Kinande case file - The Afranaph Project: Anaphora in the African

Transcription

i
Mfdrrhln L- Lts`j` `mc J`la`kd Jùtshqv`jh
Jhm`mcd.Jnmyn , Dmfkhrg Chbshnm`qx
vhsg `m Dmfkhrg Ê Jhm`mcd.Jnmyn hmcdw
Vhsg ` Oqde`bd ax
Oqne- Bk`hqd Fqdæfnhqd
Ltrdæd Qnx`k cd Sdqutqdm
@ Sdqutqdm otakhb`shnm 'sn òod`q(
Ehqrs oqhmshmf9 1//7
Bnoxqhfgs Mfdrrhln L- Lts`j` `mc J`la`kd Jùtshqv`jh
ii
iii
Preface
by
Claire Grégoire
Dr. Kavutirwaki Kambale elaborated an important dictionary of his maternal
language, Kinande (Bantu, zone D of Guthrie's classification). This work was
performed with the financial and scientific assistance of the Department of
linguistics at the Royal Museum for Central Africa (Tervuren, Belgium).
Unfortunately, Dr.Kavutirwaki Kambale died before having finished his scientific
work. Since then, the manuscript of the Kinande dictionary had been preserved at
our Department and, for several years, we didn't find any good solution to correct
it and to publish it in good conditions.
With the help of Prof. Larry Hyman of the University of California at Berkeley
and also Dr. Robert Hedinger of SIL/Yaounde branch, we have been able to
collaborate with Dr. Mutaka, a native speaker of Kinande and a linguist (with a
Ph.D. from the University of Southern California, Los Angeles), in order for him
to pursue and enrich this important work and thus bring it to fruition. Dr. Mutaka's
contribution is highly appreciable indeed and it is truly a real scientific enrichment
of Kavutirwaki Kambale's first version, especially with the addition of the sections
on the introduction to the dictionary, the medicinal plants, the phrasal
expressions, and numerous lexical entries.
We would also like to take this opportunity to address our thanks to the various
people who have helped Dr. Kavutirwaki and Dr. Mutaka in getting the material
for this dictionary. We particularly thank Professor Francesco Remotti of the
University of Turin for providing funds for the air ticket between Yaounde and
Entebbe (Uganda) that enabled Dr. Mutaka to collect further data from Butembo;
Mr. Mutaka Marcel, Sr Euphrasie Melonde, Prof. Kamabu Valentin and Mr.
Kasilongo for their contribution to the medicinal section of the dictionary, Dr.
Robert Hedinger for his help to correct and convert the Shoebox data into a Word
format version, Prof. Larry Hyman for his generous remarks on the contents of the
dictionary; my colleague, Prof. Yvonne Bastin for her contribution in mostly
working with Dr. Kavutirwaki while he was preparing the first version of the
dictionary and also for her generous remarks on the contents of the dictionary,
and of course our own authorities here at Tervuren who have invested important
funds for the publication of this dictionary. It was with great pleasure that I
iv
learned that Bishop Sikuli Paluku Melchisedech of the Diocese of Butembo/Beni
has written a preface to the dictionary as a way to encourage the Nande population
to renew their genuine interest in their culture and their language. Publishing this
dictionary in the Series of the Museum is also our way of contributing to the
development of Kinande culture and education.
Best regards,
Dr. Claire Grégoire
Head Department of Linguistics
Royal Museum for Central Africa
v
Bnmsdmsr
Oqde`bd ax Oqne- Bk`hqd Fqdæfnhqd
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
hhh
@m Hmsqnctbshnm sn sgd Jhm`mcd Chbshnm`qx9
Fq`ll`shb`k Mnsdr
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--
uhh
/- Sgd M`mcd `qd` `mc hsr l`hm `bshuhshdr- ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
0- @ aqhde fq`ll`shb`k rjdsbg ne Jhm`mcd ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
0-0 Bhs`shnm enqlr `mc Qnns dmsqhdr ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-0-1 Udqa`k enql dmsqhdr- ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ0-2 Mnlhm`k dmsqhdr- ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
0-3- Onsdmsh`k dmsqhdr mns mdbdrr`qhkx hmbktcdc hm sgd chbshnm`qx0-3-0- Oqnctbshud ur onsdmsh`k kdwhb`k dmsqhdr hm mnlhm`k enqlr0-3-1- Udqa`k enqlr vhsg ,h”qd hm sgd o`rs sdmrd- ÔÔÔÔÔÔ0-3-2- Onsdmsh`k kdwhb`k dmsqhdr trhmf udqa`k dwsdmrhnmr ÔÔ-0-3-2-0- Sgd o`rrhud ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
0-3-2-1- Sgd b`tr`shud ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-0-3-2-2- Nsgdq udqa`k dwsdmrhnmr ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ0-3-3- Onsdmsh`k kdwhb`k dmsqhdr trhmf sgd qdekdwhud xh, ÔÔ-0-3-4- Onsdmsh`k kdwhb`k dmsqhdr trhmf sgd `twhkh`qx x`, ÈfnÍ -0-3-5- Onsdmsh`k kdwhb`k dmsqhdr trhmf sdmrd l`qjdqr ÔÔÔÔ
0-4 Rnld ognmnknfhb`k oqdkhlhm`qhdr ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ0-4-0 Tmcdqkxhmf unvdkr `mc rtqe`bd unvdkr- ÔÔÔÔÔ-0-4-1 Sgd ognmdshb hmsdqoqds`shnm ne rnld bnmrnm`msr ÔÔ0-4-2- Ognmnknfhb`k oqnbdrrdr9 ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
`- @SQ g`qlnmx ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔa- M`r`k * bnmrnm`ms `ksdqm`shnmr ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
b- Odmtkshl`sd kdmfsgdmhmf ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
c- Unvdk fkhchmf `mc cdkdshnm ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--d- Snmd qd`khy`shnm ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ0-4-3- Mnsdr nm svn lnqognknfhb`k oqnbdrrdr ---------------------
uhh
hw
hw
w
wh
wu
wuh
wuhh
wuhhh
wuhhh
ww
wwh
wwhu
wwuh
wwuhh
wwwu
wwwu
wwwuh
wwwuhh
wwwuhh
wwwuhhh
wwwhw
wk
wkh
wkhh
vi
`- Qdctokhb`shnm -----------------------------------------------a- sgd ,hsd hmekdbshnm -------------------------------------------1- Oqnakdl`shb b`rdr `mc rnktshnmr ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
1-0 Sgd sq`mrbqhoshnm ne unvdkr ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ1-1 Sgd sq`mrbqhoshnm ne sgd bnmrnm`msr a+ aa+ f+ k+ kk+ ss+ s
hm Jùtshqv`jh '0867( ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
1-2 Sgd sq`mrbqhoshnm ne sgd o`k`s`k m`r`k bnmrnm`ms ,,
`r noonrdc sn mh”,` ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-1-3 Sgd l`qjhmf ne sgd @SQ ronmrnq hm sgd kdwhb`k dmsqx
1-4 Sgd l`qjhmf ne snmd hm hcdnognmdr `mc nmnl`snondh`
2- Ehm`k mnsdr ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-3- Qdedqdmbdr ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-
wku
wku
wkuh
wkuh
wkhw
Jhm`mcd,Dmfkhrg Chbshnm`qx ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--
0,176
Dmfkhrg , Jhm`mcd Hmcdw
178,347
ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--
@oodmchw 09 Ogq`r`k dwoqdrrhnmr ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ@oodmchw 19 M`mcd m`ldr ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔAppendix 3: Medicinal Plants …………………………..
A. Terminology of medicinal herbs known by the Nande
A- Bk`rrhehb`shnm ne ok`msr `bbnqchmf sn sgdhq
ldchbhm`k trd ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-B- Sdqlhmnknfx ne chrd`rdr hm Jhm`mcd ÔÔÔ- C- Sqd`sldms ne bdqs`hm chrd`rdr vhsg ldchbhm`k ok`msr
Appendix 4: Kinande culture through samples of pictures …..
Appendix 5: Konzo perspective …………………………..
@- Mnsdr nm sgd chbshnm`qx eqnl ` Jnmyn odqrodbshud
Ax Lts`j`+ M-+ R- A`ktjt `mc Rx`gtj` Ltghmcn
A- The Bakonzo traditional beliefs in medical and curative
values derived from herbs.
Ax Rs`mkdx A`ktjt ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ
wkhh
wkhu
wkhu
wkhu
wku
278
3//
412
412
31/
313
315
433
441
330
337
vii
@m Hmsqnctbshnm sn sgd Jhm`mcd Chbshnm`qx9 Fq`ll`shb`k Mnsdr
ax
Mfdrrhln Lts`j`
Tmhudqrhsx ne X`ntmcd 0
Hm sghr hmsqnctbshnm+ H vntkc khjd sn l`jd dwokhbhs '0( sgd khmfthrshb
oqhmbhokdr fnudqmhmf sgd kdwhb`k dmsqhdr hm ` aqhde fq`ll`shb`k rjdsbg ne
Jhm`mcd+ '1( gnv sgd oqnakdl`shb b`rdr gùd addm sqd`sdc+ '2( mnsdr ànts
sgd hmsdfq`shnm ne sgd ehqrs udqrhnm ne Jùtshqv`jh&r chbshnm`qx hmsn sghr
nmd `mc sgd m`stqd ne sgd mdv c`s` gd g`r rtookhdc sgqntfg sgd Ltrdæd
Qnx`k cd Sdqutqdm- 0 Ats adenqd cnhmf sg`s+ kds ld aqhdekx oqdrdms sgd
Jhm`mcd `qd` `mc hsr onotk`shnm/- Sgd M`mcd `qd` `mc hsr l`hm `bshuhshdrSgd M`mcd bnlltmhsx khudr hm ` qdk`shudkx u`rs `qd` hm sgd oqnuhmbd ne
mnqsgdqm Jhut 'Cdlnbq`shb Qdotakhb ne sgd Bnmfn( vgdqd sgdx enql 5/$
ne sgd onotk`shnm hm sgd `clhmhrsq`shud sdqqhsnqhdr ne Admh `mc Ktadqn+ `m
`qd` ne 14+47/ jl1- Sgdrd sdqqhsnqhdr `qd `s sgd anqcdq ne Tf`mc` eqnl
vghbg sgdx `qd rdo`q`sdc ax K`jd Hch @lhm 'enqldqkx K`jd Dcv`qc( `mc
Lntms Qtvdmynqh hm sgd d`rs+ `mc sgdx `qd khlhsdc ax sgd q`hmenqdrs hm sgd
mnqsg `mc vdrs+ sgd `clhmhrsq`shud sdqqhsnqhdr ne V`khj`kd+ L`rhrh+ `mc
Qtsrgtqt hm sgd rntsg- Sgdhq svn l`hm bhshdr `qd Atsdlan hm sgd bdmsdq
`mc Admh hm sgd mnqsg- Nsgdq fqnvhmf bhshdr `qd J`xm`+ J`mxà`xnmf`+
1
Kambale Kavutirwaki who initiated this dictionary died in 1998, leaving the handwritten
data on cards to Prof. Claire Grégoire and Prof. Yvonne Bastin of the Tervuren Museum.
I have basically re-organized the material in the dictionary, leaving out what I judged
irrelevant for the present dictionary and adding more data that I basically obtained from
the Kinande dictionaries of Tatsopa (1982) and Fraas (1961) as well as from a manuscript
by Mutaka Marcel and Baudet’s Grammar (1948) for the names of trees, birds, and
animals. Further information was taken from Bergmans (1971). I would like to thank the
numerous anonymous consultants that Kavutirwaki must have worked with to collect the
impressive data I was given by the linguists of the Tervuren Museum. As you will notice
in the text, there are times I use “we” when I feel that Kavutirwaki would have had the
same assumptions as myself, otherwise I use “I” when referring to assumptions of my
own.
viii
`mc Ktadqn hm sgd rntsg ne sgd M`mcd `qd`+ Nhbg` `mc Dqhmfdsh hm sgd
mnqsg-
Lò ne sgd M`mcd.Jnmyn `qd`
ix
Bnmbdqmhmf Dqhmfdsh+ nq`k sq`chshnm qdonqsr sg`s sgd lìnqhsx ne sgd M`mcd
hmgàhshmf sghr bhsx `qd V`m`mcd,J`hm`l` vgn nqhfhm`sdc eqnl sgd `qd`
ne Jhs`q`,Gnhl` hm Tf`mc` ax sgd dmc ne sgd rhwsddmsg bdmstqx- Sgdx
rdsskdc ehqrs `s J`hm`l` vghbg `clhmhrsq`shudkx cdodmcdc nm sgd sdqqhsnqx
ne Hqtlt- Vhsg hsr gnlnfdmhy`shnm onkhbx+ sgd bnknmh`k `clhmhrsq`shnm
cdbhcdc sn `mmdw sgdhq sdqqhsnqx sn Jhut hm 0821 `r ` v`x sn inhm sgdl sn
sgd nsgdq M`mcd- Hm 0827+ ` fqnto ne sghqsx e`lhkhdr ne sgdrd V`m`mcd,
J`hm`l` rdsskdc `s Dqhmfdsh vhsg sgdhq bghde+ Ltrta`gn Rdkdl`mh- Dqhmfdsh
g`r adbnld rhmbd 0865 ` uhaq`ms bnlldqbh`k bhsx@ mtladq ne M`mcd rod`jdqr `krn khud hm rnld lìnq bhshdr ne sgd CQB+
lnrskx hm Fnl`+ Atjùt+ Jhr`mf`mh+ Jhmrg`r`+ `mc Atmh`- Sgdqd `qd `krn
M`mcd rod`jdqr hm sgd sdqqhsnqx ne V`khj`kd jmnvm `r A`jnan- Sgd M`mcd
onotk`shnm hr drshl`sdc `s ànts 3 lhkkhnm odnokd- 1 Enkknvhmf
Jùtshqv`jh&r mnsdr 'rdd bnlldmsr `rrnbh`sdc vhsg sgd sdql È
`j`k`mc`æqhÍ hm sgd Eqdmbg udqrhnm ne sghr chbshnm`qx+ sgd M`mcd onotk`shnm
bnmrhrsr ne sgd enkknvhmf rta,dsgmhb fqntor9 sgd A`rv`f`+ sgd A`rtj`kh+
sgd A`l`sd+ sgd A`ghq`+ sgd A`jhq`+ sgd A`g`lan+ sgd Ahsn+ sgd A`s`mfh+
sgd A`gtlad+ sgd A`jtlatkd+ sgd A`shjd+ `mc sgd AàhmfÒqnaàkx+ sgd l`hm `bshuhsx ne sgd M`mcd hr bnlldqbd- Atsdlan+ sgdhq
l`hm bhsx hr drrdmsh`kkx ` bnlldqbh`k bhsx vgdqd sq`cdqr `qd hm bnms`bs
vhsg M`hqnah+ Cta`h+ Jhmrg`r`+ Atjùt+ Jhr`mf`mh+ Atmh`+ 2 dsb- Dudm hm
sgd bntmsqxrhcd+ odnokd trt`kkx sq`cd hm b`rg oqnctbsr rtbg `r bneedd+
ons`sndr+ udfdsàkdr+ l`mhnb+ a`m`m`r+ `mc rn nm0- @ aqhde fq`ll`shb`k rjdsbg ne Jhm`mcd
0-0 Bhs`shnm enqlr `mc Qnns dmsqhdr
Lnrs ne sgd kdwhb`k dmsqhdr `qd cnmd ax sgd trd ne sgd bhs`shnm enql
enkknvdc ax sgd kdwhb`k qnns nq sgd rsdl- Ntq bgnhbd ne sgd bhs`shnm enql
2
This figure has been published on internet in a text entitled “Mémorandum du
Kyaghanda Belgique sur l’agression actuelle de la République Démocratique du Congo”
of March 5, 2000.
3
Because of the war in the DRC that took place around the years between 2002-2006,
these activities have certainly reduced.
x
q`sgdq sg`m sgd kdwhb`k qnns dmsqx `r hm Jùtshqv`jh '0867( g`r addm
lnshu`sdc ax sgd `rrtloshnm sg`s sgd lìnqhsx ne ntq s`qfds qd`cdqr vhkk ad
M`mcd rod`jdqr vhsgnts `mx a`bjfqntmc hm khmfthrshbr- Vd sgdm hmchb`sd
sgd qnns ne sgd kdwhb`k hsdl adb`trd vd adkhdud sgd chbshnm`qx vhkk `krn ad
ne fqd`s hmsdqdrs sn khmfthrsr- Ax qnns+ vd ld`m enq ` vnqc khjd
Èdqh”kdjdq`mÕ”◊`Í 'h-d- sgd bhs`shnm enql(+ sgd lnqogdld ,kdj, nq sgd rsdl ,
kdjdq`m,h”, vghbg bnmrhrsr ne sgd qnns `mc dwsdmrhnmr 'rtbg `r Êhq,+ ,`m,+
`mc ,h”,( 3 - Sn hcdmshex sgd rsdl ne ` vnqc+ nmd rgntkc kdùd nts sgd oqd,qnns
l`sdqh`k+ sg`s hr sgd `tfldms `mc sgd oqdehw 'dqh,(- Hm q`qd b`rdr+ vd cn
mns hcdmshex sgd rsdl he sgd vnqc hr `m `cudqa nq `m hmsdqidbshnm- Enq udqa`k
qnnsr+ ` rhlokdq v`x sn jmnv sg`s sgd oqd,qnns l`sdqh`k hr kdes nts hr sn trd
sgd udqa hm sgd etstqd ax rs`qshmf sgd udqa vhsg Èmf`mch,Í + sg`s hr+ ÈH
vhkkÍ: d-f- mf`mch,kdjdq,`m,h”,` ÈH vhkk kdùd hs sg`s v`x-Í @r enq sgd
mnlhm`k qnnsr+ ax otsshmf sgd vnqc hm sgd oktq`k he hs hr ` rhmftk`q vnqc+ nq
hmsn sgd rhmftk`q he hs hr ` oktq`k vnqc+ nmd vhkk ad khjdkx sn bg`mfd nmkx
sgd `tfldms `mc sgd oqdehw `mc sgtr bkd`qkx hcdmshex sgd qnns: d-fnltaÕ◊qh 'ancx(+ dlhaÕ◊qh 'anchdr(9 ,ahqh hr sgtr sgd mnlhm`k qnns0-1 Udqa`k enql dmsqhdrVd trd sgd hmehmhshu`k enql enq sgdrd dmsqhdr- Nmd onhms sn bnmrhcdq ànts
sgd udqa`k enqlr hm Jhm`mcd hr sg`s sgdx b`m ad fqntodc hmsn svn
b`sdfnqhdr+ enkknvhmf sgd `m`kxrhr ne Gxl`m `mc U`khm`mcd '0874(9 sgd
Ghfg 'G( snmd udqar `mc sgd snmdkdrr 'nq knv snmd udqar(- Sgd G snmd
udqar `qd d`rhkx qdbnfmhydc ax sgd e`bs sg`s sgdx gùd ` G 'qdoqdrdmsdc ax
`m `btsd `bbdms( nm sgd oqdehw9 d-f- dqÕ◊,stl,` _sn rdmc& `r noonrdc sn dqh,
gtl,` _sn ghs&- Vd `rrtld sgd `m`kxrhr ne snmd hm Gxl`m `mc U`khm`mcd
'0874( sg`s sgd G nm sgd oqdehw hm sgd G snmd udqar nqhfhm`sdr eqnl sgd
ehqrs unvdk ne sgd qnns- Sgtr+ sgd kdwhb`k dmsqx enq dqÕ◊stæl` hr ,stæl,
vgdqd`r sgd nmd enq dqhgtæl` hr ,gtl,- Hm nsgdq vnqcr+ sgd kdwhb`k G hr
qd`khydc nm sgd oqdbdchmf unvdkMnshbd `krn sgd G snmd nm sgd odmtkshl`sd unvdk hm sgd bhs`shnm enql+ sg`s
hr nm sgd oqd,ehm`k unvdk- Sghr G cndr mns òod`q hm sgd kdwhb`k dmsqx- Hs hr
4
The correct technical term is “base” but we are using the word “ stem” here because it is
better known than the word “ base.”
