giorgi goraSvili terorizmis kriminologiuri daxasiaTeba

Transcription

giorgi goraSvili terorizmis kriminologiuri daxasiaTeba
avtoris stili daculia
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universiteti
iuridiuli fakulteti
giorgi goraSvili
terorizmis kriminologiuri daxasiaTeba
xelmZRvaneli: iuridiul mecnierebaTa
doqtori, sruli profesori guram naWyebia
naSromi wardgenilia samarTlis doqtoris
akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad
Tbilisi
2011
1
Sinaarsi
gamoyenebuli abreviatura ----------------------------- ----------- 5
Sesavali ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- 6
Tavi I
terorizmis konceptualuri saTaveebi
$ 1. teroris koncefciis formireba---------------------------------------- 13
$ 2. terorizmis definicia -------------------------------------------------------- 16
Tavi II terorizmis saTaveebidan dRevandelobamde
(mizezebi da pirobebi)
$ 1.
$ 2.
$ 3.
$ 4.
$. 5
adreuli terorizmis xana ------------------------------------------------------ 25
revoluciuri terorizmis xana -------------------------------------------29
civi omis terorizmis xana ----------------------------------------------- 32
terorizmis Tanamedrove xana ------------------------------------------ 36
terorizmi socialur konfliqtTa speqtrSi ---------------- 43
$. 6 terorizmis kriminologiuri klasifikacia -------------------- 46
Tavi III saqarTvelosTvis terorizmis terogenuri
saxeebi
$ 1. saxelmwifo terorizmi ------------------------------------------------------ 50
1.1. saxelmwifo terorizmis fenomenologia -------------------- 50
1.2. saxelmwifo terorizmis gamovlenis formebi ----------------- 53
$ 2. religiuri terorizmi -------------------------------------------- 55
2.1. religiuri terorizmis fenomenologia ------------------------- 55
2.2. axali msoflio musulmanuri wesrigi -------------------------- 56
2.3. konfliqtis islamisturi gageba ------------------------------------- 58
$ 3. eTno–separatistuli terorizmi
3.1. eTno–separatistuli terorizmis fenomenologia ----- 62
3.2. irlandiis nacionalur – gamaTavisuflebeli armia -- 64
3.3. qveyana da Tavisufleba baskebs -------------------------------------- 66
3.4. Tamil-ilamis gamanTavisuflebeli vefxvebi ----------------- 68
3.5. terorizmi CeCneTSi ---------------------------------------------------------- 70
$ 4. TviTmkvleloba Tanamedrove terorizmis arsenalSi ----- 74
2
Tavi IV saqarTvelos terogenuri
safrTxeebis analizi
$1. zogadi aspeqtebi ----------------------------------------------------------- 77
$2. secesiis ufleba anu ormagi standartebi ---------------------- 78
$3. eTno–separatistuli safrTxeebi ------------------------------------- 82
$4. Crdilo-kavkasiuri safrTxeebi ------------------------------------------- 84
$5. problemis saboloo analizi --------------------------------------------------- 90
Tavi V terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis
formebi da saSualebebi
$1. terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis zogadTeoriuli
safuZvlebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92
$ 2.
terorizmTan brZolis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi
saSualebebi ---------------------------------------------------------------- 99
2.1. erTa liga terorizmis winaaRmdeg ------------------------------- 99
2.2. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis farglebSi miRebuli
saerTaSoriso normebi terorizmis winaaRmdeg -------------- 103
2.2.1.
saerTaSoriso
normebi
sahaero
transportis
usafrTxoebis xelmyofi aqtebis winaaRmdeg da maTi asaxva
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi -------------- 103
2.2.2. saerTaSorisod daculi pirebis winaaRmdeg danaSaulis
aRkveTisa da dasjis Sesaxeb konvencia da misi debulebebis asaxva
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi ----------------- 107
2.2.3. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis konvencia mZevlebis
ayvanis winaaRmdeg da misi debulebebis asaxva saqarTvelos
sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi ------------------------------------- 110
2.2.4. saerTaSoriso normebi birTvuli terorizmis winaaRmdeg
da maTi asaxva saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi
_____________________________________________________116
2.2.5. saerTaSoriso normebi sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli aqtebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb da misi
3
debulebebis
asaxva
saqarTvelos
sisxlis
samarTlis
kanonmdeblobaSi -------------------------------------------------------------- 126
2.2.6. gaeros konvencia plastikuri feTqebadi nivTierebebis niSandebis Sesaxeb maTi gamovlenis mizniT -------------------------- 130
2.2.7. konvencia teroristuli dabombvis winaaRmdeg da misi
debulebebis
asaxva
saqarTvelos
sisxlis
samarTlis
kanonmdeblobaSi --------------------------------------------------------------- 130
2.2.8.
saerTaSoriso
konvencia
terorizmis
dafinansebis
aRkveTis Sesaxeb da misi debulebebis asaxva qarTul normatiul
sivrceSi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------132
2.2.9. globaluri kontrteroristuli strategia ------------ 140
2.2.10. evropuli konvencia terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis
Sesaxeb ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 141
$ 3. terorizmTan normatiuli saSualebebiT brZolis franguli
modeli ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 143
$
4.
amerikis
SeerTebuli
Statebis
kontrteroristuli
kanonmdeblobis mimoxilva ------------------------------------------------------ 147
$ 5. terorizmTan brZolis normatiuli saSualebebi saqarTveloSi
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 153
$
6.
terorizmis
winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli
qarTuli
sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebis sakanonmdeblo srulyofisaTvis ____________________________________________________164
$ 7. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis analizi
__________________________________________________ 167
daskvna --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 173
bibliografia -------------------------------------------------------------------- 183
4
gamoyenebuli
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
abreviatura:
ssk _ sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi;
sssk _ sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi;
e.w. _ egreT wodebuli;
e.i. _ ese igi;
ix. _ ixileT;
dasax. naSr. _ dasaxelebuli naSromi;
gv. _ gverdi;
sxv. _ sxva;
a.S. _ ase Semdeg;
aSS – amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi
gamomc. _ gamomcemloba;
Tb. _ Tbilisi;
mux. – muxli;
Изд. _ Издательство;
Гос. _ Государство;
М. _ Москва;
С. _ Страница.
5
Sesavali
kvlevis aqtualoba. qarTul iuridiul mecnierebaSi terorizmi
saTanadod araa damuSavebuli. terorizmi aris socialuri,
fsiqologiuri,
politikuri
magram,
upirveles
yovlisa
samarTlebrivi, amasTan sisxlissamarTlebrivi problema, radganac
terorizmi danaSaulia. terorizmis kriminologiuri analizi ki
saSualebas iZleva dasmuli problema farTo, sociologiur
aspeqtSi gaanalizdes, rac aRniSnulis SedarebiT Rrma wvdomaSi
dagvexmareba.
terorizmi xSirad Tanaarsebobs iseT movlenebTan, rogoricaa :
eTnikuri separatizmi, religiuri fanatizmi, eqstremistuli
memarjvene, an memarcxene politikuri moZraobebi. saqarTveloSi
bolo dros ganviTarebulma movlenebma, kerZod, ki 2008 wlis
agvistos
ruseT–saqarTvelos
omma
da
ruseTis
mxridan
saqarTvelos
separatistuli
regionebis
damoukideblobis
aRiarebam
cxadyo,
rom
samxreT
oseTisa
da
afxazeTis
separatistuli moTxovnebis ukan ruseTis saxelmwifo dgas.
aRniSnul viTarebaSi dRis wesrigSi dadga momxdaris gaanalizeba
da momavali safrTxeebis prognozireba. jer kidev meoce saukunis
70-ian wlebSi mkvlevarebma gaamaxviles yuradReba im periodis
msoflioSi axlad gamokveTil tendenciaze. kerZod, garkveuli
saxelmwifoTa mxridan, sxva saxelmwifoebis mimarT, sayovelTaod
aRiarebul diplomatiur meTodebTan erTad, ZirgamomTxreli
saqmianobis warmoebis Sesaxeb. kerZod, e.w. revoluciis iatakqveSa
mzadebis, am mizniT Sesabamisi kadrebis momzadebis, iaraRiT da
teqnikuri saSualebebiT momaragebis, dafinansebis da propagandis
warmoebis Sesaxeb. 2008 wels saqarTveloSi ganviTarebulma
movlenebma cxadyo, rom ruseTis federacia sagareo politikis
instrumentad separatizmis waqezebas kvlavac iyenebs, iseve
rogorc civi omis periodSi. msoflio gamocdileba gviCvenebs,
rom separatizmis xelSewyobidan terorizmis xelSewyobamde erTi
nabijia da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, ki es orive movlena erTad
Tanaarsebobs. ukanasknel periodSi mravali saxelmwifo Tavs
aridebs pirdapir konfrontacias, romelmac SeiZleba didi
xarjebi gamoiwvios da sasurveli mizani mainc ver iqnes miRweuli.
amis gamo, aRniSnuli saxelmwifoebi eZeben zemoqmedebis sxva
saSualebebs, maT Soris, pirvel planze terorizmia.
saqarTvelos
istoriuli
ganviTarebis
mocemul
etapze
aucilebelia gaanalizdes is safrTxeebi, romelTa winaSec
SeiZleba qveyana aRmoCndes da daisaxos profilaqtikis gzebi da
6
saSualebebi. mniSvnelovania terorizmis im saxeebis da formebis
calke gamoyofa da Seswavla, romelTa warmoSobis safrTxe
SeiZleba Seiqmnas saqarTveloSi. saqarTvelosTvis terogenulad
unda CaiTvalos saxelmwifoebrivad xelSewyobili, religiuri da
eTnikur-separatistuli terorizmis saxeebi.
saqarTvelos
separatistuli
regionebis
mxardaWeris
fonze
interesis sagans warmoadgens ruseTis federaciis centraluri
xelisuflebis
damokidebuleba
sakuTari
federaluri
respublikebis samarTlebriv statusTan da zogadad secesiis uflebis mimarT, rac SesaZleblobas iZleva gaivlos paralelebi da
gamoaSkaravdes erTi da imave sakiTxisadmi ormagi standartis
arseboba.
terorizmi socialur konfliqtTa speqtrSi gansakuTrebul
adgils ikavebs. terorizmis gamijvna omis, partizanuli an
erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli brZolis, aseve konfliqtis sxva
formebisgan did mniSvnelobas iZens, aRniSnuli movlenis swori
Sefasebis da mis mimarT reagirebis adekvaturi, samarTlebrivad
dasabuTebuli zomebis gasatareblad.
terorizmTan brZolaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania normatiuli
saSualebebi, rogorc saerTaSoriso, ise Sidasaxlmwifoebrivi
aspeqtiT. kargad gaazrebuli da efeqturi antiteroristuli
kanonmdebloba aris saxelmwifos konkretuli samoqmedo gegma da
samarTlebrivi
dasayrdeni
terorizmTan
brZolaSi.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs iseTi kontrteroristuli
kanonmdeblobis arsebobas, romelic efeqturobasTan erTad ar
arRvevs adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs da Tavisuflebebs. am
aspeqtiT, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens saerTaSoriso da
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi
kontrteroristuli
kanonmdeblobis
Seswavla.
kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi. winamdebare sadisertaciao
kvlevis mizania iuridiul, filosofiur da sociologiur
literaturaze
dayrdnobiT
Seswavlili
iqnes
terorizmis
kriminologiuri
arsi,
mizezebi,
misi
gamovlenis
formebi,
gaanalizdes saqarTvelos terogenuri safrTxeebi, terorizmTan
brZolis
zogadTeoriuli
safuZvlebi,
saerTaSoriso
da
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi regulirebis meqanizmebi.
kvlevis meTodologiuri safuZveli.
kvlevisas
gamoyenebulia
istoriuli,
7
dasmuli problemis
SedarebiTY- istoriuli,
formalur-logikuri,
dogmaturi,
SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi,
sistemur-struqturuli da sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi.
kvlevis
Teoriuli
kvlevis
normatiuli
safuZveli.
sadisertacio kvlevisas
gamoyenebulia qarTveli da ucxoeli avtorebis doqtrinuli
naSromebi,
romlebic
Sesrulebulia
Semdeg
samecniero
disciplinebSi:
sisxlis
samarTalSi,
kriminologiaSi,
sociologiaSi,
fsiqologiaSi,
filosofiaSi.
sadisertacio
naSromi eyrdnoba iseT mecnierTa naazrevs rogorebic arian : g.
mamulaSvili, m. lekveiSvli, l. aleqsiZe, m. kvaWaZe, l. sanikiZe, a.
trainini, i. antoniani, i. karpeci, v. kudriavcevi, a gurovi, e.
liaxovi, m. kireevi, g. minkovski, v. revini, v. petriSevi, v. ustinovi,
a. blini, g. Sulci, v nanda, m. flori, g. streiki, d. poilki, a.
Smiti, r. eriqsoni, u. lakuari, d. bimani, p. Colqi, e. skoti, b.
jenkinsi, r. eriqsoni da sxvebi.
safuZveli. sadisertacio kvlevisas
gamoyenebulia terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saerTaSoriso
da
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi
normatiuli
aqtebi,
kerZod :
gaerTianebuli erebis egidiT miRebuli 13 kontrteroristuli
konvencia da maTze damatebiTi 3 oqmi, terorizmis winaaRmdeg
brZolis Sesaxeb evropuli konvencia, gaerTianebuli erebis
organizaciis egidiT miRebuli globaluri kontrteroristuli
strategia,
saqarTvelos
sisxlis
samarTlis
da
sisxlis
samarTlis saproceso normebi, saqarTvelos kanoni terorizmTan
brZolis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebulebebi,
safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis da sisxlis samarTlis saproceso
normebi, aSS-s konteroristuli normebi da a.S.
disertaciis mecniereul siaxleze saubrisas
xazi unda
gaesvas Semdegs:
1. disertacia terorizmis kriminologiuri kvlevis pirveli cdaa
qarTul samecniero sivrceSi.
2. terorizmis mizezebi da pirobebi ganxilulia movlenis
istoriuli ganviTarebis fonze, vinaidan terorizmi yovelTvis determinirebuli iyo konkretuli epoqis sinamdviliT da, Tavis mxriv,
did zegavlenas axdenda masze.
3. naSromSi mocemulia Tanamedrove terorizmis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli niSnebi.
8
4. terorizmi gamijnulia socialuri konfliqtis sxva iseTi
saxeebisgan, rogoricaa omi, partizanuli brZola, erovnul
gamaTavisuflebeli moZraoba da a.S.
5. terologiaSi gavrcelebuli klasifikaciebisagan gansxvavebiT
naSromSi mocemulia terorizmis kriminologiuri klasifikacia ZiriTadi niSnebis, motivisa da miznis da araZiriTadi – gamoyenebuli xerxis da saSualebis, samoqmedo farglebis, ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtis mixedviT.
6. Seswavlilia “eTnikuri”, “saxelmwifo” da “religiuri” terorizmi, radganac Tanamedrove etapze terorizmis zemoxsenebul saxeebs saqarTvelosTvis terogenuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia.
7. naSromSi dadginda ormagi standartis arseboba, ruseTis
federaciis oficialur midgomebSi, secesiis uflebis mimarT.
8. gaanalizda saqarTvelos terogenuri safrTxeebi da moxda maTi
dajgufeba regionaluri da globaluri mniSvnelobis mixedviT.
9. gamoTqmulia winadadeba, momavalSi separatistuli da sxva iseTi qmedebebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, romelTac SeuZliaT gamoiwvion saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Sesusteba, kontrolis dakargva ama Tu im teritoriul erTeulze, anda socialur jgufze,
dawesdes sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba.
10. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis 329 –e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli teroristuli mizniT
mZevlad
xelSi
Cagdebis
dros,
gafarTovdes
teroristTa
moTxovnis adresatTa wre da aRniSul wreSi moazrebul iqnen
fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi.
11. naSromSi gaanalizebulia teroristuli aqtis da zogadad
teroristuli
xasiaTis
danaSaulebis
miznad
miCneuli
“sazogadoebis daSineba da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedeba.”
kvlevis Sedegad gakeTebulia daskvna, rom teroristuli aqtis
mizani daSineba ar aris. daSineba da saxelmwifo xelisuflebaze
zemoqmedeba aris teroristTaTvis sasurveli politikuri miznis
misaRwevad gamoyenebuli saSualeba da Semadgenlobis obieqturi
mxaris niSans warmoadgens.
12. kvlevis Sedegad dadginda terorizmis ZiriTadi imanenturi
elementebi, romlebic yvela droisa da formis terorizms
axasiaTebs.
aRniSnuli
niSnebis
safuZvelze
naSromSi
SeTavazebulia
teroristuli
aqtis
(ssk-is
323-e
mux.)
sakanonmdeblo definicia.
9
13. gamoTqmulia winadadeba, gafarTovdes teroristuli xasiaTis
danaSaulTa wre saerTaSoriso normatiul aqtebze dayrdnobiT da
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis specialuri 38-e TaviT
gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebis garda, ssk-iT gaTvaliswinebuli
sxva qmedebebi, terorizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli obieqturi da
subieqturi
niSnebis
arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi,
CaiTvalos
teroristuli
xasiaTis
danaSaulebad.
kvlevis
Sedegad
gamoyofilia teroristuli xasiaTis Semdegi danaSaulebi: sahaero
an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis
marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba (ssk-is 227-e mux); satransporto
komunikaciebis blokireba (ssk-is 2221 mux.); wylis xomaldis
naosnobisTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna (ssk-is 2271 –e mux.); mekobreoba
(ssk-is 228-mux); birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an
maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba (ssk-is 231-e
mux.); birTvuli nivTierebis marTlsawinaaRmdegod dauflebis
muqara (ssk-is 2311-e mux.); birTvuli iaraRis an sxva birTvuli
asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis damzadeba (ssk-is 232-e mux.);
14. teroristuli xasiaTis qmedebebis sisxlissamarTlebrivad
sruli regulirebis mizniT, mizanSewonilia Seicvalos aRniSnul
danaSaulTa gansazRvris dRemde arsebuli sakanonmdeblo teqnika.
moxdes teroristuli xasiaTis qmedebaTa kriminalizacia maTi
swori da samarTliani Sefasebis, aseve terorizmTan efeqturi
brZolis mizniT. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT disertaciaSi
mocemulia konkretuli winadadebebi.
15. disertaciaSi gamoTqmulia winadadeba saqarTvelos ssk-is 325muxliT
gaTvaliswinebul
SemadgenlobaSi,
“saqarTvelos
politikuri Tanamdebobis pirze Tavdasxma”, gafarTovdes sisxlis
samarTlis normiT dacul subieqtTa wre.
16. “terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonSi mravali
progresuli
debulebis
miuxedavad,
regulaciuri
sfero
SezRudulia
da
akrZalul
qmedebaTa
wre
konkretizacias
moiTxovs. amasTan, terorizmis, rogorc socialur–samarTlebrivi
movlenis
farglebi
bundovania.
disertaciaSi
gamoTqmulia
mosazreba
zemoxsenebuli
kanonis
regulaciuri
sferos
gafarToebis da dazustebis Sesaxeb.
17.
“terorizmTan
brZolis
Sesaxeb”
saqarTvelos
kanonSi
terorizmis
definicia
akrZaluli
qmedebebis
CamoTvlis
principiTaa
mocemuli.
akrZaluli
qmedebebis
CamoTvliT
terorizmis gansazRvreba ver amowuravs movlenis yvela formas.
aqedan gamomdinare, terorizmis cnebaSi, romelic mocemulia
10
kanonis pirvel muxlSi, gansazRvruli unda iyos movlenis
imanenturi elementebi, rac SesaZleblobas mogvcems Seufasebeli
ar darCes terorizmis arc erTi gamovlineba.
18. “terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli
muxlis “b” qvepunqtSi saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis
323 –e muxlis identurad mocemulia “teroristuli aqtis” cneba.
teroristuli aqtis arsebuli sakanonmdeblo reglamentacia ar
Seesabameba movlenis socialur bunebas. kerZod, teroristTa
mizani ar SeiZleba iyos mosaxleobis daSineba da xelisuflebis
organoze zemoqmedeba. teroristTaTvis daSineba da zemoqmedebis
sxva saSualebebi miznis miRwevis xerxs warmoadgens.
19. “terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli
muxlis “g” qvepunqtSi gansazRvrulia teroristuli saqmianoba,
romelSic igulisxmeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis,
terorizmis
winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli,
XXXVIII
TaviT
gaTvaliswinebuli
danaSaulebis
Cadena.
normis
amgvar
formulirebas
ver
daveTanxmebiT,
radganac
teroristuli
saqmianoba scildeba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis XXXVIII TaviT
gaTvaliswinebul teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebs.
20. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli
muxlis “v” da “z” qvepunqtebis Tanaxmad “teroristuli jgufi” da
“teroristuli organizacia” aris mxolod “teroristuli aqtis”
Casadenad SekavSirebul pirTa erToba. es debuleba ewinaaRmdegeba
saqarTvelos
sisxlis
samarTlis
kodeqsis
327-e
muxliT
gaTvaliswinebul
normas,
romelic
krZalavs
teroristuli
organizaciis Seqmnas, xelmZRvanelobas anda masSi monawileobas.
saqarTvelos
ssk-is
327-e
muxlis
Tanaxmad,
teroristul
organizaciad CaiTvleba pirTa nebismieri erToba, imis miuxedavad,
Tu konkretulad romeli teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis
Cadena aqvs gamiznuli.
21. organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis interesebidan
gamomdinare, saqarTvelos sssk-iT garantirebuli advokati –
braldebulis
urTierTobis
konfidencialuroba,
aSS-s
kanonmdeblobis msgavsad, SesaZlebelia gadaixedos. igulisxmeba,
organizebuli danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis Sesaxeb, warsulSi ukve
momxdaris, an momavalSi dagegmilis, informaciis miReba da
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis gaxsna anda maTi Tavidan
acileba.
kvlevis obieqti da sagani. disertaciis kvlevis obieqtia:
terorizmi
rogorc
socialur–samarTlebrivi
11
movlena,
terorizmis gamovlenis formebi da saxeebi, terorizmis mizezebi
da pirobebi istoriuli ganviTarebis konteqstSi, saqarTvelos
terogenuri saxeebis gamoyofa da analizi, terorizmis definicia,
terorizmTan brZolis zogadTeoriuli aspeqtebi, terorizmis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saerTaSoriso normatiuli aqtebi da
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi
normebi,
ucxoeTis
qveynebis
kontrteroristuli kanonmdebloba.
kvlevis sagnad gvevlineba iuridiul, fsiqologiur, sociologiur
da
filosofiur
literaturaSi
wamoyenebuli
mosazrebebi
terorizmis mizezebis, socialuri bunebis, gamovlenis saxeebis da
formebis, brZolis saSualebebis Sesaxeb. saerTaSoriso da
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi, maT Soris, ucxoeTis qveynebis normatiuli
saSualebebi terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. saqarTvelos
antiteroristuli kanonmdeblobis srulyofisTvis Sesabamisi
rekomendaciebis da winadadebebis SemuSaveba.
disertaciis
Teoriuli
da
praqtikuli
mniSvneloba.
disertaciaSi
gamoTqmuli
mosazrebebi,
rekomendaciebi
da
winadadebebi saintereso iqneba am sakiTxiT dainteresebuli
Teoretikosi
da
praqtikosi
muSakebisaTvis,
sakanonmdeblo
organosa da specialuri samsaxurebisaTvis. naSromi saintereso
iqneba araiuristi, rigiTi mkiTxvelisTvisac, radganac masSi
mecnierulad
iqneba
damuSavebuli
Tanamedrove
terorizmis
problemebi da saqarTvelos adgili msoflio terologiis rukaze.
naSromi nawilobriv Seavsebs qarTul iuridiul literaturas
terorizmis problemis kvlevis sakiTxSi. naSromSi aris mcdeloba
amomwuravad
iqnes
Seswavlili
terorizmis
definiciuri
problemebi, movlenis istoriuli ganviTareba, misi mizezebi,
saerTaSoriso
da
saqarTvelos
normatiuli
saSualebebi
terorizmTan brZolis aspeqtiT.
disertaciis struqtura da moculoba. naSromi Sedgeba
Sesavlis, 5 Tavis, 23 paragrafis, 21 qveparagrafisgan, daskvnisa da
gamoyenebuli literaturis nusxisagan. naSromis moculoba sul
Seadgens 197 gverds, romelsac Tan erTvis gamoyenebuli
literaturis nusxa 13 gverdze.
12
Tavi I
terorizmis konceptualuri saTaveebi
$ 1.
teroris koncefciis formireba
terorizmma, rogorc movlenam, ganviTarebis xangrZlivi istoriuli periodi ganvlo, romelic moicavs “Silot sikarebisa” da “haSaSinebis” saqmianobas, parizis quCebSi datrialebul iakobinelTa
terors, rusi revolucionerebis brZolas, meore msoflio omis
Semdeg gaCaRebul antikoloniur moZraobebs, memarjvene, memarcxene, religiur, eTno-nacionaluri mimarTulebis jgufebis teroristul saqmianobas.
safrTxis uzarmazari mniSvnelobis gamo, terorizmze bevri iTqva
da daiwera. movlenas sxvadasxva kuTxiT da sxvadasxva aspeqtiT
ixilavdnen da ikvlevdnen, Tumca veranairad ver moxerxda terorizmis, rogorc socialur_samarTlebrivi movlenis, erTiani, yvelasaTvis misaRebi iuridiuli gansazRvrebis
SemuSaveba, xolo
erTiani normatiuli gansazRvrebis gareSe, SeuZlebelia erTiani
samarTlebrivi midgomebic. amitomaa, rom, Tuki sazogadoebis erTi
nawilisTvis garkveuli jgufi teroristulia, meore nawilisTvis
erovnul_nacionaluri, religiuri, an socialuri uflebebisaTvis
mebrZolia. `sayovelTaod cnobili gancxadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom
`erTisTvis teroristi, TavisuflebisTvis mebrZolia meoresTvis~
iqca ara mxolod erTgvar kliSed, aramed erT-erT rTulad gadasalaxav winaaRmdegobad terorizmTan brZolaSi~.1
sityva “Terrere” (terere) laTinurad daSinebas niSnavs2, igi ori
mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba: pirveli - “SiSi”, “saSineleba”, meore “daSinebis saSualeba”, “SiSis sagani”, “saSiSi garemoeba”.3 laTinuri “Terrere” - dan aris nawarmoebi franguli sityva “terreur ”-i, romelic, Tavis mxriv, safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis Semdeg
Zaladobrivi socialuri movlenis aRmniSvnelad iqca. franguli
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni terorizms ganmartavs rogorc “revoluciuri jgufebis mier Cadenili Zaladobrivi aqtebis erTobliobas,
rac terorizmis meSveobiT miznad isaxavs sazogadoebis yuradRebis mipyrobas.” terorizmadaa, agreTve, miCneuli “saxelmwifos mier damyarebuli Zaladobrivi reJimi”.4 s. oJegovis da n. Svedovas
redaqciiT gamocemuli rusuli ganmartebiTi leqsikoni terorizms
ganmartavs, rogorc “teroris politikasa da praqtikas”, raSic igu1
ix. В.В. Устинов Международный опыт борбы с терроризмом, стандарты и практика. М., 2002,
с. 8.
2
ix. Histoire du Terrorisme de l’Antiquite a al Qaida. Sous la direction de Gerard Chaliand et Arnaud
Blin, Bayard, Paris, 2004, p. 9.
3
ix. Ю. С. Горбунов, Терроризм и правовое регулирование противодействия ему. Монография.
М., 2008, с. 16.
4
ix. Larusse trois volums en couleurs. Tome trois. Librairie Larasse, P., 1966. P. 828.
13
lisxmeba “politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis daSineba, gamoxatuli ZaladobaSi, TviT maT fizikur ganadgurebamde”, agreTve “mosaxleobis
daSineba”5. daSineba, Zaladobrivi qmedeba, Zaladoba an misi gamoyenebis muqara.6 terorizmze mxolod maSin SeiZleba saubari, rodesac qmedebis sazriss SiSis danergva, daSineba Seadgens, es aris
terorizmis uZiriTadesi niSani... 7
termini “terori” da misgan nawarmoebi terorizmi safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis (1789-1794), kerZod, ki iakobinelTa diqtaturis, periodSi iqca Zalismieri gziT miznis miRwevis garkveuli meTodis aRmniSvnelad, romlis safuZvelic mowinaaRmdegis daSineba,
Tavzaris dacema, misTvis permanentuli SiSis gancdis Tavs moxvevaa.
“teroris”, rogorc sistematurad gamoyenebuli Zaladobis koncefcia, romelic mimarTulia garkveuli politikuri Sedegebis miRwevisken, Camoayaliba maqsimilian robespierma safrangeTis revoluciis dros:
“saWiroa davTrgunoT respublikis sagareo da saSinao mtrebi, anda daviRupoT respublikasTan erTad. ase rom, aRniSnul situaciaSi Cveni politikis upirvelesi mizania vmarToT xalxi gonierebis,
xolo xalxis mtrebi teroris meSveobiT. Tuki saxalxo saxelmwifos dasayrdeni mSvidobis dros aris keTilgoniereba, revoluciis
dros keTilgonierebasTan erTad aucilebelia teroric; keTilgonierebis gareSe terori damRupvelia; teroris gareSe keTilgoniereba ususuri.”8 iakobinelTa teroriT batonobis dros, mxolod
1793 wlis Semodgomidan 1794 wlis zafxulamde sikvdiliT daisaja
daaxloebiT 40 aTasi adamiani, ganadgurda aTasobiT realuri, Tu
potenciuri mowinaaRmdege, qali Tu kaci, moxuci Tu axalgazrda.
maTi umravlesoba saerTod udanaSaulo adamiani iyo. teroris
koncefciis mamamTavars maqsimilian robespiers, TviTon uaRresad
moralur pirovnebas, surda Camoeyalibebina idealuri sazogadoeba, romelic maradiuli eTikuri principebis Sesabamisad iqneboda
mowyobili, Tumca am keTilSobiluri miznebis miRwevis saSualebad man terori SearCia. 9
terorizmi, rogorc garkeuli miznis miRwevis xerxi, gamarTlebulia zogierTi socialuri jgufisTvis. sainteresoa, rom gaeros
terorizmis problemaTa kvlevis specialuri, saerTaSoriso komitetis mier terorizmis gamomwvev mizezebad dasaxelebulia : `neokolonializmi, rasizmi, agresiis politika, okupacia da misi Sede5
ix. С. И. Ожегов, Н.Ю. Шведова «Толковый словарь русского языка». М., 1995 г., с. 784.
ix. В. Даль, Толковый словарь живого великорусского языка. Т. IV. –М .: «Русский язык», 1980.
c. 401; С.И. Ожегов Словарь русского языка. –М.: «Русский язык», 1968.c. 784.
7
ix. Ю. М. Антонян Терроризм. Криминологическое и уголовно-правовое исследование. М.:
Щит-М, 2001. с .8
8
ix. M. Robespierre, “Principes de morale politique,” 1974 wlis 5 Tebervals safrangeTis
nacionalur konventze warmoTqmuli sityva. http://membres.lycos.fr/discours/1794.htm
http://membres.lycos.fr/discours/1794.htm. 2009
9
ix. С. А. Эфиров Покушение на будущее. Логика и футурология «левого» экстремизма. М.: Мол.
гвардия, 1984. сс. 145-153
6
14
gebi : usamarTloba, uTanasworoba, Cagvra da eqspluatacia.~10 terorizmis determinantebad zemoaRniSnuli mizezebis dasaxeleba,
garkveulwilad, amarTlebs teroristebs, aniWebs maT marTali saqmisTvis wamebulTa statuss, hqmnis maTgan goliaTTan mebrZoli
daviTis saxes. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, garkveul wreebSi
yalibdeba azri teroristebis qmedebebis legitimurobis Sesaxeb.
teroristuli saqmianobis legitimacia gamoixateba imaSi, rom teroristebi borotebas ebrZvian da Tavisi saqmiT keTili Sedegis
miRweva surT. aRniSnulSi mdgomareobs teroristuli ideologiis
sakvanZo sakiTxi, romelic gacilebiT adre, saukuneebis gadaRma,
Teoriulad wamoayena nikolo makiavelma, xolo iezuitTa ordenma
samoqmedo devizad aRiara : `mizani amarTlebs saSualebas.~ aRniSnuli devizi mudam Tan sdevs yvela drois da mimarTulebis teroristul ideologias, rogorc TviTgamarTlebis unikaluri saSualeba.
teroristuli TviTgamarTlebis doqtrina mdgomareobs imaSi, rom
simarTlisTvis mebrZolebi iZulebulni arian daadgnen teroristuli meTodebiT brZolis gzas, radgan sxva arCevani ar gaaCniaT
da radgan naTeli miznis miRweva surT, zustad amgvari ideologiiT cdiloben isini legitimurobis mopovebas da sazogadoebis
mniSvnelovan nawilSi aRweven kidevac mizans. rogorc ernest genri ambobda : teroristebs, maT organizaciebs rom ar hqondeT garkveuli socialuri jgufebisgan mxardaWera teroristul saqmianobaSi, ideebSi, finansur uzrunvelyofaSi, legitimurobisTvis brZolaSi, dRemde, albaT, aRarcerTi teroristuli organizacia ar
iarsebebda. mis winaaRmdeg dauZinebeli brZolis miuxedavad, terorizmi viTardeba, iZens axal momxreebs, xorcieldeba axali teroristuli aqtebi...11 Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom raoden samarTlianic ar unda iyos mizezi, verasodes ver gaamarTlebs teroristul
saSualebebs. teroristuli saSualebebi aris aRniSnuli samarTliani safuZvlebis diskreditacia. . . 12
gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mier mogvianebiT miRebul 1269-e rezoluciaSi xazgasmulia, rom warmomSobi mizezebis da dasaxuli
miznebis miuxedavad, terorizmis nebismieri gamovlineba danaSaulia. `upirobod ganikiTxavs terorizmis yovel aqts, meTods da
praqtikul gamovlinebas, rogorc danaSaulebrivs da gaumarTlebels, misi motivaciis, formis, Cadenis adgilis da Camdeni pirebis
miuxedavad, gansakuTrebiT ki iseTs, romelic xelyofiT emuqreba
saerTaSoriso mSvidobas da uSiSroebas.~13
10
ix. UN.Doc. A/C.6/34/5 SR.10. P. 14.
ix. Г.Э. Против терроризма. М.: АПН, 1981. с. 8.
12
ix. G. P. Shultz, Terrorism and the Modern World,. Terrorism: An International Journal 7, 1985,№.4,
p. 437.
13
ix. 1999 წლის 1269-ე რეზოლუცია. S/Res/1269 www.un.org, 1999
11
15
$ 2. terorizmis definicia
Sefasebis ormagi standartis da terorizmis sayovelTaod miRebuli iuridiuli definiciis ararsebobis pirobebSi, rogorc doqtrinaSi, aseve, oficialur normatiul aqtebSi, xSiria terorizmis
aRreva sxva socialur–samarTlebriv movlenebTan. gansakuTrebiT
xSiria omis, partizanuli brZolis, erovnul–gamaTavisuflebeli
moZraobis, dekolonializaciis procesebis terorizmTan gaigiveba.
zogierTi avtori terorizmisa da Zaladobis sxva formebis ganmasxvavebel indikatorad asaxelebs politikuri oponentebis sxvadasxva
meTodebiT sistematur daSinebas maTze zegavlenis moxdenis mizniT.14 mocemuli indikatori arsebiTad arasakmarisia aRniSnul socialur movlenebs Soris ase Tu ise mkveTri zRvaris gasavlebad.
imis gamo, rom terorizmi ar aris moqceuli mkacr iuridiul CarCoebSi, sazogadoebaSi gavrcelda misi arasamarTlebrivi, populisturi gageba. terorizmis cneba asaxavs garkveul socialur_samarTlebriv movlenas. dRes aseTi doqtrinuli, saerTaSoriso Tu
Sidasaxelmwifoebriv kanonmdeblobaSi SemuSavebuli terorizmis
cnebaTa ricxvi, zogierT avtorTa monacemebiT, or aseuls aRemateba da jerjerobiT arcerTi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli ar aris.
terorizmis iuridiuli gansazRvrebis garSemo azrTa aseTi sxvadasxvaoba, Cveni azriT, gamowveulia ramdenime mizeziT: 1) terorizmis mravalferovani da rTuli bunebiT, ris gamoc Wirs movlenis zogad-iuridiuli analizi da moqnili samarTlebrivi normis
SemuSaveba ; 2) msoflio politikur asparezze terorizmis mimarT
gansxvavebuli damokidebulebiT, e.w. ormagi standartebis arsebobiT. (terorizmisTvis xelis Sewyobidan masTan brZolamde); 3) TviTon terorizmis, rogorc socialuri movlenis gansakuTrebuli
politikuri datvirTulobiT. terorizmi xom yovelTvis garkveuli
politikuri miznebisTvis gamoiyeneboda, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra
sarCuli edo mas, nacionaluri, religiuri Tu sxva.
terorizmis cnebis SemuSaveba umniSvnelovanesia. aRniSnuli Camoayalibebs erTian midgomas saxelmwifoTa mxridan, gamijnavs erTmaneTisgan zemoqmedebis samarTlebriv da ukanono saSualebebs.15 saerTaSoriso
sixlis
samarTlis
sasamarTlos
iurisdiqciis
farglebSi terorizmis ver moxvedris erT-erT mizezad SeiZleba
terorizmis iuridiuli cnebis ararsebobac miviCnioT 16
terorizmis akrZalva erT qveyanaSi ar aris sakmarisi teroristuli Tavdasxmebis Tavidan asacileblad sxva danarCen qveynebSi. sayovelTaod miRebuli cnebis arseboba aucilebelia msoflioSi
14
ix. Ю. С. Горбунов, Терроризм и правовое регулирование противодействия ему. Монография.
М. 2008, с. 16.
15
ix. V. Nanda, The Role of International Law in Combating Terrorism, 10 Mich. St. U. Dcl. Intl L. pp. 603, 604
2001.
16
ix. R. J. Goldstone & J. Simpson, Evaluating the Role of the International Criminal Court as a Legal Response
to Terrorism, 16 Harv. Hum. Rts. №. 13,14. 2003.
16
“erTnairi minimaluri iuridiuli standartis” dasadgenad. teroristebis mier gamowveuli mavne Sedegi SeiZleba sxvadasxva saxelmwifos Sida kanonmdeblobiT isjebodes samarTlis zogadi normebiT, magaliTad, mkvleloba, Tavisuflebis ukanono aRkveTa da a.S.
miuxedavad amisa, saerTaSoriso samarTali avaldebulebs saxelmwifoebs ebrZolon terorizms17 da ganaxorcielon Sida saxelmwifoebriv kanonmdeblobaSi teroristuli danaSaulebis kriminalizacia.18
gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos 1373-e gadawyvetilebis mixedviT, saxelmwifoebs ekisrebaT mniSvnelovani valdebulebebi terorizmTan
brZolis aspeqtiT19. terorizmis erTiani iuridiuli definiciis
ararsebobis pirobebSi Riad rCeba sakiTxi, ras da vis unda ebrZolon saxelmwifoebma, Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli xdeba imis sababi,
rom zogierTi saxelmwifo saerTod Tavs aridebs terorizmTan
brZolis valdebulebas, zogierTi ki terorizmTan brZolis egidiT axSobs kanonier politikur opozicias. magaliTad, ruseTSi
da egvipteSi terorizmTan brZolis saxeliT kanonieri politikuri opoziciis struqtura ganadgurda 20.
saerTaSoriso terorizmis winaaRmdeg gaerTianebuli erebis organizacias miRebuli aqvs 21 globaluri da regionaluri SeTanxmeba,
aqedan 12 globalur konvencias warmoadgens.21 gaeros erT-erTi
bolo konvencia birTvuli terorizmis aRmofxvris winaaRmdeg
17
ix. M. Flory International Law: Instruments to Combat Terrorism, in Terrorism and International Law 31,
Rosalyn Higgins & Maurice Flory eds., 1997.
18
ix. G. Starke, The Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism, 19 Brit. Y.B. Intl. L. pp. 214,
215. 1938.
19
ix. S.C. Res. 1373, U.N. Doc. S/Res/1373. Sept. 28, 2001
20
ix. Human Rights Watch, in the Name of Counter-Terrorism: Human Rights Abuses Worldwide. 2003,
http://www. hrw.org/un/ chr59/ counter-terrorism-bck.pdf.
21
ix.: International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, Dee. 9, 1999, S. Treaty Doc. No.
106-49, G.A. Res. 54/109, V.N. Gaor, 54th Sess., Supp. No. 49, U.N. Doe. A/54/49 [hereinafter Financing
Convention]; International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, Dec. 15, 1997, S. Treaty Doc. No.
106-6,37 I.L.M. 249 [hereinafter Bombings Convention]; Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the
Purpose of Detection, Mar. 1, 1991, U.S. Treaty Doc. No. 103-8, 2122 U.N.T.S. 359 [hereinafter Plastic Explosives
Convention]; Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the
Continental Shelf, Mar. 10, 1988, 27 I.L.M. 685 [hereinafter Fixed Platforms Convention]; Convention for the
Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, Mar. 10, 1988, S. Treaty Doc. No. 101-1,
27 I.L.M. 668 [hereinafter Maritime Convention]; Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at
Airports Serving International Civil Aviation [supplement to the Montreal Convention), Feb. 24, 1988, S. Treaty
Doc. No. 100-19, 1589 U.N.T.S. 474 [hereinafter Montreal Airports Protocol]; Convention on the Physical
Protection of Nuclear Material, Mar. 3, 1980, T.I.A.S. No. 11080, 1456 U.N.T.S. 101 [hereinafter Nuclear Materials
Convention]; International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages, Dec. 17, 1979, T. I. A. S. No. 11081, 1316
V.N.T.S. 205 [hereinafter Hostages Convention); Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against
Internationally Protected Persons, Including Diplomatic Agents, Dec. 14, 1973,28 U.S.T. 1975,1035 U.N.T.S. 167
[hereinafter Internationally Protected Persons Convention]; Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against
the Safety of Civil Aviation, Sept. 23, 1971, 24 U.S.T. 546565, 974 U.N.T.S. 178 (jan. 26, 1973) [hereinafter Montreal
Convention]; Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, Dee. 16, 1970, 22 U.S.T. 1641, 860
U.N.T.S. 105 [hereinafter The Hague Convention]; Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on
Board Aircraft, Sept. 14,1963,20 U.S.T.2941,704 U.N.T.S. 219 [hereinafter Tokyo Convention].
17
aris mimarTuli.22 terorizmTan mimarTebaSi saerTaSoriso samarTlisTvis damaxasiaTebeli dRevandeli tendencia mdgomareobs imaSi, rom aqcenti gadatanilia saerTaSoriso konvenciebis debulebebis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv kanonmdeblobaSi asaxvaze da ara terorizmis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli definiciis SemuSavebaze, saerTaSoriso danaSaulad gamocxadebaze.23
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mier SemuSavebuli erT-erTi
definiciis mixedviT: teroristia nebismieri adamiani, romelic
garkveuli qveynis mxridan aRiarebis uqonlobis miuxedavad, moqmedebs marto, an rogorc garkveuli jgufis warmomadgeneli, romelic ar aris miCneuli sakuTari eris oficialur nawilad da moqmedebs, raTa gaanadguros, an daazianos samoqalaqo mosaxleoba,
agreTve, raTa gaanadguros an daazianos sakuTreba, romelic ekuTvnis samoqalaqo mosaxleobas an xelisuflebas, garkveuli politikuri miznis miRwevis mizniT. terorizmi aris samoqalaqo pirebis sicocxlis ganadgureba an janmrTelobis dazianeba, agreTve,
samoqalaqo, an saxelmwifo sakuTrebis ganadgureba an dazianeba,
Cadenili garkveuli qveynis xelisuflebis oficialuri gadawyvetilebis gareSe, garkveuli individumebisa Tu jgufebis mier, romlebic moqmedeben xelisuflebisgan damoukideblad an xelisuflebis dakveTiT an TanxmobiT, cdiloben ra politikuri miznis miRwevas.24
terorizmis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi debulebebis
qmediToba damokidebulia konkretul saxelmwifoTa SidasamarTlebriv bazaze. saerTaSoriso samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac
terorizmis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli da naTeli definiciis ararseboba fatalur problemas ar warmoadgens, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi
kanonmdebloba teroristuli danaSaulobebis zust da amomwurav
gansazRvrebas unda Seicavdes.25 miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela qveynis samarTlebriv sistemas gaaCnia sadavo sakiTxebi doqtrinuli
TvalsazrisiT, iurisprudenciaSi udavo WeSmaritebad iTvleba is,
rom saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi sistema unda uzrunvelyofdes kanonis sworad ganmartebas da erTgvarovnad gamoyenebas.26
22
ix. saerTaSoriso konvencia birTvuli terorizmis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (Riaa
xemosawerad 2004 wlis 14 seqtembridan)
http://untreaty.un.org/English/notpubl/English_18_15.pdf 2009
23
ix. Davis Polk & Wardwell, Defining Terrorism: The Evolution of Terrorism as a Legal Concept in
International Law and it’s Influence on Definitions in Domestic Legisiation, New York, Boston College
International & Comparative Law Review, HeinOnline - 29 B. C. Int'l & Compo L. Rev. 23 2006. p.35.
24
ix. http://www.inlink.com/~civitas/mun/ res9596/terror.html.
25
ix. Davis Polk & Wardwell, Defining Terrorism: The Evolution of Terrorism as a Legal Concept
in International Law and it’s Influence on Definitions in Domestic Legisiation, New York, Boston
College International & Comparative Law Review, HeinOnline -- 29 B. C. Int'l & Compo L. Rev. 23
2006 p.69.
26
aRniSnul sakiTxze ixileT, agreTve, sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili, saxelmZRvanelo, avtorTa koleqtivi, gamomcemloba “meridiani”, 2007 w., gv. 90.
18
terorizmis SidasamarTlebrivi definiciis SemuSavebas gaaCnia oTxi ZiriTadi funqcia:
pirveli, SidasamarTlebriv meqanizmebzea damokidebuli konkretuli pirebisTvis (fizikuri an iuridiuli) “teroristis” an “teroristuli organizaciis” sisxlissamarTlebrivi statusis miniWeba.
aRniSnuli statusi SesaZleblobas iZleva konfiskacias an gayinvas daeqvemdebaros teroristuli danaSaulebis Camden pirTa finansuri aqtivebi. teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis CadenaSi
eWvmitanilebis mimarT ganxorcieldes konkretuli sagamoZiebo
moqmedebebi: dakaveba, dakiTxva, gaZlierebuli TvalTvali da sxva.
meore, SidasamarTlebrivi definicia terorizms gamijnavs sxva
msgavsi danaSaulebisgan.
mesame, safuZvlad udevs Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi struqturebis koordinacias. magaliTad SeerTebul StatebSi teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebs iZiebs gamoZiebis federaluri biuro, iusticiis
saministro da ara adgilobrivi policia, rac problemis mogvarebaSi specsamsaxurebis CarTvis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
meoTxe, a) terorizmis zusti definicia aucilebelia kontrteroristuli saSualebebis da meTodebis swori SerCevisTvis saxelmwifos Zalismieri organoebis mxridan, terorizmTan brZolis egidiT;27 b) samoqalaqo sazogadoebis kanonieri uflebebis gaumarTlebeli SezRudvis Tavidan acilebisTvis; g) teroristebis efeqturad gamovlenisa da dasjisTvis; d) organizebuli danaSaulobis sxva formebisgan terorizmis gamijvnisTvis.28
rogorc aRiniSna, terologiaSi terorizmis or aseulze meti cnebaa SemuSavebuli, sailustraciod mizanSewonilia ramdenime maTganis ganxilva:
v. vitiuki ayalibebs terorizmis ZiriTad niSnebs:
1. terorizmi aris politikuri brZolis taqtika, romelic dakavSirebulia ganzraxi da sistematuri Zaladobrivi qmedebebis
ganxorcielebasTan. terorizmi organizebuli danaSaulobisgan politikuri bunebiT gansxvavdeba.
2. terorizms axasiaTebs ara marto ama Tu im gavleniani pirebis, aramed TviT xelisuflebis da garkveuli socialuri jgufebis, fizikuri pirebis daSineba.
3. terorizms axasiaTebs taqtika, romelic mdgomareobs politikuri mkvlelobebis sistematur organizebaSi, rac ar aris dakavSirebuli masebis revoluciur brZolasTan.29
27
ix. W. M. Reisman, International Legal & sponses to Terrorism, 22 Hous. J. Int' l l. № 3, 1999. p.9
ix. D. Polk & Wardwell, Defiining Terrorism: The Evolution of Terrorism as a Legal Concept in
International Law and it’s Influence on Definitions in Domestic Legisiation, New York, Boston College
International & Comparative Law Review, HeinOnline -- 29 B. C. Int'l & Compo L. Rev. 23, 2006. p.70
29
ix. В. В. Витюк Социальная сушность и идеино-политические концепции современного левого
терроризма. Автореф. дисю доктю философ.наук. М.,1985, С. 9.
28
19
r. eriqsonis azriT, terorizmi aris Zaladobis marTlsawinaaRmdego gamoyeneba an gamoyenebis muqara, mimarTuli individebis winaaRmdeg, SiSis gamosawvevad, raTa aiZulos an daaSinos saxelmwifo,
sazogadoeba an individi, politikuri, socialuri, Tu ideologiuri miznebis miRwevisTvis.30
terorizmis iuridiuli definiciis Tematikaze gansakuTrebulad
saintereso naSromi aqvs Seqmnili holandiel mecniers, politologs aleqs Smidts. aRniSnul naSromSi mas gaanalizebuli aqvs
terorizmis 140-ze meti gansazRvreba, romelic SemuSavebulia 19361981 wlebSi. am Seswavlis Sedegad, man gamoyo terorizmis maxasiaTebeli 22 ZiriTadi Semadgeneli elementi da 20 ZiriTadi mizani
(romlis miRweviskenac yvelaze xSirad aris xolme mimarTuli teroristuli saqmianoba).
terorizmis ZiriTad elementebs Seadgens: 1) Zaladoba; 2) politikuri xasiaTi; 3) daSineba, terori; 4) muqara; 5) fsiqologiuri
efeqtebi da aRniSnuliT gamowveuli reaqcia; 6) msxverplisa da
safrTxis diferenciacia (aRniSnul niSanze yuradReba gaamaxvila,
agreTve, germanelma kriminologma Snaiderma, rodesac aRniSna,
rom terorizmSi gamokveTilia sami mxare: teroristi, msxverpli
(romelic mxolod miznis miRwevis saSualebaa teroristisTvis) da
e.w. “samizne jgufi”, romlzec msxverplis meSveobiT fsiqologiuri zemoqmedeba xorcieldeba);31 7) mizanmimarTuli, dagegmili, sistematuri da organizebuli moqmedeba; 8) brZolis meTodi, erTgvari strategia, taqtika; 9) miRebuli normebis, humanitarulis CaTvliT, gansakuTrebiT uxeSi darRveva; 10) Tanxmobis miRwevis iZulebiTi, gamoZalviTi xasiaTi; 11) saqmianobis farTod gaxmaureba,
reklamireba; 12) ganurCevloba msxverplis SerCevisas; 13) samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze, SeuiaraRebel adamianebze Tavdasxma; 14) daSineba; 15) msxverplis udanaSauloba; 16) jgufi, moZraoba, an organizacia, rogorc samarTaldamrRvevi; 17) simboluri, demonstraciuli
xasiaTi; 18) moulodneloba araprognozirebadoba; 19) saidumlo xasiaTi; 20) ganmeorebadoba, seriuli xasiaTi, Zaladobis erTgvari
kampania; 21) terorizmis danaSaulebrivi xasiaTi (aRniSnuli qmedebis danaSaulebrivi kriminalizacia. SeniSvna Cemia-g.g) 22) moTxovnebi, romlebic mimarTulia mesame pirebze.32
rac Seexeba terorizmis ZiriTad miznebs, Smidtis azriT, esenia: 1)
terorizeba, farTo masebis daSineba; 2) xelisuflebis mxridan
represiebis provocireba; 3) Zalebis mobilizeba; 4) masebSi sakuTar moqmedebebze dadebiTi an uaryofiTi Sexedulebis Seqmna, sazogadoebis polarizacia da radikalizacia; 5) politikuri Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba, garkveuli xelisuflebis damxoba; 6) wina30
ix. R. J. Erikson. Legitimate USE of military forse against state-sponsored international terrorism. Air
University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112-5532. 1989.p.22.
31
ix. Н. Шнайдер, Криминология, М., 1994 с. 439.
32
ix. A. P. Schmid, Political Terrorism: A Research Guide to Concepts, Theories, Data Bases and Literature,
Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1983, pp. 76 -77.
20
aRmdegobis dasusteba da ganadgureba; 7) Tanxebis mopoveba, SeiaraRebis SeZenis anda sxva aqtivobis dasafinanseblad; 8) siZlieris
SenarCuneba, kargi disciplina, moqnili mmarTveloba, samizne jgufebis gadmobireba da maTi erTgulebis miRweva; 9) sazogadoebis
demoralizacia, masSi areulobis, uwesrigobis Setana, permanentuli gangaSis da aforiaqebulobis ganwyobis Camoyalibeba, panikuri,
kolafsuri klimatis Seqmna; 10) saxelmwifo sakuTrebis, misi mosamsaxureebis ganadgureba da dazianeba, saxelisuflebo Zalebis
mxridan winaaRmdegobis gawevis Tavidan acilebis mizniT; 11) xelisuflebis dasusteba da diskreditacia, xelisuflebis uZlurebis
demonstracia, raTa ganadgurebuli iqnes demokratiuli institutebi, damsxvreul iqnes sazogadoebis rwmena sakuTari xelisuflebis mimarT; 12) saqmianobis dagegmva sazRvargareT; 13) sakuTari
Tavis reklamireba, sazogadoebis yuradRebis miqceva, misi mxardaWeris mopoveba. 14) saxelmwifo aparatisa da usafrTxoebis samsaxurisTvis dabrkolebebis Seqmna, Seferxeba; 15) axali kadrebis mozidva teroristuli saqmianobisaTvis; 16) teroristuli jgufis
SigniT, agreTve, mis mxardamWerebSi garkveuli moraluri dogmebis
Tu normebis Seqmna;
17) teroristuli jgufis farglebSi mkacri
disciplinis SenarCuneba, moRalateebis da Sinaganawesis damrRvevTa dasja; 18) gamarjvebis miRweva iZulebiTi daTmobebis xarjze
(mag. dapatimrebul TanamebrZolTa gaTavisufleba da a.S.); 19) teroristuli jgufis mowinaaRmdege ZalebisTvis daxmarebis gamwev,
an raime sxva bralis mqone wevrTa dasja; 20) sazogadoebaze, saxelmwifoze dominirebuli mdgomareobis miRweva, maTi daqvemdebareba da paralizeba, damoneba da daSineba. terorizmis maxasiaTebeli 22 elementidan da 20 miznidan avtori xuT ZiriTads gamoyofs
TiToeulisTvis. kerZod, terorizmis xuTi ZiriTadi elementia: Zaladoba, politikuri xasiaTi, terori anu daSineba, muqara, mesame
pirebze zemoqmedeba. rac Seexeba terorizmis xuT ZiriTad mizans
esenia: masebis daSineba da terorizeba, xelisuflebis mxridan ganurCeveli represiebis provocireba, teroristuli Zalebis gaZliereba, mobilizeba da xelisuflebis Zalebis Sesusteba, sazogadoebriv azrze zegavlena dadebiTi an uaryofiTi formiT, politikuri Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba da mmarTveli reJimis damxoba.33
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom terorizmis erTiani cnebis SemuSaveba ara mxolod saerTaSoriso masStabiT, aramed erTi saxelmwifos SigniTac sakmaod Wirs. 1985 wels aSS-is senatis miTiTebiT yvela samTavrobo dawesebulebas daevala SeemuSavebina terorizmis gansazRvreba sakuTari Sexedulebis Sesabamisad.34 saboloo jamSi yvela
federalurma dawesebulebam SeimuSava terorizmis sakuTari definicia da, miuxedavad gansazRvrebebis didi simravlisa, isini erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen, razec uolter lakuarma,
saerTaSoriso strategiuli kvleviTi centris xelmZRvanelma, ganacxada, rom mxolod aSS-is mTavrobam SeimuSava terorizmis uam33
ix. A. P. Schmid, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 97-99.
ix. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Security and Terrorism, Report on .State-Sponsored
Terrorism,. 99th Cong., 1st sess., June 1985.
34
21
ravi gansazRvreba, romelTaganac erTmaneTis identuri arcerTi
ar aris. . .35
a. S. S. -is samaTavrobo dawesebulebebis mier SemuSavebul terorizmis gansazRvrebaTa Soris mniSvnelovania Semdegi:
a. vice-prezidents daqvemdebarebuli, agresiuli terorizmis Semswavleli komisiis mier SemuSavebuli cneba:
vice prezidentis miznobrivi jgufi: terorizmi - Zaladobis ukanono gamoyeneba, anda aseTi Zaladobis muqara, mimarTuli adamianebisa anda sakuTrebis mimarT, politikuri an socialuri miznebis
miRwevis mizniT. rogorc wesi, xelisuflebis, adamianTa anda jgufebis daSinebis an iZulebis ganzraxviT, maTi qmedebisa Tu politikis Secvlis mizniT.36
b. saxelmwifo departamenti: winaswar ganzraxuli, politikurad
motivirebuli Zaladoba, mimarTuli mSvidobiani samiznis winaaRmdeg, Cadenili nacionalisturi mimarTulebis jgufebis Tu saxelmwifos saidumlo agentebis mier, rogorc wesi, farTo masebze zemoqmedebisTvis.37
g. Tavdacvis saministro: terorizmi - es aris Zaladobis marTlsawinaaRmdego gamoyeneba, an misi gamoyenebis muqara, pirTa Tu sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg, xelisuflebisa, Tu sazogadoebis daSinebis
an iZulebisaTvis, politikuri, religiuri da ideologiuri miznebis misaRwevad.38
sirTules warmoadgens teroris da terorizmis cnebebis urTierTgamijvnac da xSirad literaturaSi isini sinonimebad gamoiyeneba,
Tumca aRniSnuli cnebebi erTi da imave socialuri datvirTviT ar
xasiaTdebian.
teroris da terorizmis cnebebis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis klasifikacia sam ZiriTad
jgufadaa SesaZlebeli:
1) terorisa da terorizmis cnebebi identuri socialuri movlenebis gamomxatveladaa miCneuli da maT Soris tolobis niSani Zevs.
es Sexeduleba sakmaod gavrcelebulia.
35
ix. W. Laqueur, .Reflections on Terrorism,. Foreign Affairs. №1. 1986 p. 65.
ix. Vice President, Public Report of the Vice President.s Task Force on Combatting Terrorism.
Washington, D.C., February 1986, p. 1.
37
ix. Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1984. Washington, D.C.: November 1985,
inside front cover.
38
ix. Defense Department: Terrorism is the unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence against
individuals or property to coerce or intimidate governments or societies, often to achieve political,
religious, or ideological objectives. Source: http://www.periscope.usni.com/demo/terms/t0000282.html.
36
22
2) rodesac terors ufro farTo mniSvneloba eZleva, xolo terorizmi ganxilulia rogorc misi Semadgeneli nawili, misi gamoxatuleba.39
3) rodesac es ori cneba mkveTradaa gamijnuli. cnebebs “terorsa”
da “terorizms” Soris arsebobs mkveTri zRvari, miuxedavad imisa,
rom meore nawarmoebia pirvelisgan. “terorizmi - es aris pirvel
rigSi, sustebis iaraRi, romelsac iyeneben imis gamo, rom maT ar
SeuZliaT mowinaaRmdegesTan pirdapiri SerkinebiT miaRwion gamarjvebas (am SemTxvevaSi adgili eqneboda oms), “terori, ki aris maTi
iaraRi vis xelSicaa xelisufleba, rac aniWebs mas oficialur
(institucializebul) xasiaTs.”40 “terori _ es aris represiis politika saxelmwifos mxridan, romelic emyareba mis Zalismier institutebs. terorizmi _ es aris Zaladoba, ganxorcielebuli opoziciuri dajgufebebis mier. teroris iaraRi _ represiaa, terorizmis iaraRi _ teroristuli aqti.”41
sakmaod originaluri mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli aRniSnul sakiTxze efirovs. misi azriT, terorizmi SeiZleba moviazroT farTo
da viwro mniSvnelobiT. farTo mniSvnelobiT terorizms avtori
miakuTvnebs saxelmwifo terors, teroristul politikas, saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg ZirgamomTxreli saqmianobis yvela saxes da genocids. viwro mniSvnelobiT terorizmad SeiZleba ganvixiloT
sisxlissamarTlebrivad relevanturi konkretuli teroristuli
aqtebi. teroris cnebaSi avtori moiazrebs imave Sinaarss, rac aRniSnul cnebas hqonda iakobinelTa diqtaturis dros, kerZod ki,
saxelmwifo terors.42
Cveni azriT, samive mosazrebas Tavisi susti mxare gaaCnia. amovalT im debulebidan, rom terors Cven ganvixilavT rogorc
xerxs, romelic mdgomareobs imaSi, rom erTma mxarem daSinebiT aiZulos meore mxare Seasrulos misTvis sasurveli qmedeba. aqedan
gamomdinare, terori, rogorc xerxi da meTodi, arsebobs rogorc
SedarebiT ufro farTo, zogadsocialuri movlena terorizmisgan
gansxvavebiT. terori Tanaarsebobs omebTan, revoluciebTan, ajanyebebTan, saxelmwifos mxridan qveynis SigniT totalitarul, xolo qveynis gareT kolonialur politikasTan da sxva. terori zemoaRniSnuli movlenebis nawils warmoadgens.
terori poulobs gamoxatulebas sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulebSic, romelTa Soris terorizmicaa. zogierTi avtori sisxlis sa-
39
ix. С. И. Ожегов, Н.Ю. Шведова Толковый словарь русского языка. М., 1994. С. 784.
ix. М.В. Назаркин. Криминологическая характеристика и предупреждение терроризма. Диссертация на
соискание ученой степени к.ю.н, М.1998, с. 30.
41
ix. Е. Кожушко Современный терроризм, анализ основных направлений. Минск, 2000, с. 10
42
citata moyvanilia wignidan Ю. М. Антонян Терроризм. Криминологическое и
уголовно-правовое исследование. М. Щит-М, 2001. с.11
40
23
marTlis mTel rig danaSaulebs gamoyofs terorizebis elementebiT.43
terorizmi SeiZleba ganvixiloT mxolod rogorc sisxlissamarTlebrivi danaSauli (Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi Tu saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aspeqtiT), romelsac gaaCnia normatiulad gansazRvruli niSnebi. terori, marTalia, terorizmSic poulobs gamoxatulebas, magram am ukanasknelisagan gansxvavebiT, gacilebiT farTo socialur speqtrze vrceldeba.
gaeros mxridan aRiarebuli iqna TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, Tumca
am uflebis farglebi burusSia gaxveuli da gaugebaria, ra SemTxvevaSia saxeze terorizmi da ra SemTxvevaSi nacionalur-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraoba.44
saxelmwifoebi, romlebic dainteresebulni iyvnen nacionalur gamaTavisuflebeli brZolisTvis mxardaWeriT, cdilobdnen aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad mimarTuli qmedebebi terorizmis definiciis
qveS ar moqceuliyo. maSindeli msoflios polarizacia sabWoTa,
dasavlur da mesame msoflios qveynebis banakebad, terorizmis cnebis gansazRvris sakiTxebSic gansxvavebul midgomebs ganapirobebda.45
43
ix. В. П. Емельянов, Уголовная Ответственность за Терроризм и Преступления с Признаками
Терроризиввния. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора юридических наук. М.1998. с.
30 доктора юридических наук. М.:2001. с. 104 – 193.
44
ix. J. E. Alvarez, The u.n. s 'War' on Terrorism, 31 Int’l. Legal Info. 2003. P. 238
45
ix. P. J. Van Krieken, Terrorism and the Internationa Legal Order With Special Reference to the Un,
the Eu and Cross-Border Aspects 13 (2002) p. 114.
24
Tavi II
terorizmis saTaveebidan dRevandelobamde (mizezebi da
pirobebi)
istoriam terorizmis Sinaarsze didi gavlena iqonia. aRniSnul movlenaze saubari TiTqmis SeuZlebelia istoriul konteqstSi misi ganxilvis gareSe. istoriulad terorizmi sxvadasxva xasiaTiT da formiT
gvevlineboda Tavis TavSi asaxavda ra konkretuli periodis Taviseburebebs. terorizmi yovelTvis determinirebuli iyo konkretuli epoqis
sinamdviliT da, Tavis mxriv, did zegavlenas axdenda masze. terorizmis ganviTareba SeiZleba ramdenime epoqad, etapad daiyos. yovelive es
terorizmis, rogorc movlenis, ukeTesad gaTavisebaSi Zalian dagvexmareba.
terorizmis istoriuli ganviTarebis etapebidan SeiZleba ramdenime
xana gamoiyos: adreuli, revoluciuri, civi omis droindeli, Tanamedrove.
$ 1. adreuli terorizmis xana
terorizmi, rogorc brZolis meTodi, safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciidan ar dawyebula. safrangeTidan brZolis aRniSnulma meTodma terorizmis saxeli miiRo, Tumca, rogorc socialuri movlena, rogorc garkveuli miznis miRwevis Zaladobrivi xerxi,
msoflio istoriaSi adridanve cnobilia.46 imis miuxedavad, rom
terorizmi yovelTvis arsebobda, igi sxvadasxvanairad iwodeboda da
aRiqmeboda drois sxvadasxva monakveTSi.47 ’’adreul saukuneebSi terorizmi xelisuflebisTvis brZolis erT-erT xerxadac ki Camoyalibda. sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebi TavianTi politikuri miznebis misaRwevad terors iyenebdnen. terors mimarTavdnen inkviziciis, sasaxlis gadatrialebisa da monarqis Camogdebis dros; igi gansakuTrebiT mZvinvarebda revoluciebis dros, roca revoluciis mowinaaRmdegeebs (politikur mtrebs) sastikad uswordebodnen.’’48 terorizmis (teroris) Tavdapirveli gamovlinebebi istoriulad SeiZleba jer kidev Zvel monaTmflobelur msoflioSi veZioT.
