000 c. 18 75 ix. B. M. Jenkins, Terrorism The Other World War, November 1985 . Project Air Force report prepared for the United States Air Force; Rand R-3302-Af. p.2 74 31 mosfero, saxelmwifo Zalismier organoebs miniWebuli aqvT farTo uflebebi, xorcieldeba yovlismomcveli kontroli, terorizmi SeuZlebelia. cnobili terologi uolter lakueri zustad am sakiTxze werda rom : “terorizmis ganviTarebisTvis aucilebelia sul mcire Tavisufleba mainc. iseT ... saxelmwifoSi rogoric komunisturia, teroristebs ara aqvT SesaZlebloba Camoyalibdnen organizaciulad. da Tuki isini mainc gaerTiandebian, maT gaanadgurebs saxelmwifo usfrTxoebis samsaxuri, romelic ar aris adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb kanonebiT SeboWili.” 76 uolter lakueris mosazrebis moyvanis Semdeg v.ustinovi iqve savsebiT samarTlianad dasZens: “daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom totalitarul xelisuflebas da mkacr zomebs SeuZlia gadaarCinos sazogadoeba terorizmis Wleqisgan, ara marto Zalian gamartivebulia, aramed saSiSicaa, radganac TviTneburad, moqalaqeTa umravlesobisaTvis ZiriTadi uflebebis da Tavisuflebis CamorTmeva ufro didi katastrofa iqneba, vidre yvelaze saSineli teroristuli aqti.”77 $ 3. civi omis terorizmis xana meore msoflio omis Semdgom terorizmis ZiriTad determinantebad gvevlineba ori didi banakis: socialisturis da kapitalisturis dapirispireba da dekolonizaciis procesebis talRa. am periodSi terorizmad Sefasda evropuli kolonializmis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli nacionaluri jgufebis saqmianoba. “1945 wlis Semdeg dekonolizaciis procesebma terorizmis mZlavri talRa moitana, gansakuTrebiT iseT regionebSi, rogoricaa afrikis CrdiloeTi da saharis raioni, samxreTi da samxreT aRmosavleTi azia, agreTve, axlo aRmosavleTi...”78 erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli brZola da dekolonizaciis procesi ar SeiZleba gaigivdes terorizmTan, Tumca Zalian xSirad ara mxolod doqtrinaSi, aramed zogierTi qveynis oficialur wyaroebSi, zemoaRniSnuli movlenebi erTmaneTTan igivdeba. terorizmisa da msgavsi socialuri movlenebis urTierTgamijvna naSromis Semdgom TavebSi iqneba ganxiluli. aq aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rom terorizmi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes rogorc meTodi erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli brZolis dros, Tumca es ori movlena erTmaneTze ar daiyvaneba. meore msoflio omis Semdeg erTmaneTs daupirispirda ori gansxvavebuli socialur-politikuri wyobis banaki: socialisturi da ka76 cit. moyvanilia В.В.Устинов ,Международный опыт борбы с терроризмом, стандарты и практика. М., 2002 c. 54. mixedviT 77 ix. В. В. Устинов, Международный опыт борбы с терроризмом, стандарты и практика. М., 2002, c.54. 78 ix. G. E. Fuller, “Redrawing the World’s Borders,” World Policy Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1, Spring 1997. p. 100. 32 pitalisturi. aRniSnuli dapirispireba “civi omis” saxeliTaa cnobili da iTvleba, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom damTavrda. maSindeli msoflio politikuri viTareba teroristuli aqtivobis mZlavri determinanti aRmoCnda. meoce saukunis meore naxevari arnaxuli teroristuli mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. am periodSi gansakuTrebuli aqtivobiT moqmedebdnen memarjvene Tu memarcxene, eTno-nacionaluri Tu religiuri mimarTulebis jgufebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoxsenebul periodSi terorizmis dinamikaze udides gavlanas swored “civi omi” axdenda. marTalia aRniSnul periodSi arsebobdnen teroristuli jgufebi, romlebic moqmedebdnen ise, rom ar Sediodnen mWidro kontaqtSi, an ar eqvemdebarebodnen dapirispirebul mxareebs, magram aseTi jgufebi zogadi wesidan ufro gamonakliss warmoadgendnen. zustad aRniSnul periodSi aqtualuri gaxda movlena, romelic Semdgom terologebma daaxasiaTes rogorc “saxelmwifos xelSewyobiT warmoebuli terorizmi”. ori didi banaki, romelTa saTaveSi, erTi mxriv, sabWoTa kavSiri, xolo, meore mxriv, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi idga, aridebda Tavs pirdapir konfrontacias, Tumca cdilobda daesustebina mowinaaRmdege arapirdapiri, diplomatiurad miuRebeli meTodebiT. dapirispirebulebi awarmoebdnen erTmaneTis mimarT ZirgamomTxrel saqmianobas da sxva saSualebebTan erTad efeqturad iyenebdnen terorizms. maSin, rodesac miRebuli, saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTliT daSvebuli meTodebiT omis warmoeba sakmaod Zviri ujdeba saxelmwifos, terorizmi warmoadgens mowinaaRmdegis TandaTanobiTi dasustebis efeqtur gamosavals, gaaCnia erTgvari sisxlis gamoSvebis efeqti. sabWoTa kavSiri da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg sxvadasxva teroristuli jgufebis waqezebiT, dafinansebiT da xelSewyobiT cdilobdnen daesustebinaT mowinaaRmdege da moepovebinaT msoflio hegemonoba. msoflios or uZlieres saxelmwifos Soris ZirgamomTxreli saqmianoba saidumlod xorcieleboda msoflios mravali qveynis masStabiT, zogjer aRniSnuli qveynebis TanxmobiT, zogjer ki maTi Tanxmobis gareSe, suverenitetis uxeSad gaTelviT, maT teritoriebze sxvadasxva teroristuli dajgufebebis Seqmnis organizebiT Tu waqezebiT, dafinansebiT da ideologiuri mxardaWeriT... sabWoTa kavSirs da aSS-s terorizmi aZlevda saSualebas, ebrZolaT mowinaaRmdegesTan oficialuri saomari moqmedebebis gareSe, daesustebinaT igi ufro metad da gacilebiT naklebi danaxarjebiT, vidre amas Cveulebrivi saomari moqmedebebiT SesZlebdnen.79 “terorizmis saxelmwifoebrivi sponsoroba da mfarveloba, rogorc sagareo politikis erTgvari instrumenti, damaxasiaTebeli iyo civi omis periodisTvis. SeerTebuli Statebi iyenebda ra nikaraguel revolucionerebs, avRanel mojahidebs, tibetel budist 79 ix. http://president.kremlin.ru/withflash/varPriorityFullTemplPriorId5748.shtml. 2009 33 meomrebs da sxvebs, cdilobda SeeCerebina komunizmi. vaSingtoni, am mxriv, ar warmoadgenda gamonakliss. sabWoTa kavSiri da CineTi mfarvelobdnen komunist partizanebs angolaSi, saberZneTSi, samxreT afrikaSi, vietnamSi da msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. . .”80 braian jenkinsi 1985 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi “saerTaSoriso terorizmi, msoflio omis gansxvavebuli saxe”, civi omis xanis terorizmis saintereso Taviseburebebze msjelobs: “arsebobs mravali hipoTeza Tanamedrove terorizmis warmoSobis Sesaxeb, saxeldeba sxvadasxva socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri da istoriuli faqtorebi, Tumca meoce saukunis 60 –iani wlebis bolodan teroristuli aqtivobis zrdis gamomwvevad arc erTi konkretuli mizezi ar aris sayovelTaod aRiarebuli. teroristuli taqtika zogadad gamoiyeneboda maSin, rodesac SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis sxva saSualebebi, agreTve, mSvidobiani politikuri meTodebiT brZola dasaxul mizans ver aRwevda. laTinur amerikaSi, kubis magaliTze, fidel kastros warmatebiT STagonebuli memarcxene revolucionerebis mier, praqtikaSi soflis partizanuli brZolis meTodebis SemoRebam meoce saukunis 60 –iani wlebis bolos marcxi ganicada. memarcxene revolucionerebma gadawyvites partizanuli brZola gadaetanaT qalaqSi. qalaqis partizanuli brZolis taqtika avtomaturad midioda teroristuli meTodebis gamoyenebamde. soflis partizanebs SeeZloT moegoT brZola, magram mis Sesaxeb verasdros veravis ver gaego, xolo qalaqSi analogiuri gamarjveba miipyrobda qveynis da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobis yuradRebas.”81 “civi omis” periodis literatura rogorc sabWoTa kavSirSi, ise aSS –Si aWrelebuli iyo mowinaaRmdege banakis mimarT terorizmis organizebis braldebebiT. sabWoTa kavSirSi gamocemuli monografiebis mxolod saTaurebis moyvanac ki sakmarisia: bolSakovis 82 “terorizmi amerikulad” ; aseevskis “vin uwevs organizebas da warmarTavs saerTaSoriso terorizms? centraluri sadazvervo sammarTvelos namsaxurobis nusxidan”83 da a.S. maSindel doqtrinul naSromebSi SeiZleba xSirad SevxvdeT Semdegi Sinaarsis teqsts: “am wignSi Cven gvinda SevaxsenoT mkiTxvelebs, rom ZiriTad gunds, romelic nergavs terorizms Cvens planetaze, warmoadgenda da dResac warmoadgens aSS–s specsamsaxurebi. Tavdapirvelad gadavinacvloT evropaSi, sadac centraluri sadazvervo sammarTvelo, natos ZirgamomTxrel centrebTan erTad, 80 ix. D. Byman, P.Chalk, B. Hoffman, W. Rosenau, D. Brannan. Trends in Outside Support for Insurgent Movements. Published 2001, by Rand, p. 1. 81 ix. B. M. Jenkins, International Terrorism The Other World War, Rand R-3302-Af. pp. 11-12 82 ix. В.В. Большаков, Терроризм по-Американски. М. «Международные отношения», 1983. 83 ix. А. И. Асеевский, Кто организует и направляет международный терроризм? Из послужного списка ЦРУ. М., Политиздат, 1982. 34 aqtiurad moqmedebs, CarTuli hyavT ra aRniSnul saqmianobaSi neofaSistebi, sxvadasxva saxis eqstremistebi, mafia da masonebi.”84 paraleluri tendencia SeiniSneba dasavlur literaturaSic, sadac gabatonebuli azris mixedviT, saerTaSoriso terorizmis mTavari sulisCamdgmeli da warmmarTveli sabWoTa kavSiri iyo.85 riCard eriqsoni pirdapir sdebs brals sabWoTa kavSirs terorizmis sponsorobaSi,86xolo zogierTi saubrobs im Zvel keTil dReebze, rodesac terorizmis qseli imarTeboda moskovidan.87 imis miuxedavad, rom dapirispirebuli banakebis warmomadgenel avtorTa literaturul wyaroebSi braldebebi odnav gamuqebulia, maTSi mainc SeiZleba WeSmaritebis marcvlebis povna. rogorc sabWoTa kavSiri, ise aSS sakmaod efeqturad iyenebdnen im iaraRs, romelsac terorizmi hqvia. zustad am periods emTxveva erTgvari kliSes warmoSoba “rom, terorizmi erTisTvis aris TavisuflebisTvis mebrZoli, meoresTvis” Sefasebis ormagi standarti. terorizmis sayovelTaod miRebuli iuridiuli cnebis ararseboba, saSualebas iZleoda teroristis iarliyi miekerebinaT da brZola gamoecxadebinaT garkveuli politikuri Tu saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtisTvis subieqturi realpolitikuri miznebis Sesabamisad. maSin, rodesac “hamasi” da misi meTauri iasir arafati aSS–sTvis warmoadgenda teroristul organizacias, sabWoTa kavSiris oficialuri SefasebiT, TavisuflebebisTvis mebrZoli iyo. “is vinc marTali saqmisTvis ibrZvis, teroristi ar aris”, _ ganacxada iasir arafatma gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSi.88 aSS kubas terorizmis udides kerad miiCnevda, maSin, rodesac sabWoTa kavSirisTvis igi amerikis kontinentze socializmis placdarmi da revoluciis upirvelesi eqsportiori iyo. terorizmSi “saqmis simarTle” xSirad mxolod erTi mxarisTvis arsebobs, im mxarisTvis, romelic misiT apelirebs, romlisTvisac terorizmi miznis miRwevis saSualebaa. teroristuli epoqa, romelsac terorizmis “civi omis xana” vuwodeT, gaJRenTilia socialisturi da kapitalisturi banakebis dapirispirebis muxtiT. am periodis memarcxene Tu memarjvene, religiuri da eTno-nacionaluri teroristuli jgufebis umravlesoba ganicdida erTi, an meore banakis zegavlenas, hqonda maTgan aqtiuri mxardaWera, anda sargeblobda pasiuri mdumarebiT, rac Tanxmobis niSans warmoadgenda. 84 ix. Вадим Нассис, Леонид Колосов, Терроризм Без Маски, Издательство “Молодая гвардия”, 1983 г. c.3. 85 ix. T. M. Franck, International Legal Action Concerning Terrorism,. Terrorism: An international Journal I, no. 2 (1978): p. 189; Benjamin Netanyahu, .Terrorism: How the West Can Win,. lime, 14 April 1986, p.49. 86 ix. R. J. Erikson, Legitimate USE of military forse against state-sponsored international terrorism. Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112-5532 , 1989. p.34. 87 ix. Editor: S. C. Pelletiere, Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. May 15, 1995, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pa 17013-5050.p.51. 88 ix. B. M. Jenkins, International Terrorism The Other World War. 1985, Rand R-3302-Af, p.2. 35 $ 4. terorizmis Tanamedrove xana ocdameerTe saukunis dadgomas, kacobriobas terorizmi 2001 wlis 11 seqtemberis usazarlesi teraqtiT, niu-iorkis caTambjen tyupebs Semskdari avialainerebiT da xuTi aTasze meti adamianis sikvdiliT “ulocavs”. niu-iorks male mosdevs madridi (2004 wlis 11 marti) da beslani (2004 wlis 1 seqtemberi), riTac ocdameerTe saukunis terorizmma ganacxada, rom igi iseTi Zlieria da sisxliani, rogorc arasdros. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teraqtis Semdeg gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom ganacxada, rom “saerTaSoriso terorizmi warmoadgens umniSvnelovanes safrTxes 21-e saukunis msoflios mSvidobisa da uSiSroebisaTvis.”89 Tanamedrove terorizmi gacilebiT ufro met msxverpls moiTxovs, vidre odesme. msxverplianobis zrdis erT-erT faqtorad SeiZleba miviCnioT is, rom “rogorc xalxi, ise masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi TiTqos SeeCvia da dakarga mgrZnobeloba teroristTa tradiciuli qmedebebis mimarT. aRniSnulma faqtorma teroristebs ubiZga imoqmedon ufro dramatulad, daRvaron ufro meti sisxli, raTa miaRwion Zvelebur efeqts... teroristebs didi msxverpli aZlevs garkveul garantias imisa, rom maTi qmedebebi saTanadod gaSuqdeba sainformacio saSualebebSi da miipyrobs sazogadoebis yuradRebas.”90 zogierTi monacemebiT, mxolod me-20 saukunis meore naxevris aT weliwadSi, kerZod 1973 w-dan 1984 w-mde, ganxorcielda 5661 teroristuli aqti, ris Sedegadac daiRupa 4111 adamiani,91 xolo aSS-s terorizmTan brZolis saxelmwifo departamentis koordinatoris e. halis mier wardgenili angariSis Tanaxmad, 2000 wels msoflioSi ganxorcielda 423 teroristuli aqti, rac 8 procentiT metia 1999 wlis monacemebze. gaizarda, agreTve, terorizmis msxverplTa ricxvic: 405 mokluli da 791 daWrili (1999 wels 233 mokluli da 706 daWrili), magram aSS-s da masTan erTad mTel msoflios mTavari gansacdeli Turme win hqonda: 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris mxolod erTma teroristulma aqtma 5000 adamianze meti imsxverpla92, e.i. ufro meti vidre zemoT moyvanili aTi wlis (1973-1984) manZilze ganxorcielebulma da erTad aRebulma 5661 teroristulma aqtma. me-20 saukunis mravali aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi msoflio cxovrobda ori dapirispirebuli sistemis pirobebSi. aRniSnulma dapirispirebam araerTgzis daayena kacobrioba ganadgurebis safrTxis 89 ix. S.C. Res. 1377, Annex, U.N. Doc. S/res/1377 . www.un.org. 2001. ix. I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins. Countering the New Terrorism. 1999 Rand, p.13. 91 ix. http://xx.lipetsk.ru/txt/xx_04_33.shtml. 2010 92 ix. http://usinfo.state.gov/russki/topics/terror/homepage.htm. 2009 90 36 winaSe. civilizacia imdenad mieCvia cxovrebas katastrofis molodinSi, rom ver SeZlo Tavis droze gaego da Seefasebina mimdinare cvlilebebi. msoflio ukve aRar iyofa or dapirispirebul banakad, igi gacilebiT ufro rTuli gaxda. moumzadebeli kacobriobis Tvalwin terorizmis saSineli evolucia moxda. msoflio moulodnelad pirispir aRmoCnda axali saukunis globalur safrTxesTan.93 civi omis dros arsebuli wonasworoba Tanamedrove epoqaSi dairRva. istoriis kuTvnilebad qceul, yofil sabWoTa kavSiris farglebSi myof socialistur respublikebSi warmoSobil nacionalur moZraobebs male mohyva garkveuli jgufebis eTnikur-separatistuli moTxovnebic. aRniSnul separatistul moTxovnebs xSirad politikuri Zaladobac axlda Tan, terorizmis CaTvliT. aRniSnul periodSi aRmocenda sxvadasxva formis dabali intensivobis konfliqtebi, romelic swrafad gadaizarda samoqalaqo omSi an organizebul danaSaulobaSi. meryeoba Camovarda aRmosavleT evropaSic, sadac yofili socialisturi banakis mokavSireebi cdilobdnen, daeZliaT demokratizaciisadmi masebis undobloba. amJamad moskovi da vaSingtoni, warsulis msgavsad, erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg aRar iyeneben regionalur konfliqtebs. “dRes, aRarc moskovi da aRarc vaSingtoni ar gamoxatavs survils warsulis msgavsad akontrolos regionaluri qveynebi, romlebic samomavlod potenciur supersaxelmwifoebs warmoadgenen. aviRoT magaliTad irani, erayi da misi msgavsi saxelmwifoebi.”94 Tanamedrove msoflioSi socialisturi banakis kraxiT gamowveuli “axali msoflio uwesrigobis gamo”, mniSvnelovnad daeca mravali saxelmwifos xelisuflebis siZliere, misi organoebis makontrolebel-profilaqtikuri unari, rac did impulsad iqca transnacionaluri masStabiT organizebuli danaSaulobis gaZlierebisTvis. organizebuli danaSaulobis mxridan daiwyo teroristuli jgufebis momarageba iaraRiT, finansebiT da a.S. organizebuli danaSaulobis sferoSi brZolis teroristuli meTodebis gamoyeneba politikuri da finansuri gavlenis SesanarCuneblad da gasaZliereblad. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove teroristebs, aseve maT momxreebs, sruli SesaZlebloba aqvT Tavisuflad imoqmedon “Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso junglebSi” e.w. “nacrisferi zonebis” meSveobiT. “nacrisfer zonebad” miviCnevT im regionebs, sadac Seicvala Zlieri saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTveloba da Camoyalibda axali saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba, iseTi xelisuflebiT, romelsac jer kidev ar Seswevs unari, srulad akontrolos sakuTari teritoria. “nacrisfer zonebad” SeiZleba miviCnioT, agreTve, is teritoriebi, sadac Camoyalibda naxevrad kriminaluri xelisuflebebi, sadac xeli93 ix. http://president.kremlin.ru/withflash/varPriorityFullTemplPriorId5748.shtml. 2010 ix. Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. Stephen C.Pelletiere Editor May 15, 1995 Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pa 17013-5050. p. 64. 94 37 suflebasa da kriminals Soris zRvari an srulad waSlilia, an metad umniSvneloa.95 Tanamedrove terorizmis Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia ramdenime ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli gamoiyos : pirvel aseT maxasiaTebelad SeiZleba miviCnioT teroristuli jgufebis mier saerTaSoriso qselis Seqmna, romlis meSveobiTac isini Tanadgomas uweven erTmaneTs.96 meore mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia is, rom saxelmwifoTa mxridan terorizmis mxardaWera civi omis periods ar Cabarebia. aSS -s saxelmwifo departamentis mier terorizmis “patronad” Semdegi saxelmwifoebi saxeldeba: kuba, irani, erayi (bolo periodamde), avRaneTi, libia, CrdiloeT korea, sudani da siria.97 saxelmwifo xelSewyoba gacilebiT aZlierebs teroristuli jgufis realur SesaZleblobebs. aRniSnuli Seexeba teroristuli saqmianobis iseT sferoebs, rogoricaa Sesabamisi informaciis mopoveba, finansuri mxardaWera, samxedro swavleba, teroristebis zurgSi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa da a.S.98 garkveuli saxelmwifoebi amarageben teroristebs iaraRiT, komunikaciis saSualebebiT, uzrunvelyofen maT usafrTxoebas. saxelmwifoebi mfarveloben da asponsoreben terorizms im motiviTac, rom, rogorc braian jenkinsi ambobs, terorizmi gacilebiT iafi saSualebaa, vidre Cveulebrivi omis warmoeba. aRniSnulis garda terorizmis dros riski gacilebiT dabalia, xolo miRweuli efeqti sakmaod STambeWdavi. dRes Cveulebrivi omis warmoeba sakmaod arapraqtikuli gaxda, radganac Zalzed damangrevelia da Zviri jdeba.99 Sesabamisad, terorizmi “SesaniSnavi saSualebaa” dainteresebuli saxelmwifoebisTvis, rogorc zemoqmedebis maRalefeqturi da iafi saSualeba. Tanamedrove terorizmis mesame mniSvnelovan maxasiaTeblad SeiZleba gamoiyos teqnologiuri miRwevebis gamoyeneba.100 Tanamedrove teqnologiuri miRwevebi saSualebas aZlevs patara jgufs imoqmedos farTo SesaZleblobebiT. teroristebma Tanamedrove teqnologiuri miRwevebi SeiZleba gamoiyenon ori mimarTulebiT: pirveli, rogorc iaraRi TavianTi miznebis misaRwevad; meore, rogorc teroristuli xelyofis obieqti. 95 ix. Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. Stephen C.Pelletiere Editor May 15, 1995 Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pa 17013-5050. p. 53. 96 ix. C. Sterling, The Terror Network: The Secret War of International Terrorism (New York: Reader.s Digest Press, 1981) 97 ix. The U.S. Department of State, Stare-Sponsored Terrorism. http://www.state.gov/s/ct. 2003. 98 ix. I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins. Countering the New Terrorism. Rand, 1999. p.14. 99 ix. B. M. Jenkins, .Combatting Terrorism: Some Policy Implications.. Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Calif., August 1981, pp. 3-6. 100 ix. S. C.Pelletiere, Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. Editor May 15, 1995 Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pa 17013-5050. p.64. 38 Tanamedrove terorizmis mudmivi zrda ar SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi momxdari unikaluri politikuri movlenebiT. politikur garemoebebTan terorizmis mZlavr determinatebs teqnologiuri miRwevebic warmoadgenda, ramac saboloo jamSi warmoSva Tanamedrove terorizmi. Tanamedrove teroristuli taqtika SeiZleba amJamadac igivea, rac erTi saukunis win, magram teqnologiurma miRwevebma igi gacilebiT efeqturi gaxada. teqnologiuri miRwevebis wyalobiT SesaZlebeli gaxda globaluri saerTaSoriso terorizmi. gadaadgilebis Tanamedrove saSualebebis wyalobiT teroristebs SeuZliaT ieriSi miitanon dedamiwis nebismier kontinentze. radio, televizia da Tanamgzavruli kavSiri uzrunvelyofs momentalur dakavSirebas farTo auditoriasTan. iaraRi da asafeTqebeli nivTierebebi advilad mosapovebeli gaxda. Tanamedrove industriul sazogadoebas gaaCna mravali susti wertili, dawyebuli sahaero xomaldebidan da damTavrebuli atomuri reaqtorebiT.101 Tanamedrove terorizmze msjelobisas aucileblad aRsaniSnavia teroristebis mier sainformacio teqnologiebis gamoyenebac, dawyebuli masobrivi informaciis saSualebebiT, kompiuteruli programebiT da internetiT damTavrebuli. meoce saukunis bolodan terorizmis damoukidebeli formac ki Camoyalibda kiberterorizmis saxiT, rodesac teroristebi iyeneben sainformacio teqnologiebs saxelmwifoze an saerTaSoriso organizaciebze zemoqmedebis mizniT. zogierTi teroristuli organizacia iyenebs internets da eleqtronul fostas informaciis miReba – gacemisTvis. zogierT maTgans sakuTari eleqtronuli vebgverdebic ki gaaCnia. magaliTad, “hezbolas” internetSi sami propagandistuli xasiaTis saiti aqvs. pirvelia teroristuli organizaciis prescentri102, meore israelze Tavdasxmebs aRwers103, xolo mesame axali ambebisa da informaciisTvis aris gankuTvnili.104 kavkasiel mojahedebs, romlebic ibrZvian ruseTisgan CrdiloeT kavkasiis gamoyofisa da musulmanur imiratad CamoyalibebisTvis, aqvT sainformacio vebgverdi, sadac detalurad aris aRwerili maTi aqtivoba, samomavlo miznebi, ideologiuri platforma105. teroristebi cdiloben gaaxmauron TavianTi moqmedebebi. am saqmeSi maT xels uwyobs masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi, romelTa wyalobiT xdeba maTi saqmianobis “reklamireba” da stimuli eZleva terorizmis axal gamovlinebebs. Tanamedrove terorizmze saubrisas aRsaniSnavia is faqtoric, rom 101 ix. B. M. Jenkins, International Terrorism The Other World War. 1985. Rand. p.12 ix. www.hizbollah.org. 2010. 103 ix. www.moqawama.org. 2011. 104 ix. www.almanar.com.lb. 2011. 105 ix. www.kavkazcenter.com. 2010. 102 39 teroristebi sakmaod daxelovdnen TavianT saqmianobaSi, Seiswavles SeiaraRebis uaxlesi saxeebi da floben aRniSnulT. “profesionali teroristebi”, winamorbedebTan SedarebiT, udaod ufro metad arian gacnobierebulebi sikvdilisa da ngrevis xelovnebaSi, Seitanes taqtikuri siaxleebi Tavdasxmis meTodebSi, gacilebiT Ymoxerxebulni gaxdnen gamovlenisa da dakavebisagan Tavis daRwevis sakiTxebSi. TiTqos teroristebi gadian darvinis Teoriis Tanaxmad bunebrivi gadarCevis process, romlis Sedegadac teroristTa yoveli axali Taoba swavlobs Zveli Taobisagan da xdeba gacilebiT ufro Zlieri, ulmobeli da mouxelTebeli samarTaldamcavTaTvis. teroristebi xSirad aanalizeben im Secdomebs, romlebmac gamoiwvia maTi winamorbedebis fizikuri ganadgureba an sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi micema. axali Taobis teroristebi swavloben sasamarTlos ganaCenebs, sasamarTlo mtkicebulebebs, mtkicebulebaTa gamokvlevis procesualur xerxebs da aRniSnul codnas iyeneben usafrTxo strategiis SemuSavebisaTvis. Zalian xSirad swored oficialuri sasamarTlo dokumentaciis, romelic sajaroa da yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi, Seswavlis Sedegad igeben teroristebi xelisuflebis organoebis mier maTi gamovlenis da dakavebis xerxebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, SeiZleba moviyvanoT germaniis yofil federaciul respublikaSi wiTelarmiuli fraqciis wevrTa mier sasamarTlo dokumentaciis Seswavlis faqtebi.106 Tanamedrove teroristebi efeqturi asafeTqebeli meqanizmebis damzadebis didostatebi gaxdnen. saamisod maT gankargulebaSia uaxlesi teqnologiuri miRwevebiT damzadebuli asafeTqebeli nivTierebebi. zogierTi monacemebiT, mxolod Cexoslovakiam meoce saukunis 80-ian wlebSi libias 1000 tona asafeTqebeli nivTiereba “semteqsi” mihyida, xolo sirias, CrdiloeT koreas, irans da erays erTad 40 000 tona. aRniSnuli qveynebi aSS-is saxelmwifo departamentis mier dasaxelebulni arian terorizmis xelSemwyob qveyanaTa Soris.107 am cifrebSi gamoxatuli grandiozuli safrTxe naTeli gaxdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saSualo simZlavris asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis dasamzadeblad sul raRac 300 gr. “semteqsia” saWiro. 1990 wels did britaneTSi vizitis dros CexeTis prezidentma vaclav havelma ganacxada: “Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom sahaero xomaldis asafeTeqeblad sakmarisia sul raRac 200 grami. . . unda vaRiaroT, rom saerTaSoriso terorizms “semteqsis” maragi 150 welze metxans eyofa.”108 teroristebis mxridan gaxSirda plastikuri asafeTqebeli nivTierebebis (maT ricxvs Seadgens: amerikuli C-4, britanuli P.E., Cexuri Semtex-H da sabWoTa MP1) gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi, aRniSnuli nivTierebebis aRmosaCenad Cveulebrivi liTonmZebnebi da rentgenis aparatebi uZluria. amis garda, isini gamoirCevian didi damangreve106 ix. I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins. Countering the New Terrorism. Rand. 1999. p.20. 107 ix. The U.S. Department of State, State-Sponsored Terrorism. http://www.state.gov/s/ct. 2003. 108 ix. “Sale of Explosive to Libya Detailed,” Washington Post, March 23, 1990. 40 li ZaliT, uZleben garemo pirobebs, ar feTqdebian droze adre fizikuri zemoqmedebis anda dartymis Sedegad, ara aqvT specifikuri suni, warmoadgenen rbil plastenilisebur masalas, romelsac SeiZleba nebismieri forma mieces. teroristTa arsenalSi asafeTqebeli nivTierebebi SeiZleba iTqvas, “uwyinar saTamaSos” warmoadgens, birTvul, radioaqtiur, qimiur da biologiur iaraRTan SedarebiT. axali Taobis teroristebi mixvdnen, rom ufro meti ngrevis motana SeuZliaT im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki isini SeZleben daeuflon da gamoiyenon aRniSnuli iaraRi. mravali avtori SeSfoTebas gamoTqvams yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze radioaqtiur nivTierebebze saxelmwifoebrivi kontrolis Sesustebisa da aRniSnuli nivTierebebis Sav bazarze moxvedriT gamowveuli safrTxis gamo.109 marTalia, Sav bazarze gasayidi radioaqtiuri nivTierebebidan umravlesoba birTvuli iaraRis Sesaqmnelad ar gamodgeba, magram specialistebis azriT, Tu teroristebi aRniSnul radioaqtiur nivTierebebs Cveulebriv asafeTqebel mowyobilobas daumateben, miiReben radiologiur iaraRs, romlis meSveobiTac SeiZleba ar moxdes mosaxleobis masobrivi fizikuri Jleta, magram garemos Zlieri radiaciuli dabinZureba gardauvlad moxdeba.110 Tanamedrove terorizmis meoTxe maxasiaTebeli religiurad motivirebuli teroristuli aqtivobis xvedriTi wilis zrdaa. “religia uzrunvelyofs teroris erTaderT misaReb gamarTlebas” (religion provided the only acceptable justifications for terror)111 devid rapoportma religiur terorizms “wminda terori” uwoda. meoce saukunis meore naxevris dasawyisSi religiuri terorizmi nacionalur-eTnikuri, Tu ideologiur-separatistuli terorizmis CrdilqveS iyo moqceuli. mag: 1968 wels TerTmeti saerTaSoriso teroristuli jgufidan arcerTi ar iyo religiurad motivirebuli. mxolod 1980 wlidan, iranis islamuri revoluciis Sedegad, yalibdeba pirveli “Tanamedrove” religiur-teroristuli jgufebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom 1980 wlisTvis moqmedi 64 saerTaSoriso teroristul jgufidan mxolod ori iyo religiurad motivirebuli. Tormeti wlis Semdeg viTareba safuZvlianad Seicvala: 1992 wels moqmedi saerTaSoriso teroristuli organizaciebis meoTxeds ukve religiuri jgufebi Seadgendnen. (48 jgufidan 11) 1994 wlisTvis maCvenebeli gaizarda da mesamedi Seadgina (49 jgufidan 16) teroristuli jgufebi saerTo raodenobaSi. rac Seexeba 1995 wels religiuri teroristuli jgufebis maCvenebelma saerTaSoriso teroristu109 ix. Phil Williams and Paul N. Woessner, “Nuclear Material Trafficking: An Interim Assessment,” Transnational Organized Crime, Vol. 1, No. 2, Summer 1995; Paul N. Woessner, “Recent Developments: Chronology of Nuclear Smuggling Incidents, July 1991–May 1995,” Transnational Organized Crime, Vol. 1, No. 2, Summer 1995. 110 ix. I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins. Countering the New Terrorism. Rand. 1999. p. 30. 111 ix. D. C. Rapoport, Fear and Trembling: Terrorism in Three ReligiousTraditions, American Political Science Review, Vol. 78, No. 3, September 1984, p. 659. 41 li jgufebis saerTo raodenobaSi TiTqmis naxevars miaRwia. (56 jgufidan 26, anu 46%)...112 Tanamedrove terorizmis erT-erT niSnad unda CaiTvalos e.w. “samoyvarulo terorizmis” ganviTareba. Tuki adre teroristi ZirgamomTxrel saqmianobas SeiZleboda daufleboda mxolod garkveuli teroristuli organizaciis farglebSi an terorizmis sponsori saxelmwifos mier mowyobil Sesabamis saswavlo banakebSi, amJamad aseTi codnis daufleba nebismieri msurvelisTvis advilad xelmisawvdomia wignebidan, kompiuteruli diskebidan da gansakuTrebiT internetidan... terorizmi xelmisawvdomi gaxda yvelasTvis... 113 terorizmi ikavebs sul ufro da ufro did adgils konfliqtur speqtrSi. dRes terorizmi ukve aRar Semoifargleba mxolod nacionaluri, religiuri, politikuri, Tu sxva tradiciuli sferoebiT. Tanamedrove teroristebi xSirad ewevian iseT saqmianobas, romelic Znelad gasarCevia Cveulebrivi kriminaluri saqmianobisgan. narkotikebiT vaWrobiT miRebulma udidesma Semosavlebma gamokveTa narkoterorizmi, rogorc saxelmwifo xelisuflebaze an konkurent narkokartelebze zemoqmedebis saSualeba.114 zogierTi specialistis prognoziT teroristTa erT-erTi mTavari samizne gaxdeba informaciuli infrastruqturebi, gansakuTrebiT masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi. 115 uolter lakuaris azriT, Tuki Tanmedrove terorizmi mimarTavs Tavis energias informaciuli omisaken, misi damangreveli Zala gacilebiT ufro didi iqneba. imasTan SedarebiT, rac terorizmis istorias dRemde axsovs, igi SeiZleba TviT biologiuri Tu qimiuri iaraRis saSiSroebasac ki aRematebodes.116 112 ix. I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins. Countering the New Terrorism. Rand. 1999. pp 16-17. 113 ix. Dr. D. J.W. Vanderhoof, The Criminology of Terrorism. Copyright © 2001, The University of North Carolina at Pembroke, www.uncp.edu. 2003. 114 ix. I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins. Countering the New Terrorism. Rand. 1999. p. 98. 115 ix. M. Littleton, “Information Age Terrorism,” Ma thesis, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, 1995; Brigitte Nacos, Terrorism and the Media, Columbia University Press, New York, 1994; Roger Molander, Andrew Riddile, and Peter Wilson, Strategic Information Warfare: A New Face of War, Rand, Mr-661-Osd, 1996; 116 ix. W. Laqueur, “Postmodern Terrorism,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 75, No. 5, September/October 1996, p.35. 42 $. 5 terorizmi socialur konfliqtTa speqtrSi terorizmi unda ganvasxvavoT omisgan, partizanuli brZolisgan da sxva socialuri movlenebisgan. aRniSnuli movlenebi ara mxolod obieqturad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, aramed qmedebis ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtiTac. samxedro mosamsaxure, pirvel rigSi, imiT gansxvavdeba teroristisgan, rom Tu samxedro mosamsaxuris e.w. “kombatanti”-s samarTlebrivi statusi daregulirebulia saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTliT, teroristebi Cveulebriv damnaSaveebs warmoadgenen. “kombatantebs” warmoadgenen: regularuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis piradi Semadgenloba, partizanebi, moxaliseebi, samoqalaqo aviaciis ekipaJi da savaWro gemebis ekipaJi, Tu isini gadamzadebulebi arian saomari moqmedebebisTvis. nebismieri gaerTianebebis Tu ajanyebis monawileebi SesaZlebelia CaiTvalon “kombatantebad”, Tu isini Riad atareben iaraRs da moqmedeben omis wesebis da Cveulebebis Sesabamisad. saomari moqmedebebis pirobebSi, arakombatantebisagan gansxvavebiT, kombatantebis mimarT SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes nebismier zomebi, romelebic pirdapir ar aris akrZalili saerTaSroiso humanitaruli samarTliT, TviT fizikur ganadgurebamdec ki. 117 1949 wlis 12 agvistos Jenevis konvenciis me-4 oqmis mixedviT, samxedro mosamsaxures (kombatanti), rodesac igi aRmoCndeba mowinaaRmdege mxaris xelSi, ufleba aqvs moiTxovos samxedro tyvis statusi. saxelmwifos ki, romlis samxedro mosamsaxurec aris datyvevebuli, SeuZlia mosTxovos mowinaaRmdege saxelmwifos mianiWos datyvevebuls Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi statusi. amasTan, kombatants, teroristisgan gansxvavebiT, saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi dacvis ufleba aqvs. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali ar icavs e.w. “iataqveSa moRvaweebs”, “qalaqis da soflis partizanebs”. aRniSnuli pirebi ewevian ZirgamomTxrel, teroristul, diversiul moqmedebebs da, Sesabamisad, ar SeuZliaT imoqmedon aSkarad, ataron mowinaaRmdege SeiaraRebuli mxaris amosacnobi niSnebi da CaiTvalon “kombatantebad”. zemoaRniSnuli pirebi dakavebis SemTxvevaSi iTvlebian Cveulebriv sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveebad da ver isargebleben saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi dacviT.118 terorizmi omis, partizanuli brZolis da konfliqtis sxva formebisgan gansxvavdeba, agreTve, xelyofis sagniT. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis mixedviT, akrZalulia samoqalaqo mosaxleobaze Tavdasxma maSin, rodesac terorizmis mTavari samizne zustad samoqalaqo mosaxleobaa. teroristebi SeiZleba Tavs daes117 ix. А.В.Павлинов, Антигосударственный экстремизм: уголовно – правовые и криминологические аспекты. М., 2008, c. 239. 118 ix. А. В. Павлинов, Антигосударственный экстремизм: уголовно–правовые и криминологические аспекты. М., 2008, c. 242. 43 xnen agreTve Sinagan saqmeTa Tu saxelmwifo Tavdacvis SeiaraRebul Zalebs, magram maTi Tavdasxmis strategia gamoirCeva imiT, rom xelyofa xorcieldeba iseT Zalebze, romlebic ar miiCnevian meomar mxared (ar arian CarTuli saomar moqmedebebSi. SeniSvna Cemia - g.g.). xelyofa ar atarebs samxedro mizans, xolo gamoyenebuli saSualebebi xSirad ar Seesabameba omis kanonebiT gaTvaliswinebul wesebs.119 SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis normebis mixedviT, teroristis, partizanis, anda TavisuflebisTvis mebrZolis urTierT gamijvna sakmaod martivia. SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis normebi brmaa gamomwvevi mizezebis mimarT, isini ZiriTad aqcents saSualebebze akeTeben. cnobilia, rom terorizmis dros Zaladoba mimarTulia samoqalaqo mosaxleobasa da obieqtebze maSin, roca partizanTa Tu TavisuflebisTvis mebrZolTa samiznes samxedro Zalebi warmoadgens. teroristTa Tavdasxma samxedro samizneze, rogorc wesi, gamonaklisia. partizanTa Tavdasxma ki, samxedro Zalebze warmoadgens ZiriTad wess da ara gamonakliss. sabolood SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom terorizmi omis, partizanuli brZolis da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis sxva saxeebisagan gansxvavdeba rogorc ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtiT, agreTve xelyofis sagniT. terorizmis, omis da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis sxva saxeebis urTierTgasamijnad naTeli kriteriumebis Camoyalibebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs problemaze samarTlebrivad sworad reagirebisaTvis. terorizmi ar warmoadgens SeiraRebuli konfliqtis formas, Sesabamisad teroristebi ar arian meomari mxareebi. terorizmi ar aris samxedro problema, igi samarTlebrivi problemaa da danaSauls warmoadgens. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu terorizms CavTvliT SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis erT-erT formad, maSin unda vaRiaroT, rom teroristebi meomar mxares warmoadgenen, rac, saboloo jamSi, teroristuli brZolis meTodebis aRiarebamde migviyvans. SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis normebi ar unda gavrceldes Cveulebriv kriminalur saqmianobaze. igi vrceldeba im samxedro danaSaulebze, romlebic dasjadadaa aRiarebuli 1949 wlis Jenevis konvenciis Tanaxmad. omi da terorizmi, marTalia, rogorc samarTlebrivad, ise socialurad gansxvavebul movlenebs warmoadgenen, magram ar aris gamoricxuli, rom mxareebs Soris SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis arsebobisas omis aRiarebul meTodebTan erTad gamoyenebuli iqnes terorizmic. samagaliTod SesaZlebelia moviyvanoT saqarTvelos mezoblad, ruseT-CeCneTis omis dros gamoyenebuli teroristuli aqtebi. 119 ix. R. J. Erikson. Legitimate USE of military forse against state-sponsored international terrorism. Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112-5532, 1989, p. 59. 44 im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac terorizmi gamoyenebulia damatebiT iaraRad SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros, omis warmoebis erT-erT meTodad, samarTlebrivi Sefaseba unda moxdes ara aRniSnuli movlenebis erTmaneTTan gaigivebiT da erTmaneTze dayvaniT, aramed erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad, cal-calke. Tu meomari mxare iyenebs terorizms, rogorc omis warmoebis meTods, qmedeba unda Sefasdes rogorc omi da terorizmi (Tu, ra Tqma unda, romelime omis danaSaulis Semadgenlobac ar aris saxeze). iqidan gamomdinare, rom omi, partizanuli brZola da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis sxva aRiarebuli formebi warmoadgenen terorizmisgan socialur-samarTlebrivad gansxvavebul fenomens, maTi urTierTTanxvedra dauSvebelia Sefasdes calsaxad rogorc terorizmi, an omi, partizanuli brZola da a.S. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu meomari mxareebi gamoiyeneben teroristuli xasiaTis romelime qmedebas, aRniSnuli qmedeba ar SeiZleba moviazroT omSi Cadenilad da saWiroa terorizmad misi calke samarTlebrivi Sefaseba. 45 $. 6 terorizmis kriminologiuri klasifikacia terorizms, rogorc socialur-samarTlebriv movlenas, mravalgvari gamovlineba axasiaTebs. igi sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi da sxvadasxva danaSaulebrivi dajgufebis farglebSi gansxvavebuli formebiT gvevlineba. terorizmis bunebis ukeTesad gagebis, ukeT Seswavlis mizniT mizanSewonilia movaxdinoT misi klasifikacia tipebis mixedviT. “terorizmis garkveuli tipis ukeTesad Seswavlis Semdeg SedarebiT martivia masTan brZolis meqanizmis SemuSaveba.”120 klasifikacias safuZvlad yovelTvis udevs garkveuli niSani an niSanTa jgufi. arsebobs terorizmis mravalgvari klasifikacia. magaliTad, minkovski da revini, klasifikaciis safuZvlad iReben saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv dokumentebs da gamoyofen terorizmis Semdeg saxeebs: “saxelmwifo terorizmi (organizebuli an mxardaWerili erTi saxelmwifos mier meore saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg), saerTaSoriso, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sistemuri, sxva saxis Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi, religiuri, wertilovani. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, agreTve iseTi formebi, rogoricaa terorizmi, gamoxatuli amboxebaSi (teritoriebis xelSi Cagdeba), masobrivi areulobebi, diversiebi, mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba.”121 aRniSvnis Rirsia, rom avtorebi terorizmis gamoxatulebas xedaven, agreTve, amboxebebSi, diversiebSi, masobriv areulobebSi... aRniSnuli midgoma teroristuli movlenebis socialur-samarTlebriv wres Zalzed afarToebs da dausabuTebelia. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, winamdebare naSromSi, amboxebis, masobrivi areulobebis, omis da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis sxva saxeebis dros SesaZlebelia gamoyenebuli iqnes terorizmi, rogorc erTerTi meTodi, magram es sruliad ar niSnavs imas, rom amboxeba da sxva zemoCamoTvlili movlenebi terorizmis gamovlinebebia. s. efirovi terorizmis saxeebis klasifikaciisas gamoyofs saxelmwifo, ultramemarjvene anu neofaSistur, ultramemarcxene da separatistul terorizms.122 frangi mkvlevari loran dispo gamoyofs memarjvene, saxelmwifoebriv memarcxene, saxelmwifoebriv memarjvene, opoziciur memar120 ix. Dr. D. J.W. Vanderhoof, The Criminology of Terrorism, Copyright © 2001, The University of North Carolina at Pembroke, www.uncp.edu. 2003 121 ix. Г..М. Миньковский, В. П. Ревин Характеристика терроризма и некоторые направления повышения эффективности борьбы с ним. // Государство и право. 1997. № 8, c.85. 122 ix. С.А.Эфиров Покушение на будущее. М., 1984. c. 35-39. 46 cxene da nacionalur-gamaTavisuflebel terorizms.123 samwuxarod, disposeuli klasifikacia moklebulia naTlad gamokveTil safuZvels. amasTan, nacionalur-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraoba gaigivebulia terorizmTan, rac kategoriulad miuRebelia. b. Curkovi terorizmis klasifikacias Semdeg saxeebad axdens: “socialur-politikuri terorizmi, romelic iyofa memarjvene da memarcxene mimdinareobad, eTnopolitikuri terorizmi, religiuri terorizmi, separatistuli terorizmi, romelic SeiZleba atarebdes nacionalur an religiur xasiaTs, an nacionalur – religiur xasiaTs erTdroulad.124 boiar sozanoviCi terorizmis klasifikaciis safuZvlad terorizmis ganmaxorcielebel subieqts miiCnevs da gamoyofs sam ZiriTad saxes: 1. saxelmwifoebrivi terorizmi, romelic xorcieldeba saxelmwifos mier an misi xelSewyobiT; 2. jgufuri terorizmi, romelic xorcieldeba sxvadasxva jgufebis an organizaciebis mier saxelmwifoebrivi xelSewyobis gareSe. aRniSnul jgufSi igi moiazrebs memarjvene, memarcxene, religiuri, eTno-nacionaluri mimarTulebis jgufebs; 3. stiqiuri (individualuri) terorizmi, romelic xorcieldeba calkeuli pirebis mier.125 nazarkini terorizmis klasifikacias sam jgufad axdens : 1. ideuri terorizmi (romelSic avtori moiazrebs ideologiuri platformis qveS moqmed yvela teroristul gamovlinebas); 2. martoxelebis teororizmi (avtori moiazrebs individualur teroristul aqtebs); 3. kriminaluri terorizmi (romelSic moazrebulia angarebiTi motivaciis mqone Cveulebrivi danaSaulebrivi dajgufebebi, romlebic iyeneben Zalismier meTodebs kriminalur saqmianobaSi, gavlenis sferoebis gadanawilebisas da a.S.)126 nazarkiniseuli klasifikacia moklebulia naTlad gamoxatul safuZvels, radganac gaugebaria, ra niSniT aris SesaZlebeli terorizmis iseTi formebis gamoyofa, rogoricaa ideuri, martoxelebis da kriminaluri terorizmi. amasTan, ver daveTanxmebiT calke saxed kriminaluri terorizmis gamoyofas, radganac Zaladobrivi meTodebiT moqmedi kriminaluri dajgufebebis motivacias finansuri sargeblis moxveWa Seadgenda da isini ar unda CaiTvalon teroristul organizaciebad. 1990-iani wlebSi postsabWour sivrceSi 123 ix. L. Dispot. La machine a terreur. P., Edition Grasset, 1978. p. 57. ix. Б. Г. Чурков, Социально-философские аспекты современного терроризма. Автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени кандидата философских наук. М.,Мпгу, 1993, с. 12. 125 ix. Т.С. Бояр-Созонович Проблемы классификации современного терроризма. Университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы Государственного комитета СССР по народному образованию. М., 1989, С. 11. 126 ix. М. В. Назаркин, Криминологическая характеристика и предупреждение терроризма, Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата юридических наук. М., 1998, с. 41-60. 124 47 moqmed Cveulebriv kriminalur dajgufebebs araferi hqondaT saerTo terorizmTan. isini, rogorc wesi, warmoadgendnen reketul dajgufebebs, romlebic Zaladobis muqariT euflebodnen materialur faseulobebs, inawilebdnen kriminaluri gavlenis sferoebs, imorCilebdnen da kontrolis qveS aqcevdnen axladaRmocnebul biznesis saxeebs da mewarmeebs. aRniSnuli klasifikaciebis garda, iuridiul doqtrinaSi gamoiyofa terorizmis sxvadasxva saxeebi, rogorebicaa: kiberterorizmi: saerTaSoriso, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi, birTvuli, teqnologiuri, informaciuli terorizmi da a.S. terorizmis kriminologiuri klasifikacia SesaZlebelia ZiriTadi niSnis – motivisa da miznis da araZiriTadi – gamoyenebuli xerxis da saSualebis, samoqmedo farglebis, ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtis mixedviT. samoqmedo motivacia warmoadgens teroristuli aqtivobis erT-erT ZiriTad determinants. imis mixedviT, Tu ra aris teroristebis samoqmedo motivi da savaraudo sasurveli Sedegi, teroristuli aqtivobis klasifikacia SeiZleba moxdes religiur, separatistul, eTnikur, memarjvene, memarcxene da sxva moZraobebad. imis mixedviT, Tu ra konkretul saSualebas da xerxs SearCevs teroristuli aqtivobisTvis subieqti, SeiZleba gamoiyos birTvuli, qimiuri, feTqebadi, kompiuteruli da sxva saxis terorizmi. teroristuli moqmedebis farglebis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia arsebobdes saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi terorizmi. saerTaSoriso terorizms aSS-is saxelmwifo departamenti gansazRvravs Semdegnairad: saerTaSoriso terorizmi niSnavs terorizms, romelSic CarTulia erTze meti qveynis kuTvnili teritoria an moqalaqe.127 saerTaSoriso terorizms braien jenkinsi gansazRvravs rogorc incidentebs, romelTa drosac miznisTvis dartymis misayeneblad teroristebi gadalaxaven ucxo saxelmwifos sazRvrebs, SearCeven TavianT msxverpls Tu samiznes ucxoeTis romelime saxelmwifosTan kavSiris gamo (diplomatebi, ucxouri korporaciebi da a.S.), Tavs esxmian saerTaSoriso aviaxazebze mfrinav sahaero xomaldebs, ZaladobiT xelSi igdeben aseT xomaldebs da aiZuleben gadaadgilebas maTTvis sasurveli mimarTulebiT. saerTaSoriso terorizmSi ar Sedis incidentebi, romlebic ganxorcielebulia teroristebis mier sakuTari saxelmwifos farglebSi.128 jenkinss ekuT- 127 ix. R. J. Erikson, Legitimate USE of military forse against state-sponsored international terrorism. Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112-5532 , 1989, p.24. 128 ix. B. M. Jenkins, .The Study of Terrorism: Definitional Problems,. Rand, 6563, Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Calif., November 1980, p.40. 48 vnis aseve gansazRvreba: saerTaSoriso terorizmi aris Zaladoba saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, saxelmwifos farglebs gareT...129 saerTaSoriso terorizmad SesaZlebelia miviCnioT teroristuli aqtivobis iseTi saxe, romelic scildeba erTi saxelmwifos farglebs, daiwyo, gagrZelda an damTavrda sxvadasxva qveynebis teritoriebze anda masSi monawile pirebi sxvadasxva qveynis moqalaqeebi an mudmivad macxovreblebi arian anda xorcieldeba transnacionaluri teroristuli organizaciis mier. Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi terorizmi saxezea, rodesac teroristuli aqtivoba ar scildeba erTi saxelmwifos farglebs. ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtebis mixedviT, SeiZleba arsebobdes jgufur-organizaciuli, individualuri an saxelmwifo terorizmi. terorizmi ar arsebobs ZiriTadi niSnis, konkretuli motivaciisa da ideologiuri platformis gareSe. danarCeni fakultaturi niSnebi SeiZleba axasiaTebdes an ar axasiaTebdes terorizmis ama Tu im subieqts. magaliTad, religiuri motivaciis mqone jgufma SeiZleba iaraRad gamoiyenos kompiuteruli teqnologiebi, asafeTqebeli mowyobilobebi, aseve birTvuli, qimiuri da sxva iaraRi. aRniSnuli jgufis samoqmedo areali SeiZleba iyos rogorc qveynis SigniT, agreTve, saerTaSoriso masStabiT. gamoyenebuli iaraRis da saSualebebis, samoqmedo farglebis miuxedavad, jgufi warmoadgens religiuri terorizmis subieqts. 129 ix. B. Jenkins, International Terrorism: A New Mode of Conflict. Los Angeles: Publications, 1975, № 2, p. 48. 