xi
`m`kxydc hm Gxl`m `mc U`khm`mcd '0874( `r adhmf ogq`r`k- Sn qd`khyd
vgx hs hr mns kdwhb`k+ bnmrhcdq sgd enkknvhmf enqlrdqÕ◊stæl`
dqÕ◊stlÕ◊q`
dqÕ◊stlhqÕ◊q`
dqÕ◊stlhqhq`æm`
dqÕ◊stl` L`ftækt
dqhgtæl`
dqhgtlÕ◊q`
dqhgtlhqhqÕ◊q`
dqhgtlhqhq`æm`
dqhgtlhqhq` L`ftækt
_sn rdmc&
_sn rdmc enq&
_sn rdmc nm otqonrd&
_sn rdmc d`bg nsgdq nm otqonrd&
_sn rdmc L`ftkt&
_sn ghs&
_sn ghs enq&
_sn ghs nm otqonrd&
_sn ghs d`bg nsgdq nm otqonrd&
_sn ghs L`ftkt nm otqonrd&
@r rgnvm hm sgdrd enqlr+ sghr ogq`r`k G `kv`xr s`qfdsr sgd odmtkshl`sd
unvdk dhsgdq ne sgd vnqc+ `mc he sgd udqa enql hr o`qs ne ` ogq`rd+ gdqd
udqa * naidbs+ sghr G rtqe`bdr nm sgd odmtkshl`sd unvdk ne sgd k`rs vnqc
hm sgd ogq`rd+ 'gdqd nm L`ftækt(Bnlhmf a`bj sn sgd kdwhb`k G+ mnshbd `krn sg`s+ he sgd kdwhb`k udqa hr
unvdk,hmhsh`k+ sgd G rtqe`bdr `r sgd ehqrs o`qs ne sgd e`kkhmf snmd `r hm sgd
enkknvhmf vnqcr9
dqÕ”Ãl`æm`
dqxt¡»ft¡æs`
. øqh, Õ”l
◊ `m,`. _sn rs`mc to&
. øqh, tæft¡s,`. _sn ad etkk&
@r g`r addm onhmsdc nts ànud+ sgd G nm sgd qnns unvdk rtqe`bdr nm sgd
oqdbdchmf unvdk- Gnvdudq+ hm sghr b`rd+ rhmbd dqÕÃl`æm` g`r svn hcdmshb`k
unvdkr+ nmd ne sgdl cdkdsdr+ ats sgd knv snmd sg`s vntkc gùd rtqe`bdc nm
sgd unvdk ne sgd qnns bnmrshstsdr sgd rdbnmc o`qs ne sgd e`kkhmf snmd- Hm
nsgdq vnqcr+ ` e`kkhmf snmd hr `bst`kkx sgd bnlahm`shnm ne ` G `mc ` KRhlhk`qkx+ hm sgd b`rd ne dqxt¡»ft¡æs`+ sgd unvdk ne sgd oqdehw fkhcdr `mc knrdr
hsr oqnodqsx ne adhmf ` snmd ad`qhmf tmhs- Sgd kdwhb`k G snmd sg`s vntkc
gùd rtqe`bdc nm hs rghesr a`bj nmsn sgd qnns unvdk+ sgtr bnmrshstshmf sgd
ehqrs o`qs ne sgd e`kkhmf snmd-
xii
0-2 Mnlhm`k dmsqhdrSgd rsqtbstqd ne ` mnlhm`k enql hr9 `tfldms * oqdehw * qnns- Khjd hm
udqar+ sgd `tfldms `mc sgd oqdehw `qd kdes nts ne sgd qnns dmsqx sg`s enkknvr
sgd bhs`shnm enql- Khjd hm sgd udqar `r vdkk+ ` ogq`r`k G trt`kkx òod`qr
nm sgd odmtkshl`sd unvdk- Rtbg ` ogq`r`k G hr mns hmchb`sdc hm sgd qnns
dmsqx- Gnvdudq+ sgd snmdr hm sgd qnns dmsqhdr hm mnlhm`k enqlr hr lnqd
bnlokdw- Enq `m d`rx hmsdqoqds`shnm ne ntq sq`mrbqhoshnm+ nmd rgntkc ad`q
hm lhmc sgd enkknvhmf9
'`( He sgd k`rs unvdk ne sgd kdwhb`k dmsqx hr enkknvdc ax ',K$(+ sghr ld`mr
sg`s rtbg ` vnqc cndr mns gùd ` ogq`r`k G ats dmcr hm ` Knv snmd- D-f- ,
j`ækÕ” ',K$( nlt¡æj`kh” _vnl`m& `r noonrdc sn ,j`ækh nltæj`ækh _` rsqnmf
odqrnm&'a( Sgd G ne ` kdwhb`k dmsqx `kv`xr rtqe`bdr nm sgd oqdbdchmf unvdkSgtr+ hm ,j`ækÕ”+ sgd G nm j`æ rtqe`bdr nm sgd oqdehw ltæ, hm nlt¡æj`kÕ”
_vnl`m&'b( Hm bdqs`hm enqlr+ sgd kdwhb`k G+ hmrsd`c ne rtqe`bhmf nm sgd oqdehw
unvdk+ rtqe`bdr nm sgd `tfldms `r hm nælt¡kt¡æmft¡ækt¡ _ak`bj fq`rrgnoodq&
Rhmbd vd jmnv sg`s sgd kdwhb`k dmsqx ne ` oqdehw hr mns vhsg ` G snmd+ vd
enkknv sgd `m`kxrhr hm Lts`j` '0883( sg`s rtbg ` kdwhb`k G snmd hr ekn`shmfVd hmchb`sd hs ax vqhshmf G èsdq sgd kdwhb`k dmsqx `r9 ,ktmft¡ækt¡æ G- Sgd
r`ld oqhmbhokd `krn òokhdr enq ` vnqc rtbg `r nælv`æm` _bghkc&- Adb`trd
sgd G nm sgd `tfldms b`mmns nqhfhm`sd eqnl sgd oqdehw lt,+ dudm he hsr
unvdk fkhcdr hmsn ` rdlh,unvdk ÈvÍ+ sghr G ltrs ad ekn`shmf- Sgd kdwhb`k
dmsqx ne nælv`æm` hr sgtr ,`m` G- 4
Enq mnlhm`k enqlr vgnrd kdwhb`k qnns rs`qsr vhsg ` m`r`k+ sgd G l`x
gnvdudq òod`q nm sgd hmhsh`k unvdk+ sg`s hr+ sgd `tfldms+ `mc rshkk ad `
oqnodqsx ne sgd hmhsh`k unvdk ne sgd kdwhb`k qnns `r hm dæladmd _fn`s& vgnrd
kdwhb`k dmsqx hr ,gdæmd ',K$(- Sgd v`x vd jmnv gnv sn cheedqdmsh`sd rtbg
` G nm sgd ehqrs unvdk ne sgd qnns `mc sgd ekn`shmf G hr ax trhmf ` rhlokd
Bnlo`qd sghr enql vhsg dqxn»f`» _sn gùd `m dmdl`&9 sgd hmsdqldch`qx enql enq
sghr vnqc hr dqÕ◊,nf`æ`- Vgdm sgd unvdk ÈhÍ fkhcdr+ hsr G snmd rtqe`bdr nm sgd
qdl`hmhmf unvdk sg`s b`trdc hsr fkhchmf- Sgtr+ sgd G nm sgd hmhsh`k unvdk nm
nælv`æm` b`mmns ad `qftdc sn nqhfhm`sd eqnl `m hmsdqldch`qx nltæ,`æm`5
xiii
sdrs hm Jhm`mcd9 ` vnqc hr ots hm ` cheedqdms bk`rr+ oqdedqàkx bk`rr 01+ `mc
sgdm vd rdd vgdqd sgd G rtqe`bdr- Bnlo`qd sgd enkknvhmf svn enqlr9
à-
dæladmd 'bk 8(
nælt¡kt¡æmft¡ækt¡ 'bk 2(
`j`ægdmd 'bk 01(
`æj`kt¡æmft¡ækt¡ 'bk 01(
fn`s
sdqlhsd
He sgd kdwhb`k G hr ` oqnodqsx ne sgd ehqrs unvdk ne sgd qnns+ hs vhkk òod`q
nm sgd oqdbdchmf oqdehw unvdk `r hm '`( `mc he hs hr ekn`shmf+ hs rshkk
rtqe`bdr nm sgd `tfldms `r hm 'a(@r enq jmnvhmf vgdsgdq ` enql rtqe`bdr vhsg ` odmtkshl`sd ogq`r`k G nq `
kdwhb`k G 'sg`s hr ` G vghbg hr nm sgd ehm`k unvdk ne sgd kdwhb`k dmsqx(+ vd
trd sgd enkknvhmf sdrs- Vd jmnv sg`s+ hm Jhm`mcd+ sgd `cidbshud
,kh”sn _gdùx& cndr mns gùd ` G snmd sg`s bntkc rtqe`bd nm ` oqdbdchmf
vnqc hm ` ogq`r`k bnmrsqtbshnm tmkhjd `m `cidbshud khjd ,jt¡ægh” _rgnqs&
vghbg g`r rtbg ` G snmd- Sghr ld`mr sg`s+ vgdm sgd vnqc hr enkknvdc ax
sghr `cidbshud hm ` ognmnknfhb`k ogq`rd+ sgd ogq`r`k G cndr mns rgnv to@ksdqm`shudkx+ nmd l`x trd sgd cdlnmrsq`shud enql enq ÈsghrÍ hmrsd`c ne
sgd `cidbshud ,kh”sn _gdùx&- Sgd enkknvhmf enqlr bnmrshstsd ` qdoqdrdms`shud
r`lokd ne sgd Jhm`mcd mnlhm`k enqlr- Bnmrhcdq sgd v`x sgdx `qd sgtr
cheedqdmsh`sdc9
Rtqe`bd
njtftækt
nltfnæmfn
`j`ægtæj`
nlt¡æj`kh”
nltfdmc`
nltrÕ◊j`»
Kdwhb`k
,ftkt
,fnmfnæ
,gtæj`æ
,j`ækÕ”
,fdmc`∆
,rhj`æ`
* ,kh”sn
njtftkt jtkÕ”◊sn
nltfnæmfn lt¡kÕ”◊sn
`j`ægtæj` j`kÕ”◊sn
nlt¡æj`kh” lt¡kÕ”s◊ n
nltfdmc` lt¡kÕ”◊sn
nltrÕ◊j` lt¡kÕ”◊sn
* sghr
njtftkv& njt¡
nltfnæmf& nxt¡
`j`ægtæj& `j`
nlt¡æj`kx& nxt¡
nltfdmc& nxt¡
nltrÕ◊j& nxt¡
Fknrr
kdf
a`bj
hmrdbs
vnl`m
lnnm
fhqk
@r rgnvm hm sgdrd dw`lokdr+ hs hr oqdedqàkd sn trd sgd `cidbshud ,kh”sn
adb`trd sgd k`rs unvdk ne sgd oqdbdchmf mntm cndr mns cdkdsd `r hr sgd b`rd
vhsg sgd cdlnmrsq`shud Èsghr-Í @ksgntfg sgd rtqe`bd snm`k enqlr ne sgd
ehqrs svn vnqcr hr rhlhk`q+ sgdx `qd cheedqdmsh`sdc hm sgdhq kdwhb`k dmsqhdr
vgdm sgdx `qd enkknvdc ax sgd `cidbshud ,kh”snNmd etqsgdq onhms ànts sgd mnlhm`k dmsqhdr hr sgd bk`rr èehkh`shnm- D`bg
mntm adknmfr sn ` fdmcdq sg`s bnmrhrsr trt`kkx ne ` o`hq ne bk`rrdr+ sg`s hr+
xiv
sgd rhmftk`q `mc sgd oktq`k- Sgd o`hqhmf ne sgdrd bk`rrdr hr `r enkknvr9 0.1+
2.3+ 4.5+ 6.7+ 8.0/+ 00.03+ 00.0/+ 01.02+ 01.08+ 04.5- Hm bgnnrhmf sgd
bhs`shnm enql+ vd gùd nesdm bgnrdm sgd enql sg`s òod`qr eqdptdmskx: enq
dw`lokd bk`rr 3 enq dlÕ◊jnkdqd _l`mmdq ne cnhmf& 'hmrsd`c ne nltæjnkdqd(Hm b`rdr sgd mntm hr trdc hm ` rhmfkd bk`rr+ vd hmchb`sd sg`s bk`rr- Sgd
enkknvhmf hr sgd sàkd ne sgd Jhm`mcd bk`rr oqdehw rxrsdl eqnl vghbg sgd
enqlr ne sgd oqdehwdr hm sgd kdwhb`k dmsqhdr gùd addm `rrtldcSàkd ne bk`rr oqdehwdr hm Jhm`mcd
mnlhm
`k
oqdehw
Rteehw`k
oqnmntm
udqa
`k
oqdeh
w
dw`lokd vhsg `tfldms adenqd sgd oqdehw
lt,
a`,
lt,
lh,
qh, 5
l`,
jh,
ah,
M,
`,
a`,
`,
xh,
qh, kh,
`,
jh,
ah,
xh,
,
,an
,fn
,xn
,qxn
,fn
,jxn
,axn
,xn
0/
xh,
÷,
M,
rhnM,
rh,
rh,
,rxn
00
kt,
kt,
,kn
nlt¡æj`kh” `j`æfdmc`» _sgd vnl`m hr kdùhmf&
à`æj`kh” a`j`æfdmc`» _sgd vnldm `qd kdùhmf&
nltæsh `j`æsdq`» _sgd sqdd hr e`kkhmf cnvm&
dlÕ◊sh xhj`æsdq`» _sgd sqddr `qd e`kkhmf cnvm&
dqhstæmc`æ qhj`æsnf`» _sgd eqths hr cqnoohmf&
`l`stæmc`æ `j`æsnf`» _sgd eqthsr `qd e`kkhmf&
djhshqÕ◊ jhj`æsdq`» _sgd a`rjds hr e`kkhmf cnvm&
dahshqÕ◊ ahj`æsdq`» _sgd a`rjdsr `qd e`kkhmf cnvm&
dmcdæ xhj`»l`» _sgd bnv hr akd`shmf&
dæladmd xhj`»l`» _sgd fn`s hr akd`shmf&
dxÕ”◊rt¡æjt¡ xhj`æshahs`» _sgd `msdknod hr qtmmhmf&
drtktæ xhj`æktl`» _sgd odmhr hr gtqshmf&
drxnmcdæ rhj`»l`» _sgd bnvr `qd akd`shmf&
drxnæladmd rhj`»l`» _sgd fn`sr `qd akd`shmf&
drÕ”◊rt¡æjt¡ rhj`æshahs`» _sgd `msdknodr `qd qtmmhmf&
drxnrtktæ rhj`æktl`» _sgd odmhrdr `qd gtqshmf&
nkt¡gnæsh” ktj`æadq`» _sgd ad`m hr anhkhmf&
Bk
`rr
Mt
la
dq
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
6
The class 5 prefix ri- is both for infinitives and nouns. However, one should notice that,
when the augment is absent, ri- is replaced by i- in verbs as can be seen in these examples:
njv& hfdæmc` 'njn qhfdæmc`( &ànts fnhmf& ur- njn qhstæmc` _nm sgd eqths&- H `l
fq`sdetk sn K`qqx Gxl`m enq sghr nardqu`shnm-
xv
01
02
03
04
05
06
j`,
st,
at,
jt,
g`,
jn,
j`,
st,
at,
jt,
g`,
jn,
,jn
,sn
,an
,jn
,gn
,jn
07
ln,
lt,
,ln
08
13
gh,
d,
gh,
xh,
,gn
,xn
`j`ægtæj` j`j`æk`j`» _sgd hmrdbs hr rbqd`lhmf&
nstægtæj` stj`æk`j`» _sgd hmrdbsr `qd rbqd`lhmf&
næavàt¡ at¡j`ækÕ”◊qd _sgd cqhmj hr dwodmrhud&
njtæanjnæ jtj`æktl`» _sgd `ql hr gtqshmf&
g`kx`æ g`kÕ◊ jÕ◊rtjh _sgdqd hr ` atrg nudq sgdqd&
njnmxt¡æla` jtkh j`mxt¡æmxt¡ _sgdqd hr ` ahqc nm sgd
gntrd&
nlnmxt¡æla` ltkh lt¡ækv`m` _sgdqd hr ` xntmf anx
hm sgd gntrd&
dgÕ◊gtæj` ghj`æk`j`» _sgd hmrdbsr `qd rbqd`lhmf&
dAtæsdlan xhqh ktægh _sgdqd hr ` v`q hm Atsdlan&
Sn nas`hm sgd rteehw`k oqnmntm+ nmd b`m trd sgd eq`ld ÈH r`v,,,Í `mc
qdok`bd sgd mntm hm sgd dw`lokdr ax sghr rteehw`k oqnmntm 'd-f- H r`v
Atsdlan hm bk`rr 139 l—møkømfhqd dAÿsdlan  l—møkømfhq«,x“(
Mnsd sg`s sgd oqdehw enq sgd mtldq`k ÈentqÍ hr ag`, hm bk`rr 1 'be- à`mctæ
ag`æmh _entq odnokd&( `mc agh, hm bk`rr 7 'be- dahmctæ agÕ◊mh _entq sghmfr&(@krn+ sgd bk`rr oqdehw enq sgd mtldq`kr 1+ 2+ 3+ 4 hm bk`rr 3 `mc 0/ hr h”, `r
rgnvm hm sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokdr9
dlh”mv& Õ”◊ah”qh” _1 ehmfdqr& 'bk- 3(
Õ”Ãr`æst _2 ehmfdqr&
Õ”◊mh” _3 ehmfdqr&
Õ”Ãs`æmt _4 ehmfdqr&
drxnæladm&h”ah”qh” _1 fn`sr& 'bk 0/(
Õ”r`æst _2 fn`sr&
Õ”◊mh” _3 fn`sr&
Õ”s`æmt _4 fn`sr&
be- à`mctæ aàhqh _1 odnokd& 'bk-1(
a`r`æst _2 odnokd&
ag`æmh _3 odnokd&
a`s`æmt _4 odnokd&
be- dahqx`snæ ahahqh _1 rgndr& 'bk 7(
ahr`æst _2 rgndr&
agÕ◊mh _3 rgndr&
ahs`æmt _4 rgndr&
@r enq sgd mtldq`k 0/+ sgd oqdehw hr Õ”◊, vgdm hs hr trdc `r `m `cidbshud `r
rgnvm ax sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokdr9
dqÕ”◊jt¡ælh” _sdm&
à`mcv& Õ”◊jtæ¡lh” _sdm odnokd&
drxnæladm& Õ”◊jt¡ælh” _sdm fn`sr&
')à`mctæ a`æjt¡ælh”(
')drxnæladmdæ rÕ”j
◊ t¡ælh”(
xvi
0-3- Onsdmsh`k dmsqhdr mns mdbdrr`qhkx hmbktcdc hm sgd chbshnm`qxAdb`trd Jhm`mcd hr `m `ffktshm`shud sxod ne k`mft`fd+ sg`s hr+ sgd
enql`shnm ne rnld ne hsr vnqcr qdrtksr eqnl sgd bnmb`sdm`shnm ne
lnqogdldr+ sgdqd `qd l`mx vnqcr sg`s bntkc ad onsdmsh`k kdwhb`k dmsqhdr
ats sg`s gùd addm hfmnqdc hm sghr chbshnm`qx adb`trd ne ` mtladq ne
qd`rnmr H vntkc khjd sn bnlldms nm- Gnvdudq+ adenqd cnhmf rn+ kds ld
dwok`hm sgd vnqc È`ffktshm`shud-Í S`jd `m dw`lokd ne sgd udqa
dqÕ◊stlhq`æm` _sn rdmc sn d`bg nsgdq&- Sghr vnqc bnmrhrsr ne sgd
bnmb`sdm`shnm ne sgd lnqogdldr d,qh,stl,hq,`m,` vgdqd d, hr sgd `tfldms
nq sgd hmhsh`k unvdk+ qh, hr sgd hmehmhshu`k oqdehw+ ,stl, hr sgd qnns ld`mhmf
_rdmc&+ ,hq, hr sgd òokhb`shud èehw+ ,`m, hr sgd qdbhoqnb`k èehw+ `mc ,` hr
sgd ehm`k unvdk vghbg g`r mn hmgdqdms ld`mhmf- Sn enql sgd rhlokd o`rs
sdmrd hm sgd ehqrs odqrnm oktq`k+ sgd vnqc hr lnæ,st,`,stl,Õ◊q,`æm,` _vd rdms
sn d`bg nsgdq&- Hm sghr enql+ vd gùd qdok`bdc sgd oqd,qnns l`sdqh`k ax sgd
chrbnmshmtntr sdmrd l`qjdq lnæ--`+ `mc sgd rtaidbs l`qjdq ,st,- Hm
`cchshnm+ sgdqd hr ` G snmd sg`s rtqe`bdr nm sgd odmtkshl`sd `mc
`msdodmtkshl`sd unvdk vghbg hr o`qs ne sgd enql`shnm ne sgd rhlokd o`rs
sdmrdVghkd rnqshmf sgd dmsqhdr hm Jùtshqv`jh&r l`mtrbqhos ne sgd oqdrdms
chbshnm`qx+ H mnshbdc sg`s gd ots ` mtladq ne dmsqhdr sg`s H bnmrhcdq dhsgdq
sgd qdrtks ne qdftk`q ognmnknfhb`k qtkdr nq onsdmsh`k Jhm`mcd vnqcr sg`s
`qd mns oqnctbshud- H vntkc khjd sn bnlldms mnv nm sgdrd sxodr ne kdwhb`k
dmsqhdr sg`s H gùd kdes nts hm sgd oqdrdms chbshnm`qx0-3-0- Oqnctbshud ur onsdmsh`k kdwhb`k dmsqhdr hm sgd mnlhm`k enqlrAdb`trd sgd mnlhm`k rsqtbstqd ne sgd Jhm`mcd mnlhm`k enql hr9 `tfldms
* oqdehw * qnns 'enq ` mnm,cdqhudc mnlhm`k enql( nq `tfldms * oqdehw
* rsdl 'enq ` cdqhudc mnlhm`k enql( vgdqd sgd rsdl bnmrhrsr ne sgd qnns
* dwsdmrhnm'r( * ` ehm`k unvdk+ d`bg mntm `kv`xr bnldr vhsg ` oqdehwKds tr b`kk rtbg ` oqdehw ` a`rhb oqdehw- Sgtr lt, hm n,ltæ,ktæld _l`m&+
a`, hm `,a`æ,ktæld _ldm&+ j`, hm `,j`æ,gtæj` _hmrdbs& `qd a`rhb oqdehwdr- Sgd
r`ld mntm b`m ad trdc vhsg ` rdbnmc`qx oqdehw+ sg`s hr+ ` oqdehw ne `
cheedqdms bk`rr+ trt`kkx bk`rr 6+ 00+ 01 enq sgd mnm,cdqhudc vnqcr `mc bk`rr
xvii
0+ 2+ 3+ 03 enq sgd cdqhudc vnqcr- Sgd rdbnmc`qx oqdehw hm sgd mnm,cdqhudc
vnqcr `ccr etqsgdq bnknqhmf sn sgd mntm- Sghr hr hkktrsq`sdc hm sgd
enkknvhmf dw`lokdr9
`,j`æ,ktæld _` mhbd khsskd l`m&
d,jÕ◊,ktæld _` m`rsx l`m+ ` ahf l`m&
n,ktæ,ktæld _` m`rsx ahf l`m&
Hm sgd cdqhudc vnqcr+ sgd oqdehw lt, ne bk`rr 0 hr trdc vhsg sgd `fdmshud+
at, hm bk`rr 03 hr trdc enq àrsq`bs vnqcr+ lt, ne bk`rr 2+ `mc lh, ne bk`rr
3, hr nesdm trdc enq sgd l`mmdq ne cnhmf rnldsghmf@ksgntfg `mx cdqhudc vnqc b`m trd sgdrd oqdehwdr+ mns `kk sgd vnqcr `qd
deedbshudkx trdc hm sgd k`mft`fd- Vhsg sgd oqdehw lt, ne bk`rr 0+ H gùd
addm qds`hmhmf sgnrd H adkhdud `qd eqdptdmskx trdc rtbg `r n,lt¡,s`lÕ”◊qh”
_cqtmj`qc& 'eqnl dqh,s`lÕ◊q` _sn adbnld cqtmj&( `r noonrdc sn ` vnqc khjd
n,lt¡,gt¡ælh” _ghssdq& 'eqnl dqh,gtæl,` _sn ghs&( sg`s `mx M`mcd rod`jdq
vntkc tmcdqrs`mc ats sg`s gd vhkk mns trd udqx nesdm- Enq sgnrd vnqcr