2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teraqtma dagvanaxa, rom terorizmis ’’formula’’ igive rCeba da masSi umTavresia ara Zaladoba, aramed daSineba, Tavzardacema. 11 seqtembris Semdeg msoflio ki ar Secvlila,
46
ix. Ю.В. Чуфаровский, Терроризм - глобальная проблема современности (методологический
анализ) // Следователь, 1998. №5
47
ix. Ю. М. Антонян, Терроризм. Криминологическое и уголовно-правовое исследование. М.
Щит-М, 2001. с. 6.
48
М. Квачадзе. Характеристика современного терроризма. В кн. Российский ежегодник
международного права. 1995, с. 203-204. citata moyvanilia wignidan: m. lekveiSvili, g.
mamulaSvili. danaSauli saxelmwifosa da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. Tb, 2002, gv.
25
aramed Seicvala adamianebis damokidebuleba terorizmis mimarT...
saxlSi mokalaTebulebma televizoris ekranebidan dainaxes saSineli realoba da gaacnobieres sakuTari usuroba...49
teroris meTods, SiSis qveS morCilebaSi yolas, emyareboda msoflioSi yvela imperia. zustad terorsa da SiSze iyo dafuZnebuli
SuamdinareTSi sargonis mier Camoyalibebuli asureTis pirveli
imperia, Semdgom antikuri xanis samxedro imperiebi...50 romis imperias teroris meTodi saxelmwifo politikis rangSi hqonda ayvanili. aRniSnuli meTodis meSveobiT imperias morCilebaSi hyavda rogorc monebis didi masebi, ise dapyrobili saxelmwifoebi da politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebi rogorc romSi, ise mis farglebs gareT. aRniSnulis dasturia sisxlSi CaxSobili monaTa ajanyebebi
(marto spartakis ajanyebis Semdeg jvarze gakvriT sikvdiliT dasajes eqvsi aTasze meti mona). romSi pirveli da meore triumviratis dros (Cvens welTaRricxvamde 60-53ww. da 43-36ww.) masobrivad
xdeboda politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis fizikuri ganadgureba. imperatorebi neroni, sula, pompeusi, cezari da sxvebi mowinaaRmdegeebis fizikuri ganadgurebis garda, miznad isaxavdnen maT daSinebas da iZulebas, gadaedgaT iseTi nabijebi, rogorc es romis mmarTvelebs awyobdaT. tiranebi ixocebodnen, magram maT meTodebi
sxvebis SeiaraRebaSi gadadioda. 51
uZvelesi saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri politika mimarTuli iyo
monuri Sromidan minimaluri danaxarjebiT maqsimaluri sargeblis
amoRebisken. aRniSnuli miznebis misaRwevad aucilebeli iyo Zaladobaze da terorze dafuZnebuli meTodebi, raTa fsiqologiurad
gaetexaT, daemorCilebinaT jer kidev uaxloes warsulSi Tavisufali adamianebi.52 monaTmflobelur sazogadoebaSi Zaladoba iyo
“sawarmoo berketi”, ekonomikuri urTierTobis elementi, mmarTveli fenis funqcia, romlis meSveobiTac xdeboda namati produqciis Seqmna.53
monaTmflobelur saxelmwifoSi terorizmis mTavar subieqts saxelmwifo warmoadgenda, romelic iyenebda terors, rogorc kanonier saSualebas masobrivi iZulebiTi SromisTvis, sazogadoebis
marTvisTvis, omebis warmoebisTvis, politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis
daTrgunvisTvis. teroristuli saqmianoba mimarTuli iyo rogorc
qveynis Sida, ise gare funqciebis ganxorcielebisken... Sesabamisad,
49
ix. Д.В. Ольшанский, Психология терроризма, СПБ. 2002, с. 30.
ix. Histoire du Terrorisme de l’Antiquite a al Qaida. Sous la direction de Gerard Chaliand et Arnaud
Blin, Bayard, Paris, 2004, p.9.
51
ix. И. И. Карпец, Преступное общество. М.,1983, с. 29.
52
ix. Я. И. Кузьминов и др. Отчуждение труда. История и современность. Монография, М.,1989,
С. 129.
53
ix. В.В. Денисов. Социология насилия. М.,1975, c. 50.
50
26
adreul terorizms politikurTan
tivaciac. 54
erTad gaaCnda ekonomikuri mo-
monaTmflobelur sazogadoebaSi gamoyenebuli Zaladoba iyofoda
kanonierad da kanonsawinaaRmdegod imis mixedviT, Tu vin vis mimarT axorcielebda Zaladobas. saxelmwifodan momdinare Zaladoba, maT Soris monis mimarT, ar iTvleboda kanonsawinaaRmdegod.
amgvarad Caeyara safuZveli midgomas, rom saxelmwifo terori
aris politikuri brZolis kanonieri meqanizmi, xolo opoziciuri
– ukanono, romelsac saxelmwifo unda ebrZolos yvela arsebuli
saSualebiT. terori xdeba politikuri brZolis saSualeba da gamoiyeneba: mmarTveli klasis mier xalxis masebis morCilebaSi yolis, politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis damarcxebis da maTze zewolis mizniT; opoziciis mier xelisuflebisTvis Ziris gamoTxris
da misi dezorganizaciis mizniT; monebis mier, rogorc sapasuxo
reaqcia da SurisZieba. terorizmma yvela socialur wreSi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli saSualebis saxe miiRo.55
Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi qristianebis masobrivi
devna–ganadgureba religiuri teroris Tavisebur gamovlinebad unda Sefasdes. romaeli mmarTvelebis mxridan xSiri iyo qristianebis masobrivi ganadgurebis faqtebi, IV saukuneSi romis armiidan
gaaTavisufles yvela qristiani, daangries eklesiebi, gaanadgures
saeklesio wignebi, qristianuli aRmsareblobis SemTxvevaSi romaelebi kargavdnen moqalaqeobas... 304 wels gamoica ediqti, romlis
mixedviTac, qalaqis mTeli qristianuli mosaxleoba msxverplad
unda SeewiraT kerpebisaTvis.56 qristianuli gadmocemis Tanaxmad,
pirvel qristianTa xvedri mZime iyo, maT devnidnen, dascinodnen,
sikvdiliT sjidnen.57 mociquli petre da pavle 64 wels awames
romSi, sxva mociqulebis umravlosobac mowameobrivad aResrula:
wm. mociquli Toma indoeTSi, wm. iakob alfesi egvipteSi jvarze
gaakres, wm. iakob zebedesi ierusalimSi herode agripam sikvdiliT
dasaja, wm. iuda iakobisa armeniaSi jvarze aResrula...58
ramdenime saukunis Semdeg ukve kaTolikuri eklesia jvarosnuli
laSqrobebiT, kolonialuri dapyrobiTi omebiT fizikuri ganadgurebis SiSiT ZaladobiT moaqcevs mravalricxovan erebs qristianul sarwmunoebaze. kaTolikuri eklesiis mxridan teroris saxed
SeiZleba miviCnioT inkviziciac59, romelmac gansakuTrebuli masS54
ix. Ю. С. Горбунов, Терроризм и правовое регулирование противодействия ему. Монография,
М, 2008, c. 20.
55
ix. Ю. С. Горбунов, Терроризм и правовое регулирование противодействия ему. Монография,
М. 2008, с. 21-22.
56
ix. С.Г. Лозинский. История папства. 3-е изд. М.,1986, С. 20-21.
57
ix. http://www.shemoqmedi.ge/Ivlisis%20Mixedvit%20Moxsenieba/19.htm 2008.
58
ix. g. qavTaraZe, qristianobis mosvla romis imperiis saTaveSi,
http://www.lib.ge/body_text.php?6527, 2009.
59
ix. Х. А. Льоренте. Критическая история испанской инквизиции. Том I
www.bookshelf.ath.cx/LIBRARY/CHI/contents.html. 2010.
27
tabebi germaniasa da espaneTSi miiRo60. mxolod 1481–1498 wlebSi
inkviziciis koconze dawves 9 aTasi adamiani da 6,5 im adaminebis
gamosaxuleba, romlebmac Tavs gaqceviT uSveles anda ganaCenis aRsrulebamde wamebiT mokles. konfiskebuli iqna 90 aTasi adamianis
qoneba.61
aRsaniSnavia espaneli kaTolikeebis omi mavri musulmanebis winaaRmdeg pirineis naxevarkunZulis dasaufleblad. musulmanebi aRniSul naxevrkunZuls flobdnen XIII saukunidan. 1492 wels rodesac qristianebma sabolood gaimarjves, musulmanebi daayenes arCevanis winaSe: an unda gadmosuliyvnen qristianul religiaze an
arada daetovebinaT qveyana. aRniSnuli ultimatumi wauyenes ebraelebsac, romelTa religiuri Tavisufleba musulmanTa mmarTvelobis periodSi eWvis qveS ar damdgara.62
saqarTvelos mTeli istoria aris damoukideblobisTvis brZolis
istoria, romelic savsea ucxouri Zalebis mxridan qveynis politikuri sistemisa da mosaxleobis mimarT teroris magaliTebiT.
Tanamedrove gadasaxedidan teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad,
kerZod ki, politikuri Tanamdebobis pirze Tavdasxmad unda Sefasdes egrisis mefis gubazis mkvleloba 554 wels xobiswyalTan. gubaz mefe sparseTis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda. man ramdenime did warmatebas miaRwia TavisuflebisTvis brZolaSi. sparselebis winaaRmdeg mis egreTwodebul mokavSireebs bizantielebi warmoadgendnen, Tumca bizantielebi mxolod sakuTar gamdidrebasa da gamorCenaze zrunavdnen. mefe gubazi ar malavda Tavis ukmayofilebas
medrove, momxveWeli sardlebis mimarT da amis Sesaxeb imperatorsac atyobinebda. bizantielma sardlebma imperatoris risxvisgan
Tavis gadasarCenad gubaz mefes sparselebTan mokavSireoba mougones da mdinare xobiswylis piras 554 wels, muxanaTurad mokles.
gubaz mefis mkvlelobas didi provokaciuli efeqti mohyva da maSindeli egrisis sagareo politikis mimarTulebis Secvlis safrTxe warmoSva. ganrisxebuli egriselTa erTi nawili iTxovda bizantielebTan kavSiris gawyvetas da iranis mxares gadasvlas. aRniSnuli kargad aris asaxuli bizantieli
istorikosis agaTia
sqolastikosis SemoqmedebaSi. aRwerilia, rom mefis mkvlelobiT
ganrisxebuli egriselebi saxalxo krebaze ganixilavdnen qveynis
momaval sagareo politikas da bWobdnen bizantielebis mokavSirebad darCeniliyvnen Tu sparselebis mxares gadasuliyvnen. qveynis
sagareo politikis momavalze msjeloba bizantielma istorikosma
aRwera aietis da fartaZis cnobili oratoruli gamosvliT. 63 saqarTvelo im periodSi mxolod saRma azrma da rwmenis siyvarulma
gadaarCina sagareo politikuri orientaciis Secvlisgan.
60
ix. Р.Р. Рахманова, Инквизиция. www.atheism.ru/library/Rahmanova_1.phtml 2008
ix. Ф.А. Брокгауз, И.А. Ефрон. Энциклопедический словарь. СПБ., 1894, Т. 25, С. 200.
62
ix. А.А. Крамсков. Терроризм и западное христианство. Терроризм и религия. М.,2005.С.49.
63
ix. l. sanikiZe, uqarqaSo xmlebi, Tbilisi.1993w., wigni pirveli, gv. 155-162.
61
28
saqarTvelos istoriidan religiuri teroris magaliTia jalal
ეd-dinis mier 1226 wels TbilisSi asiaTasamde qristianis sikvdiliT dasja imis gamo, rom maT TaviaanTi rwmena ar uaryves.64 “xati
uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi da yovlad wmindisa RmrTismSoblisa, romeli sions mkvidr iyo, brZana moyvanebad da xidisa Sesavalsa dadebad piraRmarT brZana yovelTa maT pyrobilTa qristianeTa
iZulebiT daTrgunva patiosanTa xatTa dateveba sjulisa, ukeTu
ara hyon, warkueTa TavTa. Dda viTar aRasrulebdes brZanebulsa
amas, mohyvandes mamakacni dedaTa Tana da aiZulebdes esred yofad. mravalTa ukue brwyinvale Zleva aCvenes ara Tavs-debad Seuracxebad wmidaTa xatTa da datevebad sjulisa. xolo mravali
simravle mamaTa da dedaTa ipova axovnad, romelTa miiRes gvirgvini wamebisa, romlisa aRracxva SeuZlebel ars simravlisaTvis,
rameTu vhgoneb, viTarmed aT bevr aRiwia ricxvi moklulTa.”65
$ 2. revoluciuri terorizmis xana
me-19 saukunis Suaxanebidan terorizmma Sinaarsi Seicvala da xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg revoluciurad ganwyobili Zalebis SeiaraRebaSi gadavida. mecxramete saukunis bolosa da meoce saukunis
dasawyisSi terorizmi sxvadasxva saxis jgufebis dasaxasiaTeblad
gamoiyeneboda, rogorebic iyo muSaTa organizaciebi, anarqistebi,
nacionaluri mimarTulebis jgufebi da sxvani.66
saxelmwifos arsenalidan gamosulma terorizmma revoluciurad
ganwyobili opoziciuri Zalebis sabrZolo taqtikaSi sapatio adgili daikava. aRniSnuli periodi me-19 saukunis dasawyisidan me-20
saukunis ocian wlebamde grZeldeboda da mas “revoluciuri terorizmis” xanas davarqmevT pirobiT.
me-19 saukunis dasawyisi politikuri radikalizmis aRmavlobiT gamoirCeva. am periodSi aRmocenda anarqizmi, socializmi, nacionalizmi da sxvani. es mimdinareobebi aqtiurad iyenebdnen terorizms, rogorc TavianTi politikuri miznebis miRwevis efeqtur
xerxs. am periodis teroristuli aqtivobis didi nawili evropis
saxelmwifoebze modis. ganxorcielebul teroristul aqtTa Soris, aRsaniSnavia 1894 wels italieli anarqistis mier safrangeTis
prezidentis sadi karnos mkvleloba; 1897 wels, isev anarqistebis
mier sasikvdilod daiWra avstriis dedofali elizaveta; 1900
wels teroristuli aqtis mowyobiT mokles italiis xelmwife um64
ix. l. sanikiZe, uqarqaSo xmlebi, Tbilisi.1993w., wigni pirveli, gv. 390.
ix. qarTveli mematiane jalal ed - dinis mier TbilisSi datrialebuli saSineli xocva - rbevis Sesaxeb. motanilia saqarTvelos istoriis 1990 wels TbilisSi gamocemuli saxelmZRvanelodan. gv. 18.
66
ix. Dr. D. J.W. Vanderhoof, The Criminology of Terrorism. Copyright © 2001, The University of North
Carolina at Pembroke, www.uncp.edu
65
29
berto pirveli, xolo 1901 wels aSS -s prezidenti uiliam mak-kinli.67
aRniSnul periodSi gansakuTrebuli teroristuli aqtivobiT gamoirCeoda ruseTi, sadac terorizmma manamade arnaxul masStabebs
miaRwia. ruseTSi Camoyalibda iseTi radikaluri politikuri moZraobebi, rogoric iyo “narodnikebi”, “eserebi”, “anarqistebi” da
sxvani, romelTac Zalian moqnili, kargad mofiqrebuli, myari organizaciuli struqturebi Seqmnes da TavianT sabrZolo arsenalSi teroristul meTodebs sapatio adgili dauTmes. rusma “narodnikebma” 1878 wlis 4 agvistos q. petrburgSi mokles ruseTis Jandarmeriis Sefi n. v. mezencevi.68
imperator aleqsandre meoris mkvlelobis mizniT, 1879 wels aleqsandrovkasTan (axlandeli zaporoJie) scades rkinigzis afeTqeba.69
1880 wlis 5 Tebervals vinme xalturinma ganaxorciela afeTqeba
zamTris sasaxleSi imperatoris sasadilo oTaxis qvemoT damontaJebuli asafeTqebeli mowyobilobiT, ris Sedegadac daiRupa 10,
xolo daiWra 56 adamiani. TviTon imperatori sikvdils SemTxveviT gadaurCa.70 mravalricxovani uSedego mcdelobebis (sul iyo
rva Tavdasxma) Semdeg, 1881 wlis 1 marts bombis afeTqebiT mokles
ruseTis imperatori aleqsandre meore.
1900_1910 wlebSi mniSvnelovani teroristuli aqtivoba hqonda socialist-revolucionerebis centraluri komitetis sabrZolo organizacias (БО ЦК ПСР) aRniSnuli sabrZolo organizaciis farglebSi moqmedebdnen e.w. “mfrinavi razmebi” romlebic axorcielebdnen operaciebs ruseTis sxvadasxva regionSi.71 maT mier ganxorcielebul teroristul aqtebs Soris aRsaniSnavia 1904 wels ruseTis Sinagan saqmeTa ministris pleves mkvleloba, 1905 wels general saxarovis mkvleloba da sxv.72
“revoluciuri xanis” terorizms aSkarad gamoxatuli politikuri
xasiTi hqonda, damyarebuli iyo kargad gaazrebul da damuSavebul ideologiaze. am periodis teroristTa moTxovnebi ZiriTadad
saxelmwifoSi arsebuli politikuri wyobis dangrevisken, nacionaluri, socialuri da politikuri uflebebis mopovebisken iyo mimarTuli. “revoluciuri xanis” teroristuli aqtebi obieqtis mixedviT ufro seleqciuria, vidre masobrivi. mkvlevarebi “seleqciuri” terorizmis cnebaSi romelime erTi konkretuli pirovnebis,
an pirTa jgufis winaaRmdeg mimarTul teroristul aqts gulis67
ix. Е. Кожушко, Современный терроризм, анализ основных направлений. Минск, 2000, c. 3.
ix. История терроризма в Росси в документах, биографиях, исследованиях, Автор-составитель
О. В. Будницкий. Ростов н/д: Феникс, 1996. c. 32-88.
69
ix. М. Г. Седов, Героический период революционного народничества. М., Мысль, 1966, c.
208.
70
ix. С. С. Волк, Народная воля. 1879-1882. М.-Л., Наука, 1966, c. 102.
71
ix. К.В. Жаринов, Терроризм и террористы (исторический справочник) Минск 1999. c.7.
72
ix. iqve, gv. 374-375.
68
30
xmoben. SemTxvevebs, rodesac teroristuli aqti pirTa ganusazRvreli wris winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli, “brma” terorizmad moiazreben.73
Tanamedrove teroristuli aqtivobisgan gansxvavebiT, “revoluciuri terorizmis” xana, naklebi msxverplianobiT xasiaTdeba, radganac misi obieqtis qveS ZiriTadad konkretuli pirebi xvdebodnen.
teroristebi SeZlebisdagvarad Tavs aridebdnen “udanaSaulo” masebSi msxverpls. literaturaSi aRwerilia am periodis teroristebSi garkveuli Rirsebis kodeqsis arsebobac ki. “cnobilia mravali SemTxveva, rodesac isini (teroristebi. SeniSvna Cemia-g.g.) Tavs
ikavebdnen terorisgan, rodesac samizne msxverplis irgvliv imyofebodnen qalebi an bavSvebi.”74
braian jenkinsi mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas xedavs “revoluciur” da
“Tanamedrove” terorizmis maxasiaTeblebs Soris: “saukunis dasawyisSi (avtors mxedvelobaSi me-20 saukune aqvs) social-revolucionerebi ruseTSi amayad uwodebdnen TavianT Tavs teroristebs. . .
isini cdilobdnen, seleqciuri mkvlelobebiT terori daeTesaT
ruseTis mmarTvel elitaSi. moqmedebisas frTxilobdnen, raTa ar
daezianebinaT “udanaSaulo pirebi” da im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki maTi
samsxverple garSemortymuli iqneboda ojaxis wevrebiT, wyvetdnen
Tavdasxmas (aq avtori rusi teroristebis erTgvar moralur kodeqsze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.).
rogorc ar unda gagvikvirdes,
dRevandeli teroristebi gacilebiT naklebad frTxiloben TavianT moqmedebebSi. maT gacilebiT ainteresebT teroristuli aqtis
sazogadoebrivi rezonansi. masobrivi informaciis rolis zrdasTan erTad “terorizmi” damamcirebel (cudi tonis gamomxatvel,
SeniSvna Cemia) terminad iqca...”75
teroristuli aqtivoba klebulobs, xolo me_20 saukunis ociani
wlebidan da meore msoflio omis bolomde mTvlemare mdgomareobaSi gadadis (Tu ar CavTvliT irlandiis gamaTavisuflebeli armiis da sxva, ZiriTadad eTnikur-religiuri jgufebis saqmianobas,
romlebic saerTo wesidan gamonakliss warmoadgendnen). aRniSnuli
ganapiroba maSindel msoflioSi ori iseTi totalitaruli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebam, rogoric iyo sabWoTa kavSiri da faSisturi
germania. teroristuli jgufebis aqtivobis Senelebaze imoqmeda
meore msoflio ommac, romlis drosac msoflio saxelmwifoTa
udidesi nawili saomar moqmedebebSi iqna CarTuli. terologiaSi
cnobilia, rom totalitarul saxelmwifoSi, sadac saxelmwifo
TviTon atarebs sakuTari moqalaqeebis mimarT teroris politikas,
rodesac saxelmwifoSi daTrgunulia adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi
da Tavisuflebebi, sufevs sayovelTao SiSisa da undoblobis at73
ix. В. Замкова, М. Ильчков, Терроризм-глобальная проблема современности, М., 1996, c. 4-5.
ix. К.Н.Салимов Современные проблемы терроризма (криминологическое исследование)
Диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора юр.наук. 2000 c. 18
75
ix. B. M. Jenkins, Terrorism The Other World War, November 1985 . Project Air Force report
prepared for the United States Air Force; Rand R-3302-Af. p.2
74
31
mosfero, saxelmwifo Zalismier organoebs miniWebuli aqvT farTo
uflebebi, xorcieldeba yovlismomcveli kontroli, terorizmi
SeuZlebelia. cnobili terologi uolter lakueri zustad am sakiTxze werda rom : “terorizmis ganviTarebisTvis aucilebelia
sul mcire Tavisufleba mainc. iseT ... saxelmwifoSi rogoric komunisturia, teroristebs ara aqvT SesaZlebloba Camoyalibdnen
organizaciulad. da Tuki isini mainc gaerTiandebian, maT gaanadgurebs saxelmwifo usfrTxoebis samsaxuri, romelic ar aris adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb kanonebiT SeboWili.” 76 uolter lakueris mosazrebis moyvanis Semdeg v.ustinovi iqve savsebiT samarTlianad dasZens: “daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom totalitarul xelisuflebas da mkacr zomebs SeuZlia gadaarCinos sazogadoeba terorizmis Wleqisgan, ara marto Zalian gamartivebulia, aramed saSiSicaa, radganac TviTneburad, moqalaqeTa umravlesobisaTvis ZiriTadi uflebebis da Tavisuflebis CamorTmeva ufro didi katastrofa iqneba, vidre yvelaze saSineli teroristuli aqti.”77
$ 3. civi omis terorizmis xana
meore msoflio omis Semdgom terorizmis ZiriTad determinantebad gvevlineba ori didi banakis: socialisturis da kapitalisturis dapirispireba da dekolonizaciis procesebis talRa. am periodSi terorizmad Sefasda evropuli kolonializmis winaaRmdeg
mebrZoli nacionaluri jgufebis saqmianoba. “1945 wlis Semdeg dekonolizaciis procesebma terorizmis mZlavri talRa moitana,
gansakuTrebiT iseT regionebSi, rogoricaa afrikis CrdiloeTi da
saharis raioni, samxreTi da samxreT aRmosavleTi azia, agreTve,
axlo aRmosavleTi...”78
erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli brZola da dekolonizaciis procesi
ar SeiZleba gaigivdes terorizmTan, Tumca Zalian xSirad ara mxolod doqtrinaSi, aramed zogierTi qveynis oficialur wyaroebSi,
zemoaRniSnuli movlenebi erTmaneTTan igivdeba. terorizmisa da
msgavsi socialuri movlenebis urTierTgamijvna naSromis Semdgom
TavebSi iqneba ganxiluli. aq aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rom terorizmi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes rogorc meTodi erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli brZolis dros, Tumca es ori movlena erTmaneTze
ar daiyvaneba.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg erTmaneTs daupirispirda ori gansxvavebuli socialur-politikuri wyobis banaki: socialisturi da ka76
cit. moyvanilia В.В.Устинов ,Международный опыт борбы с терроризмом, стандарты и
практика. М., 2002 c. 54. mixedviT
77
ix. В. В. Устинов, Международный опыт борбы с терроризмом, стандарты и практика. М., 2002,
c.54.
78
ix. G. E. Fuller, “Redrawing the World’s Borders,” World Policy Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1, Spring 1997.
p. 100.
32
pitalisturi. aRniSnuli dapirispireba “civi omis” saxeliTaa cnobili da iTvleba, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom damTavrda. maSindeli msoflio politikuri viTareba teroristuli aqtivobis mZlavri determinanti aRmoCnda. meoce saukunis meore naxevari arnaxuli teroristuli mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. am periodSi gansakuTrebuli aqtivobiT moqmedebdnen memarjvene Tu memarcxene, eTno-nacionaluri Tu religiuri mimarTulebis jgufebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoxsenebul periodSi terorizmis dinamikaze
udides gavlanas swored “civi omi” axdenda. marTalia aRniSnul
periodSi arsebobdnen teroristuli jgufebi, romlebic moqmedebdnen ise, rom ar Sediodnen mWidro kontaqtSi, an ar eqvemdebarebodnen dapirispirebul mxareebs, magram aseTi jgufebi zogadi wesidan ufro gamonakliss warmoadgendnen. zustad aRniSnul periodSi aqtualuri gaxda movlena, romelic Semdgom terologebma
daaxasiaTes rogorc “saxelmwifos xelSewyobiT warmoebuli terorizmi”.
ori didi banaki, romelTa saTaveSi, erTi mxriv, sabWoTa kavSiri,
xolo, meore mxriv, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi idga, aridebda
Tavs pirdapir konfrontacias, Tumca cdilobda daesustebina mowinaaRmdege arapirdapiri, diplomatiurad miuRebeli meTodebiT.
dapirispirebulebi awarmoebdnen erTmaneTis mimarT ZirgamomTxrel saqmianobas da sxva saSualebebTan erTad efeqturad iyenebdnen terorizms. maSin, rodesac miRebuli, saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTliT daSvebuli meTodebiT omis warmoeba sakmaod
Zviri ujdeba saxelmwifos, terorizmi warmoadgens mowinaaRmdegis
TandaTanobiTi dasustebis efeqtur gamosavals, gaaCnia erTgvari
sisxlis gamoSvebis efeqti. sabWoTa kavSiri da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg sxvadasxva teroristuli jgufebis waqezebiT, dafinansebiT da xelSewyobiT cdilobdnen daesustebinaT mowinaaRmdege da moepovebinaT msoflio hegemonoba.
msoflios or uZlieres saxelmwifos Soris ZirgamomTxreli saqmianoba saidumlod xorcieleboda msoflios mravali qveynis masStabiT, zogjer aRniSnuli qveynebis TanxmobiT, zogjer ki maTi
Tanxmobis gareSe, suverenitetis uxeSad gaTelviT, maT teritoriebze sxvadasxva teroristuli dajgufebebis Seqmnis organizebiT
Tu waqezebiT, dafinansebiT da ideologiuri mxardaWeriT... sabWoTa kavSirs da aSS-s terorizmi aZlevda saSualebas, ebrZolaT mowinaaRmdegesTan oficialuri saomari moqmedebebis gareSe, daesustebinaT igi ufro metad da gacilebiT naklebi danaxarjebiT, vidre amas Cveulebrivi saomari moqmedebebiT SesZlebdnen.79
“terorizmis saxelmwifoebrivi sponsoroba da mfarveloba, rogorc sagareo politikis erTgvari instrumenti, damaxasiaTebeli
iyo civi omis periodisTvis. SeerTebuli Statebi iyenebda ra nikaraguel revolucionerebs, avRanel mojahidebs, tibetel budist
79
ix. http://president.kremlin.ru/withflash/varPriorityFullTemplPriorId5748.shtml. 2009
33
meomrebs da sxvebs, cdilobda SeeCerebina komunizmi. vaSingtoni,
am mxriv, ar warmoadgenda gamonakliss. sabWoTa kavSiri da CineTi
mfarvelobdnen komunist partizanebs angolaSi, saberZneTSi, samxreT afrikaSi, vietnamSi da msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. . .”80
braian jenkinsi 1985 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi “saerTaSoriso
terorizmi, msoflio omis gansxvavebuli saxe”, civi omis xanis terorizmis saintereso Taviseburebebze msjelobs: “arsebobs mravali hipoTeza Tanamedrove terorizmis warmoSobis Sesaxeb, saxeldeba sxvadasxva socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri da istoriuli faqtorebi, Tumca meoce saukunis 60 –iani wlebis bolodan teroristuli aqtivobis zrdis gamomwvevad arc erTi konkretuli
mizezi ar aris sayovelTaod aRiarebuli. teroristuli taqtika
zogadad gamoiyeneboda maSin, rodesac SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis
sxva saSualebebi, agreTve, mSvidobiani politikuri meTodebiT
brZola dasaxul mizans ver aRwevda. laTinur amerikaSi, kubis magaliTze, fidel kastros warmatebiT STagonebuli memarcxene revolucionerebis mier, praqtikaSi soflis partizanuli brZolis
meTodebis SemoRebam meoce saukunis 60 –iani wlebis bolos marcxi ganicada. memarcxene revolucionerebma gadawyvites partizanuli brZola gadaetanaT qalaqSi. qalaqis partizanuli brZolis
taqtika avtomaturad midioda teroristuli meTodebis gamoyenebamde. soflis partizanebs SeeZloT moegoT brZola, magram mis
Sesaxeb verasdros veravis ver gaego, xolo qalaqSi analogiuri
gamarjveba miipyrobda qveynis da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobis
yuradRebas.”81
“civi omis” periodis literatura rogorc sabWoTa kavSirSi, ise
aSS –Si aWrelebuli iyo mowinaaRmdege banakis mimarT terorizmis
organizebis braldebebiT. sabWoTa kavSirSi gamocemuli monografiebis mxolod saTaurebis moyvanac ki sakmarisia:
bolSakovis
82
“terorizmi amerikulad” ; aseevskis “vin uwevs organizebas da
warmarTavs saerTaSoriso terorizms? centraluri sadazvervo
sammarTvelos namsaxurobis nusxidan”83 da a.S.
maSindel doqtrinul naSromebSi SeiZleba xSirad SevxvdeT Semdegi Sinaarsis teqsts: “am wignSi Cven gvinda SevaxsenoT mkiTxvelebs, rom ZiriTad gunds, romelic nergavs terorizms Cvens planetaze, warmoadgenda da dResac warmoadgens aSS–s specsamsaxurebi. Tavdapirvelad gadavinacvloT evropaSi, sadac centraluri sadazvervo sammarTvelo, natos ZirgamomTxrel centrebTan erTad,
80
ix. D. Byman, P.Chalk, B. Hoffman, W. Rosenau, D. Brannan. Trends in Outside Support for Insurgent
Movements. Published 2001, by Rand, p. 1.
81
ix. B. M. Jenkins, International Terrorism The Other World War, Rand R-3302-Af. pp. 11-12
82
ix. В.В. Большаков, Терроризм по-Американски. М. «Международные отношения», 1983.
83
ix. А. И. Асеевский, Кто организует и направляет международный терроризм? Из послужного
списка ЦРУ. М., Политиздат, 1982.
34
aqtiurad moqmedebs, CarTuli hyavT ra aRniSnul saqmianobaSi neofaSistebi, sxvadasxva saxis eqstremistebi, mafia da masonebi.”84
paraleluri tendencia SeiniSneba dasavlur literaturaSic, sadac gabatonebuli azris mixedviT, saerTaSoriso terorizmis mTavari sulisCamdgmeli da warmmarTveli sabWoTa kavSiri iyo.85 riCard eriqsoni pirdapir sdebs brals sabWoTa kavSirs terorizmis
sponsorobaSi,86xolo zogierTi saubrobs im Zvel keTil dReebze,
rodesac terorizmis qseli imarTeboda moskovidan.87
imis miuxedavad, rom dapirispirebuli banakebis warmomadgenel avtorTa literaturul wyaroebSi braldebebi odnav gamuqebulia,
maTSi mainc SeiZleba WeSmaritebis marcvlebis povna. rogorc sabWoTa kavSiri, ise aSS sakmaod efeqturad iyenebdnen im iaraRs, romelsac terorizmi hqvia. zustad am periods emTxveva erTgvari
kliSes warmoSoba “rom, terorizmi erTisTvis aris TavisuflebisTvis mebrZoli, meoresTvis” Sefasebis ormagi standarti. terorizmis sayovelTaod miRebuli iuridiuli cnebis ararseboba, saSualebas iZleoda teroristis iarliyi miekerebinaT da brZola gamoecxadebinaT garkveuli politikuri Tu saerTaSoriso samarTlis
subieqtisTvis subieqturi realpolitikuri miznebis Sesabamisad.
maSin, rodesac “hamasi” da misi meTauri iasir arafati aSS–sTvis
warmoadgenda teroristul organizacias, sabWoTa kavSiris oficialuri SefasebiT, TavisuflebebisTvis mebrZoli iyo. “is vinc marTali saqmisTvis ibrZvis, teroristi ar aris”, _ ganacxada iasir
arafatma gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSi.88 aSS kubas terorizmis udides kerad miiCnevda, maSin, rodesac sabWoTa kavSirisTvis igi amerikis kontinentze socializmis placdarmi da revoluciis upirvelesi eqsportiori iyo. terorizmSi “saqmis simarTle” xSirad mxolod erTi mxarisTvis arsebobs, im mxarisTvis,
romelic misiT apelirebs, romlisTvisac terorizmi miznis miRwevis saSualebaa.
teroristuli epoqa, romelsac terorizmis “civi omis xana” vuwodeT, gaJRenTilia socialisturi da kapitalisturi banakebis dapirispirebis muxtiT. am periodis memarcxene Tu memarjvene, religiuri da eTno-nacionaluri teroristuli jgufebis umravlesoba
ganicdida erTi, an meore banakis zegavlenas, hqonda maTgan aqtiuri mxardaWera, anda sargeblobda pasiuri mdumarebiT, rac Tanxmobis niSans warmoadgenda.
84
ix. Вадим Нассис, Леонид Колосов, Терроризм Без Маски, Издательство “Молодая гвардия”,
1983 г. c.3.
85
ix. T. M. Franck, International Legal Action Concerning Terrorism,. Terrorism: An international
Journal I, no. 2 (1978): p. 189; Benjamin Netanyahu, .Terrorism: How the West Can Win,. lime, 14 April
1986, p.49.
86
ix. R. J. Erikson, Legitimate USE of military forse against state-sponsored international terrorism. Air
University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112-5532 , 1989. p.34.
87
ix. Editor: S. C. Pelletiere, Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. May 15, 1995,
Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pa 17013-5050.p.51.
88
ix. B. M. Jenkins, International Terrorism The Other World War. 1985, Rand R-3302-Af, p.2.
35
$ 4. terorizmis Tanamedrove xana
ocdameerTe saukunis dadgomas, kacobriobas terorizmi 2001 wlis
11 seqtemberis usazarlesi teraqtiT, niu-iorkis caTambjen tyupebs
Semskdari avialainerebiT da xuTi aTasze meti adamianis sikvdiliT “ulocavs”. niu-iorks male mosdevs madridi (2004 wlis 11
marti) da beslani (2004 wlis 1 seqtemberi), riTac ocdameerTe saukunis terorizmma ganacxada, rom igi iseTi Zlieria da sisxliani,
rogorc arasdros. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teraqtis Semdeg gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom ganacxada, rom “saerTaSoriso terorizmi
warmoadgens umniSvnelovanes safrTxes 21-e saukunis msoflios
mSvidobisa da uSiSroebisaTvis.”89
Tanamedrove terorizmi gacilebiT ufro met msxverpls moiTxovs,
vidre odesme. msxverplianobis zrdis erT-erT faqtorad SeiZleba miviCnioT is, rom “rogorc xalxi, ise masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi TiTqos SeeCvia da dakarga mgrZnobeloba teroristTa tradiciuli qmedebebis mimarT. aRniSnulma faqtorma teroristebs ubiZga
imoqmedon ufro dramatulad, daRvaron ufro meti sisxli, raTa miaRwion Zvelebur efeqts...
teroristebs didi msxverpli aZlevs garkveul garantias imisa, rom maTi qmedebebi saTanadod gaSuqdeba sainformacio saSualebebSi da miipyrobs sazogadoebis yuradRebas.”90
zogierTi monacemebiT, mxolod me-20 saukunis meore naxevris aT
weliwadSi, kerZod 1973 w-dan 1984 w-mde, ganxorcielda 5661 teroristuli aqti, ris Sedegadac daiRupa 4111 adamiani,91 xolo aSS-s
terorizmTan brZolis saxelmwifo departamentis koordinatoris
e. halis mier wardgenili angariSis Tanaxmad, 2000 wels msoflioSi ganxorcielda 423 teroristuli aqti, rac 8 procentiT metia
1999 wlis monacemebze. gaizarda, agreTve, terorizmis msxverplTa
ricxvic: 405 mokluli da 791 daWrili (1999 wels 233 mokluli da
706 daWrili), magram aSS-s da masTan erTad mTel msoflios mTavari gansacdeli Turme win hqonda: 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris mxolod
erTma teroristulma aqtma 5000 adamianze meti imsxverpla92, e.i.
ufro meti vidre zemoT moyvanili aTi wlis (1973-1984) manZilze
ganxorcielebulma da erTad aRebulma 5661 teroristulma aqtma.
me-20 saukunis mravali aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi msoflio cxovrobda ori dapirispirebuli sistemis pirobebSi. aRniSnulma dapirispirebam araerTgzis daayena kacobrioba ganadgurebis safrTxis
89
ix. S.C. Res. 1377, Annex, U.N. Doc. S/res/1377 . www.un.org. 2001.
ix. I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins. Countering the
New Terrorism. 1999 Rand, p.13.
91
ix. http://xx.lipetsk.ru/txt/xx_04_33.shtml. 2010
92
ix. http://usinfo.state.gov/russki/topics/terror/homepage.htm. 2009
90
36
winaSe. civilizacia imdenad mieCvia cxovrebas katastrofis molodinSi, rom ver SeZlo Tavis droze gaego da Seefasebina mimdinare
cvlilebebi. msoflio ukve aRar iyofa or dapirispirebul banakad, igi gacilebiT ufro rTuli gaxda. moumzadebeli kacobriobis Tvalwin terorizmis saSineli evolucia moxda. msoflio moulodnelad pirispir aRmoCnda axali saukunis globalur safrTxesTan.93
civi omis dros arsebuli wonasworoba Tanamedrove epoqaSi dairRva. istoriis kuTvnilebad qceul, yofil sabWoTa kavSiris farglebSi myof socialistur respublikebSi warmoSobil nacionalur moZraobebs male mohyva garkveuli jgufebis eTnikur-separatistuli moTxovnebic. aRniSnul separatistul moTxovnebs xSirad
politikuri Zaladobac axlda Tan, terorizmis CaTvliT. aRniSnul periodSi aRmocenda sxvadasxva formis dabali intensivobis
konfliqtebi, romelic swrafad gadaizarda samoqalaqo omSi an
organizebul danaSaulobaSi. meryeoba Camovarda aRmosavleT evropaSic, sadac yofili socialisturi banakis mokavSireebi cdilobdnen, daeZliaT demokratizaciisadmi masebis undobloba. amJamad moskovi da vaSingtoni, warsulis msgavsad, erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg aRar iyeneben regionalur konfliqtebs. “dRes, aRarc moskovi
da aRarc vaSingtoni ar gamoxatavs survils warsulis msgavsad
akontrolos regionaluri qveynebi, romlebic samomavlod potenciur supersaxelmwifoebs warmoadgenen. aviRoT magaliTad irani,
erayi da misi msgavsi saxelmwifoebi.”94
Tanamedrove msoflioSi socialisturi banakis kraxiT gamowveuli
“axali msoflio uwesrigobis gamo”, mniSvnelovnad daeca mravali
saxelmwifos xelisuflebis siZliere, misi organoebis makontrolebel-profilaqtikuri unari, rac did impulsad iqca transnacionaluri masStabiT organizebuli danaSaulobis gaZlierebisTvis.
organizebuli danaSaulobis mxridan daiwyo teroristuli jgufebis momarageba iaraRiT, finansebiT da a.S. organizebuli danaSaulobis sferoSi brZolis teroristuli meTodebis gamoyeneba politikuri da finansuri gavlenis SesanarCuneblad da gasaZliereblad.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove teroristebs, aseve maT momxreebs, sruli SesaZlebloba aqvT Tavisuflad imoqmedon “Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso junglebSi” e.w. “nacrisferi zonebis” meSveobiT.
“nacrisfer zonebad” miviCnevT im regionebs, sadac Seicvala Zlieri saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTveloba da Camoyalibda axali saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba, iseTi xelisuflebiT, romelsac jer kidev ar
Seswevs unari, srulad akontrolos sakuTari teritoria. “nacrisfer zonebad” SeiZleba miviCnioT, agreTve, is teritoriebi, sadac
Camoyalibda naxevrad kriminaluri xelisuflebebi, sadac xeli93
ix. http://president.kremlin.ru/withflash/varPriorityFullTemplPriorId5748.shtml. 2010
ix. Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. Stephen C.Pelletiere Editor May 15, 1995
Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pa 17013-5050. p. 64.
94
37
suflebasa da kriminals Soris zRvari an srulad waSlilia, an
metad umniSvneloa.95
Tanamedrove terorizmis Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia
ramdenime ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli gamoiyos :
pirvel aseT maxasiaTebelad SeiZleba miviCnioT teroristuli
jgufebis mier saerTaSoriso qselis Seqmna, romlis meSveobiTac
isini Tanadgomas uweven erTmaneTs.96
meore mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia is, rom saxelmwifoTa mxridan terorizmis mxardaWera civi omis periods ar Cabarebia. aSS -s
saxelmwifo departamentis mier terorizmis “patronad” Semdegi saxelmwifoebi saxeldeba: kuba, irani, erayi (bolo periodamde), avRaneTi, libia, CrdiloeT korea, sudani da siria.97
saxelmwifo xelSewyoba gacilebiT aZlierebs teroristuli jgufis realur SesaZleblobebs. aRniSnuli Seexeba teroristuli
saqmianobis iseT sferoebs, rogoricaa Sesabamisi informaciis mopoveba, finansuri mxardaWera, samxedro swavleba, teroristebis
zurgSi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa da a.S.98 garkveuli saxelmwifoebi amarageben teroristebs iaraRiT, komunikaciis saSualebebiT, uzrunvelyofen maT usafrTxoebas. saxelmwifoebi mfarveloben da asponsoreben terorizms im motiviTac, rom, rogorc braian
jenkinsi ambobs, terorizmi gacilebiT iafi saSualebaa, vidre Cveulebrivi omis warmoeba. aRniSnulis garda terorizmis dros riski gacilebiT dabalia, xolo miRweuli efeqti sakmaod STambeWdavi. dRes Cveulebrivi omis warmoeba sakmaod arapraqtikuli gaxda,
radganac Zalzed damangrevelia da Zviri jdeba.99 Sesabamisad, terorizmi “SesaniSnavi saSualebaa” dainteresebuli saxelmwifoebisTvis, rogorc zemoqmedebis maRalefeqturi da iafi saSualeba.
Tanamedrove terorizmis mesame mniSvnelovan maxasiaTeblad SeiZleba gamoiyos teqnologiuri miRwevebis gamoyeneba.100 Tanamedrove
teqnologiuri miRwevebi saSualebas aZlevs patara jgufs imoqmedos farTo SesaZleblobebiT. teroristebma Tanamedrove teqnologiuri miRwevebi SeiZleba gamoiyenon ori mimarTulebiT: pirveli,
rogorc iaraRi TavianTi miznebis misaRwevad; meore, rogorc teroristuli xelyofis obieqti.
95
ix. Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. Stephen C.Pelletiere Editor May 15, 1995
Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pa 17013-5050. p. 53.
96
ix. C. Sterling, The Terror Network: The Secret War of International Terrorism (New York: Reader.s
Digest Press, 1981)
97
ix. The U.S. Department of State, Stare-Sponsored Terrorism. http://www.state.gov/s/ct. 2003.
98
ix. I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins. Countering the New
Terrorism. Rand, 1999. p.14.
99
ix. B. M. Jenkins, .Combatting Terrorism: Some Policy Implications.. Rand Corp., Santa Monica,
Calif., August 1981, pp. 3-6.
100
ix. S. C.Pelletiere, Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. Editor May 15, 1995
Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pa 17013-5050. p.64.
38
Tanamedrove terorizmis mudmivi zrda ar SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi momxdari unikaluri politikuri movlenebiT. politikur garemoebebTan terorizmis mZlavr
determinatebs teqnologiuri miRwevebic warmoadgenda, ramac saboloo jamSi warmoSva Tanamedrove terorizmi.
Tanamedrove teroristuli taqtika SeiZleba amJamadac igivea, rac
erTi saukunis win, magram teqnologiurma miRwevebma igi gacilebiT efeqturi gaxada. teqnologiuri miRwevebis wyalobiT SesaZlebeli gaxda globaluri saerTaSoriso terorizmi. gadaadgilebis
Tanamedrove saSualebebis wyalobiT teroristebs SeuZliaT ieriSi miitanon dedamiwis nebismier kontinentze. radio, televizia da
Tanamgzavruli kavSiri uzrunvelyofs momentalur dakavSirebas
farTo auditoriasTan. iaraRi da asafeTqebeli nivTierebebi advilad mosapovebeli gaxda. Tanamedrove industriul sazogadoebas
gaaCna mravali susti wertili, dawyebuli sahaero xomaldebidan
da damTavrebuli atomuri reaqtorebiT.101
Tanamedrove terorizmze msjelobisas aucileblad aRsaniSnavia
teroristebis mier sainformacio teqnologiebis gamoyenebac, dawyebuli masobrivi informaciis saSualebebiT, kompiuteruli programebiT da internetiT damTavrebuli. meoce saukunis bolodan terorizmis damoukidebeli formac ki Camoyalibda kiberterorizmis
saxiT, rodesac teroristebi iyeneben sainformacio teqnologiebs
saxelmwifoze an saerTaSoriso organizaciebze zemoqmedebis mizniT. zogierTi teroristuli organizacia iyenebs internets da
eleqtronul fostas informaciis miReba – gacemisTvis. zogierT
maTgans sakuTari eleqtronuli vebgverdebic ki gaaCnia. magaliTad, “hezbolas” internetSi sami propagandistuli xasiaTis saiti
aqvs. pirvelia teroristuli organizaciis prescentri102, meore israelze Tavdasxmebs aRwers103, xolo mesame axali ambebisa da informaciisTvis aris gankuTvnili.104 kavkasiel mojahedebs, romlebic ibrZvian ruseTisgan CrdiloeT kavkasiis gamoyofisa da musulmanur imiratad CamoyalibebisTvis, aqvT sainformacio vebgverdi, sadac detalurad aris aRwerili maTi aqtivoba, samomavlo
miznebi, ideologiuri platforma105.
teroristebi cdiloben gaaxmauron TavianTi moqmedebebi. am saqmeSi maT xels uwyobs masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi, romelTa wyalobiT xdeba maTi saqmianobis “reklamireba” da stimuli eZleva terorizmis axal gamovlinebebs.
Tanamedrove terorizmze saubrisas aRsaniSnavia is faqtoric, rom
101
ix. B. M. Jenkins, International Terrorism The Other World War. 1985. Rand. p.12
ix. www.hizbollah.org. 2010.
103
ix. www.moqawama.org. 2011.
104
ix. www.almanar.com.lb. 2011.
105
ix. www.kavkazcenter.com. 2010.
102
39
teroristebi sakmaod daxelovdnen TavianT saqmianobaSi, Seiswavles SeiaraRebis uaxlesi saxeebi da floben aRniSnulT. “profesionali teroristebi”, winamorbedebTan SedarebiT, udaod ufro metad arian gacnobierebulebi sikvdilisa da ngrevis xelovnebaSi,
Seitanes taqtikuri siaxleebi Tavdasxmis meTodebSi, gacilebiT
Ymoxerxebulni gaxdnen gamovlenisa da dakavebisagan Tavis daRwevis sakiTxebSi. TiTqos teroristebi gadian darvinis Teoriis Tanaxmad bunebrivi gadarCevis process, romlis Sedegadac teroristTa yoveli axali Taoba swavlobs Zveli Taobisagan da xdeba gacilebiT ufro Zlieri, ulmobeli da mouxelTebeli samarTaldamcavTaTvis. teroristebi xSirad aanalizeben im Secdomebs, romlebmac gamoiwvia maTi winamorbedebis fizikuri ganadgureba an sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi micema. axali Taobis teroristebi
swavloben sasamarTlos ganaCenebs, sasamarTlo mtkicebulebebs,
mtkicebulebaTa gamokvlevis procesualur xerxebs da aRniSnul
codnas iyeneben usafrTxo strategiis SemuSavebisaTvis. Zalian
xSirad swored oficialuri sasamarTlo dokumentaciis, romelic
sajaroa da yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi, Seswavlis Sedegad igeben
teroristebi xelisuflebis organoebis mier maTi gamovlenis da
dakavebis xerxebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, SeiZleba moviyvanoT germaniis yofil federaciul respublikaSi wiTelarmiuli fraqciis
wevrTa mier sasamarTlo dokumentaciis Seswavlis faqtebi.106
Tanamedrove teroristebi efeqturi asafeTqebeli meqanizmebis damzadebis didostatebi gaxdnen. saamisod maT gankargulebaSia uaxlesi teqnologiuri miRwevebiT damzadebuli asafeTqebeli nivTierebebi. zogierTi monacemebiT, mxolod Cexoslovakiam meoce
saukunis 80-ian wlebSi libias 1000 tona asafeTqebeli nivTiereba
“semteqsi” mihyida, xolo sirias, CrdiloeT koreas, irans da erays
erTad 40 000 tona. aRniSnuli qveynebi aSS-is saxelmwifo departamentis mier dasaxelebulni arian terorizmis xelSemwyob qveyanaTa Soris.107 am cifrebSi gamoxatuli grandiozuli safrTxe naTeli gaxdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saSualo simZlavris asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis dasamzadeblad sul raRac 300 gr. “semteqsia” saWiro. 1990 wels did britaneTSi vizitis dros CexeTis
prezidentma vaclav havelma ganacxada: “Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas,
rom sahaero xomaldis asafeTeqeblad sakmarisia sul raRac 200
grami. . . unda vaRiaroT, rom saerTaSoriso terorizms “semteqsis”
maragi 150 welze metxans eyofa.”108
teroristebis mxridan gaxSirda plastikuri asafeTqebeli nivTierebebis (maT ricxvs Seadgens: amerikuli C-4,
britanuli P.E., Cexuri Semtex-H da sabWoTa MP1) gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi, aRniSnuli
nivTierebebis aRmosaCenad Cveulebrivi liTonmZebnebi da rentgenis
aparatebi uZluria. amis garda, isini gamoirCevian didi damangreve106
ix. I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins. Countering the
New Terrorism. Rand. 1999. p.20.
107
ix. The U.S. Department of State, State-Sponsored Terrorism. http://www.state.gov/s/ct. 2003.
108
ix. “Sale of Explosive to Libya Detailed,” Washington Post, March 23, 1990.
40
li ZaliT, uZleben garemo pirobebs, ar feTqdebian droze adre
fizikuri zemoqmedebis anda dartymis Sedegad, ara aqvT specifikuri suni, warmoadgenen rbil plastenilisebur masalas, romelsac
SeiZleba nebismieri forma mieces.
teroristTa arsenalSi asafeTqebeli nivTierebebi SeiZleba iTqvas, “uwyinar saTamaSos” warmoadgens, birTvul, radioaqtiur, qimiur da biologiur iaraRTan SedarebiT. axali Taobis teroristebi mixvdnen, rom ufro meti ngrevis motana SeuZliaT im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki isini SeZleben daeuflon da gamoiyenon aRniSnuli iaraRi. mravali avtori SeSfoTebas gamoTqvams yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze radioaqtiur nivTierebebze saxelmwifoebrivi kontrolis Sesustebisa da aRniSnuli nivTierebebis Sav bazarze moxvedriT gamowveuli safrTxis gamo.109 marTalia, Sav bazarze
gasayidi radioaqtiuri nivTierebebidan umravlesoba birTvuli iaraRis Sesaqmnelad ar gamodgeba, magram specialistebis azriT, Tu teroristebi aRniSnul radioaqtiur nivTierebebs Cveulebriv asafeTqebel mowyobilobas daumateben, miiReben radiologiur iaraRs, romlis meSveobiTac SeiZleba ar moxdes mosaxleobis masobrivi fizikuri Jleta, magram garemos Zlieri radiaciuli dabinZureba gardauvlad moxdeba.110
Tanamedrove terorizmis meoTxe maxasiaTebeli religiurad motivirebuli teroristuli aqtivobis xvedriTi wilis zrdaa. “religia uzrunvelyofs teroris erTaderT misaReb gamarTlebas”
(religion provided the only acceptable justifications for terror)111 devid rapoportma religiur terorizms “wminda terori” uwoda. meoce saukunis
meore naxevris dasawyisSi religiuri terorizmi nacionalur-eTnikuri, Tu ideologiur-separatistuli terorizmis CrdilqveS iyo
moqceuli. mag: 1968 wels TerTmeti saerTaSoriso teroristuli
jgufidan arcerTi ar iyo religiurad motivirebuli. mxolod
1980 wlidan, iranis islamuri revoluciis Sedegad, yalibdeba pirveli “Tanamedrove” religiur-teroristuli jgufebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom 1980 wlisTvis moqmedi 64 saerTaSoriso teroristul
jgufidan mxolod ori iyo religiurad motivirebuli. Tormeti
wlis Semdeg viTareba safuZvlianad Seicvala: 1992 wels moqmedi
saerTaSoriso teroristuli organizaciebis meoTxeds ukve religiuri jgufebi Seadgendnen. (48 jgufidan 11) 1994 wlisTvis maCvenebeli gaizarda da mesamedi Seadgina (49 jgufidan 16) teroristuli jgufebi saerTo raodenobaSi. rac Seexeba 1995 wels religiuri teroristuli jgufebis maCvenebelma saerTaSoriso teroristu109
ix. Phil Williams and Paul N. Woessner, “Nuclear Material Trafficking: An Interim Assessment,”
Transnational Organized Crime, Vol. 1, No. 2, Summer 1995; Paul N. Woessner, “Recent Developments:
Chronology of Nuclear Smuggling Incidents, July 1991–May 1995,” Transnational Organized Crime,
Vol. 1, No. 2, Summer 1995.
110
ix. I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins. Countering the
New Terrorism. Rand. 1999. p. 30.
111
ix. D. C. Rapoport, Fear and Trembling: Terrorism in Three ReligiousTraditions, American Political
Science Review, Vol. 78, No. 3, September 1984, p. 659.
41
li jgufebis saerTo raodenobaSi TiTqmis naxevars miaRwia. (56
jgufidan 26, anu 46%)...112
Tanamedrove terorizmis erT-erT niSnad unda CaiTvalos e.w. “samoyvarulo terorizmis” ganviTareba. Tuki adre teroristi ZirgamomTxrel saqmianobas SeiZleboda daufleboda mxolod garkveuli teroristuli organizaciis farglebSi an terorizmis sponsori saxelmwifos mier mowyobil Sesabamis saswavlo banakebSi, amJamad aseTi codnis daufleba nebismieri msurvelisTvis advilad
xelmisawvdomia wignebidan, kompiuteruli diskebidan da gansakuTrebiT internetidan... terorizmi xelmisawvdomi gaxda yvelasTvis...
113
terorizmi ikavebs sul ufro da ufro did adgils konfliqtur
speqtrSi. dRes terorizmi ukve aRar Semoifargleba mxolod nacionaluri, religiuri, politikuri, Tu sxva tradiciuli sferoebiT. Tanamedrove teroristebi xSirad ewevian iseT saqmianobas,
romelic Znelad gasarCevia Cveulebrivi kriminaluri saqmianobisgan. narkotikebiT vaWrobiT miRebulma udidesma Semosavlebma gamokveTa narkoterorizmi, rogorc saxelmwifo xelisuflebaze an
konkurent narkokartelebze zemoqmedebis saSualeba.114
zogierTi specialistis prognoziT teroristTa erT-erTi mTavari
samizne gaxdeba informaciuli infrastruqturebi, gansakuTrebiT
masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi. 115 uolter lakuaris azriT,
Tuki Tanmedrove terorizmi mimarTavs Tavis energias informaciuli
omisaken, misi damangreveli Zala gacilebiT ufro didi iqneba. imasTan SedarebiT, rac terorizmis istorias dRemde axsovs, igi SeiZleba TviT biologiuri Tu qimiuri iaraRis saSiSroebasac ki aRematebodes.116
112
ix. I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins. Countering the
New Terrorism. Rand. 1999. pp 16-17.
113
ix. Dr. D. J.W. Vanderhoof, The Criminology of Terrorism. Copyright © 2001, The University of
North Carolina at Pembroke, www.uncp.edu. 2003.
114
ix. I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins. Countering the
New Terrorism. Rand. 1999. p. 98.
115
ix. M. Littleton, “Information Age Terrorism,” Ma thesis, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, 1995; Brigitte
Nacos, Terrorism and the Media, Columbia University Press, New York, 1994; Roger Molander, Andrew
Riddile, and Peter Wilson, Strategic Information Warfare: A New Face of War, Rand, Mr-661-Osd, 1996;
116
ix. W. Laqueur, “Postmodern Terrorism,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 75, No. 5, September/October 1996,
p.35.
42
$. 5 terorizmi socialur konfliqtTa
speqtrSi
terorizmi unda ganvasxvavoT omisgan, partizanuli brZolisgan da
sxva socialuri movlenebisgan. aRniSnuli movlenebi ara mxolod
obieqturad
gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisgan,
aramed
qmedebis
ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtiTac. samxedro mosamsaxure, pirvel
rigSi, imiT gansxvavdeba teroristisgan, rom Tu samxedro mosamsaxuris e.w. “kombatanti”-s samarTlebrivi statusi daregulirebulia saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTliT, teroristebi Cveulebriv damnaSaveebs warmoadgenen. “kombatantebs” warmoadgenen: regularuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis piradi Semadgenloba, partizanebi, moxaliseebi, samoqalaqo aviaciis ekipaJi da savaWro gemebis
ekipaJi, Tu isini gadamzadebulebi arian saomari moqmedebebisTvis.
nebismieri gaerTianebebis Tu ajanyebis monawileebi SesaZlebelia
CaiTvalon “kombatantebad”, Tu isini Riad atareben iaraRs da moqmedeben omis wesebis da Cveulebebis Sesabamisad. saomari moqmedebebis pirobebSi, arakombatantebisagan gansxvavebiT, kombatantebis
mimarT SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes nebismier zomebi, romelebic
pirdapir ar aris akrZalili saerTaSroiso humanitaruli samarTliT, TviT fizikur ganadgurebamdec ki. 117
1949 wlis 12 agvistos Jenevis konvenciis me-4 oqmis mixedviT, samxedro
mosamsaxures (kombatanti), rodesac igi aRmoCndeba mowinaaRmdege mxaris xelSi, ufleba aqvs moiTxovos samxedro tyvis statusi. saxelmwifos ki, romlis samxedro mosamsaxurec aris datyvevebuli, SeuZlia mosTxovos mowinaaRmdege saxelmwifos mianiWos datyvevebuls Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi statusi. amasTan, kombatants, teroristisgan
gansxvavebiT, saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi dacvis ufleba aqvs.
Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali ar icavs e.w. “iataqveSa moRvaweebs”, “qalaqis da soflis partizanebs”. aRniSnuli pirebi ewevian
ZirgamomTxrel, teroristul, diversiul moqmedebebs da, Sesabamisad,
ar SeuZliaT imoqmedon aSkarad, ataron mowinaaRmdege SeiaraRebuli
mxaris amosacnobi niSnebi da CaiTvalon “kombatantebad”. zemoaRniSnuli pirebi dakavebis SemTxvevaSi iTvlebian Cveulebriv sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveebad da ver isargebleben saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi dacviT.118
terorizmi omis, partizanuli brZolis da konfliqtis sxva formebisgan gansxvavdeba, agreTve, xelyofis sagniT. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis mixedviT, akrZalulia samoqalaqo mosaxleobaze Tavdasxma maSin, rodesac terorizmis mTavari samizne
zustad samoqalaqo mosaxleobaa. teroristebi SeiZleba Tavs daes117
ix. А.В.Павлинов, Антигосударственный экстремизм: уголовно – правовые и
криминологические аспекты. М., 2008, c. 239.
118
ix. А. В. Павлинов, Антигосударственный экстремизм: уголовно–правовые и криминологические
аспекты. М., 2008, c. 242.
43
xnen agreTve Sinagan saqmeTa Tu saxelmwifo Tavdacvis SeiaraRebul Zalebs, magram maTi Tavdasxmis strategia gamoirCeva imiT,
rom xelyofa xorcieldeba iseT Zalebze, romlebic ar miiCnevian
meomar mxared (ar arian CarTuli saomar moqmedebebSi. SeniSvna
Cemia - g.g.). xelyofa ar atarebs samxedro mizans, xolo gamoyenebuli saSualebebi xSirad ar Seesabameba omis kanonebiT gaTvaliswinebul wesebs.119
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis normebis mixedviT, teroristis, partizanis, anda TavisuflebisTvis mebrZolis urTierT gamijvna sakmaod martivia. SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis normebi brmaa gamomwvevi
mizezebis mimarT, isini ZiriTad aqcents saSualebebze akeTeben.
cnobilia, rom terorizmis dros Zaladoba mimarTulia samoqalaqo mosaxleobasa da obieqtebze maSin, roca partizanTa Tu TavisuflebisTvis mebrZolTa samiznes samxedro Zalebi warmoadgens.
teroristTa Tavdasxma samxedro samizneze, rogorc wesi, gamonaklisia. partizanTa Tavdasxma ki, samxedro Zalebze warmoadgens ZiriTad wess da ara gamonakliss.
sabolood SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom terorizmi omis, partizanuli
brZolis da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis sxva saxeebisagan gansxvavdeba rogorc ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtiT, agreTve
xelyofis
sagniT.
terorizmis, omis da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis sxva saxeebis urTierTgasamijnad naTeli kriteriumebis Camoyalibebas udidesi
mniSvneloba aqvs problemaze samarTlebrivad sworad reagirebisaTvis. terorizmi ar warmoadgens SeiraRebuli konfliqtis formas, Sesabamisad teroristebi ar arian meomari mxareebi. terorizmi
ar aris samxedro problema, igi samarTlebrivi problemaa da danaSauls warmoadgens. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu terorizms CavTvliT SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis erT-erT formad, maSin unda vaRiaroT,
rom teroristebi meomar mxares warmoadgenen, rac, saboloo jamSi, teroristuli brZolis meTodebis aRiarebamde migviyvans. SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis normebi ar unda gavrceldes Cveulebriv
kriminalur saqmianobaze. igi vrceldeba im samxedro danaSaulebze, romlebic dasjadadaa aRiarebuli 1949 wlis Jenevis konvenciis
Tanaxmad.
omi da terorizmi, marTalia, rogorc samarTlebrivad, ise socialurad gansxvavebul movlenebs warmoadgenen, magram ar aris gamoricxuli, rom mxareebs Soris SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis arsebobisas omis aRiarebul meTodebTan erTad gamoyenebuli iqnes terorizmic. samagaliTod SesaZlebelia moviyvanoT saqarTvelos mezoblad, ruseT-CeCneTis omis dros gamoyenebuli teroristuli aqtebi.
119
ix. R. J. Erikson. Legitimate USE of military forse against state-sponsored international terrorism. Air
University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112-5532, 1989, p. 59.
44
im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac terorizmi gamoyenebulia damatebiT iaraRad SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros, omis warmoebis erT-erT
meTodad, samarTlebrivi Sefaseba unda moxdes ara aRniSnuli movlenebis erTmaneTTan gaigivebiT da erTmaneTze dayvaniT, aramed
erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad, cal-calke. Tu meomari mxare iyenebs terorizms, rogorc omis warmoebis meTods, qmedeba unda Sefasdes rogorc omi da terorizmi (Tu, ra Tqma unda, romelime
omis danaSaulis Semadgenlobac ar aris saxeze).
iqidan gamomdinare, rom omi, partizanuli brZola da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis sxva aRiarebuli formebi warmoadgenen terorizmisgan socialur-samarTlebrivad gansxvavebul fenomens, maTi urTierTTanxvedra dauSvebelia Sefasdes calsaxad rogorc terorizmi, an omi, partizanuli brZola da a.S.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu meomari mxareebi gamoiyeneben teroristuli xasiaTis romelime qmedebas, aRniSnuli qmedeba ar SeiZleba moviazroT omSi Cadenilad da saWiroa terorizmad misi calke samarTlebrivi Sefaseba.
45
$. 6 terorizmis kriminologiuri
klasifikacia
terorizms, rogorc socialur-samarTlebriv movlenas, mravalgvari gamovlineba axasiaTebs. igi sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi da sxvadasxva danaSaulebrivi dajgufebis farglebSi gansxvavebuli formebiT gvevlineba. terorizmis bunebis ukeTesad gagebis, ukeT Seswavlis mizniT mizanSewonilia movaxdinoT misi klasifikacia tipebis mixedviT. “terorizmis garkveuli tipis ukeTesad Seswavlis Semdeg SedarebiT martivia masTan brZolis meqanizmis SemuSaveba.”120
klasifikacias safuZvlad yovelTvis udevs garkveuli niSani an
niSanTa jgufi. arsebobs terorizmis mravalgvari klasifikacia.
magaliTad, minkovski da revini, klasifikaciis safuZvlad iReben
saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv dokumentebs da gamoyofen terorizmis Semdeg saxeebs: “saxelmwifo terorizmi (organizebuli an mxardaWerili erTi saxelmwifos mier meore saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg),
saerTaSoriso, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sistemuri, sxva saxis Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi, religiuri, wertilovani. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, agreTve iseTi formebi, rogoricaa terorizmi, gamoxatuli
amboxebaSi (teritoriebis xelSi Cagdeba), masobrivi areulobebi,
diversiebi, mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba.”121
aRniSvnis Rirsia, rom avtorebi terorizmis gamoxatulebas xedaven, agreTve, amboxebebSi, diversiebSi, masobriv areulobebSi... aRniSnuli midgoma teroristuli movlenebis socialur-samarTlebriv wres Zalzed afarToebs da dausabuTebelia.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, winamdebare naSromSi, amboxebis, masobrivi
areulobebis, omis da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis sxva saxeebis
dros SesaZlebelia gamoyenebuli iqnes terorizmi, rogorc erTerTi meTodi, magram es sruliad ar niSnavs imas, rom amboxeba da
sxva zemoCamoTvlili movlenebi terorizmis gamovlinebebia.
s. efirovi terorizmis saxeebis klasifikaciisas gamoyofs saxelmwifo, ultramemarjvene anu neofaSistur, ultramemarcxene da separatistul terorizms.122
frangi mkvlevari loran dispo gamoyofs memarjvene, saxelmwifoebriv memarcxene, saxelmwifoebriv memarjvene, opoziciur memar120
ix. Dr. D. J.W. Vanderhoof, The Criminology of Terrorism, Copyright © 2001, The University of
North Carolina at Pembroke, www.uncp.edu. 2003
121
ix. Г..М. Миньковский, В. П. Ревин Характеристика терроризма и некоторые направления
повышения эффективности борьбы с ним. // Государство и право. 1997. № 8, c.85.