49 Crescent Tavi III saqarTvelosTvis terogenuri terorizmis saxeebi terorizmis Tanamedrove tendenciebidan saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi mniSvnelovania eTnikuri, saxelmwifo da religiuri terorizmis fenomenis gansakuTrebulad Seswavla, radganac Tanamedrove etapze terorizmis zemoxsenebul saxeebs saqarTvelosTvis terogenuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia. teroristuli saqmianobis klasifikacia eTnikur, religiur da saxelmwifoebriv terorizmad pirobiT xasiaTs atarebs da damokidebulia teroristTa ideologiur platformaze. ideologiuri platformis safuZvliT klasifikaciisas SeiZleba gamoiyos terorizmis sxva saxeebic, rogoricaa: memarjvene, memarcxene da a.S. xSirad xdeba, rom eTnikuri terorizmi Serwymulia religiurTan, anda saxelmwifo terorizmi amofarebulia religiuri an eTnikuri teroristuli dajgufebebis saqmianobas. $ 1. saxelmwifo terorizmi a. saxelmwifo terorizmis fenomenologia 1969 wlis naSromSi endriu skoti amaxvilebs yuradRebas im periodis msoflioSi axlad gamokveTil tendenciaze, saxelmwifoTa garkveul jgufebis mxridan sxva saxelmwifoebis mimarT sayovelTaod aRiarebul diplomatiur meTodebTan erTad ZirgamomTxreli saqmianobis gamoyenebaze, kerZod, e.w. revoluciis iatakqveSa mzadebis, am mizniT Sesabamisi kadrebis momzadebis, iaraRiT da teqnikuri saSualebebiT momaragebis, dafinansebis da propagandis warmoebis Sesaxeb. maSin am movlenas e.w. revoluciur brZolas man konkretuli Sefaseba ver misca. misi TqmiT, rTuli iyo imis gansazRvra, es tendencia dadebiT movlenas warmoadgenda Tu uaryofiTs? am kiTxvisaTvis pasuxi dros unda gaeca.130 odnav mogvianebiT, msgavsi movlenebi 1970 wels gaeros 39/159 rezoluciaSi “saxelmwifo terorizmad” Sefasda. aRniSnul rezoluciaSi pirvelad saerTaSoriso samarTalSi pirvelad dafiqsirda “saxelmwifo terorizmis” cneba, romelic ganisazRvra rogorc saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi erTi saxelmwifos mxridan ZaladobiT an Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqariT sxva saxelmwifos an xalxebs daSineba, raTa Seicvalos “msxverpli” saxelmwifos saSinao an sagareo politika, anda SeizRudos saxelmwifoebrivi suvereniteti. 130 ix. A. M. Scott, The Revolution in Statecraft: informal Penetration, New York: Random House, 1969, p. 166. 50 39/159 rezoluciaSi miTiTebulia, rom dauSvebelia “saxelmwifo terorizmis politikis an sxva qmedebebis ganxorcieleba, romlebic mimarTulia sxva suverenuli saxelmwifoebis sazogadoebrivpolitikuri wyobilebis damxobisken an sxvagvarad xelyofisken”. iuridiul doqtrinaSi TandaTan Cndeba mosazrebebi “saxelmwifo terorizmze”, rogorc omis axal saSualebaze, strategiis asimetriul formaze da a.S. mag: Jak berJies azriT, meore msoflio omi kacobriobis istoriaSi bolo globaluri omi iyo. Tu kacobriobas mesame msoflio omi uweria, es iqneba teroristuli meTodebiT warmoebuli omi.131 stefan sloanis mixedviT, saxelmwifo terorizmi aris “xangrZlivi politikuri omi arapirdapiri agresiis formiT”.132 terorizmis eqspertis, paul vilkinsonis azriT, “internacionaluri teroristuli Tavdasxmebi _ ubralod omis warmoebis gansxvavebuli saSualebaa”,133 braian jenkinsis azriT, “terorizmi marTlac iqca omis warmoebis axal meTodad. . .”134 saerTaSoriso samarTali gmobs “saxelmwifo terorizmis” politikas, miiCnevs ra mas saerTaSoriso principebis darRvevad, Tumca ar awesebs pasuxismgeblobas im saxelmwifoTaTvis, romlebic msgavs politikas ewevian. saerTaSoriso samarTalSi msgavsi pozicia sxva mizezebTan erTad gamowveulia terorizmis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli cnebis ararsebobiT. cnobili gamoTqma “teroristi erTisTvis meorisTvis aris TavisuflebisTvis mebrZoli” qmedebis terorizmad kvalifikaciisas sirTuleebs warmoSobs. Tavis droze gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSi terorizmis Sesaxeb arsebobda ori Sexeduleba: pirveli koncentrirebuli iyo qmedebis Sinaarsze, xolo meore mizezebze. pirveli SexedulebiT terorizi warmoadgens ukidures borotebas misi gamomwvevi mizezebis miuxedavad, xolo meore ansxvavebda terorizmis dadebiT da uaryofiT saxeobas imis mixedviT, Tu ra mizeziT iyo igi gamowveuli da ra mizans emsaxureboda. SeerTebuli Statebi da dasavleTis sxva demokratiuli qveynebi mxars uWeren pirvel princips. rac Seexeba mesame samyaros qveynebs, romelTac mxars uWerda sabWoTa kavSiri da sxva socialisturi qveynebi, xelmZRvanelobdnen meore principiT.135 am mxriv, sagulisxmoa gaeros 1972 wlis sxdomebze gakeTebuli zogierTi qveynis warmomadgenlis gancxadeba: 131 ix. G. J. Schamis, War and Terrorism in international Affairs (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1980, pp. 35-38. 132 ix. S. Sloan, Beating international Terrorism: An Action Strategy for Preemption and Punishment. Maxwell Afb, Ala.: Air University Press, December 1986. 133 ix. P. Wilkinson, Terrorism and the Liberal State .New York: J. Wiley & Sons, Halstead Press, 1977, p. 179 134 ix. B. M. Jenkins, .Combatting Terrorism Becomes a War,. Rand, 6988, Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Calif., May 1984, p.7 135 ix. R. J. Erikson. Legitimate Use of Military Force Against State-Sponsored International Terrorism, Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112-5532 1989. p.15 51 a. gvineis warmomadgenelma ganacxada, rom mxars uWeren nacionalur gamaTavisuflebel moZraobas da miaCniT gamarTleburad nebismieri xerxi, romelic gamoyenebuli iqneba qveynis damoukideblobis misaRwevad.136 UN b. kubis warmomadgenlis gancxadebiT, brZolis is meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba nacionalur gamanTavisuflebeli moZraobebis mier, ar SeiZleba iqnes cnobili rogorc teroristuli.137 g. madagaskaris warmomadenelma ganacxada, rom teroristuli incidentebi, romelTac piradi gamorCenis motivacia udevs safuZvlad, dagmobil unda iqnes. rac Seexeba politikur terorizms, romelic gamoiyeneba gaeros mier aRiarebuli Rirebulebebis dasamyareblad, mxolod da mxolod misasalmebelia.138 ukanasknel periodSi mravali saxelmwifo Tavs aridebs pirdapir konfrontacias, romelmac SeiZleba didi xarjebi gamoiwvios da sasurveli mizani ver iqnes miRweuli. amitom aRniSnuli saxelmwifoebi eZeben zemoqmedebis sxva saSualebebs, maT Soris wina planze terorizmia. SeiZleba magaliTad moviyvanoT CrdiloeT koreis mier terorizmis xelSewyoba samxreT koreis winaaRmdeg. siriisa da iranis mier “qurTTa muSaTa partiisTvis” xelSewyoba TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, sudanisa da iranis mier islamuri terorizmis xelSewyoba egviptesa da axloaRmosavleTis sxva saxelmwifoebSi, pakistanis mier terorizmisTvis xelSewyoba qaSmirSi indoeTis winaaRmdeg...139 amboxebebis saxelmwifoebrivi sponsoroba da mfarveloba, rogorc sagareo politikis erTgvari instrumenti, damaxasiaTebeli iyo civi omis periodisTvis. SeerTebuli Statebi iyenebda ra nikaraguel revolucionerebs, avRanel mojahidebs, tibetel budist meomrebs da sxvebs, cdilobda SeeCerebina komunizmi. vaSingtoni, am mxriv, ar warmoadgenda gamonakliss, sabWoTa kavSiri da CineTi mfarvelobdnen komunist partizanebs angolaSi, saberZneTSi, samxreT afrikaSi, vietnamSi da msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi...140 amboxebuli separatistuli reJimebis xelSewyobis TvalsaCino magaliTia ruseTis federaciis mxridan 2008 wlis agvistoSi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg warmoebuli omi, xolo amis Semdgom afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis respublikebis damoukideblobis aRiareba. 136 ix. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia / Un Sixth (Legal) Committee, 1362d meeting, Un Gaor, 27th sess., A/C.6/Sr. 1362. 1972. 137 ix. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia / Un Sixth (Legal) Committee, 1358th meeting, Un Gaor, 27th sess., A/C.6/Sr. 1358. 1972. 138 ix. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia / Un Sixth (Legal) Committee, 1365th meeting, Un Gaor, 27th sess., A/C.6/Sr.1365. 1972. 139 ix. I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins, Countering the New Terrorism. Copyright © 1999 Rand p. 103. 140 aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ix: Shafer, D. Michael, Deadly Paradigms: The Failure of U.S. Counterinsurgency Policy, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988; Blaufarb, Douglas, The Counterinsurgency Era: U.S. Doctrine and Performance, New York: Free Press, 1977; Odom, William, On Internal War: American and Soviet Approaches toThird World Clients and Insurgents, Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1992. 52 b. saxelmwifo terorizmis gamovlenis formebi samarTlebriv doqtrinaSi saxelmwifosa da terorizmis urTierTmimarTebis, saxelmwifoebrivad xelSewyobili terorizmis SesaZlo gamovlinebebis klasifikaciis klasikur nimuSad profesor jon marfiseuli sqema iTvleba.141 man saxelmwifosa da terorizmis urTierTmimarTebis oTxi ZiriTadi gamovlineba gamoyo: 1) saxelmwifoebrivi sponsoroba terorizmis saxelmwifoebriv sponsorobas aqvs adgili im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxelmwifo uSualod gamoiyenebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi terorizms, rogorc meTods, raTa miaRwios strategiul upiratesobas da aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad, garkveuli mizezebis gamo ar SueZlia sayovelTaod aRiarebuli saSualebebis gamoyeneba. aRniSnuli strategia garkveulwilad gamoxatulia karl fon klauzevicis sityvebSi: omis warmoeba gansxvavebuli saSualebebiT... terorizmi gaxda iaraRi, romelic nebismier dros SeiZleba movides moqmedebaSi, rodesac romelime saxelmwifos surs mZime ziani miayenos meore saxelmwifos ise, rom ar ikisros momxdarze pasuxismgebloba omis dadgenili wesebis Sesabamisad. aSS-is saxelmwifo departamenti terorizmis saxelmwifoebriv sponsorebs miakuTvnebs Semdeg qveynebs: libias, irans, sirias, samxreT iemens da sxva.142 2) saxelmwifoebrivi xelSewyoba saxelmwifoebriv xelSewyobas adgili aqvs im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxelmwifo exmareba teroristebs Tavisi resursebiT da uzrunvelyofs maT dafinansebas, momaragebas sabrZolo masalebiT, maT samxedro swavlebas, uzrunvelyofs saWiro dokumentebiT, informaciiT, komunikaciuri saSualebebiT da sxva saWiro daxmarebiT. aRniSnuli forma gansxvavdeba saxelmwifo sponsorobisagan imiT, rom am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo pirdapir da uSualod ar warmarTavs teroristebis saqmianobas. amgvar qveyanaTa jgufs amerikeli terologebi akuTvnebdnen sabWoTa kavSirs, bulgareTs, kubas da sxv.143 141 ix. J. F. Murphy, Punishing International Terrorists: The Legal Framework for Policy Initiatives. Totowa, N.J. Rowman and Allanheld, 1985, pp.49-55. 142 ix. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo departamenti / The U.S. Department of State, Stare-Sponsored Terrorism. http://www.state.gov/s/ct. 2003. 143 ix.: Department of Defense, Soviet Military Power, Washington. 1986, pp. 124-128; S. T. Francis, The Soviet Strategy of Terror, Washington, Heritage Foundation, 1981; R. Goren, The Soviet Union and Terrorism London, G. Allen and Unwin, 1984. Claire Sterling, The Terror Network: The Secret War of International Terrorism, New York, Reader.s Digest Press, 1981. 53 3) saxelmwifoebrivi Tanxmoba saerTaSoriso terorizmis mimarT saxelmwifoebrivi Tanxmoba arsebobs im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxelmwifom icis mis teritoriaze arsebuli teroristuli jgufebis Sesaxeb, igi ar exmareba aseT jgufebs, magram arc aviwroebs maT. saxelmwifom icis aseTi teroristuli jgufebis saerTaSoriso teroristuli saqmianobis Sesaxeb da usityvod mxars uWers maT. rogorc wesi, amgvari teroristuli jgufebi sazRvargareTidan finansdebian an TviTon afinanseben sakuTar saqmianobas. 4) saxelmwifoebrivi umoqmedoba am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos, marTalia, surs zewola moaxdinos teroristebze, magram amis SesaZlebloba ar gaaCnia garkveuli mizezebis gamo. (mag., ar gaaCnia Sesabamisad momzadebuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebi anda ganicdis Sesabamisi teqnologiebis uqonlobas). aseT situaciebSi, rogorc wesi, saxelmwifo mimarTavs sxva saxelmwifos, an saerTaSoriso organizacias daxmarebisTvis. aRniSnulis magaliTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT somalis dedaqalaq mogadiSoSi teroristebis mier gatacebuli TviTfrinavSi mZevlebis gaTavisuflebis SemTxveva, rodesac somalis mTavrobam daxmarebisTvis dasavleT germanias mimarTa. 54 $ 2. religiuri terorizmi 2.1. religiuri terorizmis fenomenologia “religia uzrunvelyofs teroris erTaderT misaReb gamarTlebas” devid rapoporti religiuri terorizmis saTaveebi Soreuli istoriuli warsulidan iRebs saTaves. zogierTi religiur-teroristuli jgufi darwmunebulia, rom maT unda gawmindon msoflio axali epoqisaTvis.144 misi calkeuli gamovlinebebi, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Cvens welTaRricxvamde fiqsirdeba msoflio istoriaSi. Sua saukuneebi religiuri teroris arnaxuli masStabebiT xasiaTdeboda inkviziciisa da jvarosnuli omebis periodSi. meoce saukunis meore naxevridan islamurma terorizmma saerTaSoriso, globaluri xasiaTi miiRo. musulmanuri aRmosavleTi qristianuli dasavleTis winaaRmdeg, rogorc erTgvari jvarosnuli laSqroba dasavluri kulturis winaaRmdeg realur safrTxed iqca.145 religiuri terorizmi saerosTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro damangrevelia. aRniSnuli gamowveulia RirebulebiTi sistemis radikaluri gansxvavebulobiT, legitimaciisa da TviTgamarTlebis Taviseburi meqanizmis arsebobiT, gansxvavebuli moraluri normebisa da msoflmxedvelobis qoniT. religiuri teroristisTvis Zaladoba RvTisgan dadgenil wminda valdebulebad aRiqmeba, romelic xorcieldeba Teologiuri moTxovnebis Sesabamisad da sruliad gamarTlebulia wminda werilis mixedviT. religia, aqedan gamomdinare, moqmedebs rogorc garkveuli sanqcioneri, Zaladobis damkanonebeli, romelsac farTo masStabi aqvs da mimarTulia yvela imis winaaRmdeg, vinc ar warmoadgens teroristTaTvis misaRebi religiis, Tu kultis mimdevars.146dRemde ar aris azrTa erTianoba im sakiTxSi, Tu ra unda ewodos Tanamedrove islamur moZraobebs, radganac zogierTi avtori maT moixseniebs rogorc fundamentalistebs, zogierTi rogorc radikalebs da eqstremistebs.147 frensis fukiamas axali cnebac ki Semoaqvs "islamo faSizmi".148 migvaCnia, rom obieqturi sinamdvilidan Tu amovalT, umjobesi iqneba SegverCia aRniSnuli movlenisTvis termini “radikaluri islamizmi” da Sesabamisad mim144 ix. D. J.W. Vanderhoof, The Criminology of Terrorism, Copyright © 2001, The University of North Carolina at Pembroke, www.uncp.edu. 2003. 145 ix. S. P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?,” Foreign Affairs, Summer 1993, pp. 22-49. 146 ix. I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins. Countering the New Terrorism. Rand publications Isbn: 0-8330-2667-4, MR-989-AF.Copyright © 1999 Rand.p. 20. 147 ix. E. Sivan, Radical Islam: Medieval Theology and Modern Politics. New Haven, Ct: Yale University Press, 1985; O. Roy, The Failure of Political Islam. Cambridge, Ma: Harvard University Press, 1994; . J. L. Esposito, ed., Voices of Resurgent Islam. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983. 148 ix. F. Fukuyama,“Their Target: The Modern World,” Newsweek January 2002, Internet: http://www.msnbc.com/news/672448.asp . 2003. 55 devrebisTvis “radikal-islamistebi”, radganac maTi umTavresi mizani islamuri saxelmwifos Seqmnaa, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneba yuranis normebis mkacr aRsrulebaze. marTalia, al-qaida da sxva teroristuli organizaciebi mTliani musulmanuri sivrcis umcires nawils warmoadgenen. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTi rwmena da meTodebi Zirfesvianad ewinaaRmdegeba yuranis ZiriTad debulebebs da tradiciul islamur normebs. al-qaida, iseve rogorc hezbola, hamasi da sxvani warmoSobilia im ZiriTadi musulmanuri fuZidan, rogorc sxva araZaldobrivi musulmanuri mimdinareobebi. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba paraleli gaivlos ebrael teroristebTan, romlebic gegmavdnen kldis qimis afeTqebas ierusalimSi. ebraelTa umravlesoba, marTalia, dagmobda amgvar saqciels, magram is faqti, rom aRniSnuli aqti daigegma ebraeli fanatikosebis mier da iudaizmis saxeliT, raTa dawyebuliyo taZris aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi, teroristul aqts aZlevs iudaistur xasiaTs. anda mag., ku-klus-klani, romelic ideur safuZvlad biblias da qristianul RvTismetyvelebas iyenebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom ku-klus-klanis yvelaze aqtiuri jgufi aSS-Si amerikel raindTa eklesiaa. rodesac vmsjelobT islamur terorizmze, ar unda warmovidginoT mTeli musulmanuri samyaro, arc teroristebs SeuZliaT ilaparakon mTeli musulmanuri samyaros saxeliT.149 2.2. axali msoflio musulmanuri wesrigi idea “axali msoflio musulmanuri wesrigi” radikal-islamistebSi meoce saukunis meore naxevridan Camoyalibda. gansakuTrebuli Rvawli ideologiuri platformis momzadebasa da msoflmxedvelobis axali tipis CamoyalibebaSi ekuTvnis iranis islamuri revoluciis sulisCamdgmels aiaTola homeinis (sruli saxelia aiaTola seied ruhola musavi homeini). homeini iranis Siitebis sulier mamadaa miCneuli da imamad moixsenieben. homeini iyo pirveli radikal - islamisti, romelmac SemoiRo 12 Siiti imamis kanoni Tanamedrove musulmanuri sazogadoebisTvis. homeinis SexedulebiT, msoflios sinamdvileSi arsebobs saxelmwifoTa sami sistema: liberaluri, kapitalisturi dasavleTi; aTeisturi, komunisturi aRmosavleTi da moralur, RvTiur kanonebze damyarebuli islamuri sistema. pirveli ori sistema, rogorc dawinaurebuli sistemebi urTierTqiSpobaSi arian, Tumca orive ewinaaRmdegeba mesame, islamur sistemas, radganac warmoadgenen ra garkveul politikur blokebs, maTi ideologiuri fesvebi ikvebeba ara umaRlesi WeSmaritebis wyarodan, aramed Zalauflebis satanis149 ix. J. M. Schachter, The Eye of the Believer Psychological Influences on Counter-Terrorism PolicyMaking , Rand, 2002, p.17. 56 turi survilidan. kapitalizmi da komunizmi, orive iswrafvis simdidrisken da isini aucileblad ganicdian marcxs, radganac isini sazrdooben adamianuri ideologiiT, aRiareben mxolod fizikur dominirebas adamianisa adamianze, da adamianuri kanonis dominirebas RvTis kanonze.150 islamuri kanoni universaluri da WeSmaritia. igi scildeba teritoriul da nacionalur SezRudvebs. . . zustad zemoT aRniSnuli homeinisturi islamizmis ideologiuri radikalizmi da imis aRiareba, rom islamisTvis sazRvrebi ar arsebobs, iZleoda imis varaudis safuZvels, rom islamuri revoluciis eqsportis mcdeloba iqneboda iranis sazRvrebs gareT. aRsaniSnavia, rom iranis konstituciis Tanaxmad, akrZalulia sxva qveynis Sida saqmeebSi Careva, nebadarTulia mxolod Tavdacva ucxouri agresiis SemTxvevaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, sainteresoa, Tu ra pirobiT SeZleben homeinistebi islamuri revoluciis gaCaRebas mTels msoflioSi? SeiZleba Tu ara am pirobad jihadi gamoiyenon? nebadarTulia Tu ara terorizmi da ZirgamomTxreli saqmianoba jihadis dros? “terorizmi da jihadi warmoadgenen doqtrinalur winaaRmdegobas. terorizms ara aqvs araviTari safuZveli “SariaTSi”, amitom teroristebi ar SeiZleba iyvnen “mujahidebi” (“mujahidun” people involved in jihad). 151 irani musulmani radikalebisTvis ganxorcielebuli ocnebaa, kerZod, es aris saxelmwifo musulmanuri wesrigiT, igi realurad arsebobs da imedis momcemia msofilo musulmanuri wesrigisTvis brZolis saqmeSi. 1979 wlis iranis revolucia kvlavac did gavlenas axdens dRevandeli axlo aRmosavleTis sinamdvileze, zurgs umagrebs radikalurad ganwyobil islamist aqtivistebs da amarTlebs maT mier Zaladobis _ jihadis - gamoyenebas.152Tavis droze homeini, xolo Semdgom misi mimdevrebi, axorcieleben islamuri revoluciis eqsports msoflioSi. aRniSnuli gamoixateba ideologiur propagandaSi, Sesabamisi saganmanaTleblo religiuri skolebis, e.w. medresebis daarsebaSi, separatistuli moZraobebis, islamoterorizmis da sxva dafinansebaSi, iaraRiT momaragebaSi, samxedro – ZirgamomTxreli meTodebis swavlebaSi da a.S. ukanasknel wlebSi terorizmis miznobrivma mxarem cvlilebebi ganicada. Tuki adre terorizmis mizans saxelmwifo xelisuflebaze 150 ix. F. R. Homeyni on Man, State, and International Politics, Vol. 13, Lanham, Md: University Press of America, 1984, pp. 75-77 151 ix. M. M. Elbakry, “Different Conceptions of Jihad and Its Relevance to Contemporary Trends of Islamic Movements,”Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, Vol. 9, No. 4,1987, p.64. 152 ix. Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. S. C. Pelletiere Editor May 15, 1995 Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pa 17013-5050. p.28. 57 zemoqmedeba warmoadgenda, amJamad aRniSnuli mizani saxelmwifos sruli demontaJi da axali islamuri tipis saxelmwifos agebaa.153 2.3. konfliqtis islamisturi gageba religiur kulturaTa umravlesobaSi Cadebulia konfliqtis garkveuli koncefcia, romlic miiCneva religiis ganadgurebisagan dacvis saSualebad. am mxriv, arc islamia gamonaklisi. konfliqtis islamuri gageba, romelic “jihadad” iwodeba, gulisxmobs “brZolas RvTis erTi bilikisaTvis” (jihad fi sabil Allah). jihadi rogorc “ummah”-is (ummah –i, es aris WeSmariti rwmenis mimdevari sazogadoeba) fizikuri da sulieri dacva yoveli musulmanis sapatio valia, xolo jihadis dros gardacvlili Tavdadebuli musulmani Tavisufldeba codvebisgan da dauyovnebliv samoTxeSi xvdeba.154 yuranis mixedviT, romelic aris islamuri kanonmdeblobis ZiriTadi materialuri wyaro, jihadi nebadarTul Zaladobaze ufro mets niSnavs. jihadi samarTliani omis iuridiuli sanqciaa.155 Siiti filosofosi seid hosein nasris sityvebi: “jihadi ara mxolod islamuri gavlenis sferoebis dacva an maTi gafarToebaa, aramed yoveli musulmanis maradiuli Sinagani brZola yovelive imis winaaRmdeg, rac SeiZleba win aRudges WeSmaritebas da daarRvios maTi sulieri wonasworoba. didi saRvTo omi (al-jihad al-akbar), pirvel rigSi, gamoixateba marTlmorwmunis uxilav sulier brZolaSi. brZolaSi, romelic aris saSualeba gaukvalos biliki ufals (alahs) sakuTari gulis siRrmisken.156 “istoriulad jihads arasodes hqonia statikuri gageba, adaptaciuri da moqnili, igi mowodebulia imisTvis, rom aRasrulos islamuri imperializmis moTxovnebi saerTaSoriso arenaze. aramusulmanur samyarosTan mimarTebaSi jihadi warmoadgens saSualebas, risi meSveobiTac radikaluri musulmanuri ideologia cdilobs gardaqmnas musulmanuri social-politikuri Rirebulebebi. . . islamistebis mizans warmoadgens musulmanuri axlo aRmosavleTis Seqmna da ganviTareba, xolo jihadi radikalur-islamisturi revoluciis gamarjvebis upirvelesi pirobaa. radikal-islamistebisaT- 153 ix. В.П. Емельянов. Проблемы ответственности за международный террорим//Государство и право. 2000 №1, cc. 70-77. 154 ix. Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Editor S. C.Pelletiere, May 15, 1995, p. 29 155 ix. M. Khadduri, War and Peace in the Law of Islam, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955, p. 57. 156 ix. S. H. Nasr, Islamic Life and Thought, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1981, p. 195. 58 vis jihadi aris sruliad misaRebi da kanonieri saSualeba istoriuli islamuri Zlierebis aRdgenisTvis.”157 yurani, romelic aris RvTis ucvleli, maradiuli da saboloo sityva, qveSevrdomebs avaldebulebs itvirTon jihadis tvirTi. jihadi Zalas iRebs im uZiriTadesi principidan, rom islami aris erTaderTi WeSmariteba, romelic Seucvlelia dasabamidan.158 jihadi, rogorc termini, meqas gamocxadebebSi ganmartebulia, rogorc alahTan daaxloebisaTvis marTlmorwmune musulmanis sulieri brZola. musulman mecnierTa umravlesoba jihads ganmartavs rogorc araZaladobriv brZolas yuraniT dadgenili wesebis aRsasruleblad, e.i. kamaTs (urwmunoebTan) da islamis qadagebas. medinas suris mixedviT, yurani nebas aZlevs musulmans, xmali aRmarTos mxolod Tavdacvis mizniT. rodesac musulmanuri qveynebi moeqcnen evropis Zlieri kulturul-politikuri gavlenis qveS, dasavleTis aqtiuri “Tavdasxmis” pasuxad TiToeul musulmanSi unda Camoyalibebuliyo aqtiuri “Tavdacva”, raTa daecvaT TavianTi cxovrebis wesi, rogorc es miTiTebulia musulmanur wminda werilSi. gansakuTrebiT unda daecvaT axalgazrdoba dasavleTis damRupveli gavlenisgan.159 “milionobiT musulmanisTvis, romlebic Tvlian, rom maT Trgunavs ebraul-qristianuli samyaro, pirvel rigSi ki, amerika, ben-ladenis istoria daviTisa da goliaTis Serkinebis Tanamedrove legendas warmoadgens.”160 islamis ganStoebebSi, sunizmsa da SiitizmSi jihadis istoriulad ori gansxvavebuli gagebaa. klasikuri sunizmis mixedviT, romelic gavrcelebuli iyo arabTa islamur imperiaSi, jihadi gagebuli iyo, rogorc marTlmorwmuneTa (musulmanuri aRmsareblobis sazogadoebis) dacva da saxelmwifos teritoriuli gafarToeba imperiuli wyobis saxiT (absolituri Zalaufleba qveSevrdom xalxebze Tu saxelmwifoebze). sunizmisgan gansxvavebiT, Siituri tradicia moiTxovda, rom jihadi gamocxadebuli yofiliyo mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adgili hqonda marTlmorwmuneTa (musulmanTa) diskriminacias, usamarTlobas, Seviwroebas e.i satanur moqmedebebs.161 konfliqtis sunitur da Siitur gagebaSi aRniSnuli sakmaod mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba ZiriTadad imiTaa gamowveuli, rom istoriu157 ix. Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Editor S. C.Pelletiere, May 15, 1995, p. 44. 158 ix. The Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed., Vol. 2,London: Luzae and Co., 1960, p. 538. 159 ix. R. Peters, Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern Islam, The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton, 1979, p.133. 160 ix. Р. Жаккар. Именем Усамы Вен Ладена. Москва, “Олма-пресс” 2002, c. 32. 161 ix. A. M. Mutahhari, Fundamentals of Islamic Thought: God, Man and the Universe, ed., Hamid Algac, trans., R. Campbell, Berkeley, Ca: Mizan Press, 1985, p. 93 59 lad Siitebi sunitebis mxridan daTrgunul mdgomareobaSi iyvnen. mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi Siitebi cxovrobdnen sunitebis daqvemdebarebaSi da Seadgendnen umciresobas. Siitebis TvalSi sunitebi iyvnen uzurpatorebi, romlebsac brali miuZRvodaT Siituri sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg. sunitebis mmarTveloba teritoriebze, sadac Siituri umravlesoba cxovrobda, aniWebda aseT teritoriebs Siituri TvalTaxedviT dar-al harbis (Dar al-Harb brZolis adgili, sadac musulmani ibrZvis “SaiTanebTan” (urwmunoebTan)) statuss. aqedan gamomdinare Siituri jihadis mizani mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gawmindos samyaro usamarTlobisagan, romelic mimarTulia Siituri sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg sunitebis da sxva eretikosebis mxridan....162 saboloo jamSi, SexedulebebSi mcire sxvaobis miuxedavad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom jihadi sunitebisTvis da SiitebisTvis aris kanonieri iaraRi da saSualeba, romlis meSveobiTac “ummah” (musulmanuri aRmsareblobis sazogadoeba) aregulirebs urTierTobas ara musulmanur samyarosTan, jihadi aris konfliqtis gadaWris religiurad aRiarebuli xerxi.163 aRsaniSnavia, rom jihadis koncefciaSi Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis aspeqtebs Soris mkveTri zRvari ar arsebobs. jihadis sunituri modelis ZiriTad niSans Seadgens principi, romlis mixedviTac politika religiisgan ganuyofelia. aRniSnuli principi “jihad”-s, rogorc konfliqtis gadaWris koncepcias damatebiT damajereblobas matebs. politikis da religiis ganuyofloba, rogorc principi, saTaves iRebs islamur-Teoriuli debulebidan, romlis Tanaxmad, “ummah”-i (musulmanuri aRmsareblobis sazogadoeba) da xelisufleba gaerTianda alahis nebiT xalifatad. xalifati axorcielebs alahis nebas, igi valdebulia ganavrcos da gaaZlieros islami. yurani krZalavs jihads musulmanebs Soris, istoriulad arsebul konfliqtebs musulmani Teologebi aZleven ubralod omis (harb) kvalifikacias da kicxaven aseT movlenebs, Tvlian ra aseT faqtebs socialur gadaxrad, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba “SariaTs”.164 islamistebis TvalTaxedviT msoflio ramdenime sferod iyofa: 1. “umahi” (ummah), sadac batonobs “SariaTi” da rwmena mtkicea. 2. “dar al-islami” (Dar al-Islam) _ adgili, romelic musulmanTa xelisuflebis qveSaa da sadac jihadi hegemonobisTvis brZolis iaraRia. 162 ix. Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Editor S. C.Pelletiere, May 15, 1995, p. 36. 163 ix. M. Khadduri, War and Peace in the Law of Islam, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955, p. 57. 164 ix. Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Editor S. C.Pelletiere, May 15, 1995, pp. 31 -33. 60 3. “dar al-harbi” (Dar al-Harb) _ brZolis adgili, sadac musulmani ibrZvis “SaiTanebTan” (urwmunoebTan). 4. “jihadis” koncepciaSi, istoriul kanonzomierebebis gamo Camoyalibda “dar al-sulh” (Dar al-Sulh) anu dazavebis zona. sadac Tanaarsebobis aucileblobidan gamomdinare, dadebuli SeTanxmebebis gamo, “SariaTs” yvelasTvis savaldebulo Zala ara aqvs.165 musulmani teroristebi jihadisken bavSvebsac mouwodeben. aRwerilia SemTxveva, rodesac erT-erT sofelSi adgilobrivi molas mowodebis Sedegad 500 mozardi mzad iyo SeerTeboda Talibanis moZraobas. molas mowodeba ase JRerda: “is vinc sarwmunoebisTvis oms ewireba, ar kvdeba! is, vinc midis jihadSi, samudamod cocxlobs samoTxeSi”166 165 ix. R. Peters, Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern Islam, The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton, 1979, pp. 34-35. 166 ix. J. Gettleman, “Prisoner of Jihad,” Los Angeles Times, July 21, 2002, p.1. 61 $ 3. eTno-separatistuli terorizmi 3.1. eTno-separatistuli terorizmis fenomenologia eTno – separatistuli terorizmi eTnikuri konfliqtis erT-erTi formaa. eTno - separatistebisTvis terorizmi xSirad xdeba sasurveli politikuri Sedegis miRwevis saSualeba. eTnopolitikur konfliqtologiaSi aRiarebulia, rom eTnikur konfliqtebs safuZvlad eTnikuri pluralizmi udevs. politikuri sistemis eTnikuri pluralizmis cnebaSi igulisxmeba sazogadoebis erTi politikuri sistemis sazRvrebSi sxvadasxva eTnosis arseboba... Tanamedrove msoflioSi politikuri sistemebis didi umravlesoba polieTnikuria... jer kidev me-20 saukunis 70-ian wlebSi mecnierebi aRniSnavdnen, rom msoflioSi arsebuli saxelmwifoebidan mxolod 9% (132dan 12) Tavisi mosaxleobiT warmoadgenda eTnikurad homogenurs.167 dRes msoflioSi saxelmwifoTa ricxvi 200 aRemateba, Tumca amis miuxedavad, eTnikuri pluralizmi kidev ufro gaizarda. eTnokonfliqtologebi TavianT SromebSi eTnikuri pluralizmis sam ZiriTad mizezs gamoyofen: 1) teritoriuli eqspansia anda dapyrobiTi omebi, 2) evropuli kolonizaciis da Semdgomi dekolonizaciis procesebi, 3) mosaxleobis masobrivi gadaadgileba anda eTnikuri migraciis procesebi.168 konfliqtebis problema yvelaze mwvaved iCens Tavs mravalerovan sazogadoebaSi da msoflio eTnokonfliqtebis umravlesobac swored iq xdeba. konfliqti ara mxolod im konkretul jgufze axdens destruqciul zemoqmedebas, romelSic is viTardeba, aramed es zemoqmedeba vrceldeba jaWvuri reaqciis saxiT sxva sazogadoebazec. TavisTavad erovnuloba ukavSirdeba eTnoss. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom eTnosi aris socialuri jgufis gansakuTrebuli saxe, romelic aRmocendeba ara calkeul individebis surviliT, aramed garkveuli bunebriv-istoriuli procesis Sedegad. eTnoss axasiaTebs SedarebiTi mdgradoba. esa Tu is eTnosi, Cveulebriv, arsebobs saukuneebis ganmvlobaSi, mas aqvs TviTwodeba da, rac mTavaria, eTnosis arsebobisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba masSi gaerTianebul adamianTa TviTSegnebas. eTnosTan urTierTidentifikacia da gansxvaveba sxva msgavsi erTobebisagan gamoixateba. antiTeziT ,,Cven-isini,”TviTSegnebis garda, romelsac eTnikur TviTSegnebasac uwodeben, arsebobs am eTnosSi Semavali xalxis obieqturi, realuri maxasiaTeblebi. es maxasiaTeblebi, Cveulebriv, im integraciuli da diferencialuri niSnebis erTobliobaa, romelic 167 ix. Идентичность и конфликт в постсоветских государствах. Под ред. М. Олкотт, В. Тишкова, А. Малашенко. М., 1997, сc. 320-321. 168 ix. А.Р. Аклаев. Этно – Политическая конфликтология : Анализ и менеджмент. М., 2005, с. 26 62 Tavs iCens eTnosis wevrTa cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi. erT-erTi aseTi mniSvnelovani sferoa ena, rogorc eTnosis wevrTa sakomunikacio saSualeba. enasTan erTad, eTnosis arsebobis ganmsazRvrelia kultura, upirvelesad ki, misi iseTi komponentebi, romlebsac aqvT tradiciuli, masobrivi xasiaTi da vlindeba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. eTnosis kulturuli erToba, Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebulia eTnosis wevrTa zogierT fsiqikur TaviseburebasTan. es fsiqikuri Taviseburebebi, saboloo jamSi, qmnis eTnikur (erovnul) xasiaTs. aseve unda aRvniSnoT, rom sruliad ar aris aucilebeli CamoTvlil niSanTagan nebismieri mxolod da mxolod erTi garkveuli eTnosisaTvis iyos specifikuri (mag.: inglisur enaze metyvlebs ara mxolod erTi eTnosi-ingliselebi, aramed anglo-saqsebi, Crdilo amerikelebi da a.S.). eTnosis Tavisebureba gamoixateba ara romelime erTi komponentiT, aramed mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebel obieqtur TvisebaTa erTobliobiT. magram arc es niSnavs imas, rom eTnosi TvisebaTa, niSanTa ubrlo Tavmoyraa. igi gansazRvruli mTlianobaa, romelSic ZiriTad rols asruleben sxvadasxva komponentebi. erT SemTxvevaSi mTavaria ena, meoreSi sameurneoyofiTi Taviseburebebi, mesameSi - qcevis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi da a.S.169 statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT, me-20 saukunis 80-ian wlebSi msoflioSi saxelmwifoTa TiTqmis naxevari moicva eTnikur safuZvelze warmoSobilma politikurma dapirispirebam. 80-ian wlebSi momxdari 120 SeiaraRebuli konfliqtidan 98 eTnikuri iyo.170 Tanamedrove samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebel faqtors warmoadgens e.w. “konfliqtis asimetriuli formebi”. “civi omis” xanis damTavrebis Semdeg konfliqtebis umravlesobis ukan aRar dgas komunisturi an kapitalisturi politikuri banaki, romlebic erTmaneTs konfliqtis e.w. “simetriuli formiT” upirispirdebodnen. “civi omis” dros dapirispireba ZiriTadad saxelmwifoebs Soris mimdinareobda, Zaladobis obieqts warmoadgenda mowinaaRmdege saxelmwifos samxedro Zalebi. Tanamedrove epoqaSi “asimetriuli konfliqtis” pirobebSi Zaladobis obieqts ZiriTadad mSvidobiani mosaxleoba warmoadgens, amasTan, konfliqtebma dakarga saerTaSoriso xasiaTi da lokalur masStabebSi moeqca, romelTa drosac xSiradaa gamoyenebuli teroristuli brZolis meTodebi. stokholmis mSvidobis institutis gamokvlevebis mixedviT, 1989-1996 wlebSi 102 SeiaraRebuli konfliqtidan mxolod 6 iyo saerTaSoriso, xolo danarCeni 96 - Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi.171 Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi eTnikuri konfliqtebi xSirad iZens separatistul mimarTulebas. rogorc msoflio gamocdileba gviCvenebs, 169 ix. konfliqtebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi. red.: meliqiSvili, Tbilisi, 1997, gv. 34. 170 ix. А.В. Картунов, О.А. Маруховская, Этнополитические конфликты: актуалость, определение, задачи// Материалы междунар. конгресса конфликтологов // Под ред. И. Степанова. М., 2001. с. 194. 171 ix. А.Р. Аклаев. Этно – Политическая конфликтология : Анализ и менеджмент. М., 2005. с. 31 63 separatistebi brZolis politikur meTodebTan erTad iyeneben Zaladobis sxvadasxva formebs, maT Soris terorizms. mizanSewonilia, gaxilul iqnes ramdenime magaliTi, rodesac terorizmi eTnikuri konfliqtis iaraRad iqna gamoyenebuli 3.2. irlandiis nacionalur – gamanTavisuflebeli armia172 irlandiuri teroristuli dajgufeba “IRA”, romelic dRemde mosvenebas ukargavs britaneTis mTavrobas, ukve aTeuli wlebia ibrZvis irlandiis inglisisgan gamoyofisa da damoukidebeli irlandiuri saxelmwifos SeqmnisaTvis. irlandiuri erovnul-gamanTavisuflebeli brZolis fesvebi Sua saukuneebSi unda veZeboT. aRniSnulma brZolam XIII saukunidan gansakuTrebuli intensivoba SeiZina. Tumca, rac ufro aqtiurdebodnen irlandielebi, miT ufro metad Zlierdeboda maTze britanuli Zalebis zewola. Mmas Semdeg rac inglisma daTmo koloniebi, irlandia kvlav mougvarebel problemad darCa. irlaniis gamanTavisuflebeli armia “IRA” Camoyalibda 1919 wels. is iyo irlandiuri politikuri partiis ,, Shinn Féin"(rac sityva sityviT niSnavs ,,Cven TviTon”) saidumlo samxedro dajgufeba, romelic partizanul brZolebs awarmoebda inglisis winaaRmdeg. misi mizani irlandiis teritoriidan inglisis gandevna da irlandiis damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmna iyo. XX saukunis dasawyisSi inglisma da irlandiam miiRes deklaracia, romlis Tanaxmadac, irlandia avtonomiad gamocxadda, romelsac sakuTari TviTmmarTveloba eqneboda, anu yvela is ufleba, rac damoukidebel saxelmwifos gaaCnia, oRond didi britaneTis sazRvrebSi. protestanti irlandielebi dakmayofildnen miRweuliT, ramac kaTolike irlandielebis reaqcia ufro metad gaamwvava. Aam faqtma irlandielebs Soris seriozuli ganxeTqileba gamoiwvia, eTnikurTan erTad Tavi iCina religiurma eqstremizmmac, konfliqtma faqtobrivad eTno-religiuri Sinarsi SeiZina. gaCnda “IRA”-ს ramdenime mimarTuleba. kaTolike da protestanti irlandielebi gaemijnen erTmaneTs. mogvianebiT gaCnda kidev mesame mimarTuleba, romelic mSvidobian propagandistul brZolas eweoda173. britaneli eqspertebis cnobiT, “IRA”-s dasafinanseblad yovelwliurad grovdeboda 9-dan 16 milion aSS dolaramde. dafinanse172 Provisional Irish Republican Army, teroristuli organizacia irlandiis nacionalur - gamanTavisuflebeli armia teqstSi moxseniebuli iqneba rogorc “IRA”. 173 ix. Е. Кожушко. Современный терроризм. Минск, Харвест, 2000, c. 174. 64 bis wyaro iyo, rogorc aralegaluri biznesi, ise ideologiur mxardamWerTa nebayoflobiTi Semowiruloba, amerikis irlandiuri diaspora. irlandiur ludis barebSi idga yuTebi, warweriT ,,daxmareba Cvens irlandiel Zmebs’’, sadac TanamemamuleebisTvis fuls yridnen. protestantul eklesiebSi wirvis Semdeg ikribebodnen irlandiuli diasporis wevrebi, ewyoboda saidumlo krebebi, grovdeboda Tanxebi ajanyebulebis dasafinanseblad174. “IRA”-s operatiuli bazebi, irlandiis garda, ganlagebuli iyo aSS-Si, germaniaSi, italiaSi, espaneTSi da Sua aziaSi. “IRA”-s sakuTari dazverva da kontrdazverva hyavda. misi informatorebi gamovlindnen irlandiisa da inglisis samarTaldamcav organoebSic175. “IRA”-m moRvaweoba irlandiis teritoriaze ganlagebuli inglisuri Zalovan struqturebis warmomadgenlobebze TavdasxmebiT daiwyo. MmaTi mTavari devizi iyo: ,,sikvdili inglisel jariskacs." mogvianebiT “IRA”-s samoqmedo areali TandaTan gafarTovda, dublinidan londonamde da Ffaqtobrivad mTeli inglisis teritoria moicva. Ddaixvewa teroristebis moqmedebis taqtika da maTi samizne mSvidobiani moqalaqeebic gaxdnen. teraqtebi ewyoboda xalxmraval adgilebSi, raTa garTulebuliyo dazaralebulebis evakuacia da gazrdiliyo msxverplianoba.176 sisastikeSi arc inglisuri mTavroba Camouvardeboda “IRA”-s. me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi 350-amde eTnikuri irlandieli daapatimres, romelTa umravlesoba ar monawileobda SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi, magram “IRA”-s TanaugrZnobda. dapatimrebulebze inglisur cixeebSi im dros arsebul wamebis yvela meTods iyenebdnen, ris Sedegadac aTobiT irlandieli politpatimari daiRupa.177 inglisur-irlandiuri konfliqtis daregulirebas xels uSlida is, rom mxareebi molaparakebaze arc ki fiqrobdnen. inglisis mTavrobas me-20 saukunis 80-ian wlebamde teroristebTan dialogze wasvla ar ucdia. problemis gadaWris gzebze realurad aravis ufiqria. Ppirveli saidumlo molaparakebebi 1985 wels daiwyo, romlis mizanic cecxlis upirobo Sewyveta iyo, Tumca uSedegod: arc “IRA” Tmobda poziciebs da arc inglisis mTavroba. pirveli realuri Sedegi miRweuli iyo 1997 wels. irlandiaSi Catarda arCevnebi, sadac gamarjveba im Zalebma moipoves, romlebic ideologiur brZolas uWerdnen mxars da ewinaaRmdegebodnen uazro sisxlisRvras. 174 ix. ix. 176 ix. 177 ix. 175 http://www.ng.ru//tag/ira, 2010. iqve http://www.varyag-stunts.narod.ru/irahistory-ira.html, 2010 http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/lanzov/article/lan/lan-0030.htm, 2011. 65 aRsaniSnavia, rom ganiaraRebis iniciativiT molaparakebebi ganiaraRebis saerTaSoriso viTarebaSi gaimarTa. ise rom, zustad ar xelT arsebuli yvela sabrZolo saSualeba TviTon “IRA” gamovida. komisiasTan saidumlo aris cnobili “IRA”-m Caabara Tu ara.178 “IRA” dReisaTvis aRar awyobs farTo masStabian teraqtebs, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom konfliqti srulad mogvarebuli jer kidev ar aris. rogorc eqspertebi varaudoben, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom “IRA”-m erT dRes kvlav ganaaxlos saomari moqmedebebi.179 3.3. qveyana da Tavisufleba baskebs180 Tanamedrove samyaroSi religiur da eTnikur niadagze warmoSobili konfliqtebi sul ufro xSiria, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is ukve mTeli msoflios sens warmoadgens. Mmcire socialuri jgufebi TviTgadarCenisaTvis ibrZvian, es brZola scildeba ideologiur da Teoriul brZolas da SeiaraRebul dapirispirebaSi gadadis, rac sakmaod saSiS xasiaTs iZens. did socialur jgufebSi asimilaciisaTvis ganwiruli mcirericxovani jgufebi, iqneba es eTnikuri Tu religiuri, xmauris gamowveviT cdiloben sakuTari Tavis gamoxatvas da danarCeni samyaros yuradRebis miqcevas. maTi brZolis erTY- erTi yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli saSualeba terorizmia, romelic sazogadoebaze ZaladobiT cdilobs saxelmwifos politikuri wyobisa da ekonomikis dasustebas. erT-erTi aseTi konfliqtis niadagzea aRmocenebuli baskuri teroristuli dajgufebaa ,, “ETA”. frankos diqtaturis dros baskeTma dakarga avtonomia, daiwyo represiebi baski xalxis mimarT, aikrZala baskuri xelovneba, baskur enaze swavleba da ase Semdeg, rasac, bunebrivia, baski xalxis protesti mohyva. 1959 wlis 31 ivliss Seiqmna baskuri eqstremistuli dajgufeba, romelic dakompleqtebuli iyo baskuri nacionaluri partiis axalgazrda memarcxeneebisgan. Emisi Camoyalibebis umTavres mizans damoukidebeli baskuri saxelmwifos Seqmna da dakarguli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis aRdgena warmoadgenda. es ar iyo mxolod ideologiuri brZola, am moTxovnebis wamoyeneba TavisTavad frankos reJimis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebul brZolas niSnavda. Tavdapirvelad “ETA” didi simpaTiiTa da TanadgomiT sargeblobda ara mxolod baskebSi, aramed espanelebSic, radganac maTi moT178 ix. http://www.ng.ru//tag/ira, 2010. ix. http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/lanzov/article/lan/lan-0030.htm, 2011 180 Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, teroristuli organizacia “qveyana da Tavisufleba 179 baskebs” teqstSi moxseniebuli iqneba rogorc “ETA” 66 xovnebi patriotuli da samarTliani Canda. Aaseve mxardaWera hqonda qveynis gareTac: “ETA” wevrebs safrangeTSi politikuri TavSesafaris miReba SeeZloT, sxva radikalurad ganwyobili teroristuli organizaciebi fuliTa da iaraRiT amaragebden. 181 organizaciis ZiriTadi samizne politikosebi, samxedro pirebi da policielebi iyvnen. itacebdnen saxelmwifo moxeleebs politikuri moTxovnebiT, awyobdnen Tavdasxmebs samxedro yazarmebsa da policiis Senobebze. Ffrankos sikvdilis Semdeg baskeTma kvlav farTo avtonomia moipova, magram radikalurma dajgufebam moRvaweoba mainc ar Sewyvita, misi mTavari moTxovna kvlav baskeTis sruli damoukidebloba iyo, rasac espaneTis mTavroba ukve veRar Seasrulebda, Tumca mTel rig daTmobebze mainc wavida teroristebTan: gamoacxada amnistia da molaparakebebze dasTanxmda, rasac teroristebi afeTqebebis seriebiT pasuxobdnen. Mmoxda ise, rom safrangeTmac uari Tqva “ETA” -s wevrebisaTvis politikuri TavSesafaris micemaze, isini faqtobrivad ukve kriminalebi iyvnen yvelas TvalSi. Ddakarges mxardaWera da pativiscema ubralo xalxis mxridanac, radgan exla ukve es xalxi gaxda maTi samizne : Zarcvavdnen bankebs, itacebdnen ubralo moqalaqeebs gamosasyidis miRebis mizniT da a.S. teroristuli organizaciis qmedebam uaryofiTad imoqmeda baskuri provinciebis ekonomikur ganviTarebazec, radgan arsebuli daZabulobis gamo, sagrZnoblad Semcirda investiciebi. espaneTis mTavrobam Seurigebeli brZola gamoucxada teroristebs da aqtiur qmedebaze gadavida, riTic miaRwia “ETA”-s izolacias rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis farglebs gareT. “ETA” evrokavSiris teroristul organizaciaTa siaSia Sesuli.182@ 181 182 ix. Е. Кожушко. Современный терроризм. Минск, Харвест, 2000, cc.194-195. ix. http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/lanzov/991147, 2010 67 3.4. Tamil-ilamis gamaTavisuflebeli vefxvebi183 meore msoflio omis Semdeg inglisma koloniebis gaTavisufleba daiwyo. 1948 wels ceilons farTo avtonomia mieniWa didi britaneTis imperiis farglebSi. mogvianebiT ceilonis avtonomia ,,Srilankis damoukidebel saxelmwifo’’-d gamocxadda, sadac saxelmwifo ena singaluri iyo, xelisufleba ki aqtiurad mxars uWerda budistur kulturas. Aamas isic daemata, rom saxelmwifom uari uTxra moqalaqeobaze ignliselebis mier mosamsaxureebad Camosaxlebuli indoeli Tamalebis STamomavlobas da maTi indoeTSi deportacia daiwyo. aRniSnulma viTarebam Tamalebis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, isini Tavs daCagrul umciresobad acxadebdnen. swored am periodSi Camoyalibda pirveli Tamiluri eqstremistuli organizacia ,,TamilTa gamanTavisuflebeli erovnuli fronti’’,184 romlis mizani Tamil-ilamis185 damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmna iyo, Tumca es organizacia brZolis mxolod ideologiur meTodebs iyenebda. 1976 wels organizacias radikalurad ganwyobili axalgazrdebis jgufi gamoeyo, romlebic ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen ,,erovnuli frontis’’ umoqmedobis gamo. Aswored am dros Camoyalibda eqstremistuli gaerTianeba ,,Tigv’’ igive ,,Tamil-ilamis gamaTavisuflebeli vefxvebi’’, romelsac saTaveSi edga 18 wlis velipulai pxabxakarani, romelic gamoirCeoda sisastikiTa da daundoblobiT ara marto sxvebis, aramed sakuTari Tavis mimarTac. rogorc ambobdnen, mas yelze ekida cianidis ampula, romelsac inaxavda im SemTxvevisaTvis, Tu mas tyveoba daemuqreboda. aseTive Tavganwirvas moiTxovda TanamebrZolebis mxridanac. es asec iyo, yvelaze meti TviTmkvleli teroristi msoflioSi arsebul organizaciaTa Soris ,,vefxvebs’’ hyavT, romelTa Soris arian qalebi da bavSvebic ki. 1987-2000 wlebSi ganxorcielebul 168 teroristul aqtSi 292 kamikaZe-teroristi daiRupa. maTi meSveobiT moawyves teraqti indoeTis premier-ministr rajiv gandize da Sri-lankis prezidentze. ,,vefxvebis’’ liderma miaRwia imas, rom ,,LTTE’’ msoflioSi yvelaze stabiluri da mravalricxovani teroristuli organizaciaa, romelic Tavis rigebSi 1990 wlisaTvis daaxloebiT 14 aTasamde terorists iTvlida.186 ,,vefxvebis’’ sisastikeze miuTiTebs isic, rom maT teroristi bavSvebis razmebi aqvT Camoyalibebuli. Uumcrosi Svilebi mZevlebad mihyavT iqamde, vidre maTi ufrosi Zmebi maTTan erTad brZolaSi 183 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam – LTTE teroristuli organizacia Tamil-ilamis gamanTavisuflebeli vefxvebi teqstSi moxseniebuli iqneba rogorc “LTTE” 184 ix. Г. Таргонский Шри-Ланка: «место, где был рай». www.akm1917.org/vzgl/vz25-63.htm, 2010 ,,Tamil-ilami’’ niSnavs TamilTa qveyanas. 186 ix. www.nationalsecurity.ru/library/00016/00016ltte3.htm 185 68 ar Caebmebian. xSirad xdeba ise, rom es bavSvebi ukan aRar brundebian, da amas nebayoflobiT akeTeben, radgan maTze fsiqologiuri zegavlena teroristebis mxridan Zalze didia. ,,vefxvebi’’ pirdapir skolebSi atareben video gakveTilebs, sadac bavSvebs maT mier Cadenil ,,sagmiro saqmeebze’’ uyvebian, Aamis sawinaaRmdegod ki maswavleblebi verafers akeTeben. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT gaeros specialuri sadamkvirveblo komisiac iyo TamilebTan Casuli, maT sakuTari TvaliT naxes es bavSvebi, magram iqidan xelcarielni dabrundnen, radgan bavSvebi acxadebdnen, rom isini nebayoflobiT midiodnen sabrZolvelad, xolo Tamilebi arwmunebdnen komisiis warmomadgenlebs, rom isini mcirewlovan bavSvebs ar iyenebdnen saomrad. Aam dros ki teroristuli gazeTebi xotbas asxamdnen patara ,,vefxvebs’’, romelTac sicocxle ar enanebaT TavisuflebisaTvis. 187 ,,LTTE’’ sakmaod kargad dafinansebuli organizaciaa, maTi dafinansebis ZiriTadi wyaro emigranti Tamilebi arian, romlebic msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeebSia mimofantuli, magaliTad: kanadaSi ,,kanadeli Tamilebis asociacia’’, aSS-Si ,,msoflio TamilTa moZraoba’’ da sxva. aseve arian evropisa da aziis qveynebSi. isini ,,vefxvebs’’ fuliTa da iaraRiT amarageben. ,,LTTE’’ SesaniSnavad aris SeiaraRebuli saxmeleTo, sazRvao da sahaero sabrZolo arsenaliT. 188 A pirveli teroristuli aqti ,,vefxvebma’’ 1983 wels moawyves. isini Tavs daesxnen singalur samxedro manqanas, sadac aTobiT jariskaci daiRupa. Aamas sapasuxod singalelebis reaqciac mohyva da daiwyo omi, romelic xanmokle SesvenebebiT dRemde mimdinareobs. Mmolaparakebebze Tamilebi saerTod uars acxadebdnen. Sri-lankis prezidenti Candrika kumaratunga winasaarCevno kampaniis dros acxadebda, rom aqtiurad iTanamSromlebda TamilebTan regionSi mSvidobis dasamyareblad. Mmagram, mas Semdeg, rac masze teraqti moawyves, romelic araa gamoricxuli, rom misive politikuri xriki yofiliyo, man ganacxada, rom daundoblad ibrZolebda Tamilebis winaaRmdeg.189 didi xani araa, rac Tamilebi da singalelebi molaparakebebze dasTanxmdnen. Ppirveli Sexvedra Sedga 2009 wlis aprilSi, mas Semdeg, rac saxelisuflebo ZalebTan Setakebisas daiRupa maTi ucvleli lideri, didi iyo cocxali Zalis danakargic. Mmolaparakebebi tailndSi sam etapad unda Catardes, sadac ZiriTad sakiTxad TamilTa avtonomiuri respublikis Seqmnis sakiTxi iqneba ganixiluli. 187 ix. http://studies.agentura.ru/tr/tigrs/ Марина Латышева ,, Страна тигров’' ix. http://www.soldiering.ru/war/sri_lanka/sri_lanka.war-at-sea.php 189 ix. http://crynews.ru/orgprint/89.html, 2011. 