Lambeth Pharmacy Walk - Royal Pharmaceutical Society

For hundreds of years Lambeth and Southwark have attracted
the very rich and the very poor. Before the 1700s there was
little industry in Lambeth and it remained ‘the countryside’,
an ideal haven for the rich to get away from the squalid and
filthy streets of London. For many years Southwark had been
a place of entertainment with theatres, taverns and bear-pits.
With people living in the most horrific environments with poor
sanitation and ineffective landlords, the only respite for some
was alcohol. Gradually there was overspill into Lambeth and
with the increase in industry, the poor flocked to the cheapest
areas often with the most appalling housing conditions. It
wasn’t until 1888 that these areas saw a proper mains drainage
system and clean piped water. Even then the extremely poor
lived in terrible conditions until after the Second World War
with a new dawn of mass municipal housing.
Lambeth Palace Road,
London SE1 7LB
T 020 7401 8865 E [email protected] www.museumgardenhistory.org Admission: Charge
(group discounts apply)
The Garden Museum
The Master’s House, 2 Dugard Way,
London SE11 4TH
T 020 7840 2200 E [email protected] www.cinemamuseum.org.uk Admission: Free
(by appointment only)
The Cinema Museum
Extract from a poster dated 1832
Has DEATH (in a rage) been invited by
the Commissioners of Common Sewers
to take up his abode in Lambeth?
For many of Lambeth’s residents in the past, bad living conditions
had a massive negative impact on their health. It seems ironic
that whilst so many were suffering and even dying from
malnutrition and the effects of poor sanitation, just yards away
potters were making medicine jars for well-off pharmacists and
apothecaries, expensive water filters and sewer piping.
The London Borough of Lambeth is
packed full of history, lots of it still
visible as you walk around its streets.
Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham,
Kent BR3 3BX
T 020 3228 4307 E [email protected] www.bethlemheritage.org.uk Admission: Free
Bethlem Royal Hospital
Archives & Museum
Lambeth Road, London SE1 6HZ
T 020 7416 5000 E [email protected] www.iwm.org.uk Admission: Free
(charge for special exhibitions)
Imperial War
Museum London
2 Lambeth Palace Road,
London SE1 7EW
T 020 7620 0374 E [email protected] www.florence-nightingale.co.uk Admission: Charge
(group discounts apply)
Florence Nightingale
Museum (St Thomas’s
Hospital)
(please check for opening times)
Lambeth
Pharmacy
Walk
Other museums you might like to visit:
To find out more about the area’s history,
visit: http://landmark.lambeth.gov.uk and
www.vauxhallcivicsociety.org.uk
Transport
General travel information can be obtained
on Transport for London’s 24-hour number:
0843 222 1234 www.tfl.gov.uk
1 Lambeth High Street,
London SE1 7JN
T 020 7572 2210 E [email protected] www.rpharms.com/museum
Open Mon – Fri 09.00 - 17.00 Admission: Free
The Museum
Museum of the Royal
Pharmaceutical Society
In 1976, the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of
Great Britain moved to Lambeth, by chance
an area steeped in pharmacy history.
1 Lambeth Delftware
The site on Lambeth Road now occupied by the Novotel was
once the London residence of the Dukes of Norfolk. By 1680
the house was in use as a pottery by James Barston. This is
where the name ‘Lambeth Delftware’ originates (although not
all delftware was made in Lambeth). The Museum of the Royal
Pharmaceutical Society has one of the finest collections of
Lambeth delftware drug jars in the world.
2 Royal Doulton Factory
In 1815 ‘Jones, Watts & Doulton’ was established. Martha Jones
inherited a pottery on Vauxhall Walk and entered into a
partnership with her foreman, John Watts and a young man just
out of his apprenticeship called John Doulton. Just eleven years
later, ‘Doulton & Watts’ moved into premises on Lambeth High
Street. The company expanded its products and took over
more of the High Street in the 1830s and 1840s. The product
range was broadened to include stoneware storage jars for the
growing chemical industry.