122
ix. С.А.Эфиров Покушение на будущее. М., 1984. c. 35-39.
46
cxene da nacionalur-gamaTavisuflebel terorizms.123 samwuxarod,
disposeuli klasifikacia moklebulia naTlad gamokveTil safuZvels. amasTan, nacionalur-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraoba gaigivebulia terorizmTan, rac kategoriulad miuRebelia.
b. Curkovi terorizmis klasifikacias Semdeg saxeebad axdens: “socialur-politikuri terorizmi, romelic iyofa memarjvene da memarcxene mimdinareobad, eTnopolitikuri terorizmi, religiuri
terorizmi, separatistuli terorizmi, romelic SeiZleba atarebdes nacionalur an religiur xasiaTs, an nacionalur – religiur
xasiaTs erTdroulad.124
boiar sozanoviCi terorizmis klasifikaciis safuZvlad terorizmis
ganmaxorcielebel subieqts miiCnevs da gamoyofs sam ZiriTad saxes:
1. saxelmwifoebrivi terorizmi, romelic xorcieldeba saxelmwifos mier an misi xelSewyobiT;
2. jgufuri terorizmi, romelic xorcieldeba sxvadasxva jgufebis an organizaciebis mier saxelmwifoebrivi xelSewyobis gareSe.
aRniSnul jgufSi igi moiazrebs memarjvene, memarcxene, religiuri,
eTno-nacionaluri mimarTulebis jgufebs;
3. stiqiuri (individualuri) terorizmi, romelic xorcieldeba
calkeuli pirebis mier.125
nazarkini terorizmis klasifikacias sam jgufad axdens :
1. ideuri terorizmi (romelSic avtori moiazrebs ideologiuri
platformis qveS moqmed yvela teroristul gamovlinebas);
2. martoxelebis teororizmi (avtori moiazrebs individualur
teroristul aqtebs);
3. kriminaluri terorizmi (romelSic moazrebulia angarebiTi
motivaciis mqone Cveulebrivi danaSaulebrivi dajgufebebi, romlebic iyeneben Zalismier meTodebs kriminalur saqmianobaSi, gavlenis
sferoebis gadanawilebisas da a.S.)126
nazarkiniseuli klasifikacia moklebulia naTlad gamoxatul safuZvels, radganac gaugebaria, ra niSniT aris SesaZlebeli terorizmis iseTi formebis gamoyofa, rogoricaa ideuri, martoxelebis
da kriminaluri terorizmi. amasTan, ver daveTanxmebiT calke saxed kriminaluri terorizmis gamoyofas, radganac Zaladobrivi meTodebiT moqmedi kriminaluri dajgufebebis motivacias finansuri
sargeblis moxveWa Seadgenda da isini ar unda CaiTvalon teroristul organizaciebad. 1990-iani wlebSi postsabWour sivrceSi
123
ix. L. Dispot. La machine a terreur. P., Edition Grasset, 1978. p. 57.
ix. Б. Г. Чурков, Социально-философские аспекты современного терроризма. Автореферат
диссертации на соискание ученой степени кандидата философских наук. М.,Мпгу, 1993, с. 12.
125
ix. Т.С. Бояр-Созонович Проблемы классификации современного терроризма. Университет дружбы
народов имени Патриса Лумумбы Государственного комитета СССР по народному образованию. М.,
1989, С. 11.
126
ix. М. В. Назаркин, Криминологическая характеристика и предупреждение терроризма,
Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата юридических наук. М., 1998, с. 41-60.
124
47
moqmed Cveulebriv kriminalur dajgufebebs araferi hqondaT saerTo terorizmTan. isini, rogorc wesi, warmoadgendnen reketul
dajgufebebs, romlebic Zaladobis muqariT euflebodnen materialur faseulobebs, inawilebdnen kriminaluri gavlenis sferoebs,
imorCilebdnen da kontrolis qveS aqcevdnen axladaRmocnebul
biznesis saxeebs da mewarmeebs.
aRniSnuli klasifikaciebis garda, iuridiul doqtrinaSi gamoiyofa terorizmis sxvadasxva saxeebi, rogorebicaa: kiberterorizmi: saerTaSoriso, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi, birTvuli, teqnologiuri, informaciuli terorizmi da a.S.
terorizmis kriminologiuri klasifikacia SesaZlebelia ZiriTadi
niSnis – motivisa da miznis da araZiriTadi – gamoyenebuli xerxis da saSualebis, samoqmedo farglebis, ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtis mixedviT.
samoqmedo motivacia warmoadgens teroristuli aqtivobis erT-erT
ZiriTad determinants. imis mixedviT, Tu ra aris teroristebis samoqmedo motivi da savaraudo sasurveli Sedegi, teroristuli aqtivobis klasifikacia SeiZleba moxdes religiur, separatistul,
eTnikur, memarjvene, memarcxene da sxva moZraobebad.
imis mixedviT, Tu ra konkretul saSualebas da xerxs SearCevs teroristuli aqtivobisTvis subieqti, SeiZleba gamoiyos birTvuli,
qimiuri, feTqebadi, kompiuteruli da sxva saxis terorizmi.
teroristuli moqmedebis farglebis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia arsebobdes saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi terorizmi. saerTaSoriso terorizms aSS-is saxelmwifo departamenti gansazRvravs Semdegnairad: saerTaSoriso terorizmi niSnavs terorizms,
romelSic CarTulia erTze meti qveynis kuTvnili teritoria an
moqalaqe.127 saerTaSoriso terorizms braien jenkinsi gansazRvravs
rogorc incidentebs, romelTa drosac miznisTvis dartymis misayeneblad teroristebi gadalaxaven ucxo saxelmwifos sazRvrebs,
SearCeven TavianT msxverpls Tu samiznes ucxoeTis romelime saxelmwifosTan kavSiris gamo (diplomatebi, ucxouri korporaciebi
da a.S.), Tavs esxmian saerTaSoriso aviaxazebze mfrinav sahaero xomaldebs, ZaladobiT xelSi igdeben aseT xomaldebs da aiZuleben gadaadgilebas maTTvis sasurveli mimarTulebiT. saerTaSoriso terorizmSi ar Sedis incidentebi, romlebic ganxorcielebulia teroristebis mier sakuTari saxelmwifos farglebSi.128 jenkinss ekuT-
127
ix. R. J. Erikson, Legitimate USE of military forse against state-sponsored international terrorism. Air
University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112-5532 , 1989, p.24.
128
ix. B. M. Jenkins, .The Study of Terrorism: Definitional Problems,. Rand, 6563, Rand Corp., Santa
Monica, Calif., November 1980, p.40.
48
vnis aseve gansazRvreba: saerTaSoriso terorizmi aris Zaladoba saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, saxelmwifos farglebs gareT...129
saerTaSoriso terorizmad SesaZlebelia miviCnioT teroristuli aqtivobis iseTi saxe, romelic scildeba erTi saxelmwifos farglebs,
daiwyo, gagrZelda an damTavrda sxvadasxva qveynebis teritoriebze
anda masSi monawile pirebi sxvadasxva qveynis moqalaqeebi an mudmivad macxovreblebi arian anda xorcieldeba transnacionaluri teroristuli organizaciis mier. Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi terorizmi
saxezea, rodesac teroristuli aqtivoba ar scildeba erTi saxelmwifos farglebs. ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtebis mixedviT, SeiZleba arsebobdes jgufur-organizaciuli, individualuri an
saxelmwifo terorizmi.
terorizmi ar arsebobs ZiriTadi niSnis, konkretuli motivaciisa
da ideologiuri platformis gareSe. danarCeni fakultaturi niSnebi SeiZleba axasiaTebdes an ar axasiaTebdes terorizmis ama Tu
im subieqts. magaliTad, religiuri motivaciis mqone jgufma SeiZleba iaraRad gamoiyenos kompiuteruli teqnologiebi, asafeTqebeli mowyobilobebi, aseve birTvuli, qimiuri da sxva iaraRi. aRniSnuli jgufis samoqmedo areali SeiZleba iyos rogorc qveynis
SigniT, agreTve, saerTaSoriso masStabiT. gamoyenebuli iaraRis
da saSualebebis, samoqmedo farglebis miuxedavad, jgufi warmoadgens religiuri terorizmis subieqts.
129
ix. B. Jenkins, International Terrorism: A New Mode of Conflict. Los Angeles:
Publications, 1975, № 2, p. 48.
49
Crescent
Tavi III
saqarTvelosTvis terogenuri
terorizmis saxeebi
terorizmis Tanamedrove tendenciebidan saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi mniSvnelovania eTnikuri, saxelmwifo da religiuri terorizmis fenomenis gansakuTrebulad Seswavla, radganac Tanamedrove
etapze terorizmis zemoxsenebul saxeebs saqarTvelosTvis terogenuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia. teroristuli saqmianobis klasifikacia eTnikur, religiur da saxelmwifoebriv terorizmad pirobiT
xasiaTs atarebs da damokidebulia teroristTa ideologiur
platformaze. ideologiuri platformis safuZvliT klasifikaciisas SeiZleba gamoiyos terorizmis sxva saxeebic, rogoricaa: memarjvene, memarcxene da a.S. xSirad xdeba, rom eTnikuri terorizmi
Serwymulia religiurTan, anda saxelmwifo terorizmi amofarebulia religiuri an eTnikuri teroristuli dajgufebebis saqmianobas.
$ 1. saxelmwifo terorizmi
a.
saxelmwifo terorizmis fenomenologia
1969 wlis naSromSi endriu skoti amaxvilebs yuradRebas im periodis msoflioSi axlad gamokveTil tendenciaze, saxelmwifoTa
garkveul jgufebis mxridan sxva saxelmwifoebis mimarT sayovelTaod aRiarebul diplomatiur meTodebTan erTad ZirgamomTxreli
saqmianobis gamoyenebaze, kerZod, e.w. revoluciis iatakqveSa mzadebis, am mizniT Sesabamisi kadrebis momzadebis, iaraRiT da teqnikuri saSualebebiT momaragebis, dafinansebis da propagandis warmoebis Sesaxeb. maSin am movlenas e.w. revoluciur brZolas man konkretuli Sefaseba ver misca. misi TqmiT, rTuli iyo imis gansazRvra, es tendencia dadebiT movlenas warmoadgenda Tu uaryofiTs? am kiTxvisaTvis pasuxi dros unda gaeca.130
odnav mogvianebiT, msgavsi movlenebi 1970 wels gaeros 39/159 rezoluciaSi “saxelmwifo terorizmad” Sefasda. aRniSnul rezoluciaSi pirvelad saerTaSoriso samarTalSi pirvelad dafiqsirda “saxelmwifo terorizmis” cneba, romelic ganisazRvra rogorc saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi erTi saxelmwifos mxridan ZaladobiT
an Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqariT sxva saxelmwifos an xalxebs
daSineba, raTa Seicvalos “msxverpli” saxelmwifos saSinao an sagareo politika, anda SeizRudos saxelmwifoebrivi suvereniteti.
130
ix. A. M. Scott, The Revolution in Statecraft: informal Penetration, New York: Random House, 1969,
p. 166.
50
39/159 rezoluciaSi miTiTebulia, rom dauSvebelia “saxelmwifo
terorizmis politikis an sxva qmedebebis ganxorcieleba, romlebic mimarTulia sxva suverenuli saxelmwifoebis sazogadoebrivpolitikuri wyobilebis damxobisken an sxvagvarad xelyofisken”.
iuridiul doqtrinaSi TandaTan Cndeba mosazrebebi “saxelmwifo
terorizmze”, rogorc omis axal saSualebaze, strategiis asimetriul formaze da a.S. mag: Jak berJies azriT, meore msoflio omi
kacobriobis istoriaSi bolo globaluri omi iyo. Tu kacobriobas mesame msoflio omi uweria, es iqneba teroristuli meTodebiT
warmoebuli omi.131 stefan sloanis mixedviT, saxelmwifo terorizmi aris “xangrZlivi politikuri omi arapirdapiri agresiis
formiT”.132 terorizmis eqspertis, paul vilkinsonis azriT, “internacionaluri teroristuli Tavdasxmebi _ ubralod omis warmoebis gansxvavebuli saSualebaa”,133 braian jenkinsis azriT, “terorizmi marTlac iqca omis warmoebis axal meTodad. . .”134
saerTaSoriso samarTali gmobs “saxelmwifo terorizmis” politikas, miiCnevs ra mas saerTaSoriso principebis darRvevad, Tumca
ar awesebs pasuxismgeblobas im saxelmwifoTaTvis, romlebic
msgavs politikas ewevian. saerTaSoriso samarTalSi msgavsi pozicia sxva mizezebTan erTad gamowveulia terorizmis sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli cnebis ararsebobiT. cnobili gamoTqma “teroristi erTisTvis meorisTvis aris TavisuflebisTvis mebrZoli” qmedebis
terorizmad kvalifikaciisas sirTuleebs warmoSobs.
Tavis droze gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSi terorizmis Sesaxeb arsebobda ori Sexeduleba: pirveli koncentrirebuli iyo
qmedebis Sinaarsze, xolo meore mizezebze. pirveli SexedulebiT
terorizi warmoadgens ukidures borotebas misi gamomwvevi mizezebis miuxedavad, xolo meore ansxvavebda terorizmis dadebiT da
uaryofiT saxeobas imis mixedviT, Tu ra mizeziT iyo igi gamowveuli da ra mizans emsaxureboda.
SeerTebuli Statebi da dasavleTis sxva demokratiuli qveynebi
mxars uWeren pirvel princips. rac Seexeba mesame samyaros qveynebs, romelTac mxars uWerda sabWoTa kavSiri da sxva socialisturi qveynebi, xelmZRvanelobdnen meore principiT.135
am mxriv, sagulisxmoa gaeros 1972 wlis sxdomebze gakeTebuli zogierTi qveynis warmomadgenlis gancxadeba:
131
ix. G. J. Schamis, War and Terrorism in international Affairs (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction
Books, 1980, pp. 35-38.
132
ix. S. Sloan, Beating international Terrorism: An Action Strategy for Preemption and Punishment. Maxwell
Afb, Ala.: Air University Press, December 1986.
133
ix. P. Wilkinson, Terrorism and the Liberal State .New York: J. Wiley & Sons, Halstead Press, 1977,
p. 179
134
ix. B. M. Jenkins, .Combatting Terrorism Becomes a War,. Rand, 6988, Rand Corp., Santa Monica,
Calif., May 1984, p.7
135
ix. R. J. Erikson. Legitimate Use of Military Force Against State-Sponsored International Terrorism,
Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112-5532 1989. p.15
51
a. gvineis warmomadgenelma ganacxada, rom mxars uWeren nacionalur gamaTavisuflebel moZraobas da miaCniT gamarTleburad nebismieri xerxi, romelic gamoyenebuli iqneba qveynis damoukideblobis
misaRwevad.136 UN
b. kubis warmomadgenlis gancxadebiT, brZolis is meTodebi,
romlebic gamoiyeneba nacionalur gamanTavisuflebeli moZraobebis mier, ar SeiZleba iqnes cnobili rogorc teroristuli.137
g. madagaskaris warmomadenelma ganacxada, rom teroristuli
incidentebi, romelTac piradi gamorCenis motivacia udevs safuZvlad, dagmobil unda iqnes. rac Seexeba politikur terorizms,
romelic gamoiyeneba gaeros mier aRiarebuli Rirebulebebis dasamyareblad, mxolod da mxolod misasalmebelia.138
ukanasknel periodSi mravali saxelmwifo Tavs aridebs pirdapir
konfrontacias, romelmac SeiZleba didi xarjebi gamoiwvios da sasurveli mizani ver iqnes miRweuli. amitom aRniSnuli saxelmwifoebi eZeben zemoqmedebis sxva saSualebebs, maT Soris wina planze terorizmia. SeiZleba magaliTad moviyvanoT CrdiloeT koreis mier
terorizmis xelSewyoba samxreT koreis winaaRmdeg. siriisa da iranis mier “qurTTa muSaTa partiisTvis” xelSewyoba TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, sudanisa da iranis mier islamuri terorizmis xelSewyoba egviptesa da axloaRmosavleTis sxva saxelmwifoebSi, pakistanis mier
terorizmisTvis xelSewyoba qaSmirSi indoeTis winaaRmdeg...139
amboxebebis saxelmwifoebrivi sponsoroba da mfarveloba, rogorc
sagareo politikis erTgvari instrumenti, damaxasiaTebeli iyo civi omis periodisTvis. SeerTebuli Statebi iyenebda ra nikaraguel
revolucionerebs, avRanel mojahidebs, tibetel budist meomrebs
da sxvebs, cdilobda SeeCerebina komunizmi. vaSingtoni, am mxriv,
ar warmoadgenda gamonakliss, sabWoTa kavSiri da CineTi mfarvelobdnen komunist partizanebs angolaSi, saberZneTSi, samxreT afrikaSi, vietnamSi da msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi...140
amboxebuli separatistuli reJimebis xelSewyobis TvalsaCino magaliTia ruseTis federaciis mxridan 2008 wlis agvistoSi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg warmoebuli omi, xolo amis Semdgom afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis respublikebis damoukideblobis aRiareba.
136
ix. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia / Un Sixth (Legal) Committee, 1362d meeting, Un
Gaor, 27th sess., A/C.6/Sr. 1362. 1972.
137
ix. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia / Un Sixth (Legal) Committee, 1358th meeting, Un
Gaor, 27th sess., A/C.6/Sr. 1358. 1972.
138
ix. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia / Un Sixth (Legal) Committee, 1365th meeting, Un
Gaor, 27th sess., A/C.6/Sr.1365. 1972.
139
ix. I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins, Countering the New
Terrorism. Copyright © 1999 Rand p. 103.
140
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ix: Shafer, D. Michael, Deadly
Paradigms: The Failure of U.S. Counterinsurgency Policy, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press,
1988; Blaufarb, Douglas, The Counterinsurgency Era: U.S. Doctrine and Performance, New York: Free
Press, 1977; Odom, William, On Internal War: American and Soviet Approaches toThird World Clients and
Insurgents, Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1992.
52
b. saxelmwifo terorizmis gamovlenis
formebi
samarTlebriv doqtrinaSi saxelmwifosa da terorizmis urTierTmimarTebis, saxelmwifoebrivad xelSewyobili terorizmis SesaZlo gamovlinebebis klasifikaciis klasikur nimuSad profesor
jon marfiseuli sqema iTvleba.141 man saxelmwifosa da terorizmis
urTierTmimarTebis oTxi ZiriTadi gamovlineba gamoyo:
1) saxelmwifoebrivi sponsoroba
terorizmis saxelmwifoebriv sponsorobas aqvs adgili im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxelmwifo uSualod gamoiyenebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi terorizms, rogorc meTods, raTa miaRwios strategiul upiratesobas da aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad, garkveuli mizezebis gamo ar SueZlia sayovelTaod aRiarebuli saSualebebis
gamoyeneba. aRniSnuli strategia garkveulwilad gamoxatulia
karl fon klauzevicis sityvebSi: omis warmoeba gansxvavebuli saSualebebiT... terorizmi gaxda iaraRi, romelic nebismier dros
SeiZleba movides moqmedebaSi, rodesac romelime saxelmwifos
surs mZime ziani miayenos meore saxelmwifos ise, rom ar ikisros
momxdarze pasuxismgebloba omis dadgenili wesebis Sesabamisad.
aSS-is saxelmwifo departamenti terorizmis saxelmwifoebriv
sponsorebs miakuTvnebs Semdeg qveynebs: libias, irans, sirias, samxreT iemens da sxva.142
2) saxelmwifoebrivi xelSewyoba
saxelmwifoebriv xelSewyobas adgili aqvs im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxelmwifo exmareba teroristebs Tavisi resursebiT da uzrunvelyofs maT dafinansebas, momaragebas sabrZolo masalebiT,
maT samxedro swavlebas, uzrunvelyofs saWiro dokumentebiT, informaciiT, komunikaciuri saSualebebiT da sxva saWiro daxmarebiT. aRniSnuli forma gansxvavdeba saxelmwifo sponsorobisagan
imiT, rom am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo pirdapir da uSualod ar
warmarTavs teroristebis saqmianobas. amgvar qveyanaTa jgufs amerikeli terologebi akuTvnebdnen sabWoTa kavSirs, bulgareTs, kubas da sxv.143
141
ix. J. F. Murphy, Punishing International Terrorists: The Legal Framework for Policy Initiatives.
Totowa, N.J. Rowman and Allanheld, 1985, pp.49-55.
142
ix. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo departamenti / The U.S. Department of
State, Stare-Sponsored Terrorism. http://www.state.gov/s/ct. 2003.
143
ix.: Department of Defense, Soviet Military Power, Washington. 1986, pp. 124-128; S. T. Francis, The
Soviet Strategy of Terror, Washington, Heritage Foundation, 1981; R. Goren, The Soviet Union and Terrorism
London, G. Allen and Unwin, 1984. Claire Sterling, The Terror Network: The Secret War of International
Terrorism, New York, Reader.s Digest Press, 1981.
53
3) saxelmwifoebrivi Tanxmoba
saerTaSoriso terorizmis mimarT saxelmwifoebrivi Tanxmoba arsebobs im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxelmwifom icis mis teritoriaze
arsebuli teroristuli jgufebis Sesaxeb, igi ar exmareba aseT
jgufebs, magram arc aviwroebs maT. saxelmwifom icis aseTi teroristuli jgufebis saerTaSoriso teroristuli saqmianobis Sesaxeb da usityvod mxars uWers maT. rogorc wesi, amgvari teroristuli jgufebi sazRvargareTidan finansdebian an TviTon afinanseben sakuTar saqmianobas.
4) saxelmwifoebrivi umoqmedoba
am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos, marTalia, surs zewola moaxdinos
teroristebze, magram amis SesaZlebloba ar gaaCnia garkveuli mizezebis gamo. (mag., ar gaaCnia Sesabamisad momzadebuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebi anda ganicdis Sesabamisi teqnologiebis uqonlobas).
aseT situaciebSi, rogorc wesi, saxelmwifo mimarTavs sxva saxelmwifos, an saerTaSoriso organizacias daxmarebisTvis. aRniSnulis magaliTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT somalis dedaqalaq mogadiSoSi teroristebis mier gatacebuli TviTfrinavSi mZevlebis gaTavisuflebis SemTxveva, rodesac somalis mTavrobam daxmarebisTvis
dasavleT germanias mimarTa.
54
$ 2. religiuri terorizmi
2.1. religiuri terorizmis fenomenologia
“religia uzrunvelyofs teroris erTaderT
misaReb gamarTlebas”
devid rapoporti
religiuri terorizmis saTaveebi Soreuli istoriuli warsulidan iRebs saTaves. zogierTi religiur-teroristuli jgufi darwmunebulia, rom maT unda gawmindon msoflio axali epoqisaTvis.144 misi calkeuli gamovlinebebi, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Cvens
welTaRricxvamde fiqsirdeba msoflio istoriaSi. Sua saukuneebi
religiuri teroris arnaxuli masStabebiT xasiaTdeboda inkviziciisa da jvarosnuli omebis periodSi. meoce saukunis meore naxevridan islamurma terorizmma saerTaSoriso, globaluri xasiaTi
miiRo. musulmanuri aRmosavleTi qristianuli dasavleTis winaaRmdeg, rogorc erTgvari jvarosnuli laSqroba dasavluri kulturis winaaRmdeg realur safrTxed iqca.145 religiuri terorizmi
saerosTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro damangrevelia. aRniSnuli
gamowveulia RirebulebiTi sistemis radikaluri gansxvavebulobiT, legitimaciisa da TviTgamarTlebis Taviseburi meqanizmis arsebobiT, gansxvavebuli moraluri normebisa da msoflmxedvelobis
qoniT. religiuri teroristisTvis Zaladoba RvTisgan dadgenil
wminda valdebulebad aRiqmeba, romelic xorcieldeba Teologiuri moTxovnebis Sesabamisad da sruliad gamarTlebulia wminda
werilis mixedviT. religia, aqedan gamomdinare, moqmedebs rogorc
garkveuli sanqcioneri, Zaladobis damkanonebeli, romelsac farTo masStabi aqvs da mimarTulia yvela imis winaaRmdeg, vinc ar
warmoadgens teroristTaTvis misaRebi religiis, Tu kultis mimdevars.146dRemde ar aris azrTa erTianoba im sakiTxSi, Tu ra unda
ewodos Tanamedrove islamur moZraobebs, radganac zogierTi avtori maT moixseniebs rogorc fundamentalistebs, zogierTi rogorc radikalebs da eqstremistebs.147 frensis fukiamas axali cnebac ki Semoaqvs "islamo faSizmi".148 migvaCnia, rom obieqturi sinamdvilidan Tu amovalT, umjobesi iqneba SegverCia aRniSnuli movlenisTvis termini “radikaluri islamizmi” da Sesabamisad mim144
ix. D. J.W. Vanderhoof, The Criminology of Terrorism, Copyright © 2001, The University of North
Carolina at Pembroke, www.uncp.edu. 2003.
145
ix. S. P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?,” Foreign Affairs, Summer 1993, pp. 22-49.
146
ix. I. O. Lesser, B. Hoffman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini, B. M. Jenkins. Countering the
New Terrorism. Rand publications Isbn: 0-8330-2667-4, MR-989-AF.Copyright © 1999 Rand.p. 20.
147
ix. E. Sivan, Radical Islam: Medieval Theology and Modern Politics. New Haven, Ct: Yale
University Press, 1985; O. Roy, The Failure of Political Islam. Cambridge, Ma: Harvard University Press,
1994; . J. L. Esposito, ed., Voices of Resurgent Islam. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.
148
ix. F. Fukuyama,“Their Target: The Modern World,” Newsweek January 2002, Internet:
http://www.msnbc.com/news/672448.asp . 2003.
55
devrebisTvis “radikal-islamistebi”, radganac maTi umTavresi mizani islamuri saxelmwifos Seqmnaa, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneba
yuranis normebis mkacr aRsrulebaze.
marTalia, al-qaida da sxva teroristuli organizaciebi mTliani
musulmanuri sivrcis umcires nawils warmoadgenen. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTi rwmena da meTodebi Zirfesvianad ewinaaRmdegeba yuranis ZiriTad debulebebs da tradiciul islamur normebs. al-qaida, iseve rogorc hezbola, hamasi da sxvani warmoSobilia im ZiriTadi musulmanuri fuZidan, rogorc sxva araZaldobrivi musulmanuri mimdinareobebi. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba paraleli gaivlos
ebrael teroristebTan, romlebic gegmavdnen kldis qimis afeTqebas ierusalimSi. ebraelTa umravlesoba, marTalia, dagmobda amgvar saqciels, magram is faqti, rom aRniSnuli aqti daigegma ebraeli fanatikosebis mier da iudaizmis saxeliT, raTa dawyebuliyo
taZris aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi, teroristul aqts aZlevs iudaistur xasiaTs. anda mag., ku-klus-klani, romelic ideur safuZvlad
biblias da qristianul RvTismetyvelebas iyenebs. aRsaniSnavia,
rom ku-klus-klanis yvelaze aqtiuri jgufi aSS-Si amerikel raindTa eklesiaa.
rodesac vmsjelobT islamur terorizmze, ar unda warmovidginoT
mTeli musulmanuri samyaro, arc teroristebs SeuZliaT ilaparakon mTeli musulmanuri samyaros saxeliT.149
2.2. axali msoflio musulmanuri wesrigi
idea “axali msoflio musulmanuri wesrigi” radikal-islamistebSi
meoce saukunis meore naxevridan Camoyalibda. gansakuTrebuli
Rvawli ideologiuri platformis momzadebasa da msoflmxedvelobis axali tipis CamoyalibebaSi ekuTvnis iranis islamuri revoluciis sulisCamdgmels aiaTola homeinis (sruli saxelia aiaTola seied ruhola musavi homeini). homeini iranis Siitebis sulier mamadaa miCneuli da imamad moixsenieben. homeini iyo pirveli
radikal - islamisti, romelmac SemoiRo 12 Siiti imamis kanoni Tanamedrove musulmanuri sazogadoebisTvis.
homeinis SexedulebiT, msoflios sinamdvileSi arsebobs saxelmwifoTa sami sistema: liberaluri, kapitalisturi dasavleTi; aTeisturi, komunisturi aRmosavleTi da moralur, RvTiur kanonebze
damyarebuli islamuri sistema. pirveli ori sistema, rogorc dawinaurebuli sistemebi urTierTqiSpobaSi arian, Tumca orive ewinaaRmdegeba mesame, islamur sistemas, radganac warmoadgenen ra
garkveul politikur blokebs, maTi ideologiuri fesvebi ikvebeba
ara umaRlesi WeSmaritebis wyarodan, aramed Zalauflebis satanis149
ix. J. M. Schachter, The Eye of the Believer Psychological Influences on Counter-Terrorism PolicyMaking , Rand, 2002, p.17.
56
turi survilidan. kapitalizmi da komunizmi, orive iswrafvis simdidrisken da isini aucileblad ganicdian marcxs, radganac isini
sazrdooben adamianuri ideologiiT, aRiareben mxolod fizikur
dominirebas adamianisa adamianze, da adamianuri kanonis dominirebas RvTis kanonze.150
islamuri kanoni universaluri da WeSmaritia. igi scildeba teritoriul da nacionalur SezRudvebs. . . zustad zemoT aRniSnuli
homeinisturi islamizmis ideologiuri radikalizmi da imis aRiareba, rom islamisTvis sazRvrebi ar arsebobs, iZleoda imis varaudis safuZvels, rom islamuri revoluciis eqsportis mcdeloba
iqneboda iranis sazRvrebs gareT. aRsaniSnavia, rom iranis konstituciis Tanaxmad, akrZalulia sxva qveynis Sida saqmeebSi Careva,
nebadarTulia mxolod Tavdacva ucxouri agresiis SemTxvevaSi.
aqedan gamomdinare, sainteresoa, Tu ra pirobiT SeZleben homeinistebi islamuri revoluciis gaCaRebas mTels msoflioSi? SeiZleba
Tu ara am pirobad jihadi gamoiyenon? nebadarTulia Tu ara terorizmi da ZirgamomTxreli saqmianoba jihadis dros? “terorizmi
da jihadi warmoadgenen doqtrinalur winaaRmdegobas. terorizms
ara aqvs araviTari safuZveli “SariaTSi”, amitom teroristebi ar
SeiZleba iyvnen “mujahidebi” (“mujahidun” people involved in jihad). 151
irani musulmani radikalebisTvis ganxorcielebuli ocnebaa, kerZod, es aris saxelmwifo musulmanuri wesrigiT, igi realurad arsebobs da imedis momcemia msofilo musulmanuri wesrigisTvis
brZolis saqmeSi.
1979 wlis iranis revolucia kvlavac did gavlenas axdens dRevandeli axlo aRmosavleTis sinamdvileze, zurgs umagrebs radikalurad ganwyobil islamist aqtivistebs da amarTlebs maT mier Zaladobis _ jihadis - gamoyenebas.152Tavis droze homeini, xolo Semdgom misi mimdevrebi, axorcieleben islamuri revoluciis eqsports msoflioSi. aRniSnuli gamoixateba ideologiur propagandaSi, Sesabamisi saganmanaTleblo religiuri skolebis, e.w. medresebis daarsebaSi, separatistuli moZraobebis, islamoterorizmis
da sxva dafinansebaSi, iaraRiT momaragebaSi, samxedro – ZirgamomTxreli meTodebis swavlebaSi da a.S.
ukanasknel wlebSi terorizmis miznobrivma mxarem cvlilebebi ganicada. Tuki adre terorizmis mizans saxelmwifo xelisuflebaze
150
ix. F. R. Homeyni on Man, State, and International Politics, Vol. 13, Lanham, Md: University Press
of America, 1984, pp. 75-77
151
ix. M. M. Elbakry, “Different Conceptions of Jihad and Its Relevance to Contemporary Trends of
Islamic Movements,”Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, Vol. 9, No. 4,1987, p.64.
152
ix. Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. S. C. Pelletiere Editor May 15, 1995
Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pa 17013-5050. p.28.
57
zemoqmedeba warmoadgenda, amJamad aRniSnuli mizani saxelmwifos
sruli demontaJi da axali islamuri tipis saxelmwifos agebaa.153
2.3. konfliqtis islamisturi gageba
religiur kulturaTa umravlesobaSi Cadebulia konfliqtis garkveuli koncefcia, romlic miiCneva religiis ganadgurebisagan
dacvis saSualebad. am mxriv, arc islamia gamonaklisi. konfliqtis islamuri gageba, romelic “jihadad” iwodeba, gulisxmobs
“brZolas RvTis erTi bilikisaTvis” (jihad fi sabil Allah). jihadi rogorc “ummah”-is (ummah –i, es aris WeSmariti rwmenis mimdevari sazogadoeba) fizikuri da sulieri dacva yoveli musulmanis sapatio valia, xolo jihadis dros gardacvlili Tavdadebuli musulmani Tavisufldeba codvebisgan da dauyovnebliv samoTxeSi
xvdeba.154 yuranis mixedviT, romelic aris islamuri kanonmdeblobis ZiriTadi materialuri wyaro, jihadi nebadarTul Zaladobaze
ufro mets niSnavs. jihadi samarTliani omis iuridiuli sanqciaa.155
Siiti filosofosi seid hosein nasris sityvebi: “jihadi ara mxolod islamuri gavlenis sferoebis dacva an maTi gafarToebaa,
aramed yoveli musulmanis maradiuli Sinagani brZola yovelive
imis winaaRmdeg, rac SeiZleba win aRudges WeSmaritebas da daarRvios maTi sulieri wonasworoba. didi saRvTo omi (al-jihad al-akbar),
pirvel rigSi, gamoixateba marTlmorwmunis uxilav sulier brZolaSi. brZolaSi, romelic aris saSualeba gaukvalos biliki
ufals (alahs) sakuTari gulis siRrmisken.156
“istoriulad jihads arasodes hqonia statikuri gageba, adaptaciuri da moqnili, igi mowodebulia imisTvis, rom aRasrulos islamuri imperializmis moTxovnebi saerTaSoriso arenaze. aramusulmanur samyarosTan mimarTebaSi jihadi warmoadgens saSualebas, risi meSveobiTac radikaluri musulmanuri ideologia cdilobs
gardaqmnas musulmanuri social-politikuri Rirebulebebi. . . islamistebis mizans warmoadgens musulmanuri axlo aRmosavleTis
Seqmna da ganviTareba, xolo jihadi radikalur-islamisturi revoluciis gamarjvebis upirvelesi pirobaa. radikal-islamistebisaT-
153
ix. В.П. Емельянов. Проблемы ответственности за международный террорим//Государство и
право. 2000 №1, cc. 70-77.
154
ix. Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War
College, Carlisle Barracks, Editor S. C.Pelletiere, May 15, 1995, p. 29
155
ix. M. Khadduri, War and Peace in the Law of Islam, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1955, p. 57.
156
ix. S. H. Nasr, Islamic Life and Thought, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1981, p. 195.
58
vis jihadi aris sruliad misaRebi da kanonieri saSualeba istoriuli islamuri Zlierebis aRdgenisTvis.”157
yurani, romelic aris RvTis ucvleli, maradiuli da saboloo
sityva, qveSevrdomebs avaldebulebs itvirTon jihadis tvirTi. jihadi Zalas iRebs im uZiriTadesi principidan, rom islami aris erTaderTi WeSmariteba, romelic Seucvlelia dasabamidan.158
jihadi, rogorc termini, meqas gamocxadebebSi ganmartebulia, rogorc alahTan daaxloebisaTvis marTlmorwmune musulmanis sulieri brZola. musulman mecnierTa umravlesoba jihads ganmartavs
rogorc araZaladobriv brZolas yuraniT dadgenili wesebis aRsasruleblad, e.i. kamaTs (urwmunoebTan) da islamis qadagebas. medinas suris mixedviT, yurani nebas aZlevs musulmans, xmali aRmarTos mxolod Tavdacvis mizniT.
rodesac musulmanuri qveynebi moeqcnen evropis Zlieri kulturul-politikuri gavlenis qveS, dasavleTis aqtiuri “Tavdasxmis”
pasuxad TiToeul musulmanSi unda Camoyalibebuliyo aqtiuri
“Tavdacva”, raTa daecvaT TavianTi cxovrebis wesi, rogorc es miTiTebulia musulmanur wminda werilSi. gansakuTrebiT unda daecvaT axalgazrdoba dasavleTis damRupveli gavlenisgan.159 “milionobiT musulmanisTvis, romlebic Tvlian, rom maT Trgunavs ebraul-qristianuli samyaro, pirvel rigSi ki, amerika, ben-ladenis istoria daviTisa da goliaTis Serkinebis Tanamedrove legendas
warmoadgens.”160
islamis ganStoebebSi, sunizmsa da SiitizmSi jihadis istoriulad
ori gansxvavebuli gagebaa. klasikuri sunizmis mixedviT, romelic
gavrcelebuli iyo arabTa islamur imperiaSi, jihadi gagebuli
iyo, rogorc marTlmorwmuneTa (musulmanuri aRmsareblobis sazogadoebis) dacva da saxelmwifos teritoriuli gafarToeba imperiuli wyobis saxiT (absolituri Zalaufleba qveSevrdom xalxebze
Tu saxelmwifoebze). sunizmisgan gansxvavebiT, Siituri tradicia
moiTxovda, rom jihadi gamocxadebuli yofiliyo mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adgili hqonda marTlmorwmuneTa (musulmanTa)
diskriminacias, usamarTlobas, Seviwroebas e.i satanur moqmedebebs.161
konfliqtis sunitur da Siitur gagebaSi aRniSnuli sakmaod mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba ZiriTadad imiTaa gamowveuli, rom istoriu157
ix. Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War
College, Carlisle Barracks, Editor S. C.Pelletiere, May 15, 1995, p. 44.
158
ix. The Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed., Vol. 2,London: Luzae and Co., 1960, p. 538.
159
ix. R. Peters, Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern Islam, The Hague,
Netherlands: Mouton, 1979, p.133.
160
ix. Р. Жаккар. Именем Усамы Вен Ладена. Москва, “Олма-пресс” 2002, c. 32.
161
ix. A. M. Mutahhari, Fundamentals of Islamic Thought: God, Man and the Universe, ed., Hamid
Algac, trans., R. Campbell, Berkeley, Ca: Mizan Press, 1985, p. 93
59
lad Siitebi sunitebis mxridan daTrgunul mdgomareobaSi iyvnen.
mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi Siitebi cxovrobdnen sunitebis
daqvemdebarebaSi da Seadgendnen umciresobas. Siitebis TvalSi sunitebi iyvnen uzurpatorebi, romlebsac brali miuZRvodaT Siituri sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg. sunitebis mmarTveloba teritoriebze, sadac Siituri umravlesoba cxovrobda, aniWebda aseT teritoriebs Siituri TvalTaxedviT dar-al harbis (Dar al-Harb brZolis
adgili, sadac musulmani ibrZvis “SaiTanebTan” (urwmunoebTan))
statuss. aqedan gamomdinare Siituri jihadis mizani mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom gawmindos samyaro usamarTlobisagan, romelic mimarTulia Siituri sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg sunitebis da sxva
eretikosebis mxridan....162
saboloo jamSi, SexedulebebSi mcire sxvaobis miuxedavad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom jihadi sunitebisTvis da SiitebisTvis aris kanonieri iaraRi da saSualeba, romlis meSveobiTac “ummah” (musulmanuri
aRmsareblobis sazogadoeba) aregulirebs urTierTobas ara musulmanur samyarosTan, jihadi aris konfliqtis gadaWris religiurad aRiarebuli xerxi.163
aRsaniSnavia, rom jihadis koncefciaSi Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis
aspeqtebs Soris mkveTri zRvari ar arsebobs. jihadis sunituri
modelis ZiriTad niSans Seadgens principi, romlis mixedviTac politika religiisgan ganuyofelia. aRniSnuli principi “jihad”-s,
rogorc konfliqtis gadaWris koncepcias damatebiT damajereblobas matebs. politikis da religiis ganuyofloba, rogorc principi, saTaves iRebs islamur-Teoriuli debulebidan, romlis Tanaxmad, “ummah”-i (musulmanuri aRmsareblobis sazogadoeba) da xelisufleba gaerTianda alahis nebiT xalifatad. xalifati axorcielebs alahis nebas, igi valdebulia ganavrcos da gaaZlieros islami.
yurani krZalavs jihads musulmanebs Soris, istoriulad arsebul
konfliqtebs musulmani Teologebi aZleven ubralod omis (harb)
kvalifikacias da kicxaven aseT movlenebs, Tvlian ra aseT faqtebs socialur gadaxrad, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba “SariaTs”.164
islamistebis TvalTaxedviT msoflio ramdenime sferod iyofa:
1. “umahi” (ummah), sadac batonobs “SariaTi” da rwmena mtkicea.
2. “dar al-islami” (Dar al-Islam) _ adgili, romelic musulmanTa xelisuflebis qveSaa da sadac jihadi hegemonobisTvis brZolis iaraRia.
162
ix. Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War
College, Carlisle Barracks, Editor S. C.Pelletiere, May 15, 1995, p. 36.
163
ix. M. Khadduri, War and Peace in the Law of Islam, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1955, p. 57.
164
ix. Terrorism: national security policy and the home front. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War
College, Carlisle Barracks, Editor S. C.Pelletiere, May 15, 1995, pp. 31 -33.
60
3. “dar al-harbi” (Dar al-Harb) _ brZolis adgili, sadac musulmani ibrZvis “SaiTanebTan” (urwmunoebTan).
4. “jihadis” koncepciaSi, istoriul kanonzomierebebis gamo
Camoyalibda “dar al-sulh” (Dar al-Sulh) anu dazavebis zona. sadac
Tanaarsebobis aucileblobidan gamomdinare, dadebuli SeTanxmebebis gamo, “SariaTs” yvelasTvis savaldebulo Zala ara aqvs.165
musulmani teroristebi jihadisken bavSvebsac mouwodeben. aRwerilia SemTxveva, rodesac erT-erT sofelSi adgilobrivi molas mowodebis Sedegad 500 mozardi mzad iyo SeerTeboda Talibanis moZraobas. molas mowodeba ase JRerda: “is vinc sarwmunoebisTvis oms
ewireba, ar kvdeba! is, vinc midis jihadSi, samudamod cocxlobs
samoTxeSi”166
165
ix. R. Peters, Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern Islam, The Hague,
Netherlands: Mouton, 1979, pp. 34-35.
166
ix. J. Gettleman, “Prisoner of Jihad,” Los Angeles Times, July 21, 2002, p.1.
61
$ 3. eTno-separatistuli terorizmi
3.1. eTno-separatistuli terorizmis
fenomenologia
eTno – separatistuli terorizmi eTnikuri konfliqtis erT-erTi
formaa. eTno - separatistebisTvis terorizmi xSirad xdeba sasurveli politikuri Sedegis miRwevis saSualeba. eTnopolitikur
konfliqtologiaSi aRiarebulia, rom eTnikur konfliqtebs safuZvlad eTnikuri pluralizmi udevs. politikuri sistemis eTnikuri
pluralizmis cnebaSi igulisxmeba sazogadoebis erTi politikuri
sistemis sazRvrebSi sxvadasxva eTnosis arseboba... Tanamedrove
msoflioSi politikuri sistemebis didi umravlesoba polieTnikuria... jer kidev me-20 saukunis 70-ian wlebSi mecnierebi aRniSnavdnen, rom msoflioSi arsebuli saxelmwifoebidan mxolod 9% (132dan 12) Tavisi mosaxleobiT warmoadgenda eTnikurad homogenurs.167
dRes msoflioSi saxelmwifoTa ricxvi 200 aRemateba, Tumca amis
miuxedavad, eTnikuri pluralizmi kidev ufro gaizarda. eTnokonfliqtologebi TavianT SromebSi eTnikuri pluralizmis sam ZiriTad mizezs gamoyofen: 1) teritoriuli eqspansia anda dapyrobiTi
omebi, 2) evropuli kolonizaciis da Semdgomi dekolonizaciis
procesebi, 3) mosaxleobis masobrivi gadaadgileba anda eTnikuri
migraciis procesebi.168
konfliqtebis problema yvelaze mwvaved iCens Tavs mravalerovan
sazogadoebaSi da msoflio eTnokonfliqtebis umravlesobac swored iq xdeba. konfliqti ara mxolod im konkretul jgufze axdens destruqciul zemoqmedebas, romelSic is viTardeba, aramed
es zemoqmedeba vrceldeba jaWvuri reaqciis saxiT sxva sazogadoebazec. TavisTavad erovnuloba ukavSirdeba eTnoss. mecnierebi
Tvlian, rom eTnosi aris socialuri jgufis gansakuTrebuli saxe,
romelic aRmocendeba ara calkeul individebis surviliT, aramed
garkveuli bunebriv-istoriuli procesis Sedegad. eTnoss axasiaTebs SedarebiTi mdgradoba. esa Tu is eTnosi, Cveulebriv, arsebobs saukuneebis ganmvlobaSi, mas aqvs TviTwodeba da, rac mTavaria, eTnosis arsebobisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba masSi
gaerTianebul adamianTa TviTSegnebas. eTnosTan urTierTidentifikacia da gansxvaveba sxva msgavsi erTobebisagan gamoixateba. antiTeziT ,,Cven-isini,”TviTSegnebis garda, romelsac eTnikur TviTSegnebasac uwodeben, arsebobs am eTnosSi Semavali xalxis obieqturi, realuri maxasiaTeblebi. es maxasiaTeblebi, Cveulebriv, im integraciuli da diferencialuri niSnebis erTobliobaa, romelic
167
ix. Идентичность и конфликт в постсоветских государствах. Под ред. М. Олкотт, В. Тишкова,
А. Малашенко. М., 1997, сc. 320-321.
168
ix. А.Р. Аклаев. Этно – Политическая конфликтология : Анализ и менеджмент. М., 2005, с. 26
62
Tavs iCens eTnosis wevrTa cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi. erT-erTi aseTi mniSvnelovani sferoa ena, rogorc eTnosis wevrTa sakomunikacio saSualeba. enasTan erTad, eTnosis arsebobis ganmsazRvrelia kultura, upirvelesad ki, misi iseTi komponentebi, romlebsac aqvT tradiciuli, masobrivi xasiaTi da vlindeba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. eTnosis kulturuli erToba, Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebulia eTnosis wevrTa zogierT fsiqikur TaviseburebasTan.
es fsiqikuri Taviseburebebi, saboloo jamSi, qmnis eTnikur (erovnul) xasiaTs. aseve unda aRvniSnoT, rom sruliad ar aris aucilebeli
CamoTvlil niSanTagan nebismieri mxolod da mxolod
erTi garkveuli eTnosisaTvis iyos specifikuri (mag.: inglisur
enaze metyvlebs ara mxolod erTi eTnosi-ingliselebi, aramed anglo-saqsebi, Crdilo amerikelebi da a.S.). eTnosis Tavisebureba gamoixateba ara romelime erTi komponentiT, aramed mxolod misTvis
damaxasiaTebel obieqtur TvisebaTa erTobliobiT. magram arc es
niSnavs imas, rom eTnosi TvisebaTa, niSanTa ubrlo Tavmoyraa. igi
gansazRvruli mTlianobaa, romelSic ZiriTad rols asruleben
sxvadasxva komponentebi. erT SemTxvevaSi mTavaria ena, meoreSi sameurneoyofiTi Taviseburebebi, mesameSi - qcevis damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebi da a.S.169
statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT, me-20 saukunis 80-ian wlebSi
msoflioSi saxelmwifoTa TiTqmis naxevari moicva eTnikur safuZvelze warmoSobilma politikurma dapirispirebam. 80-ian wlebSi
momxdari 120 SeiaraRebuli konfliqtidan 98 eTnikuri iyo.170
Tanamedrove samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebel faqtors warmoadgens
e.w. “konfliqtis asimetriuli formebi”. “civi omis” xanis damTavrebis Semdeg konfliqtebis umravlesobis ukan aRar dgas komunisturi an kapitalisturi politikuri banaki, romlebic erTmaneTs
konfliqtis e.w. “simetriuli formiT” upirispirdebodnen. “civi
omis” dros dapirispireba ZiriTadad saxelmwifoebs Soris mimdinareobda, Zaladobis obieqts warmoadgenda mowinaaRmdege saxelmwifos samxedro Zalebi. Tanamedrove epoqaSi “asimetriuli konfliqtis” pirobebSi Zaladobis obieqts ZiriTadad mSvidobiani mosaxleoba warmoadgens, amasTan, konfliqtebma dakarga saerTaSoriso xasiaTi da lokalur masStabebSi moeqca, romelTa drosac
xSiradaa gamoyenebuli teroristuli brZolis meTodebi. stokholmis mSvidobis institutis gamokvlevebis mixedviT, 1989-1996 wlebSi
102 SeiaraRebuli konfliqtidan mxolod 6 iyo saerTaSoriso, xolo danarCeni 96 - Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi.171
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi eTnikuri konfliqtebi xSirad iZens separatistul mimarTulebas. rogorc msoflio gamocdileba gviCvenebs,
169
ix. konfliqtebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi. red.: meliqiSvili, Tbilisi,
1997, gv. 34.
170
ix. А.В. Картунов, О.А. Маруховская, Этнополитические конфликты: актуалость, определение,
задачи// Материалы междунар. конгресса конфликтологов // Под ред. И. Степанова. М., 2001. с.
194.
171
ix. А.Р. Аклаев. Этно – Политическая конфликтология : Анализ и менеджмент. М., 2005. с. 31
63
separatistebi brZolis politikur meTodebTan erTad iyeneben Zaladobis sxvadasxva formebs, maT Soris terorizms. mizanSewonilia, gaxilul iqnes ramdenime magaliTi, rodesac terorizmi eTnikuri konfliqtis iaraRad iqna gamoyenebuli
3.2. irlandiis nacionalur –
gamanTavisuflebeli armia172
irlandiuri teroristuli dajgufeba “IRA”, romelic dRemde mosvenebas ukargavs britaneTis mTavrobas, ukve aTeuli wlebia ibrZvis irlandiis inglisisgan gamoyofisa da damoukidebeli irlandiuri saxelmwifos SeqmnisaTvis. irlandiuri erovnul-gamanTavisuflebeli brZolis fesvebi Sua saukuneebSi unda veZeboT.
aRniSnulma brZolam XIII saukunidan gansakuTrebuli intensivoba
SeiZina. Tumca, rac ufro aqtiurdebodnen irlandielebi, miT ufro metad Zlierdeboda maTze britanuli Zalebis zewola. Mmas
Semdeg rac inglisma daTmo koloniebi, irlandia kvlav mougvarebel problemad darCa.
irlaniis gamanTavisuflebeli armia “IRA” Camoyalibda 1919 wels.
is iyo irlandiuri politikuri partiis ,, Shinn Féin"(rac sityva sityviT niSnavs ,,Cven TviTon”) saidumlo samxedro dajgufeba, romelic partizanul brZolebs awarmoebda inglisis winaaRmdeg. misi
mizani irlandiis teritoriidan inglisis gandevna da irlandiis
damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmna iyo.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi inglisma da irlandiam miiRes deklaracia, romlis Tanaxmadac, irlandia avtonomiad gamocxadda, romelsac sakuTari TviTmmarTveloba eqneboda, anu yvela is ufleba,
rac damoukidebel saxelmwifos gaaCnia, oRond didi britaneTis
sazRvrebSi. protestanti irlandielebi dakmayofildnen miRweuliT, ramac kaTolike irlandielebis reaqcia ufro metad gaamwvava. Aam faqtma irlandielebs Soris seriozuli ganxeTqileba gamoiwvia, eTnikurTan erTad Tavi iCina religiurma eqstremizmmac,
konfliqtma faqtobrivad eTno-religiuri Sinarsi SeiZina. gaCnda
“IRA”-ს ramdenime mimarTuleba. kaTolike da protestanti irlandielebi gaemijnen erTmaneTs. mogvianebiT gaCnda kidev mesame mimarTuleba, romelic mSvidobian propagandistul brZolas eweoda173.
britaneli eqspertebis cnobiT, “IRA”-s dasafinanseblad yovelwliurad grovdeboda 9-dan 16 milion aSS dolaramde. dafinanse172
Provisional Irish Republican Army, teroristuli organizacia irlandiis nacionalur - gamanTavisuflebeli armia teqstSi moxseniebuli iqneba rogorc “IRA”.
173
ix. Е. Кожушко. Современный терроризм. Минск, Харвест, 2000, c. 174.
64
bis wyaro iyo, rogorc aralegaluri biznesi, ise ideologiur
mxardamWerTa nebayoflobiTi Semowiruloba, amerikis irlandiuri
diaspora. irlandiur ludis barebSi idga yuTebi, warweriT ,,daxmareba Cvens irlandiel Zmebs’’, sadac TanamemamuleebisTvis fuls
yridnen. protestantul eklesiebSi wirvis Semdeg ikribebodnen irlandiuli diasporis wevrebi, ewyoboda saidumlo krebebi, grovdeboda Tanxebi ajanyebulebis dasafinanseblad174.
“IRA”-s operatiuli bazebi, irlandiis garda, ganlagebuli iyo
aSS-Si, germaniaSi, italiaSi, espaneTSi da Sua aziaSi. “IRA”-s sakuTari dazverva da kontrdazverva hyavda. misi informatorebi gamovlindnen irlandiisa da inglisis samarTaldamcav organoebSic175.
“IRA”-m moRvaweoba irlandiis teritoriaze ganlagebuli inglisuri Zalovan struqturebis warmomadgenlobebze TavdasxmebiT daiwyo. MmaTi mTavari devizi iyo: ,,sikvdili inglisel jariskacs." mogvianebiT “IRA”-s samoqmedo areali TandaTan gafarTovda, dublinidan londonamde da Ffaqtobrivad mTeli inglisis teritoria moicva. Ddaixvewa teroristebis moqmedebis taqtika da maTi samizne
mSvidobiani moqalaqeebic gaxdnen. teraqtebi ewyoboda xalxmraval
adgilebSi, raTa garTulebuliyo dazaralebulebis evakuacia da
gazrdiliyo msxverplianoba.176
sisastikeSi arc inglisuri mTavroba Camouvardeboda “IRA”-s. me-20
saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi 350-amde eTnikuri irlandieli
daapatimres, romelTa umravlesoba ar monawileobda SeiaraRebul
konfliqtSi, magram “IRA”-s TanaugrZnobda. dapatimrebulebze inglisur cixeebSi im dros arsebul wamebis yvela meTods iyenebdnen, ris Sedegadac aTobiT irlandieli politpatimari daiRupa.177
inglisur-irlandiuri konfliqtis daregulirebas xels uSlida
is, rom mxareebi molaparakebaze arc ki fiqrobdnen. inglisis
mTavrobas me-20 saukunis 80-ian wlebamde teroristebTan dialogze
wasvla ar ucdia. problemis gadaWris gzebze realurad aravis
ufiqria. Ppirveli saidumlo molaparakebebi 1985 wels daiwyo,
romlis mizanic cecxlis upirobo Sewyveta iyo, Tumca uSedegod:
arc “IRA” Tmobda poziciebs da arc inglisis mTavroba.
pirveli realuri Sedegi miRweuli iyo 1997 wels. irlandiaSi Catarda arCevnebi, sadac gamarjveba im Zalebma moipoves, romlebic
ideologiur brZolas uWerdnen mxars da ewinaaRmdegebodnen uazro sisxlisRvras.
174
ix.
ix.
176
ix.
177
ix.
175
http://www.ng.ru//tag/ira, 2010.
iqve
http://www.varyag-stunts.narod.ru/irahistory-ira.html, 2010
http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/lanzov/article/lan/lan-0030.htm, 2011.
65
aRsaniSnavia, rom ganiaraRebis iniciativiT
molaparakebebi ganiaraRebis saerTaSoriso
viTarebaSi gaimarTa. ise rom, zustad ar
xelT arsebuli yvela sabrZolo saSualeba
TviTon “IRA” gamovida.
komisiasTan saidumlo
aris cnobili “IRA”-m
Caabara Tu ara.178
“IRA” dReisaTvis aRar awyobs farTo masStabian teraqtebs, Tumca
unda aRiniSnos, rom konfliqti srulad mogvarebuli jer kidev
ar aris. rogorc eqspertebi varaudoben, ar aris gamoricxuli,
rom “IRA”-m erT dRes kvlav ganaaxlos saomari moqmedebebi.179
3.3. qveyana da Tavisufleba baskebs180
Tanamedrove samyaroSi religiur da eTnikur niadagze warmoSobili konfliqtebi sul ufro xSiria, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is ukve
mTeli msoflios sens warmoadgens. Mmcire socialuri jgufebi
TviTgadarCenisaTvis ibrZvian, es brZola scildeba ideologiur
da Teoriul brZolas da SeiaraRebul dapirispirebaSi gadadis,
rac sakmaod saSiS xasiaTs iZens. did socialur jgufebSi asimilaciisaTvis ganwiruli mcirericxovani jgufebi, iqneba es eTnikuri Tu religiuri, xmauris gamowveviT cdiloben sakuTari Tavis
gamoxatvas da danarCeni samyaros yuradRebis miqcevas. maTi brZolis erTY- erTi yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli saSualeba terorizmia, romelic sazogadoebaze ZaladobiT cdilobs saxelmwifos
politikuri wyobisa da ekonomikis dasustebas.
erT-erTi aseTi konfliqtis niadagzea aRmocenebuli baskuri teroristuli dajgufebaa ,, “ETA”. frankos diqtaturis dros baskeTma dakarga avtonomia, daiwyo represiebi baski xalxis mimarT,
aikrZala baskuri xelovneba, baskur enaze swavleba da ase Semdeg,
rasac, bunebrivia, baski xalxis protesti mohyva. 1959 wlis 31 ivliss Seiqmna baskuri eqstremistuli dajgufeba, romelic dakompleqtebuli iyo baskuri nacionaluri partiis axalgazrda memarcxeneebisgan. Emisi Camoyalibebis umTavres mizans damoukidebeli
baskuri saxelmwifos Seqmna da dakarguli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis aRdgena warmoadgenda. es ar iyo mxolod ideologiuri brZola, am moTxovnebis wamoyeneba TavisTavad frankos reJimis
winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebul brZolas niSnavda.
Tavdapirvelad “ETA” didi simpaTiiTa da TanadgomiT sargeblobda ara mxolod baskebSi, aramed espanelebSic, radganac maTi moT178
ix. http://www.ng.ru//tag/ira, 2010.
ix. http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/lanzov/article/lan/lan-0030.htm, 2011
180
Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, teroristuli organizacia “qveyana da Tavisufleba
179
baskebs” teqstSi moxseniebuli iqneba rogorc “ETA”
66
xovnebi patriotuli da samarTliani Canda. Aaseve mxardaWera hqonda qveynis gareTac: “ETA” wevrebs safrangeTSi politikuri TavSesafaris miReba SeeZloT, sxva radikalurad ganwyobili teroristuli organizaciebi fuliTa da iaraRiT amaragebden. 181
organizaciis ZiriTadi samizne politikosebi, samxedro pirebi da
policielebi iyvnen. itacebdnen saxelmwifo moxeleebs politikuri moTxovnebiT, awyobdnen Tavdasxmebs samxedro yazarmebsa da policiis Senobebze. Ffrankos sikvdilis Semdeg baskeTma kvlav farTo avtonomia moipova, magram radikalurma dajgufebam moRvaweoba
mainc ar Sewyvita, misi mTavari moTxovna kvlav baskeTis sruli
damoukidebloba iyo, rasac espaneTis mTavroba ukve veRar Seasrulebda, Tumca mTel rig daTmobebze mainc wavida teroristebTan:
gamoacxada amnistia da molaparakebebze dasTanxmda, rasac teroristebi afeTqebebis seriebiT pasuxobdnen. Mmoxda ise, rom safrangeTmac uari Tqva “ETA” -s wevrebisaTvis politikuri TavSesafaris micemaze, isini faqtobrivad ukve kriminalebi iyvnen yvelas
TvalSi.
Ddakarges mxardaWera da pativiscema ubralo xalxis
mxridanac, radgan exla ukve es xalxi gaxda maTi samizne : Zarcvavdnen bankebs, itacebdnen ubralo moqalaqeebs gamosasyidis miRebis mizniT da a.S. teroristuli organizaciis qmedebam uaryofiTad imoqmeda baskuri provinciebis ekonomikur ganviTarebazec,
radgan arsebuli daZabulobis gamo, sagrZnoblad Semcirda investiciebi. espaneTis mTavrobam Seurigebeli brZola gamoucxada teroristebs da aqtiur qmedebaze gadavida, riTic miaRwia “ETA”-s
izolacias rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis farglebs gareT.
“ETA” evrokavSiris teroristul organizaciaTa siaSia Sesuli.182@
181
182
ix. Е. Кожушко. Современный терроризм. Минск, Харвест, 2000, cc.194-195.
ix. http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/lanzov/991147, 2010
67
3.4. Tamil-ilamis gamaTavisuflebeli
vefxvebi183
meore msoflio omis Semdeg inglisma koloniebis gaTavisufleba
daiwyo. 1948 wels ceilons farTo avtonomia mieniWa didi britaneTis imperiis farglebSi. mogvianebiT ceilonis avtonomia ,,Srilankis damoukidebel saxelmwifo’’-d gamocxadda, sadac saxelmwifo ena singaluri iyo, xelisufleba ki aqtiurad mxars uWerda budistur kulturas. Aamas isic daemata, rom saxelmwifom uari uTxra moqalaqeobaze ignliselebis mier mosamsaxureebad Camosaxlebuli indoeli Tamalebis STamomavlobas da maTi indoeTSi deportacia daiwyo. aRniSnulma viTarebam Tamalebis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, isini Tavs daCagrul umciresobad acxadebdnen. swored am
periodSi Camoyalibda pirveli Tamiluri eqstremistuli organizacia ,,TamilTa gamanTavisuflebeli erovnuli fronti’’,184 romlis mizani Tamil-ilamis185 damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmna
iyo, Tumca es organizacia brZolis mxolod ideologiur meTodebs iyenebda.
1976 wels organizacias radikalurad ganwyobili axalgazrdebis
jgufi gamoeyo, romlebic ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen ,,erovnuli
frontis’’ umoqmedobis gamo. Aswored am dros Camoyalibda eqstremistuli gaerTianeba ,,Tigv’’ igive ,,Tamil-ilamis gamaTavisuflebeli vefxvebi’’, romelsac saTaveSi edga 18 wlis velipulai pxabxakarani, romelic gamoirCeoda sisastikiTa da daundoblobiT ara
marto sxvebis, aramed sakuTari Tavis mimarTac. rogorc ambobdnen,
mas yelze ekida cianidis ampula, romelsac inaxavda im SemTxvevisaTvis, Tu mas tyveoba daemuqreboda. aseTive Tavganwirvas moiTxovda TanamebrZolebis mxridanac. es asec iyo, yvelaze meti TviTmkvleli teroristi msoflioSi arsebul organizaciaTa Soris
,,vefxvebs’’ hyavT, romelTa Soris arian qalebi da bavSvebic ki.
1987-2000 wlebSi ganxorcielebul 168 teroristul aqtSi 292 kamikaZe-teroristi daiRupa. maTi meSveobiT moawyves teraqti indoeTis
premier-ministr rajiv gandize da Sri-lankis prezidentze. ,,vefxvebis’’ liderma miaRwia imas, rom ,,LTTE’’ msoflioSi yvelaze
stabiluri da mravalricxovani teroristuli organizaciaa, romelic Tavis rigebSi 1990 wlisaTvis daaxloebiT 14 aTasamde terorists iTvlida.186
,,vefxvebis’’ sisastikeze miuTiTebs isic, rom maT teroristi bavSvebis razmebi aqvT Camoyalibebuli. Uumcrosi Svilebi mZevlebad
mihyavT iqamde, vidre maTi ufrosi Zmebi maTTan erTad brZolaSi
183 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam – LTTE teroristuli
organizacia Tamil-ilamis gamanTavisuflebeli vefxvebi teqstSi moxseniebuli iqneba rogorc
“LTTE”
184
ix. Г. Таргонский Шри-Ланка: «место, где был рай». www.akm1917.org/vzgl/vz25-63.htm, 2010
,,Tamil-ilami’’ niSnavs TamilTa qveyanas.
186
ix. www.nationalsecurity.ru/library/00016/00016ltte3.htm
185
68
ar Caebmebian. xSirad xdeba ise, rom es bavSvebi ukan aRar brundebian, da amas nebayoflobiT akeTeben, radgan maTze fsiqologiuri
zegavlena teroristebis mxridan Zalze didia. ,,vefxvebi’’ pirdapir
skolebSi atareben video gakveTilebs, sadac bavSvebs maT mier Cadenil ,,sagmiro saqmeebze’’ uyvebian, Aamis sawinaaRmdegod ki maswavleblebi verafers akeTeben. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT gaeros
specialuri sadamkvirveblo komisiac iyo TamilebTan Casuli, maT
sakuTari TvaliT naxes es bavSvebi, magram iqidan xelcarielni
dabrundnen, radgan bavSvebi acxadebdnen, rom isini nebayoflobiT
midiodnen sabrZolvelad, xolo Tamilebi arwmunebdnen komisiis
warmomadgenlebs, rom isini mcirewlovan bavSvebs ar iyenebdnen
saomrad. Aam dros ki teroristuli gazeTebi xotbas asxamdnen patara ,,vefxvebs’’, romelTac sicocxle ar enanebaT TavisuflebisaTvis. 187
,,LTTE’’ sakmaod kargad dafinansebuli organizaciaa, maTi dafinansebis ZiriTadi wyaro emigranti Tamilebi arian, romlebic msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeebSia mimofantuli, magaliTad: kanadaSi ,,kanadeli Tamilebis asociacia’’, aSS-Si ,,msoflio TamilTa moZraoba’’ da sxva. aseve arian evropisa da aziis qveynebSi. isini ,,vefxvebs’’ fuliTa da iaraRiT amarageben. ,,LTTE’’ SesaniSnavad aris
SeiaraRebuli saxmeleTo, sazRvao da sahaero sabrZolo arsenaliT. 188 A
pirveli teroristuli aqti ,,vefxvebma’’ 1983 wels moawyves. isini
Tavs daesxnen singalur samxedro manqanas, sadac aTobiT jariskaci daiRupa. Aamas sapasuxod singalelebis reaqciac mohyva da daiwyo omi, romelic xanmokle SesvenebebiT dRemde mimdinareobs.