188 69 bevrs ar sjera, rom Tamilebi daiRalnen omiT da mSvidoba moenatraT. savaraudoa, rom es nabiji aSkarad miuTiTebs maT dasustebaze. amis Ggarda, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teraqtis Semdeg antiteroristul koaliciaSi gaerTianebulma saxelmwifoebma daundobeli brZola gamoucxades terorizms, romelTa siaSi ,,LTTE’’-c Sesulia. DTalibebis es nabiji SeiZleba TviTgadarCenis surviliT iyos gamowveuli.190 ceilonSi arsebuli omi Tavisi ucnaurobiTac gamoirCeva, aRsaniSnavia, rom mravalwliani sastiki brZolebis ganmavlobaSi ,,LTTE” s arc erTi teraqti ar ganuxorcielebia ucxoeli turistebis mimarT. zafxulobiT kunZuli damsveneblebiTaa savse, swored maSin, roca teroristTa aqtivoba piks aRwevs xolme. rogorc Cans, teroristebi ucxo saxelmwifoTa gaRizianebsac eridebian, da emigrant Tamalebsac ufrTxildebian, raTa Semdeg isini ar gaxdnen SurisZiebis obieqtebi. Ees faqti musulmani teroristebisagan mkveTrad ganasxvavebs Tamilebs. Aamas garda ceilonSi iseve Cveuli ritmiT mimdinareobs cnobili ceilonuri Cais moyvana, plantaciebSi ZiriTadad Tamilebi muSaoben sengalebis sasargeblod. Aam ucnauri faqtebis gamoa, rom sengalur-Tamiluri konfliqti, romelic eTnikur, religiur da xandaxan kastur xasiaTs atarebs, xSirad ar jdeba Cveulebrivi ormxrivi dapirispirebis logikaSi.191 3.5. terorizmi CeCneTSi CeCnebi kavkasiis CrdiloeT nawilSi cxovroben, rogorc zogadad mTielebi, CeCnebic Tavisuflebis moyvare xalxia. isini TiTqmis sami saukunea Tavdauzogavad ibrZvian damoukideblobisaTvis, Tumca uSedegod. pirvelad CeCnebma damoukidebloba 1859 wels dakarges, imperialisturi omis dasrulebis Semdeg. Aaqedan moyolebuli CeCneTi ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi iyo mis daSlamde. ruseTis imperiis daSlis Semdeg Tavisuflebis imedi gauCndaT, magram ruseTi CeCneTis daTmobas ar apirebda, iseve rogorc mis federaciaSi Semavali sxva avtonomiuri olqebis. CeCneTi jer bolSevikuri ruseTis, Semdeg ki sabWoTa ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida, Tavidan rogorc CeCneTis avtonomiuri olqi, da Semdeg ki inguSeTTan gaaerTianes da CeCen-inguSeTis avtonomiur olqad moixsenebdnen.192 1944 wels, meore msoflio omis dros, sabWoTa lideris, stalinis brZanebiT milionamde CeCeni da inguSi erovnebis adamiani cimbirsa da Sua aziaSi gadaasaxles, rogorc saxelmwifosaTvis gansakuTrebiT saSiSi xalxi, maT bralad edebodaT faSistur germaniasTan TanamSromloba. ukan dabrunebis ufleba mxolod 1957 wels 190 ix. iqve. ix. http://studies.agentura.ru/tr/tigrs/ М. Латышева, Страна тигров, 2011 192 ix. http://www.srji.org/chechnya, 2011. 191 70 miiRes. Aamave dros iqna aRdgenili CeCen-inguSeTis avtonomiuri olqi sabWoTa ruseTis federaciis farglebSi.193 CeCnebma damoukideblobisaTvis brZola 1991 wels ganaaxles, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg. Aam dros ruseTi politikuradac da ekonomikuradac Zalian iyo dasustebuli, CeCnebi amaze xelsayrel dros nanatri Tavisuflebis mosapoveblad veRar naxavdnen. 1994 wlidan aqtiuri sabrZolo moqmedebebi daiwyes rusi samxedroebis winaaRmdeg. ibrZodnen ZiriTadad partizanuli meTodiT, radganac Ria omSi ruseTTan Cabma, aseTi mcirericxvovani erisTvis, damRupveli iqneboda. pirveli farTomasStabiani teroristuli aqti CeCnebma 1995 wlis 14-19 ivniss ruseTis qalaq budionovskSi ganaxorcieles. rusuli sazogadoeba SokSi Caagdo momxdarma, asormocdaaTamde SeiaraRebuli teroristi Samil basaevis194 meTaurobiT, RamiT mZinare qalaqSi SeiWra. daaxloebiT naxevar saaTSi aTasobiT mZevali hyavdaT ayvanili. isini qalaqis saavadmyofoSi gamoketes, da Senoba danaRmes. es iyo CeCeni teroristebis mier ruseTis mTavrobaze zemoqmedebis mizniT mowyobili teraqti, romelic sakmaod kargad gaTvlili da mofiqrebuli gamodga. rodesac rusulma razmma ieriSze gadasvla daapira, teroristebma mZevlebi win aifares, romelTa Soris ZiriTadad avadmyofebi da orsuli qalebi iyvnen. specrazmi iZulebuli gaxda ukan daexia. rusuli mxare molaparakebebze ara mxolod dasTanxmda, aramed, CeCeni teroristebis mier wamoyenebul pirobebi miiRo. ivnisis bolos xeli moewera cecxlis Sewyvetas da CeCneTis teritoriidan rusuli jaris gamoyvanas, riTic dasrulda pirveli rusul-CeCnuri omi, romelic 1994 wlidan mimdinareobda da daiwyo moskovis politikuri krizisic195. CeCneTma faqtobrivad damoukidebloba moipova. damoukidebeli CeCneTi mZime ekonomikur viTarebaSi aRmoCnda, moiSala warmoeba. iq momuSave wamyvani specialistebis umetesi nawili, erovnebiT rusi iyo, romlebmac saomari moqmedebebis dros datova CeCneTi. qveyana korufciis morevSi CaeSva. gaCnda dapirispireba politikur elitaSic. amgvar pirobebSi myof CeCnebs ,,daxmarebis’’ xeli gauwoda radikalurma islamisturma organizaciebma: “al-qaidam” da “Talibanma”. isini mzad iyvnen CeCneTisaTvis saTanado daxmareba gaewiaT Tumca, ra Tqma, unda ara uangarod”. maTi moqmedebis umTavresi mizani kavkasiis islamuri saxelmwifos Seqmna iyo, romlis SemadgenlobaSic unda Sesuliyo CeCneTi, inguSeTi, Crdilo oseTi, yabardo-balyareTi da afxazeTi.196 193 ix. http://tupik.org,2005. ix. http://terrorism.wallst.ru, 2004. 195 ix. http://terrorism.wallst.ru, 2004. 196 ix. Б.Н. Кашников. Чеченский Терроризм. Взлѐт и Падение. Российский научный журнал, 2008. № 3, cc. 70-76. 194 71 1998 wlidan islami CeCneTSi oficialur religiad aRiares197.U amis Semdeg CeCnebma aqtiuri qmedebebi daiwyes CeCneTis sazRvrebs gareT, inguSeTSi, oseTSi da ruseTSi. Mmoawyves ramdenime teraqti ruseTis qalaqebSi, riTic sazogadoebis daSinebas, masobrivi areulobis gamowvevas sazogadoebis xelisuflebasTan dapirispirebas isaxavdnen miznad, Tumca, piriqiT moxda: rusulma sazogadoebam mosTxova xelisuflebas, daewyo aqtiuri moqmedebebi teroristebis winaaRmdeg. AruseTis prezidentma, vladimer putinma CeCeni teroristebis qmedebebi Semdegnairad Seafasa: ,,Cven Zvirad dagvijda saxelmwifos uZlurebac, da qmedebaTa araTanamimdevrulobac’’. 198 ruseTis mTavrobam gadawyvita mieRo adekvaturi zomebi CeCeni teroristebis qmedebebis sapasuxod. 1999 wels daiwyo meore CeCnurrusuli omi, romelic sabediswero aRmoCnda CeCnebisaTvis. maT sabolood dakarges damoukidebloba. meore omSi damarcxebis Semdeg, CeCnebma aqtiurad ganaaxles farTo masStabiani teroristuli aqtebi ruseTis teritoriaze. E2000 wlidan CeCen teroristebs Soris gamoCdnen Sahidi qalebi, romlebic ,,Savi qvrivebi’’-s saxeliT arian cnobili, maT aseve ,,alahis sasZloebs (sacoles) uwodeben. MmaTi asaki 13-dan 38 wlamde meryeobs. Tavdapirvelad Seiqmna legenda, TiTqos es qalebi marTlac qvrivebi iyvnen, romlebmac qmrebi ruseT-CeCneTis omSi dakarges da axla qmrebis gamo rusebze unda eZiaT Suri. ,,Savi qvrivebis’’ garkveuli nawili marTlac qvrivi iyo, Tuma maT Soris umetesoba iyvnen iseTi qalebi, romlebmac axloblebi dakarges am omSi. iyvnen aseve qalebic, romlebic moitaces an mSoblebma swored im mizniT gayides, rom maT amgvar qmedebebSi mieRoT monawileoba. CeCeni teroristebi am qalebs erT-erT sofelSi agzavnidnen, sadac yuransa da terorizmis xelovnebas aswavlidnen.199 SeiZleba es iyo erTgvari fsiqologiuri iaraRi, romelic mimarTuli iyo saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisaken, raTa daenaxaT, rom qalebic ki mzad arian sakuTari sicocxle daTmon Tavisuflebis mosapoveblad. CeCnebis mier mowyobili teraqtebidan erT-erTi yvelaze xangrZlivi da masStaburi iyo moskovSi Teatrze ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxma, sadac aTeulobiT mZevali aiyvanes, teroristebs Soris iyvnen Sahidi qalebic. mZevlebi ramdenime dRe-Rame hyavdaT gamoketili danaRmuli Teatris SenobaSi. rusulma specrazmma daudgeneli momwamvleli airi SeuSva darbazSi saventilacio sistemidan, ris Semdegac SeZles teroristebis likvidacia. Mmsxverpli iyo mZevlebs Sorisac. Aamas mohyva kidev ufro saSineli teraqti _ Tavdasxma CrdiloeT oseTis qalaq beslanis saSualo skolaze. 2004 wlis 1 seqtembers teroristebma mZevlad aiyvanes skolis moswavleebi da skola danaRmes. sami dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi uSedegod cdilobdnen teroristebTan molaparkebas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 197 unda aRiniSnos, rom saerTod CeCnebi istoriulad mahmadianebi iyvnen, Tumca maTi rwmena Sors iyo orTodoqsaluri islamisagan. 198 ix. http://www.pravoslavie.ru/analit/warpeacechech1.htm. 2010. 199 ix. http://www.annespeckhard.com/Chechen_suicide_terrorism.html.2010. 72 aRniSnuli teraqti cudad dagegmili da araorganizebuli iyo. mZevlebSi dawyebulma panikam daabnia teroristebi, TiTqmis sasowarkveTilebamde misulma teroristebma mZevlebis daxocva daiwyes, rasac ruseTis specrazmis ieriSi mohyva. Ooficialuri monacemebiT 334 mZevali daiRupa, romelTa Soris 186 bavSvi iyo200. AaRniSul teraqtSi monawileobdnen inguSebic, amgvari qmedebiT teroristebs erebs Soris SuRlis gaRviveba hqondaT ganzraxuli, rasac gardauvlad unda mohyoloda kavkasiis omi. Tumca maTi cda uSedegod dasrulda. beslanis teraqtma CeCnuri terorizmis sruli diskreditacia moaxdina sazogadoebis TvalSi. Crdili miadga, agreTve, CeCneTis Tavisuflebis ideasac. maTi brZola, romelic damoukideblobis ideiT daiwyo, kriminalur saqmianobaSi gadaizarda. brZolis teroristuli meTodebiT warmoebam gamoiwvia CeCnuri damoukideblobis sruli fiasko. 200 ix. http://terroristica.info/node/397,2011 73 $ 4. TviTmkvleloba Tanamedrove terorizmis arsenalSi istoria adreuli periodidanve icnobs Tavdasxmis im saxes, romelsac TavdamsxmelisTvis aucilebeli sikvdili moaqvs. aRniSnulis legendaruli magaliTebi SeiZleba veZeboT ebrauli seqtis “sikarebis” moqmedebebSi romaelebis winaaRmdeg am ukanasknelTa mier iudeis okupaciis dros, aseve jvarosnebis winaaRmdeg mebrZol musulmani “haSaSinebis” saqmianobaSi. meore msoflio imis dros iaponiam gamoiyena kamikaZe pilotebi, romelTac “RvTiur qars” uwodebdnen (“divine wind”). aRwerilia, rom rodesac admiralma isoroko iamamitom mimarTa pilotebs, auxsna dRis wesrigSi mdgomi amocana, e.w. “specialuri Tavdasxmis” aucilebloba (tokkotai), radganac gamarjvebis mopovebis sxva Sansi ar arsebobda da moxaliseebs sTxova, win gamosuliyvnen mwyobridan, mwyobridan uklebliv yvela gamovida. imis miuxedavad, rom davalebaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, isini arc gakicxulni da arc dasjilni ar iqnebodnen. 1945 wlis 7 dekembers iaponelma kamikaZe pilotebma taraniT Seajaxes sawvaviT savse TviTmfrinavebi amerikul samxedro gemebs, ris Sedegadac SeerTebuli Statebis sazRvao Zalebis ZiriTadi birTvi ganadgurebuli iqna. aSS-is samxedro Zalebma dakarga, agreTve, 188 TviTmfrinavi da 2000-ze meti samxedro mosamsaxure. aSS–is samxedro-sazRvao istoriaSi es brZola yvelaze didi danakargebiT aris cnobili. rac Seexeba iaponuri mxaris danakargebs, es iyo 29 TviTmfrinavi da 55 samxedro mosamsaxure201, rac mowinaaRmdege mxaris danakargebTan SedarebiT mizerulia. Tanamedrove saxis pirveli teroristuli TviTmkvleloba moxda 1981 wlis dekemberSi, rodesac iranis moqalaqem beiruTSi aafeTqa saelCo (daiRupa 27 da daiWra 100 adamiani). 1982 wels TviTmkvleli teroristis mier Tavis afeTqebis Sedegad moxda libanis prezidentis baSir gemelis mkvleloba. gemelis mkvlelobis Semdeg TviTmkvleli amfeTqeblebis gamoyeneba strategiuli politikuri iaraRi gaxda. 1983 wels libanSi asafeTqebeli nivTierebiT savse satvirTo avtomanqanis afeTqebas 300 amerikeli da frangi samxedro mosamsaxure Seewira. aRniSnulma faqtma seriozuli geopolitikuri cvlileba gamoiwvia, aSS-ma da safrangeTma datoves libani. israel-palestinas Soris pirveli teroristuli TviTmkvleloba ganxorcielda 1993 wels “hamasis” wevris mier.202 Seixi fadlolahi, (Sheikh Fadlallah) libaneli Siitebis sulieri moZRvari TviTmkvlelobas jihadis dros saqebar da samagaliTo 201 ix. P. Harbor. www. wikipedia.org, 2010. ix. S. Atran, Genesis of Suicide Terrorism, Science Vol 299 7 March 2003, www.sciencemag.org, 2003. 202 74 saqmed Tvlis. misi mtkicebiT, TviTmkvleloba rwmenisTvis mcirediT gansxvavdeba mujahidis (mujahid) sikvdilisgan. orive SemTxvevis dros isini erT saqmes emsaxurebian, orive SemTxvevaSi isini jihadis meomrebi arian, mxolod garemoebebia gansxvavebuli.203 dasavluri moraluri Rirebulebebis matarebeli adamiani TviTmkvlelobamde, rogorc wesi, midis moraluri ganadgurebisa da fsiqikuri moSlis dros. dasavluri kultura TviTmkvlelobas Ggmobs, rogorc samarcxvinos. rac Seexeba mujahids, igi TviTmkvlelobis dros aranair moralur ngrevas ar ganicdis, piriqiT, igi moraluri srulyofilebis umaRles zRvarzea, mTeli SegnebiT myari da Seuryevelia. misi TviTmkvleloba saqebar saqmed iTvleba da RvTisTvis TviTSewirvad, Tavis msxverplad mitanas niSnavs (fana’ billah). TviTmkvleli mujahidi, rogorc RvTisTvis TavSewiruli, tanjulad, wamebulad iTvleba (shahid). tanjva jihadis umniSvnelovanes sulier aspeqts warmoadgens. aRniSnuli umniSvnelovanesi aspeqti gamomdinareobs rwmenidan, rom wamebulisTvis jihadi alahisagan dakisrebuli udidesi misiaa, rac mas aqcevs jihadisaTvis wamebul mebrZolad. (mujahid-shahid) mujahidi_Sahidi ara marto sakuTar suls icxonebs alahisaTvis TavSewirvis gziT, aramed igi aris samagaliTo da misabaZi islamis yvela mebrZolisaTvis.204 1996 – 1999 wlebSi nasra nasanis mier interviurebul iqna 250 –mde palestineli TviTmkvlelis mwvrTneli, aseve garkveuli garemoebebis gamo ar Semdgari teroristuli operaciis amsruleblebi, agreTve, gardacvlili TviTmkvleli amfeTqebelebis naTesavebi. aRniSnuli masalebis Sejamebis Semdeg nasra nasani mivida Semdeg daskvnamde: kamikaZeebis asaki meryeobda 18 –dan 38 wlamde, “arc erTi maTgani ar iyo gaunaTlebeli, Rataki, fsiqikurad ganuviTarebeli, an damcirebuli. . . erTi SexedviT, yvela maTgani sakuTari ojaxis sruliad srulfasovani wevri iyo”, amasTan “yvela maTgani iyo Rrmad religiuri” da swamdaT, rom maTi moqmedebebi “sanqcionirebuli iyo islamis mier”.205 mSoblebisa da kamikaZe Svilis urTierTdamokidebulebas aRwers hela jaberi: "me movTqvamdi mTeli Tvis ganmavlobaSi, imdenjer, ramdenjerac mas Sevxedavdi (misi vaJi muhamed farhati daiRupa rogorc kamikaZe Razas seqtorSi ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqtis dros), magram veubnebodi, rom nu miscemda Cems cremlebs imis uflebas, rom SeekavebinaT igi misi misiis Sesrulebisgan."206 203 ix. M. Kramer, The Moral Logic of Hizbollah, No. 101,Tel Aviv: The Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies of Tel Aviv University, 1987, p. 13. 204 ix. A. M. Mutahhari, Fundamentals of Islamic Thought: God, Man and the Universe, ed., H. Algac, trans., R.Campbell, Berkeley, Ca: Mizan Press, 1985, pp. 128-208. 205 ix. N. Hassan, The New Yorker, 19 November 2001, www.newyorker.com/fact/content/?011119fa_FACT1, 2004. 206 ix. H. Jaber, “Inside the World of the Palestinian Suicide Bomber,” The Sunday Times 24 March 2002, Internet: http://www.sundaytimes. co.uk/printFriendly/0,,2-524-245592,00.html, 2004. 75 marTlac, Zalian rTulia raime efeqturi RonisZiebis gatareba im adamianebis mimarT, romelTac sakuTari sicocxlis mospoba surT da Tanac amas “maRali” idealebisTvis akeTeben. aRniSnulTan dapirispireba mxolod fsiqologiuri meTodebiT, im mcdari Rirebulebebis gadafasebiT SeiZleba, rasac adamiani TviTmkvlelobamde da zogadad terorizmamde mihyavs. religia terorizmis da zogadad Zaladobis sanqcioneri ar aris da arc arasdros yofila. qristianoba ar yofila inkviziciis, jvarosnuli omebis, barTlomes Ramis da sxva movlenebis sanqcioneri. aRniSnuli kacobriobam, marTalia, ramdenime saukunis Semdeg, magram mainc gaiazra. qristianobis msgavsad arc islamia im Zaladobrivi, teroristuli aqtebis sanqcioneri, rac misi saxeliT xdeba, Tumca SeiZleba sazogadoebis is fenebi, romlebic islamiT amarTleben Zaladobas, mocemul etapze, aRniSnuls ver acnobierebdnen, anda gacnobierebis miuxedavad, sxva Sefarul, realpolitikur miznebs axorcielebdnen. 76 Tavi IV saqarTvelos terogenuri safrTxeebis analizi $1. zogadi aspeqtebi nacionaluri usafrTxoeba qveynis ganviTarebis sawindaria, Sesabamisad, aucilebelia qveynis saSinao da sagareo safrTxeebis naTlad gamokveTa. terorizmis istoria cxadyofs, rom Tavis droze sabWoTa kavSiri, xolo amJamad ruseTis federacia, iyenebs terorizmisa da separatizmis waqezebas ama Tu im regionis destabilizaciisTvis anda masze gavlenis mosapoveblad. “ra SegviZlia movimoqmedoT saxelmwifos mxridan terorizmis sponsorobis dros? pirvel yovlisa, Cven unda vaRiaroT, rom es aris agresiis erTgvari forma. agresia ki erT-erTi yvelaze mZime danaSaulia saerTaSoriso samarTlis mixedviT. . .”207 aRniSnulTan kavSirSia rusi avtoris mosazrebac: saerTaSoriso eqstremizmad ar SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli dasavleTis qveynebis mier SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gamoyeneba msoflio sazogadoebriobis da misi institutebis sanqciis gareSe (gaeros uSiSroebis komiteti) suverenuli saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg. msgavsi qmedebebi aucilebelia Sefasdes saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis Sesabamisad, upirveles yovlisa, rogorc agresia.208 postsabWour sivrceSi civi omis Semdgom ifeTqa eTno-nacionaluri xasiaTis Zaladobis axalma talRam, romelic xSirad terorizmis saxes Rebulobda. ukanasknel wlebSi terorizmi gaxda farTomasStabiani eTnikuri wmendis instrumenti balkaneTSi, kavkasiasa da centralur afrikaSi. eTno-nacionaluri jgufebis mier damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis, an farTo avtonomiebis SeqmnisTvis swrafva aris civi omis Semdgomdroindeli msoflios mTavari maxasiaTebeli.209 “zogierTi saxelmwifosTvis amboxebebi da separatizmi marTlac warmoadgens omis warmoebas gansxvavebuli saSualebebiT. . .” “saxelmwifoebi xandaxan iyeneben separatistebs, raTa daamxon arasasurveli xelisufleba.”210 aRniSnul movlenas terologebi xatovnad “mezobelTa destabilizaciasac” uwodeben. “civi omis damTavreba ar niSnavda separatistuli moZraobebisTvis saxelmwifo 207 ix. E. V. Rostow, in American Society of International Law, Proceedings of the 77th Annual Meeting, 14-16 April 1983, Washington, D.C.: l985 208 ix. А. В. Павлинов, Антигосударственный экстремизм: уголовно – правовые и криминологические аспекты. М., 2008. c. 21 209 ix.: G. E. Fuller, Redrawing the World’s Borders, World Policy Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1, Spring 1997 210 ix.: D. Byman, P. Chalk, B. Hoffman, W. Rosenau, D. Brannan. Trends in Outside Support for Insurgent Movements. RAND, 2001, p. 33. 77 mxardaWeris damTavrebas. ruseTma mxari dauWira konkretul subieqtebs, postsabWour respublikebSi, moepovebinaT avtonomia da zogierT SemTxvevaSi xelisuflebaSic ki mosuliyvnen."211 msoflioSi cnobili terologebi, piter Colqi, brus hofmani, daniel bimani da sxvebi ganixilaven ra civi omis Semdgom periodSi saxelmwifoebis mier terorizmis mxardaWeris problemas, sxva magaliTebTan erTad asaxeleben ruseTis federaciis mier saqarTveloSi afxazi da osi separatistebis mxardaWeras. aRniSnuli movlena terologebis mier Sefasebuli da ganxilulia rogorc saxelmwifoebrivad xelSewyobili terorizmi.212 "moskovi amJamad afrikis, laTinuri amerikis da azieli komunisti partizanebis mxardaWeris Semdgom amboxebulTa mxardaWeris politikas mezobel teritoriebze gavlenis mosapoveblad iyenebs."213 mogvianebiT, 2008 wels ruseTma ara mxolod xeli Seuwyo separatistebs saqarTvelos regionebSi, aramed pirdapiri monawileoba miiRo saomar moqmedebebSi da rac yvelaze savalaloa, aRiara saqarTvelos separatistuli regionebis damoukidebloba. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs TviTon rusuli midgoma sakuTari federaluri respublikebis da secesiis uflebis mimarT, rac SesaZleblobas iZleva pirdapir gaivlos paralelebi da gamoaSkaravdes erTi da imave sakiTxisadmi dualisturi midgoma. $2. secesiis ufleba anu ormagi standartebi sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali aRiarebs kolonializmis msxverpli xalxebis da aneqsirebuli teritoriebis Tavisuflebis uflebas, magram es ufleba ar vrceldeba aRniSnuli teritoriebis nawilze da saerTaSoriso normebis mixedviT aRiarebul saxelmwifoebSi mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobebze.214 saqarTveloSi l. meliqiSvilis redaqtorobiT gamocemul naSromSi “konfliqtebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi” moyvanilia amonaridi d. hamburgis “eTnocentruli Zaladobidan”: “msoflioSi daaxloebiT 3500 eTnikuri jgufi da 180 erovnuli qveyanaa. SeuZlia Tu ara TiToeul maTgans hqondes Tavisi monoeTnikuri saxelmwifo? Tu am problemas sazRvrebis SecvliTa da migraciiT SevecdebiT, maSin mogvixdeba: a) 1000-ze meti axali erovnebis Seqmna; b) daaxlo211 D. Byman ix.: dasax. naSromi, gv. 32. D. Byman ix.: dasax. naSromi, gv. 13. 213 D. Byman ix.: dasax. naSromi, gv. 103. 214 ix. Y. Chipman. Managing the Politics of Politics of Parochialism//Survival.London.Vol.35.Spring 1993. №1. p. 149. 212 78 ebiT erTi miliardi adamianis migracia; g) Zaladobis da siZulvilis eskalacia arnaxul dones miaRwevs, rac niSnavs adamianTa uflebebis xelyofasa da imas, rom saxelmwifoebSi SesaZloa ifeTqos Ria konfliqtebma”.215 Tanamedrove epoqaSi gaumarTlebelia msjeloba erebis “TviTgamorkvevis”, “damonebis winaaRmdeg da TavisuflebisTvis brZolis” uflebaze. rogorc aRniSnavs p. panCenko, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam jer kidev 1975 wels aRiara arsebuli sazRvrebis urRvevoba, aqedan gamomdinare, dauSvebelia kvlav davubrundeT wina saukuneebis ideebs da movuwodoT erebs “TavisuflebisTvis brZolisken”. amasTan ruseTis federaciis 1993 wlis konstituciaSi ar arsebobs daTqma erebis TviTgamorkvevis uflebis Sesaxeb.”216 mravalerovnuli saxelmwifoebis xelisufalni yvela saSualebiT icaven sakuTari qveynebis teritoriul mTlianobas. gamonaklisis gareSe yvela afrikul, aziur da aRmosavluri saxelmwifoebis kanonmdeblobaSi separatistuli saqmianoba kanoniTaa dasjadi. garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi zogierT qveyanaSi saqmianobdnen legaluri separatistuli partiebi: dravida munetra kajaCali iRwvoda indoeTis oTxi samxreTi Statis gamoyofisa da e.w. “dravidanadis socialisturi saxelmwifos” SeqmnisTvis; Tamilis gamaTavisuflebeli gaerTianebuli fronti Sri-lankaSi cdilobda Seeqmna damoukidebeli Tamilis saxelmwifo kunZulis CrdiloeTSi. am qveynebis konstituciebSic, Sesabamisad, 1963 da 1983 wlebSi Sevida cvlilebebi, riTac aikrZala separatistuli saqmianoba. mesame msoflios qveynebSi separatizmi warmodgenilia ara legaluri politikuri partiebiT, aramed organizaciebiT, romlebic SeiaraRebuli formirebebis meSveobiT ibrZvian centraluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. xSirad aseTi brZola iRebs farTo masStabebs da atarebs gaWianurebul xasiaTs.217 1993 wlis ruseTis federaciis konstituciis me-4 muxlis mesame nawilis mixedviT, “ruseTis federacia uzrunvelyofs sakuTari teritoriis xelSeuxeblobas da mTlianobas”. rusi konstitucionalistebi mocemul normas ruseTis federaciis Sida suverenitetis sazrisad miCneven, romelic, Tavis mxriv, gamoxatulebas poulobs: im sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis Seqmnisa da saqmianobis akrZalvaSi, romlTa mizansac warmoadgens ruseTis federaciis mTlianobis darRveva; ruseTis federaciidan subieqtis gamosvlis dauSvebloba.218 aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, ruseTis federaciam mi215 ix. konfliqtebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi. red.: meliqiSvili, Tbilisi, 1997, gv. 40. 216 ix. А. В. Павлинов, Антигосударственный экстремизм: уголовно – правовые и криминологические аспекты. М., 2008, c. 47. 217 ix. А. В. Павлинов, Антигосударственный экстремизм: уголовно – правовые и криминологические аспекты. М., 2008, c. 83 218 ix. Научно-практический комментарий к Конститусции Российской федерации/Отв. ред. В.В. Лазарев. М., 2001, c.40. 79 iRo “eqstremistuli saqmianobis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb” kanoni, romelSic da, agreTve, ruseTis federaciis samoqmedo programaSi aRiniSna, rom “mravalerovani ruseTisTvis eqstremizmis sxvadasxva formebis profilaqtika gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria... eqstremizmi reliefurad aisaxa CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi fanatizmis, fundamentalizmis, faSizmis, qsenofobiis saxiT. aRniSnuli movlenebi TavianT ukidures formebSi, terorizmSi pouloben gamoxatulebas, rac sazogadoebaSi destruqciul procesebs aZlierebs”.219 “eqstremistuli saqmianobis aRkveTis” da “terorizmTan brZolis” ruseTis kompleqsuri federaluri kanonebis Seswavlam daadastura eqstremizmis da terorizmis kompleqsuri social-samaraTlebrivi xasiaTi da ruseTis saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mxridan aRniSnul problemasTan yvela SesaZlo saSualebebiT brZolis aucilebloba.220 zemoaRniSnuli msjelobidan naTlad Cans, rom rogorc ruseTis federaciis kononmdeblobaSi, aseve doqtrinaSi gamefebuli mosazrebiT, ruseTis federaciidan federaluri subieqtis gamoyofis nebismieri moTxovna aRiqmeba rogorc eqstremizmi da aRniSnul movlenasTan ibrZvian “yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT”. umaRlesi xelisufleba, romelsac ruseTis federacia axorcielebs Tavis teritoriaze, gulisxmobs, rom erTi da imave teritoriaze SeiZleba arsebobdes mxolod erTi suverenuli saxelmwifo, erTi da imave teritoriaze ori an meti saxelmwifos arseboba principulad SeuZlebelia. ruseTis federaciis subieqtebis samarTlebrivi statusis mniSvnelovan aspeqts warmoadgens is, rom TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgens erTi mTliani federaluri saxelmwifos Semadgenel nawils.221 im dros, rodesac ruseTis federaciis SigniT “yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT” ewinaaRmdegebian da ebrZvian erTiani federaciidan misi subieqtis gasvlas, mezobel saqarTveloSi aseve “yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT” xels uwyoben teritoriul daqucmaceba-dasustebas. aRniSnuli politika, rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, terologiaSi cnobilia “mezobelTa destabilizaciiT” da aaSkaravebs ruseTis oficialuri wreebis mxridan erTi da imave sakiTxis mimarT dualistur midgomas. amJamad ruseTis federaciis sakonstitucio sasamarTlo aRar iziarebs adreul pozicias, rodesac federaciis subieqtebi saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnebad aRiqmebodnen, romelTac saxelmwifoeriobis sxva niSnebTan erTad suverenitetis maRali xarisxi gaaC- 219 ix. А. В. Павлинов, Антигосударственный экстремизм: уголовно – правовые и криминологические аспекты. М., 2008, c.21 220 ix. iqve. 221 ix. Закономерности преступности, стратегия борьбы и закон/ Под ред. проф. А.И. Долговой. М., 2001, cc.192-198. 80 ndaT.222 ruseTis sakonstitucio sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad cno garkveuli normatiuli aqtebi, ris Sedegadac federalur respublikebs damoukidebeli moqmedebis areali mkveTrad SeumcirdaT da isini absoliturad damokidebulni gaxdnen federalur xelisuflebaze. „ruseTis federaciis konstituciaSi suverenitetis sakiTxis gadawyveta ganapirobebs federaluri mowyobis xasiaTs. aRniSnuli istoriulad gadawyvetilia imgvarad, rom ruseTis federaciis subieqtebs ar gaaCniaT suvereniteti, suverenitetis matarebeli mxolod erTiani ruseTis federaciaa. ruseTis konstituciis preambulis da me-3, me-4, me-5, me-15 (I nawili), 65-e (I nawili), 66-e da 67-e muxlebis Sesabamisad, federaciis subieqt respublikebs ar gaaCniaT suvereniteti da aRniSnuli sakiTxis sxvagvarad gadawyveta TavianT konstituciebSi maT ar SeuZliaT, Sesabamisad ar SeuZliaT miiniWon suverenuli saxelmwifos Tvisebebi-SezRuduli suverenitetis Sesabamisi daTqmis pirobebSic.“223 maSin rodesac, ruseTis federaciis subieqtebi moklebulni arian SesaZleblobas „miiniWon suverenuli saxelmwifos Tvisebebi –SezRuduli suverenitetis Sesabamisi daTqmis pirobebSic“ ki, xolo federaciidan gamoyofis msurveli Zalebi pirdapir icnobian eqstremistebad da teroristebad (CeCneTi, inguSeTi, yabardo – balyareTi da sxv.) ruseTi mxars uWers separatistul reJimebs saqarTveloSi da ufro metic, 2008 wels aRiarebs e.w. afxazeTis da samxreT oseTis respublikebis damoukideblobas. Tuki CeCneTSi, yabardo – balyareTSi da sxva Crdilo kavkasiur qveynebSi ruseTis federaciidan gamoyofis surviliT warmoebuli moZraobebi ruseTis federaluri Zalebis mier Sefasda eqstremizmad da terorizmad (stavropolis samxareo sasamarTlos 2002 wlis 11 ivlisis ganaCeni), ratom fasdeba msgavsi moZraobebi saqarTvloSi separatistul regionebSi erovnul gamanTavisufleblad?! ruseTis federaciis mxridan aSkaraa dualisturi midgoma Sinaarsobrivad erTi da imave sakiTxis mimarT, e.i. ormagi standarti. saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli agresia da separatistuli moZraobebis daxmareba-waqezeba SesaZlebelia ruseTis federaciis mxridan ganxorcieldes saqarTvelos sxva polieTnikur regionebSic, amasTan brZolis Ria meTodebze ufro metad savaraudoa iatakqveSa, ZirgamomTxreli meTodebi, romelTa Soris pirvel rigSi terorizmi da sabotaJia. 222 ix. ruseTis federaciis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2000 wlis 6 ivnisis gadawyvetileba. 223 ix. В. Д. Зорькин. Об угрозах конституционному строю в XXI веке и необходимости проведения правовой реформы в России// Журнал Российского права. 2004, Июнь, №6, cc. 3-17. 81 $3. eTno-separatistuli safrTxeebi saqarTveloSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, eTnikur umciresobebs hqondaT da aqvT sakuTari TviTSegneba, TviTdasaxeleba, ena, religia da tradiciuli kultura, rac maT saukuneebis manZilze saqarTvelos teritoriaze cxovrebis periodSi SeinarCunes. anu maTi mdgomareoba adrec da amJamadac faqtobriv kulturul avtonomias warmoadgens. “xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba kulturul-erovnuli avtonomiis mopovebis mizniT swored imitom aris mimzidveli, rom is xalxi, romelic am gzas irCevs, EerTdroulad or kurdRels iWers. erTi mxriv, maT mier SerCeuli struqtura (samarTlebriv saxelmwifosa da moqalaqeobriv sazogadoebaSi) uzrunvelyofs am xalxis sulieri da materialuri kulturis ganviTarebas, xolo meore mxriv – saSualebas aZlevs mas materialurad da ekonomikurad ar gamoeTiSos im garemos, an rogorc axla amboben, sivrces, romelSic igi cxovrobs... kulturul-erovnuli avtonomia, rogorc gafantulad mcxovrebi mcire xalxebis (erovnul umciresobaTa) eTnikuri konsolidaciis, maTi kulturisa da mopovebul RirebulebaTa dacvis optimaluri forma aqtualuria awmyoSi da amave dros, momavalSic. ra Tqma unda, kulturul-erovnuli avtonomia, rogorc erovnuli sakiTxis gadawyvetis garkveuli forma, ar aris panacea mcire xalxebisaTvis.” 224 saqarTvelo, sxva qveynebis msgavsad, mravalerovani saxelmwifoa. mis teritoriaze, saukuneebis manZilze, Tavs iyrida sxvadasxva mizeziT gadmosaxlebuli araqarTveli mosaxleoba. 1989 wlis mosaxleobis aRweriT, aq cxovrobda ramdenime aTeuli erovnebis warmomadgeneli, maT Soris aTamde-kompaqturad dasaxlebuli, romlebmac dominanturi eTnosis teritoriaze Seqmnes “eTnoumciresobaTa mikrokunZulebi” (termini pirobiTia). aqedan ramdenime maTgani saqarTvelos respublikis sasazRvro zolSia moqceuli, Tavisive erovnebis xalxiT dasaxlebul saxelmwifoebis mezoblad. magaliTad: javaxeTSi - somxebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria esazRvreba somxeTs; qvemo qarTlSi mcxovrebi azerbaijanelebi - azerbaijans; Sida qarTlis osebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria - alaniis (oseTi) respublikas; pankiseli qistebi (vainaxeli) – CeCneTis respublika iCqerias; xunZebi - daRestns. aseT ”kunZulebs” pirobiTad pirveli inoeTnikuri tipi vuwodeT. zogierTi araqarTuli erovnebis jgufi ki daSorebulia Tavis eTnoss, radgan maTi istoriuli samSoblo uSualod ar esazRvreba saqarTvelos da am jgufebis warmomadgenlebi kompaqturad da dispersiulad saxloben respublikis Sida regionebSi, eseni arian berZnebi, asirielebi, qurTebi da sxv. maT pirobiTad vuwodeT meore inoeTnikuri tipi. arcerT am tips 224 М. В. Иордан. Национальная политика в Российской федерации // 1993 год малочисленных народов и этнических групп .М., 1993, с. 163. citirebulia: konfliqtebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi. red.:meliqiSvili Tbilisi, 1997 weli. gv. 39 mixedviT. 82 ar miekuTvneba afxazeTi, Tumca misi sasazRvro mdebareoba separatistuli pretenziebis erT-erTi xelSemwyobi faqtoria. amasTanave, radganac isini politikur orientacias iReben ara monaTesave eTnosze, aramed ruseTze, amitom igi ufro Sualedur tips warmoadgens.225 sasazRvro regionSi kompaqturad dasaxlebuli eTnikuri umciresoba “riskis faqtors miekuTvneba. mecnierebaSi cnobilia aseTi dapirispirebis ramdenime saxe. magaliTad, amerikeli profesori Ddonald horovici gamoyofs amgvari movlenis or saxes. esaa “separatizmi da iredentizmi.”226 separatizms is gansazRvravs, rogorc “jgufisa da mis mier dakavebuli teritoriis im saxelmwifos iurisdiqciidan gamosvlas, romlis Semadgeneli nawilic aris es jgufi, xolo iredentizmi aris eTnikurad monaTesave mosaxleobisa d misi sasazRvro teritoriis gaerTianeba da SeerTeba im monaTesave saxelmwifosTan, romelic mzad aris, igi SeierTos. separatistuli gziT iurisdiqciidan gamosvlas, Cveulebriv, mohyveba axali saxelmwifos Seqmna, xolo iredentizmis Sedegi aris garkveuli teritoriis mierTeba-aneqsia im mezobel saxelmwifos mier, romelic mzad aris SeierTos esa Tu is jgufi. magram es ar-aris ubralo aneqsia; amgvar aneqsias safuZvlad eTnikuri naTesaoba uZevs.”227 saqarTveloSi araqarTuli mosaxleobiT kompaqturad dasaxlebuli eqvsi sasazRvro regionia: afxazeTi, Sida qarTlis Crdilo nawili (e.w. samxreT oseTi) qvemo qarTli, javaxeTi, pankisis xeoba da yvarlis raioni. am eqvsi regionidan potenciurad SeiZleba yvelgan gaRvivebuliyo konfliqti. realurad ki didi riskis matarebeli mxolod oTxia, xolo danrCen orSi Ria konfliqti mosalodneli ar aris, Tumca yofiTi da socialuri sakiTxebi iwvevs konfliqtur situacias, romelic, SesaZloa xSirad eTnikuri konfliqtis samoselSi gaxveuli mogvevlinos. oTxidan or regionSi (afxazeTi da samxreT oseTi) Camoyalibda Ria konfliqti, xolo orSi – qvemo qarTlSi – azerbaijanelebma da javaxeTSi – somxebma – saqarTveloSi gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis dasawyisidanve wamoWres am regionebis saqarTvelodan gasvlis da mezobel respublikebTan SeerTebis sakiTxi. mexuTe da meeqvse regioni (yvarlis raionSi xunZebi da pankisis xeobaSi qistebi) ar aris Ria konfliqtis riskis matarebeli.228 225 ix.: konfliqtebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi~. red.:meliqiSvili Tbilisi, 1997, gv. 43-44. 226 ix. Д. Горовиц., Ирредентизм, сепаратизм и самоопределение // Национальная политика в Российской федерации.М., 1993, с. 145. 227 ix. Д. Горовиц., dasax. naSr., 147. 228 ix. konfliqtebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi. red.: meliqiSvili Tbilisi, 1997, gv. 46 83 $4. Crdilo kavkasiuri safrTxeebi saqarTvelosTvis Sida separatistuli ganwyobebis garda safrTxis Semcvelia radikal-islamistebis gaaqtiureba CriloeT kavkasiaSi. Tanamedrove periodSi eTnonacionalizmi, romelic iyo antisaxelmwifoebrivi eqstremizmis ideur – politikuri safuZveli CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, Canacvlda islamuri “internacionalizmiT”. amasTan, ideur-politikuri centri CeCneTidan gadanacvlda daRestanSi, inguSeTSi da ruseTis federaciis sxva respublikebSi. saxelmwifo uSiSroebis winaaRmdeg mimarTulma safrTxem xasiaTi Seicvala. antisaxelmwifoebrivma separatistulma eqstremizmma adgili dauTmo islamur eqstremizms, romelic gacilebiT ufro Seesabameba axlo aRmosavleTis da CrdiloeT afrikis teroristul standartebs.229 2005 wlis ruseTis federaciis prezidentis samxreT federaluri warmomadgenlis moxsenebaSi miTiTebulia, rom daRestanSi mosalodnelia “movlenaTa ukontrolo ganviTareba TviT respublikis daSlac ki”. ukanaskneli oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi respublikidan wavida oci aTasze meti rusi erovnebis moqalaqe, xolo sxva nacionaluri jgufebis mimarT arsebobs sxvadasxva intensivobis konfliqtebi. ukanasknel wlebSi Zalas ikrebs islamis politizacia, religiuri sazogadoebebi aqtiurad monawileoben saxelmwifos centraluri da adgilobrivi organoebis arCevnebSi. religiuri avtoritetebi TandaTanobiT mometebul gavlenas axdenen qveynis mTiani raionebis municipalitetebze. religiuri sazogadoebebis gavlenis gazrdam daaxloebiT 10-15 wlis Semdeg SeiZleba gamoiwvios “SariaTuli anklavebis” Camoyalibeba respublikis mTian regionebSi. daskvnaSi miTiTebulia, agreTve, rom “eTnopolitikuri problemebis naTlad gamokveTili koncentracia” provocirebas gauwevs eqstremistul Zalebs imisTvis rom Seqmnan defaqto kvazisaxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi daRestnis CrdiloeTSi, samxreTSi da centralur nawilSi, “rac, Tavis mxriv, respublikas daSlas gamoiwvevs”.230 prezident muxu alievis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis etapisTvis respublikis CrdiloeTi nawili praqtikulad ar eqvemdebareboda centralur xelisuflebas, garkveuli xarvezebi iyo respublikis samxreTSic, “mebrZol jamaaTebTan” dakavSirebuli problemebi qveynis mTian regionebSi da ruseTis federaciidan gamoyofis safrTxe.231 229 ix. И.П. Добаев, Г.А. Мурклинская, А.В. Сухов, К.М. Ханбабаев. Радикализация исламских движений в центральной Азии и на Северном Кавказе: Сравнительно-политологическии анализ Ростов-на-дону, 2010. c. 99-128. 230 ix. Аппарат Козака предсказывает развал Дагестана//Объединенная газета. 2005, .№17, c.2. 231 ix. М. Могамедов. Президенты в сравнении//Черновик. Общественно-политический еженедельник.2006, .№20. c. 5. 84 Crdilo kavkasiaSi mimdinare movlenebis samarTlebrivi da faqtobrivi SefasebisTvis saintereso wyaros warmoadgens stavropolis samxareo sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni xutovis, tlisovis, aibazovis, auSevis, keCerukovis da sxvaTa mimarT rf. ssk 278-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis CadenisTvis (saxelmwifo xelisuflebis ZaladobiT xelSi Cagdeba anda ZaladobiT misi SenarCuneba). sasamarTlo ganxilvisas dadginda, rom 1996-1999 wlebSi CeCneTis respublikis mcxovrebma S. basaevma da daRestnis respublikis mcxovrebma b. mogamedovma iordaniis moqalaqe hatabTan, yaraCai-CerqezeTis moqalaqe r. borlakovTan, a. goCiaevTan, yabardo-balyareTis respublikis moqalaqe e. bekaevTan erTad CeCneTis TviTgamocxadebuli respublika iCqeriaSi, yabardo – balyareTSi da yaraCai-CerqezeTSi Seqmnes danaSaulebrivi organiacia, romelic Sedgeboda eqstremistuli samxedro-religiuri e.w. “jamaaTebis” dajgufebebisgan. “jamaaTebi” momzadebas gadiodnen specialur mosamzadebel banakebSi, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia CeCneTis teritoriaze arsebuli “kavkasia”, “Talibani”, “muTafad – jiraTi”. “jamaaTebi”, swavlobdnen iaraRis da asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis gamoyenebas, sabrZolo qmedebebis warmoebis taqtikas, gadiodnen ideologiur momzadebas, romelic dafuZnebuli iyo islamis “vahabistur” mimdinareobaze. danaSaulebrivi organizaciis mTavar mizans warmoadgenda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi xelisuflebis ZaladobiT xelSi Cagdeba da konstituciuri wyobilebis Secvla, xolo SemdgomSi ruseTis federaciidan gamoyofa da islamuri saxelmwifos Seqmna.232 yaraCai-CerqezeTis TiTqmis yvela dasaxlebul punqtSi Seiqmna samxedro-religiuri organizacia “jamaaTebis” ofisebi, romelTa wevrebic regularulad igzavnebodnen CeCneTis respublikaSi samxedro momzadebis gasavlelad. 2000 – 2001 wlebSi “jamaaTebis” samxedro-religiuri dajgufebebi Seiqmna qalaq nalCikSi da yabardo-balyareTis respublikis Cegemis raionSi. maT mizans Seadgenda yabardo-balyareTis respublikaSi xelisuflebis ZaladobiT xelSi Cagdeba. qmedebaTa ukeTesi koordinaciisTvis aRniSnul respublikaSi moqmedi “jamaaTebi” gaerTiandnen danaSaulebriv organizaciaSi, romelSic TiToeuli wevris funqciuri movaleobebi mkveTrad iyo gamokveTili. danaSaulebriv organizacias, romelSic 2000 – 2001 wlebSi gaerTienebuli iyo daaxloebiT samasamde piri, samxedro xelmZRvanelobas (amiri) uwevda a. bekaevi. 2000-2001 wlebSi yabardo – balyareTisa da yaraCai – CerqezeTis “jamaaTebi” warmoadgendnen ra ukanono SeiraRebul formirebebs, gaerTiandnen erTian danaSaulebriv organizaciaSi. 232 ix. Приговор Ставрополского краевого суда от 11 июля 2002г. Дело № 2-28/2002 85 sasamarTlom daadgina, rom “jamaaTebis” danaSaulebriv organizaciaSi regularulad tardeboda Sekrebebi, romlebzec muSavdeboda SeiaraRebuli brZolis gegmebi xelisuflebis ZaladobiT Sesacvlelad. dagegmili iqna CeCneTis gverdiT, yaraCai – CerqezeTSi da yabardo – balyareTSi gaxsniliyo frontis meore xazi ruseTis federaciis xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. aRniSnuli gegmis nawils warmoadgenda saqarTvelos respublikaSi, pankisis xeobaSi dabanakebuli ruslan gelaevis meTaurobis qveS myofi ukanono SeiaraRebuli formirebis (romelTanac “jamaaTebs” hqondaT mWidro kavSiri) SeWra yabardo-balyareTis respublikaSi da saomari moqmedebebis gaCaReba. danaSaulebrivi organizacia funqciurad sam jgufad iqna gayofili: pirvel jgufs unda ewarmoebina saomari operaciebi da ganexorcielebina diversiuli aqtebi yabardo – balyareTis respublikis teritoriaze. meore jgufis mizans ruseTis federaciis teritoriaze teroristuli aqtebis mowyoba Seadgenda. mesame jgufis funqciaSi Sedioda ukanono SeiaraRebuli formirebis wevrTa ojaxebis gayvana ruseTis federaciis farglebs gareT. zemoaRniSnuli miznebis misaRwevad, rogorc araerTxel dadginda sasamarTlo ganxilvis Sedegad, “jamaaTebis” erTma nawilma, daRestanSi bagautdinis, xolo CeCneTSi hatabis meTaurobiT, meore nawilma ki yaraCai-CerqezeTis da yabardo-balyareTis teritoriaze arsebul specialur banakebSi da konspirirebul binebSi gaiara Sesabamisi sabrZolo momzadeba. ideologiur da samxedro momzadebasTan erTad ukanono SeiaraRebuli formirebis wevrebi iZendnen iaraRs, kavSiris saSualebebs da a.S. zemoaRniSnuli qmedebebis motivacias warmoadgenda islamuri saxelmwifos Seqmna da SeiaraRebuli brZolis meSveobiT CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ruseTis federaciis konstituciuri wyobis ZaladobiT Secvla.233 Crdilo kavkasiuri islamoterorizmis safrTxeebi saqarTvelosTvis naTlad Cans saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros mier 2002 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaweuli muSaobis angariSidan, sadac vkiTxulobT: 1999 wels, ruseTis xelisufleba saqarTvelos xelisuflebisagan lamis moiTxovs saqarTvelos teritoriis gamoyenebiT zurgidan moeqces CeCneTSi myof CeCenTa SeiaraRebul formirebebs, rac realurad saqarTvelos am konfliqtSi CarTvas niSnavda.rom saqarTvelos prezidentis erTaderT swor gadawyvetilebas pasuxad CeCneTis meore omis talRaze saqarTvelosaken gamoZevebuli 7 aTasamde ltolvili da ramdenime aseuli SeiaraRebuli boeviki mohyva. eqstremalurma situaciam, humanurobam da pankisis mosaxleobis ix.: Приговор Ставрополского краевого суда от 11 июля 2002г. Дело № 2-28/2002 moyvanilia: А. Зюков, Генезис уголовной этнополитики российского государства в период Х233 ХХI вв, Владимир, 2008. c. 211, mixedviT. 86 CeCnebTan eTnikurma naTesaobam ganapiroba gayinul gaToSili qalebis, bavSvebisa da moxucebis am xeobaSi gadayvana. samwuxarod, maRalmTiani bilikebiT iq gadavidnen SeiaraRebuli formirebebic, romlebTan erTad xeobaSi moxvdnen saerTaSoriso teroristul organizaciebTan dakavSirebuli arabTa jgufebic. aRniSnuli regioni gadaiqca ukanono SeiaraRebuli formirebebis, sxvadasxva juris kriminalebis TavSesafrad. ufro metic, xeobaSi aqtiurad moqmedebdnen ucxo specsamsaxurebisa da saerTaSoriso teroristuli organizaciebis emisrebi, romlebic wminda sadazvervo informaciis mopovebis garda cdilobdnen adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi islamis ukiduresad reaqciuli mimdinareobis – vahabizmis gavrcelebas. Cveni arakeTilmosurneebis da pirvel rigSi ruseTis reaqciuli samxedro-politikuri wreebis ZalisxmeviT, pankisis problemam saerTaSoriso uaryofiTi rezonansi SeiZina. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli problemis warmoSoba, rogorc aRvniSneT uSualod ukavSirdeba ruseTis federaciis mosazRvre teritoriaze mimdinare SeiaraRebul konfliqts, xsenebulma wreebma gaSales farTo propagandistuli kampania saqarTvelos xelisuflebis teroristebis mfarvelobaSi dadanaSaulebis mizniT. aRniSnuli antiqarTuli isteria viTardeboda ruseTis am Zalebis mxridan permanentulad ganxorcielebadi samxedro-politikuri provokaciebis anu, gasagebad Tu vityviT, pirdapiri sahaero dabombvebis fonze. rogorc aRiniSna, CeCeni boevikebis Semosvla saqarTvelos teritoriaze ZiriTadad xorcieldeboda isev da isev ruseTidan, romlis sasazRvro uwyebas saqarTvelos analogiur struqturasTan SedarebiT ufro farTo SesaZleblobebi gaaCnda sakuTari movaleobis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT. aseT pirobebSi, saqarTvelos xelisuflebam gadadga metad swori da logikuri nabiji, rodesac ar misca ruseTis mxares pankisis xeobaSi antiteroristuli operaciis Catarebis ufleba. aRniSnulis Sedegad Cveni qveyana miiRebda eTnikuri daZabulobis kidev erT keras, rac kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenebda qveynis damoukideblobas, zogadad Cvens saxelmwifoebriobas. CeCnuri SeiaraRebuli formirebebis Camoyalibeba pankisis xeobaSi daiwyo 1999 wlis bolos. Camoyalibda pirveli mcire razmi ltolvilTa nakadisagan. 2000 wlidan iwyeba ufro msxvili formirebebis Seqmna, romlebsac saTaveSi udgebian savele meTaurebi: ruslan gelaevi, abdul-maliq (idrisi) mejidovi, kiuri xasanovi (doka umarovi), xusein isabaevi (salman macievi), isa munaevi. amave periodidan xeobaSi SemohyavT mebrZolebi aziidan da axlo aRmosavleTis islamuri qveynebidan, maT Soris 50-mde mebrZoli arabi erovnebis. imave periodSi xeobaSi dafiqsirebulia saerTaSoriso teroristuli organizaciebis emisrebis vizitebi, romelTa saqmianobis mizans warmoadgenda iaraRis, teqnikuri saSualebebis da fuladi Tanxebis gadagzavna CeCneTSi, saqarTvelos teritoriis 87 gavliT. igive pirebi finansuri resursebis gamoyenebiT xels uwyobdnen da propagandas uwevdnen vahabizmis da radikalur-islamisturi msoflmxedvelobis gavrcelebas pankisis xeobis mosaxleobaSi. sxvadasxva dros am saqmianobiT dakavebulni iyvnen: iordaniis moqalaqe abu xafsi, igive amJeti; alJiris moqalaqe – abu garibi (abu xafsis moadgile); saudis arabeTis moqalaqe – abu hasani; iordaniis moqalaqe – jaber Seixjani, igive jaberi; saudis arabeTis moqalaqe – abu leiSi; ibn al Seixi, abu omari, abu onabia, luqmani da sxvebi. paralelurad aRniSnuli formirebebisa xeobaSi moqmedebdnen kriminaluri dajgufebebi, romelTa xelmZRvanelebi asrulebdnen mniSvnelovan rols CeCnuri SeiaraRebuli formirebebis adaptaciaSi adgilobriv pirobebTan. aseT ricxvs ganekuTvnebian: farnaoz xangoSvilis, mevlud (SoTa) qiCiris–Ze WiWiaSvilis, zaurbek (xamzaT) iumaxas-Ze fareuliZis da vefxia CofanaSvilis kriminaluri dajgufebebi, agreTve, erovnebiT CeCnebis, Zmebi axmadovebis kriminaluri formireba.234 CeCenTa zemoxsenebul razmebs gaaCndaT kargi SeiaraReba, maTi mebrZolebi gamoirCeodnen maRali sabrZolo momzadebiT, romelic gaiares CeCneTSi arsebul sxvadasxva sawvrTnel bazebze. pankisis xeobaSi yofnis periodSi CeCenma boevikebma SeinarCunes kavSirebi iaraRis momwodeblebTan ruseTis teritoriaze. saqarTvelos Zalovani struqturebis mier araerTxel iqna Tavidan acilebuli iaraRis da sabrZolo masalebis Setanis faqtebi pankisis xeobaSi afxazeTidan da samxreT oseTidan. sagulisxmoa, rom am regionebidan saqarTvelos teritoriaze ukanonod gadaadgilebuli iaraRis partiebSi gamovlenilia iseTi nimuSebi, romlebic SeiaraRebaSi gaaCnia mxolod ruseTis armias (kompleqsebi - `Smeli~, `igla~ da a.S.). garda amisa, adgilobrivi vahabitebis xelSewyobiT bawaras xeobis soflebis – tbaTanas, xadoris da xorejos midamoebSi organizebuli iyo boevikTa saSualedo bazebi, sadac koncentrirebuli iyo didi odenobiT iaraRi da sabrZolo masalა, mSrali sakvebi produqtebi. SeZenili iyo cxenebi cocxali Zalisa da tvirTebis CeCneTSi gadayvanis mizniT. aRniSnul bazebze myofi boevikebis raodenoba, sxvadasxva dros meryeobda 300-dan 800 kacamde.235 bunebrivia, rom saqarTvelos xelisufleba, romelsac yovelTvis gaaCnda terorizmTan brZolis politikuri neba da, romelic aqtiurad Caeba saerTaSoriso antiteroristuli koaliciis saqmianobaSi, ver dauSvebda qveynis teritoriaze terorizmisa da vahabizmis kerebis Camoyalibebas. swored aRniSnulma garemoebebma ganapiro- 234 ix. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros mier 2002 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaweuli muSaobis angariSi. www.sus.ge, 2002. 235 ix. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros mier 2002 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaweuli muSaobis angariSi. www.sus.ge, 2002. 88 bes pankisis xeobaSi antiteroristuli da antikriminaluri farTomasStabiani RonisZiebebis Catareba... 2002 wlis zafxulamde xeobaSi moqmedebda hatabisa da “al-qaidas” axlo kavSiri abu hafsi, igive amJeti iordaniis saxelmwifos moqalaqe, erovnebiT arabi (iZebneba aSS-s xelisuflebis mier 11 seqtembris movlenebTan dakavSirebiT). amJeti akontrolebda sof. duisSi CeCeni mebrZolebisaTvis gaxsnil hospital `assalams~. mSeneblobis dafinanseba, arsebuli informaciiT, uSualod xdeboda usama ben ladenisagan, romlis pativsacemadac ewoda misi saxeli. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom arabul qveynebSi moqmedi organizaciebis: `assalami~-s, `alxarameini~-s da `msoflio islamuri axalgazrduli asamblei~-s wevrebi xSirad Camodiodnen pankisis xeobaSi da afinansebdnen xeobis axalgazrdebis gamgzavrebas saudis arabeTis islamis universitetSi swavlis mizniT.236 “operatiuli iZulebis RonisZiebaTa Sedegad SeiaraRebuli pirebi gaeridnen Cvens SeiaraRebul ZalebTan Setakebas da samTo gadasasvlelebiT, romlebic 150-mdea, seqtembris TveSi datoves saqarTvelo da gadavidnen ruseTSi inguSeT-CeCneTis teritoriaze. Tu Tavis droze rusma mesazRvreebma saqarTveloze mimarTuli koridori gauxsnes boevikebs, miuxedavad garegnuli mondomebisa, amjeradac, ukve maTTvisve sazianod, ver SesZles am Zalebis neitralizeba-Sekaveba, Tumca iyvnen sakmarisad informirebulni. yovelive ganxorcielda saqarTvelos prezidentis xelmZRvanelobiT Seqmnili saxelmwifo uSiSroebis, Sinagan saqmeTa da Tavdacvis saministroebis, agreTve, sxva Sesabamisi uwyebebis erToblivi gegmis safuZvelze da Tavidan iqna acilebuli saomari moqmedebebis saqarTveloSi gadmotana.”237 236 ix. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros mier 2002 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaweuli muSaobis angariSi. www.sus.ge, 2002. 237 ix. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros mier 2002 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaweuli muSaobis angariSi. www.sus.ge, 2002. 89 problemis saboloo analizi saqarTvelos terogenuri safrTxeebi SesaZlebelia davyoT or jgufad: 1. regionaluri mniSvnelobis, Sida separatistuli safrTxeebi, romlebic xelSewyobilia ruseTis federaluri Zalebis mxridan da SesaZlebelia gadaizardos teroristuli meTodebiT warmoebul brZolaSi. ruseTis federaciam aRiara afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis respublikebis damoukidebloba, romelTa separatistul moTxovnebs sabWoTa kavSiris rRvevis Semdeg aqtiurad (marTalia, Tavdapirvelad SefarviT) uWerda mxars. aRniSnuli qmedebiT ruseTis federaciam ganaxorciela e.w. “mezobelTa destabilizacia”. separatistuli moZraobebis mxardaWera – waqezeba gamoricxuli ar aris, agreTve, saqarTvelos sxva polieTnikur zonebSic. 2. globaluri mniSvnelobisaa Tanamedrove islamoterorizmis safrTxe, romelic saqarTvelosTan SemxeblobaSia iqidan gamomdinare, rom axali msoflio musulmanuri wesrigis idea, islamuri saxelmwifoebis SeqmniT, rogorc zemoT iyo ganxiluli, iranis islamuri respublikidan iRebs saTaves da aiaTola homeinis politikur Sexedulebebzea damyarebuli. irani islamuri revoluciebis eqsports eweoda rogorc homeinis, agreTve, misi mimdevrebis periodSi. Crdilo kavkasia, romlis mosaxleobis didi nawili musulmanuri aRmsareblobisaa, bolo periodSi moeqca saerTaSoriso radikaluri islamisturi organizaciebis interesebis sferoSi. zogierT maTganSi (magaliTad, CeCneTi, iCqeria) defaqto ukve arseboben islamur sawyisebze warmoqmnili saxelmwifoebrivi elementebi. Crdilo kavkasiis islamoterorizmis dafinansebas ewevian ara mxolod al-qaida, hamasi, iranis islamuri respublika da a.S. aramed radikalurad ganwyobili “erTmorwmune” moqalaqeebi da iuridiuli pirebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTis federaciis samxreT regionebSi arsebuli islamoterorizmis safrTxe TavisTavad exeba saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis interesebsac, radganac CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi islamuri saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg saqarTvelo aRmoCndeba islamisturi saxelmwifoebis SuagulSi. mniSvnelovani faqtoria is, rom rogorc zemoT moyvanil 2002 wlis saqarTvelos uSiSroebis saministros angariSSia aRiniSnuli, radikalur – islamisturi jgufebi cdilobdnen dasayrdeni moeZebnaT saqarTvelos musulmanuri aRmsareblobis mosaxleobaSi. safrTxe, romelic globaluri saerTaSoriso terorizmidan modis, erTnairad problemuria rogorc saqarTvelos, ise ruseTis federaciis interesebisTvis. ruseTis federaciis mxridan saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis dasustebis mcdeloba, sabolood isev ruseTs moutans zians, vinaidan: 90 a. afxazeTis da oseTis damoukideblobis aRiarebiT ruseTis federaciam Seqmna precendenti, romliTac sakuTar teritoriaze separatistuli ganwyobebis mqone jgufebs federaciuli respublikidan gamoyofis da damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad Camoyalibebis imedi misca. Crdilo kavkasiis federaluri respublikebis damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad Camoyalibeba ki TavisTavad ruseTis etapobriv daSlas gamoiwvevs. b. saqarTvelos dasustebiT ruseTis federacia saerTaSoriso terorizmTan brZolaSi kargavs mniSvnelovan mekavSires. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi siZliere ruseTisTvis unda niSnavdes radikal-islamisturi dartymebisgan damcav samxreTis faris arsebobas. g. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi dasusteba niSnavs terorizmis da organizebuli danaSaulis sxvadasxva gamovlinebebisTvis Tavisufali nacrisferi zonis Seqmnas, rac saboloo jamSi ruseTis federaciis usafrTxoebis xelyofis gamartivebas niSnavs. 91 Tavi V terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis formebi da saSualebebi $1. terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis zogadTeoriuli safuZvlebi nacionaluri usafrTxoeba gvareobiTi cnebaa da sakuTar TavSi moicavs usafrTxoebis sxva saxeebs: konstituciurs, ekonomikurs, politikurs, socialurs. saxelmwifoebrivi usafrTxoeba, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens politikuri usafrTxoebis Semadgenel nawils, radganac saxelmwifo sazogadoebis politikuri sistemis Semadgeneli elementia. saxelmwifo warmoadgens mTels sazogadoebas, aRWurvilia mmarTvelobis da iZulebis aparatiT da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania saxelmwifo flobs suverenitets, risi meSveobiTac axorcielebs politikur xelisuflebas.238 saxelmwifo usafrTxoeba sakuTar TavSi moicavs rogorc konstituciur wyobas (konstituciur usafrTxoebas), agreTve, konstituciuri wyobis umniSvnelovanes safuZvlebs – suverenitets da teritoriul mTlianobas.239 konstituciuri usafrTxoeba, agreTve, moicavs usafrTxoebis kuTxiT arsebul kanonmdeblobas, samarTalgamoyenebis meTodebs da aRniSnuli saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebel organoTa sistemas.240 antisaxelmwifoebrivi separatizmisa da terorizmis winaaRmdeg saxelmwifo unda iyos ara “TavdacviT”, aramed “usafrTxoebis” poziciaSi. aRniSnuli niSnavs pasiuri, TavSekavebuli midgomebidan aqtiur qmedebebze gadasvlas; saxelmwifoSi arsebuli socialurpolitikuri wyobis SenarCunebis magivrad, mis gaumjobeseba – transformacias; antisaxelmwifoebrivi eqstremizmis mimarT pasiuri damokidebulebidan, anu mxolod reaqciidan mimdinare an ukve momxdar negatiur qmedebebze, aqtiur poziciaze gadasvlas, rac mimarTuli iqneba aRniSnuli movlenis Tavidan acilebisken.241 separatistuli regionebis kontrolisTvis aucilebelia saqarTvelos xelisuflebis realuri saqmianoba, rac dakavSirebuli iqneba ara mxolod teritoriis formalur kontrolSi, aramed regionebis srul socializaciaSi da modernizaciaSi, maT CarTvaSi saxelmwifos erTian socialur-ekonomikur qselSi. 238 ix. А. В. Павлинов, Антигосударственный экстремизм: уголовно – правовые и криминологические аспекты. М., 2008, cc. 168-169. 239 ix. А. В. Павлинов, dasax. naSromi gv. 173. 240 ix. Т. Э. Шуберт. Национальная безопасность России: конституционно – правовые аспекты. Сравнительно – правовое исследование. М., 2001, c. 10. 241 ix. А. В. Павлинов, dasax. naSromi gv. 144. 92 usafrTxoebis antiteroristuli sistemis efeqturi funqcionirebisTvis aucilebelia ramdenime mniSvnelovani faqtoris gamoyofa: 1. sazRvrebis usafrTxoeba da kontroli; 2. saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba; 3. Sesabamisi swavlebebis organizeba ara mxolod antiteroristuli specsamsaxurebisTvis, aramed viqtimuri kontingentisTvisac; 4. uaxlesi teqnologiebis gamoyeneba; 5. informaciis mopoveba-analizi; 6. sazogadoebrivi azris Seqmna; 7. saqarTvelos saSinao da sagareo safrTxeebis drouli gamovlena; 8. regionebis informaciuli uzrunvelyofa strategiuli da operatiuli marTvis mizniT; 9. koordinirebuli saqmianoba politikuri, ekonomikuri, sazogadoebrivi da ekologiuri usafrTxoebis mimarTulebiT; 10. kriminogenuri situaciis dastabilureba, organizebuli danaSaulebrivi jgufebis saqmianobis gamovlena da aRkveTa; 11. legaluri politikuri aqtivobisTvis pirobebis Seqmna; 12. polieTnikur regionebSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis CarTva qveynis centralur da adgilobriv xelisuflebis organoebSi; 13. ekonomikuri struqturebis saqmianobisTvis usafrTxo garemos Seqmna; 14. antiteroristuli politikis mTavar mizans unda warmoadgendes ara mxolod uSualod terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola, aramed teroristebisTvis iseTi garemo pirobebis Seqmna, rom maTi saqmianoba sawyis etapzec ki, TiTqmis SeuZlebeli gaxdes... xelisuflebam yvelaferi unda gaakeTos imisTvis, rom Seqmnas rac SeiZleba meti winaaRmdegoba teroristTa saqmianobisTvis. rogorc frontalurad, ise zurgSi, terorizmis dafinansebis sakiTxebSi... faqtobrivad unda Seiqmnas iseTi garemo, rom teroristuli jgufi TavisTavad dasustdes da ganadgurdes;242 242 ix. Untangling the Terror Web: Identifying and Counteracting the Phenomenon of Crossover Between Terrorist Groups, Matthew Levitt, SAIS Review vol. XXIV no. 1 (Winter–Spring 2004) P. 35 project MUSE, http://muse.jhu.edu. 2006. 93 15. informaciis saerTaSoriso gacvla. antiteroristuli RonisZiebebidan erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodi informaciis gacvlaa. is qveynebic ki, romlebic eridebian terorizmTan brZolis sxva meTodebs, rogoricaa samxedro Careva, ekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi, diplomatiuri sanqciebi da a.S. informaciis gacvlaze, romelic SeiZleba Seexebodes teroristuli jgufis saqmianobas, uars ar amboben;243 16. saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi saSualebebi. saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi saSualebebidan aRsaniSnavia gaeros 13 konvencia. saerTaSoriso masStabiT antiteroristuli saqmianobis pirveli mcdeloba iyo tokios 1963 wlis SeTanxmeba sahaero xomaldze Cadenili samarTaldarRvevebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli SeTanxmebis mniSneloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saxelmwifo uflebamosilia gaavrcelos Tavisi iurisdiqcia sahaero xomaldis usafrTxoebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi sakuTari teritoriis farglebs gareTac. mniSvnelovan aqtebs warmoadgens 1970 wlis haagis da 1971 wlis monrealis SeTanxmebebi samoqalaqo aviaciis winaaRmdeg. haagis SeTanxmebis mixedviT, saxelmwifo valdebulia an TviTon gaasamarTlos an gadasces aRniSnuli konvenciis damrRvevi pirebi. 1973 wels gaeros mier niu-iorkSi miRebuli konvencia saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv dacvas daqvemdebarebuli pirebis Sesaxeb da a.S. 244 gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania 2006 wlis globaluri kontrteroristuli strategia, romlis farglebSic msoflios 192 saxelmwifo gaerTianda terorizmTan brZolaSi. dakisrebuli socialuri funqciebis ganxorcielebisas saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebaTa kompleqss atarebs moqalaqeebis da sruliad qveynis danaSaulebrivi xelyofisagan dacvis mizniT. aRniSnuli amocanebis ganxorcilebis aucilebel saSualebas warmoadgens samarTali. saqarTvelos Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebidan aRsaniSnavia sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis XXXVIII TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli teroristuli xasiaTis amkrZalavi normebi (ssk-is 323-3311) da 2007 wlis saqarTvelos kanoni terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb; 17. ekonomikuri RonisZiebebi, romelTa Soris umniSvnelovanesi adgili uWiravs ekonomikur sanqciebs da terorizmis dafinansebis akrZalvas. terorizmis dafinansebis akrZalvis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi bazis mniSvnelovani elementia 1999 wlis gaeros konvencia terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb. terorizmis winaaRmdeg ekonomikuri sanqciebis efeqturad gamoyenebis magaliTad SeiZleba dasaxeldes amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier libanis mimarT gamoyenebuli RonisZiebebi: 1986 wels aikrZala aRniSnul qveyanasTan vaWroba. aSS –is bankebSi gaiyina libanuri warmoSobis 243 ix. U.S. Countermeasures Against International Terrorism J. D. Simon Prepared for the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence. rand, March 1990, p.9. 244 ix.: http://www.un.org/russian/terrorism/instruments.shtml. 2011. 94 depozitebi. prezidentma reiganma gamosca brZaneba, romlis mixedviTac yvela amerikels unda daetovebina libani.245 18. saxelmwifos mier sworad dagegmili da warmoebuli socialur – ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politika. kim krejini da piter Colqi TavianT metad saintereso naSromSi terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis da misi profilaqtikis erT-erT mniSvnelovan saSualebad miiCneven socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sworad SerCeul politikas, aRniSnul politikas : a) socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politikas SeuZlia Seasustos teroristuli moZraobebisadmi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mxardaWera. socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politikas SeuZlia sakmao wvlili Seitanos axali saSualo klasis Camoyalibebasa da mis gafarToebaSi sazogadoebis im nawilSi, romelic tradiciulad xels uwyobda teroristul moZraobebs. aRniSnulma saSualo klasma damyarebuli mSvidobis Sedegad, rogorc wesi, miiRo ekonomikuri sargebeli da ewinaaRmdegeba adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier teroristuli moZraobebis mxardeWeras. magaliTad, CrdiloeT irlandiaSi gamovlinda, rom axalma saSualo klasma da biznes elitam miiRo kargi ekonomikuri sargebeli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis programis Sedegad. aRniSnuli demografiuli seqtoris wevrebs gaaCniaT mniSvnelovani saSuamavlo arxebi, raTa Seamciron daZabuloba dapirispirebul mxareebs Soris, komerciuli interesebi moqmedebs muxruWis msgavsad respublikelebsa da loialistebs Soris, ewinaaRmdegeba ra masobrivi areulobebisa da Zaladobis gamoyenebas, rasac tradiciulad adgili hqonda CrdiloeT irlandiaSi. b) social-ekonomikur ganviTarebas SeuZlia xeli SeuSalos teroristul moZraobebSi axalbedebis Cabmas. mravali teroristuli moZraoba izidavs Tavis rigebSi axalbedebs, romlebic Tvlian, rom terorizmi aris erTaderTi qmediTi saSualeba pasuxi gaeces im socialur-politikur usamarTlobas, romelsac ganicdis maTi saxelmwifo, an konkretuli socialuri jgufi, amis garda, garkveuli teroristuli jgufebi materialur waxalisebasac sTavazoben axalbedebs da maT ojaxebs, rac xSirad sakmaod momnusxvelad moqmedebs. socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politikas SeuZlia Seamciros terorizmSi axalbedebis Cabma, miscems ra sazogadoebis aRniSnul fenas arsebobisTvis aucilebel, alternatiul saSualebebs. g) araadekvaturad warmarTul da finansirebad social-ekonomikur politikas SeuZlia gamoiwvios imedgacureba socialur fenebSi da maT mier terorizmis kvlav xelSewyoba. imisTvis, rom socialurekonomikuri politika iyos efeqturi, igi unda Seesabamebodes ad245 ix.: U.S. Countermeasures Against International Terrorism J. D. Simon Prepared for the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence. rand, March 1990 p.15 95 gilobrivi socialuri fenebis moTxovnilebebs. . . ganviTarebis aRniSnul programas Tan unda axldes adekvaturi dafinanseba. mwiri dafinansebis SemTxvevaSi dasaxuli miznebis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli iqneba, rac sazogadoebis fenebSi imedgacruebas da kvlav terorizmisTvis xelSewyobas gamoiwvevs. am mxriv sainteresoa didi britaneTis magaliTi, romelic CrdiloeT irlandiaSi warmatebiT axorcielebs socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis programas. 1997 wlidan didi britaneTi aRniSuli programis farglebSi yovelwliurad xarjavda saSualod 869 milion aSS dolars,246 aRniSnul saxsrebs evrokavSirma daumata 48 milioni aSS dolari yovelwliurad,247 ramac Seadgina daaxloebiT 543 aSS dolari TiToeul mosaxleze yovelwliurad. d) socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politika maSin aris warmatebuli, rodesac igi xorcieldeba adgilobriv socialur jgufebTan, maT liderebTan konsultaciebis safuZvelze, mosaxleobis umravlesobis moTxovnilebebis da saWiroebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. . . mag: filipinebSi da palestinaSi aRniSnuli socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis proeqtebma ver upasuxa adgilobrivi mosaxleobis umravlesobis moTxovnilebebs, amas ramodenime mizezi axlda, jer erTi, mwiri dafinanseba, meore, aRniSnul proeqtebSi gavrcelebuli korufcia, mesame momsaxurebis iseTi sferoebis Seqmna, rac mosaxleobis umravlesobisaTvis xelmiuwvdomeli iyo (aRniSnulis magaliTad SeiZleba dasaxeldes Razas seqtorSi aSenebuli karamehis caTambjeni (the Karameh Towers), romelSic ganTavsebulia 192 sacxovrebeli bina da TiToeuli 30 000 a.S.S dolarad iyideba. aRniSnuli Tanxa gacilebiT aRemateba Razas seqtorSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis SesaZleblobebs, romelTa wliuri Semosavali 600 dan 1200 a.S.S dolaramde meryeobs. e) socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis swor politikas, romelic Sesabamisad aris xelSewyobili da ganxorcielebuli, SeuZlia terorizmis Tavidan acileba, magram ar SeuZlia misi aRmofxvra. socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politika gacilebiT efeqturia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac CarTulia faqtorTa erTian jaWvSi, sadac figurirebs, agreTve, iseTi elementebi, rogoricaa: politikuri, samxedro-SeiaraRebuli, samarTlebrivi da a.S; 248 19. informaciul – fsiqologiuri teqnologiebis gamoyeneba. aRniSnuli meTodis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia: 246 britaneTis mier CrdiloeT irlandiisTvis gamoyofili 2000-2003 wlebis biujetebis Sesaxeb informacia SegiZliaT moipovoT internet gverdze: http://www.nics.gov.uk/pubs/newbudgt.pdf. 2011. SeniS. Cvenia 247 aRniSnuli programis Sesaxeb SegiZliaT moipovoT informacia, agreTve, internet saitze: http://www.E.U.-peace.org.2011. SeniS. Cvenia 248 ix. K. Cragin, P. Chalk, Terrorism & Development: Using Social and Economic Development to Inhibit a Resurgence of terrorism. Published 2003 by rand rand url: http://www.rand.org. 2003. 96 a) prevenciuli zemoqmedeba da konfliqtis eskalaciis Tavidan acileba. b) politikur praqtikaSi tradiciuli SeiaraRebuli brZolis meTodebis Secvla Tanamedrove fsiqologiuri operaciebiT. g) informaciul – fsiqologiuri omis Tanamedrove teqnologiebi mSvidobianobis periodSi mowinaaRmdegesTan brZolis da misTvis mniSvnelovani zianis miyenebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. d) konfliqtis zonebSi mosaxleobis farTo fenebTan, maT cnobierebasTan pirdapiri kontaqtis SesaZlebloba mowinaaRmdege eTno – politikur elitisgan, romelic, rogorc wesi, konfliqtis eskalacias lamobs, gverdis avliT. e) konfliqtis daregulirebis procesSi ara mxolod cnobierebis, aramed qvecnobierebis CarTva, rasac udidesi mniSvneloba gaaCnia “RirebulebaTa konfliqtis” dros.249 separatistuli ganwyobebis warmoSobis Tavidan asacileblad saqarTvelos polieTnikurad dasaxlebuli teritoriuli erTeulebis mosaxleoba maqsimalurad unda iqnes CarTuli qveynis socialur – ekonomikur cxovrebaSi, adgilobrivi da centraluri mniSvnelobis saxelmwifo organoebis saqmianobaSi, maqsimalurad unda Seewyos xeli qarTuli da sxva eTnikuri jgufebis kulturul daaxloebas da Tavidan unda iqnes acilebuli kulturuli izolacia, gaucxoeba. saxelmwifo oficialuri ideologia mimarTuli unda iyos moqalaqeobrivi TviTSegnebis amaRlebaze da eTnikuri kuTvnilebis miuxedavad, TiToeul adamianSi saqarTvelos srulfasovani moqalaqis rwmenis Camoyalibebisken. umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa saqarTvelos mosaxleobis TviTSegnebis gazrda saqarTvelos moqalaqis TviTSegnebamde. aRniSnuli mizniT gamoyenebuli unda iqnes Cven mier zemoT CamoTvlili meTodebi, gansakuTrebiT ki socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da informaciul – teqnologiuri meTodebi. mniSvnelovan faqtorad migvaCnia sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis daweseba momavalSi separatistuli da sxva iseTi qmedebebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, romelTac SeuZliaT gamoiwvion saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Sesusteba, kontrolis dakargva ama Tu im teritoriul erTeulze anda socialur jgufze. aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT, gadaxedvas saWiroebs saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis meTerTmete kari, romelSic gaTvaliswinebulia saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebi. gansakuTrebul saWiroebas warmoadgens iseTi qmedebebis kriminalizacia, romelic 249 ix.: А. В. Манойло, Эффективность воздействия на современные конфликты, М. 2008,с. 162163. 97 Tavisi arsiT eqstremizmis niSnebs Seicavs. marTalia, saqarTvelos ssk-is 308-e muxlSi dasjadadaa miCneuli “saqarTvelos sawinaaRmdego moqmedeba, mimarTuli ucxo qveynisaTvis saqarTvelos mTeli teritoriis an misi nawilis gadacemisaken anda saqarTvelos teritoriidan misi nawilis gamoyofisaken” aseve „igive qmedeba, ramac saqarTvelos mTeli teritoriis an misi nawilis dakargva anda sxva mZime Sedegi gamoiwvia”, magram aRniSnuli norma ar moicavs saqarTvelos interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul iseT qmedebebs, romlebic teritoriis dakargvasTan ar aris dakavSirebuli, Tumca iwvevs ama Tu im socialuri an eTnikuri jgufis gamoTiSvas, gaucxoebas saqarTvelos moqalaqis erTiani samarTlebrivi da fsiqologiuri sivrcidan da sawindaria Semdgomi separatistuli, fsevdoreligiuri anda fsevdoeTnikuri moTxovnebis warmoSobis. msgavsi normebis magaliTi SeiZleba veZioT sazRvargareTis qveynebis samarTlebriv sinamdvileSi, maT Soris, postsabWoeTis respublikebSic, Tumca verc erT maTgans srulyofil modelad ver miviCnevT. terorizmTan da zogadad saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulebTan brZolis sisxlissamarTlebrivi saSualebebi damatebiT Rrma kvlevis sagans warmoadgens. mocemuli naSromis farglebSi aRniSnuli sakiTxis Rrma kvlevaSi ver SevalT da sisxlissamarTlebrivi meqanizmebi terorizmis Tavidan acilebis mxolod erT-erT faqtorad gvaqvs ganxiluli. 98 $ 2. terorizmTan brZolis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi saSualebebi 2.1. erTa liga terorizmis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso normatiuli saSualebebiT terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis istoriuli saTaveebi ukavSirdeba meoce saukunis dasawyisSi erTa ligis250 farglebSi sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis unifikaciis process. sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis unifikaciis idea warmoiSva 1926 wels briuselSi sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso asociaciis kongresze. sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso asociacia damnaSaveobasTan gaZlierebuli brZolis mizniT cdilobda maqsimalurad daeaxloebina erTmaneTTan sxvadasxva qveynebis sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba. sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso asociacia sakmaod aqtiuri organizacia aRmoCnda. misi kongresebi Catarda 1927 wels, varSavaSi, 1928 wels romSi, 1930 wels briuselSi, 1931 wels, parizSi, 1933 wels madridSi, 1935 wels kopenhagenSi. didi aqtiurobis miuxedavad, organizaciam ver SeZlo mniSvnelovan Sedegebamde misvla.251 terorizmis cnebis gansazRvra pirvelad, 1930 wels qalaq briuselSi, sisxlis samarTlis asociaciis mesame saerTaSoriso konferenciaze miRebul rezoluciaSi moxda. aRniSnuli rezolucia “terorizmis” qveTavSi ramdenime muxls moiazrebs: pirvel muxlSi terorizmad moazrebulia: “sayovelTaod saSiSi saSualebebis ganzraxi gamoyeneba, rodesac qmedeba safrTxes uqmnis sicocxles, sxeulis xelSeuxeblobas, janmrTelobas anda iqmneba mniSvnelovani faseulobebis ganadgurebis saSiSroeba kerZod: a) ganzrax cecxlis wakideba, afeTqeba, wyaldidobis gamowveva, Sxamiani da momwamlavi nivTierebebis gavrceleba, sasignalo mowyobilobebis, maSuqebis sxva samaSvelo da xanZarsawinaaRmdego saSualebebis ganzrax ganadgureba an mwyobridan gamoyvana. b) transportis, kavSirgabmulobis, rkinigzis, telegrafis, fostis normaluri funqcionirebis TviTneburi Seferxeba, sazogadoebrivi 250 erTa liga daarsda 1919-20 wlebis versalis xelSekrulebiT. warmoadgenda saerTaSoriso organizacias, romelic konfliqtebis mSvidobiani mogvarebisa da msoflioSi mSvidobis mxardaWeris sakiTxebiT iyo dakavebuli. organizaciis Stab-bina mdebareobda SveicariaSi, qalaq JenevaSi. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ixileT erTa ligis wesdeba. http://www.hist.msu.ru/Departments/ModernEuUS/INTREL/SOURCES/Legnatust.htm 251 dawvrilebiT ix.: Трайнин А. Н. Уголовная интервенция. М.: Госюриздат, 1935. c. 28-42; Ромашкин П. С. Преступления против мира и безопасности человечества. М.: Наука, 1967. c. 173174; Галенская Л. Н. Правовые проблемы сотрудничества государств в борьбе с преступностью. Л.: ЛГУ, 1978. С. 78-79; Карпец И. И. Преступления международного характера. М.: Юрид. лит., 1979. С. 64-68. 99 daniSnulebis mqone hidromowyobilobis, ganaTebis, gaTbobis anda sxva saSualebebis ganzraxi dazianeba. v) sasmeli wylis da sakvebi saSualebebis ganzrax mowamvla, gauvargiseba. infeqciuri daavadebebis, epidemiebis, epizotiebis an mcenareTa daavadebebis gavrceleba. muxli meore: daisjeba is, vinc ganzrax gamoiyenebs sayovelTaod saSiS saSualebebs, Caidens teroristul aqts, rasac Tan sdevs sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis, sxeulis xelSeuxeblobis, saxelmwifo anda kerZo pirebis qonebis xelyofa, politikuri anda socialuri idealebis demonstrirebis an ganxorcielebis mizniT. muxli mesame: ganzrax sayovelTaod saSiSi saSualebebis gamoyenebas adgili eqneba maSin, rodesac dadgindeba, rom Seqmnilia organizacia pirovnebaze an qonebaze xelyofis mizniT. mocemuli muxlis safuZvelze daisjeba yvela is piri, vinc gaerTianda aRniSnul organizaciaSi. muxli meoTxe: pirvel da meore muxlebSi CamoTvlili danaSaulebi dasjadia imis miuxedavad, Tu romeli qveynis teritoriaze iqna isini Cadenili da romeli qveynis moqalaqem Caidina...”252 1930 wels briuselSi sisxlis samarTlis asociaciis mesame saerTaSoriso konferenciaze miRebul rezoluciaSi, samarTlebrivi teqnikis TvalsazrisiT, terorizmis gansazRvrisas moxda ara am movlenis obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebis gamokveTa, aramed im qmedebebis CamoTvla romlebic SesaZlebelia moazrebul iqnas terorizmad. aRniSnuli midgoma Zalzed afarToebs terorizmis Semadgenlobis farglebs, ufro metic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SeuZlebelia gaivlos mijna terorizmsa da sxva msgavs danaSaulebriv qmedebebs Soris. terorizmis farglebis amorfulobaze TviTon briuselis konferenciis monawileebic miuTiTebdnen, amitom konferenciis plenumma sabolood rezoluciis miReba rigiT meoTxe SexvedrisTvis gadado.253 1931 wels parizSi, sisxlis samarTlis asociaciis rigiT meoTxe saerTaSoriso konferencia Catarda. aRniSnul konferenciaze terorizmis winaaRmdeg miRebuli iqna rezolucia, romlis mixedviTac: “muxli pirveli: is, vinc mosaxleobis daSinebis mizniT fizikuri pirebis an sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenebs bombebs, naRmebs, asafeTqebel an aalebad saSualebebs an manqanebs, cecxlsasrol iaraRs an sxva momakvdinebel da gamanadgurebel mowyobilobebs an 252 cit. moyvanilia: Трайнин А. Н. Избранные произведения. Защита мира и уголовный закон. М., Наука, 1969. cc. 40-41. 253 ix. В. П. Eмельянов Уголовная ответственность за терроризм и преступления с признаками терроризирования. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени Д.Ю.Н. Москва, 2001 г. с.26. 100 vinc gamoiwvevs an Seecdeba gamoiwvios epidemiebi, epizotiebi da sxva katastrofebi, vinc Seaferxebs an Seecdeba Seaferxos sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis dawesebulebebis muSaoba, daisjeba... muxli meore: is, vinc ganzrax daamzadebs, Seinaxavs, Semoitans an gadazidavs pirvel muxlSi CamoTvlil sagnebs amave muxlSi aRwerili danaSaulis Casadenad daisjeba... muxli mesame: vinc mouwodebs pirvel muxlSi aRwerili danaSaulis Casadenad sajaro gamosvlebiT, sajarod gavrcelebadi nawarmoebebiT an gamosaxulebebiT, an mxardaWeras gamoucxadebs msgavs qmedebebs an mis Camden pirebs, daisjeba... muxli meoTxe: vinc miiRebs monawileobas organizaciaSi, romelic Camoyalibebulia zemoaRniSnuli danaSaulebis Casadenad daisjeba... muxli mexuTe: provokatorebis garda sasjelisagan gaTavisufldebian isini, vinc zemoaRniSnuli danaSaulebis Cadenamde anda sisxlissmarTlebrivi devnis dawyebamde iTanamSromleben Sesabamis organoebTan sxva damnaSaveebis dakavebis mizniT”.254 parizis meoTxe rezoluciis mexuTe muxlSi, terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis interesebidan gamomdinare, pirvelad iqna formulirebuli wamaxalisebeli norma. aRniSnuli udavod wingadadgmul nabijad unda CaiTvalos terorizmis winaaRmdeg samarTlebrivi saSualebebiT brZolis aspeqtiT. 1933 wels madridSi sisxlis samarTlis asociaciis rigiT mexuTe saerTaSoriso konferenciam terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli rezolucia gansxvavebuli Sinaarsobrivi datvirTviT miiRo: muxli pirveli: is, vinc arsebuli socialuri wyobis ganadgurebis mizniT raime xerxiT terorizebas uwevs mosaxleobas, - daisjeba... muxli meore: is, vinc ganzrax daamzadebs, Seinaxavs, Semoitans an gadazidavs garkveul masalebs an sagnebs, romlebic gankuTvnilia pirvel muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis Casadenad, - daisjeba... muxli mesame: is, vinc ama Tu im formiT sajarod mouwodebs pirveli muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis Cadenisaken an xotbas Seasxavs aRniSnul danaSauls an mis Camdens, - daisjeba... 254 cit. moyvanilia: А. Н. Трайнин Избранные произведения. Защита мира и уголовный закон. М., Наука, 1969, cc. 43-44. 101 muxli meoTxe: is, vinc pirvel muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis Cadenis mizniT gaerTiandeba organizaciaSi an miiRebs monawileobas SeTanxmebaSi, - daisjeba...255 zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, yvela pozitiuri debuleba, romelic SeimuSava erTa ligam mesame da meoTxe konferenciebis rezoluciebSi, kerZod, wamaxalisebeli norma terorizmis winaaRmdeg, danaSaulis Semadgenlobis obieqturi niSnebi da a.S. mexuTe rezoluciaSi ugulebelyofilia da Sinaarsobrivad politikuri datvirTviT Seicvala.256 1934 wels safrangeTSi, qalaq marselSi mokles iugoslaviis mefe aleqsandre I da safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri lui bartu. aRniSnulma movlenebma erTa ligis saqmianoba terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi sagrZnoblad gaaqtiura. erTa ligis sabWom Seqmna komiteti, romelSic Sevida 11 saxelmwifos warmomadgenli da romlis mizans Seadgenda terorizmis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso konvenciis SemuSaveba. komitetma SeimuSava ori konvenciis proeqti: “terorizmis Tavidan acilebisa da misi Camdeni pirebis dasjis Sesaxeb” da saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlos daarsebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli konvenciebi xelmosawerad gaixsna 1937 wels. “terorizmis Tavidan acilebisa da misi Camdeni pirebis dasjis Sesaxeb” konvenciaSi, romelic erTa ligam 1937 wels miiRo, teroristuli aqtis farglebi Zalze farTod iyo gagebuli da masSi moiazreboda ganzraxi moqmedeba romelic mimarTuli iyo saxelmwifo meTaurebis da diplomatiuri warmomadgenlebis sicocxlis an janmrTelobis winaaRmdeg, saxelmwifo an sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis ganadgurebis an dazianebisken, aseve qmedebebi, romlebic safrTxes uqmnian adamianTa sicocxles. danaSaulad ganixileboda sabrZolo iaraRis, asafeTqebeli mowyobilobebis, momwamlavi nivTierebebis warmoeba, SeZena, Senaxva an miwodeba. dasjadad iqna gamocxadebuli danaSaulebrivi organizaciebis Seqmna teroristuli aqtis Cadenis mizniT, agreTve msgavs organizaciaSi monawileoba.257 meore msoflio omis dawyebis gamo erTa ligis 1937 wlis “terorizmis Tavidan acilebisa da misi Camdeni pirebis dasjis Sesaxeb” konvencia ZalaSi ar Sesula, radganac saxelmwifoebma misi ratificireba ver moaxdines. 255 cit. moyvanilia: А. Н. Трайнин Избранные произведения. Защита мира и уголовный закон. М., Наука, 1969, c. 49. 256 ix. В. П. Eмельянов Уголовная ответственность за терроризм и преступления с признаками терроризирования. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени Д.Ю.Н. Москва, 2001, с.29 257 ix. konvenciis teqsti: UN A/C. 6/418 102 2.2 gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis farglebSi miRebuli saerTaSoriso normebi terorizmis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola meore msoflio omis Semdeg gaeros egidiT ganagrZo. terorizmis winaaRmdeg gaeros egidiT miRebulia 16 saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba, aqedan 13 konvencia, xolo sami damatebiTi oqmi.258 2.2.1. saerTaSoriso normebi sahaero transportis usafrTxoebis xelmyofi aqtebis winaaRmdeg da maTi asaxva qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi teoristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis winaaRmdeg miRebuli aqtebidan qronologiurad pirvelia 1963 wlis tokios konvencia259, sahaero xomaldze danaSaulebrivi da sxva saxis qmedebebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. konvencia gamoiyeneba im aqtebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic xelyofs sahaero xomaldis frenis usafrTxoebas. konvencia Sedgeba Svidi Tavisgan da misi gamoyenebis sfero gansazRvrulia pirvel TavSi, romlis mixedviTac, konvencia moqmedebs: 1. sahaero xomaldze sisxlis samarTaldarRvevisas. 2. im qmedebebis Cadenisas, romlebic SesaZloa ar warmoadgenen danaSauls, magram safrTxes uqmnian an SeiZleba Seuqmnan sahaero xomaldis, fizikuri pirebis an qonebis usafrTxoebas, arRveven sahaero xomaldze dadgenil disciplinas da wesrigs. mocemuli konvenciis miznebisTvis sahaero xomaldi iTvleba frenaSi myofad afrenis mizniT Sidawvis Zravis CarTvis momentidan asafren bilikze moZraobis damTavrebis momentamde. 1963 wlis tokios konvenciis mniSvnelovan aspeqts warmoadgens sahaero usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT xomaldis kapitnisTvis mTeli rigi uflebebis miniWeba safrTxis gamomwvevi pirebis mimarT iZulebiTi RonisZiebebis gatarebis CaTvliT, romelTaganac aRsaniSnavia fizikuri piris dakavebis ufleba Tu aRniSnuli piri Tavisi qmedebiT safrTxes uqmnis, an SesaZloa Seuqmnas sahaero xomaldis frenis usafrTxoebas. konvencia avaldebulebs xelmomwer 258 259 ix. http://www.un.org/russian/terrorism/instruments.shtml. 2011. ix. http://www.un.org/russian/documen/convents/crimes_aboard.html. 2011. 103 saxelmwifoebs daapatimron samarTaldamrRvevebi da daubrunon sahaero xomaldze kontroli kanonier meTaurs.260 1970 wels haagaSi, miRebuli iqna konvencia sahaero xomaldis ukanonod xelSi Cagdebis winaaRmdeg, romlis mixedviTac, danaSaulebrivadaa gamocxadebuli nebismieri piris qmedeba261, romelic frenaSi myof sahaero xomaldze ukanonod, ZaladobiT, anda Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqariT, anda daSinebis sxva nebismieri formiT, xelSi Caigdebs sahaero xomalds anda moipovebs masze kontrols, anda Seecdeba ganaxorcielos aRniSnuli qmedebebi. konvenciis moTxovnas warmoadgens is, rom xelmomwerma saxelmwifoebma daaweson mkacri sasjelebi sahaero xomaldebis ukanonod xelSi CamgdebTa mimarT; daapatimron borotmoqmedebi maT mimarT marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis an xelmomwer saxelmwifoSi eqstradiciis mizniT; moiTxovs, rom mxareebma samarTlebrivi daxmareba gauwion erTmaneTs. 1971 wlis 23 seqtembris monrealis konvencia samoqalaqo aviaciis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul ukanono aqtebTan brZolis Sesaxeb,262 mimarTulia saaviacio sabotaJis winaaRmdeg, iTvaliswinebs iseTi qmedebebis akrZalvas, rogoricaa eqspluataciaSi myofi sahaero xomaldis ganadgureba an misi imgvari dazianeba ramac SeiZleba sahaero xomaldi gamoiyvanos mwyobridan da safrTxe Seeqmnas mis usafrTxo frenas; sahaero xomaldze myofi piris mimarT Zaladobis gamoyenebas, Tu aseTi Zaladoba safrTxes uqmnis sahaero xomaldis usafrTxoebas; sahaero xomaldze iseTi mowyobilobis an nivTierebis moTavseba, ramac SesaZlebelia eqspluataciaSi myofi xomaldi gamoiyvanos mwyobridan, daazianos an sxvagvarad Seuqmnas safrTxe misi frenis usafrTxoebas. aeronavigaciis mowyobilobis ganadgureba, dazianeba an arasanqcirebuli eqspluatacia, ramac SesaZlebelia safrTxe Seuqmnas sahareo xomaldis usafrTxoebas; ganzrax araswori cnobebis gadacema da amiT sahaero xomaldisTvis safrTxis Seqmna.263 samoqalaqo aviaciis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul ukanono aqtebTan brZolis Sesaxeb 1971 wlis monrealis konvencias gaaCnia damatebiTi oqmi samoqalaqo aviaciis saerTaSoriso aeroportebSi Zaladobis ukanono aqtebTan brZolis Sesaxeb, romelic miRebulia 1988 wlis 24 Tebervals monrealSi. 1988 wlis oqmiT 1971 wlis konvencias daemata 1 bis da 2 bis muxlebi. aRniSnuli damatebis Tanaxmad: 260 ix. http://www.un.org/russian/terrorism/instruments.shtml. 2011. ix. http://www.un.org/russian/terrorism/seiz.pdf. 2011. 262 ix. http://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/aviation_security.shtml. 2011. 263 ix. konvenciis pirveli muxli. ООН A/C.6/418 http://www.un.org/russian/documen/convents/aviation_security.html.2011. 261 104 nebismieri piri axorcielebs borotmoqmedebas, Tu is ukanonod da winaswari ganzraxviT nebismieri nakeTobis, nivTierebis an iaraRis gamoyenebiT: a) saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo aviaciis momsaxure aeroportSi Caidens Zaladobis aqts romelime piris mimarT da safrTxes Seuqmnis, seriozulad dauzianebs janmrTelobas, an gamoiwvevs sikvdils; b) mwyobridan gamoiyvans an seriozulad daazianebs saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo aviaciis momsaxure aeroportis mowyobilobas an nagebobas, an aeroportSi mdgom sahaero xomaldebs, romlebic ar imyofebian eqspluataciaSi, an Seaferxebs aeroportis samsaxurebis muSaobas. Tu amgvari aqti safrTxes uqmnis an SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas am aeroportis usafrTxoebas”. konvenciis damatebiTi oqmis 2 bis muxlis Tanaxmad, molaparakebis yoveli monawile saxelmwifo iRebs saWiro zomebs 1 bis muxlSi aRweril borotmoqmedebebze Tavisi iurisdiqciis dasadgenad, rodesac aRniSnuli darRvevis Camdeni piri imyofeba mis teritoriaze da 1971 wlis konvenciis merve muxlis Tanaxmad, ar xdeba misi gadacema sxva xelmomweri saxelmwifosTvis.264 sahaero transportis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli aqtebi gaeros konvenciebSi moazrebulia, rogorc saerTaSoriso xasiaTis teroristuli danaSaulebi. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi sahaero usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi mxolod nawilobrivadaa kriminalizebuli, konvenciis moTxovnebTan SedarebiT. sagulisxmoa, rom sahaero transportze konvenciiT akrZaluli qmedebebis ganxorcieleba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad ar iTvleba. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba 227-e muxliT iTvaliswinebs “sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba”-s. aRniSnuli norma mocemulia sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebisa da wesrigis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa TavSi da mis sisxlissamarTlebriv dacvis obieqts sazogadoebrivi uSiSroeba warmoadgens. saqarTvelos sskis 227-e muxlis Tanaxmad, obieqturi mxriv, danaSauli damTavrebulad iTvleba sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego dauflebis momentidan. “daufleba marTlsawinaaRmdegoa maSin, roca pirs ara aqvs masze kanonieri uflebamosileba. marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba SeiZleba ga264 ix.: konvenciis damatebiTi oqmis teqsti http://www.un.org/russian/documen/convents/airports.htm.2011. saqarTvelo SeuerTda saqarTvelos parlamentis 1998 wlis 25 noembris #1693 – Is dadgenilebiT. 105 naxorcielos rogorc Sesabamisi dawesebulebis TanamSromelma (magaliTad, avtomobilis memanqanem), romelsac mocemul SemTxvevaSi ar hqonda ufleba daufleboda mas, aseve sxva pirma”.265 saqarTvelos ssk-is 227-e muxlis Sesabamisad, dauflebis mizans qmedebis danaSaulad kvalifikaciisTvis mniSvneloba ara aqvs. zemodasaxelebul 1963, 1970 da 1971 wlebis konvenciebSi konkretulad ar aris gansazRvruli Tu ra mizans SeiZleba emsaxurebodes sahaero xomaldis daufleba, Tumca sahaero xomaldis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedebebi saerTaSoriso terorizmis gamovlinebadaa miCneuli. zemoaRniSnul konvenciebSi aqcenti gadatanilia qmedebis Sinaarsze da igulisxmeba, rom sahaero xomaldis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedeba atarebs teroristuli danaSaulis xasiaTs, raki msgavsi qmedebebi Zirs uTxris “yvela saxelmwifos samoqalaqo aviaciis Camoyalibebuli moRvaweobisadmi msoflios xalxebis rwmenas.”266 saqarTvelos sisxlissamarTlebrivi normis mixedviT, sahaero xomaldis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedeba xelyofs sazogadoebriv uSiSroebas magram teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad ar iTvleba. unda aRiniSnos, rom Sesabamisi obieqturi mxaris da miznis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego dauflebam SesaZlebelia teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis saxe SeiZinos. sahaero transportis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad gaeros mier miRebul konvenciebTan SemxeblobaSia agreTve saqarTvelos ssk-is 2221 muxli - satransporto komunikaciebis blokireba - romlis mixedviTac dasjadia satransporto komunikaciebis blokirebis organizeba dabrkolebebis, saguSagoebis mowyobis gziT an sxva marTlsawinaaRmdego xerxiT, ramac Seaferxa an SeeZlo gamoewvia rkinigzis, sahaero, wylisa da magistraluri milsadeni transportis normaluri muSaobis Seferxeba. Semadgenloba damamZimebel garemoebebSi Cadenilad iTvleba, Tu zemoaRniSnulma qmedebebma mniSvnelovani ziani, janmrTelobis mZime dazianeba an adamianis sicocxlis mospoba gamoiwvia. norma ar adgens satransporto komunikaciebis blokirebis mizans... aqedan gamomdinare Sesabamisi miznis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia aRniSnulma qmedebebma teroristuli xasiaTi SeiZinos da teroristul aqtad Sefasdes. 265 ix. sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni pirveli. avtorTa koleqtivi. gamomcemloba “meridiani”, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 514. 266 ix. 1973 wlis konvenciis preambula. 106 2.2.2. konvencia saerTaSorisod daculi pirebis winaaRmdeg danaSaulis aRkveTisa da dasjis Sesaxeb da misi debulebebis asaxva qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi 1973 wlis 14 dekembers q. niu-iorkSi miRebulia konvencia saerTaSorisod daculi pirebis winaaRmdeg danaSaulis aRkveTisa da dasjis Sesaxeb.267 aRniSnuli konvenciis miReba ganapiroba diplomatiuri agentebisa da sxva saerTaSorisod daculi pirebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis gansakuTrebulma mniSvnelobam saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobis sakiTxebSi. konvenciis preambulaSi naTqvamia, rom wevri-saxelmwifoebi darwmunebulni arian, rom amgvari danaSaulebis ganxorcieleba aris saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis Rrma SeSfoTebis mizezi. konvenciis pirveli muxlis mixedviT, “saerTaSorisod daculi piris” cnebaSi igulisxmeba: a) saxelmwifos meTauri, iseve rogorc am saxelmwifos konstituciis mixedviT saxelmwifos meTauris funqciebis aRmsasrulebeli kolegialuri organos wevri, mTavrobis meTauri an sagareo saqmeTa ministri, rodesac nebismieri aseTi pirTagani imyofeba ucxo saxelmwifoSi, da misi Tanmxlebi ojaxis wevrebi. b) saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli an oficialuri piri, an samTavrobaTaSoriso saerTaSoriso organizaciis nebismieri agenti, romelzec im drosa da adgilas, rodesac ganxorcielda Tavdasxma masze, misi oficialuri samyofelis, kerZo sacxovreblis an tarnsportis wianaaRmdeg, vrceldeboda saerTaSoriso samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli gansakuTrebuli dacva Tavdasxmisagan mis pirovnebaze, Tavisuflebasa an Rirsebaze iseve, rogorc misi ojaxis wevrebeze.” konvenciiT daculi subieqtebis zustad dasadgenad, saqarTvelos konstitucis garda, unda mivmarTod venis 1961 wlis konvencias diplomatiur urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb268, venis 1963 wlis konvencias sakonsulo urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb269, 1969 wlis konvencias specialuri misiebis Sesaxeb270 da venis 1974 wlis konvencias saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlobis Sesaxeb maT urTierTobaSi universaluri xasiaTis saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan.271 267 ix.: http://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/english-18-7.pdf.2011. saqarTvelo SeuerTda 2003 wlis 24 seqtembers. 268 saqarTvelo SeuerTda parlamentis 1993 wlis 13 maisis dadgenilebiT. 269 saqarTvelo SeuerTda parlamentis 1993 wlis 8 ivnisis dadgenilebiT. 270 saqarTvelo SeuerTda parlamentis 2005 wlis 20 maisis dadgenilebiT. 271 ix.: l. aleqsiZe, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 164 107 konvenciiT akrZaluli qmedebis obieqturi Semadgelobis dasadgenad unda mivmarTod meore muxls, romlis mixedviTac, dasjadia ganzrax Cadenili: a) saerTaSorisod daculi piris mkvleloba, gataceba, an piradad misi an misi Tavisuflebis sxva saxis xelyofa; b) saerTaSorisod daculi piris oficialur samyofelze, sacxovrebelze, satransporto saSualebaze Zalismieri Tavdasxma, rac safrTxes uqmnis am pirs an mis Tavisuflebas; c) msgavsi Tavdasxmis ganxorcielebis muqara; d) msgavsi Tavdasxmis ganxorcielebis mcdeloba; e) nebismieri msgavsi danaSaulis ganxorcielebaSi Tanamonawileobis aqti, ganxilul unda iqnas konvenciis yoveli wevri-saxelmwifos mier rogorc danaSauli, misi Sida kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa XXXVIII TavSi gaTvaliswinebulia saerTaSoriso dacviT mosargeble pirze an dawesebulebaze Tavdasxmis amkrZalav norma (ssk-is 326-e muxli). sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis obieqti, am normis Tanaxmad, aris saerTaSoriso mSvidoba da saxelmwifoTa Soris normaluri Tanaarseboba. terologiaSi cnobilia, rom saerTaSoriso dacviT mosargeble pirebze ganxorcielebul Tavdasxmebs Tan udidesi provokaciuli efeqti axlavs. qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis mixedviT, normis damatebiT dacvis obieqts TviTon saerTaSoriso dacviT mosargeble ucxo qveynis warmomadgenlis, saerTaSoriso organizaciis TanamSromlis, agreTve aRniSnuli pirebis ojaxis wevris sicocxle, janmrTeloba an sakuTreba warmoadgens. obieqturad danaSauli xorcieldeba saerTaSoriso dacviT mosargeble pirebze, diplomatiur agentebze, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis TanamSromlebze TavdasxmiT, maTi an maTi ojaxis wevris sicocxlis, janmrTelobis an sakuTrebis xelyofiT. subieqturi mxare, mxolod ganzraxia da specialur mizans moicavs - saerTaSoriso garTulebis gamowveva. danaSauli SeiZleba ganxorcieldes agreTve sxva nebismieri politikuri motiviT. normiT akrZaluli qmedebis ganxorcieleba SeuZlia nebismier sisxlis samarTlis subieqts. konvenciis meore muxlis Tanaxmad, dasjadadaa miCneuli ganzrax Cadenili Semdegi qmedebebi: saerTaSorisod daculi piris mkvleloba, gataceba da misi Tavisuflebis sxvagvari xelyofa. daismis 108 kiTxva: saqarTvelos ssk-is 326-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauli moizrebs Tu ara SemadgenlobaSi msgavs qmedebebs. sagulisxmoa, rom saerTaSoriso dacviT mosargeble pirze an dawesebulebaze Tavdasxmis Semadgenloba damTavrebulia Tavdasxmis obieqturad ganxorcielebis momentidan. rac Seexeba konvenciaSi damatebiT dasaxelebul qmedebebs, rogoricaa mkvleloba da Tavisuflebis nebismier saxis xelyofa, damatebiT kvalifikacias moiTxovs damamZimebel garemoebebSi mkvlelobis (ssk-is 109 mux.), Tavisuflebis ukanono aRkveTis (ssk-is 143-e mux.), mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis (ssk-is 144-e mux.), teroristuli mizniT mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis (ssk-is 329-e mux.) da sxva danaSaulTa SemadgenlobebiT. xelmomweri saxelmwifoebi valdebulebas iReben reagireba moaxdinon konvenciiT akrZalul qmedebebze: a) rodesac danaSauli Cadenilia iqna am saxelmwifos teritoriaze, an am saxelmwifoSi registrirebuli sazRvao an sahaero xomaldis bortze; b) rodesac savaraudo damnaSave aris am saxelmwifos moqalaqe; g) rodesac danaSauli Cadenilia 1-li muxlis mixedviT saerTaSorisod daculi piris winaaRmdeg, romelic sargebldobs am statusiT gamomdinare funqciebidan, romlebsac igi asrulebs am saxelmwifos saxeliT. konvenciis mixedviT, saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian miiRon Sesabamisi profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebi akrZaluli qmdebebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia: 1. saxelmwifoTa valdebuleba miiRon yvela zoma rogorc sakuTar sazRvrebs SigniT, ise mis gareT konvenciaSi aRwerili danaSaulobebis mosamzadebel stadiaze aRkveTis mizniT; 272 2. xelmomwer saxelmwifoTa valdebuleba gacvalon informacia da urTierTkoordinirebulad ganaxorcielon konvenciiT aRwerili danaSaulebis aRkveTis mizniT warmoebuli RonisZiebebi; 3. im SemTxvavaSi, Tu saxelmwifo Tvlis, rom savaraudo damnaSave gaiqca misi teriroriidan, igi valdebulia Seatyobinos yvela dainteresebul saxelmwifos uSualod an gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generaluri mdivnis meSveobiT, Cadenil danaSaulTan dakavSirebuli yvela faqti da savaraudo damnaSavis vinaobis Sesaxeb arsebuli informacia.273 272 ix. saerTaSorisod daculi pirebis winaaRmdeg danaSaulis aRkveTisa da dasjis Sesaxeb konvenciis meoTxe muxli. 