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ECOLOGIA
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Luís Chícharo
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ECOLOGIA — definição
ESTUDO DAS RELAÇÕES ENTRE ORGANISMOS E ENTRE ESTES E O MEIO QUE OS RODEIA
DISTRIBUIÇÃO
ABUNDÂNCIA
http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/106/biomes.jpg
http://www.fakr.noaa.gov/protectedresources/stellers.htm
http://ioc.unesco.org/oceanteacher/resourcekit/
Module2/GIS/Module/Module_h/Graphics/ecofnlzm.jpg
Ecologia — termo proposto por Haeckel (1886) que resulta da junção entre as palavras gregas oikos (casa) e logos (ciência)
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ECOLOGIA — reconhecimento como ciência
Limitações ao desenvolvimento da Ecologia
1. necessidade de generalização - descoberta de leis aplicáveis a todos os seres vivos
2. análise independente dos fenómenos (procedente do positivismo de Augusto Comte)
3. falta de objectivos numa ciência aparentemente sem aplicações práticas
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Desastre ecológico — Mar Aral
Environment: The Aral Sea was once the fourth biggest
inland sea in the world. With abundant fish resources, and
a busy shipping trade between its northern port of Aralsk
and the river ports of the Amu-Darja, some as far distant
as Tajikistan, the Sea provided a healthy livelihood for
several hundred thousand people. The Aral Sea surface was
66,100 square kilometers with an average depth of 16,1
meters and a maximum depth of 68 meters. Salt content
was 1%. Then in the sixties, the flow of water into the Sea
began to drop alarmingly. Upstream irrigation schemes, for
the growing of rice and cotton, consumed like a sponge
more than ninety per cent of the natural flow of water from
the Tian Shan mountains. As a result the Sea's surface
area declined. 27,000 square kilometers of former sea
bottom became dry surface. About 60% of water volume
was lost. The sea level declined 14 meters. Salt
concentration doubled. Today, an estimated 200,000
tones of salt and sand are being carried away by wind and
discharged within a radius of 300 km every day. Because
of the dying out of the sea as well as the usage of large
areas for military and space centers, important climatic
changes have taken place. During the last ten years these
changes have become especially visible. The salt polluted air
is carried away by the wind from the now dried-up salt
lakes and former sea bottom.
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Desastre ecológico — Mar Aral
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Deflorestação e desertificação na China
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Deflorestação: consequêncis na China
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Deflorestação: impacto ambiental e social
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Crescimento da população humana e impacto no ambiente
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Transferência de matéria e energia : impacto humano
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Consumo de recursos e produção de excedentes : poluição
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Impactos : noção de mitigação e recuperação
Catskill mountains (EUA) por Thomas Cole — 1837 e 1843 (impacto de 6 anos)
Mined area regeneration at Lambidhar before and after 6 years
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Preservação do ambiente, biodiversidade e recursos
► SUSTENTABILIDADE DOS RECURSOS
Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission) 1987.
► TRAGÉDIA DOS COMUNS
Much of man's world is treated as a "commons" wherein individuals have the right
to freely consume its resources and return their wastes. The "logic of the commons"
ultimately produces its ruin as well as the demise of those who depend upon it for survival.
Garrett Hardin (1968), SCIENCE (162:1243-1248).
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Preservação do ambiente, biodiversidade e recursos
► PRINCÍPIO DA PRECAUÇÃO
"When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the
environment, precautionary
measures should be taken even if some cause-and-effect
relationships are not fully established
scientifically." from the January 1998 Wingspread Statement on the
Precautionary Principle
Rio Declaration from the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, also known as Agenda 21.
In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States
according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of
full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to
prevent environmental degradation.
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Evolução do pensamento ecológico
Fase Antropocêntrica
Ecologia Superficial
Fase Utilitarista
Ecologia Profunda
Fase Ecocêntrica
Ex. 1545 — panteísmo
1972 — globalidade
2000 — Pascagoula
2004 — Nobel da Paz
“É dever da nossa espécie para com o nosso meio eliminar 90% dos nossos efectivos”
( William Aiken)
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Evolução do pensamento ecológico
Nobel Paz 2004
She introduced the idea of planting trees with the People in 1976 and
continued to develop it into broad-based, grassroots organization
whose main focus is the planting of trees with women groups in order
to conserve the environment and improve their quality of life.