Mmolaparakebebze Tamilebi saerTod uars acxadebdnen. Sri-lankis
prezidenti Candrika kumaratunga winasaarCevno kampaniis dros acxadebda, rom aqtiurad iTanamSromlebda TamilebTan regionSi
mSvidobis dasamyareblad. Mmagram, mas Semdeg, rac masze teraqti
moawyves, romelic araa gamoricxuli, rom misive politikuri xriki yofiliyo, man ganacxada, rom daundoblad ibrZolebda Tamilebis winaaRmdeg.189
didi xani araa, rac Tamilebi da singalelebi molaparakebebze dasTanxmdnen. Ppirveli Sexvedra Sedga 2009 wlis aprilSi, mas Semdeg, rac saxelisuflebo ZalebTan Setakebisas daiRupa maTi ucvleli lideri, didi iyo cocxali Zalis danakargic. Mmolaparakebebi tailndSi sam etapad unda Catardes, sadac ZiriTad sakiTxad
TamilTa avtonomiuri respublikis Seqmnis sakiTxi iqneba ganixiluli.
187
ix. http://studies.agentura.ru/tr/tigrs/ Марина Латышева ,, Страна тигров’'
ix. http://www.soldiering.ru/war/sri_lanka/sri_lanka.war-at-sea.php
189
ix. http://crynews.ru/orgprint/89.html, 2011.
188
69
bevrs ar sjera, rom Tamilebi daiRalnen omiT da mSvidoba moenatraT. savaraudoa, rom es nabiji aSkarad miuTiTebs maT dasustebaze. amis Ggarda, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teraqtis Semdeg antiteroristul koaliciaSi gaerTianebulma saxelmwifoebma daundobeli brZola gamoucxades terorizms, romelTa siaSi ,,LTTE’’-c Sesulia. DTalibebis es nabiji SeiZleba TviTgadarCenis surviliT
iyos gamowveuli.190
ceilonSi arsebuli omi Tavisi ucnaurobiTac gamoirCeva, aRsaniSnavia, rom mravalwliani sastiki brZolebis ganmavlobaSi ,,LTTE” s arc erTi teraqti ar ganuxorcielebia ucxoeli turistebis mimarT. zafxulobiT kunZuli damsveneblebiTaa savse, swored maSin,
roca teroristTa aqtivoba piks aRwevs xolme. rogorc Cans, teroristebi ucxo saxelmwifoTa gaRizianebsac eridebian, da emigrant
Tamalebsac ufrTxildebian, raTa Semdeg isini ar gaxdnen SurisZiebis obieqtebi. Ees faqti musulmani teroristebisagan mkveTrad
ganasxvavebs Tamilebs. Aamas garda ceilonSi iseve Cveuli ritmiT
mimdinareobs cnobili ceilonuri Cais moyvana, plantaciebSi ZiriTadad Tamilebi muSaoben sengalebis sasargeblod. Aam ucnauri
faqtebis gamoa, rom sengalur-Tamiluri konfliqti, romelic eTnikur, religiur da xandaxan kastur xasiaTs atarebs, xSirad ar
jdeba Cveulebrivi ormxrivi dapirispirebis logikaSi.191
3.5. terorizmi CeCneTSi
CeCnebi kavkasiis CrdiloeT nawilSi cxovroben, rogorc zogadad
mTielebi, CeCnebic Tavisuflebis moyvare xalxia. isini TiTqmis
sami saukunea Tavdauzogavad ibrZvian damoukideblobisaTvis, Tumca uSedegod. pirvelad CeCnebma damoukidebloba 1859 wels dakarges, imperialisturi omis dasrulebis Semdeg. Aaqedan moyolebuli
CeCneTi ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi iyo mis daSlamde. ruseTis imperiis daSlis Semdeg Tavisuflebis imedi gauCndaT, magram
ruseTi CeCneTis daTmobas ar apirebda, iseve rogorc mis federaciaSi Semavali sxva avtonomiuri olqebis. CeCneTi jer bolSevikuri ruseTis, Semdeg ki sabWoTa ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida,
Tavidan rogorc CeCneTis avtonomiuri olqi, da Semdeg ki inguSeTTan gaaerTianes da CeCen-inguSeTis avtonomiur olqad moixsenebdnen.192
1944 wels, meore msoflio omis dros, sabWoTa lideris, stalinis
brZanebiT milionamde CeCeni da inguSi erovnebis adamiani cimbirsa da Sua aziaSi gadaasaxles, rogorc saxelmwifosaTvis gansakuTrebiT saSiSi xalxi, maT bralad edebodaT faSistur germaniasTan TanamSromloba. ukan dabrunebis ufleba mxolod 1957 wels
190
ix. iqve.
ix. http://studies.agentura.ru/tr/tigrs/ М. Латышева, Страна тигров, 2011
192
ix. http://www.srji.org/chechnya, 2011.
191
70
miiRes. Aamave dros iqna aRdgenili CeCen-inguSeTis avtonomiuri
olqi sabWoTa ruseTis federaciis farglebSi.193
CeCnebma damoukideblobisaTvis brZola 1991 wels ganaaxles, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg. Aam dros ruseTi politikuradac da
ekonomikuradac Zalian iyo dasustebuli, CeCnebi amaze xelsayrel
dros nanatri Tavisuflebis mosapoveblad veRar naxavdnen. 1994
wlidan aqtiuri sabrZolo moqmedebebi daiwyes rusi samxedroebis
winaaRmdeg. ibrZodnen ZiriTadad partizanuli meTodiT, radganac
Ria omSi ruseTTan Cabma, aseTi mcirericxvovani erisTvis, damRupveli iqneboda.
pirveli farTomasStabiani teroristuli aqti CeCnebma 1995 wlis
14-19 ivniss ruseTis qalaq budionovskSi ganaxorcieles. rusuli
sazogadoeba SokSi Caagdo momxdarma, asormocdaaTamde SeiaraRebuli teroristi Samil basaevis194 meTaurobiT, RamiT mZinare qalaqSi SeiWra. daaxloebiT naxevar saaTSi aTasobiT mZevali hyavdaT ayvanili. isini qalaqis saavadmyofoSi gamoketes, da Senoba
danaRmes. es iyo CeCeni teroristebis mier ruseTis mTavrobaze zemoqmedebis mizniT mowyobili teraqti, romelic sakmaod kargad
gaTvlili da mofiqrebuli gamodga. rodesac rusulma razmma ieriSze gadasvla daapira, teroristebma mZevlebi win aifares, romelTa Soris ZiriTadad avadmyofebi da orsuli qalebi iyvnen.
specrazmi iZulebuli gaxda ukan daexia. rusuli mxare molaparakebebze ara mxolod dasTanxmda, aramed, CeCeni teroristebis mier
wamoyenebul pirobebi miiRo. ivnisis bolos xeli moewera cecxlis Sewyvetas da CeCneTis teritoriidan rusuli jaris gamoyvanas, riTic dasrulda pirveli rusul-CeCnuri omi, romelic 1994
wlidan mimdinareobda da daiwyo moskovis politikuri krizisic195.
CeCneTma faqtobrivad damoukidebloba moipova.
damoukidebeli CeCneTi mZime ekonomikur viTarebaSi aRmoCnda, moiSala warmoeba. iq momuSave wamyvani specialistebis umetesi nawili, erovnebiT rusi iyo, romlebmac saomari moqmedebebis dros datova CeCneTi. qveyana korufciis morevSi CaeSva. gaCnda dapirispireba politikur elitaSic. amgvar pirobebSi myof CeCnebs ,,daxmarebis’’ xeli gauwoda radikalurma islamisturma organizaciebma:
“al-qaidam” da “Talibanma”. isini mzad iyvnen CeCneTisaTvis saTanado daxmareba gaewiaT Tumca, ra Tqma, unda ara uangarod”. maTi
moqmedebis umTavresi mizani kavkasiis islamuri saxelmwifos Seqmna iyo, romlis SemadgenlobaSic unda Sesuliyo CeCneTi, inguSeTi, Crdilo oseTi, yabardo-balyareTi da afxazeTi.196
193
ix. http://tupik.org,2005.
ix. http://terrorism.wallst.ru, 2004.
195
ix. http://terrorism.wallst.ru, 2004.
196
ix. Б.Н. Кашников. Чеченский Терроризм. Взлѐт и Падение. Российский научный журнал, 2008.
№ 3, cc. 70-76.
194
71
1998 wlidan islami CeCneTSi oficialur religiad aRiares197.U
amis Semdeg CeCnebma aqtiuri qmedebebi daiwyes CeCneTis sazRvrebs
gareT, inguSeTSi, oseTSi da ruseTSi. Mmoawyves ramdenime teraqti
ruseTis qalaqebSi, riTic sazogadoebis daSinebas, masobrivi areulobis gamowvevas sazogadoebis xelisuflebasTan dapirispirebas
isaxavdnen miznad, Tumca, piriqiT moxda: rusulma sazogadoebam
mosTxova xelisuflebas, daewyo aqtiuri moqmedebebi teroristebis winaaRmdeg. AruseTis prezidentma, vladimer putinma CeCeni teroristebis qmedebebi Semdegnairad Seafasa: ,,Cven Zvirad dagvijda
saxelmwifos uZlurebac, da qmedebaTa araTanamimdevrulobac’’. 198
ruseTis mTavrobam gadawyvita mieRo adekvaturi zomebi CeCeni teroristebis qmedebebis sapasuxod. 1999 wels daiwyo meore CeCnurrusuli omi, romelic sabediswero aRmoCnda CeCnebisaTvis. maT sabolood dakarges damoukidebloba.
meore omSi damarcxebis Semdeg, CeCnebma aqtiurad ganaaxles farTo masStabiani teroristuli aqtebi ruseTis teritoriaze. E2000
wlidan CeCen teroristebs Soris gamoCdnen Sahidi qalebi, romlebic ,,Savi qvrivebi’’-s saxeliT arian cnobili, maT aseve ,,alahis
sasZloebs (sacoles) uwodeben. MmaTi asaki 13-dan 38 wlamde meryeobs. Tavdapirvelad Seiqmna legenda, TiTqos es qalebi marTlac
qvrivebi iyvnen, romlebmac qmrebi ruseT-CeCneTis omSi dakarges da
axla qmrebis gamo rusebze unda eZiaT Suri. ,,Savi qvrivebis’’ garkveuli nawili marTlac qvrivi iyo, Tuma maT Soris umetesoba
iyvnen iseTi qalebi, romlebmac axloblebi dakarges am omSi. iyvnen aseve qalebic, romlebic moitaces an mSoblebma swored im
mizniT gayides, rom maT amgvar qmedebebSi mieRoT monawileoba.
CeCeni teroristebi am qalebs erT-erT sofelSi agzavnidnen, sadac
yuransa da terorizmis xelovnebas aswavlidnen.199 SeiZleba es iyo
erTgvari fsiqologiuri iaraRi, romelic mimarTuli iyo saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisaken, raTa daenaxaT, rom qalebic ki mzad
arian sakuTari sicocxle daTmon Tavisuflebis mosapoveblad.
CeCnebis mier mowyobili teraqtebidan erT-erTi yvelaze xangrZlivi da masStaburi iyo moskovSi Teatrze ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxma, sadac aTeulobiT mZevali aiyvanes, teroristebs Soris iyvnen
Sahidi qalebic. mZevlebi ramdenime dRe-Rame hyavdaT gamoketili
danaRmuli Teatris SenobaSi. rusulma specrazmma daudgeneli
momwamvleli airi SeuSva darbazSi saventilacio sistemidan, ris
Semdegac SeZles teroristebis likvidacia. Mmsxverpli iyo mZevlebs Sorisac. Aamas mohyva kidev ufro saSineli teraqti _ Tavdasxma CrdiloeT oseTis qalaq beslanis saSualo skolaze. 2004
wlis 1 seqtembers teroristebma mZevlad aiyvanes skolis moswavleebi da skola danaRmes. sami dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi uSedegod
cdilobdnen teroristebTan molaparkebas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
197
unda aRiniSnos, rom saerTod CeCnebi istoriulad mahmadianebi iyvnen, Tumca
maTi rwmena Sors iyo orTodoqsaluri islamisagan.
198
ix. http://www.pravoslavie.ru/analit/warpeacechech1.htm. 2010.
199
ix. http://www.annespeckhard.com/Chechen_suicide_terrorism.html.2010.
72
aRniSnuli teraqti cudad dagegmili da araorganizebuli iyo.
mZevlebSi dawyebulma panikam daabnia teroristebi, TiTqmis sasowarkveTilebamde misulma teroristebma mZevlebis daxocva daiwyes,
rasac ruseTis specrazmis ieriSi mohyva. Ooficialuri monacemebiT
334 mZevali daiRupa, romelTa Soris 186 bavSvi iyo200. AaRniSul
teraqtSi monawileobdnen inguSebic, amgvari qmedebiT teroristebs
erebs Soris SuRlis gaRviveba hqondaT ganzraxuli, rasac gardauvlad unda mohyoloda kavkasiis omi. Tumca maTi cda uSedegod
dasrulda.
beslanis teraqtma CeCnuri terorizmis sruli diskreditacia moaxdina sazogadoebis TvalSi. Crdili miadga, agreTve, CeCneTis Tavisuflebis ideasac. maTi brZola, romelic damoukideblobis ideiT daiwyo, kriminalur saqmianobaSi gadaizarda. brZolis teroristuli meTodebiT warmoebam gamoiwvia CeCnuri damoukideblobis
sruli fiasko.
200
ix. http://terroristica.info/node/397,2011
73
$ 4. TviTmkvleloba Tanamedrove
terorizmis arsenalSi
istoria adreuli periodidanve icnobs Tavdasxmis im saxes, romelsac TavdamsxmelisTvis aucilebeli sikvdili moaqvs. aRniSnulis legendaruli magaliTebi SeiZleba veZeboT ebrauli seqtis
“sikarebis” moqmedebebSi romaelebis winaaRmdeg am ukanasknelTa
mier iudeis okupaciis dros, aseve jvarosnebis winaaRmdeg mebrZol musulmani “haSaSinebis” saqmianobaSi.
meore msoflio imis dros iaponiam gamoiyena kamikaZe pilotebi,
romelTac “RvTiur qars” uwodebdnen (“divine wind”). aRwerilia, rom
rodesac admiralma isoroko iamamitom mimarTa pilotebs, auxsna
dRis wesrigSi mdgomi amocana, e.w. “specialuri Tavdasxmis” aucilebloba (tokkotai), radganac gamarjvebis mopovebis sxva Sansi ar
arsebobda da moxaliseebs sTxova, win gamosuliyvnen mwyobridan,
mwyobridan uklebliv yvela gamovida. imis miuxedavad, rom davalebaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, isini arc gakicxulni da arc
dasjilni ar iqnebodnen.
1945 wlis 7 dekembers iaponelma kamikaZe pilotebma taraniT Seajaxes sawvaviT savse TviTmfrinavebi amerikul samxedro gemebs,
ris Sedegadac SeerTebuli Statebis sazRvao Zalebis ZiriTadi
birTvi ganadgurebuli iqna. aSS-is samxedro Zalebma dakarga, agreTve, 188 TviTmfrinavi da 2000-ze meti samxedro mosamsaxure.
aSS–is samxedro-sazRvao istoriaSi es brZola yvelaze didi danakargebiT aris cnobili. rac Seexeba iaponuri mxaris danakargebs,
es iyo 29 TviTmfrinavi da 55 samxedro mosamsaxure201, rac mowinaaRmdege mxaris danakargebTan SedarebiT mizerulia.
Tanamedrove saxis pirveli teroristuli TviTmkvleloba moxda
1981 wlis dekemberSi, rodesac iranis moqalaqem beiruTSi aafeTqa
saelCo (daiRupa 27 da daiWra 100 adamiani). 1982 wels TviTmkvleli teroristis mier Tavis afeTqebis Sedegad moxda libanis prezidentis baSir gemelis mkvleloba. gemelis mkvlelobis Semdeg
TviTmkvleli amfeTqeblebis gamoyeneba strategiuli politikuri
iaraRi gaxda. 1983 wels libanSi asafeTqebeli nivTierebiT savse
satvirTo avtomanqanis afeTqebas 300 amerikeli da frangi samxedro mosamsaxure Seewira. aRniSnulma faqtma seriozuli geopolitikuri cvlileba gamoiwvia, aSS-ma da safrangeTma datoves libani. israel-palestinas Soris pirveli teroristuli TviTmkvleloba ganxorcielda 1993 wels “hamasis” wevris mier.202
Seixi fadlolahi,
(Sheikh Fadlallah) libaneli Siitebis sulieri
moZRvari TviTmkvlelobas jihadis dros saqebar da samagaliTo
201
ix. P. Harbor. www. wikipedia.org, 2010.
ix. S. Atran, Genesis of Suicide Terrorism, Science Vol 299 7 March 2003, www.sciencemag.org,
2003.
202
74
saqmed Tvlis. misi mtkicebiT, TviTmkvleloba rwmenisTvis mcirediT gansxvavdeba mujahidis (mujahid) sikvdilisgan. orive SemTxvevis dros isini erT saqmes emsaxurebian, orive SemTxvevaSi isini
jihadis meomrebi arian, mxolod garemoebebia gansxvavebuli.203
dasavluri moraluri Rirebulebebis matarebeli adamiani TviTmkvlelobamde, rogorc wesi, midis moraluri ganadgurebisa da
fsiqikuri moSlis dros. dasavluri kultura TviTmkvlelobas
Ggmobs, rogorc samarcxvinos. rac Seexeba mujahids, igi TviTmkvlelobis dros aranair moralur ngrevas ar ganicdis, piriqiT,
igi moraluri srulyofilebis umaRles zRvarzea, mTeli SegnebiT
myari da Seuryevelia. misi TviTmkvleloba saqebar saqmed iTvleba
da RvTisTvis TviTSewirvad, Tavis msxverplad mitanas niSnavs
(fana’ billah). TviTmkvleli mujahidi, rogorc RvTisTvis TavSewiruli, tanjulad, wamebulad iTvleba (shahid). tanjva jihadis umniSvnelovanes sulier aspeqts warmoadgens. aRniSnuli umniSvnelovanesi aspeqti gamomdinareobs rwmenidan, rom wamebulisTvis jihadi
alahisagan dakisrebuli udidesi misiaa, rac mas aqcevs jihadisaTvis wamebul mebrZolad. (mujahid-shahid) mujahidi_Sahidi ara marto
sakuTar suls icxonebs alahisaTvis TavSewirvis gziT, aramed igi
aris samagaliTo da misabaZi islamis yvela mebrZolisaTvis.204
1996 – 1999 wlebSi nasra nasanis mier interviurebul iqna 250 –mde
palestineli TviTmkvlelis mwvrTneli, aseve garkveuli garemoebebis gamo ar Semdgari teroristuli operaciis amsruleblebi, agreTve, gardacvlili TviTmkvleli amfeTqebelebis naTesavebi. aRniSnuli masalebis Sejamebis Semdeg nasra nasani mivida Semdeg
daskvnamde: kamikaZeebis asaki meryeobda 18 –dan 38 wlamde, “arc erTi maTgani ar iyo gaunaTlebeli, Rataki, fsiqikurad ganuviTarebeli, an damcirebuli. . . erTi SexedviT, yvela maTgani sakuTari
ojaxis sruliad srulfasovani wevri iyo”, amasTan “yvela maTgani
iyo Rrmad religiuri” da swamdaT, rom maTi moqmedebebi “sanqcionirebuli iyo islamis mier”.205
mSoblebisa da kamikaZe Svilis urTierTdamokidebulebas aRwers
hela jaberi: "me movTqvamdi mTeli Tvis ganmavlobaSi, imdenjer,
ramdenjerac mas Sevxedavdi (misi vaJi muhamed farhati daiRupa rogorc kamikaZe Razas seqtorSi ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqtis dros), magram veubnebodi, rom nu miscemda Cems cremlebs imis
uflebas, rom SeekavebinaT igi misi misiis Sesrulebisgan."206
203
ix. M. Kramer, The Moral Logic of Hizbollah, No. 101,Tel Aviv: The Dayan Center for Middle
Eastern and African Studies of Tel Aviv University, 1987, p. 13.
204
ix. A. M. Mutahhari, Fundamentals of Islamic Thought: God, Man and the Universe, ed., H. Algac,
trans., R.Campbell, Berkeley, Ca: Mizan Press, 1985, pp. 128-208.
205
ix.
N.
Hassan,
The
New
Yorker,
19
November
2001,
www.newyorker.com/fact/content/?011119fa_FACT1, 2004.
206
ix. H. Jaber, “Inside the World of the Palestinian Suicide Bomber,” The Sunday Times 24 March
2002, Internet: http://www.sundaytimes. co.uk/printFriendly/0,,2-524-245592,00.html, 2004.
75
marTlac, Zalian rTulia raime efeqturi RonisZiebis gatareba im
adamianebis mimarT, romelTac sakuTari sicocxlis mospoba surT
da Tanac amas “maRali” idealebisTvis akeTeben. aRniSnulTan dapirispireba mxolod fsiqologiuri meTodebiT, im mcdari Rirebulebebis gadafasebiT SeiZleba, rasac adamiani TviTmkvlelobamde da
zogadad terorizmamde mihyavs. religia terorizmis da zogadad
Zaladobis sanqcioneri ar aris da arc arasdros yofila. qristianoba ar yofila inkviziciis, jvarosnuli omebis, barTlomes Ramis da sxva movlenebis sanqcioneri. aRniSnuli kacobriobam, marTalia, ramdenime saukunis Semdeg, magram mainc gaiazra. qristianobis msgavsad arc islamia im Zaladobrivi, teroristuli aqtebis
sanqcioneri, rac misi saxeliT xdeba, Tumca SeiZleba sazogadoebis is fenebi, romlebic islamiT amarTleben Zaladobas, mocemul
etapze, aRniSnuls ver acnobierebdnen, anda gacnobierebis miuxedavad, sxva Sefarul, realpolitikur miznebs
axorcielebdnen.
76
Tavi IV
saqarTvelos terogenuri safrTxeebis
analizi
$1. zogadi aspeqtebi
nacionaluri usafrTxoeba qveynis ganviTarebis sawindaria, Sesabamisad, aucilebelia qveynis saSinao da sagareo safrTxeebis naTlad gamokveTa. terorizmis istoria cxadyofs, rom Tavis droze
sabWoTa kavSiri, xolo amJamad ruseTis federacia, iyenebs terorizmisa da separatizmis waqezebas ama Tu im regionis destabilizaciisTvis anda masze gavlenis mosapoveblad. “ra SegviZlia movimoqmedoT saxelmwifos mxridan terorizmis sponsorobis dros?
pirvel yovlisa, Cven unda vaRiaroT, rom es aris agresiis erTgvari forma. agresia ki erT-erTi yvelaze mZime danaSaulia saerTaSoriso samarTlis mixedviT. . .”207
aRniSnulTan kavSirSia rusi avtoris mosazrebac: saerTaSoriso
eqstremizmad ar SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli dasavleTis qveynebis mier SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gamoyeneba msoflio sazogadoebriobis
da misi institutebis sanqciis gareSe (gaeros uSiSroebis komiteti) suverenuli saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg. msgavsi qmedebebi aucilebelia Sefasdes saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis Sesabamisad,
upirveles yovlisa, rogorc agresia.208
postsabWour sivrceSi civi omis Semdgom ifeTqa eTno-nacionaluri xasiaTis Zaladobis axalma talRam, romelic xSirad terorizmis saxes Rebulobda. ukanasknel wlebSi terorizmi gaxda farTomasStabiani eTnikuri wmendis instrumenti balkaneTSi, kavkasiasa
da centralur afrikaSi. eTno-nacionaluri jgufebis mier damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis, an farTo avtonomiebis SeqmnisTvis
swrafva aris civi omis Semdgomdroindeli msoflios mTavari maxasiaTebeli.209
“zogierTi saxelmwifosTvis amboxebebi da separatizmi marTlac
warmoadgens omis warmoebas gansxvavebuli saSualebebiT. . .” “saxelmwifoebi xandaxan iyeneben separatistebs, raTa daamxon arasasurveli xelisufleba.”210 aRniSnul movlenas terologebi xatovnad “mezobelTa destabilizaciasac” uwodeben. “civi omis damTavreba ar niSnavda separatistuli moZraobebisTvis saxelmwifo
207
ix. E. V. Rostow, in American Society of International Law, Proceedings of the 77th Annual Meeting,
14-16 April 1983, Washington, D.C.: l985
208
ix. А. В. Павлинов, Антигосударственный экстремизм: уголовно – правовые и
криминологические аспекты. М., 2008. c. 21
209
ix.: G. E. Fuller, Redrawing the World’s Borders, World Policy Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1, Spring 1997
210
ix.: D. Byman, P. Chalk, B. Hoffman, W. Rosenau, D. Brannan. Trends in Outside Support for
Insurgent Movements. RAND, 2001, p. 33.
77
mxardaWeris damTavrebas. ruseTma mxari dauWira konkretul subieqtebs, postsabWour respublikebSi, moepovebinaT avtonomia da zogierT SemTxvevaSi xelisuflebaSic ki mosuliyvnen."211
msoflioSi cnobili terologebi, piter Colqi, brus hofmani, daniel bimani da sxvebi ganixilaven ra civi omis Semdgom periodSi
saxelmwifoebis mier terorizmis mxardaWeris problemas, sxva magaliTebTan erTad asaxeleben ruseTis federaciis mier saqarTveloSi afxazi da osi separatistebis mxardaWeras. aRniSnuli movlena terologebis mier Sefasebuli da ganxilulia rogorc saxelmwifoebrivad xelSewyobili terorizmi.212 "moskovi amJamad afrikis, laTinuri amerikis da azieli komunisti partizanebis mxardaWeris Semdgom amboxebulTa mxardaWeris politikas mezobel teritoriebze gavlenis mosapoveblad iyenebs."213
mogvianebiT, 2008 wels ruseTma ara mxolod xeli Seuwyo separatistebs saqarTvelos regionebSi, aramed pirdapiri monawileoba
miiRo saomar moqmedebebSi da rac yvelaze savalaloa, aRiara saqarTvelos separatistuli regionebis damoukidebloba. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs TviTon rusuli midgoma sakuTari
federaluri respublikebis da secesiis uflebis mimarT, rac SesaZleblobas iZleva pirdapir gaivlos paralelebi da gamoaSkaravdes erTi da imave sakiTxisadmi dualisturi midgoma.
$2. secesiis ufleba anu ormagi
standartebi
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali aRiarebs kolonializmis msxverpli xalxebis da aneqsirebuli
teritoriebis Tavisuflebis uflebas, magram es ufleba ar vrceldeba aRniSnuli teritoriebis nawilze da saerTaSoriso normebis
mixedviT aRiarebul saxelmwifoebSi mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobebze.214
saqarTveloSi l. meliqiSvilis redaqtorobiT gamocemul naSromSi “konfliqtebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi” moyvanilia amonaridi d. hamburgis “eTnocentruli Zaladobidan”: “msoflioSi daaxloebiT 3500 eTnikuri jgufi da 180 erovnuli qveyanaa. SeuZlia Tu
ara TiToeul maTgans hqondes Tavisi monoeTnikuri saxelmwifo?
Tu am problemas sazRvrebis SecvliTa da migraciiT SevecdebiT,
maSin mogvixdeba: a) 1000-ze meti axali erovnebis Seqmna; b) daaxlo211
D. Byman ix.: dasax. naSromi, gv. 32.
D. Byman ix.: dasax. naSromi, gv. 13.
213
D. Byman ix.: dasax. naSromi, gv. 103.
214
ix. Y. Chipman. Managing the Politics of Politics of Parochialism//Survival.London.Vol.35.Spring
1993. №1. p. 149.
212
78
ebiT erTi miliardi adamianis migracia; g) Zaladobis da siZulvilis eskalacia arnaxul dones miaRwevs, rac niSnavs adamianTa uflebebis xelyofasa da imas, rom saxelmwifoebSi SesaZloa ifeTqos Ria konfliqtebma”.215
Tanamedrove epoqaSi gaumarTlebelia msjeloba erebis “TviTgamorkvevis”, “damonebis winaaRmdeg da TavisuflebisTvis brZolis”
uflebaze. rogorc aRniSnavs p. panCenko, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam jer kidev 1975 wels aRiara arsebuli sazRvrebis urRvevoba,
aqedan gamomdinare, dauSvebelia kvlav davubrundeT wina saukuneebis ideebs da movuwodoT erebs “TavisuflebisTvis brZolisken”.
amasTan ruseTis federaciis 1993 wlis konstituciaSi ar arsebobs
daTqma erebis TviTgamorkvevis uflebis Sesaxeb.”216
mravalerovnuli saxelmwifoebis xelisufalni yvela saSualebiT
icaven sakuTari qveynebis teritoriul mTlianobas. gamonaklisis
gareSe yvela afrikul, aziur da aRmosavluri saxelmwifoebis kanonmdeblobaSi separatistuli saqmianoba kanoniTaa dasjadi. garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi zogierT qveyanaSi saqmianobdnen
legaluri separatistuli partiebi: dravida munetra kajaCali iRwvoda indoeTis oTxi samxreTi Statis gamoyofisa da e.w. “dravidanadis socialisturi saxelmwifos” SeqmnisTvis; Tamilis gamaTavisuflebeli gaerTianebuli fronti Sri-lankaSi cdilobda Seeqmna damoukidebeli Tamilis saxelmwifo kunZulis CrdiloeTSi. am
qveynebis konstituciebSic, Sesabamisad, 1963 da 1983 wlebSi Sevida
cvlilebebi, riTac aikrZala separatistuli saqmianoba. mesame
msoflios qveynebSi separatizmi warmodgenilia ara legaluri politikuri partiebiT, aramed organizaciebiT, romlebic SeiaraRebuli formirebebis meSveobiT ibrZvian centraluri xelisuflebis
winaaRmdeg. xSirad aseTi brZola iRebs farTo masStabebs da atarebs gaWianurebul xasiaTs.217
1993 wlis ruseTis federaciis konstituciis me-4 muxlis mesame
nawilis mixedviT, “ruseTis federacia uzrunvelyofs sakuTari
teritoriis xelSeuxeblobas da mTlianobas”. rusi konstitucionalistebi mocemul normas ruseTis federaciis Sida suverenitetis sazrisad miCneven, romelic, Tavis mxriv, gamoxatulebas poulobs: im sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis Seqmnisa da saqmianobis
akrZalvaSi, romlTa mizansac warmoadgens ruseTis federaciis
mTlianobis darRveva; ruseTis federaciidan subieqtis gamosvlis
dauSvebloba.218 aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, ruseTis federaciam mi215
ix. konfliqtebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi. red.: meliqiSvili, Tbilisi, 1997,
gv. 40.
216
ix. А. В. Павлинов, Антигосударственный экстремизм: уголовно – правовые и
криминологические аспекты. М., 2008, c. 47.
217
ix. А. В. Павлинов, Антигосударственный экстремизм: уголовно – правовые и
криминологические аспекты. М., 2008, c. 83
218
ix. Научно-практический комментарий к Конститусции Российской федерации/Отв. ред. В.В.
Лазарев. М., 2001, c.40.
79
iRo “eqstremistuli saqmianobis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb” kanoni, romelSic da, agreTve, ruseTis federaciis samoqmedo programaSi aRiniSna, rom “mravalerovani ruseTisTvis eqstremizmis
sxvadasxva formebis profilaqtika gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria... eqstremizmi reliefurad aisaxa CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi fanatizmis,
fundamentalizmis, faSizmis, qsenofobiis saxiT. aRniSnuli movlenebi TavianT ukidures formebSi, terorizmSi pouloben gamoxatulebas, rac sazogadoebaSi destruqciul procesebs aZlierebs”.219
“eqstremistuli saqmianobis aRkveTis” da “terorizmTan brZolis”
ruseTis kompleqsuri federaluri kanonebis Seswavlam daadastura eqstremizmis da terorizmis kompleqsuri social-samaraTlebrivi xasiaTi da ruseTis saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mxridan aRniSnul problemasTan yvela SesaZlo saSualebebiT brZolis aucilebloba.220
zemoaRniSnuli msjelobidan naTlad Cans, rom rogorc ruseTis
federaciis kononmdeblobaSi, aseve
doqtrinaSi gamefebuli mosazrebiT, ruseTis federaciidan federaluri subieqtis gamoyofis
nebismieri moTxovna aRiqmeba rogorc eqstremizmi da aRniSnul
movlenasTan ibrZvian “yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT”. umaRlesi xelisufleba, romelsac ruseTis federacia axorcielebs Tavis teritoriaze, gulisxmobs, rom erTi da imave teritoriaze SeiZleba
arsebobdes mxolod erTi suverenuli saxelmwifo, erTi da imave
teritoriaze ori an meti saxelmwifos arseboba principulad SeuZlebelia. ruseTis federaciis subieqtebis samarTlebrivi statusis mniSvnelovan aspeqts warmoadgens is, rom TiToeuli maTgani
warmoadgens erTi mTliani federaluri saxelmwifos Semadgenel
nawils.221
im dros, rodesac ruseTis federaciis SigniT “yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT” ewinaaRmdegebian da ebrZvian erTiani federaciidan misi
subieqtis gasvlas, mezobel saqarTveloSi aseve “yvela SesaZlo
saSualebiT” xels uwyoben teritoriul daqucmaceba-dasustebas.
aRniSnuli politika, rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, terologiaSi
cnobilia “mezobelTa destabilizaciiT” da aaSkaravebs ruseTis
oficialuri wreebis mxridan erTi da imave sakiTxis mimarT dualistur midgomas.
amJamad ruseTis federaciis sakonstitucio sasamarTlo aRar iziarebs adreul pozicias, rodesac federaciis subieqtebi saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnebad aRiqmebodnen, romelTac saxelmwifoeriobis sxva niSnebTan erTad suverenitetis maRali xarisxi gaaC-
219
ix. А. В. Павлинов, Антигосударственный экстремизм: уголовно – правовые и
криминологические аспекты. М., 2008, c.21
220
ix. iqve.
221
ix. Закономерности преступности, стратегия борьбы и закон/ Под ред. проф. А.И. Долговой.
М., 2001, cc.192-198.
80
ndaT.222 ruseTis sakonstitucio sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad
cno garkveuli normatiuli aqtebi, ris Sedegadac federalur
respublikebs damoukidebeli moqmedebis areali mkveTrad SeumcirdaT da isini absoliturad damokidebulni gaxdnen federalur xelisuflebaze.
„ruseTis federaciis konstituciaSi suverenitetis sakiTxis gadawyveta ganapirobebs federaluri mowyobis xasiaTs. aRniSnuli
istoriulad gadawyvetilia imgvarad, rom ruseTis federaciis subieqtebs ar gaaCniaT suvereniteti, suverenitetis matarebeli mxolod erTiani ruseTis federaciaa. ruseTis konstituciis preambulis da me-3, me-4, me-5, me-15 (I nawili), 65-e (I nawili), 66-e da 67-e
muxlebis Sesabamisad, federaciis subieqt respublikebs ar gaaCniaT suvereniteti da aRniSnuli sakiTxis sxvagvarad gadawyveta TavianT konstituciebSi maT ar SeuZliaT, Sesabamisad ar SeuZliaT
miiniWon suverenuli saxelmwifos Tvisebebi-SezRuduli suverenitetis Sesabamisi daTqmis pirobebSic.“223
maSin rodesac, ruseTis federaciis subieqtebi moklebulni arian
SesaZleblobas „miiniWon suverenuli saxelmwifos Tvisebebi –SezRuduli suverenitetis Sesabamisi daTqmis pirobebSic“ ki, xolo
federaciidan gamoyofis msurveli Zalebi pirdapir icnobian eqstremistebad da teroristebad (CeCneTi, inguSeTi, yabardo – balyareTi da sxv.) ruseTi mxars uWers separatistul reJimebs saqarTveloSi da ufro metic, 2008 wels aRiarebs e.w. afxazeTis da samxreT oseTis respublikebis damoukideblobas. Tuki CeCneTSi, yabardo – balyareTSi da sxva Crdilo kavkasiur qveynebSi ruseTis
federaciidan gamoyofis surviliT warmoebuli moZraobebi ruseTis federaluri Zalebis mier Sefasda eqstremizmad da terorizmad (stavropolis samxareo sasamarTlos 2002 wlis 11 ivlisis ganaCeni), ratom fasdeba msgavsi moZraobebi saqarTvloSi separatistul regionebSi erovnul gamanTavisufleblad?! ruseTis federaciis mxridan aSkaraa dualisturi midgoma Sinaarsobrivad erTi
da imave sakiTxis mimarT, e.i. ormagi standarti.
saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli agresia da separatistuli moZraobebis daxmareba-waqezeba SesaZlebelia ruseTis federaciis mxridan ganxorcieldes saqarTvelos sxva polieTnikur regionebSic, amasTan brZolis Ria meTodebze ufro metad savaraudoa iatakqveSa, ZirgamomTxreli meTodebi, romelTa Soris pirvel
rigSi terorizmi da sabotaJia.
222
ix. ruseTis federaciis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2000 wlis 6 ivnisis gadawyvetileba.
223
ix. В. Д. Зорькин. Об угрозах конституционному строю в XXI веке и необходимости
проведения правовой реформы в России// Журнал Российского права. 2004, Июнь, №6, cc. 3-17.
81
$3. eTno-separatistuli safrTxeebi
saqarTveloSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, eTnikur umciresobebs hqondaT da
aqvT sakuTari TviTSegneba, TviTdasaxeleba, ena, religia da tradiciuli kultura, rac maT saukuneebis manZilze saqarTvelos teritoriaze cxovrebis periodSi SeinarCunes. anu maTi mdgomareoba
adrec da amJamadac faqtobriv kulturul avtonomias warmoadgens.
“xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba kulturul-erovnuli avtonomiis mopovebis mizniT swored imitom aris mimzidveli, rom is xalxi, romelic am gzas irCevs, EerTdroulad or kurdRels iWers.
erTi mxriv, maT mier SerCeuli struqtura (samarTlebriv saxelmwifosa da moqalaqeobriv sazogadoebaSi) uzrunvelyofs am xalxis sulieri da materialuri kulturis ganviTarebas, xolo meore
mxriv – saSualebas aZlevs mas materialurad da ekonomikurad ar
gamoeTiSos im garemos, an rogorc axla amboben, sivrces, romelSic igi cxovrobs... kulturul-erovnuli avtonomia, rogorc gafantulad mcxovrebi mcire xalxebis (erovnul umciresobaTa) eTnikuri konsolidaciis, maTi kulturisa da mopovebul RirebulebaTa dacvis optimaluri forma aqtualuria awmyoSi da amave
dros, momavalSic. ra Tqma unda, kulturul-erovnuli avtonomia,
rogorc erovnuli sakiTxis gadawyvetis garkveuli forma, ar aris
panacea mcire xalxebisaTvis.” 224
saqarTvelo, sxva qveynebis msgavsad, mravalerovani saxelmwifoa.
mis teritoriaze, saukuneebis manZilze, Tavs iyrida sxvadasxva mizeziT gadmosaxlebuli araqarTveli mosaxleoba. 1989 wlis mosaxleobis aRweriT, aq cxovrobda ramdenime aTeuli erovnebis warmomadgeneli, maT Soris aTamde-kompaqturad dasaxlebuli, romlebmac dominanturi eTnosis teritoriaze Seqmnes “eTnoumciresobaTa
mikrokunZulebi” (termini pirobiTia). aqedan ramdenime maTgani saqarTvelos respublikis sasazRvro zolSia moqceuli, Tavisive
erovnebis xalxiT dasaxlebul saxelmwifoebis mezoblad. magaliTad: javaxeTSi - somxebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria esazRvreba
somxeTs; qvemo qarTlSi mcxovrebi azerbaijanelebi - azerbaijans;
Sida qarTlis osebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria - alaniis (oseTi)
respublikas; pankiseli qistebi (vainaxeli) – CeCneTis respublika
iCqerias; xunZebi - daRestns. aseT ”kunZulebs” pirobiTad pirveli
inoeTnikuri tipi vuwodeT. zogierTi araqarTuli erovnebis jgufi ki daSorebulia Tavis eTnoss, radgan maTi istoriuli samSoblo uSualod ar esazRvreba saqarTvelos da am jgufebis warmomadgenlebi kompaqturad da dispersiulad saxloben respublikis
Sida regionebSi, eseni arian berZnebi, asirielebi, qurTebi da sxv.
maT pirobiTad vuwodeT meore inoeTnikuri tipi. arcerT am tips
224
М. В. Иордан. Национальная политика в Российской федерации // 1993 год малочисленных
народов и этнических групп .М., 1993, с. 163. citirebulia: konfliqtebi polieTnikur
sazogadoebaSi. red.:meliqiSvili Tbilisi, 1997 weli. gv. 39 mixedviT.
82
ar miekuTvneba afxazeTi, Tumca misi sasazRvro mdebareoba separatistuli pretenziebis erT-erTi xelSemwyobi faqtoria. amasTanave,
radganac isini politikur orientacias iReben ara monaTesave eTnosze, aramed ruseTze, amitom igi ufro Sualedur tips warmoadgens.225
sasazRvro regionSi kompaqturad dasaxlebuli eTnikuri umciresoba “riskis faqtors miekuTvneba. mecnierebaSi cnobilia aseTi
dapirispirebis ramdenime saxe. magaliTad, amerikeli profesori
Ddonald horovici gamoyofs amgvari movlenis or saxes. esaa “separatizmi
da iredentizmi.”226 separatizms is gansazRvravs, rogorc “jgufisa da mis mier dakavebuli teritoriis im saxelmwifos iurisdiqciidan gamosvlas, romlis Semadgeneli nawilic aris
es jgufi, xolo iredentizmi aris eTnikurad monaTesave mosaxleobisa d misi sasazRvro teritoriis gaerTianeba da SeerTeba im
monaTesave saxelmwifosTan, romelic mzad aris, igi SeierTos. separatistuli gziT iurisdiqciidan gamosvlas, Cveulebriv, mohyveba
axali saxelmwifos Seqmna, xolo iredentizmis Sedegi aris garkveuli teritoriis mierTeba-aneqsia im mezobel saxelmwifos mier,
romelic mzad aris SeierTos esa Tu is jgufi. magram es ar-aris
ubralo aneqsia; amgvar aneqsias safuZvlad eTnikuri naTesaoba
uZevs.”227
saqarTveloSi araqarTuli mosaxleobiT kompaqturad dasaxlebuli eqvsi sasazRvro regionia: afxazeTi, Sida qarTlis Crdilo nawili (e.w. samxreT oseTi) qvemo qarTli, javaxeTi, pankisis xeoba
da yvarlis raioni. am eqvsi regionidan potenciurad SeiZleba
yvelgan gaRvivebuliyo konfliqti. realurad ki didi riskis matarebeli mxolod oTxia, xolo danrCen orSi Ria konfliqti mosalodneli ar aris, Tumca yofiTi da socialuri sakiTxebi iwvevs
konfliqtur situacias, romelic, SesaZloa xSirad eTnikuri konfliqtis samoselSi gaxveuli mogvevlinos. oTxidan or regionSi
(afxazeTi da samxreT oseTi) Camoyalibda Ria konfliqti, xolo
orSi – qvemo qarTlSi – azerbaijanelebma da javaxeTSi – somxebma – saqarTveloSi gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis dasawyisidanve wamoWres am regionebis saqarTvelodan gasvlis da mezobel
respublikebTan SeerTebis sakiTxi. mexuTe da meeqvse regioni
(yvarlis raionSi xunZebi da pankisis xeobaSi qistebi) ar aris Ria
konfliqtis riskis matarebeli.228
225
ix.: konfliqtebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi~. red.:meliqiSvili Tbilisi,
1997, gv. 43-44.
226
ix. Д. Горовиц., Ирредентизм, сепаратизм и самоопределение // Национальная политика в
Российской федерации.М., 1993, с. 145.
227
ix. Д. Горовиц., dasax. naSr., 147.
228
ix. konfliqtebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi. red.: meliqiSvili Tbilisi,
1997, gv. 46
83
$4. Crdilo kavkasiuri safrTxeebi
saqarTvelosTvis Sida separatistuli ganwyobebis garda safrTxis
Semcvelia radikal-islamistebis gaaqtiureba CriloeT kavkasiaSi.
Tanamedrove periodSi eTnonacionalizmi, romelic iyo antisaxelmwifoebrivi eqstremizmis ideur – politikuri safuZveli CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, Canacvlda islamuri “internacionalizmiT”. amasTan,
ideur-politikuri centri CeCneTidan gadanacvlda daRestanSi, inguSeTSi da ruseTis federaciis sxva respublikebSi. saxelmwifo
uSiSroebis winaaRmdeg mimarTulma safrTxem xasiaTi Seicvala. antisaxelmwifoebrivma separatistulma eqstremizmma adgili dauTmo
islamur eqstremizms, romelic gacilebiT ufro Seesabameba axlo
aRmosavleTis da CrdiloeT afrikis teroristul standartebs.229
2005 wlis ruseTis federaciis prezidentis samxreT federaluri
warmomadgenlis moxsenebaSi miTiTebulia, rom daRestanSi mosalodnelia “movlenaTa ukontrolo ganviTareba TviT respublikis
daSlac ki”. ukanaskneli oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi respublikidan
wavida oci aTasze meti rusi erovnebis moqalaqe, xolo sxva nacionaluri jgufebis mimarT arsebobs sxvadasxva intensivobis konfliqtebi. ukanasknel wlebSi Zalas ikrebs islamis politizacia,
religiuri sazogadoebebi aqtiurad monawileoben saxelmwifos
centraluri da adgilobrivi organoebis arCevnebSi. religiuri avtoritetebi TandaTanobiT mometebul gavlenas axdenen qveynis
mTiani raionebis municipalitetebze. religiuri sazogadoebebis
gavlenis gazrdam daaxloebiT 10-15 wlis Semdeg SeiZleba gamoiwvios “SariaTuli anklavebis” Camoyalibeba respublikis mTian regionebSi. daskvnaSi miTiTebulia, agreTve, rom “eTnopolitikuri
problemebis naTlad gamokveTili koncentracia” provocirebas gauwevs eqstremistul Zalebs imisTvis rom Seqmnan defaqto kvazisaxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi daRestnis CrdiloeTSi, samxreTSi
da centralur nawilSi, “rac, Tavis mxriv, respublikas daSlas
gamoiwvevs”.230
prezident muxu alievis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis etapisTvis respublikis CrdiloeTi nawili praqtikulad ar eqvemdebareboda centralur xelisuflebas, garkveuli xarvezebi iyo respublikis samxreTSic, “mebrZol jamaaTebTan” dakavSirebuli problemebi qveynis mTian regionebSi da ruseTis federaciidan gamoyofis safrTxe.231
229
ix. И.П. Добаев, Г.А. Мурклинская, А.В. Сухов, К.М. Ханбабаев. Радикализация исламских
движений в центральной Азии и на Северном Кавказе: Сравнительно-политологическии анализ
Ростов-на-дону, 2010. c. 99-128.
230
ix. Аппарат Козака предсказывает развал Дагестана//Объединенная газета. 2005, .№17, c.2.
231
ix. М. Могамедов. Президенты в сравнении//Черновик. Общественно-политический
еженедельник.2006, .№20. c. 5.
84
Crdilo kavkasiaSi mimdinare movlenebis samarTlebrivi da faqtobrivi SefasebisTvis saintereso wyaros warmoadgens stavropolis samxareo sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni xutovis, tlisovis, aibazovis, auSevis, keCerukovis da sxvaTa mimarT rf. ssk
278-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis CadenisTvis (saxelmwifo xelisuflebis ZaladobiT xelSi Cagdeba anda ZaladobiT misi
SenarCuneba). sasamarTlo ganxilvisas dadginda, rom 1996-1999
wlebSi CeCneTis respublikis mcxovrebma S. basaevma da daRestnis
respublikis mcxovrebma b. mogamedovma iordaniis moqalaqe hatabTan, yaraCai-CerqezeTis moqalaqe r. borlakovTan, a. goCiaevTan, yabardo-balyareTis respublikis moqalaqe e. bekaevTan erTad CeCneTis TviTgamocxadebuli respublika iCqeriaSi, yabardo – balyareTSi da yaraCai-CerqezeTSi Seqmnes danaSaulebrivi organiacia,
romelic Sedgeboda eqstremistuli samxedro-religiuri e.w. “jamaaTebis” dajgufebebisgan. “jamaaTebi” momzadebas gadiodnen specialur mosamzadebel banakebSi, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia CeCneTis teritoriaze arsebuli “kavkasia”, “Talibani”, “muTafad – jiraTi”.
“jamaaTebi”, swavlobdnen iaraRis da asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis
gamoyenebas, sabrZolo qmedebebis warmoebis taqtikas, gadiodnen
ideologiur momzadebas, romelic dafuZnebuli iyo islamis “vahabistur” mimdinareobaze. danaSaulebrivi organizaciis mTavar mizans warmoadgenda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi xelisuflebis ZaladobiT
xelSi Cagdeba da konstituciuri wyobilebis Secvla, xolo SemdgomSi ruseTis federaciidan gamoyofa da islamuri saxelmwifos
Seqmna.232
yaraCai-CerqezeTis TiTqmis yvela dasaxlebul punqtSi Seiqmna samxedro-religiuri organizacia “jamaaTebis” ofisebi, romelTa wevrebic regularulad igzavnebodnen CeCneTis respublikaSi samxedro momzadebis gasavlelad.
2000 – 2001 wlebSi “jamaaTebis” samxedro-religiuri dajgufebebi
Seiqmna qalaq nalCikSi da yabardo-balyareTis respublikis Cegemis raionSi. maT mizans Seadgenda yabardo-balyareTis respublikaSi xelisuflebis ZaladobiT xelSi Cagdeba. qmedebaTa ukeTesi koordinaciisTvis aRniSnul respublikaSi moqmedi “jamaaTebi” gaerTiandnen danaSaulebriv organizaciaSi, romelSic TiToeuli wevris funqciuri movaleobebi mkveTrad iyo gamokveTili. danaSaulebriv organizacias, romelSic 2000 – 2001 wlebSi gaerTienebuli
iyo daaxloebiT samasamde piri, samxedro xelmZRvanelobas (amiri)
uwevda a. bekaevi.
2000-2001 wlebSi yabardo – balyareTisa da yaraCai – CerqezeTis
“jamaaTebi” warmoadgendnen ra ukanono SeiraRebul formirebebs,
gaerTiandnen erTian danaSaulebriv organizaciaSi.
232
ix. Приговор Ставрополского краевого суда от 11 июля 2002г. Дело № 2-28/2002
85
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom “jamaaTebis” danaSaulebriv organizaciaSi regularulad tardeboda Sekrebebi, romlebzec muSavdeboda SeiaraRebuli brZolis gegmebi xelisuflebis ZaladobiT Sesacvlelad. dagegmili iqna CeCneTis gverdiT, yaraCai – CerqezeTSi
da yabardo – balyareTSi gaxsniliyo frontis meore xazi ruseTis federaciis xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. aRniSnuli gegmis nawils warmoadgenda saqarTvelos respublikaSi, pankisis xeobaSi
dabanakebuli ruslan gelaevis meTaurobis qveS myofi ukanono SeiaraRebuli formirebis (romelTanac “jamaaTebs” hqondaT mWidro
kavSiri) SeWra yabardo-balyareTis respublikaSi da saomari moqmedebebis gaCaReba. danaSaulebrivi organizacia funqciurad sam
jgufad iqna gayofili: pirvel jgufs unda ewarmoebina saomari
operaciebi da ganexorcielebina diversiuli aqtebi yabardo –
balyareTis respublikis teritoriaze. meore jgufis mizans ruseTis federaciis teritoriaze teroristuli aqtebis mowyoba Seadgenda. mesame jgufis funqciaSi Sedioda ukanono SeiaraRebuli
formirebis wevrTa ojaxebis gayvana ruseTis federaciis farglebs gareT.
zemoaRniSnuli miznebis misaRwevad, rogorc araerTxel dadginda
sasamarTlo ganxilvis Sedegad, “jamaaTebis” erTma nawilma, daRestanSi bagautdinis, xolo CeCneTSi hatabis meTaurobiT, meore
nawilma ki yaraCai-CerqezeTis da yabardo-balyareTis teritoriaze
arsebul specialur banakebSi da konspirirebul binebSi gaiara Sesabamisi sabrZolo momzadeba. ideologiur da samxedro momzadebasTan erTad ukanono SeiaraRebuli formirebis wevrebi iZendnen
iaraRs, kavSiris saSualebebs da a.S.
zemoaRniSnuli qmedebebis motivacias warmoadgenda islamuri saxelmwifos Seqmna da SeiaraRebuli brZolis meSveobiT CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi ruseTis federaciis konstituciuri wyobis ZaladobiT
Secvla.233
Crdilo kavkasiuri islamoterorizmis safrTxeebi saqarTvelosTvis naTlad Cans saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros mier 2002 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaweuli muSaobis angariSidan,
sadac vkiTxulobT:
1999 wels, ruseTis xelisufleba saqarTvelos xelisuflebisagan
lamis moiTxovs saqarTvelos teritoriis gamoyenebiT zurgidan
moeqces CeCneTSi myof CeCenTa SeiaraRebul formirebebs, rac realurad saqarTvelos am konfliqtSi CarTvas niSnavda.rom saqarTvelos prezidentis erTaderT swor gadawyvetilebas pasuxad CeCneTis meore omis talRaze saqarTvelosaken gamoZevebuli 7 aTasamde ltolvili da ramdenime aseuli SeiaraRebuli boeviki mohyva.
eqstremalurma situaciam, humanurobam da pankisis mosaxleobis
ix.: Приговор Ставрополского краевого суда от 11 июля 2002г. Дело № 2-28/2002
moyvanilia: А. Зюков, Генезис уголовной этнополитики российского государства в период Х233
ХХI вв, Владимир, 2008. c. 211, mixedviT.
86
CeCnebTan eTnikurma naTesaobam ganapiroba gayinul gaToSili qalebis, bavSvebisa da moxucebis am xeobaSi gadayvana. samwuxarod,
maRalmTiani bilikebiT iq gadavidnen SeiaraRebuli formirebebic,
romlebTan erTad xeobaSi moxvdnen saerTaSoriso teroristul
organizaciebTan dakavSirebuli arabTa jgufebic. aRniSnuli regioni gadaiqca ukanono SeiaraRebuli formirebebis, sxvadasxva juris kriminalebis TavSesafrad. ufro metic, xeobaSi aqtiurad moqmedebdnen ucxo specsamsaxurebisa da saerTaSoriso teroristuli
organizaciebis emisrebi, romlebic wminda sadazvervo informaciis mopovebis garda cdilobdnen adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi islamis ukiduresad reaqciuli mimdinareobis – vahabizmis gavrcelebas. Cveni arakeTilmosurneebis da pirvel rigSi ruseTis reaqciuli samxedro-politikuri wreebis ZalisxmeviT, pankisis problemam
saerTaSoriso uaryofiTi rezonansi SeiZina. miuxedavad imisa, rom
aRniSnuli problemis warmoSoba, rogorc aRvniSneT uSualod
ukavSirdeba ruseTis federaciis mosazRvre teritoriaze mimdinare SeiaraRebul konfliqts, xsenebulma wreebma gaSales farTo
propagandistuli kampania saqarTvelos xelisuflebis teroristebis mfarvelobaSi dadanaSaulebis mizniT.
aRniSnuli antiqarTuli isteria viTardeboda ruseTis am Zalebis
mxridan permanentulad ganxorcielebadi samxedro-politikuri
provokaciebis anu, gasagebad Tu vityviT, pirdapiri sahaero dabombvebis fonze.
rogorc aRiniSna, CeCeni boevikebis Semosvla saqarTvelos teritoriaze ZiriTadad xorcieldeboda isev da isev ruseTidan, romlis
sasazRvro uwyebas saqarTvelos analogiur struqturasTan SedarebiT ufro farTo SesaZleblobebi gaaCnda sakuTari movaleobis
uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT. aseT pirobebSi, saqarTvelos xelisuflebam gadadga metad swori da logikuri nabiji, rodesac ar
misca ruseTis mxares pankisis xeobaSi antiteroristuli operaciis Catarebis ufleba. aRniSnulis Sedegad Cveni qveyana miiRebda
eTnikuri daZabulobis kidev erT keras, rac kiTxvis niSnis qveS
daayenebda qveynis damoukideblobas, zogadad Cvens saxelmwifoebriobas.
CeCnuri SeiaraRebuli formirebebis Camoyalibeba pankisis xeobaSi
daiwyo 1999 wlis bolos. Camoyalibda pirveli mcire razmi
ltolvilTa nakadisagan. 2000 wlidan iwyeba ufro msxvili formirebebis Seqmna, romlebsac saTaveSi udgebian savele meTaurebi:
ruslan gelaevi, abdul-maliq (idrisi) mejidovi, kiuri xasanovi
(doka umarovi), xusein isabaevi (salman macievi), isa munaevi. amave
periodidan xeobaSi SemohyavT mebrZolebi aziidan da axlo aRmosavleTis islamuri qveynebidan, maT Soris
50-mde mebrZoli arabi
erovnebis. imave periodSi xeobaSi dafiqsirebulia saerTaSoriso
teroristuli organizaciebis emisrebis vizitebi, romelTa saqmianobis mizans warmoadgenda iaraRis, teqnikuri saSualebebis da
fuladi Tanxebis gadagzavna CeCneTSi, saqarTvelos teritoriis
87
gavliT. igive pirebi finansuri resursebis gamoyenebiT xels uwyobdnen da propagandas uwevdnen vahabizmis da radikalur-islamisturi msoflmxedvelobis gavrcelebas pankisis xeobis mosaxleobaSi. sxvadasxva dros am saqmianobiT dakavebulni iyvnen: iordaniis moqalaqe abu xafsi, igive amJeti; alJiris moqalaqe – abu garibi (abu xafsis moadgile); saudis arabeTis moqalaqe – abu hasani; iordaniis moqalaqe – jaber Seixjani, igive jaberi; saudis
arabeTis moqalaqe – abu leiSi; ibn al Seixi, abu omari, abu onabia, luqmani da sxvebi. paralelurad aRniSnuli formirebebisa xeobaSi moqmedebdnen kriminaluri dajgufebebi, romelTa xelmZRvanelebi asrulebdnen mniSvnelovan rols CeCnuri SeiaraRebuli
formirebebis adaptaciaSi adgilobriv pirobebTan. aseT ricxvs ganekuTvnebian: farnaoz xangoSvilis, mevlud (SoTa) qiCiris–Ze WiWiaSvilis, zaurbek (xamzaT) iumaxas-Ze fareuliZis da vefxia CofanaSvilis kriminaluri dajgufebebi, agreTve, erovnebiT CeCnebis,
Zmebi axmadovebis kriminaluri formireba.234
CeCenTa zemoxsenebul razmebs gaaCndaT kargi SeiaraReba, maTi mebrZolebi gamoirCeodnen maRali sabrZolo momzadebiT, romelic
gaiares CeCneTSi arsebul sxvadasxva sawvrTnel bazebze.
pankisis xeobaSi yofnis periodSi CeCenma boevikebma SeinarCunes
kavSirebi iaraRis momwodeblebTan ruseTis teritoriaze. saqarTvelos Zalovani struqturebis mier araerTxel iqna Tavidan acilebuli iaraRis da sabrZolo masalebis Setanis faqtebi pankisis
xeobaSi afxazeTidan da samxreT oseTidan. sagulisxmoa, rom am
regionebidan saqarTvelos teritoriaze ukanonod gadaadgilebuli iaraRis partiebSi gamovlenilia iseTi nimuSebi, romlebic SeiaraRebaSi gaaCnia mxolod ruseTis armias (kompleqsebi - `Smeli~,
`igla~ da a.S.). garda amisa, adgilobrivi vahabitebis xelSewyobiT
bawaras xeobis soflebis – tbaTanas, xadoris da xorejos midamoebSi organizebuli iyo boevikTa saSualedo bazebi, sadac koncentrirebuli iyo didi odenobiT iaraRi da sabrZolo masalა, mSrali sakvebi produqtebi. SeZenili iyo cxenebi cocxali Zalisa da
tvirTebis CeCneTSi gadayvanis mizniT. aRniSnul bazebze myofi boevikebis raodenoba, sxvadasxva dros meryeobda 300-dan 800 kacamde.235
bunebrivia, rom saqarTvelos xelisufleba, romelsac yovelTvis
gaaCnda terorizmTan brZolis politikuri neba da, romelic aqtiurad Caeba saerTaSoriso antiteroristuli koaliciis saqmianobaSi, ver dauSvebda qveynis teritoriaze terorizmisa da vahabizmis
kerebis Camoyalibebas. swored aRniSnulma garemoebebma ganapiro-
234
ix. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros mier 2002 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaweuli muSaobis angariSi. www.sus.ge, 2002.
235
ix. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros mier 2002 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaweuli muSaobis angariSi. www.sus.ge, 2002.
88
bes pankisis xeobaSi antiteroristuli da antikriminaluri farTomasStabiani RonisZiebebis Catareba...
2002 wlis zafxulamde xeobaSi moqmedebda hatabisa da “al-qaidas”
axlo kavSiri abu hafsi, igive amJeti iordaniis saxelmwifos moqalaqe, erovnebiT arabi (iZebneba aSS-s xelisuflebis mier 11 seqtembris movlenebTan dakavSirebiT). amJeti akontrolebda sof. duisSi
CeCeni mebrZolebisaTvis gaxsnil hospital `assalams~. mSeneblobis dafinanseba, arsebuli informaciiT, uSualod xdeboda usama
ben ladenisagan, romlis pativsacemadac ewoda misi saxeli. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom arabul qveynebSi moqmedi organizaciebis: `assalami~-s, `alxarameini~-s da `msoflio islamuri axalgazrduli asamblei~-s wevrebi xSirad Camodiodnen pankisis xeobaSi
da afinansebdnen xeobis axalgazrdebis gamgzavrebas saudis arabeTis islamis universitetSi swavlis mizniT.236
“operatiuli iZulebis RonisZiebaTa Sedegad SeiaraRebuli pirebi
gaeridnen Cvens SeiaraRebul ZalebTan Setakebas da samTo gadasasvlelebiT, romlebic 150-mdea, seqtembris TveSi datoves saqarTvelo da gadavidnen ruseTSi inguSeT-CeCneTis teritoriaze. Tu Tavis droze rusma mesazRvreebma saqarTveloze mimarTuli koridori gauxsnes boevikebs, miuxedavad garegnuli mondomebisa, amjeradac, ukve maTTvisve sazianod, ver SesZles am Zalebis neitralizeba-Sekaveba, Tumca iyvnen sakmarisad informirebulni. yovelive ganxorcielda saqarTvelos prezidentis xelmZRvanelobiT Seqmnili
saxelmwifo uSiSroebis, Sinagan saqmeTa da Tavdacvis saministroebis, agreTve, sxva Sesabamisi uwyebebis erToblivi gegmis safuZvelze da Tavidan iqna acilebuli saomari moqmedebebis saqarTveloSi
gadmotana.”237
236
ix. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros mier 2002 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaweuli muSaobis angariSi. www.sus.ge, 2002.
237
ix. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros mier 2002 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaweuli muSaobis angariSi. www.sus.ge, 2002.
89
problemis saboloo analizi
saqarTvelos terogenuri safrTxeebi SesaZlebelia davyoT or
jgufad:
1. regionaluri mniSvnelobis, Sida separatistuli safrTxeebi,
romlebic xelSewyobilia ruseTis federaluri Zalebis mxridan
da SesaZlebelia gadaizardos teroristuli meTodebiT warmoebul brZolaSi. ruseTis federaciam aRiara afxazeTisa da samxreT
oseTis respublikebis damoukidebloba, romelTa separatistul
moTxovnebs sabWoTa kavSiris rRvevis Semdeg aqtiurad (marTalia,
Tavdapirvelad SefarviT) uWerda mxars. aRniSnuli qmedebiT ruseTis federaciam ganaxorciela e.w. “mezobelTa destabilizacia”.
separatistuli moZraobebis mxardaWera – waqezeba gamoricxuli
ar aris, agreTve, saqarTvelos sxva polieTnikur zonebSic.