hmchb`shmf sgd l`mmdq ne cnhmf rnldsghmf+ H gùd addm qds`hmhmf sgnrd
vghbg trd sgd oqdehw lh, hm bk`rr 3 `ksgntfg H hmchb`sd sg`s sgd vnqc hr
entmc hm bk`rr 2 `mc 3- Jùtshqv`jh g`c l`mx vnqcr hm bk`rr 03 trhmf sgd
oqdehw at, `mc vgnrd ld`mhmf hr Èsgd bnlodmr`shnm sg`s nmd fhudr snÍ:
d-f- nat¡gt¡ælh” _sgd bnlodmr`shnm nmd fdsr enq ghsshmf& 'eqnl dqh,gtæl` _sn
ghs&(- @ksgntfg sgd ld`mhmf hr bnqqdbs+ H jhmc ne eddk sg`s sghr hr ` onsdmsh`k
ld`mhmf- Sgd chbshnm`qx trdqr rgntkc mns adkhdud sg`s sgd M`mcd rod`jdqr
`kv`xr gùd ` bnlodmr`shnm enq odnokd vgn ghs nq cn `mx nsgdq `bshnm
'cdqhudc eqnl ` udqa enq sg`s l`ssdq(0-3-1- Udqa`k enqlr vhsg ,h”qd hm sgd o`rs sdmrd@mx udqa b`m ad bnmitf`sdc hm sgd o`rs sdmrd vhsg sgd dmchmf ,h”qdGnvdudq+ sgdqd `qd bg`mfdr sg`s trt`kkx nbbtq hm sgd rsdl+ cdodmchmf nm
sgd kdmfsg ne sgd rsdl- He sgd rsdl bnmrhrsr ne lnqd sg`m svn unvdkr+ sgdqd
hr ` ogdmnldmnm b`kkdc hlaqhb`shnm sg`s òokhdr hm rsdlr dmchmf vhsg sgd
bnmrnm`ms m+ k+ nq q `mc vghbg bnmrhrsr hm qdctbhmf sgd rsdl hm ` v`x H
vntkc khjd sn aqhdekx hkktrsq`sd sgqntfg sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokdr:
xviii
`-
lnæ,sv,`,st¡æk,Õ”◊qd _vd snqd cnvm& 'be- dqÕ◊,stæk,` _sn sd`q cnvm&(
lnæ,sv,`,a`æm,Õ”◊qd _vd entmc& 'be-dqÕ◊,a`æm,` _sn ehmc(
lnæ,sv,`æ,sdæa,h”qd _vd khdc&
'be- dqh,sdæa,` _sn khd&(
a-
lnæ,sv,`,g`mfdæmd 'lnæsv`g`mf`æm,Õ”◊qd( _vd rsnnc to 'be- dqÕ◊,g`mf`æm`(
lnæ,sv,`,kdladæqd 'lnæsv`kdladæq,Õ”◊qd( vd ft`qcdc 'be- dqÕ◊,kdladæq,`(
lnæ,sv,`,g`mfvÕ”◊qd 'lnæsv`g`mft¡æk,Õ”◊qd( vd tmshdc 'be- dqÕ◊,g`mftk,`(
b-
lnæ,sv,`æ,g`æmf`l,h”qd _vd rsnnc to&'be- dqh,g`mf`æl,` _sn rs`mc to&(
lnæ,sv,`,g`j`æa,Õ”◊qd _vd rld`qdc ntqrdkudr& 'be- dqÕ◊,g`j`æ,a`(
@r rgnvm hm sgd dw`lokdr hm '`(+ he sgd rsdl rhlokx bnmrhrsr ne svn
unvdkr+ nq adssdq rshkk+ he sgd a`rd 'sg`s hr sgd qnns * dwsdmrhnm'r(( bnmrhrsr
ne nmkx nmd rhmfkd unvdk+ sgd dmchmf ,h”qd hr rhlokx `ccdc sn sgd a`rd sn
enql sgd o`rs sdmrd- Gnvdudq+ he sgd k`rs bnmrnm`ms ne sgd a`rd hr sgd
m`r`k ÈmÍ nq sgd khpthc ÈkÍ nq ÈqÍ+ sgdqd `qd bg`mfdr sg`s nbbtq hm sgd
rsdl- He sgd k`rs bnmrnm`ms hr sgd m`r`k ÈmÍ+ sghr m`r`k rvòr ok`bdr vhsg
sgd ÈqÍ ne ,h”qd `mc sgdm hs cdkdsdr- He sgd k`rs bnmrnm`ms hr ` khpthc+ sghr
khpthc rhlokx cdkdsdr- Sgd cdkdshnm ne sgd khpthc hm `kk sgd b`rdr vgdqd
hlaqhb`shnm nbbtqr hr `bbnlo`mhdc ax unvdk bn`kdrbdmbd+ sg`s hr+ svn
unvdkr bn`kdrbhmf hmsn nmd `r hkktrsq`sdc hm sgd enqlr hm 'a(- He sgd k`rs
bnmrnm`ms ne ` a`rd ne lnqd sg`m nmd unvdk hr `mx nsgdq bnmrnm`ms+ mn
hlaqhb`shnm nbbtqr `r hkktrsq`sdc hm 'b(- Enq lnqd hmenql`shnm nm sgd
hlaqhb`shnm hm Jhm`mcd+ rdd Lts`j` '0880(0-3-2- Onsdmsh`k kdwhb`k dmsqhdr trhmf udqa`k dwsdmrhnmr
@ mtladq ne udqa`k dwsdmrhnmr `qd oqnctbshud hm Jhm`mcd- Adb`trd sgdrd
dwsdmrhnmr vntkc hmbqd`rd cq`l`shb`kkx sgd rhyd ne sgd chbshnm`qx+ H gùd
kdes sgdl nts `r H adkhdud sg`s `m hmsdqdrsdc qd`cdq b`m `kv`xr qdbnmrshstsd
sgdl ax enkknvhmf ` mtladq ne rhlokd oqhmbhokdr H vntkc khjd sn `ccqdrr
gdqd0-3-2-0- Sgd o`rrhud
xix
@mx sq`mrhshud udqa b`m ad o`rrhuhydc- Sgd o`rrhud dwsdmrhnm ,t, hr
hmrdqsdc itrs adenqd sgd ehm`k unvdk `r rgnvm hm sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokdr- '
Gdqd+ sgd enqlr hm sgd kdes,g`mc bnktlm `qd hmsdqldch`qx enqlr+ sg`s hr+
sgdx `qd mdhsgdq sgd sqtd tmcdqkxhmf enqlr mnq sgd rtqe`bd enqlr ats
hmsdqldch`qx enqlr vgdqd H hmchb`sd sgd snmd nm hsr ronmrnq `r vdkk `r sgd
qdkdu`ms `kknlnqog ne sgd o`rrhud lnqogdld: sgd rtqe`bd enql hr adsvddm
rpt`qd aq`bjdsr(`- dqh,gdj,t,` Zdqhgdjv`»\ sn ad b`qqhdc
a- dqÕ,næs,hat,` Zdqxnæsdav`»\ sn ad khs
dqÕ,Õ”◊s,hat,` ZdqÕ”◊sh”av`»\ sn ad jhkkdc
b- dqh,rn,hat,` Zdqhrvdav`»\ sn ad fqntmc
dqh,md,hat,` Zdqhmdav`»\ sn ad cdedb`sdc
c- dqÕ,s`æ,at,` ZdqÕ◊sàv`»\ sn ad atqhdc
dqh,njh”,at,` Zdqxnjh”av`»\ sn ad fqhkkdc
be- dqh,gdæj`
be- dqx,n»s`»
be- dq,Õ”Ãs`»
be- dqh,rv`»
be- dqh,mÕ◊`
be- dqÕ◊,s`»
be- dqx,njx`»
sn b`qqx
sn khfgs
sn jhkk
sn fqhmc
sn cdedb`sd
sn atqx
sn fqhkk
@r rgnvm hm sgdrd enqlr+ sgd o`rrhud lnqogdld g`r sgqdd `kknlnqogr9 ,t,
hm '`( vghbg hr trdc vgdm sgd oqdbdchmf rdfldms hr ` bnmrnm`ms+ ,hat, hm
'a( vgdm sgd rsdl hr snn rgnqs+ sg`s hr+ vgdm hs bnmrhrsr ne sgd UBU enql+
nq vgdm sgd oqdbdchmf unvdk hm sgd rsdl hr ` lhc unvdk `r hm 'b(: ,at, hm
'c( vgdm sgd oqdbdchmf rdfldms hr ` unvdk- Hs b`m ad rgnvm sgqntfg `
ognmnknfhb`k `m`kxrhr sg`s ,t, hr sgd a`rhb `kknlnqog `mc sg`s ,at, `mc
`qftàkx ,hat, `qd cdqhudc sgqntfg ognmnknfhb`k oqnbdrrdr- Hs vntkc ad sn
fn snn e`q èhdkc sn cdlnmrsq`sd hs- Rteehbd hs sn onhms nts sg`s vg`s H `l
b`kkhmf rgnqs enqlr `qd sgnrd enqlr vgdqd+ hm sgd kdwhb`k dmsqhdr ne sgd
chbshnm`qx+ H hmsqnctbd ` og`msnl ,U, `r hm ,h”sU,- Sghr ld`mr sg`s ,a, hr
hmrdqsdc adsvddm svn unvdkr oqdrtlàkx adb`trd sgd k`mft`fd cndr mns
`bbdos ` UU ntsots- Sgd og`msnl U hr dudmst`kkx rodks nts `r sgd unvdk ,
h, vghbg rtardptdmskx tmcdqfndr gdhfgs g`qlnmx `mc fkhchmf 'be- dqh,rn,h,
a,t,` ,= dqh,rn,d,a,t,` ,= Zdqhrvdav`»\ _sn ad fqntmc&(- Sghr vntkc `krn
dwok`hm vgx ,at, hr trdc hm 'c( adb`trd sgd oqdbdchmf unvdk hr `kqd`cx
rodks nts `r ,h”, nq ,`,- Sgd nmkx oqnakdl sg`s `qhrdr hr vgdm sgd oqdbdchmf
unvdk hr ` lhc unvdk `r hm 'b(- Sghr hr ` bnmsdws vgdqd hs lhfgs ad
oqnonrdc sg`s sgd k`mft`fd trdr `kknlnqogx+ m`ldkx sgd `kknlnqog ,hat,
enq sgd o`rrhud enql`shnm- @m `ksdqm`shud `bbntms hr sn `cnos sgd
`tsnrdfldms`k eq`ldvnqj `mc r`x sg`s+ sgd rsdl rn,` 'fqhmc( `bst`kkx
bnmrhrsr ne ` B `s sgd BU shdq vghbg hr ltkshokx khmjdc sn sgd rsqhmf ,rn, `s
xx
sgd rdfldms`k shdq- Adb`trd rtbg ` rsdl vntkc sgdm e`kk hm sgd fqnto ne
rgnqs rsdlr+ hsr tmcdqkxhmf qdoqdrdms`shnm `r vdkk `r sgd ognmnknfhb`k
oqnbdrrdr sg`s kd`c sn sgd ognmdshb qdoqdrdms`shnm vntkc ad `r rgnvm
adknv9
B U U ,,= B U U U ,,= B U B U U ,= B U B U U ,= B U B U U
.[
{
.[
{ {
.[ { { {
.[ { { { {
.[ { { { {
rn `
rn
t `
rn a t `
rn h a t `
rn d a t `
,t, lnqogdld ,a, hmrdqshnm
,h, hmrdqshnm
gdhfgs g`qlnmx
,,= B U B U U
.[ { { [ {
rvd av `
fkhchmf
0-3-2-1- Sgd b`tr`shud
Sgd b`tr`shud lnqogdld ,h”, b`m ad trdc vhsg ` udqa rsdl sg`s b`m ad
b`tr`shuhydc+ hm nsgdq vnqcr+ vgdqd sgd ld`mhmf Èsn l`jd W UDQAÍ nq
Èsn b`trd r-n- sn UDQAÍ b`m ad nas`hmdc- Sgd lnqogdld ,h”, hr ots adenqd
sgd ehm`k unvdk `r rgnvm hm sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokdr9
`- ø,qh,ftk,h”,` Zdqh”ft¡kx`»\ sn l`jd atx+ sn rdkk
ø,qh,jdg,h”,` ZdqÕ”◊jdgx`»\ sn l`jd rl`kk
a- ø,qh,h”s,hr,h”,` ZdqÕ”◊sh”rx`»\ sn b`trd sn jhkk
ø,qh,—s,hr,h”,` Zdqxnæsdrx`»\ sn b`trd sn khfgs
b- ø,qh,r—,hr,h”,` Zdqh” rvdrx`»\ sn b`trd sn fqhmc
ø,qh,mø,hr,h”,` Zdqh”mdrx`»\ sn b`trd sn cdedb`sd
be- øqhftæk` _sn atx&
be-dqÕ◊jdæg`_sn chlhmhrg&
be- dqÕ”Ãs`» _sn jhkk&
be- dqxn»s`» _sn khfgs&
be- dqhrv`» _sn fqhmc&
be- dqhmÕ◊` _sn cdedb`sd&
@r rgnvm hm sgd ànud enqlr+ sgd b`tr`shud lnqogdld ,h”, hr hmrdqsdc
adenqd sgd ehm`k unvdk- Hs hr rnldshldr `bbnlo`mhdc ax `mnsgdq b`tr`shud
lnqogdld ,hr, `r hkktrsq`sdc hm sgd enqlr hm 'a+ b(- Sgd unvdk ,h, ne sgd
b`tr`shud lnqogdld ,hr, tmcdqfndr gdhfgs g`qlnmx `r hkktrsq`sdc hm sgd
enqlr hm 'b ( vgdqd ,h, hr qd`khydc `r ,d, he sgd oqdbdchmf unvdk hr ` lhc
unvdk- Vgdqd`r sgd lnqogdld ,h”, b`m òod`q `knmd `r hkktrsq`sdc hm '`(+
sgd lnqogdld ,hr, b`m mdudq òod`q vhsgnts sgd ,h”, lnqogdld-
xxi
Hm b`rd ansg sgd o`rrhud ,t, `mc sgd b`tr`shud ,h”, òod`q hm sgd enql+ hs hr
sgd o`rrhud ,t, sg`s nbbtohdr sgd onrhshnm adenqd sgd ehm`k unvdk `r
hkktrsq`sdc adknv- 'Sgd tmcdqkxhmf enql rgnvhmf sgd b`tr`shud ,h”, `mc sgd
o`rrhud ,t, `qd ots adsvddm rk`rgdr-(
dqh”mdrh”av`» sn ad l`cd sn cdedb`sd 'be- dqh”mdrx`» _sn b`trd sn cdedb`sd
.ø,qh,mø,hr,h”,t,`.
dqhmdav`» _sn ad cdedb`sdc(
dqh”ft¡kh”av`» sn ad rnkc
'be- dqhft¡kx`» sn rdkk+ sn l`jd atx
.ø,qh,ftk,h”,t,`.
dqhftkv`» _sn ad antfgs&(
Vgdm sgd b`tr`shud lnqogdld ,h”, hr trdc vhsg sgd sdmrd l`qjdq ,Õ”◊qd
chrbtrrdc d`qkhdq+ hs rtqe`bdr hm sgd odmtkshl`sd onrhshnm ne sgd rsdl+ sgtr
rokhsshmf ,h”qd hmsn svn lnqogr `r hkktrsq`sdc hm sgd enkknvhmf vnqc9
lnæ,st,`æ,ftæk,Õ”◊q,Õ”◊,d Zlnæsv`æft¡ækÕ”◊qxd»\ _vd rnkc& 'khsdq`kkx9 vd l`cd atx(
Sgd rtqe`bd snmdr hm sghr enql `qd e`hqkx bnlokdw sn nas`hm- Enq sgd
hmsdqdrsdc qd`cdq+ rdd Lts`j` '0883(- H itrs v`ms sn onhms nts sg`s sgd
b`tr`shud lnqogdld+ `ksgntfg snmdkdrr tmcdqkxhmfkx+ g`r ` G hm sgd o`rs
sdmrd- Hs hr sghr G sg`s rtqe`bdr nm sgd odmtkshl`sd unvdk `mc `krn hr sgd
ehqrs o`qs ne sgd bnmsntq snmd hm sgd ehm`k unvdk+ sg`s hr+ sgd G ne sgd GK
e`kkhmf snmd nm sgd ehm`k unvdk0-3-2-2- Nsgdq udqa`k dwsdmrhnmr
Sgd enkknvhmf dwsdmrhnmr `qd e`hqkx oqnctbshud hm Jhm`mcd+ cdodmchmf
tonm sgd udqa9 sgd òokhb`shud ,hq,+ sgd otqonrhud ,hqhq,+ `mc sgd qdbhoqnb`k
,`m,- Nsgdq dwsdmrhnmr `qd mns oqnctbshud `mc b`m ad entmc nmkx vhsg `
edv udqar- Sgdrd `qd9 sgd sq`mrhshud qdudqrhud ,tk,+ `mc sgd hmsq`mrhshud
qdudqrhud ,tj`k,+ sgd hlonrhshud ,hj,- @kk ne sgdrd dwsdmrhnmr `qd hkktrsq`sdc
adknv`- sgd òokhb`shud ,hq,dqhgtæl` _sn ghs&
dqhgtlÕq` J`æla`kd _sn ghs enq J`la`kd&
dqÕ◊stæl` _sn rdmc&
dqÕ◊stlÕq` J`æla`kd _sn rdmc sn J`la`kd&
dqÕ◊k`æj` _sn rbqd`l& dqÕ◊k`jhq` nlnmxt¡æla` _sn rbqd`l hmrhcd sgd gntrd&
xxii
a- sgd otqonrhud ,hqhq,dqhgtæl` _sn ghs&
dqhgtlÕqhq` J`æla`kd _sn ghs enq J`la`kd nm otqonrd&
dqÕ◊stlÕqhq` J`æla`kd _sn rdmc sn J`la`kd nm otqonrd&
b- sgd qdbhoqnb`k ,`m,
dqhgtl`æm`
.ø,qh,gtl,`m,`.
dqÕ◊stlhq`æm` .ø,qh,stæl,hq,`m,`.
_sn ghs d`bg nsgdq&
_sn rdmc sn d`bg nsgdq&
c- sgd sq`mrhshud qdudqrhud ,tk,
dqhjhmftæk` .ø,qh,jhmf,tk,`.
_sn nodm&
dqhrdmftæk` .ø,qh,rdmf,tk,`. _sn tmo`bj&
dqhknfnæk` .ø,qh,k—f,tk,`. _sn tmadvhsbg&
be- dqhjÕ◊mf` _sn bknrd&
be- dqhrdæmf` _sn o`bj&
be- dqhknæf` _sn advhsbg&
d- sgd hmsq`mrhshud ,tj`k,
dqhjhmftj`æk` .ø,qh,jhmf,tj`k,`. _sn nodm hsrdke&
dqhrdmftj`æk` .ø,qh,rdmf,tj`k,`. _sn tmo`bj hsrdke& be- dqhrdæmf` _sn o`bj&
dqÕ◊snfnj`æk` .ø,qh,snæf,tj`k,`. _sn e`kk ax hsrdke&
be- dqÕ◊snæf` _sn e`kk&
e- sgd hlonrhshud ,hj,
dqhjhmfÕ◊j` .ø,qh,jhmf,hj,`.
_sn ad nodmàkd&
dqhrdmfdæj` .ø,qh,rdmf,hj,`. _sn ad o`bjàkd&
dqhknfdæj` .ø,qh,k—f,hj,`. _sn ad advhsbgàkd&
be- dqhrdæmf` _sn o`bj&
be- dqhknæf` _sn advhsbg&
Mnshbd `krn sg`s lnqd sg`m nmd dwsdmrhnm l`x òod`q hm ` udqa`k enqlSgd sq`mrhshud ,tk,+ sgd hmsq`mrhshud qdudqrhud ,tj`k,+ `mc sgd hlonrhshud ,
hj, `qd `kv`xr md`qdq sgd qnns vgdqd`r sgd o`rrhud ,t, nq sgd b`tr`shud ,h”,
hr `kv`xr md`qdq sgd dmc ne sgd a`rd+ sg`s hr+ itrs adenqd sgd ehm`k unvdk@r enq sgd òokhb`shud nq sgd qdbhoqnb`k+ sghr cdodmcr nm sgd udqa- Adknv
`qd ` edv dw`lokdr sg`s hkktrsq`sd sgd nqcdqhmf ne sgd dwsdmrhnmr vhsghm sgd
rsdldqh,jhmf,tk,hq,`m,h”,` sn nodm '` cnnq vhsg rnldsghmf dkrd(
dqhj`r`mÕ◊q` _sn l`jd `m deenqs enq rnldnmd(
dqh”,gdj,dq,dr,`m,h”,` sn b`qqx rnldsghmf vhsg rnldsghmf dkrd `s sgd r`ld shld
dqh”,r`mftk,hq,h”,` _sn vhod nm rnldsghmf&
dqÕ”◊,atk,hq,`m,h”,` _sn l`jd rnldsghmf chròod`q&
xxiii
dqÕ”◊,atk,`m,hq,h”,` _sn l`jd `rj enq&
'be- dqÕ”◊at¡k`mÕ”◊` _sn `rj d`bg nsgdq&(
dqÕ”◊at¡kh”` _sn `rj&
dqÕ◊atæk` _sn vnmcdq&(
Mnsd sg`s sgd rdptdmbd ,hj,h”, 'h-d-+ sgd hlonrhshud Êhj, enkknvdc ax sgd
b`tr`shud Êh”,( bnmudxr sgd hcd` ne Èsn gdko+ sn `rrhrs sgd `fdms vghkd gd hr
odqenqlhmf sgd `bshnm bnmudxdc ax sgd udqa-Í Hs qdmcdqr sgd udqa
sq`mrhshud- Sghr hr hkktrsq`sdc hm sgd dw`lokdr adknv vgdqd Êhj,
g`qlnmhydr vhsg sgd lhc unvdk ne sgd qnns `mc sgd Êh”, rtqe`bdr `r ` fkhcd
'be- ,djx`».h”jx`» < .Êhj,h”, `. hm sgdrd dw`lokdrdqhfnsrdæq` _sn rkddo&
dqhsrnæmf` _sn rg`qodm&
dqxt¡my`» _sn bgdbj sgd sqòr&
dqhrnæl` _sn qd`c&
dqhgdæj` _sn b`qqx&
dqha`æla` _sn s`m&
dqh”fnsrdqdjx`» _sn rkddo vhsg r-n- hm
sgd rdmrd ne gdkohmf ghl rkddo&
dqh”srnmfdjx`» _sn gdko.`rrhrs
rnldnmd rg`qodm '` odmbhk(&
dqxt¡myh”jx`» _sn gdko bgdbj sgd sqò
'hm sgd rdmrd ne `bbnlo`mxhmf sgd
odqrnm vgn bgdbjr sgd sqòr&
dqh”rnldjx`» _sn gdko.`rrhrs rnldnmd
vghkd gd hr qd`chmf&
dqh”gdjdjx`» _sn gdko b`qqx&
dqh”a`lah”jx`» _sn gdko 'r-n-( sn s`m&
Sghr Êhj,h”, rdptdmbd hr mns oqnctbshud hm sg`s hs vnqjr vhsg ` edv udqar
sg`s b`m kdmc sgdlrdkudr sn sghr hmsdqoqds`shnm- Sgd udqa dqÕ”◊v`sh”jx`» _sn
gdko& l`x gùd cdqhudc eqnl sgd qnns, v`s, hm dqÕ◊v`æs` _ sn gnkc& `mc sghr
rdptdmbd Êhj,h”, sg`s g`r mnv adbnld eqnydm hm sgd qnns Êv`shjh”, sn ld`m
_sn gdko&: hm nsgdq vnqcr+ sgd nqhfhm`k ld`mhmf ne sghr udqa bntkc gùd
addm _sn `rrhrs hm gnkchmf&+ ` ld`mhmf sg`s ` m`shud rod`jdq b`m rshkk nas`hm
he gd v`msr sn qdbnudq sgd bnlonrhshnm`k ld`mhmf ne dqÕ”◊v`sh”jx`» eqnl .d,qh,
v`æs,hj,h”,`. 'q`sgdq sg`m .d,qh,v`æshjh”,`.(Mnshbd `krn sg`s bdqs`hm dwsdmrhnmr gùd adbnld eqnydm sn sgd qnns hm sgd
rdmrd sg`s+ he sgd qnns vdqd sn ad cds`bgdc eqnl sgd dwsdmrhnm+ hs vntkc mns
gùd `mx ld`mhmf- Sghr hr hkktrsq`sdc ax sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokdr9
xxiv
dqÕ”◊jdrx`» .ø,qh,jøær,h”,`.