In 1835 John Doulton’s son Henry joined the firm and became
its driving force with his creative and practical thinking. In 1846
he started a separate venture ‘Henry Doulton & Company’, also
based in Lambeth High Street, to make domestic and sewerage
pipes – an essential weapon in the fight against cholera.
‘Doulton & Company’, as they were known after 1853, went
from strength to strength increasing their production of sanitary
and chemical wares but also introducing everyday decorative
pieces for which they are now well known. In the 1870s the
company employed artists from the Lambeth School of Art and
built beautiful premises, on the corner of Lambeth High Street
and Black Prince Road.
‘Royal Doulton’, as it became known from 1901, continued to
produce chemical wares in Lambeth until the 1930s. The pottery
finally closed in 1956 and all work was transferred to a site in
Burslem, Staffordshire, purchased in 1877. The headquarters of
the firm are still in Staffordshire but most Royal Doulton lines
are now made in China.
3 The Lambeth Workhouse
Lambeth Parish opened a workhouse in 1726 on what is now
Black Prince Road, to look after the parish’s poor and destitute.
Men, women and children were housed in different areas, splitting
up families and causing great distress to many. Life was designed to
be harder inside the workhouse than outside as a deterrent but
many were so poor they had no choice but to stay.
In 1866, the workhouse at Lambeth came under scrutiny after an
undercover journalist, James Greenwood, wrote of his experiences
as a ‘casual’ inmate (staying one night and working one day). His
findings were widely publicised, some in verse:
Such scratching and itching with these young files
The wind a-coming through the tiles,
When I thought of my treat I was forced to spend,
In an old checked shirt in the workhouse.
Diseases were rife in workhouses as people slept and worked
in close proximity. In 1865 The Lancet was commissioned to
investigate the state of infirmaries in London workhouses. The
1866 report on the Lambeth Workhouse recommended ‘A
new infirmary ought to be built on modern principles’. In 1871,
work begun on a ‘New’ Lambeth Workhouse in Renfrew Road
with an infirmary in a separate wing. It was built to house 820
inmates with a further 600 places for ‘casuals’. The work carried
out there by inmates included oakum picking (unpicking rope
to be re-used hence the phrase ‘money for old rope’), stonebreaking and grinding corn by hand. You can still see the Master’s
House and the water tower of the New Lambeth Workhouse.
In 1896 the young Charlie Chaplin with his brother, Sydney and
mother, Hannah were admitted to the workhouse in Renfrew
Road.They went through the usual admittance procedure and after
three weeks the two boys were sent off to a school in Westminster.
After two months, their mother could bear it no longer. She
discharged herself and met them outside the workhouse. Chaplin
wrote in his memoirs how he remembers spending a wonderful day
with his mother and brother in Kennington Park before returning
to the workhouse in the evening and going through the whole
shameful admission process again.
The Master’s House now houses the Cinema Museum.
Gates open: 7.00 –18.30 Mon – Fri ; closed at the weekends.
4 ‘Bedlam’
From 1815 to 1930 the Royal Bethlehem Hospital, known as
‘Bedlam’, was sited at St George’s Field, now Geraldine Mary
Harmsworth Park . Founded in 1247, it became infamous for
its mistreatment of the mentally ill. Wealthy people went to see
the patients in what was known as the ‘show at Bethlem’.
The hospital moved from Moorfields to Southwark in 1815 to
allow the patients more fresh air and recreation. Female patients
worked around the building doing cleaning and laundry whilst
the men pumped water and mended clothes. The hospital cared
for most patients for up to one year as it was strongly believed
that insanity was curable. After a year if you were not cured you
would still be discharged into the care of your family, although
there was an incurables wing set up for those who did not
recover and had nowhere to go.
One of the patients was the architect AWN Pugin who, together
with Charles Barry, designed the Houses of Parliament. He was
admitted with severe mental strain in 1852.
Bethlem Royal Hospital moved to its present site in Beckenham
in 1930 and the old site in Southwark became the home of the
Imperial War Museum shortly afterwards in 1936.