2. globaluri mniSvnelobisaa Tanamedrove islamoterorizmis safrTxe, romelic saqarTvelosTan SemxeblobaSia iqidan gamomdinare,
rom axali msoflio musulmanuri wesrigis idea, islamuri saxelmwifoebis SeqmniT, rogorc zemoT iyo ganxiluli, iranis islamuri respublikidan iRebs saTaves da aiaTola homeinis politikur
Sexedulebebzea damyarebuli. irani islamuri revoluciebis eqsports eweoda rogorc homeinis, agreTve, misi mimdevrebis periodSi. Crdilo kavkasia, romlis mosaxleobis didi nawili musulmanuri aRmsareblobisaa, bolo periodSi moeqca saerTaSoriso radikaluri islamisturi organizaciebis interesebis sferoSi. zogierT
maTganSi (magaliTad, CeCneTi, iCqeria) defaqto ukve arseboben islamur sawyisebze warmoqmnili saxelmwifoebrivi elementebi. Crdilo kavkasiis islamoterorizmis dafinansebas ewevian ara mxolod
al-qaida, hamasi, iranis islamuri respublika da a.S. aramed radikalurad ganwyobili “erTmorwmune” moqalaqeebi da iuridiuli pirebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTis federaciis samxreT regionebSi
arsebuli islamoterorizmis safrTxe TavisTavad exeba saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis interesebsac, radganac CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi
islamuri saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg saqarTvelo aRmoCndeba islamisturi saxelmwifoebis SuagulSi. mniSvnelovani faqtoria is, rom rogorc zemoT moyvanil 2002 wlis saqarTvelos
uSiSroebis saministros angariSSia aRiniSnuli, radikalur – islamisturi jgufebi cdilobdnen dasayrdeni moeZebnaT saqarTvelos musulmanuri aRmsareblobis mosaxleobaSi.
safrTxe, romelic globaluri saerTaSoriso terorizmidan modis, erTnairad problemuria rogorc saqarTvelos, ise ruseTis
federaciis interesebisTvis.
ruseTis federaciis mxridan saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis dasustebis mcdeloba, sabolood isev ruseTs moutans zians,
vinaidan:
90
a. afxazeTis da oseTis damoukideblobis aRiarebiT ruseTis
federaciam Seqmna precendenti, romliTac sakuTar teritoriaze separatistuli ganwyobebis mqone jgufebs federaciuli respublikidan gamoyofis da damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad Camoyalibebis imedi misca. Crdilo kavkasiis federaluri respublikebis damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad Camoyalibeba ki TavisTavad ruseTis etapobriv daSlas gamoiwvevs.
b. saqarTvelos dasustebiT ruseTis federacia saerTaSoriso
terorizmTan brZolaSi kargavs mniSvnelovan mekavSires. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi siZliere ruseTisTvis unda
niSnavdes radikal-islamisturi dartymebisgan damcav samxreTis faris arsebobas.
g. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi dasusteba niSnavs terorizmis da organizebuli danaSaulis sxvadasxva gamovlinebebisTvis Tavisufali nacrisferi zonis Seqmnas, rac saboloo
jamSi ruseTis federaciis usafrTxoebis xelyofis gamartivebas niSnavs.
91
Tavi V terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis formebi da
saSualebebi
$1. terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis
zogadTeoriuli safuZvlebi
nacionaluri usafrTxoeba gvareobiTi cnebaa da sakuTar TavSi
moicavs usafrTxoebis sxva saxeebs: konstituciurs, ekonomikurs,
politikurs, socialurs. saxelmwifoebrivi usafrTxoeba, Tavis
mxriv, warmoadgens politikuri usafrTxoebis Semadgenel nawils,
radganac saxelmwifo sazogadoebis politikuri sistemis Semadgeneli elementia. saxelmwifo warmoadgens mTels sazogadoebas, aRWurvilia mmarTvelobis da iZulebis aparatiT da rac yvelaze
mniSvnelovania saxelmwifo flobs suverenitets, risi meSveobiTac
axorcielebs politikur xelisuflebas.238
saxelmwifo usafrTxoeba sakuTar TavSi moicavs rogorc konstituciur wyobas (konstituciur usafrTxoebas), agreTve, konstituciuri wyobis umniSvnelovanes safuZvlebs – suverenitets da teritoriul mTlianobas.239 konstituciuri usafrTxoeba, agreTve,
moicavs usafrTxoebis kuTxiT arsebul kanonmdeblobas, samarTalgamoyenebis meTodebs da aRniSnuli saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebel organoTa sistemas.240
antisaxelmwifoebrivi separatizmisa da terorizmis winaaRmdeg saxelmwifo unda iyos ara “TavdacviT”, aramed “usafrTxoebis” poziciaSi. aRniSnuli niSnavs pasiuri, TavSekavebuli midgomebidan
aqtiur qmedebebze gadasvlas; saxelmwifoSi arsebuli socialurpolitikuri wyobis SenarCunebis magivrad, mis gaumjobeseba –
transformacias; antisaxelmwifoebrivi eqstremizmis mimarT pasiuri damokidebulebidan, anu mxolod reaqciidan mimdinare an ukve
momxdar negatiur qmedebebze, aqtiur poziciaze gadasvlas, rac mimarTuli iqneba aRniSnuli movlenis Tavidan acilebisken.241
separatistuli regionebis kontrolisTvis aucilebelia saqarTvelos xelisuflebis realuri saqmianoba, rac dakavSirebuli iqneba
ara mxolod teritoriis formalur kontrolSi, aramed regionebis srul socializaciaSi da modernizaciaSi, maT CarTvaSi saxelmwifos erTian socialur-ekonomikur qselSi.
238
ix. А. В. Павлинов, Антигосударственный экстремизм: уголовно – правовые и
криминологические аспекты. М., 2008, cc. 168-169.
239
ix. А. В. Павлинов, dasax. naSromi gv. 173.
240
ix. Т. Э. Шуберт. Национальная безопасность России: конституционно – правовые аспекты.
Сравнительно – правовое исследование. М., 2001, c. 10.
241
ix. А. В. Павлинов, dasax. naSromi gv. 144.
92
usafrTxoebis antiteroristuli sistemis efeqturi funqcionirebisTvis aucilebelia ramdenime mniSvnelovani faqtoris gamoyofa:
1. sazRvrebis usafrTxoeba da kontroli;
2. saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba;
3. Sesabamisi swavlebebis organizeba ara mxolod antiteroristuli specsamsaxurebisTvis, aramed viqtimuri kontingentisTvisac;
4. uaxlesi teqnologiebis gamoyeneba;
5. informaciis mopoveba-analizi;
6. sazogadoebrivi azris Seqmna;
7. saqarTvelos saSinao da sagareo safrTxeebis drouli gamovlena;
8. regionebis informaciuli uzrunvelyofa strategiuli da operatiuli marTvis mizniT;
9. koordinirebuli saqmianoba politikuri, ekonomikuri, sazogadoebrivi da ekologiuri usafrTxoebis mimarTulebiT;
10. kriminogenuri situaciis dastabilureba, organizebuli danaSaulebrivi jgufebis saqmianobis gamovlena da aRkveTa;
11. legaluri politikuri aqtivobisTvis pirobebis Seqmna;
12. polieTnikur regionebSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis CarTva qveynis centralur da adgilobriv xelisuflebis organoebSi;
13. ekonomikuri struqturebis saqmianobisTvis usafrTxo garemos
Seqmna;
14. antiteroristuli politikis mTavar mizans unda warmoadgendes
ara mxolod uSualod terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola, aramed teroristebisTvis iseTi garemo pirobebis Seqmna, rom maTi saqmianoba sawyis etapzec ki, TiTqmis SeuZlebeli gaxdes... xelisuflebam
yvelaferi unda gaakeTos imisTvis, rom Seqmnas rac SeiZleba meti
winaaRmdegoba teroristTa saqmianobisTvis. rogorc frontalurad, ise zurgSi, terorizmis dafinansebis sakiTxebSi... faqtobrivad unda Seiqmnas iseTi garemo, rom teroristuli jgufi TavisTavad dasustdes da ganadgurdes;242
242
ix. Untangling the Terror Web: Identifying and Counteracting the Phenomenon of Crossover Between
Terrorist Groups, Matthew Levitt, SAIS Review vol. XXIV no. 1 (Winter–Spring 2004) P. 35 project
MUSE, http://muse.jhu.edu. 2006.
93
15. informaciis saerTaSoriso gacvla. antiteroristuli RonisZiebebidan erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli
meTodi informaciis
gacvlaa. is qveynebic ki, romlebic eridebian terorizmTan brZolis sxva meTodebs, rogoricaa samxedro Careva, ekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi, diplomatiuri sanqciebi da a.S. informaciis gacvlaze, romelic SeiZleba Seexebodes teroristuli jgufis saqmianobas, uars ar amboben;243
16. saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi saSualebebi. saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi saSualebebidan aRsaniSnavia
gaeros 13 konvencia. saerTaSoriso masStabiT antiteroristuli
saqmianobis pirveli mcdeloba iyo tokios 1963 wlis SeTanxmeba
sahaero xomaldze Cadenili samarTaldarRvevebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli SeTanxmebis mniSneloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saxelmwifo
uflebamosilia gaavrcelos Tavisi iurisdiqcia sahaero xomaldis
usafrTxoebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi sakuTari teritoriis farglebs gareTac.
mniSvnelovan aqtebs warmoadgens 1970 wlis haagis da 1971 wlis monrealis SeTanxmebebi samoqalaqo aviaciis winaaRmdeg. haagis SeTanxmebis mixedviT, saxelmwifo valdebulia an
TviTon gaasamarTlos an gadasces aRniSnuli konvenciis damrRvevi
pirebi. 1973 wels gaeros mier niu-iorkSi miRebuli konvencia saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv dacvas daqvemdebarebuli pirebis Sesaxeb
da a.S. 244 gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania 2006 wlis globaluri
kontrteroristuli strategia, romlis farglebSic msoflios 192
saxelmwifo gaerTianda terorizmTan brZolaSi.
dakisrebuli socialuri funqciebis ganxorcielebisas saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebaTa kompleqss atarebs
moqalaqeebis da sruliad qveynis danaSaulebrivi xelyofisagan
dacvis mizniT. aRniSnuli amocanebis ganxorcilebis aucilebel
saSualebas warmoadgens samarTali. saqarTvelos Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebidan aRsaniSnavia sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis XXXVIII TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli teroristuli xasiaTis
amkrZalavi normebi (ssk-is 323-3311) da 2007 wlis saqarTvelos kanoni terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb;
17. ekonomikuri RonisZiebebi, romelTa Soris umniSvnelovanesi adgili uWiravs ekonomikur sanqciebs da terorizmis dafinansebis
akrZalvas. terorizmis dafinansebis akrZalvis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi bazis mniSvnelovani elementia 1999 wlis gaeros konvencia terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb. terorizmis winaaRmdeg ekonomikuri sanqciebis efeqturad gamoyenebis magaliTad
SeiZleba dasaxeldes amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier libanis
mimarT gamoyenebuli RonisZiebebi: 1986 wels aikrZala aRniSnul
qveyanasTan vaWroba. aSS –is bankebSi gaiyina libanuri warmoSobis
243
ix. U.S. Countermeasures Against International Terrorism J. D. Simon Prepared for the Assistant
Secretary of Defense for Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence. rand, March 1990, p.9.
244
ix.: http://www.un.org/russian/terrorism/instruments.shtml. 2011.
94
depozitebi. prezidentma reiganma gamosca brZaneba, romlis mixedviTac yvela amerikels unda daetovebina libani.245
18. saxelmwifos mier sworad dagegmili da warmoebuli socialur
– ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politika. kim krejini da piter Colqi
TavianT metad saintereso naSromSi terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis da misi profilaqtikis erT-erT mniSvnelovan saSualebad miiCneven socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sworad SerCeul politikas, aRniSnul politikas :
a) socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politikas SeuZlia Seasustos teroristuli moZraobebisadmi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
mxardaWera.
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politikas SeuZlia sakmao wvlili Seitanos axali saSualo klasis Camoyalibebasa da mis gafarToebaSi sazogadoebis im nawilSi, romelic tradiciulad xels uwyobda teroristul moZraobebs. aRniSnulma saSualo klasma damyarebuli mSvidobis Sedegad, rogorc wesi, miiRo ekonomikuri sargebeli da ewinaaRmdegeba adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier teroristuli moZraobebis mxardeWeras. magaliTad,
CrdiloeT irlandiaSi gamovlinda, rom axalma saSualo klasma
da biznes elitam miiRo kargi ekonomikuri sargebeli ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis programis Sedegad. aRniSnuli demografiuli seqtoris wevrebs gaaCniaT mniSvnelovani saSuamavlo arxebi, raTa Seamciron daZabuloba dapirispirebul mxareebs Soris, komerciuli
interesebi moqmedebs muxruWis msgavsad respublikelebsa da loialistebs Soris, ewinaaRmdegeba ra masobrivi areulobebisa da Zaladobis gamoyenebas, rasac tradiciulad adgili hqonda CrdiloeT irlandiaSi.
b) social-ekonomikur ganviTarebas SeuZlia xeli SeuSalos teroristul moZraobebSi axalbedebis Cabmas. mravali teroristuli
moZraoba izidavs Tavis rigebSi axalbedebs, romlebic Tvlian,
rom terorizmi aris erTaderTi qmediTi saSualeba pasuxi gaeces
im socialur-politikur usamarTlobas, romelsac ganicdis maTi
saxelmwifo, an konkretuli socialuri jgufi, amis garda, garkveuli teroristuli jgufebi materialur waxalisebasac sTavazoben
axalbedebs da maT ojaxebs, rac xSirad sakmaod momnusxvelad
moqmedebs. socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politikas SeuZlia
Seamciros terorizmSi axalbedebis Cabma, miscems ra sazogadoebis
aRniSnul fenas arsebobisTvis aucilebel, alternatiul saSualebebs.
g) araadekvaturad warmarTul da finansirebad social-ekonomikur
politikas SeuZlia gamoiwvios imedgacureba socialur fenebSi da
maT mier terorizmis kvlav xelSewyoba. imisTvis, rom socialurekonomikuri politika iyos efeqturi, igi unda Seesabamebodes ad245
ix.: U.S. Countermeasures Against International Terrorism J. D. Simon Prepared for the Assistant
Secretary of Defense for Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence. rand, March 1990 p.15
95
gilobrivi socialuri fenebis moTxovnilebebs. . . ganviTarebis
aRniSnul programas Tan unda axldes adekvaturi dafinanseba. mwiri dafinansebis SemTxvevaSi dasaxuli miznebis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli iqneba, rac sazogadoebis fenebSi imedgacruebas da
kvlav terorizmisTvis xelSewyobas gamoiwvevs. am mxriv sainteresoa didi britaneTis magaliTi, romelic CrdiloeT irlandiaSi
warmatebiT
axorcielebs
socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis
programas. 1997 wlidan didi britaneTi aRniSuli programis farglebSi yovelwliurad xarjavda saSualod 869 milion aSS dolars,246 aRniSnul saxsrebs evrokavSirma daumata 48 milioni aSS
dolari yovelwliurad,247 ramac Seadgina daaxloebiT 543 aSS dolari TiToeul mosaxleze yovelwliurad.
d) socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politika maSin aris warmatebuli, rodesac igi xorcieldeba adgilobriv socialur jgufebTan, maT liderebTan konsultaciebis safuZvelze, mosaxleobis
umravlesobis moTxovnilebebis da saWiroebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. .
. mag: filipinebSi da palestinaSi aRniSnuli socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis proeqtebma ver upasuxa adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
umravlesobis moTxovnilebebs, amas ramodenime mizezi axlda, jer
erTi, mwiri dafinanseba, meore, aRniSnul proeqtebSi gavrcelebuli korufcia, mesame momsaxurebis iseTi sferoebis Seqmna, rac mosaxleobis umravlesobisaTvis xelmiuwvdomeli iyo (aRniSnulis
magaliTad SeiZleba dasaxeldes Razas seqtorSi aSenebuli karamehis caTambjeni (the Karameh Towers),
romelSic ganTavsebulia 192
sacxovrebeli bina da TiToeuli 30 000 a.S.S dolarad iyideba. aRniSnuli Tanxa gacilebiT aRemateba Razas seqtorSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis SesaZleblobebs, romelTa wliuri Semosavali 600 dan
1200 a.S.S dolaramde meryeobs.
e) socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis swor politikas, romelic
Sesabamisad aris xelSewyobili da ganxorcielebuli, SeuZlia terorizmis Tavidan acileba, magram ar SeuZlia misi aRmofxvra. socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politika gacilebiT efeqturia
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac CarTulia faqtorTa erTian jaWvSi, sadac
figurirebs, agreTve, iseTi elementebi, rogoricaa: politikuri,
samxedro-SeiaraRebuli, samarTlebrivi da a.S; 248
19. informaciul – fsiqologiuri teqnologiebis gamoyeneba. aRniSnuli meTodis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia:
246
britaneTis mier CrdiloeT irlandiisTvis gamoyofili 2000-2003 wlebis biujetebis
Sesaxeb
informacia
SegiZliaT
moipovoT
internet
gverdze:
http://www.nics.gov.uk/pubs/newbudgt.pdf. 2011. SeniS. Cvenia
247
aRniSnuli programis Sesaxeb SegiZliaT moipovoT informacia, agreTve, internet saitze: http://www.E.U.-peace.org.2011. SeniS. Cvenia
248
ix. K. Cragin, P. Chalk, Terrorism & Development: Using Social and Economic Development to
Inhibit a Resurgence of terrorism. Published 2003 by rand rand url: http://www.rand.org. 2003.
96
a) prevenciuli zemoqmedeba da konfliqtis eskalaciis Tavidan
acileba.
b) politikur praqtikaSi tradiciuli SeiaraRebuli brZolis meTodebis Secvla Tanamedrove fsiqologiuri operaciebiT.
g) informaciul – fsiqologiuri omis Tanamedrove teqnologiebi
mSvidobianobis periodSi mowinaaRmdegesTan brZolis da misTvis
mniSvnelovani zianis miyenebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
d) konfliqtis zonebSi mosaxleobis farTo fenebTan, maT cnobierebasTan pirdapiri kontaqtis SesaZlebloba mowinaaRmdege eTno –
politikur elitisgan, romelic, rogorc wesi, konfliqtis eskalacias lamobs, gverdis avliT.
e) konfliqtis daregulirebis procesSi ara mxolod cnobierebis,
aramed qvecnobierebis CarTva, rasac udidesi mniSvneloba gaaCnia
“RirebulebaTa konfliqtis” dros.249
separatistuli ganwyobebis warmoSobis Tavidan asacileblad saqarTvelos polieTnikurad dasaxlebuli teritoriuli erTeulebis mosaxleoba maqsimalurad unda iqnes CarTuli qveynis socialur – ekonomikur cxovrebaSi, adgilobrivi da centraluri
mniSvnelobis saxelmwifo organoebis saqmianobaSi, maqsimalurad
unda Seewyos xeli qarTuli da sxva eTnikuri jgufebis kulturul daaxloebas da Tavidan unda iqnes acilebuli kulturuli
izolacia, gaucxoeba. saxelmwifo oficialuri ideologia mimarTuli unda iyos moqalaqeobrivi TviTSegnebis amaRlebaze da eTnikuri kuTvnilebis miuxedavad, TiToeul adamianSi saqarTvelos
srulfasovani moqalaqis rwmenis Camoyalibebisken.
umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa saqarTvelos mosaxleobis TviTSegnebis
gazrda saqarTvelos moqalaqis TviTSegnebamde. aRniSnuli mizniT
gamoyenebuli unda iqnes Cven mier zemoT CamoTvlili meTodebi,
gansakuTrebiT ki socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da informaciul – teqnologiuri meTodebi.
mniSvnelovan faqtorad migvaCnia sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis daweseba momavalSi separatistuli da sxva iseTi qmedebebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, romelTac SeuZliaT gamoiwvion
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Sesusteba, kontrolis dakargva ama Tu
im teritoriul erTeulze anda socialur jgufze. aRniSnuli
TvalsazrisiT, gadaxedvas saWiroebs saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis meTerTmete kari, romelSic gaTvaliswinebulia saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebi. gansakuTrebul saWiroebas warmoadgens iseTi qmedebebis kriminalizacia, romelic
249
ix.: А. В. Манойло, Эффективность воздействия на современные конфликты, М. 2008,с. 162163.
97
Tavisi arsiT eqstremizmis niSnebs Seicavs. marTalia, saqarTvelos
ssk-is 308-e muxlSi dasjadadaa miCneuli “saqarTvelos sawinaaRmdego moqmedeba, mimarTuli ucxo qveynisaTvis saqarTvelos mTeli
teritoriis an misi nawilis gadacemisaken anda saqarTvelos teritoriidan misi nawilis gamoyofisaken” aseve „igive qmedeba, ramac
saqarTvelos mTeli teritoriis an misi nawilis dakargva anda
sxva mZime Sedegi gamoiwvia”, magram aRniSnuli norma ar moicavs
saqarTvelos interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul iseT qmedebebs,
romlebic teritoriis dakargvasTan ar aris dakavSirebuli, Tumca
iwvevs ama Tu im socialuri an eTnikuri jgufis gamoTiSvas, gaucxoebas saqarTvelos moqalaqis erTiani samarTlebrivi da fsiqologiuri sivrcidan da sawindaria Semdgomi separatistuli, fsevdoreligiuri anda fsevdoeTnikuri moTxovnebis warmoSobis. msgavsi normebis magaliTi SeiZleba veZioT sazRvargareTis qveynebis
samarTlebriv sinamdvileSi, maT Soris, postsabWoeTis respublikebSic, Tumca verc erT maTgans srulyofil modelad ver miviCnevT. terorizmTan da zogadad saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTul
danaSaulebTan brZolis sisxlissamarTlebrivi saSualebebi damatebiT Rrma kvlevis sagans warmoadgens. mocemuli naSromis farglebSi aRniSnuli sakiTxis Rrma kvlevaSi ver SevalT da sisxlissamarTlebrivi meqanizmebi terorizmis Tavidan acilebis mxolod erT-erT faqtorad gvaqvs ganxiluli.
98
$ 2.
terorizmTan brZolis saerTaSoriso
samarTlebrivi saSualebebi
2.1. erTa liga terorizmis winaaRmdeg
saerTaSoriso normatiuli saSualebebiT terorizmis winaaRmdeg
brZolis istoriuli saTaveebi ukavSirdeba meoce saukunis dasawyisSi erTa ligis250 farglebSi sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis unifikaciis process. sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis unifikaciis idea warmoiSva 1926 wels briuselSi sisxlis samarTlis
saerTaSoriso asociaciis kongresze. sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso asociacia damnaSaveobasTan gaZlierebuli brZolis mizniT cdilobda maqsimalurad daeaxloebina erTmaneTTan sxvadasxva
qveynebis sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba.
sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso asociacia sakmaod aqtiuri organizacia aRmoCnda. misi kongresebi Catarda 1927 wels, varSavaSi,
1928 wels romSi, 1930 wels briuselSi, 1931 wels, parizSi, 1933
wels madridSi, 1935 wels kopenhagenSi. didi aqtiurobis miuxedavad, organizaciam ver SeZlo mniSvnelovan Sedegebamde misvla.251
terorizmis cnebis gansazRvra pirvelad, 1930 wels qalaq briuselSi, sisxlis samarTlis asociaciis mesame saerTaSoriso konferenciaze miRebul rezoluciaSi moxda. aRniSnuli rezolucia “terorizmis” qveTavSi ramdenime muxls moiazrebs:
pirvel muxlSi terorizmad moazrebulia: “sayovelTaod saSiSi
saSualebebis ganzraxi gamoyeneba, rodesac qmedeba safrTxes uqmnis sicocxles, sxeulis xelSeuxeblobas, janmrTelobas anda iqmneba mniSvnelovani faseulobebis ganadgurebis saSiSroeba kerZod: a) ganzrax cecxlis wakideba, afeTqeba, wyaldidobis gamowveva, Sxamiani da momwamlavi nivTierebebis gavrceleba, sasignalo
mowyobilobebis, maSuqebis sxva samaSvelo da xanZarsawinaaRmdego
saSualebebis ganzrax ganadgureba an mwyobridan gamoyvana. b)
transportis, kavSirgabmulobis, rkinigzis, telegrafis, fostis
normaluri funqcionirebis TviTneburi Seferxeba, sazogadoebrivi
250
erTa liga daarsda 1919-20 wlebis versalis xelSekrulebiT. warmoadgenda
saerTaSoriso organizacias, romelic konfliqtebis mSvidobiani mogvarebisa da
msoflioSi mSvidobis mxardaWeris sakiTxebiT iyo dakavebuli. organizaciis
Stab-bina mdebareobda SveicariaSi, qalaq JenevaSi. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ixileT erTa ligis wesdeba.
http://www.hist.msu.ru/Departments/ModernEuUS/INTREL/SOURCES/Legnatust.htm
251
dawvrilebiT ix.: Трайнин А. Н. Уголовная интервенция. М.: Госюриздат, 1935. c. 28-42;
Ромашкин П. С. Преступления против мира и безопасности человечества. М.: Наука, 1967. c. 173174; Галенская Л. Н. Правовые проблемы сотрудничества государств в борьбе с преступностью.
Л.: ЛГУ, 1978. С. 78-79; Карпец И. И. Преступления международного характера. М.: Юрид. лит.,
1979. С. 64-68.
99
daniSnulebis mqone hidromowyobilobis, ganaTebis, gaTbobis anda
sxva saSualebebis ganzraxi dazianeba. v) sasmeli wylis da sakvebi
saSualebebis ganzrax mowamvla, gauvargiseba. infeqciuri daavadebebis, epidemiebis, epizotiebis an mcenareTa daavadebebis gavrceleba.
muxli meore: daisjeba is, vinc ganzrax gamoiyenebs sayovelTaod
saSiS saSualebebs, Caidens teroristul aqts, rasac Tan sdevs sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis, sxeulis xelSeuxeblobis, saxelmwifo anda kerZo pirebis qonebis xelyofa, politikuri anda socialuri
idealebis demonstrirebis an ganxorcielebis mizniT.
muxli mesame: ganzrax sayovelTaod saSiSi saSualebebis gamoyenebas adgili eqneba maSin, rodesac dadgindeba, rom Seqmnilia organizacia pirovnebaze an qonebaze xelyofis mizniT. mocemuli muxlis safuZvelze daisjeba yvela is piri, vinc gaerTianda aRniSnul organizaciaSi.
muxli meoTxe: pirvel da meore muxlebSi CamoTvlili danaSaulebi dasjadia imis miuxedavad, Tu romeli qveynis teritoriaze iqna
isini Cadenili da romeli qveynis moqalaqem Caidina...”252
1930 wels briuselSi sisxlis samarTlis asociaciis mesame saerTaSoriso konferenciaze miRebul rezoluciaSi, samarTlebrivi
teqnikis TvalsazrisiT, terorizmis gansazRvrisas moxda ara am
movlenis obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebis gamokveTa, aramed im
qmedebebis CamoTvla romlebic SesaZlebelia moazrebul iqnas terorizmad. aRniSnuli midgoma Zalzed afarToebs terorizmis Semadgenlobis farglebs, ufro metic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SeuZlebelia gaivlos mijna terorizmsa da sxva msgavs danaSaulebriv
qmedebebs Soris.
terorizmis farglebis amorfulobaze TviTon briuselis konferenciis monawileebic miuTiTebdnen, amitom konferenciis plenumma
sabolood rezoluciis miReba rigiT meoTxe SexvedrisTvis gadado.253
1931 wels parizSi, sisxlis samarTlis asociaciis rigiT meoTxe
saerTaSoriso konferencia Catarda. aRniSnul konferenciaze terorizmis winaaRmdeg miRebuli iqna rezolucia, romlis mixedviTac:
“muxli pirveli: is, vinc mosaxleobis daSinebis mizniT fizikuri
pirebis an sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenebs bombebs, naRmebs, asafeTqebel an aalebad saSualebebs an manqanebs, cecxlsasrol iaraRs an sxva momakvdinebel da gamanadgurebel mowyobilobebs an
252
cit. moyvanilia: Трайнин А. Н. Избранные произведения. Защита мира и уголовный закон.
М., Наука, 1969. cc. 40-41.
253
ix. В. П. Eмельянов Уголовная ответственность за терроризм и преступления с признаками
терроризирования. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени Д.Ю.Н. Москва, 2001 г. с.26.
100
vinc gamoiwvevs an Seecdeba gamoiwvios epidemiebi, epizotiebi da
sxva katastrofebi, vinc Seaferxebs an Seecdeba Seaferxos sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis dawesebulebebis muSaoba, daisjeba...
muxli meore: is, vinc ganzrax daamzadebs, Seinaxavs, Semoitans an
gadazidavs pirvel muxlSi CamoTvlil sagnebs amave muxlSi aRwerili danaSaulis Casadenad daisjeba...
muxli mesame: vinc mouwodebs pirvel muxlSi aRwerili danaSaulis Casadenad sajaro gamosvlebiT, sajarod gavrcelebadi nawarmoebebiT an gamosaxulebebiT, an mxardaWeras gamoucxadebs msgavs
qmedebebs an mis Camden pirebs, daisjeba...
muxli meoTxe: vinc miiRebs monawileobas organizaciaSi, romelic
Camoyalibebulia zemoaRniSnuli danaSaulebis Casadenad daisjeba...
muxli mexuTe: provokatorebis garda sasjelisagan gaTavisufldebian isini, vinc zemoaRniSnuli danaSaulebis Cadenamde anda sisxlissmarTlebrivi devnis dawyebamde iTanamSromleben Sesabamis
organoebTan sxva damnaSaveebis dakavebis mizniT”.254
parizis meoTxe rezoluciis mexuTe muxlSi, terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis interesebidan gamomdinare, pirvelad iqna formulirebuli wamaxalisebeli norma. aRniSnuli udavod wingadadgmul
nabijad unda CaiTvalos terorizmis winaaRmdeg samarTlebrivi saSualebebiT brZolis aspeqtiT.
1933 wels madridSi sisxlis samarTlis asociaciis rigiT mexuTe
saerTaSoriso konferenciam terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli rezolucia gansxvavebuli Sinaarsobrivi datvirTviT miiRo:
muxli pirveli: is, vinc arsebuli socialuri wyobis ganadgurebis
mizniT raime xerxiT terorizebas uwevs mosaxleobas, - daisjeba...
muxli meore: is, vinc ganzrax daamzadebs, Seinaxavs, Semoitans an
gadazidavs garkveul masalebs an sagnebs, romlebic gankuTvnilia
pirvel muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis Casadenad, - daisjeba...
muxli mesame: is, vinc ama Tu im formiT sajarod mouwodebs pirveli muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis Cadenisaken an xotbas
Seasxavs aRniSnul danaSauls an mis Camdens, - daisjeba...
254
cit. moyvanilia: А. Н. Трайнин Избранные произведения. Защита мира и уголовный закон.
М., Наука, 1969, cc. 43-44.
101
muxli meoTxe: is, vinc pirvel muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis Cadenis mizniT gaerTiandeba organizaciaSi an miiRebs monawileobas SeTanxmebaSi, - daisjeba...255
zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, yvela pozitiuri debuleba, romelic
SeimuSava erTa ligam mesame da meoTxe konferenciebis rezoluciebSi, kerZod, wamaxalisebeli norma terorizmis winaaRmdeg, danaSaulis Semadgenlobis obieqturi niSnebi da a.S. mexuTe rezoluciaSi ugulebelyofilia da Sinaarsobrivad politikuri datvirTviT Seicvala.256
1934 wels safrangeTSi, qalaq marselSi mokles iugoslaviis mefe
aleqsandre I da safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri lui bartu.
aRniSnulma movlenebma erTa ligis saqmianoba terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi sagrZnoblad gaaqtiura. erTa ligis sabWom Seqmna
komiteti, romelSic Sevida 11 saxelmwifos warmomadgenli da romlis mizans Seadgenda terorizmis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso konvenciis SemuSaveba. komitetma SeimuSava ori konvenciis proeqti:
“terorizmis Tavidan acilebisa da misi Camdeni pirebis dasjis Sesaxeb” da saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlos daarsebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli konvenciebi xelmosawerad gaixsna 1937
wels.
“terorizmis Tavidan acilebisa da misi Camdeni pirebis dasjis Sesaxeb” konvenciaSi, romelic erTa ligam 1937 wels miiRo, teroristuli aqtis farglebi Zalze farTod iyo gagebuli da masSi
moiazreboda ganzraxi moqmedeba romelic mimarTuli iyo saxelmwifo meTaurebis da diplomatiuri warmomadgenlebis sicocxlis
an janmrTelobis winaaRmdeg, saxelmwifo an sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis ganadgurebis an dazianebisken, aseve qmedebebi, romlebic
safrTxes uqmnian adamianTa sicocxles. danaSaulad ganixileboda
sabrZolo iaraRis, asafeTqebeli mowyobilobebis, momwamlavi nivTierebebis warmoeba, SeZena, Senaxva an miwodeba. dasjadad iqna gamocxadebuli danaSaulebrivi organizaciebis Seqmna teroristuli
aqtis Cadenis mizniT, agreTve msgavs organizaciaSi monawileoba.257
meore msoflio omis dawyebis gamo erTa ligis 1937 wlis “terorizmis Tavidan acilebisa da misi Camdeni pirebis dasjis Sesaxeb”
konvencia ZalaSi ar Sesula, radganac saxelmwifoebma misi ratificireba ver moaxdines.
255
cit. moyvanilia: А. Н. Трайнин Избранные произведения. Защита мира и уголовный закон.
М., Наука, 1969, c. 49.
256
ix. В. П. Eмельянов Уголовная ответственность за терроризм и преступления с признаками
терроризирования. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени Д.Ю.Н. Москва, 2001, с.29
257
ix. konvenciis teqsti: UN A/C. 6/418
102
2.2 gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis farglebSi
miRebuli saerTaSoriso normebi terorizmis winaaRmdeg
saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola meore
msoflio omis Semdeg gaeros egidiT ganagrZo. terorizmis winaaRmdeg gaeros egidiT miRebulia 16 saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba, aqedan
13 konvencia, xolo sami damatebiTi oqmi.258
2.2.1. saerTaSoriso normebi sahaero transportis
usafrTxoebis xelmyofi aqtebis winaaRmdeg da maTi
asaxva qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi
teoristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis winaaRmdeg miRebuli aqtebidan qronologiurad pirvelia 1963 wlis tokios konvencia259, sahaero xomaldze danaSaulebrivi da sxva saxis qmedebebis akrZalvis
Sesaxeb. konvencia gamoiyeneba im aqtebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic
xelyofs sahaero xomaldis frenis usafrTxoebas.
konvencia Sedgeba Svidi Tavisgan da misi gamoyenebis sfero gansazRvrulia pirvel TavSi, romlis mixedviTac, konvencia moqmedebs:
1. sahaero xomaldze sisxlis samarTaldarRvevisas.
2. im qmedebebis Cadenisas, romlebic SesaZloa ar warmoadgenen danaSauls, magram safrTxes uqmnian an SeiZleba Seuqmnan sahaero xomaldis, fizikuri pirebis an qonebis usafrTxoebas, arRveven sahaero xomaldze dadgenil disciplinas da wesrigs.
mocemuli konvenciis miznebisTvis sahaero xomaldi iTvleba frenaSi myofad afrenis mizniT Sidawvis Zravis CarTvis momentidan
asafren bilikze moZraobis damTavrebis momentamde.
1963 wlis tokios konvenciis mniSvnelovan aspeqts warmoadgens
sahaero usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT xomaldis kapitnisTvis mTeli rigi uflebebis miniWeba safrTxis gamomwvevi pirebis
mimarT iZulebiTi RonisZiebebis gatarebis CaTvliT, romelTaganac
aRsaniSnavia fizikuri piris dakavebis ufleba Tu aRniSnuli piri
Tavisi qmedebiT safrTxes uqmnis, an SesaZloa Seuqmnas sahaero xomaldis frenis usafrTxoebas. konvencia avaldebulebs xelmomwer
258
259
ix. http://www.un.org/russian/terrorism/instruments.shtml. 2011.
ix. http://www.un.org/russian/documen/convents/crimes_aboard.html. 2011.
103
saxelmwifoebs daapatimron samarTaldamrRvevebi da daubrunon
sahaero xomaldze kontroli kanonier meTaurs.260
1970 wels haagaSi, miRebuli iqna konvencia sahaero xomaldis ukanonod xelSi Cagdebis winaaRmdeg, romlis mixedviTac, danaSaulebrivadaa gamocxadebuli nebismieri piris qmedeba261, romelic
frenaSi myof sahaero xomaldze ukanonod, ZaladobiT, anda Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqariT, anda daSinebis sxva nebismieri formiT,
xelSi Caigdebs sahaero xomalds anda moipovebs masze kontrols,
anda Seecdeba ganaxorcielos aRniSnuli qmedebebi. konvenciis
moTxovnas warmoadgens is, rom xelmomwerma saxelmwifoebma daaweson mkacri sasjelebi sahaero xomaldebis ukanonod xelSi CamgdebTa mimarT; daapatimron borotmoqmedebi maT mimarT marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis an xelmomwer saxelmwifoSi eqstradiciis mizniT; moiTxovs, rom mxareebma samarTlebrivi daxmareba gauwion erTmaneTs.
1971 wlis 23 seqtembris monrealis konvencia samoqalaqo aviaciis
usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul ukanono aqtebTan brZolis Sesaxeb,262 mimarTulia saaviacio sabotaJis winaaRmdeg, iTvaliswinebs iseTi qmedebebis akrZalvas, rogoricaa eqspluataciaSi myofi
sahaero xomaldis ganadgureba an misi imgvari dazianeba ramac SeiZleba sahaero xomaldi gamoiyvanos mwyobridan da safrTxe Seeqmnas mis usafrTxo frenas; sahaero xomaldze myofi piris mimarT
Zaladobis gamoyenebas, Tu aseTi Zaladoba safrTxes uqmnis sahaero xomaldis usafrTxoebas; sahaero xomaldze iseTi mowyobilobis an nivTierebis moTavseba, ramac SesaZlebelia eqspluataciaSi
myofi xomaldi gamoiyvanos mwyobridan, daazianos an sxvagvarad
Seuqmnas safrTxe misi frenis usafrTxoebas. aeronavigaciis mowyobilobis ganadgureba, dazianeba an arasanqcirebuli eqspluatacia,
ramac SesaZlebelia safrTxe Seuqmnas sahareo xomaldis usafrTxoebas; ganzrax araswori cnobebis gadacema da amiT sahaero
xomaldisTvis safrTxis Seqmna.263
samoqalaqo aviaciis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul ukanono
aqtebTan brZolis Sesaxeb 1971 wlis monrealis konvencias gaaCnia
damatebiTi oqmi samoqalaqo aviaciis saerTaSoriso aeroportebSi
Zaladobis ukanono aqtebTan brZolis Sesaxeb, romelic miRebulia
1988 wlis 24 Tebervals monrealSi. 1988 wlis oqmiT 1971 wlis konvencias daemata 1 bis da 2 bis muxlebi. aRniSnuli damatebis Tanaxmad:
260
ix. http://www.un.org/russian/terrorism/instruments.shtml. 2011.
ix. http://www.un.org/russian/terrorism/seiz.pdf. 2011.
262
ix. http://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/aviation_security.shtml. 2011.
263
ix. konvenciis pirveli muxli. ООН A/C.6/418
http://www.un.org/russian/documen/convents/aviation_security.html.2011.
261
104
nebismieri piri axorcielebs borotmoqmedebas, Tu is ukanonod da
winaswari ganzraxviT nebismieri nakeTobis, nivTierebis an iaraRis
gamoyenebiT:
a) saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo aviaciis momsaxure aeroportSi Caidens Zaladobis aqts romelime piris mimarT da safrTxes Seuqmnis,
seriozulad dauzianebs janmrTelobas, an gamoiwvevs sikvdils;
b) mwyobridan gamoiyvans an seriozulad daazianebs saerTaSoriso
samoqalaqo aviaciis momsaxure aeroportis mowyobilobas an nagebobas, an aeroportSi mdgom sahaero xomaldebs, romlebic ar imyofebian eqspluataciaSi, an Seaferxebs aeroportis samsaxurebis
muSaobas.
Tu amgvari aqti safrTxes uqmnis an SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas am
aeroportis usafrTxoebas”.
konvenciis damatebiTi oqmis 2 bis muxlis Tanaxmad, molaparakebis
yoveli monawile saxelmwifo iRebs saWiro zomebs 1 bis muxlSi
aRweril borotmoqmedebebze Tavisi iurisdiqciis dasadgenad, rodesac aRniSnuli darRvevis Camdeni piri imyofeba mis teritoriaze da 1971 wlis konvenciis merve muxlis Tanaxmad, ar xdeba misi
gadacema sxva xelmomweri saxelmwifosTvis.264
sahaero transportis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli aqtebi
gaeros konvenciebSi moazrebulia, rogorc saerTaSoriso xasiaTis
teroristuli danaSaulebi. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi sahaero usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi mxolod nawilobrivadaa kriminalizebuli, konvenciis moTxovnebTan SedarebiT. sagulisxmoa, rom sahaero transportze konvenciiT akrZaluli qmedebebis ganxorcieleba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad ar iTvleba.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba 227-e muxliT iTvaliswinebs “sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi
Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba”-s. aRniSnuli norma
mocemulia sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebisa da wesrigis winaaRmdeg
mimarTul danaSaulTa TavSi da mis sisxlissamarTlebriv dacvis
obieqts sazogadoebrivi uSiSroeba warmoadgens. saqarTvelos sskis 227-e muxlis Tanaxmad, obieqturi mxriv, danaSauli damTavrebulad iTvleba sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi
Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego dauflebis momentidan. “daufleba marTlsawinaaRmdegoa maSin, roca pirs ara aqvs masze kanonieri uflebamosileba. marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba SeiZleba ga264
ix.:
konvenciis
damatebiTi
oqmis
teqsti
http://www.un.org/russian/documen/convents/airports.htm.2011. saqarTvelo SeuerTda saqarTvelos parlamentis 1998 wlis 25 noembris #1693 – Is dadgenilebiT.
105
naxorcielos rogorc Sesabamisi dawesebulebis TanamSromelma
(magaliTad, avtomobilis memanqanem), romelsac mocemul SemTxvevaSi ar hqonda ufleba daufleboda mas, aseve sxva pirma”.265 saqarTvelos ssk-is 227-e muxlis Sesabamisad, dauflebis mizans qmedebis danaSaulad kvalifikaciisTvis mniSvneloba ara aqvs. zemodasaxelebul 1963, 1970 da 1971 wlebis konvenciebSi konkretulad ar
aris gansazRvruli Tu ra mizans SeiZleba emsaxurebodes sahaero
xomaldis daufleba, Tumca sahaero xomaldis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedebebi saerTaSoriso terorizmis gamovlinebadaa miCneuli.
zemoaRniSnul konvenciebSi aqcenti gadatanilia qmedebis Sinaarsze da igulisxmeba, rom sahaero xomaldis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
qmedeba atarebs teroristuli danaSaulis xasiaTs, raki msgavsi
qmedebebi Zirs uTxris “yvela saxelmwifos samoqalaqo aviaciis
Camoyalibebuli moRvaweobisadmi msoflios xalxebis rwmenas.”266
saqarTvelos sisxlissamarTlebrivi normis mixedviT, sahaero xomaldis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedeba xelyofs sazogadoebriv
uSiSroebas magram teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad ar iTvleba. unda aRiniSnos, rom Sesabamisi obieqturi mxaris da miznis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis
moZravi Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego dauflebam SesaZlebelia teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis saxe SeiZinos.
sahaero transportis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad gaeros mier
miRebul konvenciebTan SemxeblobaSia agreTve saqarTvelos ssk-is
2221 muxli - satransporto komunikaciebis blokireba - romlis mixedviTac dasjadia satransporto komunikaciebis blokirebis organizeba dabrkolebebis, saguSagoebis mowyobis gziT an sxva marTlsawinaaRmdego xerxiT, ramac Seaferxa an SeeZlo gamoewvia rkinigzis, sahaero, wylisa da magistraluri milsadeni transportis
normaluri muSaobis Seferxeba. Semadgenloba damamZimebel garemoebebSi Cadenilad iTvleba, Tu zemoaRniSnulma qmedebebma mniSvnelovani ziani, janmrTelobis mZime dazianeba an adamianis sicocxlis mospoba gamoiwvia. norma ar adgens satransporto komunikaciebis blokirebis mizans... aqedan gamomdinare Sesabamisi miznis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia aRniSnulma qmedebebma teroristuli xasiaTi SeiZinos da teroristul aqtad Sefasdes.
265
ix. sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni pirveli. avtorTa koleqtivi. gamomcemloba “meridiani”, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 514.
266
ix. 1973 wlis konvenciis preambula.
106
2.2.2. konvencia saerTaSorisod daculi pirebis
winaaRmdeg danaSaulis aRkveTisa da dasjis Sesaxeb da
misi debulebebis asaxva qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi
1973 wlis 14 dekembers q. niu-iorkSi miRebulia konvencia saerTaSorisod daculi pirebis winaaRmdeg danaSaulis aRkveTisa da
dasjis Sesaxeb.267 aRniSnuli konvenciis miReba ganapiroba diplomatiuri agentebisa da sxva saerTaSorisod daculi pirebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis gansakuTrebulma mniSvnelobam saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobis sakiTxebSi. konvenciis preambulaSi
naTqvamia, rom wevri-saxelmwifoebi darwmunebulni arian, rom amgvari danaSaulebis ganxorcieleba aris saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis Rrma SeSfoTebis mizezi.
konvenciis pirveli muxlis mixedviT, “saerTaSorisod daculi piris” cnebaSi igulisxmeba:
a) saxelmwifos meTauri, iseve rogorc am saxelmwifos konstituciis mixedviT saxelmwifos meTauris funqciebis aRmsasrulebeli
kolegialuri organos wevri, mTavrobis meTauri an sagareo saqmeTa ministri, rodesac nebismieri aseTi pirTagani imyofeba ucxo
saxelmwifoSi, da misi Tanmxlebi ojaxis wevrebi.
b) saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli an oficialuri piri, an samTavrobaTaSoriso saerTaSoriso organizaciis nebismieri agenti, romelzec im drosa da adgilas, rodesac ganxorcielda Tavdasxma
masze, misi oficialuri samyofelis, kerZo sacxovreblis an
tarnsportis wianaaRmdeg, vrceldeboda saerTaSoriso samarTliT
gaTvaliswinebuli gansakuTrebuli dacva Tavdasxmisagan mis pirovnebaze, Tavisuflebasa an Rirsebaze iseve, rogorc misi ojaxis
wevrebeze.”
konvenciiT daculi subieqtebis zustad dasadgenad, saqarTvelos
konstitucis garda, unda mivmarTod venis 1961 wlis konvencias
diplomatiur urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb268, venis 1963 wlis konvencias
sakonsulo urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb269, 1969 wlis konvencias specialuri misiebis Sesaxeb270 da venis 1974 wlis konvencias saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlobis Sesaxeb maT urTierTobaSi universaluri xasiaTis saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan.271
267
ix.: http://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/english-18-7.pdf.2011. saqarTvelo SeuerTda
2003 wlis 24 seqtembers.
268
saqarTvelo SeuerTda parlamentis 1993 wlis 13 maisis dadgenilebiT.
269
saqarTvelo SeuerTda parlamentis 1993 wlis 8 ivnisis dadgenilebiT.
270
saqarTvelo SeuerTda parlamentis 2005 wlis 20 maisis dadgenilebiT.
271
ix.: l. aleqsiZe, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 164
107
konvenciiT akrZaluli qmedebis obieqturi Semadgelobis dasadgenad unda mivmarTod meore muxls, romlis mixedviTac, dasjadia
ganzrax Cadenili:
a) saerTaSorisod daculi piris mkvleloba, gataceba, an piradad
misi an misi Tavisuflebis sxva saxis xelyofa;
b) saerTaSorisod daculi piris oficialur samyofelze, sacxovrebelze, satransporto saSualebaze Zalismieri Tavdasxma, rac
safrTxes uqmnis am pirs an mis Tavisuflebas;
c) msgavsi Tavdasxmis ganxorcielebis muqara;
d) msgavsi Tavdasxmis ganxorcielebis mcdeloba;
e) nebismieri msgavsi danaSaulis ganxorcielebaSi Tanamonawileobis aqti, ganxilul unda iqnas konvenciis yoveli wevri-saxelmwifos mier rogorc danaSauli, misi Sida kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi teroristuli xasiaTis
danaSaulTa XXXVIII TavSi gaTvaliswinebulia saerTaSoriso dacviT mosargeble pirze an dawesebulebaze Tavdasxmis amkrZalav
norma (ssk-is 326-e muxli). sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis obieqti,
am normis Tanaxmad, aris saerTaSoriso mSvidoba da saxelmwifoTa
Soris normaluri Tanaarseboba. terologiaSi cnobilia, rom saerTaSoriso dacviT mosargeble pirebze ganxorcielebul Tavdasxmebs Tan udidesi provokaciuli efeqti axlavs.
qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis mixedviT, normis damatebiT dacvis
obieqts TviTon saerTaSoriso dacviT mosargeble ucxo qveynis
warmomadgenlis, saerTaSoriso organizaciis TanamSromlis, agreTve aRniSnuli pirebis ojaxis wevris sicocxle, janmrTeloba
an sakuTreba warmoadgens.
obieqturad danaSauli xorcieldeba saerTaSoriso dacviT mosargeble pirebze, diplomatiur agentebze, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis TanamSromlebze TavdasxmiT, maTi an maTi ojaxis wevris sicocxlis, janmrTelobis an sakuTrebis xelyofiT.
subieqturi mxare, mxolod ganzraxia da specialur mizans moicavs
- saerTaSoriso garTulebis gamowveva. danaSauli SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes agreTve sxva nebismieri politikuri motiviT. normiT akrZaluli qmedebis ganxorcieleba SeuZlia nebismier sisxlis samarTlis subieqts.
konvenciis meore muxlis Tanaxmad, dasjadadaa miCneuli ganzrax
Cadenili Semdegi qmedebebi: saerTaSorisod daculi piris mkvleloba, gataceba da misi Tavisuflebis sxvagvari xelyofa. daismis
108
kiTxva: saqarTvelos ssk-is 326-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauli moizrebs Tu ara SemadgenlobaSi msgavs qmedebebs. sagulisxmoa, rom saerTaSoriso dacviT mosargeble pirze an dawesebulebaze Tavdasxmis Semadgenloba damTavrebulia Tavdasxmis obieqturad ganxorcielebis momentidan. rac Seexeba konvenciaSi damatebiT dasaxelebul qmedebebs, rogoricaa mkvleloba da Tavisuflebis nebismier saxis xelyofa, damatebiT kvalifikacias moiTxovs
damamZimebel garemoebebSi mkvlelobis (ssk-is 109 mux.), Tavisuflebis ukanono aRkveTis (ssk-is 143-e mux.), mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis
(ssk-is 144-e mux.), teroristuli mizniT mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis
(ssk-is 329-e mux.) da sxva danaSaulTa SemadgenlobebiT.
xelmomweri saxelmwifoebi valdebulebas iReben reagireba moaxdinon konvenciiT akrZalul qmedebebze:
a) rodesac danaSauli Cadenilia iqna am saxelmwifos teritoriaze, an am saxelmwifoSi registrirebuli sazRvao an sahaero xomaldis bortze;
b) rodesac savaraudo damnaSave aris am saxelmwifos moqalaqe;
g) rodesac danaSauli Cadenilia 1-li muxlis mixedviT saerTaSorisod daculi piris winaaRmdeg, romelic sargebldobs am statusiT gamomdinare funqciebidan, romlebsac igi asrulebs am
saxelmwifos saxeliT.
konvenciis mixedviT, saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian miiRon Sesabamisi profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebi akrZaluli qmdebebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia:
1. saxelmwifoTa valdebuleba miiRon yvela zoma rogorc sakuTar
sazRvrebs SigniT, ise mis gareT konvenciaSi aRwerili danaSaulobebis mosamzadebel stadiaze aRkveTis mizniT; 272
2. xelmomwer saxelmwifoTa valdebuleba gacvalon informacia da
urTierTkoordinirebulad ganaxorcielon konvenciiT aRwerili
danaSaulebis aRkveTis mizniT warmoebuli RonisZiebebi;
3. im SemTxvavaSi, Tu saxelmwifo Tvlis, rom savaraudo damnaSave
gaiqca misi teriroriidan, igi valdebulia Seatyobinos yvela dainteresebul saxelmwifos uSualod an gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generaluri mdivnis meSveobiT, Cadenil danaSaulTan
dakavSirebuli yvela faqti da savaraudo damnaSavis vinaobis Sesaxeb arsebuli informacia.273
272
ix. saerTaSorisod daculi pirebis winaaRmdeg danaSaulis aRkveTisa da dasjis Sesaxeb konvenciis meoTxe muxli.
273
ix. dasaxelebuli konvenciis mexuTe muxlis pirveli nawili.
109
konvenciaSi sxva TemebTan erTad agreTve gansazRvrulia regulaciis farglebi, zogadprocesualuri aspeqtebi, profilaqtikuri
RonisZiebebi akrZaluli qmedebebis Tavidan asacileblad da saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTTanamSromlobis sakiTxebi danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Camden pirTa dasjasTan dakavSirebiT.
2.2.3. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis konvencia
mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg da misi debulebebis asaxva
qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi
saerTaSoriso konvencia mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg miRebuli iqna 1979 wels niu-iorkSi. saqarTvelo aRniSnul konvencias SeuerTda 2003 wlis 24 seqtembers. konvenciis preambulaSi naTqvamia,
rom yvelas aqvs sicocxlis, piradi Tavsuflebisa da usafrTxoebis ufleba rogorc es gaTvaliswinebulia adamianis uflebaTa
sayovelTao deklaraciiTa da saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb.
mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso konvenciis pirveli
muxlis Tanaxmad, mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba saxezea rodesac:
~nebismieri piri, romelic Seipyrobs an atyvevebs da emuqreba mokvliT, dazianebiT an tyveobaSi yofniT sxva pirs (SemdegSi `mZevali~) raTa aiZulos mesame mxare, kerZod ki, saxelmwifo, saerTaSoriso samTavroboTSoriso organizacia, fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, an pirTa jgufi, ganaxorcielos qmedeba, an Tavi Seikavos misi
ganxorcielebisagan, mZevlis gaTavsuflebis pirdapiri an arapirdapiri pirobebiT, axorcielebs mZevlad ayvanis danaSauls (`mZevlad ayvana~).”274
konvenciiT mocemuli definiciis Tanaxmad, mZevlad xelSi ayvana
xorcieldeba garkveuli xerxebiT. kerZod, SepyrobiT, datyvevebiT,
romelsac Tan axlavs sicocxlis ganadgurebis, dazianebiT (unda
vigulisxmoT rogorc janmrTelobis, ise qonebis dazianebis), an
tyveobaSi yofnis muqara.
konvenciis Tanaxmad, mZevlad xelSi Cagdebisas gamokveTilia sami
mxare: mZevlad xelSi Camgdebi, mZevali da mesame pirebi, romlebic
iZulebas ganicdian mZevlis gaTavisuflebis pirobis sanacvlod.
mesame pirebi, anu mZevlad xelSi CamgdebTa moTxovnis adresatebi,
konvenciaSi detaluradaa gawerili, romlebsac warmoadgenen “saxelmwifo, saerTaSoriso samTavroboTSoriso organizacia, fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, an pirTa jgufi.”275 mesame pirebis mimarT
274
ix. mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso konvenciis pirveli muxli.
http://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/english-18-5.pdf. 2011.
275
ix. mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso konvenciis pirveli muxli.
http://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/english-18-5.pdf. 2011.
110
wasayenebel SesaZlo moTxovnebad konvencia asaxelebs garkveuli
qmedebis ganxorcielebas an misgan Tavis Sekavebas.
konvenciis preambulis mixedviT, mZevlad ayvanis yvela aqti miiCneva saerTaSoriso terorizmis gamovlinebad.276 Tumca Semdgom konvenciis teqstSi me-13 muxli azustebs konvenciis moqmedebis farglebs,277 romlis mixedviTac, `winamdebare konvencia ar moqmedebs,
rodesac danaSauli Cadenilia erT saxelmwifoSi, mZevali da savaraudo damnaSave arian am saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi da savaraudo
damnaSave napovnia am saxelmwifos teritoriaze~. me-13 muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, saerTaSoriso terorizmad ar iTvleba da
konvenciis regulaciis farglebs gareTaa is SemTxveva, rodesac
mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba erTi qveynis farglebs ar scdeba, radganac teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauli yovelTvis ar atarebs saerTaSoriso xasiaTs. erTi qveynis farglebSi teroristuli mizniT
mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba, konvenciis me-13 muxlis Sesabamisad, ar ganixileba saerTaSoriso terorizmis gamovlenad da warmoadgens
ara saerTaSoriso, aramed Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi regulaciis sagans.
calke aRniSvnis Rirsia isic, rom “rogorc danaSaulTan brZolis
praqtika cxadyofs, mZevlad ayvanis yvela faqti ver “aRwevs” terorizmamde”278 da aseTad ar unda CaiTvalos. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba
jer kidev ar niSnavs teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauls. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis or Semadgenlobas iTvaliswinebs 144-e da 329-e muxlebSi. 144-e muxliT
gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauli, mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba, moTavsebulia saqarTvelos ssk-is XXIII TavSi (danaSauli adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis winaaRmdeg), romlis gvareobiT dacvis
obieqts warmoadgens adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. TviTon normis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis obieqti adamianis piradi Tavisufleba da uSiSroebaa, xolo fakultatur obieqts warmoadgens calkeul organizaciaTa normaluri muSaoba,
adaminis Rirseba, sicocxle da janmrTeloba.279
teroristuli xasiaTis mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba, anu ssk-is 329-e
muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauli, mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba teroristuli mizniT, moTavsebulia saqarTvelos ssk-is XXXVIII TavSi, romelic mimarTulia terorizmis winaaRmdeg da romlis gvareobiT, dacvis obieqts saxelmwifos konstituciuri wyobileba da
276
ix. mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso konvenciis preambula.
http://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/english-18-5.pdf. 2011.
277
ix. Е.Г. Ляхов , Терроризм и межгосударственные отношения. – М.: «Международные
отношения», 1991. c.77.
278
ix. В. П. Емельянов, Терроризм и преступления с признаками терроризирования дис. на
соискание ученой степени доктора юридических наук, М., 2001, с.37.
279
ix. sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni pirveli. avtorTa koleqtivi. gamomcemloba “meridiani”, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 229.
111
uSiSroebis safuZvlebi warmoadgens. teroristuli mizniT mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis obieqts, adamianis piradi Tavisuflebisa da uSiSroebis garda, saxelmwifos politikuri da ekonomikuri interesebi warmoadgens, vinaiadan, rogorc saerTaSoriso praqtika mowmobs, teroristuli mizniT mZevlebis ayvanas seriozuli zianis motana SeuZlia saxelmwifosaTvis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT qveynis
Sida stabilurobaze.280
sqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi, iseve rogorc
sxva mravali postsabWouri qveynebis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebSi, mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis ori Semadgenloba erTmaneTisagan mZevlad xelSi CamgdebTa moTxovnis adresatebiT imijneba erTmaneTisgan.281 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT,
Tu teroristuli mizniT mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis dros borotmoqmedTa moTxovnis adresati SeiZleba iyos saxelmwifo, saerTaSoriso an religiuri organizacia, raTa mZevlis gaTavisuflebis pirobiT Seasrulon an Tavi Seikavon garkveuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebisagan, ssk-is adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis
adresatebi SesaZlebelia iyos fizikuri an iuridiuli piri. adresatebis mixedviT, mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis danaSaulis dayofa teroristul da mimdinare xasiaTis danaSaulebad formaluria da
klasifikaciis Rrma safuZveli ar gaaCnia. terorizmTan brZolis
istoriaSi cnobilia, rom xSirad teroristuli organizaciebi
mZevlebis gaTavisuflebis pirobiT aiZuleben fizikur an iuridiul pirebs garkveuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebas an misgan Tavis
Sekavebas. terorizmTan brZolis msoflio praqtikaSi, imis miuxedavad, rom moTxovnis adresatebi fizikuri an iuridiul pirebi
arian, aRniSnuli danaSaulebi samarTlianad Sefasebula teroristuli mizniT mZevlad xelSi Cagdebad.
mniSvnelovani faqtia isic, rom TviTon konvenciis Tanaxmad, teroristuli xasiaTis mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis adresatebi SesaZlebelia iyvnen “saxelmwifo, saerTaSoriso samTavrobaTaSoriso organizacia, fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, an pirTa jgufi”. konvenciis
mixedviT, fizikur an iuridiul, an pirTa jgufze mimarTuli moTxovna Sesabamisi Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis SemTxvevaSi saerTaSoriso terorizmis gamovlinebad iTvleba, gansxvavebiT saqarTvelos da mravali postsabWouri qveynebis sisxlis samarTlis kanonebisgan, romlebic moTxovnis adresatebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauls mimdinare danaSaulisgan. cxa280
ix. sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni meore. avtorTa koleqtivi. gamomcemloba “meridiani”, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 112
281
mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis Semadgenlobebis gamijvnis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmulia sxva mosazrebebic, ix: m. lekveiSvili, g. mamulaSvili, danaSauli saxelmwifosa da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. gamomcemloba “meridiani”, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 95-96
112
dia, rom yvela mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba ar warmoadgens teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauls da miT ufro saerTaSoriso terorizmis
gamovlinebas da normatiulad unda arsebobdes aRniSnulis gamijvnis safuZveli, Tumca mxolod moTxovnis adresatebis kriteriumi
klasifikaciis safuZvlad movlenis Sinaarsobriv wvdomaze ver miuTiTebs.
mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba SesaZlebelia CaiTvalos teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad, Tundac borotmoqmedTa moTxovnis adresarti
unda iyos fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, magram qmedeba mimarTuli
iyos saxelmwifos strategiuli politikuri, ekonomikuri an sxva
interesebis winaaRmdeg.
teroristuli mizniT mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis normaSi (saqarTvelos ssk-is 329-e mux.), ar aris gamijnuli mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis
romeli forma miekuTvneba saerTaSoriso da romeli Sidasaxelmwifoebriv terorizms. marTalia, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi aRniSnuli zRvari ar aris gavlebuli da
mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba teroristuli mizniT danaSaulis erT SemadgenlobaSi moiazrebs mis saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelmwifoebriv gamovlinebas, magram 2003 wels mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg
konvenciis ratificirebiT saqarTvelos kanonmdebeli daeTanxma
mis Sinaarsobriv mxares. amasTan, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis pirveli muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad, sisxlis samarTlis normebi Seesabameba saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod
aRiarebul principebsa da normebs. zemoaRniSnuli msjelobidan
gamomdinare, marTalia, saerTaSoriso terorizmis gansazRvreba
pirdapir ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi, magram dadgenili wesiT ratificirebuli konvenciebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinareobs.
zemoaRniSnuli msjelobidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT,
rom mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg konvenciis moqmedeba vrceldeba
mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis saqarTvelos ssk-is 329 –e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis Semadgenlobaze. amasTan, amave SemadgenlobiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis mxolod saerTaSoriso gamovlinebaze.
konvencia pirveli muxlis meore nawilis “a” qvepunqtis mixedviT
dasjadia mZevlad ayvanis mcdeloba. aRniSnuli ki, daumTavrebeli
danaSaulisTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis sakmaod saintereso
precendentia. amasTan, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom mZevlad ayvana formaluri xasiaTis danaSaulia da damTavrebulad iTvleba
ara raime mZime Sedegis dadgomidan, aramed qmedebis ganxorcielebis (mZevlis xelSi Cagdebis) momentidan, logikuria, rom konvenciis mixedviT, dasjadadaa aRiarebuli daumTavrebeli mcdeloba.
sisxlis samarTlis TeoriaSi cnobilia, rom damTavrebuli mcdeloba danaSaulis uSedego Semadgenlobas ar axasiaTebs, radganac
damTavrebuli mcdelobis stadia damTavrebuli danaSaulis stadi113
as emTxveva. msgavs Semadgenlobebs SeiZleba axasiaTebdes mxolod
momzadebis da daumTavrebeli mcdelobis stadia. danaSaulis formalur SemadgenlobebSi daumTavrebeli mcdelobis arsebobis SesaZleblobas bevri avtori ar iziarebs. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom TviTon konvenciam gansazRvra
mcdelobis dasjadobis saWiroeba iseT formalur danaSaulSi,
rogoricaa mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba.
konvenciis pirveli muxlis meore nawilis “b” qvepunqtis mixedviT,
dasjadia acxadebs mZevlad ayvanaSi Tanamonawileoba, rac
gamoxatulia “Tanamzraxveli”-s cnebiT. “Tanamzraxveli”-s cnebaSi
SeiZleba moviazroT Tanamonawileobisa da Tanaamsruleblobis
formebi. aseve jgufuri danaSaulis samive saxe: winaswar SeuTanxmebeli, winaswar SeTanxmebuli da organizebuli. konvencia Tanamzraxvelobis zogad cnebas adgens, romelSic danaSaulis CadenaSi
ori an meti piris erToblivi monawileobis yvela formas gulisxmobs.
konvenciis mesame muxlis Tanaxmad, datyvevebuli mZevlis moqalaqeobrivi kuTvnilebis miuxedavad, xelmomweri saxelmwifo kisrulobs valdebulebas miiRos yvela saWiro zoma mZevlis gaTavisuflebisaTvis, xolo gaTavisuflebis Semdeg, Sesabamis SemTxvevebSi,
xeli Seuwyos mis gamgzavrebas mSobliur qveyanaSi. amasTan, daicvas mZevlis sakuTreba, romlis xelyofis safrTxec Seiqmna mZevlad xelSi CagdebasTan dakavSirebiT. konvencia mouwodebs xelmomwer saxelmwifoebs ganaviTaron saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba
mZevlad ayvanis yvela aqtis gamovlenis, aRkveTis, gansjisa da
dasjis mizniT.282 principze “gaasamarTle an gadaeci” gansakuTrebuli aqcenti keTdeba aqac, iseve rogorc terorizmis winaaRmdeg
mimarTul sxva konvenciebSi.
gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs konvenciis me-4 muxli, romelic
avaldebulebs saxelmwifoebs TavianT teritoriebze aRkveTon
mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis danaSaulisTvis mzadeba, romlis Cadenac
SesaZlebelia gamiznuli iyos ara mxolod maT teritoriaze, aramed maTi teritoriis gareTac, anu konvenciis mixedviT, saxelmwifo valdebulia Caerios da aRkveTos mZevlad xelSi CagdebisTvis
mzadeba im SemTxvevaSic, Tu danaSauli uSualod mas safrTxes ar
uqmnis.
rogorc literaturaSia aRniSnuli, mocemuli valdebuleba konvenciaSi Setanilia iugoslaviis winadadebiT, radgan igi sakmaod
mZime viTarebaSi imyofeboda im antiiugoslaviuri jgufebis danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis gamo, romlebmac mis mezobel saxelmwifoebSi monaxes TavSesafari.283 iugoslaviis SemTxvevas, rodesac erTi
282
ix. mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso konvenciis preambula.
http://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/english-18-5.pdf
283
ix. Е.Г. Ляхов , Терроризм и межгосударственные отношения, М., «Международные
отношения», 1991, c.78
114
qveynis winaaRmdeg moqmed dajgufebebs sxva qveynebi mfarveloben,
an TavSesafars aZleven cota mogvianebiT saxelmwifoebrivad xelSewyobili terorizmi ewoda saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi284 da
doqtrinaSi285. meoTxe muxlis Tanaxmad, konvencia zogadad avaldebulebs saxelmwifoebs sakuTar teritoriaze aRkveTon mZevlad
xelSi Cagdebis mzadeba, rodesac danaSauli sxva saxelmwifos teritoriaze ganxorcieldes. aRniSnuli zogadi daTqmidan gamomdinareobs, rom ikrZaleba mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis xelSewyoba, an
martivad rom vTqvaT, terorizmis xelSewyoba sxva saxelmwifos
mimarT. ufro metic, konvencia avaldebulebs xelmomwer mxareebs
aramxolod TviTon ar Seuwyon xeli msgavsi qmedebis CamdenT, aramed aRniSnuli movlenis sakuTar teritoriaze aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, aqtiurad CaerTon damnaSaveTa gamosavlenad da dasasjelad.
gamoTqmulia kritikuli mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom konvenciis
meoTxe muxlis amgvari moTxovna samomavlod SezRudavda revoluciur da gamaTavisuflebel moZraobebs da terorzmTan brZolis
sababiT moxdeboda aRniSnuli moZraobebis CaxSoba.286
aRniSnul mosazrebas ver daveTanxmebiT iqidan gamomdinare, rom
revoluciuri da gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobebi Tavisi SinaarsiT,
socialur-samarTlebrivi bunebiT kardinalurad gansxvavdeba teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebisgan. amasTan, ama Tu im dainteresebulma saxelmwifom SesaZlebelia ugulebelyos obieqturi viTareba da Tavisi realpolitikuri miznebis Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva
sababi gamoiyenos gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobebis CasaxSobad daarRvios ra saerTaSoriso, moraluri da istoriuli kanonzomierebis normebi. konvenciaSi Cadebuli marTebuli debulebis damaxinjebulad gamoyenebis safrTxe ar warmoadgens imis safuZvels rom
aRniSnuli marTebuli debuleba ar iqnes SemuSavebuli da miRebuli. konvenciis meoTxe muxlis daTqma sxvadasxva formis saxelmwifoebrivad xelSewyobili terorizmis akrZalvis warmatebul cdad
migvaCnia, rac im periodisTvis namdvilad progresul nabijad unda iqnes miCneuli.287
284
ix. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia, 1970 weli, rezolucia # A/RES/39/159.