dqhr`mf`æm` .ø,qh,r`mf,`m,`.
dqÕ◊snanæk` .ø,qh,sna,tk,`.
dqhfnsrdæq` .ø,qh,fnsr,hq,`.
sn rodmc sgd mhfgs
sn ldds
sn chf
sn rkddo
be- )dqÕ◊jdær`
be- )dqhr`æmf`
be- )dqÕ◊snæa`
be- )dqhfnæsr`
0-3-3- Onsdmsh`k kdwhb`k dmsqhdr trhmf sgd qdekdwhud xh,
@mx sq`mrhshud udqa qnns b`m ad oqdbdcdc ax sgd qdekdwhud ,xh, he sgd
qdrtkshmf ld`mhmf sq`mrk`sdr sgd hcd` ne sgd `bshnm ne sgd udqa adhmf
qdekdbsdc nm sgd `fdms- Sgdqd `qd rnld ognmnknfhb`k oqnbdrrdr qdf`qchmf
snmd `mc unvdk cdkdshnm sg`s `qd vnqsg onhmshmf nts `r hkktrsq`sdc hm sgd
enkknvhmf dw`lokdrBnmrhcdq ehqrs sgd kdwhb`k snmd ne ` G snmd udqa `r hkktrsq`sdc hm sgd udqa
qnns ,anæg, 'dqÕ◊anæg`(- Qdb`kk sg`s sgd kdwhb`k G hr qd`khydc nm sgd oqdbdchmf
unvdk- Vhsg sgd qdekdwhud xh,+ sghr kdwhb`k G hr q`sgdq qd`khydc nm sgd snmd
ad`qhmf tmhs 'unvdk( oqdbdchmf xh, `r he xh, v`r o`qs ne sgd qnns- Sghr hr
hkktrsq`sdc hm sgd enqlr hm '`( vghbg `qd bnmsq`rsdc vhsg sgd enqlr hm 'a(
vgdqd+ hmrsd`c ne sgd qdekdwhud xh,+ H rtarshstsdc sgd naidbs l`qjdq ,jt,'È>>Í hm sgd dw`lokdr hr `m hmsthshnm itcfdldms ld`mhmf sg`s sgd vnqc hr
mns ÈgnqqdmcntrÍ ats sg`s hs hr mns `bbdosàkd: ) ld`mr sg`s sgd vnqc hr
ÈgnqqdmcntrÍ(`- stj`æmcÕ◊,xh,ang` h”svdæadmdadmd _vd vhkk hloqhrnm ntqrdkudr&
'Khs- Vd vhkk shd ntqrdkudr ntqrdkudr(
dqÕ◊,xh,angànæg`
_sn shd nmdrdke gtqqhdckx&
dqhm`æ,xh,angànæg` _sn itrs shd nmdrdke gtqqhdckx&
>> dqhm`æ,xÕ◊,angànæg`
a- stj`æmcÕ◊,jtæ,ang` h”svdæadmdadmd _vd vhkk ad sgd nmdr sn hloqhrnm xnt&
'Khs- Vd vhkk shd xnt ntqrdkudr(
dqÕ◊,jtæ,angànæg` _sn shd xnt gtqqhdckx&
dqhm`æangànæg` _sn itrs shd gtqqhdckx&
dqhm`æ,jtæ,angànæg` _sn itrs shd xnt gtqqhdckx&
)stj`æmcÕ◊,jt,ang` h”svdæadmdadmd
xxv
@r rgnvm hm sgd ànud dw`lokdr+ sgd kdwhb`k G ne sgd G snmd udqa rtqe`bdr
nm sgd svn snmd ad`qhmf tmhsr oqdbdchmf sgd kdwhb`k udqa qnns he hs g`r `m
naidbs l`qjdq `mc hs rtqe`bdr nmbd he hs cndr mns gùd `m naidbs l`qjdqVgdm sgd qdekdwhud hr trdc vhsg sgd r`ld udqa+ sghr kdwhb`k G rtqe`bdr
nmkx nmbd nm sgd SAT oqdbdchmf sgd qdekdwhud- Sghr hr hmbhcdms`kkx `
etqsgdq ohdbd ne duhcdmbd enq sgd `m`kxrhr hm Lts`j` '0883( vgn bnmrhcdqr
sghr kdwhb`k G `r ekn`shmf `mc sg`s hs khmjr nmsn sgd ehqrs unvdk ne sgd qnns
cnl`hm- Gdqd+ sgd qdekdwhud bnmrshstsdr sgd ehqrs dkdldms ne sgd qnns
cnl`hm- Mnshbd sg`s sgd qdekdwhud xh, g`r mn tmcdqkxhmf snmd `r hkktrsq`sdc
hm sgd dw`lokdr vhsg ` snmdkdrr udqa qnns adknv9
b- dqh,xh,avdæj` _sn anqqnv enq nmdrdke&
dqh,xh,gtæl` _sn ghs nmdrdke&
'be- dqh,avdæj` _sn kdmc&(
'be- dqh,gtæl` _sn ghs&(
@r hkktrsq`sdc hm sgdrd enqlr+ mn kdwhb`k G rtqe`bdr nm sgd unvdk
oqdbdchmf sgd qdekdwhud xh, adb`trd hs hr snmdkdrr tmcdqkxhmfkx- Mnshbd `krn
sg`s+ adb`trd sgd b`tr`shud ,h”, qdmcdqr `m hmsq`mrhshud udqa sq`mrhshud+ sgd
b`tr`shuhydc enql b`m ad trdc vhsg sgd qdekdwhud xh,- Gdqd `f`hm+ sgd G
snmd ne sgd udqa qnns rtqe`bdr nm sgd unvdk sg`s oqdbdcdr sgd b`tr`shud
enql `r hkktrsq`sdc adknvc- dqÕ”x
◊ h”at¡mcàt¡mcx`» .ø,qh,xÕ,atæmcàtmc,h”,`. _sn l`jd nmdrdke v`kj rknvkx&
dqÕ◊atmcàtæmc`
.ø,qh,atæmcàtmc,`. _sn v`kj rknvkx&
Bnmrhcdq mnv sgd enkknvhmf enqlr sg`s hkktrsq`sd unvdk cdkdshnm hm udqa
qnnsr trhmf sgd qdekdwhud xh, `mc vghbg rs`qs vhsg ` unvdk9
`- dqÕ”◊xnv`» .ø,qh,xh,—æt¡,`. _sn gd`q nmdrdke+ sn ad oqntc&
dqÕ”◊xnknadqdqx`» .ø,qh,xh,—ækna,hqhq,h”,`._sn l`jd nmdrdke udqx b`kl&
dqÕ”◊xnv`mÕ”◊` .ø,qh,xh,—æv`m,h”,`._sn qdmcdq nmdrdke ad`tshetk&
a- ) dqÕ”◊xn»v`» .ø,qh,xh,—æt¡,`.
) dqÕ”◊xnæknadqdqx`» .ø,qh,xh,—ækna,hqhq,h”,`.
) dqÕ”◊xnæv`mÕ”◊` .ø,qh,xh,—æv`m,h”,`.
b- dqxn»v`» .ø,qh,—æt¡,`. _sn gd`q&
dqxnæknadqdqx`» .ø,qh,—ækna,hqhq,h”,`. _sn l`jd sdmcdq&
dqxnæv`mÕ”◊` .ø,qh,—æv`m,h”,`. _sn l`jd ad`tshetk&
xxvi
Enkknvhmf sgd qdftk`q ognmnknfhb`k qtkdr sg`s òokx hm Jhm`mcd+ m`ldkx
Fkhchmf 'vgdqd ` ghfg unvdk fkhcdr adenqd ` mnm ghfg unvdk( `mc `krn
snmd qd`khy`shnm 'sg`s H b`mmns `ccqdrr gdqd adb`trd hs hr snn bnlokhb`sdc 6 +
ats rdd hsr sqd`sldms hm Lts`j` '0883(+ nmd vntkc dwodbs sgd enqlr hm '`(
sn ad qd`khydc `r hm 'a(- Sgd e`bs sg`s sgdx `qd qd`khydc `r hm '`( rgnvr svn
sghmfr- Ehqrs+ sgdx rgnv sg`s+ tmkhjd sgd deedbs ne Fkhchmf+ sgd ,h, ne sgd
qdekdwhud xh, cdkdsdr `r hs adbnldr o`qs ne sgd qnns- Rdbnmckx+ sgdx rgnv
sg`s sgd kdwhb`k G ne ` G snmd udqa `mshbho`sdr nmsn sgd oqdbdchmf unvdk
èsdq sgd unvdk ,h, ne xh, g`r addm cdkdsdc- Sgd enqlr hm 'b( `qd fhudm gdqd
sn rgnv sgd enql vhsgnts sgd qdekdwhud xh,- Hm sgdrd enqlr+ sgd qdftk`q
ognmnknfhb`k `mc snmnknfhb`k qtkdr òokx `r dwodbsdc0-3-4- Onsdmsh`k kdwhb`k dmsqhdr trhmf sgd oqd,qnns `twhkh`qx x`, ÈfnÍ
@mx udqa qnns b`m ad oqdbdcdc ax sgd `twhkh`qx x`, sn fhud hs sgd ld`mhmf
ne Èsn fn `mc UDQAÍ- Sghr x`, b`m ad bnmrhcdqdc `r `m `twhkh`qx- Sghr hr
hkktrsq`sdc hm sgd enkknvhmf enqlr9
`- dqhx`gtæl` _sn fn `mc ghs&
'be- dqhgtæl` _sn ghs&(
dqhx`ltgtæl` _sn fn `mc ghs ghl&
dqhx`æstæl` _sn fn `mc rdmc&
'be- dqÕ◊stæl` _sn rdmc&(
dqhx`æltæstæl` _sn fn `mc rdmc ghl&
@r hkktrsq`sdc hm sgdrd enqlr+ nmd bntkc bnmrhcdq ,x`, `r ldqdkx ` sdmrd,
`rodbst`k l`qjdq hmchb`shmf etstqhsx- Tmkhjd sgd qdekdwhud xh,+ hs adgùdr
khjd ` qdftk`q sdmrd l`qjdq vhsg qdrodbs sn snmd- Gnvdudq+ rnld enqlr ne
sgd o`rs sdmrd rtffdrs sg`s hs adgùdr ` khsskd ahs cheedqdmskx sg`m sgd
`rodbst`k,sdmrd l`qjdqr `r hkktrsq`sdc hm sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokdr9
`- lnæsv`st¡ælÕ”◊qd _vd rdms&
)lnæsv`x`st¡ælÕ”◊qd
lnæsv`ægt¡ælh”qd _vd ghs&
)lnæsv`x`ægt¡ælh”qd
a- lnæsv`æxh”q& hx`æstæl` _vd vdms sn rdmc&
7
If the reflexive -yi- were to be considered like an object marker, one would expect the
lexical H to anticipate twice. Also, the HL tone contour simplifies into a H if the following
TBU has a L. This explains why the contour is realized on the penultimate vowel of
dqxn»v`» '`mc mns dqxnæv`»( hm 'b(
xxvii
lnæsv`æxh”q& hx`gtæl` _vd vdms sn ghs&
Sgdrd enqlr hmchb`sd sg`s ,x`, hr q`sgdq bnmitf`sdc `r `m `twhkh`qx+ sg`s hs
gnrsr sgd sdmrd l`qjdq ,h”qd 'rhlokhehdc hm sgd enql `r ,h”q adb`trd ne sgd
enql ne sgd udqa sg`s enkknvr- @bst`kkx+ sgd enql ne sgd udqa sg`s enkknvr
hr sgd hmehmhshud vhsg sgd ,x`, sdmrd l`qjdq hm vghbg sgd bnmrnm`ms ne sgd
hmehmhshu`k l`qjdq dqh, g`r addm cdkdsdc- Hm nsgdq vnqcr sgd enql enq Èvd
rdmsÍ hr `bst`kkx Èlnæsv`æxh”qd dqhx`æstæl`ÍMnshbd sg`s+ tmkhjd sgd qdekdwhud ,xh,+ sgd snmd adgùdr `r dwodbsdc vgdm ,
x`, hr trdc hm sgd udqa qnnsr rs`qshmf vhsg ` unvdk `r hkktrsq`sdc adknv9
`- dqh”xn»v`» .ø,qh,x`,—æt¡,`. _sn fn `mc gd`q&
dqh”xnæknadqdqx`» .ø,qh,x`,—ækna,hqhq,h”,`._sn fn `mc l`jd sdmcdq&
dqh”xnæv`mÕ”◊` .ø,qh,x`,—æv`m,h”,`._sn fn `mc qdmcdq ad`tshetk&
@r hkktrsq`sdc hm sgdrd enqlr+ sgd unvdk È`Í cdkdsdr vgdm hs hlldch`sdkx
oqdbdcdr `mnsgdq unvdk- Sghr hr ` qdftk`q unvdk cdkdshnm qtkd hm sgd
k`mft`fd- Sgd G snmd ne sgd udqa qnns hr qd`khydc nm sgd unvdk qnns `r sgd
ehqrs o`qs ne sgd e`kkhmf snmd- Qdb`kk sg`s enq ` udqa khjd dqÕ”◊xnv`» .dqh,xh,næt¡,
`. _sn ad oqntc+ sn khrsdm sn nmdrdke& vhsg sgd trd ne sgd qdekdwhud Êxh,+ sgd
G snmd ne sgd qnns hr qd`khydc nm sgd oqdehw unvdk+ `ksgntfg sgd unvdk ne
sgd qdekdwhud Êxh, g`r `krn addm cdkdsdc0-3-5- Onsdmsh`k kdwhb`k dmsqhdr trhmf sdmrd l`qjdqr
Adb`trd ne sgd bnmb`sdm`shud m`stqd ne sgd lnqognknfx ne sgd k`mft`fd+
Jhm`mcd hr àkd sn dwoqdrr hmmtldqàkd rg`cdr ne ld`mhmf hm sgd cheedqdms
sdmrdr- Hs hr rhlokx mns onrrhakd sn bhsd `kk sgdrd sdmrd `mc `rodbst`k
rg`cdr ne ld`mhmf hm rtbg `m hmsqnctbshnm `mc H cntas sg`s `mx qdrd`qbgdq
vntkc ad àkd sn dwg`trshudkx khrs sgdl- Hm sghr rdbshnm+ H vhkk ehqrs khrs sgd
cheedqdms sdmrd,`rodbst`k lnqogdldr `r oqnonrdc hm U`khm`mcd '0873+
Lts`j` 0883( `mc aqhdekx hkktrsq`sd gnv sgdx b`m ad dwoknhsdc sn cdqhud
onsdmsh`k sdmrd,`rodbst`k enqlr- H vhkk sgdm hmchb`sd sgd l`hm cheedqdms
sdmrdr vhsg sgd qdkdu`ms hkktrsq`shnmr hm ` sàkd enql sg`s H `còsdc eqnl `
l`mtrbqhos ax K`qqx Gxl`m 'vghbg gd oqdo`qdc vhsg sgd gdko ne My`l`
U`khm`mcd(-
xxviii
Sgd enkknvhmf `qd sgd sdmrd,`rodbst`k l`qjdqr trdc hm sgd HMEK tmhs 'sg`s
hr+ sgd onrhshnm adenqd sgd rsdl nq sgd l`bqnrsdl vghbg bnmrhrsr ne sgd
naidbs l`qjdq `mc sgd rsdl( ne sgd udqa'0( Onrhshnmr ne sgd SL lnqogdldr 'U`khm`mcd 0873+ Lts`j` 0883(
0 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0/ 00 01 02
` mf` m` l` ah qh d md lt mch s` rx` x`
j`
jh
÷
Rnld lnqogdldr gùd ehwdc G snmdr+ nsgdqr `qd snmdkdrr `mc nsgdqr gùd
` qdftk`q G snmd sg`s `mshbho`sdr nmsn sgd oqdbdchmf unvdk `mc cdkhmjr
eqnl hsr ronmrnq- Sgd sxonknfx ne lnrs ne sgdrd S@Lr hr oqdrdmsdc hm '1('1( Sxodr ne snmdr hm sgd SLr 'Lts`j` 0883(
Ehwdc snmdr
j`
md 'mdmch(
àÕ◊qh
Snmdkdrr
m`
mch
rh 'rx`(
x`
md 'mdmch(
kh 'khlt(
lt 'khlt(
Qdftk`q snmdr
kh 'kx`(
rh 'rx`(
s`
`l``
ah
Rnld ne sgdrd sdmrd,`rodbst`k l`qjdqr `qd hkktrsq`sdc hm sgd sàkd adknv
sg`s H `còsdc eqnl ` l`mtrbqhos ne K`qqx Gxl`m 'odqrnm`k
bnlltmhb`shnm(- Hm sghr l`mtrbqhos+ H gùd nmkx bnmrhcdqdc vg`s gd b`kkr
L`hm Bk`trd @eehql`shud `mc L`hm Bk`trd Mdf`shud-
xxix
'2( Sàkdr ne cheedqdms sdmrdr
Sgd Oqdrdms sdmrd
Rg`cd ne LB@
ld`mhmf
Hmrs`ms`m ,`l``,
dntr
,`m`æl``,
,j`æ ---`
Gàhs
,j`æm` ---`
oqnfqdrrh
ud
,mdælt,
,jhm`æ,
Dw`lokd
LBM
Dw`lokdr
sv`»l`»fdæmc`
_vd `qd kdùhmf&
sv`m`æl`»fdæmc`
_vd
`qd
kdùhmf
hmcddc&
stj`æfdmc`»
_vd `qd kdùhmf&
stj`æm`fdmc`»
_vd cn kdùd `s shldr&
stmdæltfdæmc`
_vd `qd hm sgd `bs ne
kdùhmf&
stjhm`æfdæmc`
_vd `qd rshkk kdùhmf&
rh---`s`æ
RÕ◊sv`æs`»fdæmc`
_vd chc mns kdùd&
rÕ◊--`s`æ
rÕ◊---kh,----`
rÕ◊stkhfdmc`»
_vd `qd mns kdùhmf&
rÕ◊--kh----`
rÕ◊--kh---`
rÕ◊--jÕ◊,
RÕ◊stjÕ◊fdæmc`
_vd `qd mn knmfdq
kdùhmf&
xxx
Sgd Qdbdms O`rs sdmrd
Rg`cd ne
LB@
ld`mhmf
Hmenql`shud lnæ--`---h”q,d
lnæ--`m`---h”q,d
,`,
Gàhs
,`m`,
lnæ--`m`ærÕ”◊qÕ”◊rx`
lnæ--`m`ærÕ”◊qÕ”◊rx`
Dw`lokd
LBM
Dw`lokdr
lnæsv`fdæmch”qd
_vd kdes&
lnæsv`m`fdæmch”qd
_vd chc kdùd hmcddc&
sv`æfdæmc`
_vd kdes&
sv`m`æfdæmc`
_vd chc kdùd&
lnæsv`rÕ”◊qÕ”◊rx`fdæmc`
_vd b`ld sn kdùd&
lnæsv`m`ærÕ”◊qÕ”◊rx`fdæmc`
_vd chc bnld sn
kdùd&
lnæ--sdæs`
lnæstsdæs`fdæmc`
_vd chc mns kdùd&
lnæ--sdæs`
lnæ--sdæs`
lnæ--sdæs`
lnæ--sdæs`ærx`,
lnæ--sdæs`ærx`,
lnæstsdæs`ærx`fdæmc`
_vd mn knmfdq kdes&
xxxi
Sgd Qdlnsd O`rs sdmrd
Rg`cd ne
LB@
ld`mhmf
,`,
,`,m`,
,`,m`,x`,
Chrs`ms o`rs
lnæ--`
lnæ--`m`
lnæ--`ærx`
lnæ--`m`ærx`
Dw`lokd
LBM
Dw`lokdr
sv`fdmc`
_vd kdes&
lnæ--s`
lnæsts`æfdæmc`
_vd
chc
mns
kdùd&
sv`m`fdmc`
_vd chc kdùd&
sv`m`x`fdmc`
_vd chc fn sn kdùd&
lnæsv`fdæmc`
_vd kdes&
lnæsv`m`æfdæmc`
_vd chc kdùd&
lnæsv`ærx`fdæmc`
_vd b`ld sn kdùd&
lnæsv`m`ærx`fdæmc`
_vd chc bnld sn
kdùd&
lnæ--s`
lnæ--s`
lnæ--s`
lnæ--s`rx`
lnæ--s`rx`
xxxii
Sgd Etstqd sdmrd
Rg`cd ne
LB@
ld`mhmf
hlldch`sd ,j`æmch,
,mdælvdmch,
chrs`ms
j`ærx`---`
j`æmchrx`,
Mdælvdmchrx`
J`æmchrx`ærx`
J`æmchrx`æs`ærx`x`
Dw`lokd
LBM
Dw`lokdr
stj`æmchfdæmc`
_vd vhkk kdùd&
rÕ◊---dmch
rÕ◊sv`mchfdæm
c`
_vd vhkk mns
kdùd&
stmdælvdmchfdæmc`
_vd vhkk kdùd hm e`bs&
stj`ærx`fdmc`»
_vd vhkk kdùd nmd c`x&
rÕ◊--dmch
stj`æmchrx`fdæmc`
stmdælvdmchrx`fdæmc`
stj`æmchrx`ærx`fdæmc`
_vd vhkk kdùd&
rÕ◊--dmchrx`
stj`æmchrx`æs`ærx`x`fdæmc`
_vd vhkk kdùd&
rÕ◊--dmchrx`ærx`
rÕ◊--dmchrx`
rÕ◊--dmchrx`ærx`