5 London Botanic Gardens (on the site of the Old Vic)
Lambeth and Southwark’s marshy land was highly suited
to gardening. The Tradescant father and son team made
gardening extremely popular with the wealthy in the 1600s and
the area flourished with farmers and commercial gardeners
taking advantage of the black mould soil. In 1779 the scientific
botanist William Curtis opened his London Botanic Garden in
the area where the Old Vic now stands. Curtis roamed the wet
fields of London noting the indigenous plants which he feared
would soon disappear as the city grew. His garden was designed
as a centre for education with 6,000 plants labelled in both
English and Latin divided into different categories – poisonous,
culinary and medicinal. Having previously trained as an apothecary,
Curtis was particularly interested in the healing qualities of plants.
For one guinea a year visitors could have unlimited access to
the gardens and for two guineas they could have some seeds or
roots cultivated from Curtis’ collection. As the 1780s progressed,
Curtis got increasingly irritated by the smoke pollution from the
City which, he observed, was suffocating his plants. In 1785 the
garden suffered a further setback from a plague of brown-tailed
moths which stripped trees bare across Lambeth. In 1789 Curtis
finally moved his botanic garden to Brompton to get away from
rising rents and urban squalor.
6 Singleton’s Eye Ointment
210 Lambeth Road was once used as a factory for Singleton’s
Eye Ointment. The recipe was probably devised by a Lambeth
physician, Thomas Johnson, as its original name was ‘Dr Johnson’s
Golden Ointment’. On his death the recipe was passed to the
Hind family and subsequently through marriage to the Singletons.
It was the Singletons who made the ointment a household
name. The building was their base from 1784 until 1974 when
the ointment was discontinued.
Image acknowledgements
Inner Map page
Windmill, High Street and Church images
Reproduced courtesy of Lambeth Archives department
Front page
Head and shoulders of a woman
Photograph reproduced by kind permission of the
Bethlem Art and History Collections Trust
Back page
Two women outside a house
Photograph reproduced by kind permission of the
London Borough of Lambeth
For hundreds of years Lambeth and Southwark have attracted
the very rich and the very poor. Before the 1700s there was
little industry in Lambeth and it remained ‘the countryside’,
an ideal haven for the rich to get away from the squalid and
filthy streets of London. For many years Southwark had been
a place of entertainment with theatres, taverns and bear-pits.
With people living in the most horrific environments with poor
sanitation and ineffective landlords, the only respite for some
was alcohol. Gradually there was overspill into Lambeth and
with the increase in industry, the poor flocked to the cheapest
areas often with the most appalling housing conditions. It
wasn’t until 1888 that these areas saw a proper mains drainage
system and clean piped water. Even then the extremely poor
lived in terrible conditions until after the Second World War
with a new dawn of mass municipal housing.
Lambeth Palace Road,
London SE1 7LB
T 020 7401 8865 E [email protected] www.museumgardenhistory.org Admission: Charge
(group discounts apply)
The Garden Museum
The Master’s House, 2 Dugard Way,
London SE11 4TH
T 020 7840 2200 E [email protected] www.cinemamuseum.org.uk Admission: Free
(by appointment only)
The Cinema Museum
Extract from a poster dated 1832
Has DEATH (in a rage) been invited by
the Commissioners of Common Sewers
to take up his abode in Lambeth?
For many of Lambeth’s residents in the past, bad living conditions
had a massive negative impact on their health. It seems ironic
that whilst so many were suffering and even dying from
malnutrition and the effects of poor sanitation, just yards away
potters were making medicine jars for well-off pharmacists and
apothecaries, expensive water filters and sewer piping.
The London Borough of Lambeth is
packed full of history, lots of it still
visible as you walk around its streets.
Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham,
Kent BR3 3BX
T 020 3228 4307 E [email protected] www.bethlemheritage.org.uk Admission: Free
Bethlem Royal Hospital
Archives & Museum
Lambeth Road, London SE1 6HZ
T 020 7416 5000 E [email protected] www.iwm.org.uk Admission: Free
(charge for special exhibitions)
Imperial War
Museum London
2 Lambeth Palace Road,
London SE1 7EW
T 020 7620 0374 E [email protected] www.florence-nightingale.co.uk Admission: Charge
(group discounts apply)
Florence Nightingale
Museum (St Thomas’s
Hospital)
(please check for opening times)
Lambeth
Pharmacy
Walk
Other museums you might like to visit:
To find out more about the area’s history,
visit: http://landmark.lambeth.gov.uk and
www.vauxhallcivicsociety.org.uk
Transport
General travel information can be obtained
on Transport for London’s 24-hour number:
0843 222 1234 www.tfl.gov.uk
1 Lambeth High Street,
London SE1 7JN
T 020 7572 2210 E [email protected] www.rpharms.com/museum
Open Mon – Fri 09.00 - 17.00 Admission: Free
The Museum
Museum of the Royal
Pharmaceutical Society
In 1976, the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of
Great Britain moved to Lambeth, by chance
an area steeped in pharmacy history.
1 Lambeth Delftware
The site on Lambeth Road now occupied by the Novotel was
once the London residence of the Dukes of Norfolk. By 1680
the house was in use as a pottery by James Barston. This is
where the name ‘Lambeth Delftware’ originates (although not
all delftware was made in Lambeth). The Museum of the Royal
Pharmaceutical Society has one of the finest collections of
Lambeth delftware drug jars in the world.
2 Royal Doulton Factory
In 1815 ‘Jones, Watts & Doulton’ was established. Martha Jones
inherited a pottery on Vauxhall Walk and entered into a
partnership with her foreman, John Watts and a young man just
out of his apprenticeship called John Doulton. Just eleven years
later, ‘Doulton & Watts’ moved into premises on Lambeth High
Street. The company expanded its products and took over
more of the High Street in the 1830s and 1840s. The product
range was broadened to include stoneware storage jars for the
growing chemical industry.
In 1835 John Doulton’s son Henry joined the firm and became
its driving force with his creative and practical thinking. In 1846
he started a separate venture ‘Henry Doulton & Company’, also
based in Lambeth High Street, to make domestic and sewerage
pipes – an essential weapon in the fight against cholera.
‘Doulton & Company’, as they were known after 1853, went
from strength to strength increasing their production of sanitary
and chemical wares but also introducing everyday decorative
pieces for which they are now well known. In the 1870s the
company employed artists from the Lambeth School of Art and
built beautiful premises, on the corner of Lambeth High Street
and Black Prince Road.
‘Royal Doulton’, as it became known from 1901, continued to
produce chemical wares in Lambeth until the 1930s. The pottery
finally closed in 1956 and all work was transferred to a site in
Burslem, Staffordshire, purchased in 1877. The headquarters of
the firm are still in Staffordshire but most Royal Doulton lines
are now made in China.
3 The Lambeth Workhouse
Lambeth Parish opened a workhouse in 1726 on what is now
Black Prince Road, to look after the parish’s poor and destitute.
Men, women and children were housed in different areas, splitting
up families and causing great distress to many. Life was designed to
be harder inside the workhouse than outside as a deterrent but
many were so poor they had no choice but to stay.
In 1866, the workhouse at Lambeth came under scrutiny after an
undercover journalist, James Greenwood, wrote of his experiences
as a ‘casual’ inmate (staying one night and working one day). His
findings were widely publicised, some in verse:
Such scratching and itching with these young files
The wind a-coming through the tiles,
When I thought of my treat I was forced to spend,
In an old checked shirt in the workhouse.
Diseases were rife in workhouses as people slept and worked
in close proximity. In 1865 The Lancet was commissioned to
investigate the state of infirmaries in London workhouses. The
1866 report on the Lambeth Workhouse recommended ‘A
new infirmary ought to be built on modern principles’. In 1871,
work begun on a ‘New’ Lambeth Workhouse in Renfrew Road
with an infirmary in a separate wing. It was built to house 820
inmates with a further 600 places for ‘casuals’. The work carried
out there by inmates included oakum picking (unpicking rope
to be re-used hence the phrase ‘money for old rope’), stonebreaking and grinding corn by hand. You can still see the Master’s
House and the water tower of the New Lambeth Workhouse.