Prof. Wangari Maathai
Through the Green belt Movement she has assisted women in
planting more than 20 million trees on their farms and on schools
and church compounds.
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Ecologia e religião
Tradição Judaico-cristã
Ecologia e ideologia
Criação do Mundo por Deus
Extremos espectro político — Constituições Nazis (1933 e 1935)
Ecoracismo
Ecoterrorismo
Ecology is a SCIENCE, not a sociopolitical movement (e.g., environmentalism).
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Consciencialização ecológica — mecanismo de retroacção do
“super-organismo”?
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ECOLOGIA — âmbito
Complexidade
Interrelações
FISIOLOGIA
CITOLOGIA
BIOLOGIA
MOLECULAR
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ECOLOGIA — história
1 - Classificação e agrupamento dos organismos
Aristoteles - (c.384-322 AC)
Aristotle was the first taxonomist dividing organisms into
land, sea, & air dwellers — he wrote Historia Animalia
Theophrastus - (c.372-287 AC)
In his two treatises, Historia Plantarum
(Research on plants) and De Causis
Plantarum (On the causes of plants), he
analyzed the constitutive parts and the
reproduction of plants and proposed a
system of classification in four categories:
trees, shrubs, undershrubs, herbs. He is often
considered the father of botany..
Theophrastus
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ECOLOGIA — história
Linneus, Carl von - (1707-1778)
1735 -he published the first edition of his classification
of living things, the Systema Naturae.
Developed the binomial system : genero + espécie (Homo sapiens)
Systema Naturae
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ECOLOGIA — história
2 - Evolução dos organismos
Lamarck, Jean Baptiste - (1744-1829)
He published his views in 1801; he much enlarged them in 1809 in his
"Philosophie Zoologique,' and subsequently, in 1815, in the Introduction
to his "Hist. Nat. des Animaux sans Vertébres.' In these works he
upholds the doctrine that species, including man, are descended from
other species.
Charles Darwin - (1809-1882)
Prefacio da 1ª edição da Origem das espécies
Until recently the great majority of naturalists believed that species
were immutable productions, and had been separately created. This view
has been ably maintained by many authors. Some few naturalists, on the
other hand, have believed that species undergo modification, and that
the existing forms of life are the descendants by true generation of preexisting forms.
I have called this principle, by which
each slight variation, if useful, is preserved,
by the term Natural Selection
Infuência do ambiente
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ECOLOGIA — história
3 — Dinâmica das populações
Malthus, Thomas - (1766-1834)
Malthus was a political economist who was concerned about, what he saw as, the
decline of living conditions in nineteenth century England. He blamed this decline
on three elements: The overproduction of young; the inability of resources to keep
up with the rising human population; and the irresponsibility of the lower classes.
To combat this, Malthus suggested the family size of the lower class ought to be
regulated such that poor families do not produce more children than they can
support.
Parâmetro de Malthus
Publicou em 1798, “An Essay on the Principle of Population”,
as it Affects the Future Improvement of Society with
Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin,
Gestão sustentada dos recursos
Princípio da Precaução
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ECOLOGIA — história
4 — séc. IX e XX — relações dinâmicas entre populações
Verhulst, Pierre François (1804 - 1849)
Logistic population growth, populations
run out of resources at high density
Pearl, Raymond (1879 - 1940)
Modelo Predador (P) e presa (H)
Lotka, Alfred James (1880 - 1949)
Volterra, Vito (1860 - 1940)
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ECOLOGIA — história
5 — séc. XX — níveis hierárquicos de organização — conceito de ecossistema
Thienemann, August (1864-1956)
He organized biota into hierarchical systems, and his published discussions Hipótese de Gaia
in 1914 of the interactions between the different communities and
(Lovelock 1979)
conditions in the water environment into a "super-organismic unity"
anticipated the ecosystem concept
He developed and published in 1926, the basic conceptual foundations of
cycling of nutrients in water and food cycle relationships among producers,
consumers, and decomposers
Elton, Charles (1900-1991)
Noção nicho ecológico
Pirâmides dos números
Tansley, Arthur (1871-1955)
Noção de ecossistema
(ecological system) (1935)
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