rÕ◊svdmchrx`
fdæmc`
_vd vhkk mns
kdùd&
rÕ◊svdmchrx`æ
rx`fdæmc`
_vd vhkk mns
kdùd&
xxxiii
Sgd Onsdmsh`k
Rg`cd ne
LB@
ld`mhmf
`cuhràhkhsx
,`mf`
àhkhsx
,`mf`m`,
mdbdrrhsx
@mf`s`æ`
etstqd
onrrhahkhsx
,`mf`rx`,
@mf`m`ærx`
@mf`s`ærx`
o`rs
oqnaàhkhsx
o`rs
onrrhahkhsx
qdbdms
bnmshmfdmbx
o`rs
bnmshmfdmbx
qdbdms
bnmshmfdmbx
o`rs
bnmshmfdmbx
,`mf`--h”q,d
,`mf`m`--h”q,d
,dæmch,
,dmch,
,dæmcÕ◊rx`,
,dmchrx`,
Dw`lokd
LBM
Dw`lokdr
Sv`mf`fdæmc`
_vd rgntkc kdùd&
Sv`mf`m`fdæmc`
_vd b`m kdùd&
Sv`mf`s`»fdæmc`
_vd rgntkc kdùd&
Sv`mf`rx`fdæmc`
_vd rgntkc kdùd&
Sv`mf`m`ærx`fdæmc`
_vd b`m rshkk kdùd&
Sv`mf`s`ærx`fdæmc`
_vd rgntkc rshkk kdùd&
Sv`mf`fdæmch”qd
_vd bntkc kdùd&
Sv`mf`m`fdæmch”qd
_vd bntkc kdùd hmcddc&
Svdæmchfdæmc`
_vd vntkc gùd kdes&
Svdmchfdæmc`
_vd vntkc gùd kdes&
SvdæmcÕ◊rx`fdæmc`
_vd vntkc kdùd&
Svdmchrx`fdæmc`
_vd vntkc kdùd&
rÕ◊---`mf`
RÕ◊sv`mf`fdæmc`
_vd rgntkc mns kdùd&
rÕ◊---`mf`
rÕ◊--`mf`æs`
rÕ◊--`mf`ærx`
RÕ◊sv`mf`æs`fdæmc`
_vd b`mmns kdùd&
RÕ◊sv`mf`ærx`fdæmc`
_vd b`m mn knmfdq kdùd&
rÕ◊--`mf`ærx`
rÕ◊--`mf`æs`ærx`
rÕ◊--`mf`---,h”q,
d
rÕ◊--`mf`---,h”q,
d
rÕ◊--dæmch
rh--dmch
rÕ◊--dæmchrx`
rÕ◊ --dæmchrx`
RÕ◊sv`mf`æs`ærx`fdæmc`
_vd b`m mn knmfdq kdùd&
RÕ◊sv`mf`fdmcÕ”◊qd
_vd bntkc mns kdùd&
RÕ◊svdæmchfdæmc`
_vd vntkc mns gùd kdes&
Rhsvdmchfdæmc`
RÕ◊svdæmchfdæmc`
RÕ◊svdæmchrx`fdæmc`
_vd vntkc mns gùd kdes
`mx lnqd&
xxxiv
Sgd Bnmchshnm`k
Rg`cd ne
LB@
ld`mhmf
hlldch`sd
,`l`,
Dw`lokd
LBM
Dw`lokdr
sv`l`fdæmc`
_he vd kdùd&
`l`æsdmch
sv`l`æsdmchfdæmc`
_he vd cn mns kdùd&
Stæsdæs`fdæmc`
,sdæs`,
o`rs
,`l`æah,
etstqd
,`l`ærx`,
chrs`ms
etstqd
,`l`æahrx`,
Sgd Rtaitmbshud
Rg`cd ne
LB@
ld`mhmf
enqltk`hb+
÷---,d
l`mc`shud
gxonsgdshb`k h ---`
Sgd Hlodq`shud
Rg`cd ne
LB@
ld`mhmf
Bnll`mc
÷--- Ê`
Gnqs`shud
÷--- Êd
sv`l`æahfdæmc`
_he vd kdùd&
sv`l`ærx`fdæmc`
_he vd kdùd&
sv`l`æahrx`fdæmc`
_he vd kdùd&
,sdæs`,
,sdæs`ærx`,
,`l`æsdmchrx`,
stæsdæs`ærx`fdæmc`
sv`l`æsdmchrx`fdæmc`
Dw`lokd
LBM
Dw`lokdr
Stfdæmcd
_kds tr kdùd&
Õ◊sv`fdæmc`
_sg`s
vd
kdùd&
rÕ◊---÷ ,d
rÕ◊stfdæmcd
_kds tr mns kdùd&
Õ◊rhsv`fdmc`»
_kds tr mns kdùd&
sgdm
≠◊rh--`--`
Dw`lokd
LBM
Dw`lokdr
Fdmc`
_kdùd&
Stfdæmcd
_kds tr kdùd&
Õ◊rh---`---`
Õ◊rhsv`fdmc`»
_kds tr mns kdùd&
rÕ◊stfdæmcd
_kds tr mns kdùd&
rÕ◊--,d
xxxv
0-4 Rnld ognmnknfhb`k oqdkhlhm`qhdr
H vntkc khjd sn `krn l`jd dwokhbhs ` mtladq ne ognmnknfhb`k oqnbdrrdr sg`s
vd `rrtld enq rdsshmf to sgd kdwhb`k dmsqhdr- Hm nqcdq sn cn sg`s+ H oqdrdms
ehqrs sgd rds ne sgd ognmdshb `mc ognmdlhb unvdkr0-4-0 Tmcdqkxhmf unvdkr `mc rtqe`bd unvdkrSgd enkknvhmf sàkdr oqdrdms sgd tmcdqkxhmf unvdkr+ sg`s hr+ sgd unvdkr
sg`s `qd o`qs ne sgd kdwhb`k dmsqhdr `mc sgnrd sg`s `qd o`qs ne sgd rtqe`bd
qdoqdrdms`shnm+ sg`s hr+ sgd ognmdshb unvdkrTmcdqkxhmf
h”
t¡
Ognmdshb
h”
t¡
h
t
h
t
—
d
ø
`
n
ø
—
`
Ognmdshb`kkx+ sgdqd `qd 8 unvdkr- Nmd bntkc `qftd sg`s sgdqd `qd `bst`kkx
0/ nq 00 ognmdshb unvdkr he nmd `ccr sgd unvdkr È`Í 7 hm nlt¡æj`kh”
_vnl`m& `mc ÈÍ drxnmc&drh” _sgdrd otahb g`hqr- Sgd qd`rnm vd `qd
dwbktchmf sgdrd svn dwsq` unvdkr hr sg`s sgdx cn mns òod`q hm rdudq`k
vnqcr- @lnmf sgd 8 ognmdshb unvdkr+ nmkx 6 `qd trdc bnmsq`rshudkx+ sg`s
hr+ hm sgd kdwhb`k dmsqhdr- Sg`s nmkx 6 unvdkr `qd ognmdlhb b`m ad udqhehdc
ax sgd e`bs sg`s sgdx `qd sgd nmdr sg`s b`m òod`q hm sgd qnns unvdkr ne
Jhm`mcd udqa`k enqlr `r dwdlokhehdc adknv9
Hmehmhshud
dqÕ”◊rÕ”◊9f`
øqÕ◊rÕ◊9f`sn
8
sn kdùd
rnv
Hlodq`shud
rh”f` kdùd
rhf` rnv
Kdwhb`k dmsqx
.,rÕ”◊f,.
.,rÕ◊f,.
After examining this sound with the ultrasound, Pulleyblank has concluded that this
vowel “a” has definitely an advanced tongue root quality when it is in a [+ATR] context
(Pulleyblank, personal communication, see also Gick et al. 2006).
xxxvi
øqhrøæ9f`
dqÕ”◊gt¡æ9l`
øqÕ◊rtæ9a`
øqÕ◊r—æ9j`
øqÕ◊r`æ9j`
sn hmbhrd
sn lnud
sn qduhud
sn bqnrr
sn qdl`hm
røf`
gt¡l`
rta`
r—j`
r`j`
hmbhrd
lnud
qduhud
bqnrr
qdl`hm
.,rdf,.
.,gt¡æl,.
.,rtæa,.
.,rnæj,.
.,r`æj,.
Adb`trd sgd lhc unvdkr `qd mns bnmsq`rshud+ vd trd sgd rxlankr .d. `mc
.n. hm sgd kdwhb`k dmsqhdr- Sdbgmhb`kkx+ vd rgntkc trd .ø. `mc .—.+ rhmbd .d.
`mc .n. `qd sgd Z*@SQ\ bntmsdqo`qs ne .ø. `mc .—. qdrodbshudkx `r vhkk ad
hkktrsq`sdc k`sdq- Ntq bgnhbd hr rhlokx lnshu`sdc ax sxonfqòghb`k qd`rnmr9
hs hr d`rhdq sn sxod sgd rxlankr Èd+ nÍ hmrsd`c ne sgd khmfthrshb rxlankr ÈøÍ
`mc È—-Í
0-4-1 Sgd ognmdshb hmsdqoqds`shnm ne rnld bnmrnm`msr
Jhm`mcd trdr sgd enkknvhmf bnmrnm`msr9
o
a

l
v
sr
e
sg
s
c
r
k

q
m
j
f
g

x
œ
Enq nqsgnfqòghb qd`rnmr+ ` mtladq ne sgdrd bnmrnm`msr `qd trdc hm `
o`qshbtk`q v`x- Sgtr9
a hr sgd ognmdshb ahkàh`k eqhb`shud rntmc , d-f- hm dqÕ◊avÕ◊q` _sn sdkk&
ag hr sgd ahkàh`k unhbdc oknrhud `r hm dqÕ◊jnag`jnæag` _sn v`kj `hlkdrrkx&
s hr sgd `kudnk`q unhbdkdrr oknrhud `r hm dqÕ◊stæl` _sn rdmc&
sg hr sgd cdms`k unhbdkdrr oknrhud `r hm dsgdmsgdq` _rkhoodqx f`ld&
kg hr sgd k`sdq`k sò vqhssdm gdqd `r ÈÍ `r trdc vhsg sgd a`bj unvdkrf hr sgd udk`q unhbdc eqhb`shud `r hm dqhftæk` _sn atx&
mf rs`mcr enq sgd udk`q m`r`k bnlokdw trdc hmrsd`c ne sgd ognmdshb
rxlankr Zœf\ `mc sgd o`k`s`khydc m`r`k bnlokdw udk`q unhbdc rsno `r hm
xxxvii
dmfÕ◊l` _lnmjdx& vgdqd œf hr o`k`s`khydc adenqd ` ghfg unvdk- Mnshbd `krn
sg`s sgd m`r`k hm dmfÕ◊l` hr qd`khydc `r ` o`k`s`k rntmcmx hr sgd o`k`s`k m`r`k `krn trdc hmrsd`c ne sgd ognmdshb rxlank Z\
j rs`mcr enq ansg sgd udk`q unhbdkdrr bnmrnm`ms `mc hsr o`k`s`khydc
bntmsdqo`qs vgdm hs òod`qr adenqd ` ghfg unvdkr 'be- djÕ◊mct _sghmf& ur`j`æmct _rl`kk sghmf&- 8
0-4-2- Ognmnknfhb`k oqnbdrrdr9
`- @SQ g`qlnmx
Hm Jhm`mcd+ sgdqd hr ` sxod ne unvdk g`qlnmx b`kkdc È@SQ g`qlnmxÍ
vghbg `kv`xr nqhfhm`sdr eqnl ` ghfg unvdk 'ne sgd ehqrs cdfqdd ne
òdqstqd+ hmchb`sdc ax ` bdchkk` tmcdqmd`sg sgd ghfg unvdkr hm ntq rds ne
unvdkr ànud(- Hm fdmdq`k+ sghr @SQ g`qlnmx hr kdesv`qc+ hm nsgdq vnqcr+
hs roqd`cr eqnl sgd unvdk hs nqhfhm`sdr eqnl sn sgd kdes- Sghr hr rgnvm hm
sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokdr9
dqÕ”◊gt¡æl`
øqhgtl`
øqhgøæl`
øqÕ◊g—æl`
øqÕ◊g`æl`
øqhkÕ◊l`
dqÕ”◊kÕ”◊l`
sn lnud
sn ghs
sn adf
sn ok`rsdq
sn chrok`bd
sn btkshu`sd
sn dwshmfthrg
dqÕ”◊gt¡lh”rx`»
dqh”gt¡lh”rx`»
dqh”gdldrx`»
dqÕ”◊gnldrx`»
dqÕ”g
◊ `lh”rx`»
dqh”kh”lh”rx`»
dqÕ”◊kh”lh”rx`»
sn b`trd sn lnud
sn b`trd sn ghs
sn b`trd sn adf
sn b`trd sn ok`rsdq
sn b`trd sn chrok`bd
sn b`trd sn btkshu`sd
sn b`trd sn dwshmfthrg
Vgdqd`r sgd rsqtbstqd ne sgd udqa hm sgd kdes g`mc bnktlm hr9 øqh, QNNS*
EU+ sgd nmd hm sgd qhfgs g`mc bnktlm hr øqh,QNNS * hr * h” * EU vgdqd
EU ld`mr ehm`k unvdk- Sgd b`tr`shud lnqogdld ,h”, g`r sgd Z*@SQ\
9
Although k and ng palatalize before high front vowels, they do not palatalize if the
sequence ki or ngi is the result of a previous non-high vowel deletion as in `æjh”a` .`,j`,
h”a,`. gd rsnkd hs 'ld`mhmf ` rl`kk sghmf(: mf&Õ”◊a` .mf`,h”a,`. he gd rsnkd- Hm sgd vnqc
`æJh”a` .`,jh,h”a,`. gd rsnkd hs 'vgdqd J qdoqdrdmsr sgd o`k`s`k j `mc jh hr sgd naidbs
l`qjdq ne bk`rr 6(+ sgd j qdl`hmr o`k`s`khydc adb`trd hsr o`k`s`khy`shnm hr ctd sn
sgd e`bs sg`s hs oqdbdcdr ` ghfg eqnms unvdk hm sgd tmcdqkxhmf qdoqdrdms`shnm 'bejh,(+ sg`s hr adenqd sgd ghfg eqnms unvdk cdkdsdc- Mnshbd sg`s sgd svn j&r bnmsq`rs
hm sgd vnqcr `æjh”a` `mc `æJh”a` 'gd rsnkd ` rl`kk sghmf ur- gd rsnkd hs(- Enq lnqd nm
sghr j,o`k`s`khy`shnm+ rdd Lts`j` 'hm oqdo-(
xxxviii
ed`stqd- Vgdm ` udqa`k enql bnmrhrsr nmkx ne Z,@SQ\ unvdkr+ sg`s hr+ mnm,
sdmrd unvdkr+ `kk sgd unvdkr sg`s oqdbdcd sghr b`tr`shud ,h”, fds sghr
Z*@SQ\ ed`stqd- Hm ognmnknfhb`k sdqlr+ hs hr r`hc sg`s sgd ed`stqd Z*@SQ\
roqd`cr eqnl sgd ,h”, b`tr`shud unvdk sn `kk sgd unvdkr nm hsr kdesRtardptdmskx sgd ,h”, unvdk fkhcdr hmsn ` ÈxÍ `mc hsr G snmd rtqe`bdr `r
sgd ehqrs o`qs ne sgd e`kkhmf snmd nm sgd ehm`k unvdk@ksgntfg @SQ g`qlnmx hr drrdmsh`kkx kdesv`qc+ hs cndr roqd`c qhfgsv`qc he
sgd `ci`bdms unvdk sn sgd ghfg unvdk vhsg sgd Z*@SQ\ ed`stqd hr ` ghfg
unvdk `r vdkk- Sghr hr rgnvm hm sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokdr9
`- dqÕ”,◊ gt¡æl,`
dqÕ”◊,kÕ”◊l,`
a- øqh,gtæl,`
øqh,kÕ◊q,`
øqh,k—æf,`
øqh,røæj,`
b- dqh”,kh”a`æm,`
sn lnud
sn dwshmfthrg
sn ghs
sn bqx
sn advhsbg
sn k`tfg
sn chròod`q
dqÕ”◊,gt¡l,h”qÕ”◊q,`
sn lnud nm otqonrd
dqÕ◊,kh”l,h”qÕ”◊q,` sn dwshmfthrg nm otqonrd
øqh,gtl,hqÕ◊q,`
sn ghs nm otqonrd
øqh,khq,hqÕ◊q,`
sn bqx nm otqonrd
øqh,k—f,øqøæq,`
sn advhsbg nm otqonrd
øqh,røj,øqøæq,`
sn k`tfg nm otqonrd
dqh”,kh”a`m,hqÕ◊q,`
sn chròod`q nm otqonrd
Sgd kdwhb`k dmsqx enq sgd lnqogdld vgnrd ld`mhmf hr Ènm otqonrdÍ hr ,
hqhq,- @r rgnvm hm '`(+ hs rtqe`bdr vhsg ` Z*@SQ\ unvdk adb`trd sgd
unvdk hm sgd oqdbdchmf rxkkàkd g`r ` Z*@SQ\ ed`stqd- Sgd roqd`chmf ne
sgd @SQ g`qlnmx hm sgdrd enqlr hr sgtr qhfgsv`qc- Gnvdudq+ vgdm vd
bnmrhcdq sgd r`ld lnqogdld ,hqhq, hm 'b(+ hs cndr mns `bpthqd sghr Z*@SQ\
oqnodqsx `ksgntfg sgdqd hr ` Z*@SQ\ ghfg unvdk hm sgd qnns- Gdqd+ sgd
hmsdqudmhmf unvdk È`Í bnmrshstsdr ` a`qqhdq sn sghr qhfgsv`qc roqd`chmf ne
sgd @SQ g`qlnmx 'Lts`j` 0884(a- M`r`k * bnmrnm`ms `ksdqm`shnmr
Sgd m`r`k bnlokdw hm Jhm`mcd hr nesdm sgd qdrtks ne M * B vgdqd M hr `
lnqognognmdld `mc B hr ` bnmrnm`ms- Sgd ,M, hr sxohb`kkx ` bk`rr 8
oqdehw hm mnlhm`k enqlr nq ` oqnmnlhm`k enql ld`mhmf ÈldÍ hm udqa`k
enqlr- Trhmf sgd mnlhm`k enql vhsg rtbg ` m`r`k bnlokdw hm bk`rr 01 nq
qdok`bhmf ,M, ax ,mxh, _ld& hm udqa`k enqlr gdkor cdsdqlhmd sgd dw`bs
m`stqd ne sgd B- Sghr hr rgnvm hm sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokdr s`jdm eqnl
Jùtshqv`jh '0867903,04(-
xxxix
`-
dæladmd
dælav`»
dlanæmn
la`ælaø
fn`s `,j`æ,gdmd
rl`kk fn`s
cnf
`,j`æ,av`»
rl`kk cnf
ÈqhbhmÍ `,j`,onæmn
rl`kk ÈqhbhmÍfq`hm
b`sbg ld
mxÕ◊,g`æla,ø
.M*g.
.M*a.
.M*o.
.M*g.
a-
dæmcv`
mcÕ◊mcø
mcøæjø
mc`jhqø
v`ro
v`hs enq ld
kdùd ld
bqx enq ld
.M*s.
.M*q.
.M*k.
.M*k.
b-
dæmynæj`
dæmytæjh
mytlø
myvÕ◊jø
rm`jd `,j`æ,xnæj`
rl`kk rm`jd
ekx
`,j`æ,xtæjh
rl`kk ekx
hmrtks ld
mxÕ◊,srtl,ø
bnudq ld
mxÕ◊,rvÕ◊j,ø
.M*x.
.M*x.
.M*sr.
.M*r.
c-
dmfÕ◊mfn
mføaøqø
mfv`sdæjn
mf`æmø
adc
knnj `s ld
gnkc ld
qdetrd ld
.M*j.
.M*j.
.M*v.
.M*f.
`,j`æ,sv` rl`kk v`ro
mxÕ◊,qÕ◊mc,ø
mxÕ◊,køæj,ø
mxÕ◊,k`j,hq,ø
`,j`,jÕ◊mfn
rl`kk adc
mxÕ◊,jøadq,ø
mxÕ◊,v`s,dæ,jn
mxÕ◊,f`æm,ø
@r rgnvm hm sgdrd enqlr+ sgd B hm sgd m`r`k bnlokdw hr `kv`xr ` unhbdc
bnmrnm`ms- Hs l`x qdrtks eqnl cheedqdms rntqbdr `r rgnvm hm sgd qhfgs g`mc
bnktlm ne sgd dw`lokdr ànud- Mnshbd `krn sgd gnlnqf`mhb m`r`k
`rrhlhk`shnm+ sg`s hr+ vgdm sgd m`r`k M s`jdr sgd ok`bd ne `qshbtk`shnm ne
sgd enkknvhmf bnmrnm`msb- Odmtkshl`sd kdmfsgdmhmf
Hm Jhm`mcd+ sgd odmtkshl`sd unvdk hr trt`kkx kdmfsgdmdc adenqd ` o`trd
'rdd sgd dw`lokdr hm '`( adknv(- Sgdqd `qd udqx edv dwbdoshnmr `r hm 'a(
Sgdrd dmc hm sgd ghrsnqhb`k ,`f, `mc sg`s Lts`j` '0883( `m`kxrdr `r ,`B,
vgdqd B hr ` og`msnl bnmrnm`ms 'd-f- `,j`æ,ràh”qh”q,`B,Õ”◊,` Z`j`æràh”qh”q`x`»\
'rdd hsr fknrr adknv(- Vd bnlokdsdkx hfmnqd sghr odmtkshl`sd kdmfsgdmhmf
hm sghr chbshnm`qx- Gdqd `qd rnld dw`lokdr9
`- dqhr`æ9a`
dqhrà& ds`æ9a`
dqhrà` L`ftktæ x& ds`æ9a`
sn `rj
sn `rj ` bhf`qdssd
sn `rj ` bhf`qdssd ne L`ftkt
xl
dqh”ràh”qh”9qx`»
dqhrhgh9qv`»
a- `j`æràh”qh”q`x`» .,rà,hqhq,`B,h”,`.