273 ix. dasaxelebuli konvenciis mexuTe muxlis pirveli nawili. 109 konvenciaSi sxva TemebTan erTad agreTve gansazRvrulia regulaciis farglebi, zogadprocesualuri aspeqtebi, profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebi akrZaluli qmedebebis Tavidan asacileblad da saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTTanamSromlobis sakiTxebi danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Camden pirTa dasjasTan dakavSirebiT. 2.2.3. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis konvencia mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg da misi debulebebis asaxva qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi saerTaSoriso konvencia mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg miRebuli iqna 1979 wels niu-iorkSi. saqarTvelo aRniSnul konvencias SeuerTda 2003 wlis 24 seqtembers. konvenciis preambulaSi naTqvamia, rom yvelas aqvs sicocxlis, piradi Tavsuflebisa da usafrTxoebis ufleba rogorc es gaTvaliswinebulia adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciiTa da saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb. mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso konvenciis pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad, mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba saxezea rodesac: ~nebismieri piri, romelic Seipyrobs an atyvevebs da emuqreba mokvliT, dazianebiT an tyveobaSi yofniT sxva pirs (SemdegSi `mZevali~) raTa aiZulos mesame mxare, kerZod ki, saxelmwifo, saerTaSoriso samTavroboTSoriso organizacia, fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, an pirTa jgufi, ganaxorcielos qmedeba, an Tavi Seikavos misi ganxorcielebisagan, mZevlis gaTavsuflebis pirdapiri an arapirdapiri pirobebiT, axorcielebs mZevlad ayvanis danaSauls (`mZevlad ayvana~).”274 konvenciiT mocemuli definiciis Tanaxmad, mZevlad xelSi ayvana xorcieldeba garkveuli xerxebiT. kerZod, SepyrobiT, datyvevebiT, romelsac Tan axlavs sicocxlis ganadgurebis, dazianebiT (unda vigulisxmoT rogorc janmrTelobis, ise qonebis dazianebis), an tyveobaSi yofnis muqara. konvenciis Tanaxmad, mZevlad xelSi Cagdebisas gamokveTilia sami mxare: mZevlad xelSi Camgdebi, mZevali da mesame pirebi, romlebic iZulebas ganicdian mZevlis gaTavisuflebis pirobis sanacvlod. mesame pirebi, anu mZevlad xelSi CamgdebTa moTxovnis adresatebi, konvenciaSi detaluradaa gawerili, romlebsac warmoadgenen “saxelmwifo, saerTaSoriso samTavroboTSoriso organizacia, fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, an pirTa jgufi.”275 mesame pirebis mimarT 274 ix. mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso konvenciis pirveli muxli. http://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/english-18-5.pdf. 2011. 275 ix. mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso konvenciis pirveli muxli. http://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/english-18-5.pdf. 2011. 110 wasayenebel SesaZlo moTxovnebad konvencia asaxelebs garkveuli qmedebis ganxorcielebas an misgan Tavis Sekavebas. konvenciis preambulis mixedviT, mZevlad ayvanis yvela aqti miiCneva saerTaSoriso terorizmis gamovlinebad.276 Tumca Semdgom konvenciis teqstSi me-13 muxli azustebs konvenciis moqmedebis farglebs,277 romlis mixedviTac, `winamdebare konvencia ar moqmedebs, rodesac danaSauli Cadenilia erT saxelmwifoSi, mZevali da savaraudo damnaSave arian am saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi da savaraudo damnaSave napovnia am saxelmwifos teritoriaze~. me-13 muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, saerTaSoriso terorizmad ar iTvleba da konvenciis regulaciis farglebs gareTaa is SemTxveva, rodesac mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba erTi qveynis farglebs ar scdeba, radganac teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauli yovelTvis ar atarebs saerTaSoriso xasiaTs. erTi qveynis farglebSi teroristuli mizniT mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba, konvenciis me-13 muxlis Sesabamisad, ar ganixileba saerTaSoriso terorizmis gamovlenad da warmoadgens ara saerTaSoriso, aramed Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi regulaciis sagans. calke aRniSvnis Rirsia isic, rom “rogorc danaSaulTan brZolis praqtika cxadyofs, mZevlad ayvanis yvela faqti ver “aRwevs” terorizmamde”278 da aseTad ar unda CaiTvalos. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba jer kidev ar niSnavs teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauls. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis or Semadgenlobas iTvaliswinebs 144-e da 329-e muxlebSi. 144-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauli, mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba, moTavsebulia saqarTvelos ssk-is XXIII TavSi (danaSauli adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis winaaRmdeg), romlis gvareobiT dacvis obieqts warmoadgens adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. TviTon normis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis obieqti adamianis piradi Tavisufleba da uSiSroebaa, xolo fakultatur obieqts warmoadgens calkeul organizaciaTa normaluri muSaoba, adaminis Rirseba, sicocxle da janmrTeloba.279 teroristuli xasiaTis mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba, anu ssk-is 329-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauli, mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba teroristuli mizniT, moTavsebulia saqarTvelos ssk-is XXXVIII TavSi, romelic mimarTulia terorizmis winaaRmdeg da romlis gvareobiT, dacvis obieqts saxelmwifos konstituciuri wyobileba da 276 ix. mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso konvenciis preambula. http://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/english-18-5.pdf. 2011. 277 ix. Е.Г. Ляхов , Терроризм и межгосударственные отношения. – М.: «Международные отношения», 1991. c.77. 278 ix. В. П. Емельянов, Терроризм и преступления с признаками терроризирования дис. на соискание ученой степени доктора юридических наук, М., 2001, с.37. 279 ix. sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni pirveli. avtorTa koleqtivi. gamomcemloba “meridiani”, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 229. 111 uSiSroebis safuZvlebi warmoadgens. teroristuli mizniT mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis obieqts, adamianis piradi Tavisuflebisa da uSiSroebis garda, saxelmwifos politikuri da ekonomikuri interesebi warmoadgens, vinaiadan, rogorc saerTaSoriso praqtika mowmobs, teroristuli mizniT mZevlebis ayvanas seriozuli zianis motana SeuZlia saxelmwifosaTvis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT qveynis Sida stabilurobaze.280 sqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi, iseve rogorc sxva mravali postsabWouri qveynebis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebSi, mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis ori Semadgenloba erTmaneTisagan mZevlad xelSi CamgdebTa moTxovnis adresatebiT imijneba erTmaneTisgan.281 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, Tu teroristuli mizniT mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis dros borotmoqmedTa moTxovnis adresati SeiZleba iyos saxelmwifo, saerTaSoriso an religiuri organizacia, raTa mZevlis gaTavisuflebis pirobiT Seasrulon an Tavi Seikavon garkveuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebisagan, ssk-is adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis adresatebi SesaZlebelia iyos fizikuri an iuridiuli piri. adresatebis mixedviT, mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis danaSaulis dayofa teroristul da mimdinare xasiaTis danaSaulebad formaluria da klasifikaciis Rrma safuZveli ar gaaCnia. terorizmTan brZolis istoriaSi cnobilia, rom xSirad teroristuli organizaciebi mZevlebis gaTavisuflebis pirobiT aiZuleben fizikur an iuridiul pirebs garkveuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebas an misgan Tavis Sekavebas. terorizmTan brZolis msoflio praqtikaSi, imis miuxedavad, rom moTxovnis adresatebi fizikuri an iuridiul pirebi arian, aRniSnuli danaSaulebi samarTlianad Sefasebula teroristuli mizniT mZevlad xelSi Cagdebad. mniSvnelovani faqtia isic, rom TviTon konvenciis Tanaxmad, teroristuli xasiaTis mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis adresatebi SesaZlebelia iyvnen “saxelmwifo, saerTaSoriso samTavrobaTaSoriso organizacia, fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, an pirTa jgufi”. konvenciis mixedviT, fizikur an iuridiul, an pirTa jgufze mimarTuli moTxovna Sesabamisi Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis SemTxvevaSi saerTaSoriso terorizmis gamovlinebad iTvleba, gansxvavebiT saqarTvelos da mravali postsabWouri qveynebis sisxlis samarTlis kanonebisgan, romlebic moTxovnis adresatebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauls mimdinare danaSaulisgan. cxa280 ix. sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni meore. avtorTa koleqtivi. gamomcemloba “meridiani”, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 112 281 mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis Semadgenlobebis gamijvnis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmulia sxva mosazrebebic, ix: m. lekveiSvili, g. mamulaSvili, danaSauli saxelmwifosa da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. gamomcemloba “meridiani”, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 95-96 112 dia, rom yvela mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba ar warmoadgens teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauls da miT ufro saerTaSoriso terorizmis gamovlinebas da normatiulad unda arsebobdes aRniSnulis gamijvnis safuZveli, Tumca mxolod moTxovnis adresatebis kriteriumi klasifikaciis safuZvlad movlenis Sinaarsobriv wvdomaze ver miuTiTebs. mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba SesaZlebelia CaiTvalos teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad, Tundac borotmoqmedTa moTxovnis adresarti unda iyos fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, magram qmedeba mimarTuli iyos saxelmwifos strategiuli politikuri, ekonomikuri an sxva interesebis winaaRmdeg. teroristuli mizniT mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis normaSi (saqarTvelos ssk-is 329-e mux.), ar aris gamijnuli mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis romeli forma miekuTvneba saerTaSoriso da romeli Sidasaxelmwifoebriv terorizms. marTalia, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi aRniSnuli zRvari ar aris gavlebuli da mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba teroristuli mizniT danaSaulis erT SemadgenlobaSi moiazrebs mis saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelmwifoebriv gamovlinebas, magram 2003 wels mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg konvenciis ratificirebiT saqarTvelos kanonmdebeli daeTanxma mis Sinaarsobriv mxares. amasTan, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis pirveli muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad, sisxlis samarTlis normebi Seesabameba saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebsa da normebs. zemoaRniSnuli msjelobidan gamomdinare, marTalia, saerTaSoriso terorizmis gansazRvreba pirdapir ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi, magram dadgenili wesiT ratificirebuli konvenciebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinareobs. zemoaRniSnuli msjelobidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg konvenciis moqmedeba vrceldeba mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis saqarTvelos ssk-is 329 –e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis Semadgenlobaze. amasTan, amave SemadgenlobiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis mxolod saerTaSoriso gamovlinebaze. konvencia pirveli muxlis meore nawilis “a” qvepunqtis mixedviT dasjadia mZevlad ayvanis mcdeloba. aRniSnuli ki, daumTavrebeli danaSaulisTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis sakmaod saintereso precendentia. amasTan, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom mZevlad ayvana formaluri xasiaTis danaSaulia da damTavrebulad iTvleba ara raime mZime Sedegis dadgomidan, aramed qmedebis ganxorcielebis (mZevlis xelSi Cagdebis) momentidan, logikuria, rom konvenciis mixedviT, dasjadadaa aRiarebuli daumTavrebeli mcdeloba. sisxlis samarTlis TeoriaSi cnobilia, rom damTavrebuli mcdeloba danaSaulis uSedego Semadgenlobas ar axasiaTebs, radganac damTavrebuli mcdelobis stadia damTavrebuli danaSaulis stadi113 as emTxveva. msgavs Semadgenlobebs SeiZleba axasiaTebdes mxolod momzadebis da daumTavrebeli mcdelobis stadia. danaSaulis formalur SemadgenlobebSi daumTavrebeli mcdelobis arsebobis SesaZleblobas bevri avtori ar iziarebs. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom TviTon konvenciam gansazRvra mcdelobis dasjadobis saWiroeba iseT formalur danaSaulSi, rogoricaa mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba. konvenciis pirveli muxlis meore nawilis “b” qvepunqtis mixedviT, dasjadia acxadebs mZevlad ayvanaSi Tanamonawileoba, rac gamoxatulia “Tanamzraxveli”-s cnebiT. “Tanamzraxveli”-s cnebaSi SeiZleba moviazroT Tanamonawileobisa da Tanaamsruleblobis formebi. aseve jgufuri danaSaulis samive saxe: winaswar SeuTanxmebeli, winaswar SeTanxmebuli da organizebuli. konvencia Tanamzraxvelobis zogad cnebas adgens, romelSic danaSaulis CadenaSi ori an meti piris erToblivi monawileobis yvela formas gulisxmobs. konvenciis mesame muxlis Tanaxmad, datyvevebuli mZevlis moqalaqeobrivi kuTvnilebis miuxedavad, xelmomweri saxelmwifo kisrulobs valdebulebas miiRos yvela saWiro zoma mZevlis gaTavisuflebisaTvis, xolo gaTavisuflebis Semdeg, Sesabamis SemTxvevebSi, xeli Seuwyos mis gamgzavrebas mSobliur qveyanaSi. amasTan, daicvas mZevlis sakuTreba, romlis xelyofis safrTxec Seiqmna mZevlad xelSi CagdebasTan dakavSirebiT. konvencia mouwodebs xelmomwer saxelmwifoebs ganaviTaron saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba mZevlad ayvanis yvela aqtis gamovlenis, aRkveTis, gansjisa da dasjis mizniT.282 principze “gaasamarTle an gadaeci” gansakuTrebuli aqcenti keTdeba aqac, iseve rogorc terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTul sxva konvenciebSi. gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs konvenciis me-4 muxli, romelic avaldebulebs saxelmwifoebs TavianT teritoriebze aRkveTon mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis danaSaulisTvis mzadeba, romlis Cadenac SesaZlebelia gamiznuli iyos ara mxolod maT teritoriaze, aramed maTi teritoriis gareTac, anu konvenciis mixedviT, saxelmwifo valdebulia Caerios da aRkveTos mZevlad xelSi CagdebisTvis mzadeba im SemTxvevaSic, Tu danaSauli uSualod mas safrTxes ar uqmnis. rogorc literaturaSia aRniSnuli, mocemuli valdebuleba konvenciaSi Setanilia iugoslaviis winadadebiT, radgan igi sakmaod mZime viTarebaSi imyofeboda im antiiugoslaviuri jgufebis danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis gamo, romlebmac mis mezobel saxelmwifoebSi monaxes TavSesafari.283 iugoslaviis SemTxvevas, rodesac erTi 282 ix. mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso konvenciis preambula. http://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/english-18-5.pdf 283 ix. Е.Г. Ляхов , Терроризм и межгосударственные отношения, М., «Международные отношения», 1991, c.78 114 qveynis winaaRmdeg moqmed dajgufebebs sxva qveynebi mfarveloben, an TavSesafars aZleven cota mogvianebiT saxelmwifoebrivad xelSewyobili terorizmi ewoda saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi284 da doqtrinaSi285. meoTxe muxlis Tanaxmad, konvencia zogadad avaldebulebs saxelmwifoebs sakuTar teritoriaze aRkveTon mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis mzadeba, rodesac danaSauli sxva saxelmwifos teritoriaze ganxorcieldes. aRniSnuli zogadi daTqmidan gamomdinareobs, rom ikrZaleba mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis xelSewyoba, an martivad rom vTqvaT, terorizmis xelSewyoba sxva saxelmwifos mimarT. ufro metic, konvencia avaldebulebs xelmomwer mxareebs aramxolod TviTon ar Seuwyon xeli msgavsi qmedebis CamdenT, aramed aRniSnuli movlenis sakuTar teritoriaze aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, aqtiurad CaerTon damnaSaveTa gamosavlenad da dasasjelad. gamoTqmulia kritikuli mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom konvenciis meoTxe muxlis amgvari moTxovna samomavlod SezRudavda revoluciur da gamaTavisuflebel moZraobebs da terorzmTan brZolis sababiT moxdeboda aRniSnuli moZraobebis CaxSoba.286 aRniSnul mosazrebas ver daveTanxmebiT iqidan gamomdinare, rom revoluciuri da gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobebi Tavisi SinaarsiT, socialur-samarTlebrivi bunebiT kardinalurad gansxvavdeba teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebisgan. amasTan, ama Tu im dainteresebulma saxelmwifom SesaZlebelia ugulebelyos obieqturi viTareba da Tavisi realpolitikuri miznebis Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva sababi gamoiyenos gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobebis CasaxSobad daarRvios ra saerTaSoriso, moraluri da istoriuli kanonzomierebis normebi. konvenciaSi Cadebuli marTebuli debulebis damaxinjebulad gamoyenebis safrTxe ar warmoadgens imis safuZvels rom aRniSnuli marTebuli debuleba ar iqnes SemuSavebuli da miRebuli. konvenciis meoTxe muxlis daTqma sxvadasxva formis saxelmwifoebrivad xelSewyobili terorizmis akrZalvis warmatebul cdad migvaCnia, rac im periodisTvis namdvilad progresul nabijad unda iqnes miCneuli.287 284 ix. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia, 1970 weli, rezolucia # A/RES/39/159. 2004. 285 ix.: G. J. Schamis, War and Terrorism in international Affairs, New Brunswick, 1980, pp. 35-38; P. Wilkinson, Terrorism and the Liberal State .New York: John Wiley & Sons, Halstead Press, 1977, p. 179; B. M. Jenkins, Combatting Terrorism Becomes a War, Rand Corp., Santa Monica, 1984. p.7; R. J. Erikson. Legitimate Use of Military Force Against State-Sponsored International Terrorism, Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, 1989, p.15. 286 ix. Е.Г. Ляхов , Терроризм и межгосударственные отношения. – М., «Международные отношения», 1991. c.78. 287 ix. mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso konvencia, muxli 4 ~wevri-saxelmwifoebi TanamSromloben 1-li muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebebis aRkveTisaTvis, kerZod ki: a) iReben yvela praqtikulad ganxorcielebad zomas TavianT Sesabamis teritoriebze, raTa aRkveTon maT teritoriebze an teritoriebs gareT am danaSaulebebis Cadenis mzadeba, TavianT teritoriebze im pirebis, jgufebis an organizaciebis saqmianobis aRkveTisaTvis zomebis miRebis CaTvliT, romlebic waaxaliseben, 115 konvenciis me-14 muxlis Tanaxmad, “araferi winamdebare konvenciaSi ar SeiZleba ganimartos gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis sawinaaRmdegod saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis an politikuri damoukideblobis xelyofis gasamarTleblad.” me-14 muxlis debuleba konvecias daemata ganviTarebadi qveynebis moTxovniT, rogorc dacvis damatebiTi berketi, raTa mZevlebis gaTavisuflebis yalbi mizeziT ar momxdariyo maT qveyanaSi SeWra, saxelmwifos suverenitetis darRveva da saerTaSoriso konfliqtSi CaTreva.288 aRniSnuli norma saxelmwifo terorizmis akrZalvas iTvaliswinebs. saxelmwifo terorizmis amkrZalavi msgavsi debulebebi mniSvnelovan politikur da samarTlebriv datvirTvas atarebs, radgan mZevlebis ayvanis akrZalvis Sesaxeb konvenciis miRebis periodisTvis, 1979 wels saxelmwifo terorizmis calke safrTxed amgvarad gamoyofa da akrZalva progresul nabijs warmoadgenda saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisTvis. 2.2.4. saerTaSoriso normebi birTvuli terorizmis winaaRmdeg da maTi asaxva qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi birTvuli nivTierebebis fizikuri dacvis Sesaxeb konvencia 1980 wlis 3 marts iqna miRebuli289. konvenciis preambulaSi naTqvamia, rom yvela saxelmwifos aqvs ufleba “ganaviTaros da gamoiyenos birTvuli energia mSvidobiani miznebisTvis.” birTvuli energiis mSvidobiani miznebisTvis eqspluatacia saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis sazrunavs Seadgens, radganac arsebobs birTvuli nivTierebebis ukanonod xelSi Cagdebis da gamoyenebis safrTxe. konvencia mouwodebs wevr saxelmwifoebs birTvul nivTierebebTan dakavSirebuli danaSauli efeqturad aRkveTon, gamoaaSkaraon da dasajon; daicvan birTvuli nivTierebebi qveynis SigniT gamoyenebis, Senaxvis da transportirebisas; xeli Seuwyon aRniSnuli nivTierebebis usafrTxo gadaadgilebas. konvencia pirvel muxlSi ganmartavs Tu ra saxis nivTierebebi warmoadgens birTvuls, adgens ra xelyofis sagans.290 meore muxlis mi- ubiZgeben, awyoben (mZevlad ayanis aqtebs) an monawileoben mZevlad ayvanis aqtebis mzadebaSi.” 288 ix. Е.Г. Ляхов , Терроризм и межгосударственные отношения. – М.: «Международные отношения», 1991, c. 81. 289 ix. http://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/Conv6-english.pdf. 2011. 290 a) ~birTvuli nivTiereba” aRniSnavs plutoniums, garda plutoniumisa plutonium 238-is 80%-ze meti izotopuri koncentraciiT; uran-233-s, urans, gamdidrebuls 235 an 233 izotopebiT; urans, izotopebis nareviT, rogorc moipoveba 116 xedviT konvenciis regulirebis sferoSia birTvuli nivTierebebis is nawili, romelic gamoiyeneba mSvidobiani miznebisTvis, qveynis SigniT moxmarebis, Senaxvis an transportirebisas anda imyofeba saerTaSoriso gadazidvis procesSi. konvencia adgens birTvuli nivTierebebis fizikuri dacvis doneebs da dacvis standarts, avaldebulebs saxelmwifoebs, birTvuli nivTierebebis saerTaSoriso da qveynis SigniT gadaadgilebisas, daicvan konvenciiT gansazRvruli usafrTxoebis zomebi. konvenciis mesame da meoTxe muxlebis moTxovnis Tanaxmad, saerTaSoriso gadazidvamde, rogorc eqsportiori, ise importiori da, agreTve, tranzituli qveyana, valdebulia darwmundes, rom daculi iqneba birTvuli nivTierebebis konvenciis pirveli danarTiT dadgenili fizikuri dacvis standarti. konvencia avaldebulebs xelmomwer saxelmwifoebs, gansazRvron birTvul usafrTxoebaze zedamxedveli organo da uSualod, an atomuri energiis saerTaSoriso saagentos meSveobiT iTanamSromlon erTmaneTTan “birTvuli nivTierebebis moparvis, gatacebis, an nivTierebis sxva ukanono gziT xelSi Cagdebis an aseTi qmedebebis realuri safrTxis SemTxvevaSi.”291 konvencia saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromlobis or ZiriTad meTods gamoyofs: 1. wevr saxelmwifoTa Soris drouli Setyobineba birTvuli nivTierebebis danaSaulebrivi xelyofis an aRniSnuli xelyofis safrTxis warmoSobis SemTxvevaSi; 2. wevr saxelmwifoTa Soris informaciis uerTierTgacvla.292 konvencia aregulirebs sisxlis samarTlis saproceso urTierTobebs, eqstradaciis sakiTxebs da a.S. gansakuTrebuli interesis sagans warmoadgens konvenciis danarTebi, romelTagan pirveli danarTi birTvuli nivTierebebis gansxvavebuli jgufebisTvis fizikuri usafrTxoebis sam diferencirebul dones adgens, xolo meore, birTvuli nivTierebebis klasifikacias axdens. birTvuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis saerTaSoriso normatiuli instrumentebidan aRsaniSnavia gaeros 2005 wlis 13 aprilis konvencia “birTvuli terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb”.293 konbunebaSi, garda madnis an madnis narCenebisa; agreTve nebismier nivTierebas, romelic Seicavs zemoaRniSnulidan erTs an mets; b) ~235 an 233 izotopebi gamdidrebuli urani” aRniSnavs urans, romelic Seicavs uran-235 an uran-233 izotopebs, an orives erTad iseTi raodenobiT, rom am izotopebis jamis Warbi wili izotop uran-238-Tan SedarebiT, metia vidre izotop 235-is wili izotop 238-Tan SedarebiT bunebriv pirobebSi. 291 ix. konvenciis mexuTe muxli. 292 ix. iqve 293 saqarTvelo SeuerTda saqarTvelos prezidentis 2010 wlis 6 aprilis brZanebulebiT. konvenciis teqsti xelmisawvdomia internet misamarTze: http://www.un.org/russian/documents/instruments/docs_ru.asp. 2011. 117 venciis preambulaSi naTqvamia, rom birTvuli terorizmis aqtebma SesaZlebelia gamoiwvios mZime Sedegebi da safrTxe Seuqmnas saerTaSoriso mSvidobas da usafrTxoebas. xelmomweri saxelmwifoebi aRniSnavdnen agreTve, rom arsebul saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv aqtebSi birTvuli terorizmis safrTxe ar aris Sefasebuli saTanado doneze da Sesabamisad, aucileblad miaCniaT, rom saxelmwifoebma SeimuSaon efeqturi praqtikuli zomebi msgavsi teroristuli aqtebis Tavidan asacileblad, damnaSave pirebis mimarT sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis gansaxorcieleblad da maT dasasjelad. konvenciis meore muxlis Tanaxmad: 1) birTvuli terorizmis CadenisTvis daisjeba nebismieri piri, Tu igi ukanonod da ganzrax: a) flobs radioaqtiur nivTierebas, an amzadebs radioaqtiur iaraRs anda flobs aRniSnul iaraRs: sikvdilis gamowvevis an janmrTelobis dazianebis mizniT; garemos dabinZurebis an sakuTrebis xelyofis mizniT. b) iyenebs radioaqtiur nivTierebas an radioaqtiur iaraRs nebismieri formiT anda iyenebs an azianebs birTvul obieqts imgvarad, rom xdeba radioaqtiuri nivTierebebis gamoTavisufleba anda iqmneba amgvari gamonTavisuflebis safrTxe; sikvdilis gamowvevis an janmrTelobis dazianebis mizniT; garemos dabinZurebis an sakuTrebis xelyofis mizniT; raTa aiZulon fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, saerTaSoriso organizacia anda saxelmwifo ganaxorcielos garkveuli moqmedeba an Tavi Seikavos misi ganxorcielebisgan. 2) birTvuli terorizmis aqts sCadis piri, agreTve im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac: a) axorcielebs meore muxlis pirvel nawilSi aRniSnuli qmedebebis Cadenis muqaras. amasTan, muqara aris realuri; b) ukanonod da ganzrax moiTxovs radioaqtiur nivTierebas, radioaqtiur iaraRs, an birTvul obieqts, aRniSnuli moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad iyenebs Zaladobas an gamoxatavs Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqaras da arsebobs muqaris ganxorcielebis realuri safrTxe. 3) birTvuli terorizmisTvis pasuxs agebs agreTve piri meore muxlis pirveli nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli daumTvrebeli danaSaulisTvis. 4) birTvuli terorizmisTvis pasuxismgebloba ekisreba pirs: a) meore muxlis pirvel da meore nawilebiT gaTvaliswinebul danaSaulSi TanamonawileobisTvis; b) Tu organizebas uwevs an xelmZRvanelobs aRniSnuli dana118 Saulis Cadenas; c) romelic nebismieri sxva formiT xels uwyobs konvenciis meore muxlis pirveli, meore an mesame nawilebiT gaTvaliswinebuli erTiani mizniT moqmedi jgufis mier erTi an meti danaSaulis Cadenas... mesame muxlis Tanaxmad, konvencia gamoiyeneba mxolod birTvuli terorizmis saerTaSoriso xasiaTis danaSaulis gamovlinebis dros, xolo im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac danaSauli Cadenilia erT saxelmwifoSi, savaraudo damnaSave da dazaralebulic warmoadgenen aRniSnuli saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs, an savaraudo damnaSave napovnia aRniSnuli saxelmwifos teritoriaze, mocemuli konvencia ar gamoiyeneba. konvenciis mecxre muxli zustad gansazRvravs saxelmwifoTa iurisdiqciis farglebs konvenciiT akrZaluli qmedebebis gamovlenis dros: 1. wevri saxelmwifo axorcielebs Tavis iurisdiqcias birTvuli terorizmis saerTaSoriso gamovlinebebze im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac: a) danaSauli Cadenilia mis teritoriaze; b) danaSauli Cadenilia mocemuli saxelmwifos almis qveS mfrinav an mcurav xomaldze; c) danaSauli Cadenilia am saxelmwifos moqalaqis mier. 2. wevr saxelmwifos SeuZlia gaavrcelos Tavisi iurisdiqcia im SemTxvevebSic, roca: a) danaSauli Cadenilia mocemuli saxelmwifos moqalaqis winaaRmdeg; b) danaSauli Cadenilia mocemuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebs gareT ganlagebuli samTavrobo obieqtebis winaaRmdeg, saelCoebis, sakonsuloebis da sxva saxis diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobis CaTvliT; c) danaSauli Cadenilia moqalaqeobis armqone piris mier, romelic mudmivad cxovrobs mocemul saxelmwifoSi; d) danaSuli Cadenilia, raTa aiZulon mocemuli saxelmwifo ganaxorcielos garkveuli moqmedeba anda Tavi Seikavos misi ganxorcilebisgan; e) danaSauli Cadenilia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis eqspluataciaSi myof sahaero xomaldze. sisxlis samarTlis TeoriaSi cnobilia saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis principebi, romelTa mixedviTac, saxelmwifoebi axorcieleben TaviaanT iurisdiqcias qveynis SigniT da zogierT SemTxvevaSi mis gareTac.294 sagulisxmoa, rom konvencia, ukve cnobil principebTan erTad iTvaliswinebs iseT kerZo SemTxvevebs, rogoricaa: 294 ix. m. turava, sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, merve gamocema, Tbilisi 2010, gv. 43-54. 119 “danaSuli Cadenilia, raTa aiZulon mocemuli saxelmwifo ganaxorcielos garkveuli moqmedeba anda Tavi Seikavos misi ganxorcilebisgan” da “danaSauli Cadenilia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis eqspluataciaSi myof sahaero xomaldze.” aRniSnuli principebi teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis specifikidan gamomdinarobs. konvenciis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo uflebamosilia ganaxorcielos Tavisi iurisdiqcia im SemTxvevebzec, rodesac is teroristebis ultimatumis adresats warmoadgens an Tavdasxma ganxorcielda saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mflobelobaSi myof sahaero xomaldze. SesaZlebelia teroristTa xelyofis obieqti iyos erTi saxelmwifo, xolo moTxovnis adresats meore saxelmwifo warmoadgendes. am SemTxvevaSi ikveTeba sami subieqti: teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis Camdeni, msxverpli saxelmwifo da moTxovnis (teroristTa ultimatumis) adresati saxelmwifo. birTvuli terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb konvenciis Sesabamisad, moTxovnis adresat saxelmwifosac, imis miuxedavad, obieqturad ganicada Tu ara ziani an Seeqmna aRniSnuli zianis safrTxe, SeuZlia teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulze Tavisi iurisdiqcia gaavrcelos. konvenciis msgavsi daTqma SeiZleba saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis dacvis principis specialur SemTxvevad CaiTvalos. sahaero xomaldi SesaZlebelia emsaxurebodes ama Tu im qveynis xelisuflebas, iyos maT sargeblobasa an mflobelobaSi, magram ar warmoadgendes mocemuli qveynis almis qveS mfrinav saSualebas. konvenciis mixedviT, aRniSnuli tipis sahaero xomaldebzec vrceldeba mflobeli an mosargeble saxelmwifos iurisdiqcia. konvenciis mecxre muxlis meore nawilis “e“ qvepunqtSi aRwerili zemoaRniSnuli principi saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi cnobili “saxelmwifos almis principis” an ufro zogadad “teritoriulobis” principis specialur gamovlinebad unda CaiTvalos. saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi sayovelTad aRiarebuli principebi saxelmZRvaneloa kanonmdeblebisTvis. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis meore TavSi, romelSic gansazRvrulia sisxlis samarTlis kanonis moqmedebis farglebi, swored aRniSnuli principebia gaTvaliswinebuli. birTvuli terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb konvenciis mecxre muxlis meore nawilSi aRwerili saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis principebis specialuri SemTxvevebi, romlebzec zemoT gvqonda saubari, SesaZlebelia moazrebuli iqnes: 1. principi: “danaSuli Cadenilia, raTa aiZulon mocemuli saxelmwifo ganaxorcielos garkveuli moqmedeba anda Tavi Seikavos misi ganxorcilebisgan” ssk-is mexuTe muxlis meore nawilSi, sadac saubaria im qmedebis dasjadobaze, romelic saqarTvelos interesebis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli anda Tu qmedebisTvis sisxlissmarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT. 120 2. principi: “danaSauli Cadenilia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis eqspluataciaSi myof sahaero xomaldze” ar SeiZleba pirdapir moazrebul iqnes saqarTvelos ssk-is meoTxe muxlis mesame nawilSi, sadac saubaria xomaldze, romelic uflebamosilia isargeblos saqarTvelos saxelmwifo almiT an amosacnobi niSniT, radganac am konkretul SemTxvavaSi saubaria ara kuTvnil, aramed, mflobelobaSi an sargeblobaSi myof mfrinav saSualebaze, romelic SesaZlebelia ar warmoadgendes aRniSnuli saxelmwifos almis matarebel xomalds. mocemuli problemis gadasawyvetad ori gza gvesaxeba: pirveli: saqarTvelos ssk-is meoTxe muxlis mesame nawils daematos fraza: “an eqspluataciaSia saqarTvelos xelisuflebis saWiroebisaTvis” da Camoyalibdes Semdegnairad: “imas, vinc danaSauli ACaidina xomaldze, romelic uflebamosilia isargeblos saqarTvelos saxelmwifo almiT an amosacnobi niSniT, an eqspluataciaSia saqarTvelos xelisuflebis saWiroebisaTvis, anda aseTi xomaldis winaaRmdeg, sisxlis-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba daekisreba am kodeqsiT, Tu saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.” meore: moazrebul iqnes msgavsi SemTxvevebi saqarTvlos ssk-is mexuTe muxlis meore nawilis regulirebis sferoSi, sadac saubaria im qmedebis dasjadobaze, romelic saqarTvelos interesebis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs konvenciis me-15 muxli, romlis mixedviTac, arc erTi danaSauli, romelic warmoadgens saerTaSoriso birTvuli terorizmis gamovlinebas, saxelmwifoTa Soris damnaSave piris gadacemis, an samarTlebrivi daxmarebis procedurebisTvis ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc politikuri danaSauli an politikuri motivebiT Cadenili danaSauli. aqedan gamomdinare, birTvuli terorizmis danaSaulebis dros gadacemis an samarTlebrivi daxmarebis Txovna ar SeiZleba uaryofili iqnes mxolod im safuZvliT, rom igi exeba politikur danaSaulebs an politikuri motiviT Cadenil danaSaulebs. sisxlis samarTalis TeoriaSi cnobilia, rom saxelmwifos ufleba aqvs ar gadasces sxva saxelmwifos politikuri mrwamsisTvis devnili piri, anu sxvanairad rom iTqvas, politikuri damnaSave.295 cnobilia, rom teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebi politikuri Sedegebis miRwevas isaxavs miznad, aqedan gamomdinareobs cnobili kliSe “ erTisTvis teroristi, meorisTvis TavisuflebisTvis mebrZolia”, rac sakmaod did winaaRmdegobebs qmnida da qmnis rogorc terorizmis erTiani iuridiuli cnebis SemuSavebis, ise am movlenasTan samarTlebrivi saSualebebiT brZolis saqmeSi. bir295 msgavs daTqma arsebobs agreTve saqarTvelos ssk-is meeqvse muxlis mesame nawilSi. 121 Tvuli terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb konvenciis me-15 muxlis pirdapiri moTxovniT ar SeiZleba birTvuli terorizmis gamovlenis aqtebi CaiTvalos politikur danaSaulad da xelmomwerma saxelmwifom uari ganacxados danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Camdeni piris gadacemaze im motiviT, rom es piri idevneba politikuri mrwamsisTvis. konvencia avaldebulebs xelmomwer saxelmwifoebs, konvenciiT gansazRvruli birTvuli nivTierebebis danaSaulebrivad xelyofis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi miiRon aRniSnuli nivTierebebis fizikuri dacvis efeqturi zomebi, gaauvnebelyon radioaqtiuri nivTiereba, asafeTqebeli mowyobiloba, an miiRon sxva saWiro zomebi atomuri energiis saerTaSoriso saagentos mier dadgenili usafrTxoebis standartebis da rekomendaciebis Sesabamisad.296 birTvuli terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb konvenciaSi gawerilia sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxebic: damnaSaveTa gadacemis da gasamarTlebis Sesaxeb, saxelmwifoTa Soris sisxlisamarTlebrivi TanamSromlobis zogadi principebi, zogieri procesualuri sakiTxi. saqarTvelom 1998 wlis 30 oqtombers miiRo kanoni birTvuli da radiaciuli usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, romlis mizans Seadgens “maionebeli gamosxivebis mavne zemoqmedebisagan adamianisa da garemos dacva im valdebulebaTa Sesabamisad, romlebic gansazRvrulia saqarTvelos konstituciiT, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiTa da SeTanxmebebiT da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT.”297 kanonis meore muxli regulirebis sferos gansazRvravs birTvul da radiaciul saqmianobis usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebul samarTlebriv urTierTobebs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis dawesebulebebsa da fizikur da iuridiul pirebs Soris. kanonis meore Tavi reglamentacias uwevs birTvuli da radiaciuli saqmianobis saxelmwifo regulirebas, gansazRvravs kompetentur saxelmwifo organoTa wres da maTi urTierTkoordinaciis sakiTxebs. gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqonea kanoniT reglamentirebuli usafrTxoebis moTxovnebi birTvuli da radiaciuli saqmianobisas, aRniSnul nivTierebebTan dakavSirebiT licenzirebis da nebarTvebis erTiani sistemis gansazRvra da sxva sakiTxebi. birTvuli usafrTxoebis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi meqanizmebidan aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos respublikasa da atomuri energiis saerTaSoriso saagentos Soris dadebuli SeTanxmeba birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobis Sesaxeb garantiebis gamoyenebis Taobaze.298 296 ix. konvenciis meTvramete muxli. ix. saqarTvelos kanoni birTvuli da radiaciuli usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, muxli 1. 298 ratificirebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis 2003 wlis 24 aprilis #2112 IIs dadgenilebiT. SeTanxmebis mizania raTa “xelSekrulebis yoveli monawile 297 122 birTvuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis kuTxiT, didi mniSvneloba aqvs sisxlissamarTlebriv meqanizmebs. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi birTvuli da radiaciuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelmyofi normebi SesaZlebelia daiyos teroristuli da mimdinare xasiaTis danaSaulTa amkrZalav normebad. teroristuli xasaiTis normebidan SeiZleba gamoiyos teqnologiuri terorizmi (ssk-is 324-e mux.), romelSic masobrivi ganadgurebis sxva saSualebebTan erTad gaTvaliswinebuli birTvuli iaraRic. teqnologiuri terorizmis obieqturi mxare gamoixateba masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis, maT Soris, birTvulis gamoyenebaSi, an aRniSnuli iaraRis xelSi Cagdebis an/da gamoyenebis muqaraSi, maT Soris, birTvuli, qimiuri an Zlieri teqnologiuri anda ekologiuri saSiSroebis Semcveli obieqtis xelSi CagdebaSi. normis mixedviT, aRniSnulma qmedebam unda gamoiwvios sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis, saxelmwifos strategiuli politikuri an ekonomikuri interesis xelyofa. teqnologiuri terorizmis (ssk-is 324-e mux.) Semadgenlobis obieqturi mxare waagavs sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebisa da wesrigis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa TavSi gaTvaliswinebul birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdebisa (ssk-is 231-e mux.) da birTvuli nivTierebis marTlsawinaaRmdegod dauflebis muqaris (ssk-is 2311-e mux.) Semadgenlobis obieqtur mxareebs. birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba (ssk-is 231-e mux.) SeiZleba ganxorcildes sxvadasxva marTlsawinaaRmdego xerxiT, maT Soris, sicocxlisaTvis an janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi ZaladobiT anda aseTi Zaladobis muqariT. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, teqnologiuri terorizmis obieqturi Semadgenlobac moiazrebs birTvuli nivTierebis xelSi Cagdebas, Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, danaSaulis sagani an/da iaraRi gansxvavebulia. birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdebis (ssk-is 231-e mux.) Semadgenlobis mixedviT, xelyofis sagani mxolod birTvuli masala, radioaqtiuri nivTiereba an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaroa, gansxvavebiT teqnologiuri terorizmisgan (ssk-is 324-e mux.), romlis drosac xelyofis sagans an/da danaSaulis iaraRs birTvuli, radiologiuri, qimiuri an baqteriologiuri iaraRi, paTogenuri mikroorganizmi, radiaqtiuri an/da adamianis janmrTelobisTvis mavne sxva nivTiereba, birTvuli, qimiuri, an saxelmwifo, romelsac ara aqvs birTvuli iaraRi, valdebulebas kisrulobs miiRos garantiebi, rogorc isini Camoyalibebulia SeTanxmebaSi, romlis Sesaxebac iwarmoebs molaparakeba da romelic daideba atomuri energiis saerTaSoriso saagentosTan atomuri energiis saerTaSoriso saagentos wesdebisa da saagentos garantiebis sistemis Sesabamisad, mxolod da mxolod mocemuli xelSekrulebis Sesabamisad nakisri misi valdebulebebis Sesrulebis Semowmebis mizniT, raTa ar dauSvan mSvidobiani gamoyenebis birTvuli energiis gardaqmna birTvul iaraRad an sxva birTvul asafeTqebel mowyobilobad.” 123 Zlieri teqnologiuri anda ekologiuri saSiSroebis obieqti warmoadgens. teqnologiuri terorizmis dros xelyofis sagani an/da danaSaulis iaraRi sazogadoebrivad met saSiSroebas Seicavs, gansxvavebiT ssk-is 231-e muxlis SemadgenlobiT gaTvaliswinebuli sagnisgan, romelic mxolod birTvuli nivTierebaa da birTvuli iaraRis saxe ar gaaCnia. gansaxilveli normebi gansxvavdebian agreTve xelyofis obieqtiTac. teqnologiuri terorizmi xelyofs sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas, saxelmwifos strategiul politikuri an ekonomikuri interess, xolo ssk-is 231-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis xelyofis obieqti sazogadoebrivi uSiSroeba da wesrigia. zemoaRniSnuli normebis gamijvnis safuZveli subieqtur mxareSic unda veZioT. teqnologiuri terorizmis mizans mosaxleobis daSineba, fizikur da iuridiul pirebze, xelisuflebis organoze, saxelmwifoze an saerTaSoriso organizaciaze zemoqmedeba warmoadgens, xolo birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes nebismieri mizniT. birTvuli terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb konvenciiT danaSaulis iaraRad an/da sagnad moazrebulia rogorc birTvuli nivTiereba, ise birTvuli iaraRi. cxadia, rom birTvuli iaraRis damzadebamde damnaSavem Tavdapirvelad birTvuli nivTiereba unda igdos xelT. msgavs SemTxvevaSi rogor unda dakvalificirdes birTvuli nivTierebis xelSi Cagdeba, rogorc teqnologiuri terorizmis momzadeba (ssk-is 324-e mux.), Tu rogorc birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba (ssk-is 231-e mux.)? migvaCnia, rom am SemTxvevaSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs damnaSavis ganzraxvis mimarTulebas. teroristuli ganzraxvis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi qmedeba unda dakvalificirdes teqnologiuri terorizmis momzadebad. birTvuli nivTierebis marTlsawinaaRmdegod dauflebis muqara (ssk-is 2311-e mux.) novaciaa sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi. obieqturi mxare gamoixateba Zaladobis gamoyenebiT an Zaladobis muqariT birTvuli nivTierebis moTxovnaSi. subieqturi mxriv - pirdapir ganzraxvaSi gamoixateba, Tumca SemadgenlobaSi mizani dakonkretebuli ar aris. rac Seexeba teqnologiur terorizms (ssk-is 324-e mux.), gamoyenebuli muqara mimarTulia rogorc birTvuli nivTierebis xelSi Cagdebisken, agreTve ukve xelT myofi birTvuli nivTierebis an iaraRis gamoyenebiT garkveuli, teroristuli miznis miRwevisken. naTelia, rom birTvuli nivTierebis dauflebis muqaris, rogorc obieqturi niSnis orive Semadgenlobis farglebSi arseboba aRniSnuli Semadgenlobebis gamijvnas arTulebs. msgavs SemTxvevebSi qmedebaTa gamijvna Semadgenlobis subieqturi elementebiT unda moxdes. kerZod, teqnologiuri terorizmisTvis specialuri, teroristuli, mizania damaxasiaTebeli. 124 teqnologiur terorizmTan SemxeblobaSia, agreTve, birTvuli iaraRis an sxva birTvuli asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis damzadebis amkrZalavi norma (ssk-is 232-e mux.), romlis mixedviTac, dasjadia birTvuli iaraRis an sxva birTvuli asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis damzadeba. naTelia, rom normiT akrZaluli Semadgenlobis ganxorcieleba mxolod ganzrax aris SesaZlebeli. sagulisxmoa, rom birTvuli iaraRis damzadeba, saerTaSoriso normebis mixedviT, saerTaSoriso xasiaTis danaSauladaa miCneuli. saerTaSoriso xasiaTis danaSaulad miiCnevs aRniSnul qmedebas agreTve saqarTvelos ssk-is 406-e muxli, romlis mixedviTac, dasjadia saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT akrZaluli qimiuri, biologiuri an masobrivi ganadgurebis sxva iaraRis damzadeba. “amdenad, birTvuli iaraRis damzadebisaTvis pasuxismgebloba dawesebulia ssk-is ori muxliT – 232 da 406-e muxlebiT, rac kanonis koliziad unda CaiTvalos. amis garda, 232-e muxli Tavisi SinaarsiT ufro saerTaSoriso xasiaTis danaSaulia, vidre sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli norma.”299 naTelia, rom teqnologiuri terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli normiT gaTvaliswinebuli birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebamde unda moxdes aRniSnuli iaraRis damzadeba an SeZena. logikuria, rom msgavs SemTxvevebSi danaSaulTa erTobliobasTan gvaqvs saqme: qmedeba unda Sefasdes teqnologiur terorizmad (ssk-is 324-e mux.) da birTvuli iaraRis an sxva birTvuli asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis damzadebad (ssk-is 232-e mux.) an teqnologiur terorizmad (ssk-is 324-e mux.) da masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis damzadeba, SeZena an gasaRebad (ssk-is 406-e mux.). rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, birTvuli iaraRis damzadeba mizanSewonilia Sefasdes saerTaSoriso xasiaTis danaSaulad da gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas mxolod kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa karSi. birTvuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelmyofi normebidan saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi SesaZlebelia gamoiyos birTvuli masalisadmi an mowyobilobisadmi, radioaqtiuri narCenisadmi, radioaqtiuri nivTierebisadmi ukanono mopyroba (ssk-is 230-e mux.), birTvul an radioaqtiur obieqtze avariis an ubeduri SemTxvevis Sesaxeb informaciis dafarva an damaxinjeba (ssk-is 233-e mux), saqarTvelos teritoriaze radioaqtiuri, toqsikuri samrewvelo an sayofacxovrebo narCenis tranziti an importi (ssk-is 234-e mux.), birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri narCenis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyarosadmi mopyrobis wesis darRveva (ssk-is 245-e mux.). marTalia, mocemuli normebi birTvuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad mniSvnelovan berkets warmoad- 299 ix. sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni pirveli. avtorTa koleqtivi. gamomcemloba “meridiani”, Tbilisi 2008 w. gv. 544 125 gens, magram teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa ricxvs ver mivakuTvnebT maTi kriminalizaciis sazrisis da Sinaarsis gamo. 126 2.2.5. saerTaSoriso normebi sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli aqtebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb da misi debulebebis asaxva qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi 1988 wlis 10 martis konvencia “sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ukanono aqtebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb”300 konvenciis preambulaSi naTqvamia, rom xelmomweri saxelmwifoebi Rrmad SeSfoTebulni arian “msoflioSi terorizmis aqtebis momravlebiT mis yvela formaSi”. konvenciis preambula xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba sazRvao naosnobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli arakanonieri aqtebs, romlebic “emuqreba pirovnebisa da sakuTrebis usafrTxoebas, seriozulad aferxebs sazRvao mimosvlas da aryevs msoflios xalxebis rwmenas sazRvao mimosvlis usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebiT” miiCnevs teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad. konvenciis pirvel da meore muxlebSi gansazRvrulia xelyofis sagani kerZod, “winamdebare konvenciis miznebisaTvis, ~gemi” niSnavs nebismieri saxis xomalds, romelic ar aris mudmivad mimagrebuli zRvis fskerze. dinamiurad Sewonili xomaldebis, wyalqveSa aparatebis, an nebismieri sxva mcuravi saSualebis CaTvliT. konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli debulebebi ar exeba samxedro, sabaJo da policiis xomaldebs, agreTve im xomaldebs, romlebic gamoyvanilia naosnobidan an Camoiwera. konvenciiT akrZaluli qmedebebis detaluri CamonaTvali mocemulia mesame muxlSi, romlis mixedviTac: 1. nebismieri piri axorcielebs danaSauls Tu es piri arakanonierad da winaswari ganzraxviT: a) xelSi igdebs gems, an axorcielebs masze kontrols Zalis gamoyenebiT, Zalis muqariT an daniSnulebis nebismieri sxva saxiT; an b) axorcielebs Zaladobis aqts gemis bortze myofi piris winaaRmdeg, Tu am aqtma SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas am gemis usafrTxo naosnobas; an g) anadgurebs gems, an azianebs gems an mis tvirTs, Tu am dazianebam SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas am gemis usafrTxo naosnobas; an d) ganaTavsebs, an moqmedebs raTa ganaTavsos gemis bortze nebismieri gziT, mowyobiloba an nivTiereba, romelmac SeiZleba gaanadguros gemi, an ziani miayenos gems an mis tvirTs, Tu es ziani saf- 300 ratificirebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis 2006 wlis 7 ivnisis N 3192 _ is dadgenilebiT 127 rTxes uqmnis, an SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas am gemis usafrTxo naosnobas; an e) anadgurebs an seriozulad azianebs sazRvao sanavigacio danadgarebs an seriozulad xels uSlis maT funqcionirebas, Tuki nebismierma aseTma aqtebma SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas gemis usafrTxo naosnobas; an v) ganzrax atyobinebs cru informacias, da amiT safrTxes uqmnis gemis usafrTxo naosnobas; an z) azianebs an klavs pirs a)-f) qvepunqtebiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebebis Cadenisas an Cadenis mcdelobisas. konvenciis mixedviT, xelmomweri saxelmwifo kisrulobs valdebulebas Sida kanonmdeblobiT uzrunvelyos konvenciiT akrZaluli qmedebebis dasjadoba. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi sazRvao usafrTxoebis damcavi normebidan SeiZleba dasaxeldes: sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis daufleba (ssk-is 227-e mux.) konvenciasTan SemxeblobaSi mocemuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi norma aris iqidan gamomdinare, rom sxva saxis transportTan erTad krZalavs wylis xomaldis marTlsawinaaRmdego dauflebas. Semadgenloba, sxva makvalificirebel garemoebebTan erTad, iTvaliswinebs iseT xerxebs, rogoricaa sicocxlis an janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi Zaladoba anda aseTi Zaladobis muqara, aseve Tu zemoxenebuli transportis saxeebis dauflebas mohyveba adamianis sicocxlis mospoba an sxva mZime Sedegi. saqarTvelos ssk-is 227-e muxlSi mocemuli danaSaulis Semadgenloba 1988 wlis konvenciis mesame muxlis “a” da “b” qvepunqtebiT akrZalul qmedebis dasjadobas iTvaliswinebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom konvenciis mesame muxlis “g” qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedeba, “azianebs an klavs pirs”, ar SeiZleba moazrebul iqnes 227-e muxlis Semadgenlobis farglebSi da aRniSnul normasTan erTad ganzrax mkvelelobis SemadgenlobiT moiTxovs kvalifikacias.301 saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis daufleba (ssk-is 227-e mux.) Sesulia sazogadoebrivi wesrigis da uSiSroebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa TavSi da ar ganixileba teroristul danaSaulad, imis miuxedavad, rom saerTaSoriso konvencia msgavs danaSaulebs teroristul xasiaTs aniWebs. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu terorisTa xelyofis sagnad iqceva sahaero, wylis an sarkinigzo transporti, gamoxatuli iqneba teroristuli qmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebi, aucileblia Sefasdes rogorc teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauli. 301 mkvelobis Semadgenlobebidan qmedeba SesaZlebelia Sefasdes rogorc damaZimebel garemoebebSi Cadenili mkveloba konkretuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT: mZevlad xelSi CagdebasTan dakavSirebiT, sxva danaSaulis dafarvis an misi Cadenis gaadvilebis mizniT, angarebiT an SekveTiT, jgufurad da a.S. 128 wylis xomaldis naosnobisTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna (ssk-is 2271-e mux.) saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi novacias warmoadgens302 da masSi aSkarad hpovebs asaxvas 1988 wlis “sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli arakanonieri aqtebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb” konvenciis debulebebi. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis am axal normaSi kanonmdebelma sakmaod srulyofilad asaxa saerTaSoriso konvenciis moTxovnebi garkveul qmedebaTa dasjadobis SemoRebiT. ssk-is 2271-e muxlis Tanaxmad, dasjadia wylis xomaldis naosnobisTvis safrTxis Semqmneli sxvadasxva qmedebebi, rogoricaa ganzrax cru informaciis gadacema wylis xomaldisTvis, wylis xomaldze myofi piris mimarT ganxorcielebuli Zaladoba an Zaladobis muqara, sazRvao-sanavigacio danadgaris dazianeba, wylis xomaldis an misi tvirTis ganadgureba an dazianeba da a.S. konvenciis Tanaxmad, mocemuli danaSaulebi terorizmis gamovlinebis formebad aris miCneuli. amis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT, konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebebis dasjadoba gaTvaliswinebulia 2271-e muxlSi, magram ara rogorc teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauli, aramed, rogorc sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebisa da wesrigis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli. arada, teroristuli qmedebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi Sefaseba unda moxdes teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad. “sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ukanono aqtebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb” konvenciasTan SemxeblobaSia saqarTvelos ssk-is 228-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauli – mekobreoba. mekobreobas sxvagvarad zRvis yaCaRobad moixsenieben da obieqturad xorcieldeba xomaldze an sxva mcurav saSualebaze Zaladobrivi TavdasxmiT sxvisi nivTis dauflebisa da marTlsawinaaRmdego misakuTrebis mizniT. mekobreobis Semadgenloba SemxeblobaSia konvenciis mesame muxlis “a”, “b”, “c”, “g” qvepunqtebiT akrZalul qmedebebTan. mekobreoba sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebisa da wesrigis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa karSia gaTvaliswinebuli, Tumca Sesabamisi pirobebis arsebobisas (politikuri motivacia, teroristuli mizani da a.S.) teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. “sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ukanono aqtebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb” konvencias 1988 wlis 10 marts daemata oqmi “kontinentur Selfze ganlagebuli stacionaruli platformebis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli arakanonieri qmedebebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb”, romelsac romSi moewera xeli.303 oqmis pirveli muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad “stacionaruli platforma” niSnavs xelovnur kunZuls, danadgars an 302 qmedeba kriminalizebulia 2006 wlis 25 ivliss. ratificirebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis 2006 wlis 7 ivnisis N 3193 – Is dadgenilebiT 303 129 nagebobas, romelic mudmivad aris damagrebuli zRvis fskerze, resursebis dazvervis an aTvisebis, an sxva ekonomikuri miznebisaTvis. konvenciis meore muxlis mixedviT danaSaulis obieqturi mxare ganxorcieldeba Tu nebismieri piri: a) xelSi igdebs an akontrolebs stacionarul platformas ZaliT an Zalis muqariT, an daSinebis nebismieri sxva formiT; an b) axorcielebs stacionarul platformaze myofi piris winaaRmdeg Zaladobis aqts, Tu am aqtma SeiZleba saSiSroeba Seuqmnas mis usafrTxoebas; an g) anadgurebs stacionarul platformas, an ayenebs mas zians, romelmac SesaZloa saSiSroeba Seuqmnas mis usafrTxoebas; an d) ganaTavsebs, an moqmedebs raTa ganaTavsos stacionarul platformaze mowyobiloba, an nivTiereba, romelmac SeiZleba gaanadguros stacionaruli platforma, an miayenos mas ziani, romelmac SesaZloa saSiSroeba Seuqmnas mis usafrTxoebas; an e) a)-dan d)-s CaTvliT qvepunqtebSi aRwerili qmedebebis CadenasTan an Cadenis mcdelobasTan dakavSirebiT zians ayenebs an klavs nebismier pirs. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqss, 2006 wlis 25 ivliss, daemata 2272-e muxli, romlis mixedviTac, dasjadia stacionaruli platformis marTlsawinaaRmdegod daufleba, ganadgureba an dazianeba. qarTvelma kanonmdebelma aRniSnuli normis SemoRebiT konvenciasTan srul SesabamisobaSi moiyvana sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi. konvenciiT akrZalul qmedebaTa wre moculia qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis normiT. “sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ukanono aqtebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb” konvenciis da misi damatebiTi oqmis Tanaxmad, stacionarul platformaze akrZaluli qmedebebis Cadena teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad iTvleba, maSin rodesac qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis mixedviT, msgavsi qmedebebis sisxlissamarTlebriv dacvis obieqts sazogadoebrivi uSiSroeba da wesrigi warmoadgens. marTalia, stacionaruli platformis nebismieri xelyofa ar SeiZleba qmnides teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis niSnebs, Tumca Sesabamisi obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba aseTadSefasdes. 130 2.2.6. gaeros konvencia plastikuri feTqebadi nivTierebebis niSandebis Sesaxeb maTi gamovlenis mizniT gaeros 1991 wlis konvencia “plastikuri feTqebadi nivTierebebis niSandebis Sesaxeb maTi gamovlenis mizniT”304 miRebulia 1988 wlis tragediis Semdeg, rodesac plastikuri asafeTqebeli nivTierebis meSveobiT aafeTqes kompania “panam”-is sahaero xomaldi. xelmomweri saxelmwifoebi iReben Sesabamis zomebs maT teritoriaze araniSandebuli feTqebadi nivTierebis damzadebis akrZalvisa da Tavidan acilebisaTvis305 saxelmwifoebi kisruloben valdebulebas aRkveTon araniSandebuli asafeTqebeli nivTierebebis teritoriidan gatana an teritoriaze Setana, sakuTar teritoriaze araniSandebuli asafeTqebeli nivTierebebis mTeli maragi, romelic ar aris samxedro an policiuri funqciebis Semsrulebeli uflebamosili organoebis mflobelobaSi, ganadgurdes an gamoyenebul iqnes im wesiT, romelic ar ewinaaRmdegeba am konvenciis miznebs, an iqnes niSandebuli, an gaTavisuflebuli feTqebadi Tvisebebisagan sami wlis ganmavlobaSi konvenciis ZalaSi Sesvlamde am saxelmwifos mimarT. 2.2.7. konvencia teroristuli dabombvis winaaRmdeg da misi debulebebis asaxva qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi 1997 wels miRebulia “saerTaSoriso konvencia teroristuli dabombvis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb,”306 romlis SemuSavebis mizezic gaxda msoflioSi terorizmis yvela formis da gamovlinebis eskalacia da gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli teroristuli Tavdasxmebi feTqebadi da sxva sasikvdilo mowyobilobebis gamoyenebiT sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi.307 konvenciiT akrZaluli ratificirebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis 2000 wlis 11 Tebervlis N 137 dadgenilebiT. 305 konvenciis Tanaxmad, niSandebis nivTiereba` aRniSnavs nivTierebas, romelic aRwerilia winamdebare konvenciis teqnikur danarTSi da CarTulia feTqebad nivTierebaSi misi gamovlenis mizniT, xolo TviTon “niSandeba” aRniSnavs feTqebad nivTierebaSi niSandebis nivTierebis CarTvas konvenciis teqnikuri danarTis Sesabamisad. 306 damtkicebulia saqarTvelos prezidentis 2003 wlis 24 seqtembris N 459 brZanebulebiT. 307 konvenciis pirveli muxlis mesame nawilis Tanaxmad: `feTqebadi an sxva sasikvdilo mowyobiloba~ niSnavs: a) feTqebad an cecxlgamCen iaraRs an mowyobilobas, romelic gamiznulia an aqvs unari gamoiwvios sikvdili, sxeulis seriozuli dazianeba an mniSvnelovani materialuri zarali; an b) iaraRs an mowyobilobas, romelic gamiznulia an aqvs unari gamoiwvios sikvdili, sxeulis seriozuli dazianeba an mniSvnelovani materialuri zarali toqsikur qimiuri nivTierebis, biologiuri agentis an toqsinis an msgavsi niv304 131 qmedeba gamoixateba, Tu piri arakanonierad da ganzrax ganaTavsebs, aamoqmedebs an aafeTqebs feTqebad an sxva sasikvdilo mowyobilobas sajaro daniSnulebis adgilas, saxelmwifo an samTavrobo obieqtSi, sazogadoebrivi transportis sistemaSi an infrastruqturis obieqtSi an (zemoCamoTvlili) adgilebisa da obieqtbis midamoebSi an maT winaaRmdeg. konvenciis mexuTe muxli metad saintereso daTqmas akeTebs, rodesac avaldebulebs xelmomwer saxelmwifos miiRon Sesabamisi zomebi “raTa uzrunvelyos, rom winamdebare konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebrivi aqtebi, romlebic konretulad gamiznuli an gaTvlilia sazogadoebaSi an pirTa jgufSi an kerZo pirebs Soris teroris garemos Seqmnaze, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iqneba gamarTlebuli politikuri, filosofiuri, ideologiuri, rasobrivi, eTnikuri, religiuri an sxva msgavsi mosazrebebis safuZvelze da am aqtebs Seefardeba Sesabamisi sasjelebi maTi simZimis gaTvaliswinebiT.” aRniSnuli norma krZalavs terorizmis propagandas saxelmwifoSi, mis gamarTlebas nebismieri formiT da safuZvliT, moiTxovs saxelmwifoebma moaxdinon msgavsi qmedebebis kriminalizacia da dasajon akrZaluli qmedebis Camdeni pirebi. qarTvelma kanonmdebelma 2006 wlis 25 ivliss sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis teroristul danaSaulTa TavSi terorizmis propagandis amkrZalavi (saqveynod mowodeba terorizmisaken ssk-is 3301-e mux.) norma Semoitana. “Tanamedrove epoqaSi erT-erTi saSiSi tendencia terorizmis wamqezebluri ritorika, es maSin, roca eTnikurma terorizmma, politikuri eqstremizmis da islamuri radikalizmis gamovlinebebma arnaxuli masStabebi miiRo, gansakuTrebiT SemaSfoTebelia eTnikuri separatizmis niadagze aRmocenebuli eTnokonfesiuri konfliqtebi, romelTac didi sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera aqvs da aqedan gamomdinare adamianebze manipulireba Zalze gaadvilebulia. swored amgvari safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad saqarTvelos ssk 3301 muxliT kriminalizebulia saqveynod informaciis gavrceleba an sxvagvari miwodeba ssk-is 323-330-e, 3301-e da 3302-e muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli romelime teroristuli danaSaulis Cadenisaken mowodebis mizniT...”308 interess iwvevs konvenciis me-11 muxli. me-11 muxlis Tanaxmad, gadacemis an iuridiuli urTierTdaxmarebis miznebisTvis konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebrivi qmdebebi ar unda iqnes miCneuli politikur danaSaulad, an danaSaulad, romelic ukavSirdeba politikur danaSauls, an danaSaulad, romelic gamowveulia politikuri motivebiT. saxelmwifos ufleba ara aqvs uari ganacxados iuridiul daxmarebaze an gadacemaze zemoxsenebuli mizezebiT. Tierebis, an radiaciis an radioaqtiuri nivTierebis gamoTavisuflebis, gafantvis an zemoqmedebis gziT. 308 ix. sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni meore. avtorTa koleqtivi. Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 118. 132 2.2.8. saerTaSoriso konvencia terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb da misi debulebebis asaxva qarTul normatiul sivrceSi 1999 wlis konvencia “terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb” miRebulia terorizmis finansuri xelSewyobis aRmofxvris mizniT. imis miuxedavad, rom saerTaSoriso teroristuli jgufebis saboloo mizani ar aris finansuri mogebis miReba, isini mainc saWiroeben fuls, raTa miizidon axali momxreebi, uzrunvelyon organizaciis mxardaWera adgilze da sazRvargareT. zogierT saerTaSoriso teroristul jgufs fuli sWirdeba imisTvis, rom warmarTon socialuri kompania Tanamoazreebis mizidvis mizniT da masobriv sainformacio saSualebebis meSveobiT Seqmnan STabeWdileba TiTqos icaven xalxis farTo fenebis interesebs. Segrovebuli saxsrebiT finansdeba skolebis da saavadmyofoebis mSenebloba da a.S. am moqmedebebis mTavari mizania TavianT rigebSi miizidon axali momxreebi. mniSvnelovani Tanxebi ixarjeba organizaciis dakompleqtebaze, wevrebis sabrZolo momzadebaze, Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT aRWurvili bazebis (kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa, kavSirebi, transporti, iaraRi) Seqmnaze. konkretuli teraqtebis momzadeba da ganxorcieleba, rogorc wesi did danaxarjebs ar moiTxovs. terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis sakiTxebSi problemas is qmnis, rom damfinanseblis da dafinansebuli mxaris realuri miznebi xSirad dafarulia, teroristuli organizaciebis mier Tanxebis Segroveba mimdinareobs saqvelmoqmedo miznebiT da rogorc wesi, mesame pirebis meSveobiT. finansuri operaciis saidumlo xasiaTis gamo, rTulia imis mtkiceba, rom Tanxebi daixarja ukve mowyobil, an dagegmil teraqtze. terorizmis problema ar SeiZleba gadaiWras mxolod calkeuli teroristuli aqtebis gamovleniT da maTi Tavidan acilebiT, saWiroa ufro farTomasStabiani moqmedebebi. kerZod, unda aRikveTos teroristuli saqmianoba, romlis erT-erT safuZvlad terorizmis dafinanseba gvevlineba.309 teroristuli organizacia SesaZlebelia finansdebodes saxelmwifoebidan, religiuri organizaciebidan, komerciuli da arakomerciuli iuridiuli pirebidan, mdidari individebidan, diasporebidan da sxva wyaroebidan: 1. saxelmwifo dafinanseba sakmaod mniSvnelovania teroristuli organizaciebisTvis. saxelmwifom SeiZleba teroristebs xeli Seuwyos aramxolod finansebis gamoyofiT, aramed samedicino daxmarebis aRmoCeniT, iaraRis miwodebiT, TavSesafris micemiT, sawvrTneli banakebis mowyobiT da a.S.310 terologiaSi cnobilia terorizmis dafinansebis mravali magaliTi ama Tu im saxelmwifos 309 ix. В. В. Устинов, Международный опыт борбы с терроризмом, стандарты и практика. М., 2002, c.257 - 258 310 ix. Patterns of Global Terrorism, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, U.S. State Department, http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt.2011. 133 mxridan. magaliTad, irlandiis respublikuri armia libiidan iRebda fuls, uaxlesi tipis SeiaraRebas da asafeTqebel mowyobilobebs.311 zogierTi monacemebiT palestinis gamaTavisuflebeli organizacia iRebda daxmarebas egviptidan, saudis arabeTidan, libiidan, siriidan, quveiTidan. aRniSnuli qveynebidan palestinuri terorizmis dafinansebisTvis gamoyofilma Tanxam 1973-1986 wlebSi daaxloebiT 250 milioni aSS dolari Seadgina.312 2. religiuri organizaciebi, romlebic ZiriTadad Senawirebs agroveben da amgvarad exmarebian teroristebs. magaliTad, religiuri Senawirebis odenoba saudis arabeTSi yovelwliurad Seadgens 10 miliard aSS dolars.313 3. komerciuli da arakomerciuli iuridiuli pirebidan miRebuli dafinanseba teroristuli organizaciebis Semosavlis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens. 2001 wlis noemberSi aSS-s mTavrobam al-Taqva (al-Taqwa) sabanko sistema daasaxela rogorc teroristuli iuridiuli piri, romelic al-qaidas finansuri saxsrebis mimoqcevas awarmoebda.314 al-qaidas garda, al-Taqva (al-Taqwa) afinansebda ramodenime sxva teroristul organizaciasac, maT Soris, hamass. alTaqva Seiqmna 1988 wels egviptis musulmanuri saZmos dafinansebiT.315 1996 wlis monacemebiT al-Taqvas kavSiri hqonda hamasTan da sxva palestinur teroristul jgufebTan, agreTve alJirul “islamur SeiaraRebul jgufTan” da egviptur al-jamaa al-islamiasTan. arakomerciuli iuridili pirebi afinanseben iseT cnobil teroristul organizacias, rogoricaa “Tamil elamis gamaTavisuflebeli vefxvebi” (ТОТЭ). damfinanseblebs Soris eqspertebi asaxeleben “TamilTa erTian organizacias” (United Tamil Organization), “kanadeli Tamilebis gaerTianebul asociacias” (The Federation of Associations of Canadian Tamils), “TamilTa koordinaciis komiteti” (The Tamil Coordinating Committee) da sxva organizaciebs.316 terorizmis damfinanseblis braldeba waeyena, agreTve, saerTaSoriso humanitarul fonds al-aqsas, romelic humanitarul saqmianobas amofarebuli afinansebda hamass. dadasturda agreTve al-aqsas mier al-qaidas da hezbolas dafinanseba.317 “komerciuli da arakomerciuli 311 ix. Libya’s Continuing Responsibility for Terrorism // International Policy Institute for CounterTerrorism, 15 April 1992. www.ict.org.il.2004. 312 ix. S. Kiser Financing Terror. An Analysis and Simulation for Affecting Al Qaeda’s Financial Infrastructure // Rand Corporation, 2004, p. 39. 313 ix. J. Brisard. Terrorism Financing: Roots and Trends of Saudi Terrorism Financing. 2002, p. 6. 314 ix. J. B. Taylor, “Statement from the US Department of the Treasury,” 7 November 2001, www.treas.gov/press/releases/po771.htm.2004. 315 ix. “The United States and Italy Designate Twenty-Five New Financiers of Terror,” Department of the Treasury Office of Public Affairs, PO-3380, 29 August 2002, www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/po3380.htm. 2005. 316 ix. D.Byman , P. Chalk, B. Hoffman, W. Rosenau, D. Brannan Trends in Outside Support for Insurgent Movements, Rand, 2001. p. 44. 317 ix.: Treasury Designates Al-Aqsa International Foundation as Financier of Terror: Charity Linked to Funding of the Hamas Terrorist Organization,” Department of the Treasury, Office of Public Affairs, 29 May 2003, www.treas.gov/press/releases/js439.htm. 134 organizaciebi teroristuli jgufebis mxardaWeras axorcieleben aramxolod finansuri mxardaWeriT, aramed maTTvis qmnian sawvrTnel, samedicino – gamajansaRebel da sxva saxis infrastruqturas.”318 4. terorizmis dafinansebis braldebiT pasuxisgebaSi micemuli fizikuri pirebis SemTxvevebidan SeiZleba dasaxeldes: abdurahman muhamed almoudi, aSS-s musulmanuri fondis Tavkaci, braldebuli iqna libiasTan finansuri urTierTobis damyarebisTvis (aRniSnul qveyanas rogorc terorizmis damfinansebels aSS –s mxridan ekonomikuri sanqciebi aqvs dadebuli). sasamarTlo monacemebis mixedviT almoudi qvelmoqmedebas amofarebuli uzarmazar Tanxebs ugzavnida teroristul organizaciebs maT Soris, al-qaidas da hamass. aRniSnulis garda, almoudis urTierToba hqonda aSS-Si moqmed TiTqmis yvela teroristul jgufTan; terorizmis dafinansebis braldebiT pasuxisgebaSia micemuli agreTve soleiman biheiri, romelic legalur biznes saqmianobas iyo amofarebuli. igi aSS-s oficialuri pirebis mier saxeldebulia rogorc “musulmanuri saZmos amerikeli bankiri”.319 jeims adamsisis naSromi terorizmis dafinansebis sakiTxebSi klasikurad iTvleba. mis mier gaanalizebuli iqna terorizmis finansuri infrastruqtura.320 adamsis azriT 1960-1980-ian wlebSi terorizmma finansebis gamoZebnis sakiTxSi cvlilebebi ganicada. dasavleTs, romelsac saTaveSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi edga da terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi sponsori qveynebis gamovlenas cdilobda, aRniSnuli fericvaleba mxedvelobidan gamorCa. mZlavri teroristuli jgufebi ukve aRar iyvnen damokidebuli saxelmwifoebze, maT dafinansebis sakuTari wyaroebi Seqmnes. adamsi askvnis rom, terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis saukeTeso saSualebaa im finansur infrastruqturebis moSla romlebiTac sazrdooben teroristuli organizaciebi. adamsis mixedviT, teroristul jgufebi viTardebian da funqcionireben damoukideblad. adamsi svams kiTxvas: ra xerxebiT afinanseben teroristuli organizaciebi sakuTar saqmianobas, Tu ki isini ar sargebloben saxelmwifo xelSewyobiT? adamsi aRniSnul kiTxvas Semdegnairad pasuxobs: teroristuli organizaciis arsebobisTvis saWiroa didi resursebi, amitom aRniSnuli organizacia qmnis sakuTar finansur infrastruqturas. magaliTisTvis saxeldeba palestinis gamaTavisuflebeli organizacia (PLO), romelmac me-20 saukunis 70–ian wlebSi Camoayaliba Tavisi ekonomikuri frTa “samedis” (Samed) saxelwodebiT. “samedi” agebulia Tanamedrove organizaciuli mowyobis wesebis dacviT, warmoadgens legalur finansur struqturas, romelic flobs fermerul meurneobebsa da fabrika - qarxnebs mraval qveya318 ix. M. Levitt The Political Economy of Middle East Terrorism // The Washington Institute, 2002. p. 5. ix. Untangling the Terror Web: Identifying and Counteracting the Phenomenon of Crossover Between Terrorist Groups, Matthew Levitt, SAIS Review vol. XXIV no. 1 (Winter–Spring 2004) project MUSE, http://muse.jhu.edu. 2004. 320 J. Adams, The Financing of Terror, Aberdeen Universiti Press. Aberdeen, 1986. 319 135 naSi, kerZod, libanSi, tunisSi, alJirsa da siriaSi. “sameds” ganzraxuli aqvs gaxdes udidesi ekonomikuri Zala axlo aRmosaveTSi ocdameerTe saukunis ganmavlobaSi, saqmianobis generalur xazs palestinis gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis dafinanseba warmoadgens. unikaluri finansuri infrastruqtura Seqmna agreTve “irlandiis gamaTavisuflebel armia”-m (IRA). arsebobda mosazreba, rom IRA finansdeboda aSS-dan, iq mcxovrebi emigranti irlandielebis Senawirebis meSveobiT. adamsi asabuTebs, rom aRniSnuli wyaro IRA-s finansur struqturaSi umTavres rols ar TamaSobs. IRA Tavisi xazinis mniSvnelovan nawils avsebs CrdiloeT irlandiaSi organizebuli danaSaulobis sakuTari qselis wyalobiT. revolucionerobis da Cveulebrivi gangsterobis SeTavseba saukeTeso meTodi aRmoCnda terorizmis dafinansebisTvis. adamsi aRniSnul movlenas “kapones aRmoCenas” uwodebs, misi arsi SemdgomSia: teroristulma organizacia IRA-m aRmoaCina, rom SeuZlia didi Tanxebis mopoveba maRaziebis mflobelebisgan da sxva sxva saxis mewarmeTagan savaldebulo dacvis servisis Tavs moxveviT da fulis gamoZalviT. IRAs aRniSnul moqmedebas reketis forma hqonda da mewarme Tanxas ixdida ori mizezis gamo: pirveli, rom teroristuli organizacia kisrulobda misi biznesis dacvas gareSe pirTagan, meore da umTavresi icavda TviT IRA-sgan, misi Tavdasxmebisgan. warmatebuli cda gamodga 1972 wels legalur finansur sivrceSi gamosvla da taqsebis kompaniis SeZena. IRA male mixvda, rom gacilebiT did Tanxebs moigebda, Tu konkurentebs Camoicilebda, terorizmi gamoiyeneboda bazarze dominirebisaTvis. meTodebi kargad muSaobda da IRA komerciuli saqmianobis sxva momgebian saxeobebSic aqtiurad Caeba.321 adamsi askvnis: arcerTi teroristuli organizacia ar moqmedebs vakuumSi, mas samoqmedod sWirdeba sxvadasxva saxis resursebi, xolo resursebi TanxebTanaa dakavSirebuli. ase rom yoveli teroristuli organizaciis ukan finansuri infrastruqturaa. amitom terorizmTan brZola misi finansuri qselis likvidacias unda iTvaliswinebdes.322 palestinis gamaTavisuflebeli armia (ООП) Sida finansuri struqturebis ganviTarebuli sqemiT gamoirCeva. organizacia flobs Sua aRmosavleTSi tansacmlis da iaraRis mwarmoebel fabrika-qarxnebs, afrikis kontinentze fermerul meurneobebs, uZrav qonebas evropaSi, aviakompaniebs nikaraguaSi da maldivis respublikaSi. miRebuli mogeba mimarTulia aSS-s, safrangeTis, britaneTis, germaniis, belgiis da iaponiis safondo bazrebze aqciebis SesaZenad. saintereso movlenad unda CaiTvalos faqti, rodesac organizaci- 321 322 ix. J. Adams, dasaxelebuli naSomi, gv. 393 – 405. ix. iqve 136 am misTvis sasargeblo pirobebiT nikaraguis xelisuflebaze kreditic ki gasca.323 Tanamedrove teroristuli organizaciis dafinanseba xorcieldeba legaluri da aralegaluri biznesidan, sawevro Senatanebidan, loialurad ganwyobili saxelmwifoebidan, saTvistomoebidan, religiuri organizaciebidan da sxva wyaroebidan. teroristuli organizaciis dafinansebis erT-erT Tanamedrove formas TviTdafinanseba warmoadgens. TviTdafinansebis generalur xazs organizaciis samewarmeo saqmianoba (legaluri an aralegaluri) warmoadgens. Tanamedrove teroristuli organizaciebi cdiloben Seqmnan Sida, avtonomiuri dafinansebis wyaroebi, raTa moipovon finansuri damoukidebuleba da ar iyvnen damokidebulni garegan faqtorebze. 1999 wlis konvencia “terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb” miRebulia saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier zustad im mizniT, rom saxelmwifoTa erToblivi ZalisxmeviT Tanamedrove teroristul organizaciebs moeSalos finansuri dasayrdeni. konvenciis pirveli muxlis pirvel nawilSi gansazRvrulia xelyofis sagani, e.w. “fondebi” romelSic, konvenciis miznebidan gamomdinare, igulisxmeba “yvela saxis da nebismieri gziT mopovebuli, materialuri da aramaterialuri, moZravi da uZravi aqtivebi, nebismieri formis iuridiuli dokumenti, maT Soris eleqtronuli da cifruli, romelic amgvar aqtivebze sakuTrebis uflebas an maTSi wilobriv monawileobas adasturebs, moicavs, Tumca ar Semoifargleba, sabanko kreditebs, samgzavro Cekebs, sabanko Cekebs, fulad gzavnilebs, aqciebs, fasian qaRaldebs, obligaciebs, tratebs, akreditivebs.” konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul akrZalul qmedebas sCadis piri Tu pirdapir an arapirdapir, ukanonod da sakuTari nebiT, uzrunvelyofs an agrovebs “fondebs” im ganzraxviT, rom maT gamoiyeneben, an icis, rom maT mTlianad an nawilobriv gamoiyeneben terorizmis dasafinanaseblad. rogorc konvenciidan Cans, terorizmis dafinanseba pirma SeiZleba ganaxorcielos rogorc pirdapiri, ise arapirdapiri ganzraxviT, radganac piri agrovebs “fondebs” im ganzraxviT, rom maT gamoiyeneben an icis rom gamoiyeneben, anu pirvel SemTxvevaSi surs teroristebis mxridan “fondebis” gamoyeneba, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi Segnebulad uSvebs aRniSnuls. meore muxlis mesame nawilis YTanaxmad, danaSaulis damTavrebulad cnobisTvis aucilebeli ar aris “fondebi” faqtobrivad iyos gamoyenebuli teroristTa mier. mTavaria, rom damfinansebelma “fondebi” miawodos teroristebs zemoCamoTvilili saSualebebiT da formebiT. danaSaulis damTavrebulad cnobisTvis miwodebuli fondebis ga323 ix.: S. Kiser Financing Terror. An Analysis and Simulation for Affecting Al Qaeda’s Financial Infrastructure // Rand Corporation, 2004, p. 43. 137 moyenebas, srulad an nawilobriv SeZleben Tu ara teroristebi, mniSvneloba ara aqvs. konvenciis mexuTe muxlis Sesabamisad, konvenciis monawile TiToeuli saxelmwifo “qveynis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, ganaxorcielebs RonisZiebebs, raTa Tavis teritoriaze ganlagebul iuridiul pirebs an qveynis kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad dafuZnebul iuridiul pirebs daakisros pasuxismgebloba.”im SemTxvevebSi rodesac am iuridiuli piris xelmZRvanelma an makontrolebelma organom samsaxurebrivi funqciis Sesrulebisas terorizmis dafinanseba ganaxorciela. amasTan, konvvenciis me-5 muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad, iuridiul pirebze dakisrebuli pasuxismgebloba danaSaulis Camden pirebs ar aTavisuflebs piradi pasuxisgebisagan. sagulisxmoa, rom konvenciis zemoaRniSnuli moTxovna gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos ssk-is 1071-e muxlis me-6 nawilSi, romlis mixedviTac: “iuridiuli piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba ar gamoricxavs imave danaSaulisaTvis fizikuri piris sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas”. iuridiuli pirebisTvis dasakisrebeli pasuxismgeblobis formebidan konvencia gamoyofs sisxlissamarTlebriv, samoqalaqosamarTlebriv da administraciulsamarTlebriv saSualebebs. amasTan, iuridiuli piris mimarT gamoyenebuli sanqcia unda iyos qmediTi, Tanazomieri da aman xeli unda aaRebinos pirs danaSaulis Cadenaze. konvenciis meeqvse muxlis imperatiuli miTiTebiT, saxelmwifoebma unda uzrunvelyon raTa terorizmis dafinansebas arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar moeZebnos gamarTleba politikuri, ideologiuri, rasobrivi, eTnikuri, religiuri an sxva msgavsi mosazrebiT. aseTive daTqmas Seicavs 1997 wlis “saerTaSoriso konvencia teroristuli dabombvis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb”. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 3301-e muxli, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, krZalavs saqveynod mowodebas terorizmisaken da dasjadad acxadebs terorizmis propagandis nebismier SemTxvevas. terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb konvenciis aRniSnuli moTxovna saqarTvelos kanonmdeblis mier aris gaTvaliswinebuli da asaxulia sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi. konvenciis me-12 muxlis meore nawili mniSvnelovan daTqmas akeTebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebma ar unda uaryon kanonieri urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb moTxovna sabanko saidumloebebis dacvis motiviT. konvenciis aRniSnuli daTqma saerTaSoriso samarTalSi novacias warmoadgens da mniSvnelovani funqciuri datvirTva gaaCnia. amis garda, konvenciis meTvramete muxlSi gawerilia saxelmwifoTa sxva valdebulebebi. kerZod: zomebis miReba TavianT teritoriebze im pirebisa da organizaciebis arakanonieri saqmianobis asakrZalad, romlebic Segnebulad waaxaliseben, ubiZgeben, organizebas ukeTeben an Cabmuli arian terorizmis dafinansebaSi; Sesabamisi struqturebis mier saTanado yuradRebis miqceva saeWvo da uCveulo garigebebze; iseTi 138 wesebis SemoRebaze, romlebic krZalavs angariSebis gaxsnas, Tuki maTi mflobelebi an beneficiariebi daudgeneli pirebi arian, an maTi identifikacia SeuZlebelia; SemoiRon iseTi wesebi, romlebic finansur institutebs valdebulebas akisrebs saswrafod Seatyobinon kompetentur organoebs yvela rTuli, uCveulo, masStaburi an ucnauri garigebis Sesaxeb, romelic ar isaxavs miznad aSkarad ekonomikur an TvalsaCinod kanonier miznebs. eqstradiciis da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxebze mniSvnelovan daTqmas akeTebs konvenciis mecamete da meToTxmete muxlebi, romlis mixedviTac, terorizmis dafinanseba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos finansur an politikur danaSaulad, aqedan gamomdinare, konvenciis monawile saxelmwifom ar unda uaryos eqstradiciis an iuridiuli daxmarebis gawevis Sesaxeb moTxovna mxolod im safuZvliT, rom terorizmis dafinanseba dakavSirebulia finansur an politikur danaSaulTan. konvenciis meTeqvsmete muxlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos ufleba aqvs uari ganacxados eqstradiciasa da iuridiul daxmarebaze Tu sakmarisi safuZveli aqvs ifiqros, rom terorizmis dafinansebasTan dakavSirebiT eqstradiciis an iuridiuli daxmarebis moTxovna miznad isaxavs pirovnebis sisxlisamarTlebriv devnas an dasjas misi rasis, religiis, erovnebis, eTnikuri warmoSobis, politikuri Sexedulebebis gamo. terorizmis dafinansebasTan brZolis specifika Seicavs sadazvervo da samarTalSefardebiTi aspeqtebis rTul urTierTkavSirs, romelic exeba iseT daucvel sferos, rogoricaa sabanko saidumloeba. sabanko saidumloebis sakiTxebi dakavSirebulia rogorc saxelmwifoebis ekonomikur usafrTxoebasTan, aseve sakuTrebis uflebasTan, moqalaqeebis komerciul da piradi interesebTan, raSicaa gansakuTrebuli sirTule Sesabamisi moqmedebis rogorc saxelmwifos SigniT, aseve saerTaSoriso doneze. konvencia aregulirebs agreTve damnaSave piris dakavebis, gadacemis, sisxlissmarTlebrivi devnis, iuridiuli urTierTdaxmarebis da sxva procesualuri xasiaTis sakiTxebs. fulis gaTeTrebasTan brZolis saerTaSoriso komisiam (FATF) 2001 wlis 29-30 oqtombers q. vaSingtonSi SeimuSava 9 specialuri rekomendacia, romlebsac mogvianebiT daemata mecxre rekomendacia naRdi fulis brunvasTan dakavSirebiT. amave organizaciis fulis gaTeTrebis cnobil 40 rekomendaciasTan erTobliobaSi terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis amosaval principebad unda iqnes ganxiluli: 1. terorizmis dafinansebasTan brZolis aspeqtiT gaeros mier miRebuli saerTaSoriso normatiuli aqtebis ratifikacia da implementacia; 139 2. terorizmis dafinansebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli fulis gaTeTrebis qmedebaTa kriminalizacia; 3. teroristuli aqtivebis gayinva da konfiskacia; 4. terorizmis dafinansebasTan dakavSirebuli saeWvo operaciebis Sesaxeb Setyobineba; 5. samarTaldamcavi da makontrolebeli organoebis saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTisa da gamoZiebis sakiTxebSi; 6. fulis gaTeTrebasTan brZolis moTxovnebis danergva fulis gadaricxvis alternatiuli sistemebis gamoyenebisas; 7. eleqtronuli gadaricxvebis SemTxvevaSi kontrolis gamkacreba finansuri aqtivebis mflobelis identifikaciis mizniT; 8. Sesabamisi garantiebis Seqmna im mizniT, rom sakuTreba, ganaskuTrebiT ki arakomerciuli organizaciebis, ar iqneba gamoyenebuli terorizmis dasafinanseblad; 9. naRdi fulis brunvis kontrolis meqanizmebis Sesaxeb. FATF – is rekomendaciebis mixedviT terorizmis dafinanseba fulis gaTeTrebis predikatul danaSaulad iTvleba. predikatul danaSaulSi winmswrebi danauli igulisxmeba, anu terorizmis dafinanseba fulis gaTeTrebis winare danaSaulad iTvleba. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi 2006 wlis 25 ivliss kriminalizebuli iqna terorizmis dafinanseba, amiT saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba SesabamisobaSi movida konvenciis moTxovnebTan. ssk-is 3311 –e muxlis Tanaxmad, terorizmis dafinansebas adgili aqvs im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac finansuri saxsrebis an sxva saxis qonebis Segroveba an miwodeba xdeba imis winaswari SecnobiT, rom aRniSnuli gamoyenebuli iqneba terorizmis TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis CadenisaTvis. danaSaulis subieqturi mxare rogorc pirdapir ise arapirdapir ganzraxvas moicavs, mTavaria subieqtur mxareSi arsebobdes imis Secnobis elementi, rom finansuri saxsrebi mTlianad an nawilobriv gamoyenebuli iqneba teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis Casadenad. terorizmis dafinansebis da fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis interesebidan gamomdinare, gamocemulia saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis prezidentis brZanebebi da gankargulebebi, saqarTvelos finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris ufrosis brZanebebi da sxva normatiuli aqtebi. 140 ganxiluli saerTaSoriso konvenciebis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas warmoadgens is, rom terorizmis romelime erTi konkretuli gamovlinebis winaaRmdeg brZolis saSualebas warmoadgenen. TeoriaSi terologebi terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTul konvenciebs, regulirebis sferos konkretizaciis gamo, “sagnobrivs” uwodeben. gamoTqmuli iyo mosazreba, rom terorizmis formebis mudmivi cvalebadobis gamo, “sagnobrivi” konvenciebi ver daaregulirebda da ver moicavda mis yvela gamovlinebas. mravaljer daisva winadadeba SemuSavebuliyo erTiani, universaluri saerTaSoriso – samarTlebrivi dokumenti, romelic terorizmTan brZolis problemis mTlianad moicavda.324 2.2.9. globaluri kontrteroristuli strategia terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli erTiani saerTaSoriso dokumentis SemuSavebis ideiT 2006 wlis 8 seqtembers gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam miiRo globaluri kontrteroristuli strategia. dokumenti mocemulia rezoluciis formiT romelsac Tan erTvis samoqmedo gegma. kontrteroristuli strategia warmoadgens unikalur dokuments, radganac pirvelad yvela wevri saxelmwifo SeTanxmda imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom terorizmi miuRebelia misi formis da gamovlinebis miuxedavad, SemuSavda terorizmTan brZolis erTiani strategiuli midgoma. kontrteroristuli strategiis samoqmedo gegma agebulia iseTi Semadgeneli komponentebiT, rogoricaa: 1. terorizmis xelSemwyobi pirobebis Tavidan acilebis RonisZiebebi; 2. terorizmis Tavidan acilebis da masTan brZolis RonisZiebebi; 3. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis da wevri saxelmwifoebis SesaZleblobebis zrda terorizmis Tavidan acilebisa da masTan brZolis aspeqtiT; 4. kanonis uzenaesobis da adamianis uflebebis sayovelTao pativiscemis principis uzrunvelyofa terorizmTan brZolaSi.325 324 ix. Т. С. Бояр-Созонович, Международный терроризм: политико-правовые аспекты, Одесса, Лыбидь, 1991. cc. 119-120. 325 ix. http://www.un.org/russian/terrorism/strategy_resolution.shtml#a2.2011. 141 2.2.10. evropuli konvencia terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso normatiuli aqtebidan gansakuTrebulad aRsaniSnavia 1977 wlis 27 ianvris evropuli konvencia terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb.326 rogorc preambulaSia aRniSnuli konvenciis miReba ganapiroba teroristuli aqtebiT gamowveulma mzardma SeSfoTebam da teroristuli aqtebis Camdeni pirebis mimarT efeqturi samarTlebrivi zomebis miRebis aucileblobam. konvenciaSi gawerilia xelmomweri saxelmwifoebis urTierTTanamSromlobis sawyisebi, dadgenilia eqstradiciis zogadi principebi teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebisTvis. konvenciis pirvelive muxlSi gansazRvrulia, rom xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoebs Soris eqstradiciis miznebisaTvis, teroristuli xasiaTis arcerTi danaSauli ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnas politikur danaSaulad an politikur danaSaulTan dakavSirebul danaSaulad an politikuri motivebiT gamowveul danaSaulad. politikur danaSaulad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos saerTaSoriso konvenciebiT akrZaluli teroristuli xasiaTis qmedebebi.327 konvenciis meoTxe muxlis Tanaxmad, konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebrivi qmedebebidan Tu romelime ar aris aRiarebuli eqstradicias daqvemdebarebul danaSaulad xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebul nebismier konvenciasa Tu xelSekrulebaSi, igi mainc CaiTvleba eqstradacias daqvemdebarebul danaSaulad. am daTqmiT SesaZlebeli xdeba Tundac ar arsebobdes saxelmwifoTa Soris SeTanxmeba iuridiul daxmarebasa da eqstradiciaze da isini warmoadgendnen evropuli konvenciis xelmomwer mxareebs, ganaxorcielon eqstradicia da iuridiuli urTierTdaxmareba am konvenciis safuZvelze teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis SemTxvevaSi. evropuli konvenciis merve muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristuli danaSaulebis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifoebi gamoiyeneben iuridiuli urTierTdaxmarebis yvelaze farTo zomebs. amasTanave ar SeiZleba uari iTqvas am daxmarebaze mxolod im safuZvliT, rom igi Seexeba politikur danaSauls, an danaSauls dakavSirebuls politikur danaSaulTan an politikuri motivebiT ganpirobebul danaSauls. saxelmwifos ufleba aqvs uari Tqvas eqstradiciaze im gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac teriristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebze eqstra326 ratificirebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis 2000 wlis 27 seqtembris # 509 dadgenilebiT. 327 konvenciis pirvel muxlSi CamoTvlilia saerTaSoriso teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebi (diplomatiuri agentebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedebebi, sahaero xomaldis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedebebi, mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba da sxv.), romlebic dasjadadaa cnobili gaeros 16 saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT da winamdebare naSromSi iyo ganxiluli. 142 diciis Sesaxeb Txovna ganxorcielda piris braldebis an dasjisaTvis misi rasis, religiis, erovnebis an politikuri Sexedulebebis gamo, an Tu piris mdgomareoba SeiZleba damZimdes romelime am mizezis gamo. 143 $ 3. terorizmTan normatiuli saSualebebiT brZolis franguli modeli teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebisTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis saintereso magaliTs sakanonmdeblo teqnikis TvalsazrisiT warmoadgens safrangeTis kanonmdebloba. dasavleT qveynebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi kanonmdeblobaTa umravlesoba, maT Soris safrangeTisac Seicavs rogorc materialur, aseve procesualur normebs. msgavsi sakanonmdeblo teqnika, rodesac normatiuli aqti Tavisi xasiaTiT aris materialuric da procesualuric, iZleva swrafi da moqnili reagirebis saSualebas. safrangeTSi msgavs sakanonmdeblo aqts warmoadgens kanoni “terorizmTan da saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis xelmyof qmedebebTan brZolis Sesaxeb.” Sinaarsobrivad es kanoni SeiZleba CaiTvalos kompleqsurad, nawilobriv materialur da nawilobriv procesualurad. es aixsneba imiT, rom safrangeTis sisxlis saproceso kodeqsis me-15 TavSi mocemulia teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis materialuri cneba. kerZod, ganisazRvreba rogorc mZime kategoriis danaSaulTa simravlis arseboba, Cadenili “piris an danaSaulebrivi organizaciis mier, romlis mizania mniSvnelovnad daarRvios sazogadoebrivi wesrigi daSinebis da teroris gziT.”328 safrangeTis sisxlis saproceso kodeqsis 706-16 muxlSi mocmeulia mimdinare danaSaulebis CamonaTvali, romlebic garkveuli pirobebis arsebobis dros CaiTvleba teroristulad. es muxli ar ayaliyebebs axal Semadgenlobas, aramed mxolod CamoTvlis konkretul Semadgenlobebs, romelTa Cadenac fizikuri piris an danaSaulebrivi jgufis mier, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis saSiSi darRvevis mizniT, daSinebis an teroris gziT, miiCneva teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad da saproceso moqmedebebi warimarTeba sisxlis saproceso kodeqsis me-15 TaviT 329 gaTvaliswinebuli wesis Sesabamisad. 1992 wels safrangeTSi miiRes axali sisxlis samarTlis materialuri kodeqsi. igi Sedgeba 4 wignisgan, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, Sedgebian karebisgan, Tavebisgan, punqtebisa da qvepunqtebisgan. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis meoTxe wigni iTvaliswinebs teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebisTvis pasuxismgeblobas. igi Sedgeba ori Tavisagan: Tavi I _ “teroristuli aqtebis Sesaxeb” (421-1 _ 421-4 muxlebi)330; Tavi II _ “gansakuTrebuli debulebebi” (422-1 _ 422-5 muxlebi)331. pirvel 328 ix. Зарубежное законодателъство в борьбе с терроризмом. Ответс. ред. И.С. Власов, М., 2002, c. 67. 329 ix. Code de procédure pénale; Titre XV : De la poursuite, de l'instruction et du jugement des actes de terrorisme, http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr.2011. 330 ix. Code pénal, Livre IV, Titre II : Du terrorisme. Chapitre Ier : Des actes de terrorisme. Article 421-1 - 421-7, http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr.2011. 331 ix. Code pénal, Livre IV, Titre II : Du terrorisme. Chapitre II : Dispositions particulières.. Article 4221 – 422-7, http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr.2011. 144 TavSi gansazRvrulia terorizmis cneba da pasuxismgeblobis zomebi. meore Tavi iTvaliswinebs teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis CadenaSi braldebuli pirebis sasjelisgan gaTavisuflebas im SemTxvevebSi, Tu es pirebi TanamSromloben gamoZiebasTan, awesebs damatebiT sasjelebs da gansazRvravs iuridiuli pirebis pasuxismgeblobas. franguli sisxlis samarTlis mixedviT, teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebi saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa wignSia gaerTianebuli (danaSauli eris, saxelmwifos da sazogadoebrivi mSvidobis winaaRmdeg)332 da maTi sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis obieqti saxelmwifo strategiuli interesebia (politikuri, ekonomikuri da sxv.). safrangeTis ssk-is 421-1 muxlis mixedviT, teroristuli aqti ganisazRvreba, rogorc sazogadoebrivi wesrigis arsebiTi darRveva, Cadenili daSinebis an teroris gziT, romelic xelyofs atmosferos, miwas, wyals, teritoriuli wlebis CaTvliT, sakveb produqtebs iseTi nivTierebebiT, rac uqmnis safrTxes adamianis an cxovelTa janmrTelobas an garemos. safrangeTis ssk-is 421-2 muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristul aqtad ganixileba agreTve jgufis Seqmna an masSi monawileoba 421-1 muxlSi aRwerili teroristuli aqtis Cadenis mizniT. safrangeTis ssk-is 421-2-2 muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristul aqtad ganixileba agreTve terorizmis dafinanseba. kerZod, garkveuli qonebis, faseulobis, finansuri saSualebebis an sxva fondebis gamoyeneba anda gadacema imis gacnobierebiT, rom aRniSnuli mTlianad an nawilobriv gamoyenebuli iqneba teroristuli danaSaulis amkrZalavi TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli nebismieri qmedebis Casadenad, imis miuxedavad, iqneba Tu ara danaSauli realurad Cadenili. safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi antiteroristuli normebis umniSvnelovanes Tvisebas is Seadgens, rom teroristuli aqtis ZiriTadi niSnebis gansazRvris Semdeg mocemulia daTqma, rom nebismieri qmedeba, romelic Cadenilia daSinebis an teroris xerxiT da xelyofs safrangeTis ssk-is 421-1 dacul uSualo obieqtebs, CaiTvleba teroristul aqtad. aqedan gamomdinare, safrangeTis ssk-is 421-3 muxlis Tanaxmad, Cveulebrivi danaSaulebi, Tu isini Cadenilia teroristuli aqtisTvis damaxasiaTebeli obieqturi da subieqturi faqtorebis pirobebSi iTvleba teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad da isjeba gacilebiT ufro mkacrad. kerZod, teroristuli danaSaulis Camden pirs: 332 ix. Code pénal, Livre IV : Des crimes et délits contre la nation, l'Etat et la paix publique. http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr.2011. 145 _ eniSneba Tavisuflebis uvado aRkveTa, Tu danaSaulisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisuflebis wlamde vadiT; Cveulebrivi aRkveTa 30 _ eniSneba Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 30 wlamde vadiT, Tu Cveulebrivi danaSaulisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 20 wlamde vadiT; _ eniSneba Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 20 wlamde vadiT, Tu Cveulebrivi danaSauli gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 15 wlamde vadiT; _ eniSneba Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 15 wlamde vadiT, Tu Cveulebrivi danaSauli gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 10 wlamde vadiT; _ eniSneba Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 10 wlamde vadiT, Tu Cveulebrivi danaSauli gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 5 wlamde vadiT; _ sasjeli ormagdeba, Tu analogiuri Cveulebrivi danaSaulisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 3 wlamde vadiT. 