In 1896 the young Charlie Chaplin with his brother, Sydney and
mother, Hannah were admitted to the workhouse in Renfrew
Road.They went through the usual admittance procedure and after
three weeks the two boys were sent off to a school in Westminster.
After two months, their mother could bear it no longer. She
discharged herself and met them outside the workhouse. Chaplin
wrote in his memoirs how he remembers spending a wonderful day
with his mother and brother in Kennington Park before returning
to the workhouse in the evening and going through the whole
shameful admission process again.
The Master’s House now houses the Cinema Museum.
Gates open: 7.00 –18.30 Mon – Fri ; closed at the weekends.
4 ‘Bedlam’
From 1815 to 1930 the Royal Bethlehem Hospital, known as
‘Bedlam’, was sited at St George’s Field, now Geraldine Mary
Harmsworth Park . Founded in 1247, it became infamous for
its mistreatment of the mentally ill. Wealthy people went to see
the patients in what was known as the ‘show at Bethlem’.
The hospital moved from Moorfields to Southwark in 1815 to
allow the patients more fresh air and recreation. Female patients
worked around the building doing cleaning and laundry whilst
the men pumped water and mended clothes. The hospital cared
for most patients for up to one year as it was strongly believed
that insanity was curable. After a year if you were not cured you
would still be discharged into the care of your family, although
there was an incurables wing set up for those who did not
recover and had nowhere to go.
One of the patients was the architect AWN Pugin who, together
with Charles Barry, designed the Houses of Parliament. He was
admitted with severe mental strain in 1852.
Bethlem Royal Hospital moved to its present site in Beckenham
in 1930 and the old site in Southwark became the home of the
Imperial War Museum shortly afterwards in 1936.
5 London Botanic Gardens (on the site of the Old Vic)
Lambeth and Southwark’s marshy land was highly suited
to gardening. The Tradescant father and son team made
gardening extremely popular with the wealthy in the 1600s and
the area flourished with farmers and commercial gardeners
taking advantage of the black mould soil. In 1779 the scientific
botanist William Curtis opened his London Botanic Garden in
the area where the Old Vic now stands. Curtis roamed the wet
fields of London noting the indigenous plants which he feared
would soon disappear as the city grew. His garden was designed
as a centre for education with 6,000 plants labelled in both
English and Latin divided into different categories – poisonous,
culinary and medicinal. Having previously trained as an apothecary,
Curtis was particularly interested in the healing qualities of plants.
For one guinea a year visitors could have unlimited access to
the gardens and for two guineas they could have some seeds or
roots cultivated from Curtis’ collection. As the 1780s progressed,
Curtis got increasingly irritated by the smoke pollution from the
City which, he observed, was suffocating his plants. In 1785 the
garden suffered a further setback from a plague of brown-tailed
moths which stripped trees bare across Lambeth. In 1789 Curtis
finally moved his botanic garden to Brompton to get away from
rising rents and urban squalor.
6 Singleton’s Eye Ointment
was once used as a factory for Singleton’s
Eye Ointment. The recipe was probably devised by a Lambeth
physician, Thomas Johnson, as its original name was ‘Dr Johnson’s
Golden Ointment’. On his death the recipe was passed to the
Hind family and subsequently through marriage to the Singletons.
It was the Singletons who made the ointment a household
name. The building was their base from 1784 until 1974 when
the ointment was discontinued.
210 Lambeth Road
Image acknowledgements
Inner Map page
Windmill, High Street and Church images
Reproduced courtesy of Lambeth Archives department
Front page
Head and shoulders of a woman
Photograph reproduced by kind permission of the
Bethlem Art and History Collections Trust
Back page
Two women outside a house
Photograph reproduced by kind permission of the
London Borough of Lambeth
re
rt
h
wp
Charlie Chaplin lived on
Kennington Road
Ke
1
VAUXHALL
The site of Lambeth Wells
where people could buy mineral
water from the natural spa for ‘a
penny a quart’. The spa waters
were believed to hold medicinal
properties although it is thought
to have tasted horrible!