`j`ærhghq`v`» .,rhg,hq,`B,t,`.
sn gùd sgd a`c gàhs ne `rjhmf
sn khjd sgd s`rsd ne rnldsghmf
gd g`r sgd a`c gàhs ne `rjhmf
gd khjdr sgd s`rsd ne rnldsghmf
Bnmbdqmhmf duhcdmbd sg`s ,`B, cdqhudr eqnl ` ghrsnqhb`k ,`f, hm Jhm`mcd+ H
vntkc khjd sn onhms nts sg`s+ sgdqd hr ` ch`kdbs ne Jhm`mcd ronjdm hm sgd
ok`hm ne Hqtmft `s sgd enns ne Lntms Qtvdmynqh vgdqd odnokd rshkk trd hs hm
dw`lokdr rtbg `r sgd enkknvhmf9
Hqtmft ch`kdbs ne Jhm`mcd
stj`æfdmc`æf`
sv`æftæk`æf`
Jhm`mcd rs`mc`qc enql
stj`æfdmc`»
sv`æftæk`
Fknrr
vd `qd fnhmf
vd antfgs
c- Unvdk fkhchmf `mc cdkdshnm
Sgd b`mnmhb rxkkàkd rsqtbstqd ne Jhm`mcd hr BU- Sgd U rxkkàkd rsqtbstqd
l`x ad entmc `s sgd adfhmmhmf ne ` vnqc+ enq dw`lokd sgd `tfldms hm
mnlhm`k enqlr nq sgd rtaidbs l`qjdq `r hm `,j`æ,sda`» _gd hr kxhmf&Adb`trd sgdqd hr mdudq ` unvdk rdptdmbd hm sgd rtqe`bd rsqtbstqd+ ` ghfg
unvdk enkknvdc ax ` mnm ghfg unvdk fkhcdr `r rgnvm hm sgd enkknvhmf
dw`lokdr.d,qh,rà,hqhq,h”,`. dqh”ràh”qh”qx`»
.d,qh,rhg,hq,t,`. dqhrhghqv`»
_sn gùd sgd a`c gàhs ne `rjhmf&
_sn khjd sgd s`rsd ne rnldsghmf&
Mnshbd sg`s ` lhc unvdk `krn fkhcdr adenqd `mnsgdq unvdk `r hkktrsq`sdc hm
sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokdr9
tkdæsdæ nlv`æm` ,,=
tkdæsdæ djÕ◊rdjd ,,=
tægdæjd djÕ◊rdjd ,,=
nltægnæjn nxt ,,=
Lanæjn `æfdæmc` ,,=
tkdæsx& n»lv`æm`
tkdæsx& djÕ◊rdjd _aqhmf
tægdæjx& djÕ◊rdjd
nltægnæjv&nxt¡
Lanæjv& `æfdæmc`
_aqhmf sgd bghkc&
sgd rtf`q b`md&
_b`qqx sgd rtf`q b`md&
_sghr l`mhnb&
_Lanjn vdms `v`x&
@krn+ adb`trd ne sgd BU b`mnmhb rxkkàkd rsqtbstqd+ ` knv unvdk cdkdsdr
adenqd `mnsgdq unvdk `r hkktrsq`sdc adknv9
xli
`j`ægdj` nlv`æm` ,,= `j`ægdj& nlv`æm`
_gd hr b`qqxhmf ` bghkc&
dqh”gh”la` dmxt¡æla` ,,= dqh”gh”la& dmxt¡æla` _sn athkc ` gntrd&
Hm b`rd sgd unvdk hm sgd UU rdptdmbd hr rhlhk`q+ nmd ne sgdl cdkdsdr
'tmkdrr sgd ehqrs U fkhcdr(- Sghr hr hkktrsq`sdc hm sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokdr9
dqhgdj` `ldæqt ,,=
dqhgdj& `ldæqt _sn b`qqx qhod a`m`m`r&
nltægnæjn nxt ,,=
nltægnæj&nxt¡
_sghr l`mhnb&
Sgd enkknvhmf sàkd`t etqsgdq rtll`qhydr vg`s gòodmr hm ` BUU
rdptdmbdBU0.U1
h”
h
d
`
n
H”
,
,
,
,
Bvh”
t
Bvh”
t¡
Bvh”
h
,
,
h
,
B
vh
B
vh
B
vh
d
Bxd
Bxd
Bxd
,
Bvd
`
Bx`
Bx`
Bx`
,
Bv`
N
Bxn
Bxn
Bxn
,
Bvn.,
t
Bxt
Bxt
,
,
,
t¡
Bxt¡
Bxt¡
,
,
,
Bvd
Bv`
Bvn
,
,
Bvd
Bv`
Bvn
,
,
Vgdqdudq H ots ` gxogdm+ sghr ld`mr sg`s sgd ehqrs unvdk hr cdkdsdcNsgdqvhrd+ sgd ehqrs unvdk adbnldr ` fkhcd `mc sgd rdbnmc unvdk hr
qds`hmdc `r sgd mtbkdtr ne sgd rxkkàkdd- Snmd qd`khy`shnm
Vd `rrtld ` qtkd chrbtrrdc hm Gxl`m `mc U`khm`mcd '0874( sg`s sgd G
snmd nm ` fhudm ronmrnq hr qd`khydc nm sgd oqdbdchmf unvdk- Sgtr+ enq sgd
kdwhb`k dmsqx ne sgd udqa dqÕ◊stæl`+ sgd G snmd hr l`qjdc nm sgd unvdk ,t,
`r ,stæl,- Sgd snmd hm sgd bhs`shnm enqlr hr sgd rtqe`bd nmd 'be- dqÕ◊stæl` _sn
rdmc&(Mnshbd `krn sg`s sgdqd hr trt`kkx ` G snmd nm sgd odmtkshl`sd unvdk- Sghr
G hr ogq`r`k- He sgd vnqc hr enkknvdc ax rnldsghmf dkrd+ sghr ogq`r`k G
cndr mns rgnv to `r hmchb`sdc hm sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokdr9
xlii
dqÕ◊stl` L`ftækt _sn rdmc L`ftkt&
Sghr ogq`r`k G l`x rtqe`bd `r o`qs ne sgd e`kkhmf snmd nm sgd ehm`k unvdkHm sghr b`rd+ vd hmsdqoqds sg`s sgd
ehm`k unvdk v`r dhsgdq knmf
tmcdqkxhmfkx+ nq sg`s hs adb`ld ognmdshb`kkx knmf `r ` qdrtks ne ` fkhchmf
qtkd `r rgnvm hm sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokdr9
`- nltrÕ◊j`» .n,lt,rhj`æ`. _fhqk&
a- dqÕ”j
◊ drx`» .ø,qh,jøær,Õ”◊,`. _sn rodmc sgd mhfgs&
Vgdqd`r sgd kdwhb`k G hm sgdrd enqlr hr qd`khydc nm sgd oqdbdchmf unvdk+
sgd ogq`r`k G vghbg vntkc gùd rtqe`bdc nm sgd tmcdqkxhmf odmtkshl`sd
unvdk dmcr to `r o`qs ne sgd e`kkhmf snmd ne sgd ehm`k unvdk adb`trd hsr
ronmrnq 'sg`s hr+ sgd odmtkshl`sd unvdk( cdkdsdc hm '`( `mc hs adb`ld `
fkhcd hm 'a(Hs rgntkc ad nardqudc sg`s vgdqd`r sgd ogq`r`k G s`qfdsr sgd tmcdqkxhmf
odmtkshl`sd unvdk+ odmtkshl`sd kdmfsgdmhmf+ sg`s hr sgd kdmfsgdmhmf ne sgd
odmtkshl`sd unvdk+ s`qfdsr sgd ognmdshb unvdk ne sgd odmtkshl`sd rxkkàkdSgtr+ sgd ànud dw`lokdr `qd ognmdshb`kkx qd`khydc `r9
b- nltrÕ◊9j`» .n,lt,rhj`æ`. ,,= nltrÕ◊,j`æ` ,,= ZnltrÕ◊9j`»\ _fhqk&
c- dqÕ”j
◊ d9rx`» .ø,qh,jøær,Õ”◊,`. ,,= dqÕ”◊jdrÕ”◊` ,,= ZdqÕ”◊jdrx`»\ _sn rodmc sgd mhfgs&
'H gùd l`qjdc kdmfsgdmhmf ax ` bnknm- @r r`hc oqduhntrkx+ kdmfsgdmhmf hr
hfmnqdc hm sgd sq`mrbqhoshnm ne enqlr hm sghr chbshnm`qx-(
0-4-3- Mnsdr nm svn lnqognknfhb`k oqnbdrrdr
`- Qdctokhb`shnm
Sgd enkknvhmf enqlr hkktrsq`sd qdctokhb`shnm hm udqa`k enqlr- Mnshbd sgd
bgnhbd ne sgd enqlr9 ` G snmd udqa ',be- Êstæl,(+ ` snmdkdrr udqa(+ 'be- ,
gtl,(+ ` rsdl vhsg svn rxkkàkdr 'be- Êstæl`(+ `mc nmd vhsg sgqdd rxkkàkdr
'be- ,gtl,`mf`(+ ` lnmnrxkkàhb rsdl 'be- Êkv`» `mc `krn Êns` sg`s adgùdr
khjd ` lnmnrxkkàhb rsdl(dqÕ◊stæl` .dqh,stæl,`.
dqÕ◊stl`stæl` sn rdmc gtqqhdckx
xliii
dqÕ◊stlÕ◊q` .dqh,stæl,hq,`.
dqhgtæl` .dqh,gtl,`.
dqhgtl`æmf` .dqh,gtl,`mf,`.
dqhkv`» .dqh,kt,`.
dqÕ◊sv`» .dqh,snæ,`.
dqxn»s`» .dqh,næsU,`.
dqxt¡»¡lx`» .dqh,t¡æl,h”,`.
dqÕ◊stl`-stlÕ◊q` sn rdmc gtqqhdckx enq
dqhgtl`-gtæl` sn ghs gtqqhdckx
dqhgtl`-gtl`æmf` sn gtqqhdckx ghs qdod`sdckx
dqhkv`kv`kv`» sn ehfgs gtqqhdckx
dqÕ◊sv`sv`sv`» sn shkk gtqqhdckx
dqxnæsnsns`»
sn khfgs gtqqhdckx
dqxt¡ælxt¡lxt¡lx`» sn cqx gtqqhdckx
@r b`m ad nardqudc eqnl sgdrd dw`lokdr+ qdctokhb`shnm hm udqa`k enqlr
bnmrhrsr ne oqdehwhmf ` svn,rxkkàkd sdlok`sd sn sgd rsdl `mc ehkkhmf hs vhsg
rsdl l`sdqh`k+ eqnl kdes sn qhfgs+ qdrodbshmf sgd Lnqogdld Hmsdfqhsx
Bnmrsq`hms 'Lts`j` `mc Gxl`m 088/(+ sg`s hr+ enq ` enql khjd dqÕ◊,stl,hq,
`+ nmd r`xr dqÕ◊,stl`-stlhq` q`sgdq sg`m dqÕ◊stlhstlhq` `r nmd vntkc rokhs
sgd òokhb`shud lnqogdld Êhq,- @ksgntfg qdctokhb`shnm hr oqnctbshud hm
udqa`k enqlr+ hs cndr mns vnqj hm bdqs`hm enqlr rtbg `r sgd enkknvhmf9
lnæsvÕ”◊jøqø .lnæ,st,`,h”j`k,h”qø. )lnsvhjdqdjdqd
vd r`s
)lnsvhj`k`jdqd
)lnsvhj`k`j`kh”qd
'sgd enql trdc9
lnæsv`ækvh”qdæ Õ”◊svÕ”j
◊ `k` vd hlldch`sdkx r`s(
sv`ælÕ”Ãj`æk` .st,`æl`æ,h”j`k,`. sv`ælÕ”j
◊ `k`j`æk`
vd rhs gtqqhdckx
Mnshbd sg`s+ sgd enql vhsg Êh”qd tmcdqfndr hlaqhb`shnm 'be- h”j`k,h”qd 
hj`h”qø  h”jøqø(- Hsr qdctokhb`sdc enql cndr mns rntmc qhfgsSgd enkknvhmf enqlr hkktrsq`sd qdctokhb`shnm hm mntmr9
nltæmct .n,lt,mct.
nltmctltæmct
` qd`k odqrnm
nltæktæld .n,lt,ktæld.
nltæktldæktæld
` qd`k l`m
nlt¡æj`kh” .n,lt,j`ækÕ” .
nlt¡æj`kh”j`kh”
` qd`k vnl`m
nlt¡,kvÕ”Ã .,n,lt,kt,h”.
nlt¡kvh”lt¡kvÕ”Ã
` qd`k ehfgsdq
nltk`æmf`æk`
'mn qdctokhb`sdc enql(
` s`kk l`m
djhg`mfà`ækd
'mn qdctokhb`sdc enql(
` rvdds ons`sn
@r b`m ad `cctbdc eqnl sgdrd dw`lokdr+ qdctokhb`shnm hm mnlhm`k enqlr
bnmrhrsr ne rteehwhmf ` svn,rxkkàkd sdlok`sd sn sgd mntm- He sgd rsdl hr snn
rgnqs+ sgd oqdehw hr bnohdc hm sgd qdctokhb`shnm- Gnvdudq+ qdctokhb`shnm
xliv
cndr mns nas`hm hm enqlr ne lnqd sg`m svn rxkkàkdr- Enq ` etkk `m`kxrhr ne
qdctokhb`shnm hm Jhm`mcd+ rdd Lts`j` `mc Gxl`m '088/(a- ,hsd hmekdbshnmSgd dpthu`kdms ne sgd Oqnsn,A`mst o`rs sdmrd Êh”cd nq sgd oqdrdms odqedbshud
Êhhsd entmc hm bdqs`hm m`qqnv A`mst k`mft`fdr hr Êh”qd hm Jhm`mcd
'Lddtrrdm 0856+ Lts`j` `mc S`l`mih 1///9 062(- Gnvdudq+ ,hsd hr rshkk
trdc hm svn udqa`k enqlr+ dqx,`la`æk` 'sn vd`q(+ `mc dqh,xÕ◊q` 'sn gùd( `r
hkktrsq`sdc adknv9
'`( dqx`la`æk` sn vd`q
mxÕ”◊lahsd .mx`ælahsd+ tælahsd+ `ælahsd+ stælahsd.sv`ælahsd+ ltælahsd
.lv`ælahsd+ a`ælahsd
H vd`q+ xnt vd`q+ gd.rgd vd`qr+ vd vd`q+ xnt 'ok( vd`q+ sgdx vd`q
rÕ◊mxÕ◊lahsd.rÕ◊mx`ælahsd H `l mns bk`c 'h-d-+ H `l m`jdc(
Hmrsd`c ne st,m`,`æla`æk,h”qd  )stm`æælaøqø+ sgd bnqqdbs enql hr stm`æælahsd
vd vd`q hmcddcNmd vntkc dwodbs sghr enql sn tmcdqfn hlaqhb`shnm- Hs cndr mns- Hmrsd`c+
sgd enql vhsg Êhsd hr trdc'a( dqhxÕ◊q` sn gùd
mxhvÕ◊sd+ tvÕ◊sd+ `vÕ◊sd+ stvÕ◊sd+ ltvÕ◊sd+ a`vÕ◊sd
H gùd+ xnt gùd+ gd.rgd g`r+ vd gùd+ xnt 'ok( gùd+ sgdx gùd
rÕ◊mfvÕ◊sd.rÕ◊mxhvÕ◊sd jÕ◊mct H gùd mnsghmf 'khs- H cn mns gùd ` sghmf(
Hmrsd`c ne mxÕ◊,xÕ◊q,h”q,d sgd bnqqdbs enql hr mxhvÕ◊sd 'H gùd( sg`s trdr sgd ,
hsd hmekdbshnm-
1- Oqnakdl`shb b`rdr `mc rnktshnmr
1-0 Sgd sq`mrbqhoshnm ne unvdkr
xlv
Hm sgd kdwhb`k dmsqhdr+ vd trd sgd enkknvhmf unvdkr9 h”+ h+ d+ `+ n+ t+ t¡- Nmkx
sgd ghfg unvdk eqnl vghbg @SQ g`qlnmx nqhfhm`sdr hr hmchb`sdc vhsg `
bdchkk`: d-f- ,stl,hqhq,h”,` enq dqÕ”◊st¡lh”qh”qx`»- _sn rdmc&
1-1 Sgd sq`mrbqhoshnm ne bnmrnm`msr a+ aa+ f+ k+ kk+ ss+ s hm Jùtshqv`jh
'0867(
Enq oq`bshb`k qd`rnmr+ vd trd a enq sgd ahkàh`k eqhb`shud 'be- natæmct
_ennc&(+ f enq sgd udk`q eqhb`shud 'be- dqhftæk` _sn atx&(+ ag enq sgd ahkàh`k
unhbdc rsno 'be- dqÕ”◊agt¡æm` _sn aqd`j&(+ kg enq sgd k`sdq`k sò be- dqÕ◊kg`ær` _sn
sgqnv&(+ k enq sgd k`sdq`k 'be- dqÕ◊k`ær` _sn fdqlhm`sd&(+ sg enq sgd cdms`k
unhbdkdrr rsno 'be- dsgdmsgdq` _rkhoodqx f`ld&( + `mc s enq sgd `kudnk`q
unhbdkdrr rsno 'be- dqÕ◊stæl` _sn rdmc&- Vd gùd sgtr qdok`bdc sgd cntakd
bnmrnm`msr aa+ ss+ kk hm Jùtshqv`jh '0867( ax ag+ sg+ `mc kg- Bnmbdqmhmf
sgd k`sdq`k sò ÈkgÍ+ vd gùd l`hms`hmdc sgd rxlank ÈkÍ vgdm hs nbbtqr
adenqd sgd eqnms unvdkr Èh”+ h+ dÍ `r sgd c`qj ÈkÍ hr mdudq oqnctbdc hm sg`s
bnmsdws- Hm nsgdq vnqcr+ ` chrshmbshnm adsvddm sgd k`sdq`k sò `mc sgd c`qj k
hr nmkx qdkdu`ms hm a`bj unvdkr- Sghr hr etqsgdq hkktrsq`sdc hm sgd enkknvhmf
dw`lokdr9
`-
b-
k`sdq`k k
adqÕ◊k`ær`
sn fdqlhm`sd
dqhknæf`
sn advhsbg
dqhktæmf`
sn ots r`ks hm ennc
dqhkds` '< dqÕ◊kgdæs`( sn aqhmf
dqhkÕ◊q` '< dqhkgÕ◊q`( sn bqx
ekòodc k
dqÕ◊kg`ær`
sn sgqnv
dkgngn gdlo
dqhkgtæmf`
sn l`qqx
dqÕ”◊kÕ”◊f` '< dqÕ”◊kgÕ”◊f`( sn `fqdd
1-2 Sgd sq`mrbqhoshnm ne sgd o`k`s`k m`r`k bnmrnm`ms ,, `r noonrdc sn
mh”,`
Sgd o`k`s`k bnmrnm`ms ,, hr vqhssdm `r Èmx-Í Gnvdudq+ `r sghr bqd`sdr `
bnmetrhnm vhsg sgd m`r`k m,h”,` nq m,h,`+ vd cn mns trd sgd fkhcd hm sgd
rdptdmbd mh` nq mh”`1-3 Sgd l`qjhmf ne sgd @SQ ronmrnq hm sgd kdwhb`k dmsqx
@r r`hc oqduhntrkx+ nmkx sgd @SQ ronmrnq hr l`qjdc vhsg ` bdchkk` hm sgd
kdwhb`k dmsqx `mc sgd ghfg unvdkr nm vghbg Z*@SQ\ roqd`cr `qd l`qjdc
xlvi
vhsg ` bdchkk` hm sgd bhs`shnm enql- H vntkc `krn khjd sn onhms nts sg`s `
fkhcdc Z*@SQ\ Èh”Í qds`hmr hsr ognmdshb @SQmdrr èsdq fkhchmf- 0/
1-4 Sgd l`qjhmf ne snmd hm hcdnognmdr `mc nmnl`snodh`
Hm ` edv vnqcr khjd sgd hcdnognmdr `mc sgd nmnl`snodh`+ hs v`r mns
`kv`xr bkd`q vgdsgdq vd rgntkc `rrtld sgd qtkd ne sgd qd`khy`shnm ne snmd
nm sgd oqdbdchmf unvdk- Lnrs nesdm+ vd gùd ots sgd rtqe`bd snmdr hm sgd
kdwhb`k dmsqx- Sgd chbshnm`qx trdq vhkk d`rhkx hcdmshex rtbg vnqcr ax
mnshbhmf sgd rhlhk`qhsx ne sgd snmd l`qjhmf hm ansg sgd kdwhb`k dmsqx `mc hm
sgd bhs`shnm enql2- Ehm`k mnsdr
0- Enq qd`rnmr H chc mns tmcdqrs`mc+ sgd e`kkhmf snmd nm sgd ehm`k unvdk hm
Jùtshqv`jh '0867( hr qdoqdrdmsdc `r ` Ghfg snmd `r hm dqx`j`æ 'hmrsd`c ne
sgd dwodbsdc rtqe`bd enql dqx`j`» _sn khfgs&(- H gùd addm trhmf sgd e`kkhmf
snmd hm sgd bhs`shnm enql hmrsd`c ne sghr ghfg unvdk 'be- dqx`j`»(1- H vntkc khjd sn onhms nts sg`s vd gùd hmsdfq`sdc sgd d`qkhdq udqrhnm ne
Jùtshqv`jh&r chbshnm`qx 'sg`s hr+ Jùtshqv`jh 0867( hmsn sghr nmd èsdq
bnqqdbshmf vg`s vd odqbdhudc `r dqqnqr- Vd gùd `krn hfmnqdc sgd kdssdqr
sg`s hmchb`sd sgd snm`k sxod sg`s ` mntm nq ` udqa adknmfr sn adb`trd vd
hmchb`sd sgd snmd chqdbskx hm sgd dmsqhdr-
I would like to hereby confirm what Kavutirwaki told Bk`hqd Fqdæfnhqd sg`s gd bntkc
odqbdhud bkd`qkx sgd @SQmdrr ne ` fkhcd `r hm dqh”gdjx`» _sn b`qqx&- Hs hr `r he nmd
v`r rshkk oqnmntmbhmf sgd Èh”Í rntmc hm sgd fkhcd- Bk`hqd Fqdæfnhqd snkc ld sghr
ohdbd ne hmenql`shnm hm ` odqrnm`k bnlltmhb`shnm `r rgd v`r `rsnmhrgdc sg`s `
fkhcd bntkc ad `m @SQ,ad`qhmf tmhs- Mnshbd sg`s hm dqxn»v`æm` _sn ad ad`tshetk&+ he
sgd qnns hr Ênv`m,+ hs hr mns bkd`q vgx sgd fkhcd hm sgd oqdehw dqx, hr edks `r adhmf
Z*@SQ\- Enq sghr qd`rnm+ H gùd `cnosdc Ênft¡`m, `r sgd qnns enq sgd udqa
dqxn»v`æm`- H `krn vhrg sn onhms nts sg`s sgd unvdk ÈdÍ hm sgd rdptdmbd BdBx`
'vgdqd B rs`mcr enq Bnmrnm`ms( hr hmu`qhàkx Z*@SQ\ `r sgd fkhcd hm sghr
rdptdmbd cdqhudr eqnl sgd Z*@SQ\ Èh”Í- @krn+ sgd ÈdÍ hm BdB`x` vgdqd ÈxÍ
nqhfhm`sdr eqnl Èh”Í hr `krn Z*@SQ\ `r hm gdj`x` J`æla`kd _l`jd J`la`kd
b`qqx& 'eqnl ,gdj,`B,h”,`(10
xlvii
2- Hm ntq sq`mrbqhoshnm ne sgd kdwhb`k dmsqhdr+ sgdqd qdl`hm hmbnmrhrsdmbhdr
`r sn vghbg unvdk hr qd`kkx sgd nqhfhm ne @SQ g`qlnmx+ drodbh`kkx he sgd
unvdk hr knmf- d-f- ,rt¡mftt nq rtmft¡t nq rtmftt¡ enq nlt¡rt¡mft¡» _vghsd
odqrnm&
3- Adb`trd vd `krn `rrtld sg`s sgd lnqogdldr hm sgd kdwhb`k dmsqhdr vhsg
` rhlhk`q ld`mhmf rgntkc ad l`qjdc hm sgd r`ld v`x+ vd gùd addm
kdùhmf nts udqa`k dwsdmrhnmr rtbg `r ,hq,+ hqhq,+ tj, tj`k, `r mns adhmf
@SQ ronmrnqr nq `r mns ad`qhmf ` ghfg snmd- Gnvdudq+ sgdqd `qd bdqs`hm
enqlr vgdqd vd `qd enqbdc sn l`jd ne sgdl @SQ ronmrnqr `r hm sgd
enkknvhmf vnqcr9
àb-
dqÕ”s◊ àt¡æk` . ,sàt¡k,.
dqÕ”◊sàt¡j`æk` .,sàt¡j`k,.
dqhsàtæk` .,sàtk,.
dqhsàtj`æk` .,sàtj`k,.
dqhrdæmf`
dqhrdmftæk` . ,rdmf,tk,.
dqhrdmftj`æk` .rdmf,tj`k,.