2004.
285
ix.: G. J. Schamis, War and Terrorism in international Affairs, New Brunswick, 1980, pp. 35-38; P.
Wilkinson, Terrorism and the Liberal State .New York: John Wiley & Sons, Halstead Press, 1977, p. 179;
B. M. Jenkins, Combatting Terrorism Becomes a War, Rand Corp., Santa Monica, 1984. p.7; R. J.
Erikson. Legitimate Use of Military Force Against State-Sponsored International Terrorism, Air
University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, 1989, p.15.
286
ix. Е.Г. Ляхов , Терроризм и межгосударственные отношения. – М., «Международные
отношения», 1991. c.78.
287
ix. mZevlebis ayvanis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso konvencia, muxli 4
~wevri-saxelmwifoebi TanamSromloben 1-li muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebebis aRkveTisaTvis, kerZod ki:
a) iReben yvela praqtikulad ganxorcielebad zomas TavianT Sesabamis teritoriebze, raTa aRkveTon maT teritoriebze an teritoriebs gareT am danaSaulebebis Cadenis mzadeba, TavianT teritoriebze im pirebis, jgufebis an organizaciebis saqmianobis aRkveTisaTvis zomebis miRebis CaTvliT, romlebic waaxaliseben,
115
konvenciis me-14 muxlis Tanaxmad, “araferi winamdebare konvenciaSi ar SeiZleba ganimartos gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis
wesdebis sawinaaRmdegod saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis
an politikuri damoukideblobis xelyofis gasamarTleblad.”
me-14 muxlis debuleba konvecias daemata ganviTarebadi qveynebis
moTxovniT, rogorc dacvis damatebiTi berketi, raTa mZevlebis gaTavisuflebis yalbi mizeziT ar momxdariyo maT qveyanaSi SeWra,
saxelmwifos suverenitetis darRveva da saerTaSoriso konfliqtSi CaTreva.288 aRniSnuli norma saxelmwifo terorizmis akrZalvas iTvaliswinebs. saxelmwifo terorizmis amkrZalavi msgavsi debulebebi mniSvnelovan politikur da samarTlebriv datvirTvas
atarebs, radgan mZevlebis ayvanis akrZalvis Sesaxeb konvenciis miRebis periodisTvis, 1979 wels saxelmwifo terorizmis calke safrTxed amgvarad gamoyofa da akrZalva progresul nabijs warmoadgenda saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisTvis.
2.2.4. saerTaSoriso normebi birTvuli terorizmis
winaaRmdeg da maTi asaxva qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi
birTvuli nivTierebebis fizikuri dacvis Sesaxeb konvencia 1980
wlis 3 marts iqna miRebuli289. konvenciis preambulaSi naTqvamia,
rom yvela saxelmwifos aqvs ufleba “ganaviTaros da gamoiyenos
birTvuli energia mSvidobiani miznebisTvis.” birTvuli energiis
mSvidobiani miznebisTvis eqspluatacia saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis sazrunavs Seadgens, radganac arsebobs birTvuli nivTierebebis ukanonod xelSi Cagdebis da gamoyenebis safrTxe.
konvencia mouwodebs wevr saxelmwifoebs birTvul nivTierebebTan
dakavSirebuli danaSauli efeqturad aRkveTon, gamoaaSkaraon da
dasajon; daicvan birTvuli nivTierebebi qveynis SigniT gamoyenebis, Senaxvis da transportirebisas; xeli Seuwyon aRniSnuli nivTierebebis usafrTxo gadaadgilebas.
konvencia pirvel muxlSi ganmartavs Tu ra saxis nivTierebebi warmoadgens birTvuls, adgens ra xelyofis sagans.290 meore muxlis mi-
ubiZgeben, awyoben (mZevlad ayanis aqtebs) an monawileoben mZevlad ayvanis aqtebis mzadebaSi.”
288
ix. Е.Г. Ляхов , Терроризм и межгосударственные отношения. – М.: «Международные
отношения», 1991, c. 81.
289
ix. http://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/Conv6-english.pdf. 2011.
290
a) ~birTvuli nivTiereba” aRniSnavs plutoniums, garda plutoniumisa plutonium 238-is 80%-ze meti izotopuri koncentraciiT; uran-233-s, urans, gamdidrebuls 235 an 233 izotopebiT; urans, izotopebis nareviT, rogorc moipoveba
116
xedviT konvenciis regulirebis sferoSia birTvuli nivTierebebis
is nawili, romelic gamoiyeneba mSvidobiani miznebisTvis, qveynis
SigniT moxmarebis, Senaxvis an transportirebisas anda imyofeba saerTaSoriso gadazidvis procesSi.
konvencia adgens birTvuli nivTierebebis fizikuri dacvis doneebs da dacvis standarts, avaldebulebs saxelmwifoebs, birTvuli
nivTierebebis saerTaSoriso da qveynis SigniT gadaadgilebisas,
daicvan konvenciiT gansazRvruli usafrTxoebis zomebi. konvenciis mesame da meoTxe muxlebis moTxovnis Tanaxmad, saerTaSoriso
gadazidvamde, rogorc eqsportiori, ise importiori da, agreTve,
tranzituli qveyana, valdebulia darwmundes, rom daculi iqneba
birTvuli nivTierebebis konvenciis pirveli danarTiT dadgenili
fizikuri dacvis standarti.
konvencia avaldebulebs xelmomwer saxelmwifoebs, gansazRvron
birTvul usafrTxoebaze zedamxedveli organo da uSualod, an
atomuri energiis saerTaSoriso saagentos meSveobiT iTanamSromlon erTmaneTTan “birTvuli nivTierebebis moparvis, gatacebis, an
nivTierebis sxva ukanono gziT xelSi Cagdebis an aseTi qmedebebis
realuri safrTxis SemTxvevaSi.”291 konvencia saxelmwifoTa Soris
TanamSromlobis or ZiriTad meTods gamoyofs:
1. wevr saxelmwifoTa Soris drouli Setyobineba birTvuli nivTierebebis danaSaulebrivi xelyofis an aRniSnuli xelyofis safrTxis warmoSobis SemTxvevaSi;
2. wevr saxelmwifoTa Soris informaciis uerTierTgacvla.292
konvencia aregulirebs sisxlis samarTlis saproceso urTierTobebs, eqstradaciis sakiTxebs da a.S. gansakuTrebuli interesis sagans warmoadgens konvenciis danarTebi, romelTagan pirveli danarTi birTvuli nivTierebebis gansxvavebuli jgufebisTvis fizikuri usafrTxoebis sam diferencirebul dones adgens, xolo meore, birTvuli nivTierebebis klasifikacias axdens.
birTvuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis saerTaSoriso normatiuli instrumentebidan aRsaniSnavia gaeros 2005 wlis 13 aprilis
konvencia “birTvuli terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb”.293 konbunebaSi, garda madnis an madnis narCenebisa; agreTve nebismier nivTierebas, romelic Seicavs zemoaRniSnulidan erTs an mets;
b) ~235 an 233 izotopebi gamdidrebuli urani” aRniSnavs urans, romelic Seicavs
uran-235 an uran-233 izotopebs, an orives erTad iseTi raodenobiT, rom am izotopebis jamis Warbi wili izotop uran-238-Tan SedarebiT, metia vidre izotop
235-is wili izotop 238-Tan SedarebiT bunebriv pirobebSi.
291
ix. konvenciis mexuTe muxli.
292
ix. iqve
293
saqarTvelo SeuerTda saqarTvelos prezidentis 2010 wlis 6 aprilis brZanebulebiT. konvenciis teqsti xelmisawvdomia internet misamarTze:
http://www.un.org/russian/documents/instruments/docs_ru.asp. 2011.
117
venciis preambulaSi naTqvamia, rom birTvuli terorizmis aqtebma
SesaZlebelia gamoiwvios mZime Sedegebi da safrTxe Seuqmnas saerTaSoriso mSvidobas da usafrTxoebas. xelmomweri saxelmwifoebi
aRniSnavdnen agreTve, rom arsebul saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv
aqtebSi birTvuli terorizmis safrTxe ar aris Sefasebuli saTanado doneze da Sesabamisad, aucileblad miaCniaT, rom saxelmwifoebma SeimuSaon efeqturi praqtikuli zomebi msgavsi teroristuli aqtebis Tavidan asacileblad, damnaSave pirebis mimarT sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis gansaxorcieleblad da maT dasasjelad.
konvenciis meore muxlis Tanaxmad:
1) birTvuli terorizmis CadenisTvis daisjeba nebismieri piri, Tu
igi ukanonod da ganzrax:
a) flobs radioaqtiur nivTierebas, an amzadebs radioaqtiur
iaraRs anda flobs aRniSnul iaraRs:
 sikvdilis gamowvevis an janmrTelobis dazianebis mizniT;
 garemos dabinZurebis an sakuTrebis xelyofis mizniT.
b) iyenebs radioaqtiur nivTierebas an radioaqtiur iaraRs nebismieri formiT anda iyenebs an azianebs birTvul obieqts imgvarad, rom xdeba radioaqtiuri nivTierebebis gamoTavisufleba anda
iqmneba amgvari gamonTavisuflebis safrTxe;
 sikvdilis gamowvevis an janmrTelobis dazianebis mizniT;
 garemos dabinZurebis an sakuTrebis xelyofis mizniT;
 raTa aiZulon fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, saerTaSoriso
organizacia anda saxelmwifo ganaxorcielos garkveuli moqmedeba
an Tavi Seikavos misi ganxorcielebisgan.
2) birTvuli terorizmis aqts sCadis piri, agreTve im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac:
a) axorcielebs meore muxlis pirvel nawilSi aRniSnuli qmedebebis Cadenis muqaras. amasTan, muqara aris realuri;
b) ukanonod da ganzrax moiTxovs radioaqtiur nivTierebas,
radioaqtiur iaraRs, an birTvul obieqts, aRniSnuli moTxovnis
dasakmayofileblad iyenebs Zaladobas an gamoxatavs Zaladobis
gamoyenebis muqaras da arsebobs muqaris ganxorcielebis realuri
safrTxe.
3) birTvuli terorizmisTvis pasuxs agebs agreTve piri meore muxlis pirveli nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli daumTvrebeli danaSaulisTvis.
4) birTvuli terorizmisTvis pasuxismgebloba ekisreba pirs:
a) meore muxlis pirvel da meore nawilebiT gaTvaliswinebul
danaSaulSi TanamonawileobisTvis;
b) Tu organizebas uwevs an xelmZRvanelobs aRniSnuli dana118
Saulis Cadenas;
c) romelic nebismieri sxva formiT xels uwyobs konvenciis
meore muxlis pirveli, meore an mesame nawilebiT gaTvaliswinebuli erTiani mizniT moqmedi jgufis mier erTi an meti danaSaulis
Cadenas...
mesame muxlis Tanaxmad, konvencia gamoiyeneba mxolod birTvuli
terorizmis saerTaSoriso xasiaTis danaSaulis gamovlinebis
dros, xolo im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac danaSauli Cadenilia erT
saxelmwifoSi, savaraudo damnaSave da dazaralebulic warmoadgenen aRniSnuli saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs, an savaraudo damnaSave
napovnia aRniSnuli saxelmwifos teritoriaze, mocemuli konvencia ar gamoiyeneba.
konvenciis mecxre muxli zustad gansazRvravs saxelmwifoTa iurisdiqciis farglebs konvenciiT akrZaluli qmedebebis gamovlenis dros:
1. wevri saxelmwifo axorcielebs Tavis iurisdiqcias birTvuli
terorizmis saerTaSoriso gamovlinebebze im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac:
a) danaSauli Cadenilia mis teritoriaze;
b) danaSauli Cadenilia mocemuli saxelmwifos almis qveS
mfrinav an mcurav xomaldze;
c) danaSauli Cadenilia am saxelmwifos moqalaqis mier.
2. wevr saxelmwifos SeuZlia gaavrcelos Tavisi iurisdiqcia im
SemTxvevebSic, roca:
a) danaSauli Cadenilia mocemuli saxelmwifos moqalaqis winaaRmdeg;
b) danaSauli Cadenilia mocemuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebs gareT ganlagebuli samTavrobo obieqtebis winaaRmdeg, saelCoebis,
sakonsuloebis da sxva saxis diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobis
CaTvliT;
c) danaSauli Cadenilia moqalaqeobis armqone piris mier, romelic mudmivad cxovrobs mocemul saxelmwifoSi;
d) danaSuli Cadenilia, raTa aiZulon mocemuli saxelmwifo
ganaxorcielos garkveuli moqmedeba anda Tavi Seikavos misi ganxorcilebisgan;
e) danaSauli Cadenilia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis eqspluataciaSi myof sahaero xomaldze.
sisxlis samarTlis TeoriaSi cnobilia saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis principebi, romelTa mixedviTac, saxelmwifoebi axorcieleben TaviaanT iurisdiqcias qveynis SigniT da zogierT SemTxvevaSi mis gareTac.294 sagulisxmoa, rom konvencia, ukve cnobil principebTan erTad iTvaliswinebs iseT kerZo SemTxvevebs, rogoricaa:
294
ix. m. turava, sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, merve gamocema,
Tbilisi 2010, gv. 43-54.
119
“danaSuli Cadenilia, raTa aiZulon mocemuli saxelmwifo ganaxorcielos garkveuli moqmedeba anda Tavi Seikavos misi ganxorcilebisgan” da “danaSauli Cadenilia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
eqspluataciaSi myof sahaero xomaldze.” aRniSnuli principebi teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis specifikidan gamomdinarobs. konvenciis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo uflebamosilia ganaxorcielos Tavisi iurisdiqcia im SemTxvevebzec, rodesac is teroristebis ultimatumis adresats warmoadgens an Tavdasxma ganxorcielda saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mflobelobaSi myof sahaero xomaldze.
SesaZlebelia teroristTa xelyofis obieqti iyos erTi saxelmwifo, xolo moTxovnis adresats meore saxelmwifo warmoadgendes.
am SemTxvevaSi ikveTeba sami subieqti: teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis Camdeni, msxverpli saxelmwifo da moTxovnis (teroristTa
ultimatumis) adresati saxelmwifo. birTvuli terorizmis aqtebis
aRkveTis Sesaxeb konvenciis Sesabamisad, moTxovnis adresat saxelmwifosac, imis miuxedavad, obieqturad ganicada Tu ara ziani
an Seeqmna aRniSnuli zianis safrTxe, SeuZlia teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulze Tavisi iurisdiqcia gaavrcelos. konvenciis
msgavsi daTqma SeiZleba saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis dacvis
principis specialur SemTxvevad CaiTvalos.
sahaero xomaldi SesaZlebelia emsaxurebodes ama Tu im qveynis xelisuflebas, iyos maT sargeblobasa an mflobelobaSi, magram ar
warmoadgendes mocemuli qveynis almis qveS mfrinav saSualebas.
konvenciis mixedviT, aRniSnuli tipis sahaero xomaldebzec
vrceldeba mflobeli an mosargeble saxelmwifos iurisdiqcia.
konvenciis mecxre muxlis meore nawilis “e“ qvepunqtSi aRwerili
zemoaRniSnuli principi saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi cnobili “saxelmwifos almis principis” an ufro zogadad “teritoriulobis” principis specialur gamovlinebad unda CaiTvalos.
saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi sayovelTad aRiarebuli principebi saxelmZRvaneloa kanonmdeblebisTvis. saqarTvelos sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsis meore TavSi, romelSic gansazRvrulia sisxlis samarTlis kanonis moqmedebis farglebi, swored aRniSnuli
principebia gaTvaliswinebuli. birTvuli terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb konvenciis mecxre muxlis meore nawilSi aRwerili
saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis principebis specialuri SemTxvevebi, romlebzec zemoT gvqonda saubari, SesaZlebelia moazrebuli iqnes:
1. principi: “danaSuli Cadenilia, raTa aiZulon mocemuli saxelmwifo ganaxorcielos garkveuli moqmedeba anda Tavi Seikavos misi
ganxorcilebisgan” ssk-is mexuTe muxlis meore nawilSi, sadac saubaria im qmedebis dasjadobaze, romelic saqarTvelos interesebis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli anda Tu qmedebisTvis sisxlissmarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT.
120
2. principi: “danaSauli Cadenilia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis eqspluataciaSi myof sahaero xomaldze” ar SeiZleba pirdapir moazrebul iqnes saqarTvelos ssk-is meoTxe muxlis mesame nawilSi,
sadac saubaria xomaldze, romelic uflebamosilia isargeblos
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo almiT an amosacnobi niSniT, radganac am
konkretul SemTxvavaSi saubaria ara kuTvnil, aramed, mflobelobaSi an sargeblobaSi myof mfrinav saSualebaze, romelic SesaZlebelia ar warmoadgendes aRniSnuli saxelmwifos almis matarebel xomalds. mocemuli problemis gadasawyvetad ori gza gvesaxeba:
pirveli: saqarTvelos ssk-is meoTxe muxlis mesame nawils daematos fraza: “an eqspluataciaSia saqarTvelos xelisuflebis saWiroebisaTvis” da Camoyalibdes Semdegnairad: “imas, vinc danaSauli
ACaidina xomaldze, romelic uflebamosilia isargeblos saqarTvelos saxelmwifo almiT an amosacnobi niSniT, an eqspluataciaSia saqarTvelos xelisuflebis saWiroebisaTvis, anda aseTi xomaldis winaaRmdeg, sisxlis-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba daekisreba am kodeqsiT, Tu saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.”
meore: moazrebul iqnes msgavsi SemTxvevebi saqarTvlos ssk-is mexuTe muxlis meore nawilis regulirebis sferoSi, sadac saubaria
im qmedebis dasjadobaze, romelic saqarTvelos interesebis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli.
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs konvenciis me-15 muxli, romlis
mixedviTac, arc erTi danaSauli, romelic warmoadgens saerTaSoriso birTvuli terorizmis gamovlinebas, saxelmwifoTa Soris
damnaSave piris gadacemis, an samarTlebrivi daxmarebis procedurebisTvis ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc politikuri danaSauli an politikuri motivebiT Cadenili danaSauli. aqedan gamomdinare, birTvuli terorizmis danaSaulebis dros gadacemis an
samarTlebrivi daxmarebis Txovna ar SeiZleba uaryofili iqnes
mxolod im safuZvliT, rom igi exeba politikur danaSaulebs an
politikuri motiviT Cadenil danaSaulebs.
sisxlis samarTalis TeoriaSi cnobilia, rom saxelmwifos ufleba aqvs ar gadasces sxva saxelmwifos politikuri mrwamsisTvis
devnili piri, anu sxvanairad rom iTqvas, politikuri damnaSave.295
cnobilia, rom teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebi politikuri
Sedegebis miRwevas isaxavs miznad, aqedan gamomdinareobs cnobili
kliSe “ erTisTvis teroristi, meorisTvis TavisuflebisTvis mebrZolia”, rac sakmaod did winaaRmdegobebs qmnida da qmnis rogorc terorizmis erTiani iuridiuli cnebis SemuSavebis, ise am
movlenasTan samarTlebrivi saSualebebiT brZolis saqmeSi. bir295
msgavs daTqma arsebobs agreTve saqarTvelos ssk-is meeqvse muxlis mesame nawilSi.
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Tvuli terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb konvenciis me-15 muxlis pirdapiri moTxovniT ar SeiZleba birTvuli terorizmis gamovlenis aqtebi CaiTvalos politikur danaSaulad da xelmomwerma saxelmwifom uari ganacxados danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Camdeni
piris gadacemaze im motiviT, rom es piri idevneba politikuri
mrwamsisTvis.
konvencia avaldebulebs xelmomwer saxelmwifoebs, konvenciiT
gansazRvruli birTvuli nivTierebebis danaSaulebrivad xelyofis
aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi miiRon aRniSnuli nivTierebebis fizikuri
dacvis efeqturi zomebi, gaauvnebelyon radioaqtiuri nivTiereba,
asafeTqebeli mowyobiloba, an miiRon sxva saWiro zomebi atomuri
energiis saerTaSoriso saagentos mier dadgenili usafrTxoebis
standartebis da rekomendaciebis Sesabamisad.296
birTvuli terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb konvenciaSi gawerilia sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxebic: damnaSaveTa gadacemis da gasamarTlebis Sesaxeb, saxelmwifoTa Soris sisxlisamarTlebrivi
TanamSromlobis zogadi principebi, zogieri procesualuri sakiTxi.
saqarTvelom 1998 wlis 30 oqtombers miiRo kanoni birTvuli da
radiaciuli usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, romlis mizans Seadgens “maionebeli gamosxivebis mavne zemoqmedebisagan adamianisa da garemos
dacva im valdebulebaTa Sesabamisad, romlebic gansazRvrulia saqarTvelos konstituciiT, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiTa da SeTanxmebebiT da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT.”297 kanonis meore muxli regulirebis sferos gansazRvravs birTvul da
radiaciul saqmianobis usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebul samarTlebriv urTierTobebs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis dawesebulebebsa da
fizikur da iuridiul pirebs Soris. kanonis meore Tavi reglamentacias uwevs birTvuli da radiaciuli saqmianobis saxelmwifo
regulirebas, gansazRvravs kompetentur saxelmwifo organoTa
wres da maTi urTierTkoordinaciis sakiTxebs. gansakuTrebuli
mniSvnelobis mqonea kanoniT reglamentirebuli usafrTxoebis
moTxovnebi birTvuli da radiaciuli saqmianobisas, aRniSnul nivTierebebTan dakavSirebiT licenzirebis da nebarTvebis erTiani
sistemis gansazRvra da sxva sakiTxebi.
birTvuli usafrTxoebis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi meqanizmebidan aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos respublikasa da atomuri energiis
saerTaSoriso saagentos Soris dadebuli SeTanxmeba birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobis Sesaxeb garantiebis gamoyenebis Taobaze.298
296
ix. konvenciis meTvramete muxli.
ix. saqarTvelos kanoni birTvuli da radiaciuli usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, muxli 1.
298
ratificirebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis 2003 wlis 24 aprilis #2112 IIs
dadgenilebiT. SeTanxmebis mizania raTa “xelSekrulebis yoveli monawile
297
122
birTvuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis kuTxiT, didi mniSvneloba aqvs sisxlissamarTlebriv meqanizmebs. saqarTvelos sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsSi birTvuli da radiaciuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelmyofi normebi SesaZlebelia daiyos teroristuli da mimdinare xasiaTis danaSaulTa amkrZalav normebad. teroristuli
xasaiTis normebidan SeiZleba gamoiyos teqnologiuri terorizmi
(ssk-is 324-e mux.), romelSic masobrivi ganadgurebis sxva saSualebebTan erTad gaTvaliswinebuli birTvuli iaraRic. teqnologiuri
terorizmis obieqturi mxare gamoixateba masobrivi ganadgurebis
iaraRis, maT Soris, birTvulis gamoyenebaSi, an aRniSnuli iaraRis
xelSi Cagdebis an/da gamoyenebis muqaraSi, maT Soris, birTvuli,
qimiuri an Zlieri teqnologiuri anda ekologiuri saSiSroebis
Semcveli obieqtis xelSi CagdebaSi. normis mixedviT, aRniSnulma
qmedebam unda gamoiwvios sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis, saxelmwifos strategiuli politikuri an ekonomikuri interesis xelyofa.
teqnologiuri terorizmis (ssk-is 324-e mux.) Semadgenlobis obieqturi mxare waagavs sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebisa da wesrigis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa TavSi gaTvaliswinebul birTvuli
masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis
sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdebisa (ssk-is 231-e mux.) da birTvuli nivTierebis marTlsawinaaRmdegod dauflebis muqaris (ssk-is 2311-e mux.)
Semadgenlobis obieqtur mxareebs.
birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba (ssk-is 231-e mux.) SeiZleba ganxorcildes sxvadasxva marTlsawinaaRmdego xerxiT, maT Soris, sicocxlisaTvis an janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi ZaladobiT anda aseTi Zaladobis muqariT. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, teqnologiuri terorizmis obieqturi Semadgenlobac moiazrebs birTvuli nivTierebis xelSi Cagdebas, Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, danaSaulis sagani
an/da iaraRi gansxvavebulia. birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdebis
(ssk-is 231-e mux.) Semadgenlobis mixedviT, xelyofis sagani mxolod birTvuli masala, radioaqtiuri nivTiereba an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaroa, gansxvavebiT teqnologiuri terorizmisgan
(ssk-is 324-e mux.), romlis drosac xelyofis sagans an/da danaSaulis iaraRs birTvuli, radiologiuri, qimiuri an baqteriologiuri iaraRi, paTogenuri mikroorganizmi, radiaqtiuri an/da adamianis janmrTelobisTvis mavne sxva nivTiereba, birTvuli, qimiuri, an
saxelmwifo, romelsac ara aqvs birTvuli iaraRi, valdebulebas kisrulobs miiRos garantiebi, rogorc isini Camoyalibebulia SeTanxmebaSi, romlis Sesaxebac iwarmoebs molaparakeba da romelic daideba atomuri energiis saerTaSoriso saagentosTan atomuri energiis saerTaSoriso
saagentos wesdebisa da
saagentos garantiebis sistemis Sesabamisad, mxolod da mxolod mocemuli xelSekrulebis Sesabamisad nakisri misi valdebulebebis Sesrulebis Semowmebis
mizniT, raTa ar dauSvan mSvidobiani gamoyenebis birTvuli energiis gardaqmna
birTvul iaraRad an sxva birTvul asafeTqebel mowyobilobad.”
123
Zlieri teqnologiuri anda ekologiuri saSiSroebis obieqti warmoadgens. teqnologiuri terorizmis dros xelyofis sagani an/da
danaSaulis iaraRi sazogadoebrivad met saSiSroebas Seicavs, gansxvavebiT ssk-is 231-e muxlis SemadgenlobiT gaTvaliswinebuli
sagnisgan, romelic mxolod birTvuli nivTierebaa da birTvuli
iaraRis saxe ar gaaCnia.
gansaxilveli normebi gansxvavdebian agreTve xelyofis obieqtiTac. teqnologiuri terorizmi xelyofs sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas, saxelmwifos strategiul politikuri an ekonomikuri
interess, xolo ssk-is 231-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis
xelyofis obieqti sazogadoebrivi uSiSroeba da wesrigia. zemoaRniSnuli normebis gamijvnis safuZveli subieqtur mxareSic unda
veZioT. teqnologiuri terorizmis mizans mosaxleobis daSineba,
fizikur da iuridiul pirebze, xelisuflebis organoze, saxelmwifoze an saerTaSoriso organizaciaze zemoqmedeba warmoadgens,
xolo birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli
gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
nebismieri mizniT.
birTvuli terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb konvenciiT danaSaulis iaraRad an/da sagnad moazrebulia rogorc birTvuli nivTiereba, ise birTvuli iaraRi. cxadia, rom birTvuli iaraRis damzadebamde damnaSavem Tavdapirvelad birTvuli nivTiereba unda igdos xelT. msgavs SemTxvevaSi rogor unda dakvalificirdes birTvuli nivTierebis xelSi Cagdeba, rogorc teqnologiuri terorizmis momzadeba (ssk-is 324-e mux.), Tu rogorc birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva
wyaros xelSi Cagdeba (ssk-is 231-e mux.)? migvaCnia, rom am SemTxvevaSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs damnaSavis ganzraxvis mimarTulebas.
teroristuli ganzraxvis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi qmedeba unda dakvalificirdes teqnologiuri terorizmis momzadebad.
birTvuli nivTierebis marTlsawinaaRmdegod dauflebis muqara
(ssk-is 2311-e mux.) novaciaa sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi. obieqturi mxare gamoixateba Zaladobis gamoyenebiT an Zaladobis muqariT
birTvuli nivTierebis moTxovnaSi. subieqturi mxriv - pirdapir
ganzraxvaSi gamoixateba, Tumca SemadgenlobaSi mizani dakonkretebuli ar aris. rac Seexeba teqnologiur terorizms (ssk-is 324-e
mux.), gamoyenebuli muqara mimarTulia rogorc birTvuli nivTierebis xelSi Cagdebisken, agreTve ukve xelT myofi birTvuli nivTierebis an iaraRis gamoyenebiT garkveuli, teroristuli miznis
miRwevisken. naTelia, rom birTvuli nivTierebis dauflebis muqaris, rogorc obieqturi niSnis orive Semadgenlobis farglebSi
arseboba aRniSnuli Semadgenlobebis gamijvnas arTulebs. msgavs
SemTxvevebSi qmedebaTa gamijvna Semadgenlobis subieqturi elementebiT unda moxdes. kerZod, teqnologiuri terorizmisTvis specialuri, teroristuli, mizania damaxasiaTebeli.
124
teqnologiur terorizmTan SemxeblobaSia, agreTve, birTvuli iaraRis an sxva birTvuli asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis damzadebis
amkrZalavi norma (ssk-is 232-e mux.), romlis mixedviTac, dasjadia
birTvuli iaraRis an sxva birTvuli asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis
damzadeba. naTelia, rom normiT akrZaluli Semadgenlobis ganxorcieleba mxolod ganzrax aris SesaZlebeli. sagulisxmoa, rom
birTvuli iaraRis damzadeba, saerTaSoriso normebis mixedviT, saerTaSoriso xasiaTis danaSauladaa miCneuli. saerTaSoriso xasiaTis danaSaulad miiCnevs aRniSnul qmedebas agreTve saqarTvelos
ssk-is 406-e muxli, romlis mixedviTac, dasjadia saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT akrZaluli qimiuri, biologiuri an
masobrivi ganadgurebis sxva iaraRis damzadeba. “amdenad, birTvuli iaraRis damzadebisaTvis pasuxismgebloba dawesebulia ssk-is
ori muxliT – 232 da 406-e muxlebiT, rac kanonis koliziad unda
CaiTvalos. amis garda, 232-e muxli Tavisi SinaarsiT ufro saerTaSoriso xasiaTis danaSaulia, vidre sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli norma.”299
naTelia, rom teqnologiuri terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
normiT gaTvaliswinebuli birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebamde unda
moxdes aRniSnuli iaraRis damzadeba an SeZena. logikuria, rom
msgavs SemTxvevebSi danaSaulTa erTobliobasTan gvaqvs saqme: qmedeba unda Sefasdes teqnologiur terorizmad (ssk-is 324-e mux.) da
birTvuli iaraRis an sxva birTvuli asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis
damzadebad (ssk-is 232-e mux.) an teqnologiur terorizmad (ssk-is
324-e mux.) da masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis damzadeba, SeZena an
gasaRebad (ssk-is 406-e mux.).
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, birTvuli iaraRis damzadeba mizanSewonilia Sefasdes saerTaSoriso xasiaTis danaSaulad da gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas mxolod kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa karSi.
birTvuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelmyofi normebidan saqarTvelos
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi SesaZlebelia gamoiyos birTvuli masalisadmi an mowyobilobisadmi, radioaqtiuri narCenisadmi, radioaqtiuri nivTierebisadmi ukanono mopyroba (ssk-is 230-e mux.), birTvul an radioaqtiur obieqtze avariis an ubeduri SemTxvevis Sesaxeb informaciis dafarva an damaxinjeba (ssk-is 233-e mux), saqarTvelos teritoriaze radioaqtiuri, toqsikuri samrewvelo an sayofacxovrebo narCenis tranziti an importi (ssk-is 234-e mux.), birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri narCenis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis
an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyarosadmi mopyrobis wesis darRveva (ssk-is 245-e mux.). marTalia, mocemuli normebi birTvuli
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad mniSvnelovan berkets warmoad-
299
ix. sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni pirveli. avtorTa koleqtivi. gamomcemloba “meridiani”, Tbilisi 2008 w. gv. 544
125
gens, magram teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa ricxvs ver mivakuTvnebT maTi kriminalizaciis sazrisis da Sinaarsis gamo.
126
2.2.5. saerTaSoriso normebi sazRvao naosnobis
usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli aqtebis akrZalvis
Sesaxeb da misi debulebebis asaxva qarTul sisxlis
samarTalSi
1988 wlis 10 martis konvencia “sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ukanono aqtebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb”300 konvenciis preambulaSi naTqvamia, rom xelmomweri saxelmwifoebi Rrmad SeSfoTebulni arian “msoflioSi terorizmis aqtebis momravlebiT mis yvela formaSi”. konvenciis preambula xazs
usvams im garemoebas, rom saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba sazRvao naosnobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli arakanonieri aqtebs, romlebic
“emuqreba pirovnebisa da sakuTrebis usafrTxoebas, seriozulad
aferxebs sazRvao mimosvlas da aryevs msoflios xalxebis rwmenas sazRvao mimosvlis usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebiT” miiCnevs
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad.
konvenciis pirvel da meore muxlebSi gansazRvrulia xelyofis
sagani kerZod, “winamdebare konvenciis miznebisaTvis, ~gemi” niSnavs nebismieri saxis xomalds, romelic ar aris mudmivad mimagrebuli zRvis fskerze. dinamiurad Sewonili xomaldebis, wyalqveSa
aparatebis, an nebismieri sxva mcuravi saSualebis CaTvliT. konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli debulebebi ar exeba samxedro, sabaJo da
policiis xomaldebs, agreTve im xomaldebs, romlebic gamoyvanilia naosnobidan an Camoiwera.
konvenciiT akrZaluli qmedebebis detaluri CamonaTvali mocemulia mesame muxlSi, romlis mixedviTac:
1. nebismieri piri axorcielebs danaSauls Tu es piri arakanonierad da winaswari ganzraxviT:
a) xelSi igdebs gems, an axorcielebs masze kontrols Zalis gamoyenebiT, Zalis muqariT an daniSnulebis nebismieri sxva saxiT; an
b) axorcielebs Zaladobis aqts gemis bortze myofi piris winaaRmdeg, Tu am aqtma SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas am gemis usafrTxo
naosnobas; an
g) anadgurebs gems, an azianebs gems an mis tvirTs, Tu am dazianebam SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas am gemis usafrTxo naosnobas; an
d) ganaTavsebs, an moqmedebs raTa ganaTavsos gemis bortze nebismieri gziT, mowyobiloba an nivTiereba, romelmac SeiZleba gaanadguros gemi, an ziani miayenos gems an mis tvirTs, Tu es ziani saf-
300
ratificirebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis 2006 wlis 7 ivnisis N 3192 _ is
dadgenilebiT
127
rTxes uqmnis, an SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas am gemis usafrTxo
naosnobas; an
e) anadgurebs an seriozulad azianebs sazRvao sanavigacio danadgarebs an seriozulad xels uSlis maT funqcionirebas, Tuki nebismierma aseTma aqtebma SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas gemis usafrTxo naosnobas; an
v) ganzrax atyobinebs cru informacias, da amiT safrTxes uqmnis
gemis usafrTxo naosnobas; an
z) azianebs an klavs pirs a)-f) qvepunqtebiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebebis Cadenisas an Cadenis mcdelobisas.
konvenciis mixedviT, xelmomweri saxelmwifo kisrulobs valdebulebas Sida kanonmdeblobiT uzrunvelyos konvenciiT akrZaluli
qmedebebis dasjadoba. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi
sazRvao usafrTxoebis damcavi normebidan SeiZleba dasaxeldes:
sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis daufleba (ssk-is 227-e mux.) konvenciasTan SemxeblobaSi mocemuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi norma aris iqidan gamomdinare, rom
sxva saxis transportTan erTad krZalavs wylis xomaldis marTlsawinaaRmdego dauflebas. Semadgenloba, sxva makvalificirebel garemoebebTan erTad, iTvaliswinebs iseT xerxebs, rogoricaa sicocxlis an janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi Zaladoba anda aseTi Zaladobis muqara, aseve Tu zemoxenebuli transportis saxeebis dauflebas mohyveba adamianis sicocxlis mospoba an sxva mZime Sedegi. saqarTvelos ssk-is 227-e muxlSi mocemuli danaSaulis
Semadgenloba 1988 wlis konvenciis mesame muxlis “a” da “b” qvepunqtebiT akrZalul qmedebis dasjadobas iTvaliswinebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom konvenciis mesame muxlis “g” qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedeba, “azianebs an klavs pirs”, ar SeiZleba moazrebul
iqnes 227-e muxlis Semadgenlobis farglebSi da aRniSnul normasTan erTad ganzrax mkvelelobis SemadgenlobiT moiTxovs kvalifikacias.301 saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, sahaero an
wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis daufleba
(ssk-is 227-e mux.) Sesulia sazogadoebrivi wesrigis da uSiSroebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa TavSi da ar ganixileba teroristul danaSaulad, imis miuxedavad, rom saerTaSoriso konvencia msgavs danaSaulebs teroristul xasiaTs aniWebs. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu terorisTa xelyofis sagnad iqceva sahaero, wylis
an sarkinigzo transporti, gamoxatuli iqneba teroristuli qmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebi, aucileblia Sefasdes rogorc teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauli.
301
mkvelobis Semadgenlobebidan qmedeba SesaZlebelia Sefasdes rogorc damaZimebel garemoebebSi Cadenili mkveloba konkretuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT: mZevlad xelSi CagdebasTan dakavSirebiT, sxva danaSaulis dafarvis an
misi Cadenis gaadvilebis mizniT, angarebiT an SekveTiT, jgufurad da a.S.
128
wylis xomaldis naosnobisTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna (ssk-is 2271-e
mux.) saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi novacias warmoadgens302 da masSi aSkarad hpovebs asaxvas 1988 wlis “sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli arakanonieri aqtebis
winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb” konvenciis debulebebi. saqarTvelos
sisxlis samarTlis am axal normaSi kanonmdebelma sakmaod
srulyofilad asaxa saerTaSoriso konvenciis moTxovnebi garkveul qmedebaTa dasjadobis SemoRebiT. ssk-is 2271-e muxlis Tanaxmad, dasjadia wylis xomaldis naosnobisTvis safrTxis Semqmneli
sxvadasxva qmedebebi, rogoricaa ganzrax cru informaciis gadacema wylis xomaldisTvis, wylis xomaldze myofi piris mimarT ganxorcielebuli Zaladoba an Zaladobis muqara, sazRvao-sanavigacio danadgaris dazianeba, wylis xomaldis an misi tvirTis ganadgureba an dazianeba da a.S. konvenciis Tanaxmad, mocemuli danaSaulebi terorizmis gamovlinebis formebad aris miCneuli. amis
miuxedavad, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT,
konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebebis dasjadoba gaTvaliswinebulia 2271-e muxlSi, magram ara rogorc teroristuli xasiaTis
danaSauli, aramed, rogorc sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebisa da wesrigis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli. arada, teroristuli qmedebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi Sefaseba unda moxdes teroristuli xasiaTis
danaSaulad.
“sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ukanono
aqtebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb” konvenciasTan SemxeblobaSia
saqarTvelos ssk-is 228-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauli –
mekobreoba. mekobreobas sxvagvarad zRvis yaCaRobad moixsenieben
da obieqturad xorcieldeba xomaldze an sxva mcurav saSualebaze Zaladobrivi TavdasxmiT sxvisi nivTis dauflebisa da marTlsawinaaRmdego misakuTrebis mizniT. mekobreobis Semadgenloba
SemxeblobaSia konvenciis mesame muxlis “a”, “b”, “c”, “g” qvepunqtebiT akrZalul qmedebebTan. mekobreoba sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebisa da wesrigis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa karSia gaTvaliswinebuli, Tumca Sesabamisi pirobebis arsebobisas (politikuri motivacia, teroristuli mizani da a.S.) teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
“sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ukanono
aqtebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb” konvencias 1988 wlis 10
marts daemata oqmi “kontinentur Selfze ganlagebuli stacionaruli platformebis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli arakanonieri qmedebebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb”, romelsac romSi
moewera xeli.303 oqmis pirveli muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad “stacionaruli platforma” niSnavs xelovnur kunZuls, danadgars an
302
qmedeba kriminalizebulia 2006 wlis 25 ivliss.
ratificirebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis 2006 wlis 7 ivnisis N 3193 – Is
dadgenilebiT
303
129
nagebobas, romelic mudmivad aris damagrebuli zRvis fskerze,
resursebis dazvervis an aTvisebis, an sxva ekonomikuri miznebisaTvis.
konvenciis meore muxlis mixedviT danaSaulis obieqturi mxare
ganxorcieldeba Tu nebismieri piri:
a) xelSi igdebs an akontrolebs stacionarul platformas ZaliT
an Zalis muqariT, an daSinebis nebismieri sxva formiT; an
b) axorcielebs stacionarul platformaze myofi piris winaaRmdeg Zaladobis aqts, Tu am aqtma SeiZleba saSiSroeba Seuqmnas
mis usafrTxoebas; an
g) anadgurebs stacionarul platformas, an ayenebs mas zians, romelmac SesaZloa saSiSroeba Seuqmnas mis usafrTxoebas; an
d) ganaTavsebs, an moqmedebs raTa ganaTavsos stacionarul platformaze mowyobiloba, an nivTiereba, romelmac SeiZleba gaanadguros stacionaruli platforma, an miayenos mas ziani, romelmac
SesaZloa saSiSroeba Seuqmnas mis usafrTxoebas; an
e) a)-dan d)-s CaTvliT qvepunqtebSi aRwerili qmedebebis CadenasTan
an Cadenis mcdelobasTan dakavSirebiT zians ayenebs an klavs nebismier pirs.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqss, 2006 wlis 25 ivliss,
daemata 2272-e muxli, romlis mixedviTac, dasjadia stacionaruli
platformis marTlsawinaaRmdegod daufleba, ganadgureba an dazianeba. qarTvelma kanonmdebelma aRniSnuli normis SemoRebiT
konvenciasTan srul SesabamisobaSi moiyvana sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsi. konvenciiT akrZalul qmedebaTa wre moculia qarTuli
sisxlis samarTlis normiT. “sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ukanono aqtebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb”
konvenciis da misi damatebiTi oqmis Tanaxmad, stacionarul platformaze akrZaluli qmedebebis Cadena teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad iTvleba, maSin rodesac qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis mixedviT, msgavsi qmedebebis sisxlissamarTlebriv dacvis obieqts
sazogadoebrivi uSiSroeba da wesrigi warmoadgens. marTalia, stacionaruli platformis nebismieri xelyofa ar SeiZleba qmnides
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis niSnebs, Tumca Sesabamisi obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba
aseTadSefasdes.
130
2.2.6. gaeros konvencia plastikuri feTqebadi nivTierebebis niSandebis Sesaxeb maTi gamovlenis mizniT
gaeros 1991 wlis konvencia “plastikuri feTqebadi nivTierebebis
niSandebis Sesaxeb maTi gamovlenis mizniT”304 miRebulia 1988 wlis
tragediis Semdeg, rodesac plastikuri asafeTqebeli nivTierebis
meSveobiT aafeTqes kompania “panam”-is sahaero xomaldi. xelmomweri saxelmwifoebi iReben Sesabamis zomebs maT teritoriaze araniSandebuli feTqebadi nivTierebis damzadebis akrZalvisa da Tavidan acilebisaTvis305 saxelmwifoebi kisruloben valdebulebas aRkveTon araniSandebuli asafeTqebeli nivTierebebis teritoriidan
gatana an teritoriaze Setana, sakuTar teritoriaze araniSandebuli asafeTqebeli nivTierebebis mTeli maragi, romelic ar aris
samxedro an policiuri funqciebis Semsrulebeli uflebamosili
organoebis mflobelobaSi, ganadgurdes an gamoyenebul iqnes im
wesiT, romelic ar ewinaaRmdegeba am konvenciis miznebs, an iqnes
niSandebuli, an gaTavisuflebuli feTqebadi Tvisebebisagan sami
wlis ganmavlobaSi konvenciis ZalaSi Sesvlamde am saxelmwifos
mimarT.
2.2.7. konvencia teroristuli dabombvis winaaRmdeg da
misi debulebebis asaxva qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi
1997 wels miRebulia “saerTaSoriso konvencia teroristuli dabombvis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb,”306 romlis SemuSavebis mizezic gaxda msoflioSi terorizmis yvela formis da gamovlinebis
eskalacia da gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli teroristuli Tavdasxmebi feTqebadi da sxva sasikvdilo mowyobilobebis gamoyenebiT
sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi.307 konvenciiT akrZaluli
ratificirebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis 2000 wlis 11 Tebervlis N 137
dadgenilebiT.
305
konvenciis Tanaxmad, niSandebis nivTiereba` aRniSnavs nivTierebas, romelic
aRwerilia winamdebare konvenciis teqnikur danarTSi da CarTulia feTqebad
nivTierebaSi misi gamovlenis mizniT, xolo TviTon “niSandeba” aRniSnavs feTqebad nivTierebaSi niSandebis nivTierebis CarTvas konvenciis teqnikuri danarTis
Sesabamisad.
306
damtkicebulia saqarTvelos prezidentis 2003 wlis 24 seqtembris N 459
brZanebulebiT.
307
konvenciis pirveli muxlis mesame nawilis Tanaxmad: `feTqebadi an sxva
sasikvdilo mowyobiloba~ niSnavs:
a) feTqebad an cecxlgamCen iaraRs an mowyobilobas, romelic gamiznulia an
aqvs unari gamoiwvios sikvdili, sxeulis seriozuli dazianeba an mniSvnelovani materialuri zarali; an
b) iaraRs an mowyobilobas, romelic gamiznulia an aqvs unari gamoiwvios sikvdili, sxeulis seriozuli dazianeba an mniSvnelovani materialuri zarali
toqsikur qimiuri nivTierebis, biologiuri agentis an toqsinis an msgavsi niv304
131
qmedeba gamoixateba, Tu piri arakanonierad da ganzrax ganaTavsebs, aamoqmedebs an aafeTqebs feTqebad an sxva sasikvdilo
mowyobilobas sajaro daniSnulebis adgilas, saxelmwifo an samTavrobo obieqtSi, sazogadoebrivi transportis sistemaSi an infrastruqturis obieqtSi an (zemoCamoTvlili) adgilebisa da obieqtbis midamoebSi an maT winaaRmdeg.
konvenciis mexuTe muxli metad saintereso daTqmas akeTebs, rodesac avaldebulebs xelmomwer saxelmwifos miiRon Sesabamisi zomebi “raTa uzrunvelyos, rom winamdebare konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebrivi aqtebi, romlebic konretulad gamiznuli
an gaTvlilia sazogadoebaSi an pirTa jgufSi an kerZo pirebs Soris teroris garemos Seqmnaze, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iqneba gamarTlebuli politikuri, filosofiuri, ideologiuri, rasobrivi,
eTnikuri, religiuri an sxva msgavsi mosazrebebis safuZvelze da
am aqtebs Seefardeba Sesabamisi sasjelebi maTi simZimis gaTvaliswinebiT.” aRniSnuli norma krZalavs terorizmis propagandas
saxelmwifoSi, mis gamarTlebas nebismieri formiT da safuZvliT,
moiTxovs saxelmwifoebma moaxdinon msgavsi qmedebebis kriminalizacia da dasajon akrZaluli qmedebis Camdeni pirebi.
qarTvelma kanonmdebelma 2006 wlis 25 ivliss sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis teroristul danaSaulTa TavSi terorizmis propagandis
amkrZalavi (saqveynod mowodeba terorizmisaken ssk-is 3301-e mux.)
norma Semoitana. “Tanamedrove epoqaSi erT-erTi saSiSi tendencia
terorizmis wamqezebluri ritorika, es maSin, roca eTnikurma terorizmma, politikuri eqstremizmis da islamuri radikalizmis gamovlinebebma arnaxuli masStabebi miiRo, gansakuTrebiT SemaSfoTebelia eTnikuri separatizmis niadagze aRmocenebuli eTnokonfesiuri konfliqtebi, romelTac didi sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera
aqvs da aqedan gamomdinare adamianebze manipulireba Zalze gaadvilebulia. swored amgvari safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad saqarTvelos ssk 3301 muxliT kriminalizebulia saqveynod informaciis
gavrceleba an sxvagvari miwodeba ssk-is 323-330-e, 3301-e da 3302-e
muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli romelime teroristuli danaSaulis
Cadenisaken mowodebis mizniT...”308
interess iwvevs konvenciis me-11 muxli. me-11 muxlis Tanaxmad, gadacemis an iuridiuli urTierTdaxmarebis miznebisTvis konvenciiT
gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebrivi qmdebebi ar unda iqnes miCneuli politikur danaSaulad, an danaSaulad, romelic ukavSirdeba
politikur danaSauls, an danaSaulad, romelic gamowveulia politikuri motivebiT. saxelmwifos ufleba ara aqvs uari ganacxados iuridiul daxmarebaze an gadacemaze zemoxsenebuli mizezebiT.
Tierebis, an radiaciis an radioaqtiuri nivTierebis gamoTavisuflebis, gafantvis an zemoqmedebis gziT.
308 ix. sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni meore. avtorTa koleqtivi. Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 118.
132
2.2.8. saerTaSoriso konvencia terorizmis dafinansebis
aRkveTis Sesaxeb da misi debulebebis asaxva qarTul
normatiul sivrceSi
1999 wlis konvencia “terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb”
miRebulia terorizmis finansuri xelSewyobis aRmofxvris mizniT.
imis miuxedavad, rom saerTaSoriso teroristuli jgufebis saboloo mizani ar aris finansuri mogebis miReba, isini mainc saWiroeben fuls, raTa miizidon axali momxreebi, uzrunvelyon organizaciis mxardaWera adgilze da sazRvargareT. zogierT saerTaSoriso teroristul jgufs fuli sWirdeba imisTvis, rom warmarTon
socialuri kompania Tanamoazreebis mizidvis mizniT da masobriv
sainformacio saSualebebis meSveobiT Seqmnan STabeWdileba TiTqos icaven xalxis farTo fenebis interesebs. Segrovebuli saxsrebiT finansdeba skolebis da saavadmyofoebis mSenebloba da a.S. am
moqmedebebis mTavari mizania TavianT rigebSi miizidon axali momxreebi. mniSvnelovani Tanxebi ixarjeba organizaciis dakompleqtebaze, wevrebis sabrZolo momzadebaze, Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT
aRWurvili bazebis (kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa, kavSirebi, transporti, iaraRi) Seqmnaze. konkretuli teraqtebis momzadeba da
ganxorcieleba, rogorc wesi did danaxarjebs ar moiTxovs. terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis sakiTxebSi problemas is qmnis, rom
damfinanseblis da dafinansebuli mxaris realuri miznebi xSirad
dafarulia, teroristuli organizaciebis mier Tanxebis Segroveba
mimdinareobs saqvelmoqmedo miznebiT da rogorc wesi, mesame pirebis meSveobiT. finansuri operaciis saidumlo xasiaTis gamo, rTulia imis mtkiceba, rom Tanxebi daixarja ukve mowyobil, an dagegmil teraqtze. terorizmis problema ar SeiZleba gadaiWras mxolod calkeuli teroristuli aqtebis gamovleniT da maTi Tavidan
acilebiT, saWiroa ufro farTomasStabiani moqmedebebi. kerZod,
unda aRikveTos teroristuli saqmianoba, romlis erT-erT safuZvlad terorizmis dafinanseba gvevlineba.309
teroristuli organizacia SesaZlebelia finansdebodes saxelmwifoebidan, religiuri organizaciebidan, komerciuli da arakomerciuli iuridiuli pirebidan, mdidari individebidan, diasporebidan da sxva wyaroebidan:
1. saxelmwifo dafinanseba sakmaod mniSvnelovania teroristuli
organizaciebisTvis. saxelmwifom SeiZleba teroristebs xeli Seuwyos aramxolod finansebis gamoyofiT, aramed samedicino daxmarebis aRmoCeniT, iaraRis miwodebiT, TavSesafris micemiT, sawvrTneli banakebis mowyobiT da a.S.310 terologiaSi cnobilia terorizmis dafinansebis mravali magaliTi ama Tu im saxelmwifos
309
ix. В. В. Устинов, Международный опыт борбы с терроризмом, стандарты и практика. М.,
2002, c.257 - 258
310
ix. Patterns of Global Terrorism, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, U.S. State
Department, http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt.2011.
133
mxridan. magaliTad, irlandiis respublikuri armia libiidan
iRebda fuls, uaxlesi tipis SeiaraRebas da asafeTqebel mowyobilobebs.311 zogierTi monacemebiT palestinis gamaTavisuflebeli
organizacia iRebda daxmarebas egviptidan, saudis arabeTidan, libiidan, siriidan, quveiTidan. aRniSnuli qveynebidan palestinuri
terorizmis dafinansebisTvis gamoyofilma Tanxam 1973-1986 wlebSi
daaxloebiT 250 milioni aSS dolari Seadgina.312
2. religiuri organizaciebi, romlebic ZiriTadad Senawirebs agroveben da amgvarad exmarebian teroristebs. magaliTad, religiuri Senawirebis odenoba saudis arabeTSi yovelwliurad Seadgens
10 miliard aSS dolars.313
3. komerciuli da arakomerciuli iuridiuli pirebidan miRebuli
dafinanseba teroristuli organizaciebis Semosavlis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens. 2001 wlis noemberSi aSS-s mTavrobam al-Taqva
(al-Taqwa) sabanko sistema daasaxela rogorc teroristuli iuridiuli piri, romelic al-qaidas finansuri saxsrebis mimoqcevas
awarmoebda.314 al-qaidas garda, al-Taqva (al-Taqwa) afinansebda ramodenime sxva teroristul organizaciasac, maT Soris, hamass. alTaqva Seiqmna 1988 wels egviptis musulmanuri saZmos dafinansebiT.315 1996 wlis monacemebiT al-Taqvas kavSiri hqonda hamasTan da
sxva palestinur teroristul jgufebTan, agreTve alJirul “islamur SeiaraRebul jgufTan” da egviptur al-jamaa al-islamiasTan. arakomerciuli iuridili pirebi afinanseben iseT cnobil teroristul organizacias, rogoricaa “Tamil elamis gamaTavisuflebeli vefxvebi” (ТОТЭ). damfinanseblebs Soris eqspertebi asaxeleben “TamilTa erTian organizacias” (United Tamil Organization), “kanadeli Tamilebis gaerTianebul asociacias” (The Federation of
Associations of Canadian Tamils), “TamilTa koordinaciis komiteti” (The
Tamil Coordinating Committee) da sxva organizaciebs.316 terorizmis
damfinanseblis braldeba waeyena, agreTve, saerTaSoriso humanitarul fonds al-aqsas, romelic humanitarul saqmianobas amofarebuli afinansebda hamass. dadasturda agreTve al-aqsas mier al-qaidas da hezbolas dafinanseba.317 “komerciuli da arakomerciuli
311
ix. Libya’s Continuing Responsibility for Terrorism // International Policy Institute for CounterTerrorism, 15 April 1992. www.ict.org.il.2004.
312
ix. S. Kiser Financing Terror. An Analysis and Simulation for Affecting Al Qaeda’s Financial
Infrastructure // Rand Corporation, 2004, p. 39.
313
ix. J. Brisard. Terrorism Financing: Roots and Trends of Saudi Terrorism Financing. 2002, p. 6.
314
ix. J. B. Taylor, “Statement from the US Department of the Treasury,” 7 November 2001,
www.treas.gov/press/releases/po771.htm.2004.
315
ix. “The United States and Italy Designate Twenty-Five New Financiers of Terror,” Department of
the Treasury Office of Public Affairs, PO-3380, 29 August 2002,
www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/po3380.htm. 2005.
316
ix. D.Byman , P. Chalk, B. Hoffman, W. Rosenau, D. Brannan Trends in Outside Support for
Insurgent Movements, Rand, 2001. p. 44.
317
ix.: Treasury Designates Al-Aqsa International Foundation as Financier of Terror: Charity Linked to
Funding of the Hamas Terrorist Organization,” Department of the Treasury, Office of Public Affairs, 29
May 2003, www.treas.gov/press/releases/js439.htm.
134
organizaciebi teroristuli jgufebis mxardaWeras axorcieleben
aramxolod finansuri mxardaWeriT, aramed maTTvis qmnian sawvrTnel, samedicino – gamajansaRebel da sxva saxis infrastruqturas.”318
4. terorizmis dafinansebis braldebiT pasuxisgebaSi micemuli fizikuri pirebis SemTxvevebidan SeiZleba dasaxeldes: abdurahman
muhamed almoudi, aSS-s musulmanuri fondis Tavkaci, braldebuli
iqna libiasTan finansuri urTierTobis damyarebisTvis (aRniSnul
qveyanas rogorc terorizmis damfinansebels aSS –s mxridan ekonomikuri sanqciebi aqvs dadebuli). sasamarTlo monacemebis mixedviT almoudi qvelmoqmedebas amofarebuli uzarmazar Tanxebs ugzavnida teroristul organizaciebs maT Soris, al-qaidas da hamass. aRniSnulis garda, almoudis urTierToba hqonda aSS-Si moqmed TiTqmis yvela teroristul jgufTan; terorizmis dafinansebis braldebiT pasuxisgebaSia micemuli agreTve soleiman biheiri,
romelic legalur biznes saqmianobas iyo amofarebuli. igi aSS-s
oficialuri pirebis mier saxeldebulia rogorc “musulmanuri
saZmos amerikeli bankiri”.319
jeims adamsisis naSromi terorizmis dafinansebis sakiTxebSi klasikurad iTvleba. mis mier gaanalizebuli iqna terorizmis finansuri infrastruqtura.320 adamsis azriT 1960-1980-ian wlebSi terorizmma finansebis gamoZebnis sakiTxSi cvlilebebi ganicada. dasavleTs, romelsac saTaveSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi edga da
terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi sponsori qveynebis gamovlenas
cdilobda, aRniSnuli fericvaleba mxedvelobidan gamorCa. mZlavri teroristuli jgufebi ukve aRar iyvnen damokidebuli saxelmwifoebze, maT dafinansebis sakuTari wyaroebi Seqmnes. adamsi askvnis rom, terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis saukeTeso saSualebaa
im finansur infrastruqturebis moSla romlebiTac sazrdooben
teroristuli organizaciebi. adamsis mixedviT, teroristul jgufebi viTardebian da funqcionireben damoukideblad. adamsi svams
kiTxvas: ra xerxebiT afinanseben teroristuli organizaciebi sakuTar saqmianobas, Tu ki isini ar sargebloben saxelmwifo xelSewyobiT? adamsi aRniSnul kiTxvas Semdegnairad pasuxobs: teroristuli organizaciis arsebobisTvis saWiroa didi resursebi,
amitom aRniSnuli organizacia qmnis sakuTar finansur infrastruqturas. magaliTisTvis saxeldeba palestinis gamaTavisuflebeli organizacia (PLO), romelmac me-20 saukunis 70–ian wlebSi Camoayaliba Tavisi ekonomikuri frTa “samedis” (Samed) saxelwodebiT.
“samedi” agebulia Tanamedrove organizaciuli mowyobis wesebis
dacviT, warmoadgens legalur finansur struqturas, romelic
flobs fermerul meurneobebsa da fabrika - qarxnebs mraval qveya318
ix. M. Levitt The Political Economy of Middle East Terrorism // The Washington Institute, 2002. p. 5.
ix. Untangling the Terror Web: Identifying and Counteracting the Phenomenon of Crossover
Between Terrorist Groups, Matthew Levitt, SAIS Review vol. XXIV no. 1 (Winter–Spring 2004) project
MUSE, http://muse.jhu.edu. 2004.
320
J. Adams, The Financing of Terror, Aberdeen Universiti Press. Aberdeen, 1986.
319
135
naSi, kerZod, libanSi, tunisSi, alJirsa da siriaSi. “sameds” ganzraxuli aqvs gaxdes udidesi ekonomikuri Zala axlo aRmosaveTSi
ocdameerTe saukunis ganmavlobaSi, saqmianobis generalur xazs palestinis gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis dafinanseba warmoadgens.
unikaluri finansuri infrastruqtura Seqmna agreTve “irlandiis
gamaTavisuflebel armia”-m (IRA). arsebobda mosazreba, rom IRA finansdeboda aSS-dan, iq mcxovrebi emigranti irlandielebis Senawirebis meSveobiT. adamsi asabuTebs, rom aRniSnuli wyaro IRA-s finansur struqturaSi umTavres rols ar TamaSobs. IRA Tavisi xazinis mniSvnelovan nawils avsebs CrdiloeT irlandiaSi organizebuli danaSaulobis sakuTari qselis wyalobiT. revolucionerobis da Cveulebrivi gangsterobis SeTavseba saukeTeso meTodi aRmoCnda terorizmis dafinansebisTvis. adamsi aRniSnul movlenas
“kapones aRmoCenas” uwodebs, misi arsi SemdgomSia: teroristulma
organizacia IRA-m aRmoaCina, rom SeuZlia didi Tanxebis mopoveba
maRaziebis mflobelebisgan da sxva sxva saxis mewarmeTagan savaldebulo dacvis servisis Tavs moxveviT da fulis gamoZalviT. IRAs aRniSnul moqmedebas reketis forma hqonda da mewarme Tanxas ixdida ori mizezis gamo: pirveli, rom teroristuli organizacia
kisrulobda misi biznesis dacvas gareSe pirTagan, meore da umTavresi icavda TviT IRA-sgan, misi Tavdasxmebisgan. warmatebuli cda
gamodga 1972 wels legalur finansur sivrceSi gamosvla da taqsebis kompaniis SeZena. IRA male mixvda, rom gacilebiT did Tanxebs moigebda, Tu konkurentebs Camoicilebda, terorizmi gamoiyeneboda bazarze dominirebisaTvis. meTodebi kargad muSaobda da
IRA komerciuli saqmianobis sxva momgebian saxeobebSic aqtiurad
Caeba.321
adamsi askvnis: arcerTi teroristuli organizacia ar moqmedebs
vakuumSi, mas samoqmedod sWirdeba sxvadasxva saxis resursebi, xolo resursebi TanxebTanaa dakavSirebuli. ase rom yoveli teroristuli organizaciis ukan finansuri infrastruqturaa. amitom
terorizmTan brZola misi finansuri qselis likvidacias unda iTvaliswinebdes.322
palestinis gamaTavisuflebeli armia (ООП) Sida finansuri struqturebis ganviTarebuli sqemiT gamoirCeva. organizacia flobs Sua
aRmosavleTSi tansacmlis da iaraRis mwarmoebel fabrika-qarxnebs, afrikis kontinentze fermerul meurneobebs, uZrav qonebas
evropaSi, aviakompaniebs nikaraguaSi da maldivis respublikaSi. miRebuli mogeba mimarTulia aSS-s, safrangeTis, britaneTis, germaniis, belgiis da iaponiis safondo bazrebze aqciebis SesaZenad.
saintereso movlenad unda CaiTvalos faqti, rodesac organizaci-
321
322
ix. J. Adams, dasaxelebuli naSomi, gv. 393 – 405.
ix. iqve
136
am misTvis sasargeblo pirobebiT nikaraguis xelisuflebaze kreditic ki gasca.323
Tanamedrove teroristuli organizaciis dafinanseba xorcieldeba
legaluri da aralegaluri biznesidan, sawevro Senatanebidan,
loialurad ganwyobili saxelmwifoebidan, saTvistomoebidan, religiuri organizaciebidan da sxva wyaroebidan. teroristuli organizaciis dafinansebis erT-erT Tanamedrove formas TviTdafinanseba warmoadgens. TviTdafinansebis generalur xazs organizaciis samewarmeo saqmianoba (legaluri an aralegaluri) warmoadgens. Tanamedrove teroristuli organizaciebi cdiloben Seqmnan
Sida, avtonomiuri dafinansebis wyaroebi, raTa moipovon finansuri damoukidebuleba da ar iyvnen damokidebulni garegan faqtorebze.