333 safrangeTis sixlis samarTlis antiteroristuli normebis Tviseba, romelic gulisxmobs ama Tu im qmedebis teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad CaTvlas Sesabamisi obieqturi da subieqturi pirobebis arsebobisas, terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi mniSvnelovnad wingadadgmul nabijad migvaCnia. terorizmi dinamiuri da cvladi movlenaa, Tanamedrove msoflioSi misi gamovlenis formebi ukve aRar emTxveva warsulSi arsebul suraTs, xolo momavalSi terorizmma SeiZleba kidev sxva, dRemde ucnobi, saxe SeiZinos. terorizmis ZiriTadi, imanenturi, Tvisebebis gansazRvriT da imis daTqmiT, rom nebismieri danaSaulebrivi aqti, romelic ganxorcielebuli iqneba teroristuli aqtisTvis damaxasiaTebeli obieqturi da suebieqturi niSnebiT, CaiTvleba terorizmad, frangul sisxlissamarTlebriv saSualebebs terorizmTan brZolaSi mudmivad adekvatur poziciaSi ayenebs. safrangeTis axali sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli Tavi II _ gansakuTrebuli debulebebi, Seicavs wamaxalisebel normebs, romlebic, garkveuli pirobebis arsebobisas, SesaZloa aRmoCndnen ufro efeqturi terorizmTan brZolaSi, vidre normebi, romlebic mxolod dasjadobas iTvaliswinebs. wamaxalisebeli antiteroristuli normebi pirvelad gaTvaliswinebuli iqna 1986 wlis 9 seqtembris # 86_1019 kanoniT, “danaSaulebriv saqmianobasTan brZolis Sesaxeb”, romlis debulebebic momavalSi mTlianad iqna CarTuli safrangeTis 1992 333 ix. Зарубежное законодателъство в борьбе с терроризмом. Ответс. ред. И.С. Власов, М., 2002, c. 75. 146 wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis meore karis meoTxe wignis meore TavSi “gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba.” frangi kanonmdebeli amodis im mosazrebidan, rom teroristuli aqtebis da maT mier gamowveuli mavne Sedegebis Semcireba SesaZloa miRweuli iqnes mkacri sasjelebis gareSec, teroristebis piradi dainteresebis gziT, ar Caidinon aseTi aqtebi an ar dadges danaSaulebrivi Sedegi. am SemTxvevaSi saubaria im normebis gamoyenebaze, romlebic iTvaliswinebs sasjelisgan gaTavisuflebas an mis Semcirebas im teroristebisTvis romlebic iTanamSromleben xelisuflebis organoebTan, maTi daxmarebiT acilebuli iqneba mosalodneli ziani, daexmarebian gamoZiebas. safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 422-1 muxlis Tanaxmad, pasuxismgeblobidan gaTavisufldeba piri teroristuli aqtis Cadenis mcdelobisTvis, Tuki administraciuli an sasamarTlo organosTvis drouli SetyobinebiT moxdeba danaSaulis Tavidan acileba da Sesabamis pirobebis arsebobisas dasaxeldeba sxva Tanamonawileebi.334 safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 422-1 muxlis Tanaxmad, sasjeli naxevrdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu administraciuli an sasamarTlo organosTvis drouli SetyobinebiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba teroristuli aqtis Sewyveta da adamianis sicocxlis mospobis an sxva mZime Sedegis Tavidan acileba.335 safrangeTSi moqmedebs 1986 wlis 9 seqtembris #86_1020 kanoni, romelic aregulirebs teroristuli xelyofis Sedegad dazaralebulebis materialuri kompensaciis sakiTxebs. mocemuli kanonis 9-1 muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristuli aqtis Sedegad pirebs, romlebic dazaraldnen safrangeTis teritoriaze, aseve safrangeTis moqalaqis, an safrangeTis teritoriaze mudmivad mcxovrebi piris mier, aunazRaurdeba ziani sagarantio fondis xarjze.336 334 ix. Code pénal, Livre IV, Titre II : Du terrorisme. Chapitre II : Dispositions particulières.. Article 4221, http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr. 2011. 335 ix. Code pénal, Livre IV, Titre II : Du terrorisme. Chapitre II : Dispositions particulières.. Article 4222, http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr. 2011. 336 ix. Зарубежное законодателъство в борьбе с терроризмом. Ответс. ред. И.С. Власов, М., 2002, c. 77. 147 $ 4. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kontrteroristuli kanonmdeblobis mimoxilva saqarTvelos antiteroristul normebTan erTad, mizanSewonilia, mimoxilul iqnes amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kontrteroristuli kanonmdebloba, rogorc erT-erTi yvelaze ufro efeqturi msoflioSi. aSS-Si terorizmTan brZolis sakiTxebis maregulirebeli normatiuli baza moicavs ori saxis sakanonmdeblo aqtebs: pirveli federalurs, romelic moqmedebs aSS-s mTel teritoriaze da meore konkretuli Statis teritoriaze moqmeds. federalur normatiul aqtebs warmoadgens aSS-s konstitucia, federaluri kanonebi da kanonqvemdebare aqtebi. aSS-s konstitucia, cvlilebebis CaTvliT, Seicavs mTel rig saerTo xasiaTis sisxlissamarTlebriv normebs, romlebic dakavSirebulni arian sxvadasxva saxis danaSaulTan, maT Soris terorizmTan.337 aSS-Si ar arsebobs erTiani, yovlismomcveli federaluri aqti terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb. terorizmTan brZolis sakiTxebi asaxulia sxvadasxva normatiul aqtebSi, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia: samoqalaqo aviaciis Sesaxeb federaluri kanoni (1958); terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb kanoni (1990); saerTaSoriso terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb kanoni (1984); danaSaulis kontrolis Sesaxeb kanoni (1990); kanoni terorizmTan brZolis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb aSS-Si da mis farglebs gareT (1993); terorizmTan brZolis da sasjelis maRali zomis efeqturobis Sesaxeb kanoni (1996) da sxva.338 terorizmTan brZolis normatiuli saSualebebidan aRsaniSnavia patriotizmis Sesaxeb aqti, romelic 2001 wlis 24 oqtombers miiRo aSS-s kongresis warmomadgenelTa palatam.339 patriotizmis Sesaxeb aqti romlis mizania terorizmTan brZolis efeqturi zomebis SemuSaveba, kompleqsuri normatiuli aqtia, Seicavs sisxlissamarTlebriv da sxva saxis normebs. patriotis aqti afarToebs samarTaldamcavi organoebis uflebamosilebas, terorizmTan brZolis miznebidan gamomdinare, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, zRudavs sayovelTaod aRiarebul adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs da Tavisulebebs. patriotis aqtis debulebebidan aRsaniSnavia eleqtronuli TvalTvalis meSveobiT mtkicebulebebis mopovebis da damagrebis proceduris gamartiveba, agreTve eleqtronuli TvalTvalis obieqtTa wris gafarToeba. cnobilia, rom aSS-Si gamoZiebaze 337 ix. http://www.constitution.org/cons/csa.txt. 2011. ix. Зарубежное законодателъство в борьбе с терроризмом. Ответс. ред. И.С. Власов, М., 2002, c. 7. 339 ix. http://www.justice.gov/archive/ll/highlights.htm.2011. 338 148 arsebobs sasamarTlo kontroli. federalur doneze iseTi saproceso moqmedebebi, rogoricaa dakaveba, Cxeka da sxva moiTxovs sanqcionirebas federaluri mosamarTleebis mxridan. aSS-Si iseTi operatiul-sagamoZiebo moqmedebebi, rogoricaa satelefono mosmenebi da eleqtronuli TvalTvali procesualuri TvalsazrisiT gaTanabrebulia CxrekasTan da amoRebasTan (satelefono saubris mosmena teqnikuri saSualebebis daxmarebiT gaTanabrebulia CxrekasTan, xolo mosmenili saubris fiqsireba da Cawera-amoRebasTan). 1978 wlis “ucxoeTis sadazvervo saqminobaze meTvalyureobis Sesaxeb” kanonis Tanaxmad, gamoZiebis federaluri biuros kontrdazverviTi operaciebis warmoebisTvis aucilebeli satelefono mosmenebi da eleqtronuli TvalTvali aseve moiTxovs sanqcionirebas federaluri sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mxridan. eleqtronuli TvalTvalis orderis mopoveba federaluri biuros operatiuli TanamSromlisaTvis rTuli amocanas warmoadgenda, radganac imis mere rac igi SeaTanxmebda aRniSnul sakiTxs sakuTar xelmZRvanelobasTan, aucilebeli iyo federaluri prokuroris Tanxmoba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, aTanxmebda sakiTxs generalur prokurorTan an mis moadgilesTan. aRniSnuli procedurebis gavlis Semdeg operatiuli TanamSromeli mimarTavda sasamarTlos sadac mosamarTlis winaSe unda daesabuTebina eleqtronuli TvalTvalis aucilebloba. amasTan, eleqtronuli TvalTvalis dro 30 dRe-Ramemde iyo SezRuduli, da orderis vadis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi aucileblobas warmoadgenda 340 zemoaRwerili proceduris xelaxla gavla. patriotizmis Sesaxeb aqtis miRebis Semdeg biurokratiuli meqanizmebi teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa eleqtronuli TvalTvalis aspeqtiT gamartivda, xolo eleqtronuli TvalTvalis farglebi da masStabebi gafarTovda.341 SesaZlebelia eleqtronuli TvalTvali ganxorieldes aramxolod erTi piris, an misi satelefono saubrebis mimarT, aramed pirTa ganusazRvreli raodenobis, an sxvadsxva satelefono saubrebis mimarT, Tu isini Sinaarsobrivad erTi danaSaulis Cadenas exeba. eleqtronuli TvalTvalis sagani SesaZlebelia iyos agreTve eleqtronuli fosta,342 piradi kompiuteri343 da sxv. patriotizmis Sesaxeb aqtiT gaTvaliswinebul iqna gamoZiebis federaluri biuros dafinansebis zrda. 105 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli debulebis Tanaxmad saidumlo samsaxurebs SeuZliaT ganaviTaron eleqtronul danaSaulebis aRkveTasa da gamovlenaze momuSave jgufebis nacionaluri qseli, romelic 340 ix. http://www.agentura.ru/dossier/usa/zakon-antiterror. 2010. 341 ix. USA Patiot Act (U.S. H.R. 3162, Public Law 107-56), Title II, Sec. 216 .2011. 342 ix. USA Patiot Act (U.S. H.R. 3162, Public Law 107-56), Title II, Sec. 204 - 209.2011. 343 ix. USA Patiot Act (U.S. H.R. 3162, Public Law 107-56), Title II, Sec. 217.2011. 149 eleqtronuli danaSaulis aRkveTis, aRmoCenis da gamoZiebis sakiTxebze momuSave niu-iorkis samuSao jgufs daufuZneba.344 patriotizmis Sesaxeb aqtis mesame nawili exeba saerTaSoriso fulis gaTeTrebasTan brZolas terorizmis Tavidan acilebis mizniT.345 mniSvnelovania meoTxe nawili, romelic iTvaliswinebs mTel rig RonisZiebebs saemigracio sakiTxebis kontrolis gaumjobesebis mizniT346 da a.S terorizmTan brZolis aspeqtiT aRsaniSnavia aSS-s iusticiis ministris 2001 wlis 31 oqtombris brZaneba, romelic gamoqveynebisTanave Sevida ZalaSi da romlis mixedviTac, iusticiis ministrs ufleba aqvs, sasamarTlo sanqciis gareSe, gasces brZaneba advokatisa da braldebulis satelefono, an piradi konfidencialuri saubrebis mosmenaze, Tu arsebobs “safuZvliani eWvi”, rom dakavebuli piri gamoiyenebs advokatTan molaparakebas “teroristuli aqtebis Cadenis an maTi Cadenis daxmarebis mizniT”. iurisprudenciaSi advokati-braldebulis saubrebis konfindencialuroba xelSeuxebel uflebad iTvleba. am wesidan gamonaklisi ar arsebobda. iusticiis ministris zemoaRniSnuli brZanebis gamocemis Semdeg advokatisa da misi klientis saubrebis konfidencialurobis ufleba aRar moqmedebs teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebisTvis.347 imis miuxedavad, rom msgavsi gamonaklisis arseboba aSS-s kanonmdeblobaSi, terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis interesebidan gamomdinare, progresulad migvaCnia, vfiqrobT, rom advokatisa da klientis konfidencialur urTierTobaze TvalTvali sasamarTlo kontroliT unda ganxorcieldes. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsSic advokatisa - klientis saubrebis konfidencialuroba daculia da ar SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes rogorc mtkicebuleba. mocemuli uflebis garantiebi gawerilia saqarTvelos sssk-is 38-e da 43-e muxlebSi, romlis mixedviTac piris urTierToba mis advokatTan, an SesaZlo advokatTan, konfidencialuri da Tavisufalia, rogorc piris braldebulad cnobamde, ise braldebulad cnobis Semdeg. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs sssk-is 43-e muxlis mesame nawilis daTqmas, romlis mixedviTac: “dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli braldebulis urTierToba mis advokatTan SesaZlebelia SeizRudos mxolod vizualuri meTvalyureobiT.” saqarTvelos sssk-is mixedviT ar SeiZleba advokati – braldebulis urTierTobis sxva formiT SezRudva, iqneba es faruli mosmena Tu eleqtronuli TvalTvalis sxva formebi. 344 ix. USA Patiot Act, Title II: Surveillance procedures.2011. 345 ix. USA Patriot Act, Title III: Anti-money-laundering to prevent terrorism. 2011. ix. USA Patriot Act, Title IV: Border security. 2011. 347 ix. Зарубежное законодателъство в борьбе с терроризмом. Ответс. ред. И.С. Власов, М., 2002, cc. 13-15. 346 150 organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis interesebidan gamomdinare saqarTvelos sssk-iT garantirebuli advokatibraldebulis urTierTobis konfidencialuroba aSS-s kanonmdeblobis msgavsad SesaZlebelia gadaixedos. igulisxmeba, organizebuli danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis Sesaxeb, warsulSi ukve momxdaris, an momavalSi dagegmilis, informaciis miReba da teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis gaxsna anda maT Tavidan acileba. samomavlod saqarTveloSi sagamoZiebo moqmedebebis warmoebisas, advokati-braldebulis konfidencialuri saubrebis mosmenis daSvebis SemTxvevaSi, msgavsi nebarTva, aSS-s kanonmdeblobisagan gansxvavebiT, unda gasces sasamarTlom da aRniSnul moqmedebebzec aucilebelia sasamarTlo kontrolis SenarCuneba. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris cnobili teroristuli aqtis Semdeg gamocxadebuli sagangebo mdgomareobis dros aSS-s prezidentma 2001 wlis 13 noembers gamosca brZaneba “ucxoeli moqalaqeebis dakavebis, mopyrobisa da gasamarTlebis Sesaxeb terorizmTan omis pirobebSi” (President Issues Military Order).348 brZanebis pirvel muxlis “a” qvepunqtSi aRniSnulia, rom aSS-s mimarT ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqtebi, romelic ganxorcielda aSS-s teritoriaze da mis farglebs gareT, saerTaSoriso teroristebis mier, (al-qaidas wevrebis CaTvliT) iyo imdenad sastiki da damagreveli, rom “gamoiwvies SeiaraRebuli konfliqti mdgomareoba, romelic saWiroebs SeerTebuli Statebis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gamoyenebas.” pirveli muxlis “d” qvepunqtSi aRniSnulia, rom aSS-s saxelmwifoebriobis da misi moqalaqeebis dacvis SesaZlebloba teroristuli aqtebisagan mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gamoyenebaze teroristebis dakavebis, maTi vinaobis da xelSemwyobebis dadgenis mizniT raTa aRikveTos maTi saqmianoba, aseve moxdes maTi SesaZleblobebis likvidacia teroristuli aqtebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT. pirveli muxlis “e” qvepunqtis Tanaxmad aSS-s SeiaraRebul Zalebma unda moZebnon da daakavon saerTaSoriso teroristebi rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve mis farglebs gareT da gaasamarTlon Zaladobrivi danaSaulisTvis saomari mdgomareobis Sesaxeb kanonis safuZvelze samxedro tribunalze. am mizniT prezidentis brZanebis safuZvelze Seiqmna specialuri organo samxedro tribunalebi samxedro komisiebis saxiT. samxedro komisiebis saqmianobaze kontroli daevala aSS-s Tavdacvis ministrs. am mizniT aSS-s Tavdacvis ministrs daevala Sesabamisi instruqciebi da brZanebebis miReba, romelic daaregulirebda saerTaSoriso teroristebis saqmeebis ganmxilavi komisiebis muSaobas. Tavdacvis ministris instruqciebi aSS-s 348 ix.: http://toocan.com/lunog/media/blogs/misblog/pdfs/bush_detention_order.pdf.2011. 151 prezidentis brZanebis Tanaxmad, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, unda Seicavdes komisiebSi teroristebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi saqmeebis ganxilvis Catarebis wesebs, winasasamarTlo, sasamarTlo da sasamarTlos Semdegi procedurebis CaTvliT. gansasjelis braleulobis dasabuTebis meTodebs, sakvalifikacio moTxovnebs bralmdeblebisa da damcvelebis mimarT.349 miTiTebulma wesebma aseT instruqciebSi aSS-s prezidentis brZanebis meoTxe Tavis “c” nawilis mixedviT rogorc minimum unda uzrunvelyos: 1. samxedro komisias unda hqondes SesaZlebloba gamarTos sxdoma nebismier dros da nebismier adgilas, Tavdacvis ministris miTiTebis Sesabamisad; 2. sruli da samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilva, romelSic samxedro komisia mosamarTlis statusiT ganixilavs sisxlis samarTlis sqmes, rogor faqtis, ise normis mixedviT; 3. sasamarTlo ganxilvaze iseTi mtkicebulebebis daSvebadoba, romelic faseuli da damajerebeli iqneba jansaRi gonebis, saRad moazrovne adamianisaTvis; 4. sisxlis samarTlis saqmis gamoZiebis da sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros miRebuli saidumlo informaciis, gansakuTrebiT ki saxelmwifo saidumlos dacva; 5. braldebis wardgena Tavdacvis ministris mier daniSnuli erTi an meti prokuroris mier da braldebulis interesebis damcveli advokatis monawileobis uzrunvelyofa procesSi; 6. gansasjeli damnaSaved icnoba mxolod xmaTa umravlesobiT, komisiis wevrebis saerTo xmebis ori mesamedis SemTxvevaSi, Tu kenWisyris procesSi wevrebis umeteseoba monawileobs.350 komisiaSi ganxiluli sisxlis samarTlis saqmis malasebi, ganaCenis CaTvliT, gansaxilvelad da saboloo gdawyvetilebis misaRebad egzavneba aSS-s prezidents, an am ukanasknelis gadawyvetilebiT aSS-s Tavdacvis ministrs. aSS-s prezidentis brZanebis me-7 muxlis “в” nawilis mixedviT, samxedro tribunalebis (samxedro komisiebi) iurisdiqicias miekuTvneba saerTaSoriso teroristTa saqmeebi, romlebic ar warmoadgenen aSS-s moqalaqeebs. brZanebis mixedviT saerTaSoriso teroristebs ekrZalebaT Cadenil danaSaulTan dakavSirebiT, sisxlis 349 ix. Military Order of November 13, 2001, Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism: Authority of the Secretary of Defense Regarding Trials of Individuals Subject to this Order. 350 ix. http://toocan.com/lunog/media/blogs/misblog/pdfs/bush_detention_order.pdf, 2011. 152 samarTlis saqmis gansaxilvelad, mimarTon sasamarTlos, aSS-Si Tu mis farglebs gareT.351 sxva romelime aSS-s prezidentis 13 noembris brZaneba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier sasamarTlo funqciebis ganxorcielebis saintereso precendents warmoadgens. mocemuli sakiTxis Rrma ganxilvaSi ar SevalT, Tumca aRvniSnavT, rom samxedro tribunalebis mier mocemuli formiT ganxorcielebuli marTlmsajuleba swrafi, efeqturi, da moqnilia, SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes nebismier dros da adgilas, uzrunvelyofilia braldebis da dacvis mxareebis monawileoba, saqmis sruli da safuZvliani sasamarTlo ganxilva da a.S. dadebiTi faqtorebis miuxedavad mizanSewonili iqneboda sasamarTlo xelisuflebis metad CarTva aRniSnuli kategoriebis saqmeebze, raTa sakiTxis gadawyveta mxolod aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier ar momxdariyo. 351 ix. http://toocan.com/lunog/media/blogs/misblog/pdfs/bush_detention_order.pdf, 2011. 153 $ 5. terorizmTan brZolis normatiuli saSualebebi saqarTveloSi saqarTveloSi terorizmTan brZolis normatiuli saSualebebidan SeiZleba gamoiyos moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, 2007 wlis saqarTvelos kanoni terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos prezidentis 2008 wlis 17 ianvris # 18 brZanebuleba qveyanaSi kontretoristuli saqmianobis organizebisa da terorizmTan brZolis subieqtebis saqmianobis koordinaciis wesis Sesaxeb da sxv. terorizmis winaaRmdeg samarTlebrivi saSualebebiT warmatebuli brZolisTvis aucilebelia kriminologiuri TvalsazrisiT ganisazRvros misi, rogorc danaSaulobis saxis farglebi, romelSic teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebTan erTad moazrebuli unda iqnes teroristuli jgufebis sxva iseTi saxis danaSaulebrivi saqmianobac, rac teroristuli organizaciis interesebidan gamomdinareobs. teroristuli saqmianoba kriminologiuri TvalsazrisiT, ra Tqma unda, ufro farTo maStabs moicavs, vidre sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa wre. Tavis mxriv saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 38-e TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli Semadgenlobebi ver amowuravs teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa speqtrs. teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa speqtris dadgena SeuZlebelia terorizmis imanenturi ZiriTadi niSnebis daxasiaTebis gareSe. terorizmis ZiriTad elementebad migvaCnia niSnebi, romelebic logikur erTianobaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan da yvela droisa da formis terorizms axasiaTebs.352 1. terorizmis umniSvnelovanes da imanentur elementad SeiZleba miviCnioT daSineba. daSinebas, rogorc terorizmis ZiriTad maxasiaTebels, jer kidev safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis dros usvamdnen xazs. daSineba rogorc terorizmis umniSvnelovanesi elementi, gamokveTilia saerTaSoriso normatiul dokumentebSi, ucxo qveynebis antiteroristul kanonmdeblobaSi. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 323-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli teroristul aqtis SemadgenlobaSi pirdapiri indikatoris saxiTaa mocemuli “mosaxleobis daSineba”, rogorc teroristuli aqtis mizani. Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa umravlesoba daSinebas gamoyofs rogorc terorizmis uZiriTades 352 ix. g. goraSvili, terorizmi da misi imanenturikriminologiuri niSnebi, Jurnali “adamiani da konstitucia”, 2004, #2 gv. 122-132. 154 maxasiaTebel elements.353 cnobili eqsperti brius hofmani terorizms ganmartavs rogorc: “winaswari ganzraxviT SiSis atmosferos Seqmnas ZaladobiT, an Zaladobis muqariT politikuri cvlilebebis miRwevis mizniT.”354 saqarTvelos da postsabWouri sivrcis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebSi daSineba aramarTebuladaa miCneuli subieqturi mxaris niSnad an ufro konkretulad Tu vityviT, miznad. magaliTad, saqarTvelos ssk-is 323-e muxlis Tanaxmad, romelSic teroristul aqtad miCneulia afeTqeba, cecxlis wakideba, iaraRis gamoyeneba da a.S. “Cadenili mosaxleobis daSinebis an xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedebis mizniT.” teroristuli aqtis mizani daSineba ar aris. daSineba aris saxelmwifo xelisuflebaze, sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebis saSualeba teroristTaTvis sasurveli miznis misaRwevad. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 38-e TaviT gaTvaliswinebul danaSaulTa SemadgenlobebSi mocemulia e. w. “teroristuli miznis” cneba. magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT ssk 323-e muxls “teroristuli aqti, ese igi afeTqeba, cecxlis wakideba, iaraRis gamoyeneba an sxva qmedeba, rac qmnis adamianis sicocxlis mospobis, mniSvnelovani qonebrivi zianis an sxva mZime Sedegis ganxorcielebis saSiSroebas da xelyofs sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas, saxelmwifos strategiul, politikur da ekonomikur interess, Cadenili mosaxleobis daSinebis, an xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedebis mizniT”. mosaxleobis daSineba da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedeba, rogorc mizani, meordeba teroristuli xasiaTis sxva danaSaulTa SemadgenlobebSic. kerZod: teqnologiuri terorizmis (324-e mux.) da kiberterorizmis SemadgenlobebSi (3241-e mux.). rac Seexeba iseT Semadgenlobebs, rogoricaa strategiuli an gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis obieqtis xelSi Cagdeba an blokireba teroristuli mizniT (330-e mux.), mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba teroristuli mizniT (329-e mux.), aq teroristuli mizani zogadadaa mocemuli. Tumca, unda vivaraudoT, rom kanonmdebeli teroristul mizanSi am SemTxvevaSic mosaxleobis daSinebas da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedebas gulisxmobs. mosaxleobis daSineba da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedeba, terorizmis mizani ki araa, aramed saSualebaa miznis misaRwevad. 353 ix.: В. П. Емельянов Уголовная ответственность за терроризм и преступления с признаками терроризирования. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени д. ю. н. С. 39-80; Ю. М. Aнтонян Терроризм. Криминологическое и уголовно-правовое исследование. М. ЩитМ. 2001. С. 8. 354 ix. B. Hoffman, Inside Terrorism, New York: Columbia University Press, 1998, p. 44. 155 am SemTxvevaSi aucileblad gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes terorizmis socialuri buneba: daSinebas, rogorc terorizmis erT-erT imanentur elements, aqvs instrumentuli xasiaTi, romelic gamoiyeneba teroristTa sasurveli miznis miRwevisaTvis. aRniSnuli mizani ki, SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos, magaliTad: konkretuli eTnikuri jgufis damoukidebloba, socialurekonomikuri, politikuri Tu religiuri miznis miRweva.355 zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom daSineba terorizmis dros saboloo mizani ki ar aris, aramed saboloo miznis miRwevis saSualebaa. qmedebis teroristul aqtad, teqnologiur terorizmad da kiberterorizmad kvalifikaciis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo valdebulia daadginos teroristTa mizani, radgan amas moiTxovs kanonierebis principi, magram imis gamo, rom Sesabamis SemadgenlobebSi mizani mcdaradaa warmodgenili rogor unda miiCnios marTlmsajulebam miznad, is, rac teroristul mizans ar warmoadgens? teroristuli mizani, rogorc daSineba, reglamentirebulia aramarto saqarTvelos, aramed postsabWouri sivrcis qveynebis kanonmdeblobebSic. kerZod, mosaxleobis daSineba an xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedeba, rogorc mizani, gaTvaliswinebulia, agreTve, ruseTis federaciis ssk–is 205–e, ukrainis ssk-is 262-e belarusis ssk-is 289-e, 290-e da sxva saxelmwifoTa sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebis Sesabamis muxlebSi. teroristuli aqtis dros mizani daSineba ki ar aris, aramed daSinebis meSveobiT saxelmwifo xelisuflebaze, sazogadoebaze zemoqmedeba da teroristaTvis sasurveli miznis (rogorc wesi politikuri) miRweva xdeba. teroristebs mizani zogierT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba keTilSobiluric ki hqondeT, magram zustad miznis miRwevis saSualeba aqcevT maT teroristebad. teroristTa sasurvel mizans SeiZleba warmoadgendes nacionaluri damoukideblobis mopoveba (mag: irlandiis 356 357 gamanTavisuflebeli armia, CeCeni teroristebi. ), “axali msoflio musulmanuri wesrigi”-s damyareba (mag: al-qaida358, hezbola359) da sxv. “mosaxleobis daSineba da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedeba” Semadgenlobis obieqturi mxaris niSnad, qmedebis ganxorcielebis xerxad unda miviCnioT. 355 ix. g. goraSvili, terorizmi da misi imanenturi kriminologiuri niSnebi, Jurnali “adamiani da konstitucia” 2004 w. #2 gv. 122-133 356 ix. U.S. Department of Defense, Terrorist Group Profiles, www.defense.gov. 2003. 357 ix. www. zharinov.wallst.ru: Терроризм и контргерроризм. 2009. 358 ix. Al-Qacda International. ww.fbi.gov/congress/congressOl/carusol2l801 htm. 2005. 359 ix. www ict.org.il/arnclcs/palestinian islamism htm; Ely Karmon. Hizballah and War with Terror, www.washingtoninstitute.org. 2005. 156 SiSis gancdas sazogadoebaSi, terorizmis garda, mravali ZaladobiTi Tu sxva saxis, gansakuTrebiT mZime da naklebad mZime danaSaulebic badeben. mag: sazogadoebSi SiSs badebs seriuli mkvlelobebis, sxeulis dazianebebis, xulignobebis, qurdoba– yaCaRobebis, samewarmeo sferoSi Cadenili danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis da sxvaTa Sesaxeb informaciis miReba. SeiZleba zogadad iTqvas, rom nebismieri danaSauli sazogadoebriv fsiqologiaze damTrgunvelad moqmedebs. kriminologiuri TvalsazrisiT, terorizmis Semadgeneli elementi - daSineba da sxva danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis Sedegad gamowveuli SiSisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom sxva saxis kriminaluri qmedebebis Cadenis Sedegad sazogadoebaSi gamowveuli SiSi ukve Cadenili danaSaulis Tanmdev movlenas warmoadgens, es maSin, rodesac terorizmis dros daSineba danaSaulebrivi qmedebis ganxorcielebis aucilebeli elementia. saqarTvelos ssk-is 151-e muxli iTvaliswinebs muqaras, rogorc daSinebis, fsiqolgiuri Zaladobis damoukidebel Semadgenlobas. muqarasa da terorizmis erT–erT elements, daSinebas Soris saerTo isaa, rom orive fsiqologiuri Zaladobis formas warmoadgens, Tumca gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan imiT, rom terorizmis dros muqaras ar axasiaTebs damoukidebeli xasiaTi, igi CarTulia sxva elementTa urRvev logikur jaWvSi, Tanac terorizmis dros fsiqologiuri Zaladoba ZiriTadad mimarTulia sazogadoebis farTo fenebze, xolo ssk-is 151-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul muqaris dros fsiqologiuri Zaladoba konkretuli pirebis mimarT xorcieldeba. 2. terorizmi ZiriTadad xorcieldeba ZaladobiT da Zaladobis muqariT, im gamonaklisis garda, rodesac teroristebi Tanamedrove informaciul teqnologiebs iyeneben miznis misaRwevad.360 aRniSnuli niSani gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans aSS–s vice prezidents daqvemdebarebuli terorizmis Semswavleli komisiis mier SemuSavebul gansazRvrebaSi: "marTlsawinaaRmdego Zaladoba an Zaladobis muqara, romelic mimarTulia fizikuri pirebis an sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg, momavalSi garkveuli politikuri Tu socialuri miznis miRwevisaTvis. . ."361 Zaladoba terorizmis dros saerTo, sayovelTao saaSiSroebas warmoadgens da xSirad xorcieldeba sayovelTaod saSiSi saSualebebiT. Tanamedrove teroristebi gansakuTrebiT 360 xSirad TviT informaciul teqnologiebis meSveobiT isini imuqrebian ZaladobiT. magaliTisTvis erayis omis dros teroristebis mier xelSi Cagdebuli mZevlebis mokvlis muqara, aseve mZevlebis gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT mkvlelobis kadrebi romelic internet saitebze gavrcelda. www.snuffx.com. 361 ix. Vice President, Public Report of the Vice President.s Task Force on Combatting Terrorism, Washington, D.C., February 1986, №1 157 daxelovdnen asafeTqebel saSualebebSi.362 asafeTqebeli saSualebebis garda, isini interess iCenen agreTve qimiuri, birTvuli da biologiuri iaraRis mimarTac. Tu ar CavTvliT calkeul incidentebs, aRniSnuli saSaulebebis masobrivi gamoyenebis mcdeloba savaraudod terorizmis xvalindeli dRea.363 terorizmi ZaladobiT xorcieldeba, magram Zaladobriv danaSaulTa kriminologiur jgufSi ar Sedis, radganac aq Zaladobas mxolod damxmare, instrumentuli xasiaTi aqvs da TviTmizans ar warmoadgens.364 3. terorizmis imanentur niSnad SeiZleba aseve miviCnioT misi Ria da daufaravi, sazogado xasiaTi, teroristuli qmedebebis rac SeiZleba farTod reklamirebis da sazogadoebis farTo fenebamde mitanis survili. aRniSnuli elementi logikur kavSirSia wina elementTan, radganac Zaladobas teroristebi zustad imitom mimarTaven, rom SiSma moicvas saxelmwifo xelisufleba da sazogadoebis farTo fenebi. terorizms aRniSnuli elementidan gamomdinare, gansxvavebiT sxva danaSaulebisgan, rogorc wesi, latenturoba ar axasiaTebs, radganac latenturoba ar eTavseba terorizmis kriminologiur bunebas. maSin, rodesac sisxlis samarTlis sxva danaSaulTa Cadenis SemTxvevaSi piri cdilobs, rac SeiZleba damalos Tavisi namoqmedari, raTa marTlmsajulebis organoebis mier ar iqnes pasuxisgebaSi micemuli, teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa SemTxvevaSi yvelaferi piriqiT xdeba. teroristebi cdiloben, rac SeiZleba aSkarad da sastikad Caidinon danaSauli, raTa maTi namoqmedaris Sesaxeb gaigon sazogadoebis farTo fenebma. 4. terorizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia msxverplisa da samizne jgufis diferenciacia. “terorizmis msxverplis SerCeva ZiriTadad xdeba simbolurad da ara pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. swored amitom aris, rom Cveulebrivi danaSaulisagan gansxvavebiT terorizmSi sami mxarea gamokveTili – damnaSave, msxverpli (romelic mxolod miznis miRwevis saSualebaa teroristsTvis) da sakuTriv samizne jgufi xelisuflebis organoebi da (an) sazogadoeba, romelic fsiqologiur zewolas ganicdis.365 362 ix. Countering the New Terrorism Ian O. Lesser, B. Hoffrman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins, rand publications isbn: U-8330-2667-4, MR-989-AF, 1999, p. 14. 363 ix.: www.nytimes.com/2001/09/06/Opinion/06HARRI.html; www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/articles/A53450-2001May20,html; www,basicint.org/pubs/Research/ 2001 diseasebydesign1. html; www.ananuclear.org; www.bullatomsci.org, www.armscontrol.ru 364 ix. Криминология. Учебник для вузов. Под общей ред. Л.И. Долговой. Изд. Норма М. 2002. c. 500. 365 Шнайдер, Криминология, М., 1994 с.439 citirebulia wignidan: m. lekveiSvili g. mamulaSvili danaSauli saxelmwifosa da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. Tb. 2002 gv 57 158 am elementze avtorTa umravlesoba akeTebs aqcents da terorizmis imanentur Tvisebad miiCnevs. aRniSnuli niSani organul kavSirSia pirvel da meore niSanTan, kerZod, daSinebasTan da farTo fenebze zemoqmedebasTan. daSineba aris meTodi, terorizmis obieqturi maxasiaTebeli, romelic mimarTulia samizne wreze da xorcieldeba mesame pirebze Zaladobis an aseTi Zaladobis muqaris meSveobiT. 5. mexuTe elementad SeiZleba dasaxeldes safrTxis zogadi xasiaTi. terorizmi ar Semoifargleba konkretuli pirebiT, mas ziani moaqvs farTo masebisTvis, an qmnis aseTi zianis safrTxes. terorizmis viqtimuri sfero Zalze farToa da sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela wevrs moicavs politikuri Tanamdebobis piridan dawyebuli, qalebiT da bavSvebiT damTavrebuli. terorizmis am elementis gamoa, rom postsabWouri sivrcis qveynebis umravlesobas sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebSi terorizmi sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa karSia gaTvaliswinebuli. erTi SexedviT, aRniSnuli SeiZleba logikuradac mogveCvenos, radganac terorizmis dros xelyofa, sastiki da ganurCeveli Zaladobrivi zemoqmedeba sazogadoebaze, udanaSaulo adamianebze xorcieldeba, iqneba es afeTqeba, iaraRis gamoyeneba Tu sxva qmedeba, ZiriTadad mimarTulia neitralur masaze, romelsac SeiZleba aranairi kavSiri ar hqondes konfliqtTan. erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba gamarTlebulad Candes ruseTis federaciisa da sxva saxelmwifoTa sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebSi teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa moazreba sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebisa da wesrigis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa karSi, radgan, xelyofis obieqtad sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoeba moiazreba. ruseTis federaciisa da sxva saxelmwifoTa sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebSi teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa moazrebas sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebisa da wesrigis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa karSi ver miviCnevT marTebulad, radgan teroristebis ganzraxva mimarTulia saxelmwifos politikuri interesebis winaaRmdeg, iqneba es saerTaSoriso Tu Sida saxelmwifoebrivi aspeqtiT da am amocanis ganxorcielebisTvis isini sazogadoebis udanaSaulo fenebs xelyofen. aqedan gamomdinare, terorizmi savsebiT marTebuladaa moTavsebuli saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa karSi ruseTisa da sxva postsabWour qveyanaTagan gansxvavebiT. 6. terorizmi politikuri xasiaTis danaSaulia. marTalia, motivacia terorizmis dros SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva (eTnikur– nacionaluri, socialur–politikuri da a.S.), magram miznebi 159 yovelTvis mimarTuli. garkveuli politikuri amocanis gadawyvetiskenaa bolo dros terorizmis politikuri buneba sadavo gaxda mecnierul wreebSi. magaliTad, m. nazarkinis azriT, mxolod politikuri xasiaTi Tanamedrove terorizmis, rogorc socialuri movlenis farglebs usamarTlod Seaviwroebda. igi postsabWour ruseTSi gamoyofs terorizmis axal formas, e.w. kriminalur terorizms, romlis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom garkveuli kriminaluri sindikatebi (e.w. reketuli jgufebi) biznesmenTa, bankirTa da sxva samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebeli pirebis mimarT materialuri sargeblis gamoZalvis mizniT, agreTve, erTmaneTs Soris gavlenis sferoebis ganawilebis dros, mimarTaven terorizms.366 e.w. kriminalur terorizms gamoyofs k. salimovic Tavis sadoqtoro disertaciaSi.367 terorizmi, Tavisi kriminologiuri bunebidan gamomdinare, politikuri xasiaTis danaSaulia. politikur xasiaTSi vgulisxmobT ara imdenad motivacias, ramdenadac teroristTa moqmedebis saboloo mizans, romelic aucileblad mimarTulia garkveuli qveynis, qveyanaTa jgufis saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis winaaRmdeg. qveynis saxelmwifo interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli nebismieri danaSauli, magram terorizmi saxelmwifos umniSvnelovaness strategiul– politikur interesebs xelyofs. amitom ver daveTanxmebiT k. salimovs, m. nazarkins da postsabWoeTis sivrcis sxva avtorebs, romlebic terorizmis axal saxes, e.w. kriminalur terorizms gamoyofen. (aRniSnuli terminis iuridiuli gamarTulobis Sesaxeb aRarafers vambobT). ar SeiZleba terorizmis dayvana banditizmze, angarebiT mkvlelobebze, gamoZalvaze da a.S. italiuri mafia me-20 saukunis 80-ian wlebSi teroris uprecendento zomebs mimarTavda saxelmwifo moxeleebis da ubralo moqalaqeebis mimarT, magram teroristulad aravis mounaTlavs, radganac misi motivaciis generaluri xazi angareba iyo da misi moqmedebac angarebis dakmayofilebis miznebs emsaxureboda. teroristuli dajgufebebi xSirad sCadian sxva saxis danaSaulebs. magaliTad: mimarTaven yaCaRobas (mag., bolSevikebis mier TbilisSi samefo xazinaze mowyobili yaCaRobis, e.w. eqspropriaciis cnobili magaliTi); adamianis gatacebas gamosasyidis miRebis mizniT, bankebis gaZarcvas (mag., germaniis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros monacemebiT, mxolod 1971 wlis ganmavlobaSi “germaniis wiTelarmiuli fraqciis” mier ganxorcielebul iqna xuTasze meti 366 ix. М.В. Назаркин. Криминологическая характеристика и предупреждение терроризма. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени к.ю.н. М.,1998, сc. 50-54. 367 ix. К.Н.Салимов Современные проблемы терроризма (криминологическое исследование) Диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора юр.наук, 2000, c. 24. 160 danaSaulebrivi aqti, ris Sedegadac eqsproprirebuli iqna 2 milioni marka)368 narkotikebiT vaWrobas (mag: al-qaida da sxva islamisturi dajgufebebi)369. terorizmi, marTalia, kavSirSia angarebiTi motivaciis mqone organizebuli danaSaulobis saxeebTan, magram ar SeiZleba maTTan gaigivdes. teroristuli dajgufebebis kavSiri narkotikebiT da iaraRiT vaWrobasTan terologiaSi cnobili faqtia. magaliTad, al-qaidas kavSiri avRaneTis xelisuflebasTan, TalibebTan, romelTa mmarTvelobis bolo ori aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi avRaneTi evraziis kontinentze narkotikebiT da iaraRiT ukanono vaWrobis udides kerad iqca.370 gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans kavSiri terorizmsa da angarebiTi motivaciis mqone organizebul danaSaulobas Soris kolumbiis magaliTze. aRniSnuli kavSiri terologiaSi "narkoterorizmadac" ki moixsenieba. 7. ideologiuri safuZveli terorizmis istoriis mTel manZilze teroristuli saqmianobis mimarTulebis ganmsazRvreli iyo. memarjvene Tu memarcxene, religiuri Tu nacionalur-eTnikuri motivaciis pirobebSi ideologia amarTlebs teroristebs, aniWebs maT marTali saqmisTvis mebrZolTa statuss, garkveul wreebSi ayalibebs azrs teroristebis qmedebebis legitimurobis Sesaxeb. danaSaulTa teroristuli xasiaTis gansasazRvrisaTvis umniSvenlovanesi wyaroa terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi da konvenciebi, romelTanac saqarTvelo mierTebulia dadgenili wesis Sesabamisad, radganac, saqarTvelos ssk-is pirveli muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeloba unda Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebul principebsa da normebs. terorizmis ZiriTadi Tvisebebis gansazRvris Semdeg logikuria qmedebis obieqturi da subieqturi elementebis dadgena, teroristuli miznis gansazRvra da daSinebis, rogorc qmedebis ganxorcilebis xerxis, Semadgenlobis saerTo sturqturaSi moazreba. am mizniT mizanSewonilia teroristuli aqtis (ssk-is 323-e mux.) magaliTze sakanonmdeblo definiciis SemuSaveba Semdegi saxiT: afeTqeba, cecxlis wakideba, iaraRis gamoyeneba da sxva qmedeba, rac qmnis adamianis sicocxlis mospobis, mniSvnelovani qonebrivi zianis, an sxva mZime Sedegis ganxorcielebis saSiSroebas da 368 ix. www. zharinov.wallst.ru. 2010. ix. Р. Жаккар. Именем Усамы Вен Ладена. М., 2002, cc. 262-274. 370 ix. www.state.gov/global/terrorism/1999report/html/The middle East Brief review.2010. 369 161 xelyofs sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas, saxelmwifos strategiul, politikur, an ekonomikur interess, Cadenili mosaxleobis, xelisuflebis organos, saerTaSoriso Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi organizaciis, kerZo piris daSinebiT anda zemoqmedebis sxva formiT, teroristTa sasurveli miznis misaRwevad. mocemul definiciaSi, moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 323-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli normisgan gansxvavebiT, gafarToebulia teroristTa samizne, romelSic Sedis mosaxleoba, xelisuflebis organo, saerTaSoriso Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi organizacia, kerZo piri. qmedebis ganxorcielebis xerxad moazrebulia daSineba an sxvagvari zemoqmedeba, xolo saboloo mizani, rogorc wesi, politikuria da ama Tu im jgufis samoqmedo interesebidan gamomdinareobs. zemoaRniSnuli winadadebis msgavsad, teroristuli qmedebis obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebis gansazRvriT unda Camoyalibdes teroristuli xasiaTis sxva danaSaulTa Semadgenlobebi: teqnologiuri terorizmi (ssk-is 324-e mux.) da kiberterorizmi (ssk-is 3241-e mux.). SemadgenlobebSi, rogoricaa: mZevlad xelSi CagdebaSi teroristuli mizniT (ssk-is 329-e mux.) da strategiuli an gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis obieqtis xelSi Cagdeba an blokireba teroristuli mizniT (ssk-is 330-e mux.) teroristul mizanSi unda vigulisxmoT teroristTaTvis sasurveli nebismieri politikuri an sxva saxis mizani, rasac Tan sdevs daSineba an sxvagvari zemoqmedeba Cadenili mosaxleobis, xelisuflebis organos, saerTaSoriso Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebriv organizaciis, kerZo piris mimarT. terorizmis ZiriTadi imanenturi Tvisebebis dadgenis Semdeg teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa wris SemosazRvra logikur xasiaTs iZens. amosaval wertilad garkveul qmedebaTa teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebisTvis mikuTvnebis sakiTxSi saerTaSoriso konvenciebi migvaCnia. saqarTvelo SeuerTda terorizmis problemasTan dakavSirebul saerTaSoriso konvenciaTa umravlesobas, xolo saqarTvelos ssk-is pirveli muxlis me-2 nawilis moTxovnis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeloba unda Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebul principebsa da normebs. teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa wres, specialuri 38-e TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebis garda, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, specialuri miznis da qmedebis ganxorcielebis xerxis SemTxvevaSi, saerTaSoriso konvenciebze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba mivakuTvnod saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gansazRvruli Semdegi danaSaulebi: 1. sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba (ssk-is 227-e mux.); satransporto komunikaciebis blokireba (ssk-is 2221-e mux.); wylis 162 xomaldis naosnobisTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna (ssk-is 2271 –e mux.); mekobreoba (ssk-is 228-mux.). normatiuli safuZvelia: sahaero xomaldze danaSaulebrivi da sxva saxis qmedebebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb konvencia (miRebuli 1963 wels tokioSi); sahaero xomaldis gatacebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb konvencia (miRebuli 1970 wels haagaSi); samoqalaqo aviaciis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul aqtebTan brZolis Sesaxeb konvencia (miRebuli monrealSi 1971 wels); konvencia sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul ukanono aqtebTan brZolis Sesaxeb (miRebuli romSi 1988 wels). 2. birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba (ssk-is 231-e mux.); birTvuli nivTierebis marTlsawinaaRmdegod dauflebis muqara (ssk-is 2311-e mux.); birTvuli iaraRis an sxva birTvuli asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis damzadeba (ssk-is 232-e mux.). birTvuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelmyofi normebidan saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi SesaZlebelia gamoiyos birTvuli masalisadmi an mowyobilobisadmi, radioaqtiuri narCenisadmi, radioaqtiuri nivTierebisadmi ukanono mopyroba (ssk-is 230-e mux.), birTvul an radioaqtiur obieqtze avariis an ubeduri SemTxvevis Sesaxeb informaciis dafarva an damaxinjeba (ssk-is 233-e mux), saqarTvelos teritoriaze radioaqtiuri, toqsikuri samrewvelo an sayofacxovrebo narCenis tranziti an importi (ssk-is 234-e mux.), birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri narCenis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyarosadmi mopyrobis wesis darRveva (ssk-is 245-e mux.). marTalia, mocemuli normebi birTvuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad mniSvnelovan berkets warmoadgens, magram teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa ricxvs ver mivakuTvnebT maTi kriminalizaciis sazrisis da Sinaarsis gamo. normatiuli safuZvelia: birTvuli nivTierebebis fizikuri dacvis Sesaxeb 1980 wlis konvencia; 2005 wlis konvencia birTvuli terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb. terorizmi, rogorc gvareobiTi movlena, romelSic moiazreba sxvadasxva saxis teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauli, scildeba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 38-e TaviT dadgenil farglebs. amasTan, igi mudmivad dinamiuri da cvladi movlenaa. zemoCamoTvlili sisxlissmarTlebrivi deliqtebi, romlebic, kriminologiuri da saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, terorizmis gamovlinebad unda CaiTvalos im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Cadenili iqneba teroristTaTvis sasurveli nebismieri politikuri an sxva saxis miznis misaRwevad, rasac Tan sdevs Cadenili mosaxleobaze, xelisuflebis organoze, saerTaSoriso Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebriv organizaciaze, kerZo pirze daSineba an 163 sxvagvari zemoqmedeba. sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba (ssk-is 227-e mux); satransporto komunikaciebis blokireba (ssk-is 2221-e mux.); wylis xomaldis naosnobisTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna (ssk-is 2271-e mux.); mekobreoba (ssk-is 228-mux); birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba (ssk-is 231-e mux.); birTvuli nivTierebis marTlsawinaaRmdegod dauflebis muqara (ssk-is 2311-e mux.); birTvuli iaraRis an sxva birTvuli asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis damzadeba (ssk-is 232-e mux.) teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad gvevlineba mxolod terorizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli subieqturi da obieqturi niSnebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, sxva SemTxvevebSi mocemuli deliqtebi Cveulebrivi, mimdinare danaSaulebis saxes atareben da maTi teroristuli xasiaTis deliqtad Sefaseba meore ukiduresobas gamoiwvevs. daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom deliqtTa garkveuli jgufi specialuri niSnebis arsebobis safuZvelze kargavs mimdinare deliqtis formas da saWiroa ganixiluli iqnes teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad. terorizmis gamovlenis formebis mravalferovnebisa da aRniSnuli movlenis mudmivi cvalebadobis fonze, mizanSewonili iqneba moiZebnos iseTi sakanonmdeblo teqnika, romlis meSveobiT mimdinare danaSaulTa ganxorcieleba specialuri xerxis da miznis SemTxvevaSi ganxiluli iqneba, rogorc teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauli. 164 $ 6. terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qarTuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebis sakanonmdeblo srulyofisaTvis teroristuli xasiaTis qmedebaTa sruli sisxlissamarTlebrivi regulirebis mizniT mizanSewonilia Seicvalos aRniSnul danaSaulTa gansazRvris dRemde arsebuli sakanonmdeblo teqnika, moxdes teroristuli xasiaTis qmedebaTa kriminalizacia maTi swori da samarTliani Sefasebis, aseve terorizmTan efeqturi brZolis mizniT. rogorc aRiniSna terorizmi cvladi da ganviTarebadi movlenaa. masTan brZola sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebisagan aranakleb moqnilobas da adaptirebulobas moiTxovs. aqedan gamomdinare, qarTuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebi, sakanonmdeblo teqnikis TvalsazrisiT, ise unda iyos mowesrigebuli, rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis sruqturis darRvevis gareSe moxdes ama Tu im qmedebis (Tundac sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT ukve gaTvaliswinebulis) teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad Sefaseba Sesabamisi obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebi arsebobis pirobebSi. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare mizanSewonilia saqarTvelos ssk – is 323-e muxls daematos SeniSvna, romelSic aRniSnuli iqneba, rom teroristul aqtad CaiTvleba Zaladobrivi xasiaTis sxva qmedeba, romelic xelyofs sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas, saxelmwifos strategiul, politikur, an ekonomikur interess, Cadenili mosaxleobis, xelisuflebis organos, saerTaSoriso Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi organizaciis, kerZo piris daSinebiT anda zemoqmedebis sxva formiT, teroristTa sasurveli miznis misaRwevad. SeniSvnas mohyveba im akrZalul qmedebaTa CamonaTvali, romlebic rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, saerTaSoriso konvenciebis Sesabamisad, teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis saxes atarebs qmedebis obieqturi da subieqturi maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare. teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebad anda teroristuli aqtis gamovlinebad Sesabamisi pirobebis arsebobisas unda CaiTvalos: 1. sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba (ssk-is 227-e mux); 2. satransporto komunikaciebis blokireba (ssk-is 2221 mux.); wylis xomaldis naosnobisTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna (ssk-is 2271 –e mux.); 3. mekobreoba (ssk-is 228-mux.); 4. birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba (ssk-is 231-e mux.); 165 5. birTvuli nivTierebis muqara (ssk-is 2311-e mux.); marTlsawinaaRmdegod dauflebis 6. birTvuli iaraRis an sxva birTvuli mowyobilobis damzadeba (ssk-is 232-e mux.) 7. cecxlsasroli iaraRis, (garda gluvluliani sanadiro Tofisa) sabrZolo masalis, feTqebadi nivTierebebis an asafeTqebeli mowyobilobebis marTlsawinaaRmdego SeZena, Senaxva, tareba, damzadeba, gadazidva, gadagzavna an gasaReba. (ssk-is 236-e mux.) 8. iaraRis, sabrZolo masalis, feTqebadi nivTierebebis an asafeTqebeli mowyobilobebis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba misakuTrebis mizniT an gamoZalva. (ssk-is 237-e mux.) asafeTqebeli sisxlis samarTlis normebis CamonaTvali SesaZlebelia Semdgom gaizardos terorizmTan brZolis interesebidan anda saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso valdebulebebidan gamomdinare. mocemuli naSromis farglebSi mocemulia mxolod winadadeba samarTlebrivi saSualebebiT terorizmis ukeTesad kontrolis mizniT. kanonmdeblis mier mocemuli Tvalsazrisis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi problema damatebiT kvlevas da damuSavebas moiTxovs. aRwerili meTodi saSualebas mogvcems ar dairRves sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis sistema da SenarCunebul iqnes misi moqniloba. amasTan, terorizmis gamovlinebebs mieces Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi Sefaseba. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom antiteroristuli normebis agebis msgavsi precendenti ukve arsebobs safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi, romlis 421-1 – 421-6 , 422-1 – 422-7 muxlebSi gansazRvrulia terorizmis obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebi, da Semdeg CamoTvlilia deliqtebi, romlebic Sesabamisi niSnebis arsebobisas CaiTvlebian terorizmis gamovlinebad. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT ukve gaTvaliswinebuli teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis Semdgomi srulyofis mizniT: gauqmebuli unda iqnes ssk-is 324-e muxli - teqnologiuri terorizmi, radgan mocemuli norma koliziaSi modis ssk-is 323-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul teroristul aqtTan. amasTan, saqarTvelos ssk-is 38-e Tavis Cvens mier SeTavazebuli wesiT agebis SemTxvevaSi normiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis dasjadoba efeqturad iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli. saqarTvelos ssk-is 325-e muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauls warmoadgens saqarTvelos prezidentis, politikuri Tanamdebobis piris, an misi ojaxis wevris sicocxlis, janmrTelobis an sakuTrebis xelyofa am Tanamdebobis piris saxelmwifoebriv saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT. Tanamedrove terorizmis gamovlinebebTan efeqturad brZolisTvis mizanSewonilia normiT dacul pirebs daematos politikuri, anda, 166 sazogado moRvawe da maTi ojaxis wevrebi. Tanamedrove, demokratiuli faseulebebis miswrafebis mqone qveyanaSi gansakuTrebulad unda iqnes daculi politikuri anda sazogado moRvawe, politikur Tanamdebobis pirebTan erTad. aRniSnuli mosazrebis gaTvaliswineba aucileblobas warmoadgens iseT saxelmwifoSi, romelic samoqalaqo sazogadoebas aSenebs da saqarTvelo zustad aseTi saxelmwifoa. Cvens mosazrebas saqarTvelos istoriis mware gamocdilebac amyarebs: ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba mis sazogadoebriv moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebiT moxda da qarTveli xalxisTvis aranakleb damTrgunveli da damaSinebeli iyo, vidre romelime politikuri Tanamdebobis piris sicocxlis an janmrTelobis xelyofa. 167 $ 7. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis analizi saqarTvelos kanoni terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb, romelic miRebulia 2007 wlis 27 ivniss, gansazRvravs saqarTveloSi terorizmTan brZolis organizebis formebsa da samarTlebriv safuZvlebs, agreTve terorizmis sferoSi xelisuflebis organoTa koordinaciis wess da sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs. specialuri kanoni, terorizmis problemis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos saxelmwifom mis winaaRmdeg brZolis ukeTesad warmarTvis mizniT miiRo. kargad gaazrebuli da efeqturi antiteroristuli kanonmdebloba aris saxelmwifos konkretuli samoqmedo gegma terorizmTan brZolaSi. specialuri kanonis miRebiT, saqarTvelom Seqmna efeqturi normatiuli dokumenti, romelic aregulirebs saxelmwifo organoTa urTierTkoordinacias, terorizmis adreul etapze gamovlena – profilaqtikas, ukve arsebuli problemis saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi principebis Sesabamisad mogvarebas. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia antiteroristuli kanonmdeblobis imgvari formis arsebobas, romelic iqneba efeqturi da amave dros, misi ganxorcielebisas, ar dairRveva sayovelTaod aRiarebuli adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, radganac cnobilia, rom efeqturi antiteroristuli kanonmdeblobis mqone qveynebi mraval sisxlissamarTlebriv da sxva saxis SezRudvebs aweseben terorizmis adreul etapze gamovlenis, Tavidan acilebis anda droulad aRkveTis da mosalodneli mavne Sedegebis minimumamde Semcirebis mizniT. am kuTxiTac, saqarTvelos kanoni terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb, progresul debulebebs Seicavs. kerZod: teroristuli aqtis, an misi aRkveTis Sedegad fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebisaTvis miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis, teroristuli aqtis Sedegad dazaralebuli pirebis, agreTve terorizmTan brZolaSi monawile pirebis samarTlebrivi da socialuri dacvis garantiebs. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonSi mravali progresuli debulebis miuxedavad, regulaciuri sfero SezRudulia da akrZalul qmedebaTa wre konkretizacias moiTxovs, amasTan terorizmis, rogorc socialur – samarTlebrivi movlenis farglebi bundovania. kanonis pirveli muxlis “a” qvepunqtSi terorizmis cnebaa mocemuli. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, arsebobs terorizmis uamravi definicia. qarTul normatiul aqtSi mocemuli terorizmis definicia akrZaluli qmedebebis CamoTvlis principiT adgens terorizmis cnebas da ara misi ZiriTadi elementebis mixedviT gansazRvravs movlenas. rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, akrZaluli qmedebebis CamoTvliT terorizmis definireba ver amowuravs movlenis yvela formas. aqedan gamomdinare, terorizmis cnebaSi, romelic mocemulia kanonis pirvel muxlSi gansazRvruli unda iyos movlenis 168 imanenturi elementebi, rac SesaZleblobas mogvcems Seufasebeli ar darCes terorizmis arc erTi gamovlineba. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli muxlis “b” qvepunqtSi saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 323-e muxlis identurad mocemulia “teroristuli aqtis” cneba. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, teroristuli aqtis arsebuli sakanonmdeblo reglamentacia ar Seesabameba movlenis socialur bunebas. kerZod, teroristTa mizani ar SeiZleba iyos mosaxleobis daSineba da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedeba. teroristTaTvis daSineba da zemoqmedebis sxva saSualebebi miznis miRwevis xerxs warmoadgens. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli muxlis “g” qvepunqtSi gansazRvrulia teroristuli saqmianoba, romelSic igulisxmeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis, terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, XXXVIII TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebis Cadena. normis amgvar formulirebas ver daveTanxmebiT, radganac teroristuli saqmianoba scildeba sisxlis samarTlis XXXVIII TaviT gaTvaliswinebul teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebs. teroristuli saqmianoba SesaZlebelia moicavdes iseT danaSaulebriv an sxva saxis saqmianobasac, romelic teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauls ar warmoadgens, Tumca emsaxureba organizaciis an fizikuri piris teroristuli miznebis ganxorcielebas. amasTan erTad, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa wres saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis XXXVIII Tavi ver itevs. terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saerTaSoriso konvenciebis analizis safuZvelze gamovyaviT mTeli rigi Semadgenlobebi, romlebic obieqturi da subieqturi pirobebis arsebobisas teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebad unda CaiTvalos. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, teroristul saqmianobad unda CaiTvalos nebismieri saqmianoba, romelic mimarTulia saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis XXXVIII TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis Casadenad, anda dakavSirebulia aRniSnuli danaSaulis CadenasTan, anda Cadenilia im pirebis mier, romelTac ganzraxuli aqvT teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis Cadena. danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis teroristulad Sefasebis farglebi, terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoniT, SezRudulia da movlenis socialuri bunebidan gamomdinare, saWiroebs moqnil formulirebas, raTa teroristuli aqtivobis arc erTi SemTxveva ar darCes Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi regulaciis gareT. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli muxlis “v” da “z” qvepunqtebi gansazRvravs “teroristul jgufs” da “teroristul organizacias”, rogorc teroristuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis mizniT SekavSirebul pirTa erTobas. 169 sxva xarvezebTan erTad upirveles yovlisa aRsaniSnavia, rom am qvepunqtebis Tanaxmad, kanonSi isedac viwrod gagebuli “teroristuli saqmianoba” saerTod erTi danaSulebrivi qmedebis “teroristuli aqtis” ganxorcielebamde aris dayvanili, rac dauSvebelad migvaCnia. “teroristuli saqmianobis” “g” qvepunqtiT ganasazRvruli farglebi, romelic moicavs saqarTvelos ssk-is terorizmis TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebis srul CamonaTvals, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ar aris sakmarisi da ver asaxavs teroristuli saqmianobis yvela gamovlinebas, “v” da “z” qvepunqtebSi saerTod erTi danaSaulis Semadgenlobamdea dayvanili. pirveli muxlis “v” da “z” qvepunqtebis Tanaxmad, “teroristuli jgufi” da “teroristuli organizacia” aris mxolod “teroristuli aqtis”371 Casadenad SekavSirebul pirTa erToba. es debuleba ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 327-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul normas, romelic krZalavs teoristuli organizaciis Seqmnas, xelmZRvanelobas anda masSi monawileobas. saqarTvelos ssk-is 327e muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristul organizaciad CaiTvleba pirTa nebismieri erToba, imis miuxedavad, Tu konkretulad romeli teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis Cadena aqvs gamiznuli. terorizmTan brZolis kanonis meore Tavi gansazRvravs terorizmTan brZolis organizaciul safuZvlebs da mis subieqtebs. saqarTveloSi terorizmTan brZolis organizebas, specialuri saSualebebiT da materialuri resursebiT uzrunvelyofas axorcielebs saqarTvelos mTavroba. terorizmTan brZolis uSualo subieqtebs warmoadgenen: 1. Sinagan saqmeTa saministro, romelic mTavari organoa terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. igi koordinacias uwevs terorizmTan brZolis sxva subieqtebs kontrteroristuli centris meSveobiT. Sinagan saqmeTa saministro terorizmis gamovlenis, Tavidan acilebis da aRkveTis mizniT axorcielebs: operatiul, operatiul-teqnikuri da operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebebs; teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa gamoZiebas; agrovebs informacias ucxo qveynebisa da saerTaSoriso teroristuli organizaciebis Sesaxeb da sxv. 2. saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro, dadgenili wesis Sesabamisad, uzrunvelyofs saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis monawileobas kontrteroristul operaciebSi. 3. saqarTvelos dazvervis samsaxuri, romelic moipovebs da amuSavebs informacias ucxo qveynebisa da saerTaSoriso teroristuli organizaciebis Sesaxeb da dadgenili wesiT warudgens saTanado organoebs. monawileobs kontrteroristul operaciebSi. 371 teroristul aqtSi terorizmTan brZolis kanonis mixedviT moiazreba saqarTvelos ssk-is 323-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedeba. 170 4. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo dacvis specialuri samsaxuri, romlic monawileobs mis mier dasacavi Tanamdebobis pirebisa da obieqtebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli teroristuli aqtebis aRmkveT operaciaSi. 5. sxva organoebi. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoniT dadgenilia kontrteroristuli operaciis Catarebis samarTlebrivi reJimi da saxelmwifo struqturaTa koordinaciis wesi. kanonis meSvide muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristuli saqmianobis Sedegad Seqmnili eqstremaluri situaciis dros saqarTvelos prezidentis gankargulebiT iqmneba eqstremeluri situaciebis marTvis operatiuli Stabi, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministri. kontrteroristuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebisas, terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoniT, dadgenilia gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi reJimis ori zona: usafrTxoebis zona da kontrteroristuli operaciis Catarebis zona. aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi reJimis zonebis gansazRvras didi mniSvneloba gaaCnia rogorc kontrteroristuli saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtebis urTierTkoordinaciisTvis, aseve samarTlebrivi SezRudvebis dawesebisTvis aRniSnuli zonis farglebSi myofi pirebisTvis. usafrTxoebis zona, terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis mixedviT, gulisxmobs im teritorias, romelic ufro farToa kontrteroristuli operaciis Catarebis zonasTan SedarebiT, da sadac terorizmTan brZolis subieqtebi awyoben saguSagoebs, avtosatransporto saSualebebis daTvalierebis mizniT, axorcieleben patrulirebas da moqalaqeebs umowmeben piradobis damadasturebel sabuTebs. kontrteroristul zonaSi kontreteroristuli operaciis ganmaxorcilebel subieqtebs kanoni aniWebs gacilebiT farTo uflebamosilebebs: moqalaqeTa piradi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis, fizikuri, aseve iuridiuli pirebis sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudvis TvalsazrisiT. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb kanonis meaTe muxlis mexuTe nawilis mixedviT, kontrteroristuli operaciis Catarebis zonaSi operaciis Camtarebel pirebs, gadaudebeli aucileblobisas ufleba aqvT: Seumowmon moqalaqeebs piradobis damadasturebeli sabuTebi, quCebsa da gzebze akrZalon fexiT da transportiT gadaadgileba, teroristuli aqtis aRkveTisas an teroristuli aqtis CadenaSi braldebuli piris devnisas, roca dayovnebam SeiZleba realuri safrTxe Seuqmnas adamianTa sicocxlesa da janmrTelobas: daubrkoleblad Sevidnen (SeaRwion) moqalaqeTa sacxovrebel binebSi, agreTve maT kuTvnil sxva sadgomebsa da miwis nakveTebSi, 171 organizaciebisa da dawesebulebebis (miuxedavad maTi sakuTrebis formisa) teritoriebze, satransporto saSualebebSi; gamoiyenon moqalaqeebisa da organizaciebis kuTvnili kavSirgabmulobis saSualebebi, specialuri saSualebebis CaTvliT; daaTvalieron moqalaqeTa piradi nivTebi, satransporto saSualebebi da tvirTi, maT Soris, teqnikuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, kontrteroristuli operaciis Catarebis zonaSi Sesvlisas da zonidan gamosvlisas; teroristuli aqtis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, teroristuli aqtis Camdeni piris devnisa da dakavebisaTvis, an saswrafo samedicino daxmarebis aRmoCenisaTvis samedicino dawesebulebaSi piris misayvanad, agreTve SemTxvevis adgilze misasvlelad gamoiyenon moqalaqeebis, sawarmoebis, dawesebulebebis, organizaciebisa da sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis kuTvnili satransporto saSualebebi, garda ucxo qveynebis sakonsuloebis, diplomatiuri da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis, agreTve saerTaSoriso dacvis qveS myofi sxva organizaciebis satransporto saSualebebisa. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis meTerTmete muxlis Sesabamisad, kontrteroristuli operaciis monawile pirs aniWebs agreTve specialuri saSualebebis an/da fizikuri iZulebis gamoyenebis uflebas im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac safrTxe emuqreba moqalaqeTa usafrTxoebas, agreTve danaSaulebrivi qmedebis aRsakveTad da damnaSavis dasakaveblad. terorizmis winaaRmdeg efeqturi brZola dakavSirebulia garkveuli uflebebis SezRudvasTan da es praqtka msoflios wamyvan demokratiul qveynebSi miRebulad iTvleba. teorirzmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis aRniSnuli debulebebi progresulad unda CaiTvalos. sxva sakiTxia, rodesac terorizmTan brZolis motiviT esa Tu is qveyna demokratiuli faseulobebis ganadgurebas eweva da terorizmTan brZolis egidiT realur Tu moCvenebiT opozicias anadgurebs. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis meoTxe TaviT gaTvaliswinebulia teroristuli aqtis Sedegad miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba da dazaralebuli pirebis socialuri reabilitacia. mocemulia fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebisTvis, teroristuli aqtis, an misi aRkveTis Sedegad, miyenebuli zianis saxelmwifo biujetidan anazRaurebis garantiebi. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni adgens agreTve terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis subieqtTa socialuri da samarTlebrivi dacvis garantiebs, rac uciloblad progresul nabijad unda CaiTvalos terorizmTan brZolis saerTaSoriso gamocdilebidan gamomdinare. saqarTvelos sxva antiteroristuli normebidan aRsaniSnavia: 1. saqarTvelos prezidentis 2008 wlis 17 brZanebuleba “kontrteroristul operaciaSi 172 ianvris # monawile 17 da teroristuli aqtis Sedegad dazaralebul pirTa socialuri reabilitaciis Sesaxeb”, romelic adgens socialuri reabilitaciis wess, kontrteroristul operaciaSi monawile da teroristuli aqtis Sedegad dazaralebuli pirebisTvis. 2. saqarTvelos prezidentis 2008 wlis 17 ianvris # 18 brZanebuleba “qveyanaSi kontrteroristuli saqmianobis organizebisa da terorizmTan brZolis subieqtiebis saqmianobis koordinaciis wesis Sesaxeb”, romliTac “terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis 26-e muxlis “a” qvepunqtis safuZvelze damtkicda: qveyanaSi kontrteroristuli saqmianobis organizebisa da terorizmTan brZolis subieqtebis saqmianobis koordinaciis wesi da erTiani kontrteroristuli saqmianobis informaciuli uzrunvelyofis cnobaTa nusxa. 173 daskvna sadisertacio naSromSi ganxiluli SesaZlebelia punqtobrivad Sejamdes: debulebebi sabolood 1. terorizmis warmomSobi mizezebis da pirobebi naSromSi movlenis istoriuli ganviTarebis fonzea ganxiluli, radganac istoriam terorizmis Sinaarsze didi gavlena iqonia. terorizmze saubari TiTqmis SeuZlebelia istoriul konteqstSi misi ganxilvis gareSe. istoriulad terorizmi sxvadasxva xasiaTiT da formiT gvevlineboda, Tavis TavSi asaxavda ra konkretuli periodis Taviseburebebs. terorizmi yovelTvis determinirebuli iyo konkretuli epoqis sinamdviliT da, Tavis mxriv, did zegavlenas axdenda masze. terorizmis ganviTareba SeiZleba ramodenime epoqad, etapad daiyos. aRniSnuli terorizmis rogorc movlenis ukeTesad gaTavisebaSi Zalian dagvexmareba. terorizmis istoriuli ganviTarebis etapebidan SeiZleba ramodenime xana gamoiyos: adreuli, revoluciuri, civi omis droindeli, Tanamedrove. 2. naSromSi dadgenilia Tanamedrove terorizmis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi: pirveli: teroristuli jgufebis mier saerTaSoriso qselis Seqmna; meore: saxelmwifoTa mxridan terorizmis mxardaWera civi omis periods ar Cabarebia da Tanamedrove epoqaSi gacilebiT ufro daxvewili teqnologiis forma miiRo; mesame: Tanamedrove terorizmis mniSvnelovan maxasiaTeblad SeiZleba gamoiyos teqnologiuri miRwevebis gamoyeneba; meoTxe: Tanamedrove terorizmis maxasiaTebeli religiurad motivirebuli teroristuli aqtivobis xvedriTi wilis zrdaa. 3. terorizmi omis, partizanuli brZolis da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis sxva saxeebisagan gansxvavdeba rogorc ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtiT, agreTve xelyofis sagniT. samxedro mosamsaxure, pirvel rigSi, imiT gansxvavdeba teroristisgan, rom samxedro mosamsaxuris e.w. “kombatanti”-s samarTlebrivi statusi daregulirebulia saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTliT, maSin, rodesac teroristebi Ceveulebriv damnaSaveebs warmoadgenen. terorizmi omis, partizanuli brZolis da konfliqtis sxva formebisgan gansxvavdeba, agreTve, xelyofis sagniT. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis mixedviT, akrZalulia samoqalaqo mosaxleobaze Tavdasxma maSin, rodesac terorizmis mTavari samizne zustad samoqalaqo mosaxleobaa. 4. omi, partizanuli brZola da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis sxva aRiarebuli formebi warmoadgenen terorizmisgan socialur-samarTlebrivad gansxvavebul fenomens, maTi urTierTTanxvedra dauSvebelia Sefasdes calsaxad rogorc terorizmi, an omi, partizanuli brZola da a.S. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu meomari mxareebi gamoiyeneben teroristuli xasiaTis romelime qmedebas, aRniSnuli qmedeba ar 174 SeiZleba moviazroT omSi Cadenilad da saWiroa terorizmad misi calke samarTlebrivi Sefaseba. 5. TeoriaSi gavrcelebuli klasifikaciebisagan gansxvavebiT, naSromSi mocemulia terorizmis kriminologiuri klasifikacia ZiriTadi niSnis – motivisa da miznis da araZiriTadi – gamoyenebuli xerxis da saSualebis, samoqmedo farglebis, ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtis mixedviT. samoqmedo motivacia warmoadgens teroristuli aqtivobis erT-erT ZiriTad determinants. imis mixedviT, Tu ra aris teroristebis samoqmedo motivi da savaraudo sasurveli Sedegi, teroristuli aqtivobis klasifikacia SeiZleba moxdes religiur, separatistul, eTnikur, memarjvene, memarcxene da sxva moZraobebad. imis mixedviT, Tu ra konkretul saSualebas da xerxs SearCevs teroristuli aqtivobisTvis subieqti, SeiZleba gamoiyos birTvuli, qimiuri, feTqebadi, kompiuteruli da sxva saxis terorizmi. 6. naSromSi gansakuTrebuladaa Seswavlili “eTnikuri”, “saxelmwifo” da “religiuri” terorizmi, radganac Tanamedrove etapze terorizmis zemoxsenebul saxeebs saqarTvelosTvis terogenuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia. 7. ruseTis federaciis kononmdeblobaSi da doqtrinaSi gamefebuli mosazrebiT, ruseTis federaciidan federaluri subieqtis gamoyofis nebismieri moTxovna aRiqmeba rogorc eqstremizmi da aRniSnul movlenasTan ibrZvian “yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT”. federaciis subieqt respublikebs ar gaaCniaT suvereniteti da aRniSnuli sakiTxis sxvagvarad gadawyveta TavianT konstituciebSi maT ar SeuZliaT, Sesabamisad ar SeuZliaT miiniWon suverenuli saxelmwifos Tvisebebi –SezRuduli suverenitetis Sesabamisi daTqmis pirobebSic. maSin, rodesac, ruseTis federaciis subieqtebi moklebulni arian SesaZleblobas „miiniWon suverenuli saxelmwifos Tvisebebi –SezRuduli suverenitetis Sesabamisi daTqmis pirobebSic“ ki, xolo federaciidan gamoyofis msurveli Zalebi pirdapir icnobian eqstremistebad da teroristebad (CeCneTi, inguSeTi, yabardo – balyareTi da sxv.) ruseTi mxars uWers separatistul reJimebs saqarTveloSi da ufro metic, 2008 wels aRiarebs e.w. afxazeTis da samxreT oseTis respublikebis damoukideblobas. aRniSnuli politika terologiaSi cnobilia “mezobelTa destabilizaciiT” da aaSkaravebs ruseTis oficialuri wreebis mxridan erTi da imave sakiTxis mimarT dualistur midgomas. 8. saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli agresia da separatistuli moZraobebis daxmareba – waqezeba SesaZlebelia ruseTis federaciis mxridan ganxorcieldes saqarTvelos sxva polieTnikur regionebSic, amasTan, brZolis Ria meTodebze ufro metad savaraudoa iatakqveSa, ZirgamomTxreli meTodebi, romelTa Soris pirvel rigSi terorizmi da sabotaJia. 175 9. saqarTvelos terogenuri safrTxeebi SesaZlebelia davyoT or jgufad: a. regionaluri mniSvnelobis, Sida separatistuli safrTxeebi, romlebic xelSewyobilia ruseTis federaluri Zalebis mxridan da SesaZlebelia gadaizardos teroristuli meTodebiT warmoebul brZolaSi. b. globaluri mniSvnelobis, Tanamedrove islamoterorizmis safrTxe, romelic saqarTvelosTan SemxeblobaSia iqidan gamomdinare, rom Crdilo kavkasia, romlis mosaxleobis didi nawili musulmanuri aRmsareblobisaa, bolo periodSi moeqca saerTaSoriso radikaluri islamisturi organizaciebis interesebis sferoSi. zogierT maTganSi (magaliTad, CeCneTSi iCqeria) defaqto ukve arseboben islamur sawyisebze warmoqmnili saxelmwifoebrivi elementebi. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi islamuri saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg saqarTvelo aRmoCndeba islamisturi saxelmwifoebis SuagulSi. 10. mniSvnelovan faqtorad migvaCnia sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis daweseba momavalSi separatistuli da sxva iseTi qmedebebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, romelTac SeuZliaT gamoiwvion saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Sesusteba, kontrolis dakargva ama Tu im teritoriul erTeulze anda socialur jgufze. marTalia, saqarTvelos ssk-is 308-e muxlSi dasjadadaa miCneuli “saqarTvelos sawinaaRmdego moqmedeba, mimarTuli ucxo qveynisaTvis saqarTvelos mTeli teritoriis an misi nawilis gadacemisaken anda saqarTvelos teritoriidan misi nawilis gamoyofisaken” aseve „igive qmedeba, ramac saqarTvelos mTeli teritoriis an misi nawilis dakargva anda sxva mZime Sedegi gamoiwvia”, magram aRniSnuli norma ar moicavs saqarTvelos interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul iseT qmedebebs, romlebic teritoriis dakargvasTan ar aris dakavSirebuli, Tumca iwvevs ama Tu im socialuri an eTnikuri jgufis gamoTiSva, gaucxoebas saqarTvelos moqalaqis erTiani samarTlebrivi da fsiqologiuri sivrcidan da sawindaria Semdgomi separatistuli, fsevdoreligiuri anda fsevdoeTnikuri moTxovnebis warmoSobis. 11. terorizmis Tavidan acilebis sxva saSualebebTan erTad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs saxelmwifos mier sworad dagegmil da warmoebul social – ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politikas. 12. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 329 –e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba SesaZlebelia CaiTvalos teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad, Tundac borotmoqmedTa moTxovnis adresarti iyos fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, magram qmedeba mimarTuli iyos saxelmwifos strategiuli politikuri, ekonomikuri an sxva interesebis winaaRmdeg. 176 13. 2005 wlis “birTvuli terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb” gaeros konvenciis mecxre muxlis meore nawilis “e” qvepunqtis Tanaxmad konvencia vrceldeba im SemTxvevebzec rodesac: “danaSauli Cadenilia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis eqspluataciaSi myof sahaero xomaldze” da ar SeiZleba pirdapir moazrebul iqnes saqarTvelos ssk-is meoTxe muxlis mesame nawilSi, sadac saubaria xomaldze, romelic uflebamosilia isargeblos saqarTvelos saxelmwifo almiT an amosacnobi niSniT, radganac am konkretul SemTxvavaSi saubaria ara kuTvnil, aramed mflobelobaSi an sargeblobaSi myof mfrinav saSualebaze, romelic SesaZlebelia ar warmoadgendes aRniSnuli saxelmwifos almis matarebel xomalds. mocemuli problemis gadasawyvetad ori alternatiuli gza gvesaxeba: pirveli: saqarTvelos ssk-is meoTxe muxlis mesame nawils daematos fraza: “an eqspluataciaSia saqarTvelos xelisuflebis saWiroebisaTvis” da Camoyalibdes Semdegnairad: “imas, vinc danaSauli Caidina xomaldze, romelic uflebamosilia isargeblos saqarTvelos saxelmwifo almiT an amosacnobi niSniT, an eqspluataciaSia saqarTvelos xelisuflebis saWiroebisaTvis, anda aseTi xomaldis winaaRmdeg, sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba daekisreba am kodeqsiT, Tu saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.” meore: moazrebul iqnes msgavsi SemTxvevebi saqarTvlos ssk-is mexuTe muxlis meore nawilis regulirebis sferoSi, sadac saubaria im qmedebis dasjadobaze, romelic saqarTvelos interesebis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli. 14. birTvuli iaraRis damzadebisaTvis pasuxismgebloba dawesebulia ssk-is ori muxliT – 232 da 406-e muxlebiT. daveTanxmebiT qarTul literaturaSi gamoTqmul mosazrebas, imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom am ori normidan mxolod erTi Semadgenloba unda darCes sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi. birTvuli iaraRis damzadeba mizanSewonilia Sefasdes saerTaSoriso xasiaTis danaSaulad da gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas mxolod kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa karSi. 15. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis daufleba (ssk-is 227-e mux.) Sesulia sazogadoebrivi wesrigis da uSiSroebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa TavSi da ar ganixileba teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad, imis miuxedavad, rom saerTaSoriso konvencia msgavs danaSaulebs terorizmis gamovlinebad Tvlis. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu terorisTa xelyofis sagnad iqceva sahaero, wylis an sarkinigzo transporti, gamoxatuli iqneba teroristuli mizani, aucileblia Sefasdes rogorc teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauli. 177 16. wylis xomaldis naosnobisTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna (ssk-is 2271e mux.) saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi novacias warmoadgens da masSi asaxvas hpovebs 1988 wlis “sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli arakanonieri aqtebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb” konvenciis debulebebi. teroristuli qmedebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli obieqturi mxarisa da specialuri miznis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi Sefaseba unda moxdes teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad. 17. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqss 2006 wlis 25 ivliss daemata 2272 –e muxli, romlis mixedviTac, dasjadia stacionaruli platformis marTlsawinaaRmdegod daufleba, ganadgureba an dazianeba. qarTvelma kanonmdebelma aRniSnuli normis SemoRebiT konvenciasTan srul SesabamisobaSi moiyvana sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi. konvenciiT akrZalul qmedebaTa wre moculia qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis normiT. “sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ukanono aqtebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb” konvenciis da misi damatebiTi oqmis Tanaxmad stacionarul platformaze akrZaluli qmedebebis Cadena teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad iTvleba, maSin rodesac qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis mixedviT msgavsi qmedebebis sisxlissamarTlebriv dacvis obieqts sazogadoebrivi uSiSroeba da wesrigi warmoadgens. marTalia stacionaruli platformis nebismieri xelyofa ar SeiZleba qmnides teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis niSnebs, Tumca Sesabamisi obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba aseTad Sefasdes. 18. gamokvleulia Tanamedrove teroristuli organizaciebis dafinansebis Taviseburebebi. daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove teroristul organizaciebs dafinansebis garegani da Sida wyaroebi gaaCnia. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs teroristuli organizaciebis Sida finansuri struqturebis Seswavlas, rac ganxorcielebulia naSromis farglebSi. 19. naSromSi terorizmis sxvdasxva maxasiaTeblebidan gamoyofilia terorizmis Svidi ZiriTadi, imanenturi niSani, romlebic yvela drois da formis terorizms gaaCnia: 19.1. terorizmis umniSvnelovanes da imanentur elementad SeiZleba miviCnioT daSineba. saqarTvelos da postsabWouri sivrcis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebSi daSineba aramarTebuladaa miCneuli subieqturi mxaris niSnad an ufro konkretulad Tu vityviT, miznad. magaliTad, saqarTvelos ssk-is 323-e muxlis Tanaxmad, romelSic teroristul aqtad miCneulia afeTqeba, cecxlis wakideba, iaraRis gamoyeneba da a.S. “Cadenili mosaxleobis daSinebis an xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedebis mizniT”. teroristuli aqtis mizani daSineba ar aris. daSineba aris saSualeba saxelmwifo xelisuflebaze, sazogadoebaze 178 zemoqmedebis da teroristTaTvis sasurveli politikuri miznis misaRwevad. daSineba terorizmis dros saboloo mizani ki ar aris, aramed saboloo miznis miRwevis saSualebaa. 19.2. terorizmi xorcieldeba ZaladobiT da Zaladobis muqariT, im gamonaklisis garda, rodesac teroristebi Tanamedrove informaciul teqnologiebs iyeneben miznis misaRwevad 19.3. terorizmis imanentur niSnad SeiZleba aseve miviCnioT misi Ria da daufaravi, sazogado xasiaTi, teroristebis survili, maTi qmedebebis, rac SeiZleba farTod reklamirebisa da sazogadoebis farTo fenebamde mitanis. 19.4. terorizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia msxverplisa da samizne jgufis diferenciacia. terorizmis msxverplis SerCeva ZiriTadad xdeba simbolurad da ara pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. swored amitom aris, rom Cveulebrivi danaSaulisagan gansxvavebiT terorizmSi sami mxarea gamokveTili – damnaSave, msxverpli (romelic mxolod miznis miRwevis saSualebaa teroristisTvis) da sakuTriv samizne jgufi xelisuflebis organoebi da (an) sazogadoeba, romelic fsiqologiur zewolas ganicdis. 19.5. mexuTe elementad SeiZleba dasaxeldes safrTxis sazogado xasiaTi. terorizmi ar Semoifargleba konkretuli pirebiT, mas ziani moaqvs farTo masebisTvis, an qmnis aseTi zianis safrTxes. 19.6. terorizmi politikuri xasiTis danaSaulia. marTalia, motivacia terorizmis dros SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva (eTnikur – nacionaluri, socialur-politikuri da a.S.), magaram miznebi yovelTvis garkveuli politikuri amocanis gadawyvetiskenaa mimarTuli. 19.7. ideologiuri safuZveli terorizmis istoriis mTel manZilze teroristuli saqmianobis mimarTulebis ganmsazRvreli iyo. memarjvene Tu memarcxene, religiuri Tu nacionalur – eTnikuri motivaciis pirobebSi ideologia amarTlebs teroristebs, aniWebs maT marTali saqmisTvis mebrZolTa statuss, garkveul wreebSi ayalibebs azrs teroristebis qmedebebis legitimurobis Sesaxeb. 20. naSromSi SeTavazebulia teroristuli aqtis (ssk-is 323-e mux.) sakanonmdeblo definiciis SemuSaveba Semdegi saxiT: afeTqeba, cecxlis wakideba, iaraRis gamoyeneba da sxva qmedeba, rac qmnis adamianis sicocxlis mospobis, mniSvnelovani qonebrivi zianis, an sxva mZime Sedegis ganxorcielebis saSiSroebas da xelyofs sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas, saxelmwifos strategiul, politikur, an ekonomikur interess, Cadenili mosaxleobis, xelisuflebis organos, saerTaSoriso Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi organizaciis, kerZo piris daSinebiT anda zemoqmedebis sxva formiT, teroristTa sasurveli miznis misaRwevad. 179 21. gamoTqmulia winadadeba, teroristuli aqtis definiciis msgavsad, teroristuli qmedebis obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebis gansazRvriT, Camoyalibdes teroristuli xasiaTis sxva danaSaulTa Semadgenlobebi: teqnologiuri terorizmi (ssk-is 324-e mux.) da kiberterorizmi (ssk-is 3241-e mux.). SemadgenlobebSi rogoricaa: mZevlad xelSi CagdebaSi teroristuli mizniT (ssk-is 329-e mux.) da strategiuli an gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis obieqtis xelSi Cagdeba an blokireba teroristuli mizniT (ssk-is 330-e mux.) teroristul mizanSi unda vigulisxmoT teroristTaTvis sasurveli nebismieri politikuri, an sxva saxis mizani, rasac Tan sdevs daSineba, an sxvagvari zemoqmedeba Cadenili mosaxleobis, xelisuflebis organos, saerTaSoriso Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi organizaciis, kerZo piris mimarT. 22. kvlevis Sedegad SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT, rom teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa wres, specialuri 38-e TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebis garda, saerTaSoriso konvenciebze dayrdnobiT, damaxasiaTebeli miznis da qmedebis ganxorcielebis xerxis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba mivakuTvnod saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gansazRvruli Semdegi danaSaulebi: 22.1 sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba (ssk-is 227-e mux); satransporto komunikaciebis blokireba (ssk-is 2221 mux.); wylis xomaldis naosnobisTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna (ssk-is 2271–e mux.); mekobreoba (ssk-is 228-mux). safuZveli: sahaero xomaldze danaSaulebrivi da sxva saxis qmedebebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb konvencia (miRebulia 1963 wlis tokioSi); sahaero xomaldis gatacebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb konvencia (miRebulia 1970 wlis 16 dekembers haagaSi) da samoqalaqo aviaciis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul aqtebTan brZolis Sesaxeb konvencia (miRebuli monrealSi 1971 wlis 23 seqtembers). konvencia, sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul ukanono aqtebTan brZolis Sesaxeb (miRebuli romSi 1988 wlis 10 marts); 22.2 birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba (ssk-is 231-e mux.); birTvuli nivTierebis marTlsawinaaRmdegod dauflebis muqara (ssk-is 2311-e mux.); birTvuli iaraRis an sxva birTvuli asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis damzadeba (ssk-is 232-e mux.); birTvuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelmyofi normebidan saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi SesaZlebelia gamoiyos birTvuli masalisadmi an mowyobilobisadmi, radioaqtiuri narCenisadmi, radioaqtiuri nivTierebisadmi ukanono mopyroba (ssk-is 230-e mux.), birTvul an radioaqtiur obieqtze avariis an ubeduri SemTxvevis Sesaxeb informaciis dafarva an damaxinjeba (ssk-is 233-e mux.), saqarTvelos teritoriaze radioaqtiuri, toqsikuri samrewvelo an sayofacxovrebo narCenis tranziti an importi (ssk-is 234-e mux.), birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri narCenis, radioaqtiuri 180 nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyarosadmi mopyrobis wesis darRveva (ssk-is 245-e mux.). marTalia, mocemuli normebi birTvuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad mniSvnelovan berkets warmoadgens, magram teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa ricxvs ver mivakuTvnebT maTi kriminalizaciis sazrisis da Sinaarsis gamo. safuZveli: birTvuli nivTierebebis fizikuri dacvis Sesaxeb konvencia (miRebulia 1980 wlis 3 marts); konvencia birTvuli terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb (miRebulia 2005 wlis 13 aprils). 23. teroristuli xasiaTis qmedebebis sisxlissamarTlebrivad sruli regulirebis mizniT, mizanSewonilia Seicvalos aRniSnul danaSaulTa sisxlissamarTlebrivad gaTvaliswinebis dRemde arsebuli sakanonmdeblo teqnika, moxdes teroristuli xasiaTis qmedebaTa kriminalizacia maTi swori da samarTliani Sefasebis, aseve terorizmTan efeqturi brZolis mizniT. rogorc aRiniSna terorizmi cvladi da ganviTarebadi movlenaa, masTan brZola sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebisagan aranakleb moqnilobas da adaptirebulobas moiTxovs. aqedan gamomdinare, qarTuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebi sakanonmdeblo teqnikis TvalsazrisiT ise unda iyos mowyobili, rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis sruqturis darRvevis gareSe moxdes ama Tu im qmedebis (Tundac sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT ukve gaTvaliswinebulis) teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad Sefaseba Sesabamisi obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebis arsebobis pirobebSi. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia saqarTvelos ssk – is 323 –e muxls daematos SeniSvna, romelSic aRniSnuli iqneba, rom teroristul aqtad CaiTvleba Zaladobrivi xasiaTis sxva qmedeba, romelic xelyofs sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas, saxelmwifos strategiul, politikur, an ekonomikur interess, Cadenili mosaxleobaze, xelisuflebis organoze, saerTaSoriso Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebriv organizaciaze, kerZo pirze daSinebiT anda zemoqmedebis sxva formiT, teroristTa sasurveli politikuri an sxva miznis misaRwevad. SeniSvnas mohyveba im akrZalul qmedebaTa CamonaTvali, romlebic rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, saerTaSoriso konvenciebis Sesabamisad, teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis saxes atarebs qmedebis obieqturi da subieqturi maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare. teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebad anda teroristuli aqtis gamovlinebad Sesabamisi pirobebis arsebobisas unda CaiTvalos: 1. sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba (ssk-is 227-e mux.); 2. satransporto komunikaciebis blokireba (ssk-is 2221 mux.); wylis xomaldis naosnobisTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna (ssk-is 2271-e mux.); 181 3. mekobreoba (ssk-is 228-mux.); 4. birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba (ssk-is 231-e mux.); 5. birTvuli nivTierebis muqara (ssk-is 2311-e mux.); 6. birTvuli iaraRis an sxva birTvuli mowyobilobis damzadeba (ssk-is 232-e mux.) 7. cecxlsasroli iaraRis, (garda gluvluliani sanadiro Tofisa) sabrZolo masalis, feTqebadi nivTierebebis an asafeTqebeli mowyobilobebis marTlsawinaaRmdego SeZena, Senaxva, tareba, damzadeba, gadazidva, gadagzavna an gasaReba. (ssk-is 236-e mux.) 8. iaraRis, sabrZolo masalis, feTqebadi nivTierebebis an asafeTqebeli mowyobilobebis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba misakuTrebis mizniT an gamoZalva. (ssk-is 237-e mux.) marTlsawinaaRmdegod dauflebis asafeTqebeli sisxlis samarTlis normebis CamonaTvali SesaZlebelia Semdgom gaizardos terorizmTan brZolis interesebidan anda saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso valdebulebebidan gamomdinare. 24. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT ukve gaTvaliswinebuli teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis Semdgomi srulyofis mizniT: gauqmebuli unda iqnes ssk –is 324 –e muxli teqnologiuri terorizmi, radgan mocemuli norma koliziaSi modis ssk-is 323-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul teroristul aqtTan. amasTan, saqarTvelos ssk-is 38-e Tavis Cvens mier SemoTavazebuli wesiT agebis SemTxvevaSi normiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis dasjadoba efeqturad iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli. 25. saqarTvelos ssk-is 325-muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauls warmoadgens saqarTvelos prezidentis, politikuri Tanamdebobis piris, an misi ojaxis wevris sicocxlis, janmrTelobis an sakuTrebis xelyofa am Tanamdebobis piris saxelmwifoebriv saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT. Tanamedrove terorizmis gamovlinebebTan efeqturad brZolisTvis mizanSewonilia normiT dacul pirebs daematos politikuri, anda, sazogado moRvawe da maTi ojaxis wevrebi. Tanamedrove, demokratiuli faseulebebis miswrafebis mqone qveyanaSi gansakuTrebulad unda iqnes daculi politikuri anda sazogado moRvawe, politikur Tanamdebobis pirebTan erTad. 26. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonSi mravali progresuli debulebis miuxedavad, regulaciuri sfero SezRudulia da akrZalul qmedebaTa wre konkretizacias moiTxovs, amasTan terorizmis, rogorc socialur-samarTlebrivi movlenis farglebi bundovania. kanonis pirveli muxlis “a” 182 qvepunqtSi terorizmis cnebaa mocemuli. qarTul normatiul aqtSi mocemuli terorizmis definicia akrZaluli qmedebebis CamoTvlis principiT adgens terorizmis cnebas da ara misi ZiriTadi elementebis mixedviT gansazRvravs movlenas. rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, akrZaluli qmedebebis CamoTvliT terorizmis definireba ver amowuravs movlenis yvela formas. aqedan gamomdinare, terorizmis cnebaSi, romelic mocemulia kanonis pirvel muxlSi gansazRvruli unda iyos movlenis imanenturi elementebi, rac SesaZleblobas mogvcems Seufasebeli ar darCes terorizmis arc erTi gamovlineba. 27. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli muxlis “b” qvepunqtSi saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 323-e muxlis identurad mocemulia “teroristuli aqtis” cneba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, teroristuli aqtis arsebuli sakanonmdeblo reglamentacia ar Seesabameba movlenis socialur bunebas, kerZod. teroristTa mizani ar SeiZleba iyos mosaxleobis daSineba da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedeba. teroristTaTvis daSineba da zemoqmedebis sxva saSualebebi miznis miRwevis xerxs warmoadgens. 28. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli muxlis “g” qvepunqtSi gansazRvrulia teroristuli saqmianoba, romelSic igulisxmeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis, terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, XXXVIII TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebis Cadena. normis amgvar formulirebas ver daveTanxmebiT, radgan teroristuli saqmianoba scildeba sisxlis samarTlis XXXVIII TaviT gaTvaliswinebul teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebs. teroristuli saqmianoba SesaZlebelia moicavdes iseT danaSaulebriv an sxva saxis saqmianobasac, romelic teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauls ar warmoadgens, Tumca emsaxureba organizaciis an fizikuri piris teororistuli miznebis ganxorcielebas. amasTan erTad, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa wres saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis XXXVIII Tavi ver itevs. terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saerTaSoriso konvenciebis analizis safuZvelze gamovyaviT mTeli rigi Semadgenlobebi, romlebic obieqturi da subieqturi pirobebis arsebobisas teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebad unda CaiTvalos. 29. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli muxlis “v” da “z” qvepunqtebi gansazRvravs “teroristul jgufs” da “teroristul organizacias”, rogorc teroristuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis mizniT SekavSirebul pirTa erTobas. sxva xarvezebTan erTad upirveles yovlisa aRsaniSnavia, rom am qvepunqtebis Tanaxmad kanonSi isedac viwrod gagebuli “teroristuli saqmianoba” saerTod erTi danaSulebrivi qmedebis, “teroristuli aqtis” ganxorcielebamde aris dayvanili, rac dauSvebelad migvaCnia. “teroristuli saqmianobis” “g” qvepunqtiT ganasazRvruli farglebi, romelic moicavs saqarTvelos ssk-is 183 terorizmis TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebis srul CamonaTvals, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ar aris sakmarisi da ver asaxavs teroristuli saqmianobis yvela gamovlinebas, “v” da “z” qvepunqtebSi saerTod erTi danaSaulis Semadgenlobamdea dayvanili. pirveli muxlis “v” da “z” qvepunqtebis Tanaxmad “teroristuli jgufi” da “teroristuli organizacia” aris mxolod “teroristuli aqtis” Casadenad SekavSirebul pirTa erToba. es debuleba ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 327-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul normas, romelic krZalavs teoristuli organizaciis Seqmnas, xelmZRvanelobas anda masSi monawileobas. saqarTvelos ssk-is 327e muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristul organizaciad CaiTvleba pirTa nebismieri erToba, imis miuxedavad, Tu konkretulad romeli teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis Cadena aqvs gamiznuli. 30. organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis interesebidan gamomdinare saqarTvelos sssk-iT garantirebuli advokatisa da braldebulis urTierTobis konfidencialuroba aSS-s kanonmdeblobis msgavsad SesaZlebelia gadaixedos. igulisxmeba, organizebuli danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis Sesaxeb, warsulSi ukve momxdaris, an momavalSi dagegmilis, informaciis miReba da teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis gaxsna anda maT Tavidan acileba. samomavlod saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso moqmedebebis warmoebisas, advokatisa da braldebulis konfidencialuri saubrebis mosmenis daSvebis SemTxvevaSi, msgavsi nebarTva, aSS-s kanonmdeblobisagan gansxvavebiT, unda gasces sasamarTlom da aRniSnul moqmedebebzec aucilebelia sasamarTlo kontrolis SenarCuneba. 184 bibliografia 1. aleqsiZe l. 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