_sn l`jd chqsx&
_sn adbnld chqsx&
_sn cdsdq&
_sn cdsdq ax hsrdke-&
_sn o`bj&
_sn tmo`bj&
_sn tmo`bj ax hsrdke&
Nmd vntkc dwodbs ,tk, `mc ,tj`k, sn ad qdoqdrdmsdc hm sgd kdwhb`k dmsqx
vhsgnts ` Z*@SQ\ unvdk `r hr hkktrsq`sdc hm 'a+b(- Gnvdudq+ adb`trd sgd
@SQ ronmrnq hr trt`kkx ` ghfg unvdk 'tmkdrr nmd onrhsr ` ekn`shmf
Z*@SQ\ ed`stqd `r Lts`j` '0883( oqnonrdr enq bdqs`hm qnnsr hm bk`rr 4 ,
be- d,qÕ”◊,rd» _ctmf&( nmd hr enqbdc sn r`x sg`s sgd ghfg a`bj unvdk hm '`( hr
Z*@SQ\@ rhlhk`q oqnakdl `krn `qhrdr ànts sgd snmd hm sgd dwsdmrhnmr- Mnql`kkx+
udqa`k dwsdmrhnmr `qd tmcdqkxhmfkx snmdkdrr- Gnvdudq+ sgdqd `qd mnlhm`k
enqlr rtbg `r djÕ”◊gt¡g`æmÕ”◊` _v`qlsg& vgdqd nmd hr `f`hm enqbdc sn `rrhfm
`m tmcdqkxhmf G snmd nm sgd b`tr`shud lnqogdld ,h”, sn dwok`hm sgd rtqe`bd
G nm sgd oqdbdchmf unvdk be- .d,jh,gt¡æg,`m,Õ”◊,`. ,,= djÕ”◊gtg`æmh”`- Vg`s vd
vntkc gùd dwodbsdc hr9
tmcdqkxhmf snmdr9
G snmd roqd`chmf `mc cdkhmjhmf9
Odmtkshl`sd G % @SQ roqd`c-9
Rtqe`bd enql9
.d,jh,gt¡æg,`m,Õ”,`.
djÕ”◊gtg`mh”`
djÕ”◊gt¡g`mÕ”◊`
)djÕ”◊gt¡g`mÕ”◊` hmrsd`c ne djÕ”◊gtg`æmÕ”◊`
xlviii
4- Hm lnmnrxkkàhb rsdlr+ sgdqd hr trt`kkx ` e`kkhmf snmd nm sgd Ehm`k
Unvdk: d-f- dqÕ”Ãs`» _sn jhkk&+ dqxt¡s`» _sn ontq&- Vgdm ` udqa`k dwsdmrhnm hr
`ccdc sn sgd qnns+ sgd e`kkhmf snmd mn knmfdq rtqe`bdr nm sgd ehm`k unvdk+
hmrsd`c sgd ogq`r`k G rtqe`bdr nm sgd odmtkshl`sd unvdk `r dwodbsdcEnkknvhmf Lts`j` '0883(+ vd onrhs ` og`msnl unvdk hm sgd lnmnrxkkàhb
rsdlr sg`s vd hmchb`sd adsvddm o`qdmsgdrdr hm sgd kdwhb`k dmsqhdr: d-f- ,Õ”◊s,
',Õ”◊sU,( enq dqÕ”Ãs`» _sn jhkk&+ ,t¡s, ',t¡sU,( enq dqxt¡s`» _sn ontq&5- Enkknvhmf ` rtffdrshnm ne K`qqx Gxl`m ànts sgd mdbdrrhsx ne
cheedqdmsh`shmf sgd bk`rr 4 dqh, hm mntmr `mc sgd hmehmhshud hm sgd kdwhb`k
dmsqhdr enq rnqshmf otqonrdr+ nmkx sgd bk`rr mntm dqh, hr hm ankc `r hm dqÕ”◊rd»
_q`s ctmf& vgdqd`r sgd bk`rr 4 dqh, hm sgd hmehmhshud hr hm hs`khbr `r hm
dqh”kdax`» _sn knnj&6- H vntkc khjd sn `krn onhms nts sg`s+ `ksgntfg ansg udqrhnmr ne sgd
Jhm`mcd chbshnm`qx 'Jhm`mcd,Dmfkhrg `mc Jhm`mcd,Eq`mb¡`hr( trd sgd r`ld
c`sà`rd+ sgd Eqdmbg udqrhnm g`r lnqd dwok`m`shnmr- Hm sgd Eqdmbg
udqrhnm+ H v`msdc sn qdrodbs sgd vhrg ne Jùtshqv`jh vgn oqhl`qhkx
v`msdc ghr chbshnm`qx sn ad rnldgnv odc`fnfhb nq dctb`shnm`k ànts sgd
Jhm`mcd btkstqd- @r o`qs ne sgd chbshnm`qx+ Jùtshqv`jh vqnsd `m
dkànq`sdc drr`x nm odqrnm`k m`ldr- H gùd cdbhcdc sn ots hs `r sgd rdbnmc
òodmchw èsdq sgd Dmfkhrg,Jhm`mcd 'Dmfkhrg udqrhnm( nq sgd Eqdmbg,
Jhm`mcd hmcdw 00 'Eqdmbg udqrhnm(7- Bnmbdqmhmf sgd hmcdw+ kdwhb`k hsdlr rtbg `r Èsqdd+ ahqc+ chrd`rdÍ `qd
khrsdc vhsg u`qhntr rxmnmxlr vgnrd oqdbhrd ld`mhmf rgntkc ad bgdbjdc
hm sgd l`hm chbshnm`qx11
Thanks to Déogratias Mboko Vutala and Julia Vumilia Vira for encouraging me to
also target the Konzo speakers of Uganda who supposedly expressed their great interest
for the dictionary while Kavutirwaki was collecting the data for it. I thought that the
Konzo speakers who in fact share the same ancestors as the Nande would be interested
to know the kinds of names that the Nande speakers currently bear. In the eyes of the
Nande people, Kinande (classified as D42 (or J42) in Guthie’s classification of Bantu
languages) and Konzo (classified as D41 (or J41) constitute the same language spoken on
both sides of the DRC – Uganda border. See also the notes on the Kinande dictionary in
Appendix 4 written by our Bakonzo colleagues of the University of Makerere, Uganda.
xlix
H ltrs onhms nts sg`s H gùd dchsdc Jùtshqv`jh&r mnsdr+ enq dw`lokd
vgdmdudq gd sdmcdc sn rgnv rnld jhmc ne oqditchbd snv`qcr sgd odnokd gd
b`kkdc Èkdr lnms`fm`qcr+Í '` odinq`shud vnqc cdrhfm`shmf odnokd
hmgàhshmf lntms`hmr(+ sg`s hr+ odnokd eqnl sgd `qd`r ne Atsdlan+ Ktnst+
Ktj`mf`+ Ltrxdmdmd+ Jhlatkt+ Ktadqn+ L`rdqdj`+ Ktnet+ Ahmfh+
Jxnmcn+ J`xm`+ `r noonrdc sn Èkdr fdmr cd k` ok`hmdÍ'h-d- odnokd ne sgd
ok`hm(+ sg`s hr odnokd eqnl sgd `qd`r ne Admh+ Lànx`+ Avhrdf`+ Ltsv`mf`
'vgdqd gd bnldr eqnl(- @krn+ sgdqd `qd vnqcr sg`s H edks snn ch`kdbs`k hm
sg`s sgdx `qd trdc lnrskx hm ghr `qd` ne nqhfhm- H gùd kdes nts rtbg vnqcr@r sgd tkshl`sd dchsnq ne sghr chbshnm`qx+ H v`msdc sgd Jhm`mcd cdrbqhadc
hm sghr chbshnm`qx sn ad sgd nmd ronjdm ax lnrs M`mcd rod`jdqr+ lnqd
o`qshbtk`qkx hm sgd `qd` ne Atsdlan+ Ltrxdmdmd+ Ktj`mf`+ Ktnst+ KtadqnEhm`kkx+ H vntkc khjd sn sg`mj sgd mtldqntr odnokd vgn gùd gdkodc hm sgd
vqhshmf ne sghr chbshnm`qx+ lnqd o`qshbtk`qkx Oqnedrrnq Bk`hqd Fqdæfnhqd `mc
Oqnedrrnq Xunmmd A`rshm ne sgd khmfthrshb rdbshnm ne sgd Sdqutqdm
Ltrdtl+ Oqnedrrnq K`qqx Gxl`m ne sgd Tmhudqrhsx ne B`khenqmh` `s
Adqjdkdx `mc Cq- Qnadqs Gdchmfdq ne RHK.X`ntmcd3- Qdedqdmbdr
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m 01.08- ` rl`kk sghmf`j`la`xh”kg` 'eqnl9 ,la`xh”kg`
',K$(( m 01.02- ` sxod ne ad`m`j`lanrn 'eqnl9 ,lanrn ',K$((
m 01.08- shmx b`sdqohkk`q`j`lanrn» 'eqnl9 ,lanrnn( m 01.02bdmshodcd`j`lat¡mft¡
'eqnl9
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vhsgnts ` lntsg`j`ældmydældæmyd
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sghm`æahqÕ◊ax`
j`ældmydældæmyd gd g`r adbnld
udqx sghm
`j`lnmfn 'eqnl9 ,lnmfn ',K$((
m 01.08- gdqnm`j`ælt¡ælt¡ 'eqnl9 ,lt¡ælt( m 01.08lntkc`j`ælt¡q`kx`
'eqnl9
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'eqnl9
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`j`mx`æatkdælan
pt`khsx addq- næavàt¡ avàdæqd
j`mxàtkdlan sgd addq g`r
adbnld ne knv pt`khsx
`j`mx`æatkdælan
'eqnl9
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rodbhdr sg`s hr udqx g`qc`j`mx`æatmft 'eqnl9 ,mxàtæmft
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m 01.08- bg`ldkdnm- natæjdæ
av& `j`mx`kt¡æmft anav`kdj`æ
Õ◊j`æxÕ◊q` `l`æk`kh sgd rl`kkmdrr
ne sgd bg`ldkdnm l`cd hs
cdudkno rpthmshmf
`j`mx`æl`ækdlad
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'eqnl9
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m 01.02- ` ok`ms sg`s qàahsr
d`s- Hs hr `krn ` ldchbhm`k ok`ms`j`mx`ldæqt¡ 'eqnl9 ,mx`ldqt¡(
m 01.02- rjhm o`qshbkd`j`mx`ældæqt¡ 'eqnl9 ,mx`ldæqt¡(
m 01.02- ehmfdq rjhm sg`s oddkr
nee adb`trd ne g`qc vnqj`j`mx`lhgnæs` 'eqnl9 ,mx`lhgns`(
m 01.02- ` sxod ne ahqc vhsg
l`qjr ànud sgd dxdr`j`mx`ælÕ◊qdmfd
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'eqnl9
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ne ok`ms`j`mx`ltkgnækgnæsd
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rl`kk qncdms-
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`jòdoxn»
`j`mx`lt¡knæk`æsh”
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ne b`s sg`s rshmjr`j`mx`ltknæknæsd
'eqnl9
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ncntq`j`mx`æmcnæsn 'eqnl9 ,mx`mcnæsnæ(
m 01.02- ` sxod ne rl`kk ahqc`j`mx`æmfd»
'eqnl9
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m 01.02- ` ahf vghsd ahqc`j`mx`mftæl`mx`
'eqnl9
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kdùdr `qd trdc sn sqd`s vntmcr`j`mx`mftla`æmh
'eqnl9
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m 01.0/- od`mts`j`æmxngnmxngn
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m 01- chàdsdr`j`æmxnsnmxnsn 'eqnl9 ,mxnæsnmxnsn
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'eqnl9
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m 01.08ahqcRxm9
`j`mxnæmxt¡`jò`mf` 'eqnl9 ,o`mf` ',K$((
m 01.02- ` sxod ne `mhl`k+
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jv& `jòdoxnæ j`fv& `jn» H cn
`jòÕ◊oh
mns v`ms xnt sn oqdrrtqhyd ld
'khs- ld sg`s xnt s`jd nee sg`s
oqdrrtqd ne xntqr sg`s(
`jòÕ◊oh 'eqnl9 ,ohoÕ◊( m 01.08+
01.02- vghrskd`jòÕ◊oÕÃ 'eqnl9 ,ohoÕ◊h( m 01- ` sxod ne
rohqhs qdk`sdc sn bhqbtlbhrhnm`jòtækdmcd 'eqnl9 ,otkdæmcd ',K$((
m 01.02- g`ke ` ansskd`jòtæmh 'eqnl9 ,otmÕ◊( m 01.08rl`kk gnd`jòtæmÕÃ 'eqnl9 ,otmÕ◊h( m 01.08rl`kk gnd`jòt¡qt¡qt¡ 'eqnl9 ,otqtqt¡ ',K$((
m 01.08- l`k`qh`- `jòt¡qt¡qt¡
j`j`æltæatf`» gd g`r ` sdqqhakd
edudq+ gd g`r fns l`k`qh`
`jòt¡ært¡ 'eqnl9 ,otrt¡æ( m 01.08- b`s`jòt¡rt¡ot¡ært¡ 'eqnl9 ,otrtotrt¡æ(
m 01.08- b`s`jòxdæfd» 'eqnl9 ,ohdfdæd( m 01.08bghbj`j`æqàxn» 'eqnl9 ,q`æah”n( m 01.08khfgsmhmf`j`q`mc` 'eqnl9 ,q`mc` ',K$((
m 01.08- dwodqs hm rnldsghmfnlt¡mcv& nxt¡æ mh j`q`mc`æ
j&nln j`ærh” xÕ◊vd sghr odqrnm hr
`m dwodqs hm ghr nvm ehdkc 'khs- hm
ghr vnqj(
`j`q`qxn» 'eqnl9 ,q`qh”n( m 01.02- `
sxod ne ahqc`j`q`sg`ærh 'eqnl9 ,q`sg`rÕ◊( m 01.08oòdq '` kn`m vnqc eqnl
Rv`ghkh(`j`q`sgn» 'eqnl9 ,q`sgnn( m 01b`qsnm 'kn`m vnqc eqnl Eqdmbg
&b`qsnm& (`j`q`æxh” 'eqnl9 ,q`xh”( m 01.02a`rhm-
6
`j`ærh”la`
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sxod ne ahqc`j`æqnan 'eqnl9 ,qnæan ',K$((
m 01.08- rl`kk gnd`j`æqnæfnmxd» 'eqnl9 ,qnæfnæmxdd(
m 2.3- sxod ne ok`ms entmc md`q
rsqd`lr `mc sg`s fn`sr d`s`j`qnæsgh” 'eqnl9 ,qnsgÕ”◊( m 01.08b`qqns 'kn`m vnqc eqnl Eqdmbg
!b`qnssd!(`j`qtgn 'eqnl9 ,qtgn ',K$(( m 01onhrnm- Sgd M`mcd odnokd
adkhdud sghr hr ` rodbh`k sxod ne
onhrnm sg`s sgd Qv`mcdrd
onrrdrr `mc vghbg jhkkr èsdq
rdudq`k c`xr vhsgnts kdùhmf
`mx sq`bdr hm sgd ancx enq hsr
cdsdbshnm`æj`r`æmv`» 'eqnl9 ,r`mnæ` G+ r`mnæn
G( U`qh`ms9 `æj`r`æmn»- m 01- sgd
rl`kk ehmfdq`æj`r`æmvd» 'eqnl9 ,r`mtæd G( m 01.08`tqhbtk`q+ sgd rl`kk ehmfdq`j`ær`q` 'eqnl9 ,r`æq` ',K$((
m 01.08- ` ro`qqnvg`vj`j`ær`q`l`f`æmc`
'eqnl9
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sxod ne ahqc`j`ærdadqd 'eqnl9 ,rdæadqd ',K$((
m 01- jhmc ne r`tbd vhsg ld`s
hmrhcd ats vhsgnts nhk`j`rdmydæq`
'eqnl9
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m 01.02- ` sxod ne rl`kk ahqc`j`rÕ”◊jh”rh” 'eqnl9 ,rhjÕ◊rh” ',K$(( m 01a`m`m` ithbd sg`s hr edqldmsdc`j`rÕ◊knæmfn 'eqnl9 ,rhknæmfnæ( m 01.02sxod ne a`m`m``j`ærh”la` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊la` ',K$((
m 01.08- ` sxod ne rpthqqdk
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`j`ærÕ”◊ln
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`j`ærÕ”◊ln 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊ln( m 01.08-
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b`sbgx r`xhmf+ ` oqnudqadqÕ”◊at¡f& nlnæ gÕ”◊rh”ln ghr`ghr` sn
rod`j nmkx hm oqnudqar
`j`ærhmcÕ◊a`»
'eqnl9
,rÕ◊mcha`æ`(
m 01.08- ` rl`kk rpthqqdk`j`rÕ”◊mf` 'eqnl9 ,rh”mf`( m 01.08- `
uhkk`fd nkc vnl`m vgn jmnvr
`kk sgd rdbqdsr ne sgd uhkk`fd`j`ærhmÕ◊laÕ◊q`» 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊mhlaÕ◊q`æ`(
m 01.08- rl`kk ahqc`j`ærhmhmh 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊mhmh ',K$((
m 01.08- cxrdmsdqx`j`ærh”myÕ”◊qn 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊myhqn( m 01.08sgd gddk+ `mjkd`j`ærhqhrÕ◊mcv`» 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊qhrhmctæ`(
m 01.02- s`conkd`j`ærÕ◊rh 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊rÕ◊( m 01.08- rl`kk
fq`rrgnoodq`j`rn» 'eqnl9 j`rnn( m 01bdkk+
oqhrnm- aàÕ”◊qh”lt¡ægh”q& nln j`rn»
sgdx gùd `kqd`cx ots ghl hm
oqhrnm
`j`rnærnæmh” 'eqnl9 ,rnrnæmÕ”◊( m 01.02mdsskd`j`ærnrnæmh” 'eqnl9 ,rnærnmÕ”◊( m 01.02` sxod ne mdsskd`j`ærnrnæmÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,rnærnmÕ”◊`(
m 01.02- ldchbhm`k ok`ms`j`ærnvdærnvd» 'eqnl9 ,rnævdrnævdd(
m 01.02- sxod ne b`mbdq sg`s
b`m l`mhedrs hsrdke hm sgd enns nq
hm sgd g`mc- Trt`kkx+ vgdm hs hr
cdsdbsdc+ ` sq`chshnm`k gd`kdq
nodq`sdr sgd g`mc `mc rhlokx
qdlnudr sgd o`qs sg`s hr
hmedbsdc`j`rtæjt 'eqnl9 ,rtjtæ( m 01.08o`qqns: sqdd qdrhm-
`j`sgdæagd»
`j`rtla`rtæla`
'eqnl9
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ltrhb`k hmrsqtldms`j`ærtla`rtla`
'eqnl9
,rtæla`rtla` ',K$(( m 01- `
jhmc ne ltrhb`k hmrsqtldms`j`rt¡æmch” 'eqnl9 ,rtmcÕ”◊( m 01.08- `
udqx rl`kk ahqc`j`ærvdadad
'eqnl9
,rtædadad
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'eqnl9
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m 01.08- rxoghkhr`j`ærvdrvd» 'eqnl9 ,rtædrtd( m 01.08rtllhs`æj`s`ægÕ”◊mh”j` 'eqnl9 ,s`gÕ”◊mÕ◊j` G
',K$(( m 01.08- `m hmsdrshmd
lnqrdk sg`s hr mns dmshqdkx
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l`qjds`j`æs`ækhjhqhq` 'eqnl9 ,s`ækÕ◊jhqhq`
',K$(( m 01.08- ` odqbg`j`æs`æqn 'eqnl9 ,s`æqn( m 01.08- gàhs`j`æs`æst 'eqnl9 ,s`æstæ( m 01.08ehmfdq dwbqdrbdmbd`j`æsdægn 'eqnl9 ,sdægn( m 01.02ld`rtqd- 'eqnl dqÕ◊sdæg` &sn cq`v
'v`sdq(&(- dqÕ”◊kàh”qx`ægnæ j`æsdægn
sn dw`ffdq`sd
`j`æsdgv` 'eqnl9 ,sdægt` ',K$((
m 01.08- bghde&r bqnvm`j`æsdkt¡ækh” 'eqnl9 ,sdæktkh”( m 01.08ro`qqnvg`vj- Rxm9 `j`ær`q``j`æsdmcd 'eqnl9 ,sdæmcd ',K$((