1999 wlis konvencia “terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb”
miRebulia saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier zustad im mizniT,
rom saxelmwifoTa erToblivi ZalisxmeviT Tanamedrove teroristul organizaciebs moeSalos finansuri dasayrdeni.
konvenciis pirveli muxlis pirvel nawilSi gansazRvrulia xelyofis sagani, e.w. “fondebi” romelSic, konvenciis miznebidan gamomdinare, igulisxmeba “yvela saxis da nebismieri gziT mopovebuli,
materialuri da aramaterialuri, moZravi da uZravi aqtivebi, nebismieri formis iuridiuli dokumenti, maT Soris eleqtronuli
da cifruli, romelic amgvar aqtivebze sakuTrebis uflebas an
maTSi wilobriv monawileobas adasturebs, moicavs, Tumca ar Semoifargleba, sabanko kreditebs, samgzavro Cekebs, sabanko Cekebs,
fulad gzavnilebs, aqciebs, fasian qaRaldebs, obligaciebs, tratebs, akreditivebs.”
konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul akrZalul qmedebas sCadis piri Tu
pirdapir an arapirdapir, ukanonod da sakuTari nebiT, uzrunvelyofs an agrovebs “fondebs” im ganzraxviT, rom maT gamoiyeneben,
an icis, rom maT mTlianad an nawilobriv gamoiyeneben terorizmis
dasafinanaseblad. rogorc konvenciidan Cans, terorizmis dafinanseba pirma SeiZleba ganaxorcielos rogorc pirdapiri, ise arapirdapiri ganzraxviT, radganac piri agrovebs “fondebs” im ganzraxviT, rom maT gamoiyeneben an icis rom gamoiyeneben, anu pirvel
SemTxvevaSi surs teroristebis mxridan “fondebis” gamoyeneba, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi Segnebulad uSvebs aRniSnuls. meore muxlis mesame nawilis YTanaxmad, danaSaulis damTavrebulad cnobisTvis aucilebeli ar aris “fondebi” faqtobrivad iyos gamoyenebuli teroristTa mier. mTavaria, rom damfinansebelma “fondebi” miawodos teroristebs zemoCamoTvilili saSualebebiT da formebiT.
danaSaulis damTavrebulad cnobisTvis miwodebuli fondebis ga323
ix.: S. Kiser Financing Terror. An Analysis and Simulation for Affecting Al Qaeda’s Financial
Infrastructure // Rand Corporation, 2004, p. 43.
137
moyenebas, srulad an nawilobriv SeZleben Tu ara teroristebi,
mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
konvenciis mexuTe muxlis Sesabamisad, konvenciis monawile TiToeuli saxelmwifo “qveynis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, ganaxorcielebs RonisZiebebs, raTa Tavis teritoriaze ganlagebul iuridiul pirebs an qveynis kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad dafuZnebul iuridiul pirebs daakisros pasuxismgebloba.”im SemTxvevebSi rodesac am iuridiuli piris xelmZRvanelma an makontrolebelma organom samsaxurebrivi funqciis Sesrulebisas terorizmis dafinanseba ganaxorciela. amasTan, konvvenciis me-5 muxlis meore nawilis
Tanaxmad, iuridiul pirebze dakisrebuli pasuxismgebloba danaSaulis Camden pirebs ar aTavisuflebs piradi pasuxisgebisagan. sagulisxmoa, rom konvenciis zemoaRniSnuli moTxovna gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos ssk-is 1071-e muxlis me-6 nawilSi, romlis mixedviTac: “iuridiuli piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba ar gamoricxavs imave danaSaulisaTvis fizikuri piris sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas”. iuridiuli pirebisTvis dasakisrebeli pasuxismgeblobis formebidan konvencia gamoyofs sisxlissamarTlebriv, samoqalaqosamarTlebriv da administraciulsamarTlebriv saSualebebs. amasTan, iuridiuli piris mimarT
gamoyenebuli sanqcia unda iyos qmediTi, Tanazomieri da aman xeli
unda aaRebinos pirs danaSaulis Cadenaze.
konvenciis meeqvse muxlis imperatiuli miTiTebiT, saxelmwifoebma
unda uzrunvelyon raTa terorizmis dafinansebas arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar moeZebnos gamarTleba politikuri, ideologiuri,
rasobrivi, eTnikuri, religiuri an sxva msgavsi mosazrebiT. aseTive daTqmas Seicavs 1997 wlis “saerTaSoriso konvencia teroristuli dabombvis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb”. saqarTvelos sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsis 3301-e muxli, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, krZalavs saqveynod mowodebas terorizmisaken da dasjadad acxadebs
terorizmis propagandis nebismier SemTxvevas. terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb konvenciis aRniSnuli moTxovna saqarTvelos kanonmdeblis mier aris gaTvaliswinebuli da asaxulia sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi.
konvenciis me-12 muxlis meore nawili mniSvnelovan daTqmas akeTebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebma ar unda uaryon kanonieri urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb moTxovna sabanko saidumloebebis dacvis motiviT. konvenciis aRniSnuli
daTqma saerTaSoriso samarTalSi novacias warmoadgens da mniSvnelovani funqciuri datvirTva gaaCnia. amis garda, konvenciis
meTvramete muxlSi gawerilia saxelmwifoTa sxva valdebulebebi.
kerZod: zomebis miReba TavianT teritoriebze im pirebisa da organizaciebis arakanonieri saqmianobis asakrZalad, romlebic Segnebulad waaxaliseben, ubiZgeben, organizebas ukeTeben an Cabmuli
arian terorizmis dafinansebaSi; Sesabamisi struqturebis mier saTanado yuradRebis miqceva saeWvo da uCveulo garigebebze; iseTi
138
wesebis SemoRebaze, romlebic krZalavs angariSebis gaxsnas, Tuki
maTi mflobelebi an beneficiariebi daudgeneli pirebi arian, an
maTi identifikacia SeuZlebelia; SemoiRon iseTi wesebi, romlebic
finansur institutebs valdebulebas akisrebs saswrafod Seatyobinon kompetentur organoebs
yvela rTuli, uCveulo, masStaburi an ucnauri garigebis Sesaxeb, romelic ar isaxavs miznad aSkarad ekonomikur an TvalsaCinod kanonier miznebs.
eqstradiciis da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxebze mniSvnelovan
daTqmas akeTebs konvenciis mecamete da meToTxmete muxlebi, romlis mixedviTac, terorizmis dafinanseba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos
finansur an politikur danaSaulad, aqedan gamomdinare, konvenciis monawile saxelmwifom ar unda uaryos eqstradiciis an iuridiuli daxmarebis gawevis Sesaxeb moTxovna mxolod im safuZvliT,
rom terorizmis dafinanseba dakavSirebulia finansur an politikur danaSaulTan.
konvenciis meTeqvsmete muxlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos ufleba aqvs
uari ganacxados eqstradiciasa da iuridiul daxmarebaze Tu sakmarisi safuZveli aqvs ifiqros, rom terorizmis dafinansebasTan
dakavSirebiT eqstradiciis an iuridiuli daxmarebis moTxovna
miznad isaxavs pirovnebis sisxlisamarTlebriv devnas an dasjas
misi rasis, religiis, erovnebis, eTnikuri warmoSobis, politikuri
Sexedulebebis gamo.
terorizmis dafinansebasTan brZolis specifika Seicavs sadazvervo da samarTalSefardebiTi aspeqtebis rTul urTierTkavSirs,
romelic exeba iseT daucvel sferos, rogoricaa sabanko saidumloeba. sabanko saidumloebis sakiTxebi dakavSirebulia rogorc
saxelmwifoebis ekonomikur usafrTxoebasTan, aseve sakuTrebis
uflebasTan, moqalaqeebis komerciul da piradi interesebTan, raSicaa gansakuTrebuli sirTule Sesabamisi moqmedebis rogorc saxelmwifos SigniT, aseve saerTaSoriso doneze. konvencia aregulirebs agreTve damnaSave piris dakavebis, gadacemis, sisxlissmarTlebrivi devnis, iuridiuli urTierTdaxmarebis da sxva procesualuri xasiaTis sakiTxebs.
fulis gaTeTrebasTan brZolis saerTaSoriso komisiam (FATF) 2001
wlis 29-30 oqtombers q. vaSingtonSi SeimuSava 9 specialuri rekomendacia, romlebsac mogvianebiT daemata mecxre rekomendacia
naRdi fulis brunvasTan dakavSirebiT. amave organizaciis fulis
gaTeTrebis cnobil 40 rekomendaciasTan erTobliobaSi terorizmis dafinansebis winaaRmdeg brZolis amosaval principebad unda
iqnes ganxiluli:
1. terorizmis dafinansebasTan brZolis aspeqtiT gaeros mier miRebuli saerTaSoriso normatiuli aqtebis ratifikacia da implementacia;
139
2. terorizmis dafinansebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli fulis gaTeTrebis qmedebaTa kriminalizacia;
3. teroristuli aqtivebis gayinva da konfiskacia;
4. terorizmis dafinansebasTan dakavSirebuli saeWvo operaciebis
Sesaxeb Setyobineba;
5. samarTaldamcavi da makontrolebeli organoebis saerTaSoriso
TanamSromloba terorizmis dafinansebis aRkveTisa da gamoZiebis
sakiTxebSi;
6. fulis gaTeTrebasTan brZolis moTxovnebis danergva fulis gadaricxvis alternatiuli sistemebis gamoyenebisas;
7. eleqtronuli gadaricxvebis SemTxvevaSi kontrolis gamkacreba
finansuri aqtivebis mflobelis identifikaciis mizniT;
8. Sesabamisi garantiebis Seqmna im mizniT, rom sakuTreba, ganaskuTrebiT ki arakomerciuli organizaciebis, ar iqneba gamoyenebuli terorizmis dasafinanseblad;
9. naRdi fulis brunvis kontrolis meqanizmebis Sesaxeb.
FATF – is rekomendaciebis mixedviT terorizmis dafinanseba fulis gaTeTrebis predikatul danaSaulad iTvleba. predikatul
danaSaulSi winmswrebi danauli igulisxmeba, anu terorizmis
dafinanseba fulis gaTeTrebis winare danaSaulad iTvleba.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi 2006 wlis 25 ivliss
kriminalizebuli iqna terorizmis dafinanseba, amiT saqarTvelos
kanonmdebloba SesabamisobaSi movida konvenciis moTxovnebTan.
ssk-is 3311 –e muxlis Tanaxmad, terorizmis dafinansebas adgili
aqvs im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac finansuri saxsrebis an sxva saxis
qonebis Segroveba an miwodeba xdeba imis winaswari SecnobiT, rom
aRniSnuli gamoyenebuli iqneba terorizmis TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis CadenisaTvis. danaSaulis
subieqturi mxare rogorc pirdapir ise arapirdapir ganzraxvas
moicavs, mTavaria subieqtur mxareSi arsebobdes imis Secnobis
elementi, rom finansuri saxsrebi mTlianad an nawilobriv gamoyenebuli iqneba teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis Casadenad.
terorizmis dafinansebis da fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis interesebidan gamomdinare, gamocemulia saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis prezidentis brZanebebi da gankargulebebi, saqarTvelos
finansuri monitoringis samsaxuris ufrosis brZanebebi da sxva
normatiuli aqtebi.
140
ganxiluli saerTaSoriso konvenciebis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas
warmoadgens is, rom terorizmis romelime erTi konkretuli gamovlinebis winaaRmdeg brZolis saSualebas warmoadgenen. TeoriaSi terologebi terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTul konvenciebs, regulirebis sferos konkretizaciis gamo, “sagnobrivs” uwodeben.
gamoTqmuli iyo mosazreba, rom terorizmis formebis mudmivi cvalebadobis gamo, “sagnobrivi” konvenciebi ver daaregulirebda da
ver moicavda mis yvela gamovlinebas. mravaljer daisva winadadeba
SemuSavebuliyo erTiani, universaluri saerTaSoriso – samarTlebrivi dokumenti, romelic terorizmTan brZolis problemis
mTlianad moicavda.324
2.2.9. globaluri kontrteroristuli
strategia
terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli erTiani saerTaSoriso dokumentis SemuSavebis ideiT 2006 wlis 8 seqtembers gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam miiRo globaluri kontrteroristuli strategia. dokumenti mocemulia rezoluciis formiT romelsac Tan erTvis samoqmedo gegma. kontrteroristuli strategia warmoadgens
unikalur dokuments, radganac pirvelad yvela wevri saxelmwifo
SeTanxmda imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom terorizmi miuRebelia misi
formis da gamovlinebis miuxedavad, SemuSavda terorizmTan brZolis erTiani strategiuli midgoma. kontrteroristuli strategiis samoqmedo gegma agebulia iseTi Semadgeneli komponentebiT, rogoricaa:
1. terorizmis xelSemwyobi pirobebis Tavidan acilebis RonisZiebebi;
2. terorizmis Tavidan acilebis da masTan brZolis RonisZiebebi;
3. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis da wevri saxelmwifoebis
SesaZleblobebis zrda terorizmis Tavidan acilebisa da masTan
brZolis aspeqtiT;
4. kanonis uzenaesobis da adamianis uflebebis sayovelTao pativiscemis principis uzrunvelyofa terorizmTan brZolaSi.325
324
ix. Т. С. Бояр-Созонович, Международный терроризм: политико-правовые аспекты, Одесса,
Лыбидь, 1991. cc. 119-120.
325
ix. http://www.un.org/russian/terrorism/strategy_resolution.shtml#a2.2011.
141
2.2.10.
evropuli konvencia terorizmis winaaRmdeg
brZolis Sesaxeb
saerTaSoriso normatiuli aqtebidan gansakuTrebulad aRsaniSnavia 1977 wlis 27 ianvris evropuli konvencia terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb.326 rogorc preambulaSia aRniSnuli konvenciis miReba ganapiroba teroristuli aqtebiT gamowveulma mzardma SeSfoTebam da teroristuli aqtebis Camdeni pirebis mimarT
efeqturi samarTlebrivi zomebis miRebis aucileblobam. konvenciaSi gawerilia xelmomweri saxelmwifoebis urTierTTanamSromlobis sawyisebi, dadgenilia eqstradiciis zogadi principebi teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebisTvis.
konvenciis pirvelive muxlSi gansazRvrulia, rom xelSemkvrel
saxelmwifoebs Soris eqstradiciis miznebisaTvis, teroristuli
xasiaTis arcerTi danaSauli ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnas politikur danaSaulad an politikur danaSaulTan dakavSirebul danaSaulad an politikuri motivebiT gamowveul danaSaulad. politikur danaSaulad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos saerTaSoriso konvenciebiT akrZaluli teroristuli xasiaTis qmedebebi.327
konvenciis meoTxe muxlis Tanaxmad, konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli
danaSaulebrivi qmedebebidan Tu romelime ar aris aRiarebuli
eqstradicias daqvemdebarebul danaSaulad xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebul nebismier konvenciasa Tu xelSekrulebaSi,
igi mainc CaiTvleba eqstradacias daqvemdebarebul danaSaulad. am
daTqmiT SesaZlebeli xdeba Tundac ar arsebobdes saxelmwifoTa
Soris SeTanxmeba iuridiul daxmarebasa da eqstradiciaze da isini warmoadgendnen evropuli konvenciis xelmomwer mxareebs, ganaxorcielon eqstradicia da iuridiuli urTierTdaxmareba am konvenciis safuZvelze teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis SemTxvevaSi.
evropuli konvenciis merve muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristuli danaSaulebis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifoebi gamoiyeneben iuridiuli urTierTdaxmarebis yvelaze farTo zomebs. amasTanave ar SeiZleba uari
iTqvas am daxmarebaze mxolod im safuZvliT, rom igi Seexeba politikur danaSauls, an danaSauls dakavSirebuls politikur danaSaulTan an politikuri motivebiT ganpirobebul danaSauls.
saxelmwifos ufleba aqvs uari Tqvas eqstradiciaze im gamonaklis
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac teriristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebze eqstra326
ratificirebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis 2000 wlis 27 seqtembris # 509
dadgenilebiT.
327 konvenciis pirvel muxlSi CamoTvlilia saerTaSoriso teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebi (diplomatiuri agentebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedebebi, sahaero xomaldis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedebebi, mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba da
sxv.), romlebic dasjadadaa cnobili gaeros 16 saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT da
winamdebare naSromSi iyo ganxiluli.
142
diciis Sesaxeb Txovna ganxorcielda piris braldebis an
dasjisaTvis misi rasis, religiis, erovnebis an politikuri Sexedulebebis gamo, an Tu piris mdgomareoba SeiZleba damZimdes romelime am mizezis gamo.
143
$ 3. terorizmTan normatiuli saSualebebiT brZolis
franguli modeli
teroristuli
xasiaTis
danaSaulebisTvis
pasuxismgeblobis
dakisrebis
saintereso
magaliTs
sakanonmdeblo
teqnikis
TvalsazrisiT
warmoadgens
safrangeTis
kanonmdebloba.
dasavleT
qveynebis
sisxlissamarTlebrivi
kanonmdeblobaTa
umravlesoba,
maT
Soris
safrangeTisac
Seicavs
rogorc
materialur, aseve procesualur normebs. msgavsi sakanonmdeblo
teqnika, rodesac normatiuli aqti Tavisi xasiaTiT aris
materialuric da procesualuric, iZleva swrafi da moqnili
reagirebis saSualebas. safrangeTSi msgavs sakanonmdeblo aqts
warmoadgens kanoni “terorizmTan da saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis
xelmyof qmedebebTan brZolis Sesaxeb.” Sinaarsobrivad es kanoni
SeiZleba CaiTvalos kompleqsurad, nawilobriv materialur da
nawilobriv procesualurad. es aixsneba imiT, rom safrangeTis
sisxlis saproceso kodeqsis me-15 TavSi mocemulia teroristuli
xasiaTis danaSaulis materialuri cneba. kerZod, ganisazRvreba
rogorc mZime kategoriis danaSaulTa simravlis arseboba,
Cadenili “piris an danaSaulebrivi organizaciis mier, romlis
mizania
mniSvnelovnad
daarRvios
sazogadoebrivi
wesrigi
daSinebis da teroris gziT.”328
safrangeTis sisxlis saproceso kodeqsis 706-16 muxlSi mocmeulia
mimdinare
danaSaulebis
CamonaTvali,
romlebic
garkveuli
pirobebis arsebobis dros CaiTvleba teroristulad. es muxli ar
ayaliyebebs axal Semadgenlobas, aramed mxolod CamoTvlis
konkretul Semadgenlobebs, romelTa Cadenac fizikuri piris an
danaSaulebrivi jgufis mier, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis saSiSi
darRvevis
mizniT,
daSinebis
an
teroris
gziT,
miiCneva
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad da saproceso moqmedebebi
warimarTeba
sisxlis
saproceso
kodeqsis
me-15
TaviT
329
gaTvaliswinebuli wesis Sesabamisad.
1992 wels safrangeTSi miiRes axali sisxlis samarTlis
materialuri kodeqsi. igi Sedgeba 4 wignisgan, romlebic, Tavis
mxriv,
Sedgebian
karebisgan,
Tavebisgan,
punqtebisa
da
qvepunqtebisgan. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis meoTxe wigni
iTvaliswinebs
teroristuli
xasiaTis
danaSaulebisTvis
pasuxismgeblobas.
igi
Sedgeba
ori
Tavisagan:
Tavi
I
_
“teroristuli aqtebis Sesaxeb” (421-1 _ 421-4 muxlebi)330; Tavi II _
“gansakuTrebuli debulebebi” (422-1 _ 422-5 muxlebi)331. pirvel
328
ix. Зарубежное законодателъство в борьбе с терроризмом. Ответс. ред. И.С. Власов, М., 2002,
c. 67.
329
ix. Code de procédure pénale; Titre XV : De la poursuite, de l'instruction et du jugement des actes de
terrorisme, http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr.2011.
330
ix. Code pénal, Livre IV, Titre II : Du terrorisme. Chapitre Ier : Des actes de terrorisme. Article 421-1
- 421-7, http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr.2011.
331
ix. Code pénal, Livre IV, Titre II : Du terrorisme. Chapitre II : Dispositions particulières.. Article 4221 – 422-7, http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr.2011.
144
TavSi gansazRvrulia terorizmis cneba da pasuxismgeblobis
zomebi.
meore
Tavi
iTvaliswinebs
teroristuli
xasiaTis
danaSaulebis
CadenaSi
braldebuli
pirebis
sasjelisgan
gaTavisuflebas im SemTxvevebSi, Tu es pirebi TanamSromloben
gamoZiebasTan, awesebs damatebiT sasjelebs da gansazRvravs
iuridiuli pirebis pasuxismgeblobas.
franguli sisxlis samarTlis mixedviT, teroristuli xasiaTis
danaSaulebi saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa
wignSia
gaerTianebuli (danaSauli eris, saxelmwifos da
sazogadoebrivi
mSvidobis
winaaRmdeg)332
da
maTi
sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis obieqti saxelmwifo strategiuli
interesebia (politikuri, ekonomikuri da sxv.). safrangeTis ssk-is
421-1 muxlis mixedviT, teroristuli aqti ganisazRvreba, rogorc
sazogadoebrivi wesrigis arsebiTi darRveva, Cadenili daSinebis an
teroris gziT, romelic xelyofs atmosferos, miwas, wyals,
teritoriuli
wlebis
CaTvliT,
sakveb
produqtebs
iseTi
nivTierebebiT, rac uqmnis safrTxes adamianis an cxovelTa
janmrTelobas an garemos.
safrangeTis ssk-is 421-2 muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristul aqtad
ganixileba agreTve jgufis Seqmna an masSi monawileoba 421-1
muxlSi aRwerili teroristuli aqtis Cadenis mizniT.
safrangeTis ssk-is 421-2-2 muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristul aqtad
ganixileba agreTve terorizmis dafinanseba. kerZod, garkveuli
qonebis, faseulobis, finansuri saSualebebis an sxva fondebis
gamoyeneba anda gadacema imis gacnobierebiT, rom aRniSnuli
mTlianad an nawilobriv gamoyenebuli iqneba teroristuli
danaSaulis
amkrZalavi
TaviT
gaTvaliswinebuli
nebismieri
qmedebis Casadenad, imis miuxedavad, iqneba Tu ara danaSauli
realurad Cadenili.
safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi antiteroristuli
normebis umniSvnelovanes Tvisebas is Seadgens, rom teroristuli
aqtis ZiriTadi niSnebis gansazRvris Semdeg mocemulia daTqma,
rom nebismieri qmedeba, romelic Cadenilia daSinebis an teroris
xerxiT da xelyofs safrangeTis ssk-is 421-1 dacul uSualo
obieqtebs, CaiTvleba teroristul aqtad. aqedan gamomdinare,
safrangeTis
ssk-is
421-3
muxlis
Tanaxmad,
Cveulebrivi
danaSaulebi,
Tu
isini
Cadenilia
teroristuli
aqtisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli obieqturi da subieqturi faqtorebis pirobebSi
iTvleba teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad da isjeba gacilebiT
ufro mkacrad. kerZod, teroristuli danaSaulis Camden pirs:
332
ix. Code pénal, Livre IV : Des crimes et délits contre la nation, l'Etat et la paix publique.
http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr.2011.
145
_
eniSneba
Tavisuflebis
uvado aRkveTa,
Tu
danaSaulisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisuflebis
wlamde vadiT;
Cveulebrivi
aRkveTa 30
_ eniSneba Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 30 wlamde vadiT, Tu Cveulebrivi
danaSaulisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 20
wlamde vadiT;
_ eniSneba Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 20 wlamde vadiT, Tu Cveulebrivi
danaSauli gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 15 wlamde
vadiT;
_ eniSneba Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 15 wlamde vadiT, Tu Cveulebrivi
danaSauli gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 10 wlamde
vadiT;
_ eniSneba Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 10 wlamde vadiT, Tu Cveulebrivi
danaSauli gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 5 wlamde
vadiT;
_
sasjeli
ormagdeba,
Tu
analogiuri
Cveulebrivi
danaSaulisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 3
wlamde vadiT. 333
safrangeTis
sixlis
samarTlis
antiteroristuli
normebis
Tviseba, romelic gulisxmobs ama Tu im qmedebis teroristuli
xasiaTis danaSaulad CaTvlas Sesabamisi obieqturi da subieqturi
pirobebis
arsebobisas,
terorizmis
winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi
mniSvnelovnad
wingadadgmul
nabijad
migvaCnia.
terorizmi
dinamiuri da cvladi movlenaa, Tanamedrove msoflioSi misi
gamovlenis formebi ukve aRar emTxveva warsulSi arsebul suraTs,
xolo momavalSi terorizmma SeiZleba kidev sxva, dRemde ucnobi,
saxe SeiZinos. terorizmis ZiriTadi, imanenturi, Tvisebebis
gansazRvriT da imis daTqmiT, rom nebismieri danaSaulebrivi aqti,
romelic
ganxorcielebuli
iqneba
teroristuli
aqtisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli obieqturi da suebieqturi niSnebiT, CaiTvleba
terorizmad,
frangul
sisxlissamarTlebriv
saSualebebs
terorizmTan brZolaSi mudmivad adekvatur poziciaSi ayenebs.
safrangeTis axali sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis terorizmis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli Tavi II _ gansakuTrebuli debulebebi,
Seicavs wamaxalisebel normebs, romlebic, garkveuli pirobebis
arsebobisas, SesaZloa aRmoCndnen ufro efeqturi terorizmTan
brZolaSi,
vidre
normebi,
romlebic
mxolod
dasjadobas
iTvaliswinebs.
wamaxalisebeli
antiteroristuli
normebi
pirvelad gaTvaliswinebuli iqna 1986 wlis 9 seqtembris # 86_1019
kanoniT, “danaSaulebriv saqmianobasTan brZolis Sesaxeb”, romlis
debulebebic momavalSi mTlianad iqna CarTuli safrangeTis 1992
333
ix. Зарубежное законодателъство в борьбе с терроризмом. Ответс. ред. И.С. Власов, М., 2002,
c. 75.
146
wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis meore karis meoTxe wignis
meore TavSi “gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba.” frangi kanonmdebeli
amodis im mosazrebidan, rom teroristuli aqtebis da maT mier
gamowveuli mavne Sedegebis Semcireba SesaZloa miRweuli iqnes
mkacri sasjelebis gareSec, teroristebis piradi dainteresebis
gziT, ar Caidinon aseTi aqtebi an ar dadges danaSaulebrivi
Sedegi. am SemTxvevaSi saubaria im normebis gamoyenebaze, romlebic
iTvaliswinebs sasjelisgan gaTavisuflebas an mis Semcirebas im
teroristebisTvis
romlebic
iTanamSromleben
xelisuflebis
organoebTan, maTi daxmarebiT acilebuli iqneba mosalodneli
ziani, daexmarebian gamoZiebas.
safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 422-1 muxlis Tanaxmad,
pasuxismgeblobidan gaTavisufldeba piri teroristuli aqtis
Cadenis mcdelobisTvis, Tuki administraciuli an sasamarTlo
organosTvis drouli SetyobinebiT moxdeba danaSaulis Tavidan
acileba da Sesabamis pirobebis arsebobisas dasaxeldeba sxva
Tanamonawileebi.334 safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 422-1
muxlis Tanaxmad, sasjeli naxevrdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
administraciuli
an
sasamarTlo
organosTvis
drouli
SetyobinebiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba teroristuli aqtis Sewyveta da
adamianis sicocxlis mospobis an sxva mZime Sedegis Tavidan
acileba.335
safrangeTSi moqmedebs 1986 wlis 9 seqtembris #86_1020 kanoni,
romelic
aregulirebs
teroristuli
xelyofis
Sedegad
dazaralebulebis materialuri kompensaciis sakiTxebs. mocemuli
kanonis 9-1 muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristuli aqtis Sedegad pirebs,
romlebic
dazaraldnen
safrangeTis
teritoriaze,
aseve
safrangeTis moqalaqis, an safrangeTis teritoriaze mudmivad
mcxovrebi piris mier, aunazRaurdeba ziani sagarantio fondis
xarjze.336
334
ix. Code pénal, Livre IV, Titre II : Du terrorisme. Chapitre II : Dispositions particulières.. Article 4221, http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr. 2011.
335
ix. Code pénal, Livre IV, Titre II : Du terrorisme. Chapitre II : Dispositions particulières.. Article 4222, http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr. 2011.
336
ix. Зарубежное законодателъство в борьбе с терроризмом. Ответс. ред. И.С. Власов, М., 2002,
c. 77.
147
$ 4. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
kontrteroristuli kanonmdeblobis mimoxilva
saqarTvelos antiteroristul normebTan erTad, mizanSewonilia,
mimoxilul
iqnes
amerikis
SeerTebuli
Statebis
kontrteroristuli kanonmdebloba, rogorc erT-erTi yvelaze
ufro efeqturi
msoflioSi.
aSS-Si
terorizmTan brZolis
sakiTxebis maregulirebeli normatiuli baza moicavs ori saxis
sakanonmdeblo aqtebs: pirveli federalurs, romelic moqmedebs
aSS-s
mTel
teritoriaze
da
meore
konkretuli
Statis
teritoriaze moqmeds.
federalur normatiul aqtebs warmoadgens aSS-s konstitucia,
federaluri
kanonebi
da
kanonqvemdebare
aqtebi.
aSS-s
konstitucia, cvlilebebis CaTvliT, Seicavs mTel rig saerTo
xasiaTis sisxlissamarTlebriv normebs, romlebic dakavSirebulni
arian sxvadasxva saxis danaSaulTan, maT Soris terorizmTan.337
aSS-Si ar arsebobs erTiani, yovlismomcveli federaluri aqti
terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb. terorizmTan brZolis sakiTxebi
asaxulia sxvadasxva normatiul aqtebSi, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia:
samoqalaqo
aviaciis
Sesaxeb
federaluri
kanoni
(1958);
terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb kanoni (1990); saerTaSoriso
terorizmTan
brZolis
Sesaxeb
kanoni
(1984);
danaSaulis
kontrolis Sesaxeb kanoni (1990); kanoni terorizmTan brZolis
gaZlierebis Sesaxeb aSS-Si da mis farglebs gareT (1993);
terorizmTan brZolis da sasjelis maRali zomis efeqturobis
Sesaxeb kanoni (1996) da sxva.338
terorizmTan brZolis normatiuli saSualebebidan aRsaniSnavia
patriotizmis Sesaxeb aqti, romelic 2001 wlis 24 oqtombers miiRo
aSS-s kongresis warmomadgenelTa palatam.339 patriotizmis Sesaxeb
aqti romlis mizania terorizmTan brZolis efeqturi zomebis
SemuSaveba,
kompleqsuri
normatiuli
aqtia,
Seicavs
sisxlissamarTlebriv da sxva saxis normebs. patriotis aqti
afarToebs
samarTaldamcavi
organoebis
uflebamosilebas,
terorizmTan
brZolis
miznebidan
gamomdinare,
garkveul
SemTxvevebSi, zRudavs sayovelTaod aRiarebul adamianis ZiriTad
uflebebs da Tavisulebebs.
patriotis
aqtis
debulebebidan
aRsaniSnavia
eleqtronuli
TvalTvalis meSveobiT mtkicebulebebis mopovebis da damagrebis
proceduris gamartiveba, agreTve eleqtronuli TvalTvalis
obieqtTa wris gafarToeba. cnobilia, rom aSS-Si gamoZiebaze
337
ix. http://www.constitution.org/cons/csa.txt. 2011.
ix. Зарубежное законодателъство в борьбе с терроризмом. Ответс. ред. И.С. Власов, М., 2002,
c. 7.
339
ix. http://www.justice.gov/archive/ll/highlights.htm.2011.
338
148
arsebobs sasamarTlo kontroli. federalur doneze iseTi
saproceso moqmedebebi, rogoricaa dakaveba, Cxeka da sxva
moiTxovs sanqcionirebas federaluri mosamarTleebis mxridan.
aSS-Si iseTi operatiul-sagamoZiebo moqmedebebi, rogoricaa
satelefono
mosmenebi
da
eleqtronuli
TvalTvali
procesualuri TvalsazrisiT gaTanabrebulia CxrekasTan da
amoRebasTan (satelefono saubris mosmena teqnikuri saSualebebis
daxmarebiT gaTanabrebulia CxrekasTan, xolo mosmenili saubris
fiqsireba da Cawera-amoRebasTan). 1978 wlis “ucxoeTis sadazvervo
saqminobaze meTvalyureobis Sesaxeb” kanonis Tanaxmad, gamoZiebis
federaluri biuros kontrdazverviTi operaciebis warmoebisTvis
aucilebeli satelefono mosmenebi da eleqtronuli TvalTvali
aseve
moiTxovs
sanqcionirebas
federaluri
sasamarTlo
xelisuflebis mxridan. eleqtronuli TvalTvalis orderis
mopoveba federaluri biuros operatiuli TanamSromlisaTvis
rTuli amocanas warmoadgenda, radganac imis mere rac igi
SeaTanxmebda aRniSnul sakiTxs sakuTar xelmZRvanelobasTan,
aucilebeli iyo federaluri prokuroris Tanxmoba, romelic,
Tavis mxriv, aTanxmebda sakiTxs generalur prokurorTan an mis
moadgilesTan.
aRniSnuli
procedurebis
gavlis
Semdeg
operatiuli
TanamSromeli
mimarTavda
sasamarTlos
sadac
mosamarTlis
winaSe
unda
daesabuTebina
eleqtronuli
TvalTvalis aucilebloba. amasTan, eleqtronuli TvalTvalis
dro 30 dRe-Ramemde iyo SezRuduli, da orderis vadis
gagrZelebis
SemTxvevaSi
aucileblobas
warmoadgenda
340
zemoaRwerili
proceduris
xelaxla
gavla.
patriotizmis
Sesaxeb
aqtis
miRebis
Semdeg
biurokratiuli
meqanizmebi
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa eleqtronuli TvalTvalis
aspeqtiT gamartivda, xolo eleqtronuli TvalTvalis farglebi
da
masStabebi
gafarTovda.341
SesaZlebelia
eleqtronuli
TvalTvali ganxorieldes aramxolod erTi piris, an misi
satelefono saubrebis mimarT, aramed pirTa ganusazRvreli
raodenobis, an sxvadsxva satelefono saubrebis mimarT, Tu isini
Sinaarsobrivad erTi danaSaulis Cadenas exeba. eleqtronuli
TvalTvalis sagani SesaZlebelia iyos agreTve eleqtronuli
fosta,342 piradi kompiuteri343 da sxv.
patriotizmis Sesaxeb aqtiT gaTvaliswinebul iqna gamoZiebis
federaluri
biuros
dafinansebis
zrda.
105
muxliT
gaTvaliswinebuli debulebis Tanaxmad saidumlo samsaxurebs
SeuZliaT ganaviTaron eleqtronul danaSaulebis aRkveTasa da
gamovlenaze momuSave jgufebis nacionaluri qseli, romelic
340
ix. http://www.agentura.ru/dossier/usa/zakon-antiterror. 2010.
341
ix. USA Patiot Act (U.S. H.R. 3162, Public Law 107-56), Title II, Sec. 216 .2011.
342
ix. USA Patiot Act (U.S. H.R. 3162, Public Law 107-56), Title II, Sec. 204 - 209.2011.
343
ix. USA Patiot Act (U.S. H.R. 3162, Public Law 107-56), Title II, Sec. 217.2011.
149
eleqtronuli danaSaulis aRkveTis, aRmoCenis da gamoZiebis
sakiTxebze momuSave niu-iorkis samuSao jgufs daufuZneba.344
patriotizmis Sesaxeb aqtis mesame nawili exeba saerTaSoriso
fulis gaTeTrebasTan brZolas terorizmis Tavidan acilebis
mizniT.345 mniSvnelovania meoTxe nawili, romelic iTvaliswinebs
mTel rig RonisZiebebs saemigracio sakiTxebis kontrolis
gaumjobesebis mizniT346 da a.S
terorizmTan brZolis aspeqtiT aRsaniSnavia aSS-s iusticiis
ministris
2001
wlis
31
oqtombris
brZaneba,
romelic
gamoqveynebisTanave
Sevida
ZalaSi
da
romlis
mixedviTac,
iusticiis ministrs ufleba aqvs, sasamarTlo sanqciis gareSe,
gasces brZaneba advokatisa da braldebulis satelefono, an
piradi konfidencialuri saubrebis mosmenaze, Tu arsebobs
“safuZvliani eWvi”, rom dakavebuli piri gamoiyenebs advokatTan
molaparakebas “teroristuli aqtebis Cadenis an maTi Cadenis
daxmarebis
mizniT”.
iurisprudenciaSi
advokati-braldebulis
saubrebis konfindencialuroba xelSeuxebel uflebad iTvleba. am
wesidan
gamonaklisi
ar
arsebobda.
iusticiis
ministris
zemoaRniSnuli brZanebis gamocemis Semdeg advokatisa da misi
klientis saubrebis konfidencialurobis ufleba aRar moqmedebs
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebisTvis.347 imis miuxedavad, rom
msgavsi gamonaklisis arseboba aSS-s kanonmdeblobaSi, terorizmis
winaaRmdeg brZolis interesebidan gamomdinare, progresulad
migvaCnia, vfiqrobT, rom advokatisa da klientis konfidencialur
urTierTobaze
TvalTvali
sasamarTlo
kontroliT
unda
ganxorcieldes.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsSic advokatisa
- klientis saubrebis konfidencialuroba daculia da ar SeiZleba
gamoyenebuli iqnes rogorc mtkicebuleba. mocemuli uflebis
garantiebi gawerilia saqarTvelos sssk-is 38-e da 43-e muxlebSi,
romlis mixedviTac piris urTierToba mis advokatTan, an SesaZlo
advokatTan, konfidencialuri da Tavisufalia, rogorc piris
braldebulad cnobamde, ise braldebulad cnobis Semdeg.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs sssk-is 43-e muxlis mesame
nawilis
daTqmas,
romlis
mixedviTac:
“dakavebuli
an
dapatimrebuli
braldebulis
urTierToba
mis
advokatTan
SesaZlebelia SeizRudos mxolod vizualuri meTvalyureobiT.”
saqarTvelos
sssk-is
mixedviT
ar
SeiZleba
advokati
–
braldebulis urTierTobis sxva formiT SezRudva, iqneba es
faruli mosmena Tu eleqtronuli TvalTvalis sxva formebi.
344
ix. USA Patiot Act, Title II: Surveillance procedures.2011.
345
ix. USA Patriot Act, Title III: Anti-money-laundering to prevent terrorism. 2011.
ix. USA Patriot Act, Title IV: Border security. 2011.
347
ix. Зарубежное законодателъство в борьбе с терроризмом. Ответс. ред. И.С. Власов, М., 2002,
cc. 13-15.
346
150
organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis interesebidan
gamomdinare
saqarTvelos
sssk-iT
garantirebuli
advokatibraldebulis
urTierTobis
konfidencialuroba
aSS-s
kanonmdeblobis msgavsad SesaZlebelia gadaixedos. igulisxmeba,
organizebuli danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis Sesaxeb, warsulSi ukve
momxdaris, an momavalSi dagegmilis, informaciis miReba da
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis gaxsna anda maT Tavidan
acileba. samomavlod saqarTveloSi sagamoZiebo moqmedebebis
warmoebisas, advokati-braldebulis konfidencialuri saubrebis
mosmenis
daSvebis
SemTxvevaSi,
msgavsi
nebarTva,
aSS-s
kanonmdeblobisagan gansxvavebiT, unda gasces sasamarTlom da
aRniSnul moqmedebebzec aucilebelia sasamarTlo kontrolis
SenarCuneba.
2001 wlis 11 seqtembris cnobili teroristuli aqtis Semdeg
gamocxadebuli sagangebo mdgomareobis dros aSS-s prezidentma
2001 wlis 13 noembers gamosca brZaneba “ucxoeli moqalaqeebis
dakavebis, mopyrobisa da gasamarTlebis Sesaxeb
terorizmTan
omis pirobebSi” (President Issues Military Order).348
brZanebis pirvel muxlis “a” qvepunqtSi aRniSnulia, rom aSS-s
mimarT
ganxorcielebuli
teroristuli
aqtebi,
romelic
ganxorcielda aSS-s teritoriaze da mis farglebs gareT,
saerTaSoriso teroristebis mier, (al-qaidas wevrebis CaTvliT)
iyo
imdenad
sastiki
da
damagreveli,
rom
“gamoiwvies
SeiaraRebuli
konfliqti
mdgomareoba,
romelic
saWiroebs
SeerTebuli Statebis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gamoyenebas.”
pirveli muxlis “d”
qvepunqtSi aRniSnulia, rom aSS-s
saxelmwifoebriobis da misi moqalaqeebis dacvis SesaZlebloba
teroristuli
aqtebisagan
mniSvnelovnadaa
damokidebuli
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gamoyenebaze teroristebis dakavebis, maTi
vinaobis da xelSemwyobebis dadgenis mizniT raTa aRikveTos maTi
saqmianoba, aseve moxdes maTi SesaZleblobebis likvidacia
teroristuli aqtebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT. pirveli muxlis
“e” qvepunqtis Tanaxmad aSS-s SeiaraRebul Zalebma unda moZebnon
da daakavon saerTaSoriso teroristebi rogorc qveynis SigniT,
aseve mis farglebs gareT da gaasamarTlon Zaladobrivi
danaSaulisTvis saomari mdgomareobis Sesaxeb kanonis safuZvelze
samxedro
tribunalze.
am
mizniT
prezidentis
brZanebis
safuZvelze Seiqmna specialuri organo samxedro tribunalebi
samxedro komisiebis saxiT.
samxedro komisiebis saqmianobaze kontroli daevala aSS-s
Tavdacvis ministrs. am mizniT aSS-s Tavdacvis ministrs daevala
Sesabamisi
instruqciebi
da
brZanebebis
miReba,
romelic
daaregulirebda saerTaSoriso teroristebis saqmeebis ganmxilavi
komisiebis muSaobas. Tavdacvis ministris instruqciebi aSS-s
348
ix.: http://toocan.com/lunog/media/blogs/misblog/pdfs/bush_detention_order.pdf.2011.
151
prezidentis brZanebis Tanaxmad, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, unda
Seicavdes
komisiebSi
teroristebis
sisxlissamarTlebrivi
saqmeebis ganxilvis Catarebis wesebs, winasasamarTlo, sasamarTlo
da sasamarTlos Semdegi procedurebis CaTvliT. gansasjelis
braleulobis dasabuTebis meTodebs, sakvalifikacio moTxovnebs
bralmdeblebisa da damcvelebis mimarT.349
miTiTebulma wesebma aseT instruqciebSi aSS-s prezidentis
brZanebis meoTxe Tavis “c” nawilis mixedviT rogorc minimum unda
uzrunvelyos:
1. samxedro komisias unda hqondes SesaZlebloba gamarTos sxdoma
nebismier dros da nebismier adgilas, Tavdacvis ministris
miTiTebis Sesabamisad;
2. sruli da samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilva, romelSic
samxedro komisia mosamarTlis statusiT ganixilavs sisxlis
samarTlis sqmes, rogor faqtis, ise normis mixedviT;
3. sasamarTlo ganxilvaze iseTi mtkicebulebebis daSvebadoba,
romelic faseuli da damajerebeli iqneba jansaRi gonebis, saRad
moazrovne adamianisaTvis;
4. sisxlis samarTlis saqmis gamoZiebis da sasamarTlo ganxilvis
dros
miRebuli
saidumlo
informaciis,
gansakuTrebiT
ki
saxelmwifo saidumlos dacva;
5. braldebis wardgena Tavdacvis ministris mier daniSnuli erTi
an meti prokuroris mier da braldebulis interesebis damcveli
advokatis monawileobis uzrunvelyofa procesSi;
6. gansasjeli damnaSaved icnoba mxolod xmaTa umravlesobiT,
komisiis wevrebis saerTo xmebis ori mesamedis SemTxvevaSi, Tu
kenWisyris procesSi wevrebis umeteseoba monawileobs.350
komisiaSi ganxiluli sisxlis samarTlis saqmis malasebi,
ganaCenis CaTvliT, gansaxilvelad da saboloo gdawyvetilebis
misaRebad egzavneba aSS-s prezidents, an am ukanasknelis
gadawyvetilebiT aSS-s Tavdacvis ministrs. aSS-s prezidentis
brZanebis
me-7
muxlis
“в”
nawilis
mixedviT,
samxedro
tribunalebis (samxedro komisiebi) iurisdiqicias miekuTvneba
saerTaSoriso teroristTa saqmeebi, romlebic ar warmoadgenen
aSS-s moqalaqeebs. brZanebis mixedviT saerTaSoriso teroristebs
ekrZalebaT
Cadenil
danaSaulTan
dakavSirebiT,
sisxlis
349
ix. Military Order of November 13, 2001, Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in
the War Against Terrorism: Authority of the Secretary of Defense Regarding Trials of Individuals
Subject to this Order.
350
ix. http://toocan.com/lunog/media/blogs/misblog/pdfs/bush_detention_order.pdf, 2011.
152
samarTlis saqmis gansaxilvelad, mimarTon
sasamarTlos, aSS-Si Tu mis farglebs gareT.351
sxva
romelime
aSS-s
prezidentis
13
noembris
brZaneba
aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis mier sasamarTlo funqciebis ganxorcielebis
saintereso precendents warmoadgens. mocemuli sakiTxis Rrma
ganxilvaSi
ar
SevalT,
Tumca
aRvniSnavT,
rom
samxedro
tribunalebis
mier
mocemuli
formiT
ganxorcielebuli
marTlmsajuleba swrafi, efeqturi, da moqnilia, SesaZlebelia
ganxorcieldes nebismier dros da adgilas, uzrunvelyofilia
braldebis da dacvis mxareebis monawileoba, saqmis sruli da
safuZvliani sasamarTlo ganxilva da a.S. dadebiTi faqtorebis
miuxedavad mizanSewonili iqneboda sasamarTlo xelisuflebis
metad CarTva aRniSnuli kategoriebis saqmeebze, raTa sakiTxis
gadawyveta mxolod aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier ar
momxdariyo.
351
ix. http://toocan.com/lunog/media/blogs/misblog/pdfs/bush_detention_order.pdf, 2011.
153
$ 5.
terorizmTan brZolis normatiuli saSualebebi
saqarTveloSi
saqarTveloSi terorizmTan brZolis normatiuli saSualebebidan
SeiZleba gamoiyos moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, 2007 wlis
saqarTvelos kanoni terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos
prezidentis 2008 wlis 17 ianvris # 18 brZanebuleba qveyanaSi
kontretoristuli saqmianobis organizebisa da terorizmTan
brZolis subieqtebis saqmianobis koordinaciis wesis Sesaxeb da
sxv.
terorizmis winaaRmdeg samarTlebrivi saSualebebiT warmatebuli
brZolisTvis
aucilebelia
kriminologiuri
TvalsazrisiT
ganisazRvros misi, rogorc danaSaulobis saxis farglebi,
romelSic
teroristuli
xasiaTis
danaSaulebTan
erTad
moazrebuli unda iqnes teroristuli jgufebis sxva iseTi saxis
danaSaulebrivi saqmianobac, rac teroristuli organizaciis
interesebidan
gamomdinareobs.
teroristuli
saqmianoba
kriminologiuri TvalsazrisiT, ra Tqma unda, ufro farTo
maStabs
moicavs,
vidre
sisxlis
samarTlis
kodeqsiT
gaTvaliswinebuli teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa wre. Tavis
mxriv saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 38-e TaviT
gaTvaliswinebuli Semadgenlobebi ver amowuravs teroristuli
xasiaTis danaSaulTa speqtrs.
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa speqtris dadgena SeuZlebelia
terorizmis imanenturi ZiriTadi niSnebis daxasiaTebis gareSe.
terorizmis ZiriTad elementebad migvaCnia niSnebi, romelebic
logikur erTianobaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan da yvela droisa da
formis terorizms axasiaTebs.352
1. terorizmis umniSvnelovanes da imanentur elementad SeiZleba
miviCnioT daSineba. daSinebas, rogorc terorizmis ZiriTad
maxasiaTebels, jer kidev safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis
dros
usvamdnen
xazs.
daSineba
rogorc
terorizmis
umniSvnelovanesi
elementi,
gamokveTilia
saerTaSoriso
normatiul
dokumentebSi,
ucxo
qveynebis
antiteroristul
kanonmdeblobaSi. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 323-e
muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli teroristul aqtis SemadgenlobaSi
pirdapiri indikatoris saxiTaa mocemuli “mosaxleobis daSineba”,
rogorc teroristuli aqtis mizani. Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa
umravlesoba daSinebas gamoyofs rogorc terorizmis uZiriTades
352
ix. g. goraSvili, terorizmi da misi imanenturikriminologiuri niSnebi,
Jurnali “adamiani da konstitucia”, 2004, #2 gv. 122-132.
154
maxasiaTebel elements.353 cnobili eqsperti brius hofmani
terorizms ganmartavs rogorc: “winaswari ganzraxviT SiSis
atmosferos Seqmnas ZaladobiT, an Zaladobis muqariT politikuri
cvlilebebis miRwevis mizniT.”354
saqarTvelos da postsabWouri sivrcis sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsebSi daSineba aramarTebuladaa miCneuli subieqturi mxaris
niSnad an ufro konkretulad Tu vityviT, miznad. magaliTad,
saqarTvelos ssk-is 323-e muxlis Tanaxmad, romelSic teroristul
aqtad miCneulia afeTqeba, cecxlis wakideba, iaraRis gamoyeneba da
a.S. “Cadenili mosaxleobis daSinebis an xelisuflebis organoze
zemoqmedebis mizniT.”
teroristuli aqtis mizani daSineba ar
aris. daSineba aris saxelmwifo xelisuflebaze, sazogadoebaze
zemoqmedebis
saSualeba
teroristTaTvis
sasurveli
miznis
misaRwevad.
saqarTvelos
sisxlis
samarTlis
kodeqsis
38-e
TaviT
gaTvaliswinebul danaSaulTa SemadgenlobebSi mocemulia
e. w.
“teroristuli miznis” cneba. magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT ssk 323-e
muxls “teroristuli aqti, ese igi afeTqeba, cecxlis wakideba,
iaraRis gamoyeneba an sxva qmedeba, rac qmnis adamianis sicocxlis
mospobis, mniSvnelovani qonebrivi zianis an sxva mZime Sedegis
ganxorcielebis
saSiSroebas
da
xelyofs
sazogadoebriv
usafrTxoebas,
saxelmwifos
strategiul,
politikur
da
ekonomikur
interess,
Cadenili
mosaxleobis
daSinebis,
an
xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedebis mizniT”. mosaxleobis
daSineba da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedeba, rogorc mizani,
meordeba
teroristuli
xasiaTis
sxva
danaSaulTa
SemadgenlobebSic. kerZod: teqnologiuri terorizmis (324-e mux.)
da kiberterorizmis SemadgenlobebSi (3241-e mux.). rac Seexeba iseT
Semadgenlobebs, rogoricaa strategiuli an gansakuTrebuli
mniSvnelobis obieqtis xelSi Cagdeba an blokireba teroristuli
mizniT (330-e mux.), mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba teroristuli mizniT
(329-e mux.), aq teroristuli mizani zogadadaa mocemuli. Tumca,
unda vivaraudoT, rom kanonmdebeli teroristul mizanSi am
SemTxvevaSic mosaxleobis daSinebas da xelisuflebis organoze
zemoqmedebas gulisxmobs.
mosaxleobis daSineba da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedeba,
terorizmis mizani ki araa, aramed saSualebaa miznis misaRwevad.
353
ix.: В. П. Емельянов Уголовная ответственность за терроризм и преступления с
признаками терроризирования. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени д. ю. н. С. 39-80;
Ю. М. Aнтонян Терроризм. Криминологическое и уголовно-правовое исследование. М. ЩитМ. 2001. С. 8.
354
ix. B. Hoffman, Inside Terrorism, New York: Columbia University Press, 1998, p. 44.
155
am
SemTxvevaSi
aucileblad
gaTvaliswinebul
unda
iqnes
terorizmis socialuri buneba: daSinebas, rogorc terorizmis
erT-erT imanentur elements, aqvs instrumentuli xasiaTi,
romelic gamoiyeneba teroristTa sasurveli miznis miRwevisaTvis.
aRniSnuli mizani ki, SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos, magaliTad:
konkretuli
eTnikuri
jgufis
damoukidebloba,
socialurekonomikuri,
politikuri
Tu
religiuri
miznis
miRweva.355
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom daSineba terorizmis dros saboloo mizani ki ar
aris, aramed saboloo miznis miRwevis saSualebaa.
qmedebis teroristul aqtad, teqnologiur terorizmad da
kiberterorizmad
kvalifikaciis
SemTxvevaSi
sasamarTlo
valdebulia daadginos teroristTa mizani, radgan amas moiTxovs
kanonierebis
principi,
magram
imis
gamo,
rom
Sesabamis
SemadgenlobebSi mizani mcdaradaa warmodgenili rogor unda
miiCnios marTlmsajulebam miznad, is, rac teroristul mizans ar
warmoadgens?
teroristuli mizani, rogorc daSineba, reglamentirebulia
aramarto saqarTvelos, aramed postsabWouri sivrcis qveynebis
kanonmdeblobebSic.
kerZod,
mosaxleobis
daSineba
an
xelisuflebis
organoze
zemoqmedeba,
rogorc
mizani,
gaTvaliswinebulia, agreTve, ruseTis federaciis ssk–is 205–e,
ukrainis ssk-is 262-e belarusis ssk-is 289-e, 290-e da sxva
saxelmwifoTa sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebis Sesabamis muxlebSi.
teroristuli aqtis dros mizani daSineba ki ar aris, aramed
daSinebis meSveobiT saxelmwifo xelisuflebaze, sazogadoebaze
zemoqmedeba da teroristaTvis sasurveli miznis (rogorc wesi
politikuri) miRweva xdeba.
teroristebs mizani zogierT
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba
keTilSobiluric ki hqondeT, magram
zustad miznis miRwevis saSualeba aqcevT maT teroristebad.
teroristTa
sasurvel
mizans
SeiZleba
warmoadgendes
nacionaluri
damoukideblobis
mopoveba
(mag:
irlandiis
356
357
gamanTavisuflebeli
armia,
CeCeni
teroristebi. ),
“axali
msoflio musulmanuri wesrigi”-s damyareba (mag: al-qaida358,
hezbola359) da sxv.
“mosaxleobis daSineba da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedeba”
Semadgenlobis obieqturi mxaris niSnad, qmedebis ganxorcielebis
xerxad unda miviCnioT.
355
ix. g. goraSvili, terorizmi da misi imanenturi kriminologiuri niSnebi,
Jurnali “adamiani da konstitucia” 2004 w. #2 gv. 122-133
356
ix. U.S. Department of Defense, Terrorist Group Profiles, www.defense.gov. 2003.
357
ix. www. zharinov.wallst.ru: Терроризм и контргерроризм. 2009.
358
ix. Al-Qacda International. ww.fbi.gov/congress/congressOl/carusol2l801 htm. 2005.
359
ix. www ict.org.il/arnclcs/palestinian islamism htm; Ely Karmon. Hizballah and War with Terror,
www.washingtoninstitute.org. 2005.
156
SiSis gancdas sazogadoebaSi, terorizmis garda, mravali
ZaladobiTi Tu sxva saxis, gansakuTrebiT mZime da naklebad mZime
danaSaulebic badeben. mag: sazogadoebSi SiSs badebs seriuli
mkvlelobebis, sxeulis dazianebebis, xulignobebis, qurdoba–
yaCaRobebis,
samewarmeo
sferoSi
Cadenili
danaSaulebrivi
qmedebebis da sxvaTa Sesaxeb informaciis miReba. SeiZleba
zogadad iTqvas, rom nebismieri danaSauli sazogadoebriv
fsiqologiaze
damTrgunvelad
moqmedebs.
kriminologiuri
TvalsazrisiT, terorizmis Semadgeneli elementi - daSineba da
sxva danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis Sedegad gamowveuli SiSisgan imiT
gansxvavdeba, rom sxva saxis kriminaluri qmedebebis Cadenis
Sedegad
sazogadoebaSi
gamowveuli
SiSi
ukve
Cadenili
danaSaulis Tanmdev movlenas warmoadgens, es maSin, rodesac
terorizmis
dros
daSineba
danaSaulebrivi
qmedebis
ganxorcielebis aucilebeli elementia.
saqarTvelos ssk-is 151-e muxli iTvaliswinebs muqaras, rogorc
daSinebis, fsiqolgiuri Zaladobis damoukidebel Semadgenlobas.
muqarasa da terorizmis erT–erT elements, daSinebas Soris
saerTo isaa, rom orive fsiqologiuri Zaladobis formas
warmoadgens, Tumca gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan imiT, rom
terorizmis dros muqaras ar axasiaTebs damoukidebeli xasiaTi,
igi CarTulia sxva elementTa urRvev logikur jaWvSi, Tanac
terorizmis dros fsiqologiuri Zaladoba ZiriTadad mimarTulia
sazogadoebis
farTo fenebze,
xolo
ssk-is 151-e muxliT
gaTvaliswinebul
muqaris
dros
fsiqologiuri
Zaladoba
konkretuli pirebis mimarT xorcieldeba.
2. terorizmi ZiriTadad xorcieldeba ZaladobiT da Zaladobis
muqariT, im gamonaklisis garda, rodesac teroristebi Tanamedrove
informaciul
teqnologiebs
iyeneben
miznis
misaRwevad.360
aRniSnuli
niSani
gansakuTrebiT
kargad
Cans
aSS–s
vice
prezidents daqvemdebarebuli terorizmis Semswavleli komisiis
mier SemuSavebul gansazRvrebaSi: "marTlsawinaaRmdego Zaladoba
an Zaladobis muqara, romelic mimarTulia fizikuri pirebis an
sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg, momavalSi garkveuli politikuri Tu
socialuri miznis miRwevisaTvis. . ."361
Zaladoba terorizmis dros saerTo, sayovelTao saaSiSroebas
warmoadgens
da xSirad
xorcieldeba
sayovelTaod
saSiSi
saSualebebiT.
Tanamedrove
teroristebi
gansakuTrebiT
360
xSirad TviT informaciul teqnologiebis meSveobiT isini imuqrebian
ZaladobiT. magaliTisTvis erayis omis dros teroristebis mier xelSi
Cagdebuli mZevlebis mokvlis muqara, aseve mZevlebis gansakuTrebuli
sisastikiT mkvlelobis kadrebi romelic internet saitebze gavrcelda.
www.snuffx.com.
361
ix. Vice President, Public Report of the Vice President.s Task Force on Combatting Terrorism,
Washington, D.C., February 1986, №1
157
daxelovdnen
asafeTqebel
saSualebebSi.362
asafeTqebeli
saSualebebis garda, isini interess iCenen agreTve qimiuri,
birTvuli da biologiuri iaraRis mimarTac. Tu ar CavTvliT
calkeul
incidentebs,
aRniSnuli
saSaulebebis
masobrivi
gamoyenebis mcdeloba savaraudod terorizmis xvalindeli dRea.363
terorizmi
ZaladobiT
xorcieldeba,
magram
Zaladobriv
danaSaulTa kriminologiur jgufSi ar Sedis, radganac aq
Zaladobas mxolod damxmare, instrumentuli xasiaTi aqvs da
TviTmizans ar warmoadgens.364
3. terorizmis imanentur niSnad SeiZleba aseve miviCnioT misi Ria
da daufaravi, sazogado xasiaTi, teroristuli qmedebebis rac
SeiZleba farTod reklamirebis da sazogadoebis farTo fenebamde
mitanis survili. aRniSnuli elementi logikur kavSirSia wina
elementTan, radganac Zaladobas teroristebi zustad imitom
mimarTaven, rom SiSma moicvas saxelmwifo xelisufleba da
sazogadoebis farTo fenebi.
terorizms aRniSnuli elementidan gamomdinare, gansxvavebiT sxva
danaSaulebisgan, rogorc wesi, latenturoba ar axasiaTebs,
radganac latenturoba ar eTavseba terorizmis kriminologiur
bunebas. maSin, rodesac sisxlis samarTlis sxva danaSaulTa
Cadenis SemTxvevaSi piri cdilobs, rac SeiZleba damalos Tavisi
namoqmedari, raTa marTlmsajulebis organoebis mier ar iqnes
pasuxisgebaSi micemuli, teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa
SemTxvevaSi yvelaferi piriqiT xdeba. teroristebi cdiloben, rac
SeiZleba aSkarad da sastikad Caidinon danaSauli, raTa maTi
namoqmedaris Sesaxeb gaigon sazogadoebis farTo fenebma.
4. terorizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia msxverplisa da samizne
jgufis diferenciacia. “terorizmis msxverplis SerCeva ZiriTadad
xdeba simbolurad da ara pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. swored amitom
aris, rom Cveulebrivi danaSaulisagan gansxvavebiT terorizmSi
sami mxarea gamokveTili – damnaSave, msxverpli (romelic mxolod
miznis miRwevis saSualebaa teroristsTvis) da sakuTriv samizne
jgufi xelisuflebis organoebi da (an) sazogadoeba, romelic
fsiqologiur zewolas ganicdis.365
362
ix. Countering the New Terrorism Ian O. Lesser, B. Hoffrman, J. Arquilla, D. F. Ronfeldt, M. Zanini,
B. M. Jenkins, rand publications isbn: U-8330-2667-4, MR-989-AF, 1999, p. 14.
363
ix.: www.nytimes.com/2001/09/06/Opinion/06HARRI.html; www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/articles/A53450-2001May20,html; www,basicint.org/pubs/Research/ 2001 diseasebydesign1. html;
www.ananuclear.org; www.bullatomsci.org, www.armscontrol.ru
364
ix. Криминология. Учебник для вузов. Под общей ред. Л.И. Долговой. Изд. Норма М. 2002. c.
500.
365
Шнайдер, Криминология, М., 1994 с.439 citirebulia wignidan: m. lekveiSvili g.
mamulaSvili danaSauli saxelmwifosa da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis
winaaRmdeg. Tb. 2002 gv 57
158
am elementze avtorTa umravlesoba akeTebs aqcents da terorizmis
imanentur Tvisebad miiCnevs. aRniSnuli niSani organul kavSirSia
pirvel da meore niSanTan, kerZod, daSinebasTan da farTo fenebze
zemoqmedebasTan. daSineba aris meTodi, terorizmis obieqturi
maxasiaTebeli,
romelic
mimarTulia
samizne
wreze
da
xorcieldeba mesame pirebze Zaladobis an aseTi Zaladobis
muqaris meSveobiT.
5. mexuTe elementad SeiZleba dasaxeldes safrTxis zogadi
xasiaTi. terorizmi ar Semoifargleba konkretuli pirebiT, mas
ziani moaqvs farTo masebisTvis, an qmnis aseTi zianis safrTxes.
terorizmis viqtimuri sfero Zalze farToa da sazogadoebis
TiTqmis yvela wevrs moicavs politikuri Tanamdebobis piridan
dawyebuli, qalebiT da bavSvebiT damTavrebuli.
terorizmis am elementis gamoa, rom postsabWouri sivrcis
qveynebis umravlesobas sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebSi terorizmi
sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa
karSia gaTvaliswinebuli.
erTi SexedviT, aRniSnuli SeiZleba logikuradac mogveCvenos,
radganac terorizmis dros xelyofa, sastiki da ganurCeveli
Zaladobrivi zemoqmedeba sazogadoebaze, udanaSaulo adamianebze
xorcieldeba, iqneba es afeTqeba, iaraRis gamoyeneba Tu sxva
qmedeba, ZiriTadad mimarTulia neitralur masaze, romelsac
SeiZleba aranairi kavSiri ar hqondes konfliqtTan. erTi SexedviT,
SeiZleba gamarTlebulad Candes ruseTis federaciisa da sxva
saxelmwifoTa sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebSi teroristuli
xasiaTis danaSaulTa moazreba sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebisa da
wesrigis
winaaRmdeg
mimarTul
danaSaulTa
karSi,
radgan,
xelyofis obieqtad sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoeba moiazreba.
ruseTis federaciisa da sxva saxelmwifoTa sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsebSi
teroristuli
xasiaTis
danaSaulTa
moazrebas
sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebisa da wesrigis winaaRmdeg mimarTul
danaSaulTa karSi ver miviCnevT marTebulad, radgan teroristebis
ganzraxva mimarTulia saxelmwifos politikuri interesebis
winaaRmdeg, iqneba es saerTaSoriso Tu Sida saxelmwifoebrivi
aspeqtiT da am amocanis ganxorcielebisTvis isini sazogadoebis
udanaSaulo fenebs xelyofen. aqedan gamomdinare, terorizmi
savsebiT
marTebuladaa
moTavsebuli
saqarTvelos
sisxlis
samarTlis
kodeqsis
saxelmwifos
winaaRmdeg
mimarTul
danaSaulTa karSi ruseTisa da sxva postsabWour qveyanaTagan
gansxvavebiT.
6.
terorizmi
politikuri
xasiaTis
danaSaulia.
marTalia,
motivacia terorizmis dros SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva (eTnikur–
nacionaluri, socialur–politikuri da a.S.), magram miznebi
159
yovelTvis
mimarTuli.
garkveuli
politikuri
amocanis
gadawyvetiskenaa
bolo dros terorizmis politikuri buneba sadavo gaxda
mecnierul wreebSi. magaliTad, m. nazarkinis azriT, mxolod
politikuri xasiaTi Tanamedrove terorizmis, rogorc socialuri
movlenis farglebs usamarTlod Seaviwroebda. igi postsabWour
ruseTSi gamoyofs terorizmis axal formas, e.w. kriminalur
terorizms, romlis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom garkveuli
kriminaluri sindikatebi (e.w. reketuli jgufebi) biznesmenTa,
bankirTa da sxva samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebeli
pirebis mimarT materialuri sargeblis gamoZalvis mizniT,
agreTve, erTmaneTs Soris gavlenis sferoebis ganawilebis dros,
mimarTaven terorizms.366 e.w. kriminalur terorizms gamoyofs k.
salimovic Tavis sadoqtoro disertaciaSi.367
terorizmi,
Tavisi
kriminologiuri
bunebidan
gamomdinare,
politikuri
xasiaTis
danaSaulia.
politikur
xasiaTSi
vgulisxmobT ara imdenad motivacias, ramdenadac teroristTa
moqmedebis saboloo mizans, romelic aucileblad mimarTulia
garkveuli qveynis, qveyanaTa jgufis saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis
winaaRmdeg. qveynis saxelmwifo interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli nebismieri danaSauli,
magram terorizmi saxelmwifos umniSvnelovaness strategiul–
politikur interesebs xelyofs.
amitom
ver
daveTanxmebiT
k.
salimovs,
m.
nazarkins
da
postsabWoeTis sivrcis sxva avtorebs, romlebic terorizmis axal
saxes, e.w. kriminalur terorizms gamoyofen. (aRniSnuli terminis
iuridiuli gamarTulobis Sesaxeb aRarafers vambobT). ar SeiZleba
terorizmis
dayvana
banditizmze,
angarebiT
mkvlelobebze,
gamoZalvaze da a.S. italiuri mafia me-20 saukunis 80-ian wlebSi
teroris uprecendento zomebs mimarTavda saxelmwifo moxeleebis
da ubralo moqalaqeebis mimarT, magram teroristulad aravis
mounaTlavs, radganac misi motivaciis generaluri xazi angareba
iyo da misi moqmedebac angarebis dakmayofilebis miznebs
emsaxureboda.
teroristuli dajgufebebi xSirad sCadian sxva saxis danaSaulebs.
magaliTad: mimarTaven yaCaRobas (mag., bolSevikebis mier TbilisSi
samefo xazinaze mowyobili yaCaRobis, e.w. eqspropriaciis cnobili
magaliTi); adamianis gatacebas gamosasyidis miRebis mizniT,
bankebis gaZarcvas (mag., germaniis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros
monacemebiT,
mxolod
1971
wlis
ganmavlobaSi
“germaniis
wiTelarmiuli fraqciis” mier ganxorcielebul iqna xuTasze meti
366
ix. М.В. Назаркин. Криминологическая характеристика и предупреждение терроризма. Диссертация
на соискание ученой степени к.ю.н. М.,1998, сc. 50-54.