The Beaufoy Institute, Black Prince
Road, named after the Beaufoy family of vinegar
fame, was built in 1907 as a technical college for
young people from the poorer classes. It postdates the Ragged School on Newport Street also
built by the Beaufoy family. The Beaufoy Institute
was used to train women in general engineering
skills during World War II and stopped being a
place of education at the end of the 1990s.
the oval
Point of interest
M
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ine
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La
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ne
The ‘New’ Lambeth Workhouse
was opened in 1874. It was to
replace the old one on Black
Prince Road which was, by this
time, in an appalling state.
D
St Philip’s Church, once
on the corner of Kennington
Road and Reedworth Street,
was built with funds donated by
local parishioners in 1849 as a
thanksgiving for surviving one of
the many cholera epidemics which
devastated the poor of Lambeth.
This is the site of plague
houses, believed to have
been built in 1666 and housed
those dying from the plague.
They were demolished at the
end of the 1800s.
kennington
park
Demolished site
Underground station
Long walk (4.9km)
Historic plaque
Public toilet
Train station
Medium walk (3.6km)
Museum
Café
(more information overleaf)
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on
gt
KENNINGTON
Lambeth Ragged School was built by
Henry Benjamin Hanbury Beaufoy in 1851, in
memory of his wife. She had built an earlier
school in the railway arches of what is now called
Newport Street, in the 1840s for educating
children from destitute families. When the
railways were widened in 1904 all but the south
wing of the school was pulled down and this still
remains today as Beaconsfield Art Gallery.
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19, West Square
was the childhood
home of John Alexander
Reina Newlands who in
1863 prepared the first
periodic table, putting
the elements in order of
relative atomic masses.
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4
Dug
Lambeth High Street as
it looked before the buildings
were demolished to make
way for the new Fire Brigade
Headquarters which opened
in 1937. All that remains of the
‘old’ High Street is the Old
Windmill Tavern and part of
the Doulton factory on the
corner with Black Prince Road.
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Kennington Road
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Cosser St
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“The ground within 2 feet
11 inches of this wall is
the property of bethlem
hospital. And any person
encroaching thereon or
damaging or using this
wall will be prosecuted.”
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William Bligh lived
on Lambeth Road
s te
road
r Bridge
nd
M
th
mb e
Westmin
The 1960s saw the extensive
construction of municipal buildings
across Lambeth and Southwark.
Slums were cleared to make way
for new tower blocks with better
sanitation and facilities.
Lo
lambeth palace
gardens
6
4
LAMBETH
NORTH
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ac
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Pa
l
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archbishop’s
park
an
is
ro
ad
William Blake lived
on Hercules Road
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Union Street
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waterloo
millennium
green
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Blackfriars Road
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Florence Nightingale Museum,
ST THOMAS’S HOSPITAL
am
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es
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Lo
sh
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e
Th
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MA
N
SOUTHWARK
ad
Ro
W
M
L amb e
London Ambulance Headquarters
has been based in Waterloo since the 1920s,
first at County Hall, then at the Old Fire Station
at 150 Waterloo Road and now at its present site
at 220 Waterloo Road.
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rl
WATERLOO
ge
One of three windmills once
located around Lambeth Walk.
This one on what is now called
Juxon Street may have
been used, at different times
in the past, to grind drugs and
delftware glaze. The windmill
was demolished when the
railway was built.
rd
et
e
at
W
jubilee
gardens
John Tradescant the Elder and Younger are buried
in the churchyard of St Mary’s-at-Lambeth,
now The Garden Museum. The Tradescant father
and son team were responsible for bringing back
numerous new species of plants from their travels
around the world, many of which were found to
have medicinal properties. They made gardening
a popular past time for the rich and designed
gardens for the crown and nobility.
Westminster Brid
a
St
o
mf
re
Ne
h
The Necropolis Railway Station, 121 Westminster
Bridge Road transported London’s dead to Brookwood
Cemetery, near Woking. The Necropolis Railway was built in
response to the lack of space in London’s municipal churchyard’s.
This building is now called Westminster Bridge House and was the
Railway’s second Necropolis Station, opened in 1902. The original
station stood in what is now Leake Road and was built in 1854.
St
Blackfriars Road
N
Short walk (2.5km)