367
ix. К.Н.Салимов Современные проблемы терроризма (криминологическое исследование)
Диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора юр.наук, 2000, c. 24.
160
danaSaulebrivi aqti, ris Sedegadac eqsproprirebuli iqna 2
milioni marka)368 narkotikebiT vaWrobas (mag: al-qaida da sxva
islamisturi dajgufebebi)369.
terorizmi, marTalia, kavSirSia angarebiTi motivaciis mqone
organizebuli danaSaulobis saxeebTan, magram ar SeiZleba maTTan
gaigivdes. teroristuli dajgufebebis kavSiri narkotikebiT da
iaraRiT vaWrobasTan terologiaSi cnobili faqtia. magaliTad,
al-qaidas
kavSiri
avRaneTis
xelisuflebasTan,
TalibebTan,
romelTa mmarTvelobis bolo ori aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi
avRaneTi evraziis kontinentze narkotikebiT da iaraRiT ukanono
vaWrobis udides kerad iqca.370
gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans kavSiri terorizmsa da angarebiTi
motivaciis mqone organizebul danaSaulobas Soris kolumbiis
magaliTze. aRniSnuli kavSiri terologiaSi "narkoterorizmadac"
ki moixsenieba.
7. ideologiuri safuZveli terorizmis istoriis mTel manZilze
teroristuli
saqmianobis
mimarTulebis
ganmsazRvreli
iyo.
memarjvene Tu memarcxene, religiuri Tu nacionalur-eTnikuri
motivaciis pirobebSi ideologia amarTlebs teroristebs, aniWebs
maT marTali saqmisTvis mebrZolTa statuss, garkveul wreebSi
ayalibebs azrs teroristebis qmedebebis legitimurobis Sesaxeb.
danaSaulTa
teroristuli
xasiaTis
gansasazRvrisaTvis
umniSvenlovanesi wyaroa terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebebi
da
konvenciebi,
romelTanac
saqarTvelo mierTebulia dadgenili wesis Sesabamisad, radganac,
saqarTvelos ssk-is pirveli muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad,
saqarTvelos
sisxlis
samarTlis
kanonmdeloba
unda
Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebul principebsa
da normebs.
terorizmis ZiriTadi Tvisebebis gansazRvris Semdeg logikuria
qmedebis
obieqturi
da
subieqturi
elementebis
dadgena,
teroristuli miznis gansazRvra da daSinebis, rogorc qmedebis
ganxorcilebis xerxis, Semadgenlobis saerTo sturqturaSi
moazreba. am mizniT mizanSewonilia teroristuli aqtis (ssk-is
323-e mux.) magaliTze sakanonmdeblo definiciis SemuSaveba Semdegi
saxiT:
afeTqeba, cecxlis wakideba, iaraRis gamoyeneba da sxva qmedeba,
rac qmnis adamianis sicocxlis mospobis, mniSvnelovani qonebrivi
zianis, an sxva mZime Sedegis ganxorcielebis saSiSroebas da
368
ix. www. zharinov.wallst.ru. 2010.
ix. Р. Жаккар. Именем Усамы Вен Ладена. М., 2002, cc. 262-274.
370
ix. www.state.gov/global/terrorism/1999report/html/The middle East Brief review.2010.
369
161
xelyofs sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas, saxelmwifos strategiul,
politikur, an ekonomikur interess, Cadenili mosaxleobis,
xelisuflebis organos, saerTaSoriso Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi
organizaciis, kerZo piris daSinebiT anda zemoqmedebis sxva
formiT, teroristTa sasurveli miznis misaRwevad.
mocemul definiciaSi, moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 323-e
muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli normisgan gansxvavebiT, gafarToebulia
teroristTa samizne, romelSic Sedis mosaxleoba, xelisuflebis
organo, saerTaSoriso Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi organizacia,
kerZo piri. qmedebis ganxorcielebis xerxad moazrebulia daSineba
an sxvagvari zemoqmedeba, xolo saboloo mizani, rogorc wesi,
politikuria da ama Tu im jgufis samoqmedo interesebidan
gamomdinareobs.
zemoaRniSnuli winadadebis msgavsad, teroristuli qmedebis
obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebis gansazRvriT unda Camoyalibdes
teroristuli
xasiaTis
sxva
danaSaulTa
Semadgenlobebi:
teqnologiuri terorizmi (ssk-is 324-e mux.) da kiberterorizmi
(ssk-is 3241-e mux.). SemadgenlobebSi, rogoricaa: mZevlad xelSi
CagdebaSi teroristuli mizniT (ssk-is 329-e mux.) da strategiuli
an gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis obieqtis xelSi Cagdeba an
blokireba teroristuli mizniT (ssk-is 330-e mux.) teroristul
mizanSi unda vigulisxmoT teroristTaTvis sasurveli nebismieri
politikuri an sxva saxis mizani, rasac Tan sdevs daSineba an
sxvagvari zemoqmedeba Cadenili mosaxleobis, xelisuflebis
organos, saerTaSoriso Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebriv organizaciis,
kerZo piris mimarT.
terorizmis ZiriTadi imanenturi Tvisebebis dadgenis Semdeg
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa wris SemosazRvra logikur
xasiaTs
iZens.
amosaval
wertilad
garkveul
qmedebaTa
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebisTvis mikuTvnebis sakiTxSi
saerTaSoriso
konvenciebi
migvaCnia.
saqarTvelo
SeuerTda
terorizmis
problemasTan
dakavSirebul
saerTaSoriso
konvenciaTa umravlesobas, xolo saqarTvelos ssk-is pirveli
muxlis me-2 nawilis moTxovnis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos sisxlis
samarTlis kanonmdeloba unda Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso
samarTliT aRiarebul principebsa da normebs.
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa wres, specialuri 38-e TaviT
gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebis garda, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,
specialuri
miznis
da
qmedebis
ganxorcielebis
xerxis
SemTxvevaSi, saerTaSoriso konvenciebze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba
mivakuTvnod
saqarTvelos
sisxlis
samarTlis
kodeqsiT
gansazRvruli Semdegi danaSaulebi:
1.
sahaero
an
wylis
xomaldis
anda
rkinigzis
moZravi
Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba (ssk-is 227-e mux.);
satransporto komunikaciebis blokireba (ssk-is 2221-e mux.); wylis
162
xomaldis naosnobisTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna (ssk-is 2271 –e mux.);
mekobreoba (ssk-is 228-mux.).
normatiuli safuZvelia: sahaero xomaldze danaSaulebrivi da
sxva saxis qmedebebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb konvencia (miRebuli 1963
wels tokioSi); sahaero xomaldis gatacebis winaaRmdeg brZolis
Sesaxeb konvencia (miRebuli 1970 wels haagaSi); samoqalaqo
aviaciis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul aqtebTan brZolis
Sesaxeb konvencia (miRebuli monrealSi 1971 wels); konvencia
sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul ukanono
aqtebTan brZolis Sesaxeb (miRebuli romSi 1988 wels).
2. birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli
gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba (ssk-is 231-e mux.);
birTvuli nivTierebis marTlsawinaaRmdegod dauflebis muqara
(ssk-is 2311-e mux.); birTvuli iaraRis an sxva birTvuli
asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis damzadeba (ssk-is 232-e mux.). birTvuli
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelmyofi normebidan saqarTvelos sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsSi SesaZlebelia gamoiyos birTvuli masalisadmi
an mowyobilobisadmi, radioaqtiuri narCenisadmi, radioaqtiuri
nivTierebisadmi ukanono mopyroba (ssk-is 230-e mux.), birTvul an
radioaqtiur obieqtze avariis an ubeduri SemTxvevis Sesaxeb
informaciis dafarva an damaxinjeba (ssk-is 233-e mux), saqarTvelos
teritoriaze
radioaqtiuri,
toqsikuri
samrewvelo
an
sayofacxovrebo narCenis tranziti an importi (ssk-is 234-e mux.),
birTvuli
masalis,
radioaqtiuri
narCenis,
radioaqtiuri
nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyarosadmi mopyrobis
wesis darRveva (ssk-is 245-e mux.). marTalia, mocemuli normebi
birTvuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad mniSvnelovan berkets
warmoadgens, magram teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa ricxvs
ver mivakuTvnebT maTi kriminalizaciis sazrisis da Sinaarsis
gamo.
normatiuli safuZvelia: birTvuli nivTierebebis fizikuri dacvis
Sesaxeb 1980 wlis konvencia; 2005 wlis konvencia birTvuli
terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb.
terorizmi, rogorc gvareobiTi movlena, romelSic moiazreba
sxvadasxva saxis teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauli, scildeba
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 38-e TaviT dadgenil farglebs.
amasTan,
igi
mudmivad
dinamiuri
da
cvladi
movlenaa.
zemoCamoTvlili
sisxlissmarTlebrivi
deliqtebi,
romlebic,
kriminologiuri da saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT,
terorizmis gamovlinebad unda CaiTvalos im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
Cadenili iqneba teroristTaTvis sasurveli nebismieri politikuri
an sxva saxis miznis misaRwevad, rasac Tan sdevs Cadenili
mosaxleobaze,
xelisuflebis
organoze,
saerTaSoriso
Tu
Sidasaxelmwifoebriv organizaciaze, kerZo pirze daSineba an
163
sxvagvari zemoqmedeba. sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis
moZravi Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba (ssk-is 227-e
mux); satransporto komunikaciebis blokireba (ssk-is 2221-e mux.);
wylis xomaldis naosnobisTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna (ssk-is 2271-e
mux.); mekobreoba (ssk-is 228-mux); birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri
nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba
(ssk-is 231-e mux.); birTvuli nivTierebis marTlsawinaaRmdegod
dauflebis muqara (ssk-is 2311-e mux.); birTvuli iaraRis an sxva
birTvuli asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis damzadeba (ssk-is 232-e mux.)
teroristuli
xasiaTis
danaSaulad
gvevlineba
mxolod
terorizmisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
subieqturi
da
obieqturi
niSnebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, sxva SemTxvevebSi mocemuli
deliqtebi Cveulebrivi, mimdinare danaSaulebis saxes atareben da
maTi
teroristuli
xasiaTis
deliqtad
Sefaseba
meore
ukiduresobas gamoiwvevs.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom deliqtTa garkveuli jgufi
specialuri niSnebis arsebobis safuZvelze kargavs mimdinare
deliqtis formas da saWiroa ganixiluli iqnes teroristuli
xasiaTis
danaSaulad.
terorizmis
gamovlenis
formebis
mravalferovnebisa da aRniSnuli movlenis mudmivi cvalebadobis
fonze, mizanSewonili iqneba moiZebnos iseTi sakanonmdeblo
teqnika, romlis meSveobiT mimdinare danaSaulTa ganxorcieleba
specialuri xerxis da miznis SemTxvevaSi ganxiluli iqneba,
rogorc teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauli.
164
$ 6. terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qarTuli
sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebis sakanonmdeblo
srulyofisaTvis
teroristuli xasiaTis qmedebaTa sruli sisxlissamarTlebrivi
regulirebis
mizniT
mizanSewonilia
Seicvalos
aRniSnul
danaSaulTa gansazRvris dRemde arsebuli sakanonmdeblo teqnika,
moxdes teroristuli xasiaTis qmedebaTa kriminalizacia maTi
swori da samarTliani Sefasebis, aseve terorizmTan efeqturi
brZolis mizniT. rogorc aRiniSna terorizmi cvladi da
ganviTarebadi movlenaa. masTan brZola sisxlissamarTlebrivi
normebisagan aranakleb moqnilobas da adaptirebulobas moiTxovs.
aqedan gamomdinare, qarTuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebi,
sakanonmdeblo
teqnikis
TvalsazrisiT,
ise
unda
iyos
mowesrigebuli, rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis sruqturis
darRvevis gareSe moxdes ama Tu im qmedebis (Tundac sisxlis
samarTlis
kanoniT
ukve
gaTvaliswinebulis)
teroristuli
xasiaTis danaSaulad Sefaseba Sesabamisi obieqturi da subieqturi
niSnebi arsebobis pirobebSi.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare mizanSewonilia saqarTvelos ssk –
is 323-e muxls daematos SeniSvna, romelSic aRniSnuli iqneba, rom
teroristul aqtad CaiTvleba Zaladobrivi xasiaTis sxva qmedeba,
romelic xelyofs sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas, saxelmwifos
strategiul, politikur, an ekonomikur interess, Cadenili
mosaxleobis,
xelisuflebis
organos,
saerTaSoriso
Tu
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi organizaciis, kerZo piris daSinebiT anda
zemoqmedebis
sxva
formiT,
teroristTa
sasurveli
miznis
misaRwevad. SeniSvnas mohyveba im akrZalul qmedebaTa CamonaTvali,
romlebic rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, saerTaSoriso konvenciebis
Sesabamisad, teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis saxes atarebs
qmedebis obieqturi da subieqturi maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare.
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebad anda teroristuli aqtis
gamovlinebad Sesabamisi pirobebis arsebobisas unda CaiTvalos:
1.
sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi
Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba (ssk-is 227-e
mux);
2.
satransporto komunikaciebis blokireba (ssk-is 2221 mux.);
wylis xomaldis naosnobisTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna (ssk-is
2271 –e mux.);
3.
mekobreoba (ssk-is 228-mux.);
4.
birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli
gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba (ssk-is 231-e mux.);
165
5.
birTvuli nivTierebis
muqara (ssk-is 2311-e mux.);
marTlsawinaaRmdegod
dauflebis
6.
birTvuli
iaraRis
an
sxva
birTvuli
mowyobilobis damzadeba (ssk-is 232-e mux.)
7.
cecxlsasroli iaraRis, (garda gluvluliani sanadiro
Tofisa) sabrZolo masalis, feTqebadi nivTierebebis an
asafeTqebeli mowyobilobebis marTlsawinaaRmdego SeZena,
Senaxva, tareba, damzadeba, gadazidva, gadagzavna an gasaReba.
(ssk-is 236-e mux.)
8.
iaraRis, sabrZolo masalis, feTqebadi nivTierebebis an
asafeTqebeli
mowyobilobebis
marTlsawinaaRmdego
daufleba misakuTrebis mizniT an gamoZalva. (ssk-is 237-e
mux.)
asafeTqebeli
sisxlis samarTlis normebis CamonaTvali SesaZlebelia Semdgom
gaizardos terorizmTan brZolis interesebidan anda saqarTvelos
saerTaSoriso valdebulebebidan gamomdinare. mocemuli naSromis
farglebSi
mocemulia
mxolod
winadadeba
samarTlebrivi
saSualebebiT
terorizmis
ukeTesad
kontrolis
mizniT.
kanonmdeblis mier mocemuli Tvalsazrisis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi
problema damatebiT kvlevas da damuSavebas moiTxovs. aRwerili
meTodi saSualebas mogvcems ar dairRves sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis sistema da SenarCunebul iqnes misi moqniloba. amasTan,
terorizmis
gamovlinebebs
mieces
Sesabamisi
samarTlebrivi
Sefaseba.
gasaTvaliswinebelia
isic,
rom
antiteroristuli
normebis agebis msgavsi precendenti ukve arsebobs safrangeTis
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi, romlis 421-1 – 421-6 , 422-1 – 422-7
muxlebSi gansazRvrulia terorizmis obieqturi da subieqturi
niSnebi, da Semdeg CamoTvlilia deliqtebi, romlebic Sesabamisi
niSnebis arsebobisas CaiTvlebian terorizmis gamovlinebad.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT ukve gaTvaliswinebuli
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis Semdgomi srulyofis mizniT:
gauqmebuli unda iqnes ssk-is 324-e muxli - teqnologiuri
terorizmi, radgan mocemuli norma koliziaSi modis ssk-is 323-e
muxliT
gaTvaliswinebul
teroristul
aqtTan.
amasTan,
saqarTvelos ssk-is 38-e Tavis Cvens mier SeTavazebuli wesiT
agebis SemTxvevaSi normiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis dasjadoba
efeqturad iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli.
saqarTvelos ssk-is 325-e muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristuli xasiaTis
danaSauls warmoadgens saqarTvelos prezidentis, politikuri
Tanamdebobis
piris,
an
misi
ojaxis
wevris
sicocxlis,
janmrTelobis an sakuTrebis xelyofa am Tanamdebobis piris
saxelmwifoebriv
saqmianobasTan
dakavSirebiT.
Tanamedrove
terorizmis
gamovlinebebTan
efeqturad
brZolisTvis
mizanSewonilia normiT dacul pirebs daematos politikuri, anda,
166
sazogado moRvawe da
maTi
ojaxis
wevrebi.
Tanamedrove,
demokratiuli
faseulebebis
miswrafebis
mqone
qveyanaSi
gansakuTrebulad unda iqnes daculi politikuri anda sazogado
moRvawe, politikur Tanamdebobis pirebTan erTad. aRniSnuli
mosazrebis gaTvaliswineba aucileblobas warmoadgens iseT
saxelmwifoSi, romelic samoqalaqo sazogadoebas aSenebs da
saqarTvelo
zustad
aseTi
saxelmwifoa.
Cvens
mosazrebas
saqarTvelos istoriis mware gamocdilebac amyarebs: ilia
WavWavaZis
mkvleloba
mis
sazogadoebriv
moRvaweobasTan
dakavSirebiT
moxda
da
qarTveli
xalxisTvis
aranakleb
damTrgunveli da damaSinebeli iyo, vidre romelime politikuri
Tanamdebobis piris sicocxlis an janmrTelobis xelyofa.
167
$ 7. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos
kanonis analizi
saqarTvelos kanoni terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb, romelic
miRebulia 2007 wlis 27 ivniss, gansazRvravs saqarTveloSi
terorizmTan brZolis organizebis formebsa da samarTlebriv
safuZvlebs, agreTve terorizmis sferoSi xelisuflebis organoTa
koordinaciis wess da sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs. specialuri
kanoni,
terorizmis
problemis
mniSvnelobidan
gamomdinare,
saqarTvelos saxelmwifom mis winaaRmdeg brZolis ukeTesad
warmarTvis mizniT miiRo. kargad gaazrebuli da efeqturi
antiteroristuli kanonmdebloba aris saxelmwifos konkretuli
samoqmedo gegma terorizmTan brZolaSi. specialuri kanonis
miRebiT, saqarTvelom Seqmna efeqturi normatiuli dokumenti,
romelic
aregulirebs
saxelmwifo
organoTa
urTierTkoordinacias, terorizmis adreul etapze gamovlena –
profilaqtikas, ukve arsebuli problemis saerTaSoriso da
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi principebis Sesabamisad
mogvarebas. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia antiteroristuli
kanonmdeblobis imgvari formis arsebobas, romelic iqneba
efeqturi da amave dros, misi ganxorcielebisas, ar dairRveva
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da
Tavisuflebebi,
radganac
cnobilia,
rom
efeqturi
antiteroristuli
kanonmdeblobis
mqone
qveynebi
mraval
sisxlissamarTlebriv
da
sxva
saxis
SezRudvebs
aweseben
terorizmis adreul etapze gamovlenis, Tavidan acilebis anda
droulad aRkveTis da mosalodneli mavne Sedegebis minimumamde
Semcirebis mizniT. am kuTxiTac, saqarTvelos kanoni terorizmTan
brZolis Sesaxeb, progresul debulebebs Seicavs. kerZod:
teroristuli aqtis, an misi aRkveTis Sedegad fizikuri da
iuridiuli
pirebisaTvis
miyenebuli
zianis
anazRaurebis,
teroristuli aqtis Sedegad dazaralebuli pirebis, agreTve
terorizmTan brZolaSi monawile pirebis samarTlebrivi da
socialuri dacvis garantiebs.
terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonSi mravali
progresuli
debulebis
miuxedavad,
regulaciuri
sfero
SezRudulia
da
akrZalul
qmedebaTa
wre
konkretizacias
moiTxovs,
amasTan
terorizmis,
rogorc
socialur
–
samarTlebrivi movlenis farglebi bundovania. kanonis pirveli
muxlis “a” qvepunqtSi terorizmis cnebaa mocemuli. rogorc
zemoT aRiniSna, arsebobs terorizmis uamravi definicia. qarTul
normatiul aqtSi mocemuli terorizmis definicia akrZaluli
qmedebebis CamoTvlis principiT adgens terorizmis cnebas da ara
misi ZiriTadi elementebis mixedviT gansazRvravs movlenas.
rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, akrZaluli qmedebebis CamoTvliT
terorizmis definireba ver amowuravs movlenis yvela formas.
aqedan gamomdinare, terorizmis cnebaSi, romelic mocemulia
kanonis pirvel muxlSi gansazRvruli unda iyos movlenis
168
imanenturi elementebi, rac SesaZleblobas mogvcems Seufasebeli
ar darCes terorizmis arc erTi gamovlineba.
terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli
muxlis “b” qvepunqtSi saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis
323-e muxlis identurad mocemulia “teroristuli aqtis” cneba.
rogorc
zemoT
aRiniSna,
teroristuli
aqtis
arsebuli
sakanonmdeblo reglamentacia ar Seesabameba movlenis socialur
bunebas. kerZod, teroristTa mizani ar SeiZleba iyos mosaxleobis
daSineba da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedeba. teroristTaTvis
daSineba da zemoqmedebis sxva saSualebebi miznis miRwevis xerxs
warmoadgens.
terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli
muxlis “g” qvepunqtSi gansazRvrulia teroristuli saqmianoba,
romelSic igulisxmeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis,
terorizmis
winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli,
XXXVIII
TaviT
gaTvaliswinebuli
danaSaulebis
Cadena.
normis
amgvar
formulirebas
ver
daveTanxmebiT,
radganac
teroristuli
saqmianoba scildeba sisxlis samarTlis
XXXVIII TaviT
gaTvaliswinebul
teroristuli
xasiaTis
danaSaulebs.
teroristuli
saqmianoba
SesaZlebelia
moicavdes
iseT
danaSaulebriv an sxva saxis saqmianobasac, romelic teroristuli
xasiaTis
danaSauls
ar
warmoadgens,
Tumca
emsaxureba
organizaciis
an
fizikuri
piris
teroristuli
miznebis
ganxorcielebas.
amasTan
erTad,
rogorc
ukve
aRvniSneT,
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa wres saqarTvelos sisxlis
samarTlis XXXVIII Tavi ver itevs. terorizmis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli saerTaSoriso konvenciebis analizis safuZvelze
gamovyaviT mTeli rigi Semadgenlobebi, romlebic obieqturi da
subieqturi
pirobebis
arsebobisas
teroristuli
xasiaTis
danaSaulebad unda CaiTvalos.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, teroristul saqmianobad unda
CaiTvalos
nebismieri
saqmianoba,
romelic
mimarTulia
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis XXXVIII TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli
teroristuli
xasiaTis
danaSaulis
Casadenad,
anda
dakavSirebulia aRniSnuli danaSaulis CadenasTan, anda Cadenilia
im pirebis mier, romelTac ganzraxuli aqvT teroristuli
xasiaTis danaSaulis Cadena.
danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis teroristulad Sefasebis farglebi,
terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoniT, SezRudulia
da movlenis socialuri bunebidan gamomdinare, saWiroebs moqnil
formulirebas, raTa teroristuli aqtivobis arc erTi SemTxveva
ar darCes Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi regulaciis gareT.
terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli
muxlis “v” da “z” qvepunqtebi gansazRvravs “teroristul jgufs”
da
“teroristul
organizacias”,
rogorc
teroristuli
saqmianobis ganxorcielebis mizniT SekavSirebul pirTa erTobas.
169
sxva xarvezebTan erTad upirveles yovlisa aRsaniSnavia, rom am
qvepunqtebis
Tanaxmad,
kanonSi
isedac
viwrod
gagebuli
“teroristuli saqmianoba” saerTod erTi danaSulebrivi qmedebis
“teroristuli aqtis” ganxorcielebamde aris dayvanili, rac
dauSvebelad migvaCnia. “teroristuli saqmianobis” “g” qvepunqtiT
ganasazRvruli farglebi, romelic moicavs saqarTvelos ssk-is
terorizmis
TaviT
gaTvaliswinebuli
danaSaulebis
srul
CamonaTvals, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ar aris sakmarisi da ver
asaxavs teroristuli saqmianobis yvela gamovlinebas, “v” da “z”
qvepunqtebSi
saerTod
erTi
danaSaulis
Semadgenlobamdea
dayvanili. pirveli muxlis “v” da “z” qvepunqtebis Tanaxmad,
“teroristuli jgufi” da “teroristuli organizacia” aris
mxolod “teroristuli aqtis”371 Casadenad SekavSirebul pirTa
erToba. es debuleba ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsis 327-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul normas,
romelic
krZalavs
teoristuli
organizaciis
Seqmnas,
xelmZRvanelobas anda masSi monawileobas. saqarTvelos ssk-is 327e muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristul organizaciad CaiTvleba pirTa
nebismieri erToba, imis miuxedavad, Tu konkretulad romeli
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis Cadena aqvs gamiznuli.
terorizmTan
brZolis
kanonis
meore
Tavi
gansazRvravs
terorizmTan
brZolis
organizaciul
safuZvlebs
da
mis
subieqtebs. saqarTveloSi terorizmTan brZolis organizebas,
specialuri
saSualebebiT
da
materialuri
resursebiT
uzrunvelyofas axorcielebs saqarTvelos mTavroba. terorizmTan
brZolis uSualo subieqtebs warmoadgenen:
1. Sinagan saqmeTa saministro, romelic mTavari organoa
terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. igi koordinacias uwevs
terorizmTan
brZolis
sxva
subieqtebs
kontrteroristuli
centris meSveobiT. Sinagan saqmeTa saministro terorizmis
gamovlenis, Tavidan acilebis da aRkveTis mizniT axorcielebs:
operatiul,
operatiul-teqnikuri
da
operatiul-samZebro
RonisZiebebs; teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa gamoZiebas;
agrovebs
informacias
ucxo
qveynebisa
da
saerTaSoriso
teroristuli organizaciebis Sesaxeb da sxv.
2.
saqarTvelos
Tavdacvis
saministro,
dadgenili
wesis
Sesabamisad, uzrunvelyofs saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
monawileobas kontrteroristul operaciebSi.
3. saqarTvelos dazvervis samsaxuri, romelic moipovebs da
amuSavebs
informacias
ucxo
qveynebisa
da
saerTaSoriso
teroristuli organizaciebis Sesaxeb da dadgenili wesiT
warudgens saTanado organoebs. monawileobs kontrteroristul
operaciebSi.
371
teroristul aqtSi terorizmTan brZolis kanonis mixedviT moiazreba
saqarTvelos ssk-is 323-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedeba.
170
4. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo dacvis specialuri samsaxuri, romlic
monawileobs mis mier dasacavi Tanamdebobis pirebisa da
obieqtebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli teroristuli aqtebis aRmkveT
operaciaSi.
5. sxva organoebi.
terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoniT dadgenilia
kontrteroristuli operaciis Catarebis samarTlebrivi reJimi da
saxelmwifo struqturaTa koordinaciis wesi. kanonis meSvide
muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristuli saqmianobis Sedegad Seqmnili
eqstremaluri
situaciis
dros
saqarTvelos
prezidentis
gankargulebiT
iqmneba
eqstremeluri
situaciebis
marTvis
operatiuli Stabi, romelsac
xelmZRvanelobs
saqarTvelos
Sinagan saqmeTa ministri.
kontrteroristuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebisas, terorizmTan
brZolis
Sesaxeb
saqarTvelos
kanoniT,
dadgenilia
gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi reJimis ori zona: usafrTxoebis
zona da kontrteroristuli operaciis Catarebis zona. aRniSnuli
samarTlebrivi reJimis zonebis gansazRvras didi mniSvneloba
gaaCnia
rogorc
kontrteroristuli
saqmianobis
ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtebis urTierTkoordinaciisTvis, aseve
samarTlebrivi SezRudvebis dawesebisTvis aRniSnuli zonis
farglebSi myofi pirebisTvis.
usafrTxoebis zona, terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos
kanonis mixedviT, gulisxmobs im teritorias, romelic ufro
farToa
kontrteroristuli
operaciis
Catarebis
zonasTan
SedarebiT, da sadac terorizmTan brZolis subieqtebi awyoben
saguSagoebs,
avtosatransporto
saSualebebis
daTvalierebis
mizniT, axorcieleben patrulirebas da moqalaqeebs umowmeben
piradobis damadasturebel sabuTebs.
kontrteroristul
zonaSi
kontreteroristuli
operaciis
ganmaxorcilebel subieqtebs kanoni aniWebs gacilebiT farTo
uflebamosilebebs:
moqalaqeTa
piradi
uflebebisa
da
Tavisuflebebis, fizikuri, aseve iuridiuli pirebis sakuTrebis
uflebis SezRudvis TvalsazrisiT. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb
kanonis
meaTe
muxlis
mexuTe
nawilis
mixedviT,
kontrteroristuli
operaciis
Catarebis
zonaSi
operaciis
Camtarebel pirebs, gadaudebeli aucileblobisas ufleba aqvT:
Seumowmon moqalaqeebs piradobis damadasturebeli sabuTebi,
quCebsa da gzebze akrZalon fexiT da transportiT gadaadgileba,
teroristuli aqtis aRkveTisas an teroristuli aqtis CadenaSi
braldebuli piris devnisas, roca dayovnebam SeiZleba realuri
safrTxe Seuqmnas adamianTa sicocxlesa da janmrTelobas:
daubrkoleblad Sevidnen (SeaRwion) moqalaqeTa sacxovrebel
binebSi, agreTve maT kuTvnil sxva sadgomebsa da miwis nakveTebSi,
171
organizaciebisa da dawesebulebebis (miuxedavad maTi sakuTrebis
formisa) teritoriebze, satransporto saSualebebSi; gamoiyenon
moqalaqeebisa da organizaciebis kuTvnili kavSirgabmulobis
saSualebebi, specialuri saSualebebis CaTvliT; daaTvalieron
moqalaqeTa piradi nivTebi, satransporto saSualebebi da tvirTi,
maT
Soris,
teqnikuri
saSualebebis
gamoyenebiT,
kontrteroristuli operaciis Catarebis zonaSi Sesvlisas da
zonidan gamosvlisas; teroristuli aqtis Tavidan acilebis
mizniT,
teroristuli
aqtis
Camdeni
piris
devnisa
da
dakavebisaTvis, an saswrafo samedicino daxmarebis aRmoCenisaTvis
samedicino dawesebulebaSi piris misayvanad, agreTve SemTxvevis
adgilze misasvlelad gamoiyenon moqalaqeebis, sawarmoebis,
dawesebulebebis,
organizaciebisa
da
sazogadoebrivi
gaerTianebebis kuTvnili satransporto saSualebebi, garda ucxo
qveynebis
sakonsuloebis,
diplomatiuri
da
saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis, agreTve saerTaSoriso dacvis qveS myofi sxva
organizaciebis satransporto saSualebebisa.
terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis meTerTmete
muxlis Sesabamisad, kontrteroristuli operaciis monawile pirs
aniWebs agreTve specialuri saSualebebis an/da fizikuri iZulebis
gamoyenebis uflebas im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac safrTxe emuqreba
moqalaqeTa usafrTxoebas, agreTve danaSaulebrivi qmedebis
aRsakveTad da damnaSavis dasakaveblad.
terorizmis
winaaRmdeg
efeqturi
brZola
dakavSirebulia
garkveuli uflebebis SezRudvasTan da es praqtka msoflios
wamyvan demokratiul qveynebSi miRebulad iTvleba. teorirzmTan
brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis aRniSnuli debulebebi
progresulad
unda
CaiTvalos.
sxva
sakiTxia,
rodesac
terorizmTan brZolis motiviT esa Tu is qveyna demokratiuli
faseulobebis ganadgurebas eweva da terorizmTan brZolis egidiT
realur Tu moCvenebiT opozicias anadgurebs.
terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis meoTxe TaviT
gaTvaliswinebulia teroristuli aqtis Sedegad miyenebuli zianis
anazRaureba da dazaralebuli pirebis socialuri reabilitacia.
mocemulia fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebisTvis, teroristuli
aqtis, an misi aRkveTis Sedegad, miyenebuli zianis saxelmwifo
biujetidan anazRaurebis garantiebi.
terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni adgens agreTve
terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis subieqtTa socialuri da
samarTlebrivi dacvis garantiebs, rac uciloblad progresul
nabijad unda CaiTvalos terorizmTan brZolis saerTaSoriso
gamocdilebidan gamomdinare.
saqarTvelos sxva antiteroristuli normebidan aRsaniSnavia:
1. saqarTvelos prezidentis 2008 wlis 17
brZanebuleba
“kontrteroristul
operaciaSi
172
ianvris #
monawile
17
da
teroristuli aqtis Sedegad dazaralebul pirTa socialuri
reabilitaciis
Sesaxeb”,
romelic
adgens
socialuri
reabilitaciis wess, kontrteroristul operaciaSi monawile da
teroristuli aqtis Sedegad dazaralebuli pirebisTvis.
2. saqarTvelos prezidentis 2008 wlis 17 ianvris # 18
brZanebuleba
“qveyanaSi
kontrteroristuli
saqmianobis
organizebisa da terorizmTan brZolis subieqtiebis saqmianobis
koordinaciis wesis Sesaxeb”, romliTac “terorizmTan brZolis
Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis 26-e muxlis “a” qvepunqtis
safuZvelze damtkicda: qveyanaSi kontrteroristuli saqmianobis
organizebisa da terorizmTan brZolis subieqtebis saqmianobis
koordinaciis wesi da erTiani kontrteroristuli saqmianobis
informaciuli uzrunvelyofis cnobaTa nusxa.
173
daskvna
sadisertacio naSromSi ganxiluli
SesaZlebelia punqtobrivad Sejamdes:
debulebebi
sabolood
1. terorizmis warmomSobi mizezebis da pirobebi naSromSi movlenis
istoriuli ganviTarebis fonzea ganxiluli, radganac istoriam terorizmis Sinaarsze didi gavlena iqonia. terorizmze saubari TiTqmis
SeuZlebelia istoriul konteqstSi misi ganxilvis gareSe. istoriulad terorizmi sxvadasxva xasiaTiT da formiT gvevlineboda, Tavis
TavSi asaxavda ra konkretuli periodis Taviseburebebs. terorizmi yovelTvis determinirebuli iyo konkretuli epoqis sinamdviliT da, Tavis mxriv, did zegavlenas axdenda masze. terorizmis ganviTareba SeiZleba ramodenime epoqad, etapad daiyos. aRniSnuli terorizmis rogorc movlenis ukeTesad gaTavisebaSi Zalian dagvexmareba. terorizmis istoriuli ganviTarebis etapebidan SeiZleba ramodenime xana gamoiyos: adreuli, revoluciuri, civi omis droindeli, Tanamedrove.
2. naSromSi dadgenilia Tanamedrove terorizmis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi:
pirveli: teroristuli jgufebis mier saerTaSoriso qselis Seqmna;
meore: saxelmwifoTa mxridan terorizmis mxardaWera civi omis periods ar Cabarebia da Tanamedrove epoqaSi gacilebiT ufro
daxvewili teqnologiis forma miiRo;
mesame: Tanamedrove terorizmis mniSvnelovan maxasiaTeblad SeiZleba gamoiyos teqnologiuri miRwevebis gamoyeneba;
meoTxe: Tanamedrove terorizmis maxasiaTebeli religiurad motivirebuli teroristuli aqtivobis xvedriTi wilis zrdaa.
3. terorizmi omis, partizanuli brZolis da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis sxva saxeebisagan gansxvavdeba rogorc ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtiT, agreTve xelyofis sagniT. samxedro mosamsaxure,
pirvel rigSi, imiT gansxvavdeba teroristisgan, rom samxedro mosamsaxuris e.w. “kombatanti”-s samarTlebrivi statusi daregulirebulia saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTliT, maSin, rodesac teroristebi Ceveulebriv damnaSaveebs warmoadgenen. terorizmi omis,
partizanuli brZolis da konfliqtis sxva formebisgan gansxvavdeba, agreTve, xelyofis sagniT. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis mixedviT, akrZalulia samoqalaqo mosaxleobaze Tavdasxma maSin, rodesac terorizmis mTavari samizne zustad samoqalaqo mosaxleobaa.
4. omi, partizanuli brZola da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis sxva
aRiarebuli formebi warmoadgenen terorizmisgan socialur-samarTlebrivad gansxvavebul fenomens, maTi urTierTTanxvedra dauSvebelia Sefasdes calsaxad rogorc terorizmi, an omi, partizanuli brZola da a.S. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu meomari mxareebi gamoiyeneben
teroristuli xasiaTis romelime qmedebas, aRniSnuli qmedeba ar
174
SeiZleba moviazroT omSi Cadenilad da saWiroa terorizmad misi
calke samarTlebrivi Sefaseba.
5. TeoriaSi gavrcelebuli klasifikaciebisagan gansxvavebiT,
naSromSi mocemulia terorizmis kriminologiuri klasifikacia ZiriTadi niSnis – motivisa da miznis da araZiriTadi – gamoyenebuli xerxis da saSualebis, samoqmedo farglebis, ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtis mixedviT. samoqmedo motivacia warmoadgens teroristuli aqtivobis erT-erT ZiriTad determinants. imis mixedviT, Tu
ra aris teroristebis samoqmedo motivi da savaraudo sasurveli
Sedegi, teroristuli aqtivobis klasifikacia SeiZleba moxdes religiur, separatistul, eTnikur, memarjvene, memarcxene da sxva
moZraobebad. imis mixedviT, Tu ra konkretul saSualebas da
xerxs SearCevs teroristuli aqtivobisTvis subieqti, SeiZleba gamoiyos birTvuli, qimiuri, feTqebadi, kompiuteruli da sxva saxis
terorizmi.
6. naSromSi gansakuTrebuladaa Seswavlili “eTnikuri”, “saxelmwifo” da “religiuri” terorizmi, radganac Tanamedrove etapze terorizmis zemoxsenebul saxeebs saqarTvelosTvis terogenuli
mniSvneloba gaaCnia.
7. ruseTis federaciis kononmdeblobaSi da doqtrinaSi gamefebuli mosazrebiT, ruseTis federaciidan federaluri subieqtis gamoyofis nebismieri moTxovna aRiqmeba rogorc eqstremizmi da aRniSnul movlenasTan ibrZvian “yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT”. federaciis subieqt respublikebs ar gaaCniaT suvereniteti da aRniSnuli sakiTxis sxvagvarad gadawyveta TavianT konstituciebSi maT
ar SeuZliaT, Sesabamisad ar SeuZliaT miiniWon suverenuli saxelmwifos Tvisebebi –SezRuduli suverenitetis Sesabamisi daTqmis pirobebSic. maSin, rodesac, ruseTis federaciis subieqtebi
moklebulni arian SesaZleblobas „miiniWon suverenuli saxelmwifos Tvisebebi –SezRuduli suverenitetis Sesabamisi daTqmis pirobebSic“ ki, xolo federaciidan gamoyofis msurveli Zalebi
pirdapir icnobian eqstremistebad da teroristebad (CeCneTi, inguSeTi, yabardo – balyareTi da sxv.) ruseTi mxars uWers separatistul reJimebs saqarTveloSi da ufro metic, 2008 wels aRiarebs
e.w. afxazeTis da samxreT oseTis respublikebis damoukideblobas.
aRniSnuli politika terologiaSi cnobilia “mezobelTa destabilizaciiT” da aaSkaravebs ruseTis oficialuri wreebis mxridan
erTi da imave sakiTxis mimarT dualistur midgomas.
8. saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli agresia da separatistuli moZraobebis daxmareba – waqezeba SesaZlebelia ruseTis
federaciis mxridan ganxorcieldes saqarTvelos sxva polieTnikur regionebSic, amasTan, brZolis Ria meTodebze ufro metad savaraudoa iatakqveSa, ZirgamomTxreli meTodebi, romelTa Soris
pirvel rigSi terorizmi da sabotaJia.
175
9. saqarTvelos terogenuri safrTxeebi SesaZlebelia davyoT or
jgufad:
a. regionaluri mniSvnelobis, Sida separatistuli safrTxeebi,
romlebic xelSewyobilia ruseTis federaluri Zalebis mxridan
da SesaZlebelia gadaizardos teroristuli meTodebiT warmoebul brZolaSi.
b. globaluri mniSvnelobis, Tanamedrove islamoterorizmis safrTxe, romelic saqarTvelosTan SemxeblobaSia iqidan gamomdinare,
rom Crdilo kavkasia, romlis mosaxleobis didi nawili musulmanuri aRmsareblobisaa, bolo periodSi moeqca saerTaSoriso radikaluri islamisturi organizaciebis interesebis sferoSi. zogierT maTganSi (magaliTad, CeCneTSi iCqeria) defaqto ukve arseboben
islamur sawyisebze warmoqmnili saxelmwifoebrivi elementebi.
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi islamuri saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg saqarTvelo aRmoCndeba islamisturi saxelmwifoebis SuagulSi.
10. mniSvnelovan faqtorad migvaCnia sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis daweseba momavalSi separatistuli da sxva iseTi
qmedebebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, romelTac SeuZliaT gamoiwvion saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Sesusteba, kontrolis dakargva ama
Tu im teritoriul erTeulze anda socialur jgufze. marTalia,
saqarTvelos ssk-is 308-e muxlSi dasjadadaa miCneuli “saqarTvelos sawinaaRmdego moqmedeba, mimarTuli ucxo qveynisaTvis saqarTvelos mTeli teritoriis an misi nawilis gadacemisaken anda saqarTvelos teritoriidan misi nawilis gamoyofisaken” aseve „igive
qmedeba, ramac saqarTvelos mTeli teritoriis an misi nawilis dakargva anda sxva mZime Sedegi gamoiwvia”, magram aRniSnuli norma
ar moicavs saqarTvelos interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul iseT
qmedebebs, romlebic teritoriis dakargvasTan ar aris dakavSirebuli, Tumca iwvevs ama Tu im socialuri an eTnikuri jgufis gamoTiSva, gaucxoebas saqarTvelos moqalaqis erTiani samarTlebrivi da fsiqologiuri sivrcidan da sawindaria Semdgomi separatistuli, fsevdoreligiuri anda fsevdoeTnikuri moTxovnebis warmoSobis.
11. terorizmis Tavidan acilebis sxva saSualebebTan erTad
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs saxelmwifos mier sworad dagegmil da warmoebul social – ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politikas.
12. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 329 –e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba SesaZlebelia CaiTvalos
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad, Tundac borotmoqmedTa moTxovnis adresarti iyos fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, magram qmedeba mimarTuli iyos saxelmwifos strategiuli politikuri, ekonomikuri an sxva interesebis winaaRmdeg.
176
13. 2005 wlis “birTvuli terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb”
gaeros konvenciis mecxre muxlis meore nawilis “e” qvepunqtis
Tanaxmad konvencia vrceldeba im SemTxvevebzec rodesac: “danaSauli Cadenilia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis eqspluataciaSi myof sahaero xomaldze” da ar SeiZleba pirdapir moazrebul iqnes saqarTvelos ssk-is meoTxe muxlis mesame nawilSi, sadac saubaria xomaldze, romelic uflebamosilia isargeblos saqarTvelos saxelmwifo almiT an amosacnobi niSniT, radganac am konkretul SemTxvavaSi saubaria ara kuTvnil, aramed mflobelobaSi an sargeblobaSi myof mfrinav saSualebaze, romelic SesaZlebelia ar warmoadgendes aRniSnuli saxelmwifos almis matarebel xomalds. mocemuli problemis gadasawyvetad ori alternatiuli gza gvesaxeba:
pirveli: saqarTvelos ssk-is meoTxe muxlis mesame nawils daematos fraza: “an eqspluataciaSia saqarTvelos xelisuflebis saWiroebisaTvis” da Camoyalibdes Semdegnairad: “imas, vinc danaSauli
Caidina xomaldze, romelic uflebamosilia isargeblos saqarTvelos saxelmwifo almiT an amosacnobi niSniT, an eqspluataciaSia
saqarTvelos xelisuflebis saWiroebisaTvis, anda aseTi xomaldis
winaaRmdeg, sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba daekisreba am
kodeqsiT, Tu saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT sxva ram
ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.”
meore: moazrebul iqnes msgavsi SemTxvevebi saqarTvlos ssk-is mexuTe muxlis meore nawilis regulirebis sferoSi, sadac saubaria
im qmedebis dasjadobaze, romelic saqarTvelos interesebis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli.
14. birTvuli iaraRis damzadebisaTvis pasuxismgebloba dawesebulia ssk-is ori muxliT – 232 da 406-e muxlebiT. daveTanxmebiT
qarTul
literaturaSi
gamoTqmul
mosazrebas,
imasTan
dakavSirebiT, rom am ori normidan mxolod erTi Semadgenloba
unda darCes sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi. birTvuli iaraRis damzadeba mizanSewonilia Sefasdes saerTaSoriso xasiaTis danaSaulad da gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas mxolod kacobriobis winaaRmdeg
mimarTul danaSaulTa karSi.
15. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis daufleba (ssk-is
227-e mux.) Sesulia sazogadoebrivi wesrigis da uSiSroebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa TavSi da ar ganixileba teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad, imis miuxedavad, rom saerTaSoriso
konvencia msgavs danaSaulebs terorizmis gamovlinebad Tvlis. im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu terorisTa xelyofis sagnad iqceva sahaero,
wylis an sarkinigzo transporti, gamoxatuli iqneba teroristuli mizani, aucileblia Sefasdes rogorc teroristuli xasiaTis
danaSauli.
177
16. wylis xomaldis naosnobisTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna (ssk-is 2271e mux.) saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi novacias warmoadgens da masSi asaxvas hpovebs 1988 wlis “sazRvao naosnobis
usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli arakanonieri aqtebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb” konvenciis debulebebi. teroristuli qmedebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli obieqturi mxarisa da specialuri miznis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi Sefaseba unda moxdes teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad.
17. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqss 2006 wlis 25 ivliss
daemata 2272 –e muxli, romlis mixedviTac, dasjadia stacionaruli platformis marTlsawinaaRmdegod daufleba, ganadgureba an
dazianeba. qarTvelma kanonmdebelma aRniSnuli normis SemoRebiT
konvenciasTan srul SesabamisobaSi moiyvana sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsi. konvenciiT akrZalul qmedebaTa wre moculia qarTuli
sisxlis samarTlis normiT. “sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ukanono aqtebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb”
konvenciis da misi damatebiTi oqmis Tanaxmad stacionarul platformaze akrZaluli qmedebebis Cadena teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad iTvleba, maSin rodesac qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis mixedviT msgavsi qmedebebis sisxlissamarTlebriv dacvis obieqts sazogadoebrivi uSiSroeba da wesrigi warmoadgens. marTalia stacionaruli platformis nebismieri xelyofa ar SeiZleba qmnides teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis niSnebs, Tumca Sesabamisi obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba aseTad Sefasdes.
18. gamokvleulia Tanamedrove teroristuli organizaciebis dafinansebis Taviseburebebi. daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
Tanamedrove teroristul organizaciebs dafinansebis garegani da
Sida
wyaroebi
gaaCnia.
gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba
aqvs
teroristuli organizaciebis Sida finansuri struqturebis
Seswavlas, rac ganxorcielebulia naSromis farglebSi.
19. naSromSi terorizmis sxvdasxva maxasiaTeblebidan gamoyofilia
terorizmis Svidi ZiriTadi, imanenturi niSani, romlebic yvela
drois da formis terorizms gaaCnia:
19.1. terorizmis umniSvnelovanes da imanentur elementad SeiZleba
miviCnioT daSineba. saqarTvelos da postsabWouri sivrcis
sisxlis
samarTlis
kodeqsebSi
daSineba
aramarTebuladaa
miCneuli subieqturi mxaris niSnad an ufro konkretulad Tu
vityviT, miznad. magaliTad, saqarTvelos ssk-is 323-e muxlis
Tanaxmad, romelSic teroristul aqtad miCneulia afeTqeba,
cecxlis
wakideba,
iaraRis
gamoyeneba
da
a.S.
“Cadenili
mosaxleobis daSinebis an xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedebis
mizniT”. teroristuli aqtis mizani daSineba ar aris. daSineba
aris saSualeba saxelmwifo xelisuflebaze, sazogadoebaze
178
zemoqmedebis da teroristTaTvis sasurveli politikuri miznis
misaRwevad. daSineba terorizmis dros saboloo mizani ki ar aris,
aramed saboloo miznis miRwevis saSualebaa.
19.2. terorizmi xorcieldeba ZaladobiT da Zaladobis muqariT,
im gamonaklisis garda, rodesac teroristebi Tanamedrove
informaciul teqnologiebs iyeneben miznis misaRwevad
19.3. terorizmis imanentur niSnad SeiZleba aseve miviCnioT misi
Ria da daufaravi, sazogado xasiaTi, teroristebis survili, maTi
qmedebebis, rac SeiZleba farTod reklamirebisa da sazogadoebis
farTo fenebamde mitanis.
19.4. terorizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia msxverplisa da samizne
jgufis diferenciacia. terorizmis msxverplis SerCeva ZiriTadad
xdeba simbolurad da ara pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. swored amitom
aris, rom Cveulebrivi danaSaulisagan gansxvavebiT terorizmSi
sami mxarea gamokveTili – damnaSave, msxverpli (romelic mxolod
miznis miRwevis saSualebaa teroristisTvis) da sakuTriv samizne
jgufi xelisuflebis organoebi da (an) sazogadoeba, romelic
fsiqologiur zewolas ganicdis.
19.5. mexuTe elementad SeiZleba dasaxeldes safrTxis sazogado
xasiaTi. terorizmi ar Semoifargleba konkretuli pirebiT, mas
ziani moaqvs farTo masebisTvis, an qmnis aseTi zianis safrTxes.
19.6. terorizmi politikuri xasiTis danaSaulia. marTalia,
motivacia terorizmis dros SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva (eTnikur –
nacionaluri, socialur-politikuri da a.S.), magaram miznebi
yovelTvis garkveuli politikuri amocanis gadawyvetiskenaa
mimarTuli.
19.7. ideologiuri safuZveli terorizmis istoriis mTel manZilze
teroristuli
saqmianobis
mimarTulebis
ganmsazRvreli
iyo.
memarjvene Tu memarcxene, religiuri Tu nacionalur – eTnikuri
motivaciis pirobebSi ideologia amarTlebs teroristebs, aniWebs
maT marTali saqmisTvis mebrZolTa statuss, garkveul wreebSi
ayalibebs azrs teroristebis qmedebebis legitimurobis Sesaxeb.
20. naSromSi SeTavazebulia teroristuli aqtis (ssk-is 323-e mux.)
sakanonmdeblo definiciis SemuSaveba Semdegi saxiT:
afeTqeba, cecxlis wakideba, iaraRis gamoyeneba da sxva qmedeba,
rac qmnis adamianis sicocxlis mospobis, mniSvnelovani qonebrivi
zianis, an sxva mZime Sedegis ganxorcielebis saSiSroebas da
xelyofs sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebas, saxelmwifos strategiul,
politikur, an ekonomikur interess, Cadenili mosaxleobis,
xelisuflebis organos, saerTaSoriso Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi
organizaciis, kerZo piris daSinebiT anda zemoqmedebis sxva
formiT, teroristTa sasurveli miznis misaRwevad.
179
21. gamoTqmulia winadadeba, teroristuli aqtis definiciis
msgavsad, teroristuli qmedebis obieqturi da subieqturi niSnebis
gansazRvriT,
Camoyalibdes
teroristuli
xasiaTis
sxva
danaSaulTa Semadgenlobebi: teqnologiuri terorizmi (ssk-is 324-e
mux.) da kiberterorizmi (ssk-is 3241-e mux.). SemadgenlobebSi
rogoricaa: mZevlad xelSi CagdebaSi teroristuli mizniT (ssk-is
329-e mux.) da strategiuli an gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis
obieqtis xelSi Cagdeba an blokireba teroristuli mizniT (ssk-is
330-e mux.) teroristul mizanSi unda vigulisxmoT teroristTaTvis
sasurveli nebismieri politikuri, an sxva saxis mizani, rasac Tan
sdevs daSineba, an sxvagvari zemoqmedeba Cadenili mosaxleobis,
xelisuflebis organos, saerTaSoriso Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi
organizaciis, kerZo piris mimarT.
22. kvlevis Sedegad SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT, rom teroristuli
xasiaTis
danaSaulTa
wres,
specialuri
38-e
TaviT
gaTvaliswinebuli
danaSaulebis
garda,
saerTaSoriso
konvenciebze dayrdnobiT, damaxasiaTebeli miznis da qmedebis
ganxorcielebis
xerxis
SemTxvevaSi,
SeiZleba
mivakuTvnod
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gansazRvruli Semdegi
danaSaulebi:
22.1 sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi
Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba (ssk-is 227-e mux);
satransporto komunikaciebis blokireba (ssk-is 2221 mux.); wylis
xomaldis naosnobisTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna (ssk-is 2271–e mux.);
mekobreoba
(ssk-is
228-mux).
safuZveli:
sahaero
xomaldze
danaSaulebrivi da sxva saxis qmedebebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb
konvencia (miRebulia 1963 wlis tokioSi); sahaero xomaldis
gatacebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb konvencia (miRebulia 1970
wlis 16 dekembers haagaSi) da samoqalaqo aviaciis usafrTxoebis
winaaRmdeg
mimarTul
aqtebTan
brZolis
Sesaxeb
konvencia
(miRebuli monrealSi 1971 wlis 23 seqtembers). konvencia, sazRvao
naosnobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul ukanono aqtebTan
brZolis Sesaxeb (miRebuli romSi 1988 wlis 10 marts);
22.2 birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli
gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba (ssk-is 231-e mux.);
birTvuli nivTierebis marTlsawinaaRmdegod dauflebis muqara
(ssk-is 2311-e mux.); birTvuli iaraRis an sxva birTvuli
asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis damzadeba (ssk-is 232-e mux.); birTvuli
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelmyofi normebidan saqarTvelos sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsSi SesaZlebelia gamoiyos birTvuli masalisadmi
an mowyobilobisadmi, radioaqtiuri narCenisadmi, radioaqtiuri
nivTierebisadmi ukanono mopyroba (ssk-is 230-e mux.), birTvul an
radioaqtiur obieqtze avariis an ubeduri SemTxvevis Sesaxeb
informaciis dafarva an damaxinjeba (ssk-is 233-e mux.), saqarTvelos
teritoriaze
radioaqtiuri,
toqsikuri
samrewvelo
an
sayofacxovrebo narCenis tranziti an importi (ssk-is 234-e mux.),
birTvuli
masalis,
radioaqtiuri
narCenis,
radioaqtiuri
180
nivTierebis an maionebeli gamosxivebis sxva wyarosadmi mopyrobis
wesis darRveva (ssk-is 245-e mux.). marTalia, mocemuli normebi
birTvuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad mniSvnelovan berkets
warmoadgens, magram teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulTa ricxvs
ver mivakuTvnebT maTi kriminalizaciis sazrisis da Sinaarsis
gamo. safuZveli: birTvuli nivTierebebis fizikuri dacvis Sesaxeb
konvencia (miRebulia 1980 wlis 3 marts); konvencia birTvuli
terorizmis aqtebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb (miRebulia 2005 wlis 13
aprils).
23. teroristuli xasiaTis qmedebebis sisxlissamarTlebrivad
sruli regulirebis mizniT, mizanSewonilia Seicvalos aRniSnul
danaSaulTa
sisxlissamarTlebrivad
gaTvaliswinebis
dRemde
arsebuli sakanonmdeblo teqnika, moxdes teroristuli xasiaTis
qmedebaTa kriminalizacia maTi swori da samarTliani Sefasebis,
aseve terorizmTan efeqturi brZolis mizniT. rogorc aRiniSna
terorizmi cvladi da ganviTarebadi movlenaa, masTan brZola
sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebisagan aranakleb moqnilobas da
adaptirebulobas
moiTxovs.
aqedan
gamomdinare,
qarTuli
sisxlissamarTlebrivi
normebi
sakanonmdeblo
teqnikis
TvalsazrisiT ise unda iyos mowyobili, rom sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis sruqturis darRvevis gareSe moxdes ama Tu im qmedebis
(Tundac sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT ukve gaTvaliswinebulis)
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulad Sefaseba Sesabamisi obieqturi
da subieqturi niSnebis arsebobis pirobebSi.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia saqarTvelos ssk –
is 323 –e muxls daematos SeniSvna, romelSic aRniSnuli iqneba,
rom teroristul aqtad CaiTvleba Zaladobrivi xasiaTis sxva
qmedeba,
romelic
xelyofs
sazogadoebriv
usafrTxoebas,
saxelmwifos strategiul, politikur, an ekonomikur interess,
Cadenili mosaxleobaze, xelisuflebis organoze, saerTaSoriso
Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebriv organizaciaze, kerZo pirze daSinebiT
anda
zemoqmedebis
sxva
formiT,
teroristTa
sasurveli
politikuri an sxva miznis misaRwevad. SeniSvnas mohyveba im
akrZalul qmedebaTa CamonaTvali, romlebic rogorc zemoTac
aRiniSna, saerTaSoriso konvenciebis Sesabamisad, teroristuli
xasiaTis danaSaulis saxes atarebs qmedebis obieqturi da
subieqturi maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare.
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebad anda teroristuli aqtis
gamovlinebad Sesabamisi pirobebis arsebobisas unda CaiTvalos:
1.
sahaero an wylis xomaldis anda rkinigzis moZravi
Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba (ssk-is 227-e
mux.);
2.
satransporto komunikaciebis blokireba (ssk-is 2221 mux.);
wylis xomaldis naosnobisTvis saSiSroebis Seqmna (ssk-is
2271-e mux.);
181
3.
mekobreoba (ssk-is 228-mux.);
4.
birTvuli masalis, radioaqtiuri nivTierebis an maionebeli
gamosxivebis sxva wyaros xelSi Cagdeba (ssk-is 231-e mux.);
5.
birTvuli nivTierebis
muqara (ssk-is 2311-e mux.);
6.
birTvuli
iaraRis
an
sxva
birTvuli
mowyobilobis damzadeba (ssk-is 232-e mux.)
7.
cecxlsasroli iaraRis, (garda gluvluliani sanadiro
Tofisa) sabrZolo masalis, feTqebadi nivTierebebis an
asafeTqebeli mowyobilobebis marTlsawinaaRmdego SeZena,
Senaxva, tareba, damzadeba, gadazidva, gadagzavna an gasaReba.
(ssk-is 236-e mux.)
8.
iaraRis, sabrZolo masalis, feTqebadi nivTierebebis an
asafeTqebeli
mowyobilobebis
marTlsawinaaRmdego
daufleba misakuTrebis mizniT an gamoZalva. (ssk-is 237-e
mux.)
marTlsawinaaRmdegod
dauflebis
asafeTqebeli
sisxlis samarTlis normebis CamonaTvali SesaZlebelia Semdgom
gaizardos terorizmTan brZolis interesebidan anda saqarTvelos
saerTaSoriso valdebulebebidan gamomdinare.
24.
saqarTvelos
sisxlis
samarTlis
kodeqsiT
ukve
gaTvaliswinebuli teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis Semdgomi
srulyofis mizniT: gauqmebuli unda iqnes ssk –is 324 –e muxli teqnologiuri terorizmi, radgan mocemuli norma koliziaSi
modis ssk-is 323-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul teroristul aqtTan.
amasTan, saqarTvelos ssk-is 38-e Tavis Cvens mier SemoTavazebuli
wesiT agebis SemTxvevaSi normiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis
dasjadoba efeqturad iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli.
25. saqarTvelos ssk-is 325-muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristuli
xasiaTis danaSauls warmoadgens saqarTvelos
prezidentis,
politikuri Tanamdebobis piris, an misi ojaxis wevris sicocxlis,
janmrTelobis an sakuTrebis xelyofa am Tanamdebobis piris
saxelmwifoebriv
saqmianobasTan
dakavSirebiT.
Tanamedrove
terorizmis
gamovlinebebTan
efeqturad
brZolisTvis
mizanSewonilia normiT dacul pirebs daematos politikuri, anda,
sazogado moRvawe da
maTi
ojaxis
wevrebi.
Tanamedrove,
demokratiuli
faseulebebis
miswrafebis
mqone
qveyanaSi
gansakuTrebulad unda iqnes daculi politikuri anda sazogado
moRvawe, politikur Tanamdebobis pirebTan erTad.
26. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonSi mravali
progresuli
debulebis
miuxedavad,
regulaciuri
sfero
SezRudulia
da
akrZalul
qmedebaTa
wre
konkretizacias
moiTxovs, amasTan terorizmis, rogorc socialur-samarTlebrivi
movlenis farglebi bundovania. kanonis pirveli muxlis “a”
182
qvepunqtSi terorizmis cnebaa mocemuli. qarTul normatiul aqtSi
mocemuli terorizmis definicia akrZaluli qmedebebis CamoTvlis
principiT adgens terorizmis cnebas da ara misi ZiriTadi
elementebis mixedviT gansazRvravs movlenas. rogorc zemoTac
aRiniSna, akrZaluli qmedebebis CamoTvliT terorizmis definireba
ver amowuravs movlenis yvela formas. aqedan gamomdinare,
terorizmis cnebaSi, romelic mocemulia kanonis pirvel muxlSi
gansazRvruli unda iyos movlenis imanenturi elementebi, rac
SesaZleblobas mogvcems Seufasebeli ar darCes terorizmis arc
erTi gamovlineba.
27. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli
muxlis “b” qvepunqtSi saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis
323-e muxlis identurad mocemulia “teroristuli aqtis” cneba.
rogorc
zemoT
aRvniSneT,
teroristuli
aqtis
arsebuli
sakanonmdeblo reglamentacia ar Seesabameba movlenis socialur
bunebas, kerZod. teroristTa mizani ar SeiZleba iyos mosaxleobis
daSineba da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedeba. teroristTaTvis
daSineba da zemoqmedebis sxva saSualebebi miznis miRwevis xerxs
warmoadgens.
28. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli
muxlis “g” qvepunqtSi gansazRvrulia teroristuli saqmianoba,
romelSic igulisxmeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis,
terorizmis
winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli,
XXXVIII
TaviT
gaTvaliswinebuli
danaSaulebis
Cadena.
normis
amgvar
formulirebas ver daveTanxmebiT, radgan teroristuli saqmianoba
scildeba sisxlis samarTlis
XXXVIII TaviT gaTvaliswinebul
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebs. teroristuli saqmianoba
SesaZlebelia moicavdes iseT danaSaulebriv an sxva saxis
saqmianobasac, romelic teroristuli xasiaTis danaSauls ar
warmoadgens, Tumca emsaxureba organizaciis an fizikuri piris
teororistuli miznebis ganxorcielebas. amasTan erTad, rogorc
ukve
aRvniSneT,
teroristuli
xasiaTis
danaSaulTa
wres
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis XXXVIII Tavi ver itevs.
terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saerTaSoriso konvenciebis
analizis safuZvelze gamovyaviT mTeli rigi Semadgenlobebi,
romlebic obieqturi da subieqturi pirobebis arsebobisas
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebad unda CaiTvalos.
29. terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli
muxlis “v” da “z” qvepunqtebi gansazRvravs “teroristul jgufs”
da
“teroristul
organizacias”,
rogorc
teroristuli
saqmianobis ganxorcielebis mizniT SekavSirebul pirTa erTobas.
sxva xarvezebTan erTad upirveles yovlisa aRsaniSnavia, rom am
qvepunqtebis
Tanaxmad
kanonSi
isedac
viwrod
gagebuli
“teroristuli saqmianoba” saerTod erTi danaSulebrivi qmedebis,
“teroristuli aqtis” ganxorcielebamde aris dayvanili, rac
dauSvebelad migvaCnia. “teroristuli saqmianobis” “g” qvepunqtiT
ganasazRvruli farglebi, romelic moicavs saqarTvelos ssk-is
183
terorizmis
TaviT
gaTvaliswinebuli
danaSaulebis
srul
CamonaTvals, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ar aris sakmarisi da ver
asaxavs teroristuli saqmianobis yvela gamovlinebas, “v” da “z”
qvepunqtebSi
saerTod
erTi
danaSaulis
Semadgenlobamdea
dayvanili. pirveli muxlis “v” da “z” qvepunqtebis Tanaxmad
“teroristuli jgufi” da “teroristuli organizacia” aris
mxolod “teroristuli aqtis”
Casadenad SekavSirebul pirTa
erToba. es debuleba ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsis 327-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul normas,
romelic
krZalavs
teoristuli
organizaciis
Seqmnas,
xelmZRvanelobas anda masSi monawileobas. saqarTvelos ssk-is 327e muxlis Tanaxmad, teroristul organizaciad CaiTvleba pirTa
nebismieri erToba, imis miuxedavad, Tu konkretulad romeli
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulis Cadena aqvs gamiznuli.
30. organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis interesebidan
gamomdinare saqarTvelos sssk-iT garantirebuli advokatisa da
braldebulis
urTierTobis
konfidencialuroba
aSS-s
kanonmdeblobis msgavsad SesaZlebelia gadaixedos. igulisxmeba,
organizebuli danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis Sesaxeb, warsulSi ukve
momxdaris, an momavalSi dagegmilis, informaciis miReba da
teroristuli xasiaTis danaSaulebis gaxsna anda maT Tavidan
acileba. samomavlod saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso
moqmedebebis
warmoebisas,
advokatisa
da
braldebulis
konfidencialuri saubrebis mosmenis daSvebis SemTxvevaSi, msgavsi
nebarTva, aSS-s kanonmdeblobisagan gansxvavebiT, unda gasces
sasamarTlom
da
aRniSnul
moqmedebebzec
aucilebelia
sasamarTlo kontrolis SenarCuneba.
184
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naSromi Sesrulebulia Cems mier, ar gamomiyenebia literatura
saTanado miTiTebis gareSe da vacnobiereb siyalbis gamovlenis
SemTxvevaSi Cemi Sedegis baTilad cnobisa da Sesabamisi
programidan aRdgenis uflebis gareSe garicxvis realobas.
giorgi goraSvili
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