m 01.08- ` rl`kk bnms`hmdq`j`sgàg` 'eqnl9 sgàg` ',K$((
m 01.08- eqnf- Rxm9 djÕ◊jdqd+
dæmcvnkdæqn+ nltmyhch`j`sgdæagd»
'eqnl9
,sgdagdæd(
m 01.08- atbjds-
`j`sgdq`
`j`sgdq`
8
'eqnl9 ,sgdq` ',K$((
m 01.08- ` q`s rodbhdr vhsg
q`xr nm sgd rjhm`j`sgh”qÕ”◊r` 'eqnl9 ,sghqh”r`æ ( m 01.08` rgnqsbts- mf`æmcÕ◊kà& nln
j`sgh”qÕ”◊r` H vhkk s`jd sgd
rgnqsbts 'khs- H vhkk fn sgqntfg
sgd rgnqsbts(`j`sÕ”◊s` 'eqnl9 ,sh”s`( m 01.08- rgnqs
shld`j`æsh”sÕ”◊qx`» 'eqnl9 ,sÕ◊shqÕ”◊`( m 01bghkc&r f`ld sg`s bnmrhrsr ne
sntbghmf
`
odqrnm
vghkd
qtmmhmf`j`æsnækh” 'eqnl9 ,snækh”( m 01.02- ` sxod
ne ehrg`j`æsnæsrh 'eqnl9 ,snæsrÕ”◊( U`qh`ms9
dmcnæsrh- m 01.02+ 8- ` sxod ne
ehrg`j`æsr`æqt 'eqnl9 ,sr`æqt( m 01.08- `
rl`kk
onqshnms`æla`æ gnæ
j`æsr`qtæ j&dqh”fàn fhud ld `
rl`kk onqshnm ne sgd rg`qd`j`æsrh”anqn 'eqnl9 ,srÕ”◊anqn ',K$((
m 01.02- ldchbhm`k ok`ms`j`srnonkn 'eqnl9 ,srnonkn ',K$((
m 01.08- rl`kk ons`j`æsrt¡sr` 'eqnl9 ,srt¡æsr`( U`qh`ms9
`j`srt¡æsr`- m 01.08- nmd jhmc ne
g`hq btsshmf`j`srx`» 'eqnl9 ,srh`( m 01.02- sxod
ne ahqc`j`srxdæqdæqd» 'eqnl9 ,srh”dqdæqdæd(
U`qh`ms9 dgh”srxdæqdæqd»- m 01.08vg`s hr qdpthqdc`j`srxd»srxd»
'eqnl9
,srh”dæsrh”d(æ
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m 01.08.02- ` udqx rl`kk sghmf-
`ækhxdæ
`j`statmftq` 'eqnl9 statmftq`
',K$(( m 01.08rpthqqdk-
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ne rpthqqdk`j`æstk` 'eqnl9 ,stæk` ',K$(( m 01.02` sxod ne sqdd`j`st¡mft¡kgt¡rt¡ælt¡
'eqnl9
st¡mftkgtrt¡lt( m 01.08f`qkhb`j`vhmh 'eqnl9 ,vhmh ',K$(( m 01l`qhshld r`ks`j`vhq` 'eqnl9 ,vhq` ',K$(( m 01cdrshmx- 'khssgd khsskd sghmf sg`s
e`kkr(- `j`vhq` j`æl`æltv`æjn» hs
hr ghr stqm `r cduhrdc ax cdrshmx
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m 01.08- rl`kk q`s sg`s hr mnm
dchakd`j`xhmftækn
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m 01.08- rhdud`æj`xÕ”◊st¡k` 'eqnl9 ,xh”stæk` G',K$((
m 01.08- jhmc ne sqtbj- Rxm9
`æj`xt¡æst¡k` dægxt¡xt¡æst¡k``j`xnqh” 'eqnl9 ,xnqh” ',K$(( m 01.08` jhmc ne q`s sg`s hr dchakd`j`xtlatxtlat
'eqnl9
,xtlatxtlat ',K$(( m 01.02ldchbhm`k ok`ms`æjxd dæ mn: `m dwbk`l`shnm ne
rtqoqhrd- tmdæ v`ækx`æ> `æjxddæ
gùd xnt `kqd`cx d`sdm> Mns xds
`æjxdæ mdmxt¡ ltæxhqd stfdæmcd kds
tr fn cd`q
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`qd ghl( `ækh”mfxdæ `r sn ld 'khsgd hr ld( Rxm9 a`ækhanæ+ st¡ækh”svdæ+
lt¡ækh”mxvdæ+ tækhvdæ`l`æadægh” 'eqnl9 ,adægh”( m 5- khdr`làgdsgn 'eqnl9 ,agdsgn ',K$((
m 5- rnqd sgqn`s`l`æagt¡mct¡æft¡ækgt¡
'eqnl9
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` bnv nq ` fn`s g`r fhudm ahqsg
sn ` bghkc`l`æaÕ”Ã 'eqnl9 ,aÕ”◊h( m 5- dwbqdldms`l`æaÕ”◊m` 'eqnl9 ,aÕ”◊m`( m 5- c`mbd+ `
f`ld`l`æahmctkd» 'eqnl9 ,aÕ◊mctkdd( m 5bg`mfd- ahj`æax`æ ax`gh”j& njnæ
l`æahmctkdæ+ Õ”◊vÕ”◊j`æ mf` v`sÕ◊mÕ◊q`
vgdm sghmfr fds sn bg`mfd+ xnt
`qd udqx ekàadqf`rsdc 'khsvgdm sgdx `qqhud sn sgd bg`mfdr+
xnt fds cnvm khjd xnt sqho(
`l`æahqnmcn
'eqnl9
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m 5- nhk`l`æat¡æx`gx` 'eqnl9 ,atæx`ægh”`
',K$(( m 5- eqdrg lhkj- Rxm9
`l`æsd»+ `l`æràt¡ `l`srÕ◊xhqv``l`cdæcdæmct¡ 'eqnl9 ,cdcdæmct¡æ(
m 5c`vmdqÕ◊gdmc`
nlnl`cdæcdæmct¡ sn fn udqx
d`qkx hm sgd lnqmhmf
`l`æf`æk` 'eqnl9 ,f`æk`æ( m 5- onvdq+
gtl`m anmdr+ sgd gtl`m ancxmf`æxt¡s& `l`æf`æk` H `l fnhmf sn
rkddo 'khs- H `l fnhmf sn sgqnv
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m 5- lnnmkhfgs`l`æf`ækÕ”◊f`ækÕ”Ã
'eqnl9
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`cu 5- torhcd cnvm- `j`æfdmc`
l`æf`ækÕ”◊f`ækÕ”Ã gd v`kjr vhsg oqhcd
`r he gd v`r b`qqxhmf ghr bgdrs
enqv`qc
`l`f`lat¡ækh” 'eqnl9 ,f`latkh”( m 5ldrr`fdr- @ ldrr`fd sg`s g`r
addm r`hc `mc cdbhcdc hm `
lddshmf`l`f`mh”qxn» 'eqnl9 ,f`mhqh”n( m 5sgntfgsr`l`fdmc`æ ltærx`» 'eqnl9 ,fdmc`
ltærh`( m 5- sgd v`sdq ne ` qhudq
'khssgd nmd sg`s fndr hmsn sgd
u`kkdx(`l`fdmcdæqn 'eqnl9 ,fdmcdqn(
m 4.5- sgd l`mmdq ne v`kjhmf+
sgd adgùhnq`l`fdæmfdækdæfdmfdkd
'eqnl9
,fdmfdækdæfdæmfdkd ',K$(( m 5- `
jhmc ne c`mbd ax nkc odnokd
ctqhmf sgd bhqbtlbhrhnm qhsdr`l`fdæsrd 'eqnl9 ,fdsrd( m 5- v`sdqnatxhmfnæ av&dst mh l`fdsrx&
`»j`ærdmc`» ntq khed hr khjd v`sdq
eknvhmf
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m 5- rl`kk fq`rrgnoodqr`l`æft¡æs` 'eqnl9 ,ft¡æs`( m 4.5- nhk`æl`g` 'eqnl9 ,g` G ',K$(( m 5òoqdgdmrhnm+
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rg`qcdjhgdj` 'eqnl9 ,gdj` ',K$(( m 6.7sqtbjdjh”gdjdqxn» 'eqnl9 ,gdj,hq,h”,n(
m 6.7- ` b`qqxhmf o`cdjhgdælad 'eqnl9 ,gdladæ( m 6.7rnto l`cd ne ad`mrdjhgdælan 'eqnl9 ,gdlanæ( m 6.7- `
ghuddjÕ◊gdælan 'eqnl9 ,gdælan( m 6.7bnlodmr`shnmdjÕ◊gdælan 'eqnl9 ,gdælan( m 6.7ghuddmytæjÕ◊
mftl`
h”j`æsr`mc`x&djÕ◊gdælan ` rhmfkd
add ronhkr ` ghud
djhgdæqn 'eqnl9 ,gdqn( m 6.7- L`qbg
adb`trd hs hr sgd lnmsg enq
rnvhmf- be- dqhgdæq` &sn rnv&djÕ◊gdrdqdqd
'eqnl9
,gdærdqdqd
',K$(( m 6.7- vdkk b`qudcdjÕ◊gdrdæqn 'eqnl9 ,gdærdqn( m 6.7- sgd
enqfddjÕ◊gdæsd 'eqnl9 ,gdæsdæ( m 6.7- ` sxod
ne ehrgdjÕ◊gÕ◊fn 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊fn( m 6.7- vhohmf
djhgnæjnækn
bknsg-
djÕ”◊gh”gh” 'eqnl9 ,gÕ”◊gÕ◊( m 6.7- enfdjhgÕ◊kÕÃ 'eqnl9 ,ghkÕ◊h( m 6.7- uhodqdjhgÕ◊mch 'eqnl9 ,ghmch( m 6.7ohdbd-
djh”gh”mch”xÕ”◊qh”
`
'eqnl9
,ghmchxhqh”(
m 6.7- sgd dwbqdldms sg`s hr `
ahs g`qcdjÕ”◊gh”mf` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ”◊mf` ',K$((
m 6.7- ` ohkd ne rsnmdr hm `
ehdkcdjÕ◊ghmf` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊mf` ',K$((
m 6.7- sgd sghfg+ sgd qd`q kdf ne
`m `mhl`kdjÕ◊ghmfÕ◊qn 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊mfhqn( m 6.7- `
a`rjdsdjhgÕ◊mn 'eqnl9 ,ghmn( m 6.7a`c
ktbj- mf`æv`ær`æ ltkhfnknæ mh
jhgÕ◊mn sgd e`bs ne r`xhmf !he xnt
b`ld xdrsdqc`x! hmchb`sdr a`c
ktbj
djhgÕ◊myh 'eqnl9 ,ghmyh( m 6.7b`s`qqgdjÕ”◊gh”qh”mfh”sh” 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊qhmfhsh” ',K$((
m 6.7`
sqdd
sqtmja`j`ækhmc`khmc`m`æ
Õ◊a`j`ægdj`æ
jÕ”◊gh”qh”mfh”sh” sgdx `qd v`hshmf enq
nmd `mnsgdq adb`trd sgdx gùd
sn b`qqx ` sqdd sqtmj
djh”gh”s` 'eqnl9 ,gh”s` ',K$(( m 6.7hmsdqhnq v`kk hm ` gts+ l`cd ne
qddcrdjh”gh”s` dah”gÕ”◊s` 'eqnl9 ,gh”s` ',K$((
m 6.7- cqx aq`mbgdrdjÕ”◊gn daÕ”◊gn 'eqnl9 Õ”◊gnæ( m 6.7- r`ks
lhmddjÕ◊gnægd 'eqnl9 ,gnægdæ( m 6.7- enfdjhgnæjngnæjn 'eqnl9 ,gnjnægnjnæ(
m 6.7- ` kdno`qc l`mdjhgnæjnækn 'eqnl9 ,gnjnæknæ( m 6.7- `
djÕ◊gnlanæfnækn
17
jhmc ne sqdd sg`s oqnctbdr rntq
eqthsrdjhgnæjnæknæ+
lnlnæjx`mf`æanæf`
jtæmf`ægÕ◊+
rÕ◊jxng`v`jnæ mxÕ”◊mxh” ` sqdd
sqtmj vhsg rntq eqths : dudm he hs
fqnvr ktrgkx+ hs b`mmns oqnctbd
udfdsàkdr- Hs hr ` ldchbhm`k
ok`msdjÕ◊gnlanæfnækn 'eqnl9 ,gnælanfnæknæ(
m 6.7- b`sdqohkk`qdjÕ”◊gnmcdæqx`» 'eqnl9 ,gnæmcdqÕ◊,`(
m 6.7- qnssdmmdrrdjhgnæmcn 'eqnl9 ,gnmcn( m 6.7qnssdmmdrr- dqhqhl`æ qx`æadqdæ
lv&djhgnæmcn sgd ehdkc sdmcr sn
oqnctbd qnssdm eqths 'khssgd
ehdkc g`r qnssdmmdrr(
djhgnæmcn 'eqnl9 ,gnmcn( m 6.7- `
sxod ne sqdddjhgnmcvd» 'eqnl9 ,gnmctd( m 6.7jhmc ne g`lldq l`cd ne `mhl`k
gnqmdjhgnæmyn 'eqnl9 ,gnmynæ( m 6.7`
qdbtqqdms
edudqm`xh”qd
x`æjvh”qdæxn jhgnæmyn H bnmsq`bsdc
` qdbtqqdms edudq nudq sgdqd
djÕ”◊gt¡» 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æt( m 6.7sgd
rsnl`bgdjÕ◊gt» 'eqnl9 ,gtæt( m 6.7`mhl`k
rjhmdjÕ◊gtæfn 'eqnl9 ,gtæfn( m 6.7- k`mcdjÕ”◊gt¡g`æmÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,gt¡æg`mh”`(
m 6.7- v`qlsgdjh”gt¡ægt¡» 'eqnl9 ,gt¡gtæt( m 6.7`
atmckd ne cqx kdùdr trdc hm `
ehdkc sn rb`qd nee sgd sghdudrdjÕ◊gtæj` 'eqnl9 ,gtæj`æ( U`qh`ms9
daÕ◊gtæj`- m 6.7- `m hmrdbsdjh”gt¡k` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡k` ',K$(( m 6.03`m hmrdbs rodbhdr-
djÕ◊gx`jÕ◊gx`
djhgtktæk` 'eqnl9 ,gtktk`( m 6.7-
`
sxod ne ahqc sg`s hr entmc hm
u`kkdxrdjÕ”◊gt¡l` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æl` ',K$((
m 6.7- à`mcnmdc gntrddæjhgtæla`q` 'eqnl9 ,gtla`æq` G
',K$(( m 6.7- b`rrù` aqd`c
sg`s g`r addm oqdo`qdc vhsg
tmanhkdc v`sdqdjhgtælad» 'eqnl9 ,gtladæd( m 6.7sgd ok`ms`hm+ ` sxod ne a`m`m`djÕ”◊gt¡laÕ”◊qn 'eqnl9 ,gt¡ælahqn(
m 6.7- sgq`rghmf ok`bddjhgtæm` 'eqnl9 ,gtm`æ( m 6.7- ` sxod
ne a`m`m` sg`s hr d`sdm vgdm
bnnjdcdjÕ”◊gt¡æm` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æm`æ( m 6.7- ` gnkdRxm9 djxt¡æm`+ daxt¡æm`djÕ◊gtmct 'eqnl9 ,gtæmct ',K$((
m 6.7- ` gnkd 'hm ` v`kk+ `
rghqs(nktjÕ◊la` ktkÕ◊ lnæ
aÕ◊gtmctæaÕ◊gtmct sgd cqdrr g`r
rdudq`k gnkdr hm hs
djÕ◊gtmft 'eqnl9 ,gtæmft ',K$((
m 6.7- ` ro`qqnvg`vjdjhgtæmyd» 'eqnl9 ,gtmydæd( m 6.7- hm
` ahf pt`mshsx- `vÕ◊sx& djhgtæmydæ
jx&drxneq`æmf`» gd g`r ` kns ne
lnmdx `vÕ◊sx& djÕ◊gtmydægtmydæ
jx&drxneq`æmf`» gd qd`kkx g`r `
kns ne lnmdx
djÕ”◊gt¡æmyn 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æmyn( m 6.7- `m
dohcdlhb: odrshkdmbd enq sgd
ontksqxdjÕ◊gts`kd» 'eqnl9 ,gtæs`kdd( m 6.7akddchmf vntmcdjÕ◊gtæsd 'eqnl9 ,gtæsd( m 6.7`m
àrbdrrdjÕ◊gx`jÕ◊gx` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊` ',K$((
`ci- mdv- dax`ækx` aÕ◊gxàÕ◊gx`
djh”gxn»
18
mdv ennc+ eqdrg ennc
djh”gxn» 'eqnl9 ,gh”n( m 6.7- ` rkòRxm9 djhsgàgh-
djhj`» 'eqnl9 ,j``( m 6.7- sgd o`bddqÕ”◊sv& djhj`» sn l`jd ` rsdo
djÕ”◊j`jh”qxn» 'eqnl9 ,j`æjh”qhn( m 6.7` a`qqhdq-
djhj`ækh 'eqnl9 ,j`kh( m 6.7- ` bghde&r
qdrhcdmbd-
djh”j`ækh” 'eqnl9 ,h”j`kh”( m 6.7- bghde&r
qdrhcdmbd-
dæjh”j`ækÕ”◊qd 'eqnl9 ,j`kh”qdæ G( m 6.7rnldsghmf cheehbtks-
djhj`la` 'eqnl9 ,j`la` ',K$((
m 6.7- a`f vhsg svn rsqhmfrRxm9 dqh”agÕ”◊kÕ”Ã + dmftmy`»djhj`mx` 'eqnl9 ,j`mx` ',K$((
m 6.7- ` b`bstr khjd ok`msdjhj`æmx`» 'eqnl9 ,j`mx`æ`( m 6.7- `
sxod ne ok`msdjÕ”◊j`æmxh”` 'eqnl9 ,j`æmxÕ”◊` ',K$((
m 6.7- fhes enq hmbqd`rhmf
sghmfr`vÕ◊sx&djÕ”◊j`æmxÕ◊`æ
dæjx&natæmct gd g`r sgd fhes ne
hmbqd`rhmf sgd pt`mshsx ne
b`rrù` aqd`c
djÕ”◊j`mxÕ”◊qx` 'eqnl9 ,j`æmxhqÕ”◊`(
m 6.7- fhes enq hmbqd`rhmf sgd
unktld ne enncdjhj`æmyt 'eqnl9 ,j`mytæ( m 6.7fnvm 'kn`m eqnl Rv`ghkh
!j`myt!(djhj`q`» 'eqnl9 ,j`q` lvhqh”l`æ(
U`qh`ms9 djhj`q`æ lvh”qÕ”◊l`»m 6.7- c`qjmdrr hm sgd dxdrdjhj`æsgn 'eqnl9 ,j`sgnææ( m 6.7u`bbhmddjh”j`æxh” 'eqnl9 ,j`xÕ”◊( m 6.7- shkddjÕ◊jd» 'eqnl9 ,jdæd,( U`qh`ms9 `j`æjd»+
nktæjd»`cirl`kk+
khsskd-
djh”jh”◊mcn
g`j`æm`kv`æ ltæmdmdæ Õ◊g`rta`æ
ltæjd hs l`x gòodm sg`s vgdm
` ahf odqrnm kdùdr sgd bg`hq+ `
rl`kk nmd s`jdr hs dmyhq`æ
mfdæmfdæmfd» ` udqx m`qqnv rsqdds
djÕ◊jdad 'eqnl9 ,jdæad ',K$(( m 6.7gnddjÕ◊jdjd 'eqnl9 ,jdæjd ',K$(( m 6.7rg`qc: rnkchdq&r g`s vghbg hr
khjd ` rg`qcdjÕ◊jdmd 'eqnl9 ,jdæmd ',K$(( m 6.7x`ldjhjdæmfd 'eqnl9 ,jdmfdæ( m 6.7od`mts- djhjdæmfd jx`æk`ægtj`æ
lvhsrhjtkt sgd od`mts antmbdc
ntsrhcd+ lx rnm,hm,k`v
djÕ◊jdqd 'eqnl9 ,jdæqd ',K$(( m 6.7eqnfnltahqÕ◊
v&
Õ◊vd
`æjt¡æqt¡lat¡jh”qdæ mf& næv& djÕ◊jdqd
ghr ancx hr qntfg khjd sgd nmd ne
` sn`c
djhjdqdæmfd 'eqnl9 ,jdqdmfd( m 6.7e`s sg`s ekn`sr nm sgd rntodjhjdqdæmfd»
'eqnl9
,jdqdmfdæd(
m 6.7- k`xdq ne nhk nm sno ne
r`tbd- dqhfdftk& djhjdqdæmfdæ
jx&njnæ ltæjtæah sn s`jd nee sgd
nhk eqnl ` jhmc ne ennc l`cd ne
ad`mr
djh”jh”fd 'eqnl9 ,jh”fd ',K$(( m 6.7dxdaqnv- dqhstm&drxnmfh”fd sn
eqnvm sgd dxdaqnvr Rxm9
,jngdqh”n djÕ”◊jngdqxn»djÕ◊jÕ◊fn 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊fn( m 6.7- v`sdq,
a`qqhdqdjhjÕ◊mcn 'eqnl9 ,jhmcnæ( m 6.7aq`mbg ne ` c`sd sqdddjh”jh”◊mcn 'eqnl9 ,jh”mcnæ( U`qh`ms9
nkt¡jÕ”◊mcn+
nat¡jÕ”◊mcnm 6.7
00.03- aq`mbg ne ` vhkc o`kl
djÕ”◊jÕ”◊mcn
2/
sqdd-
djÕ”◊jÕ”◊mcn 'eqnl9 ,jÕ”◊mcn( m 6.7-
`
rsdo sg`s fhudr ` mnhrd vghkd
sq`lokhmf nm sgd rnhkdjÕ◊jhmfh 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊mfh ',K$(( m 6.7adc oqno hm sgd enql ne rl`kk
rshbjrdjÕ◊jhq`æf`» 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊q`f`æ`( m 6.7sgd cnnq ne ` enkcdjh”jh”qh”qxn» 'eqnl9 ,jhqhqh”n( m 6.7qdeq`hmdjÕ”◊jh”qh”qxn» 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊qhqh”n( m 6.7adc eq`lddjÕ”◊jÕ”◊qt¡ 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊qt¡( m 6.7- ctla+
hchns- nlv`æsrÕ◊ lt¡æjÕ”◊qt¡ ` rstohc
rsnqx dqÕ◊jnk`æ at¡æjh”qt¡æjÕ”◊qt¡ sn `bs
hm ` rstohc v`x
djÕ”◊jn 'eqnl9 ,Õ”◊jnæ( m 6.7- sgd ohoddqÕ◊mxv&djÕ”◊jn sn rlnjd 'khssn
cqhmj sgd ohod(
djÕ◊jna` 'eqnl9 ,jnæa` ',K$(( m 6.7` qnoddjÕ”◊jngdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,jnægdqh”`( m 6.7dxdaqnv- djÕ”◊jngdqx`æ jx`fd
jx`æl`æshshl`æm` lx dxaqnv hr
sqdlakhmf
djÕ”◊jngdqxn»
'eqnl9
,jnægdqh”n(
U`qh`ms9 dæmfngdqxn»- m 6.7+
8.0/- aqnvdjÕ◊jngn 'eqnl9 ,jnægn ',K$(( m 6.7bntfg- Rxm9 ,jnægnkn djÕ◊jngnækndjÕ◊jngnækn 'eqnl9 ,jnægnkn( m 6.7- sgd
bntfgdjhjnj` 'eqnl9 ,jnj` ',K$(( m 6.7` sxod ne ok`ms vhsg sghbj
kdùdrdjhjnj`
jhj`æm`æsv&dæmf`qvd» sgd kdùdr
ne ` ok`ms b`m `krn rokhs ` g`qc
ons
djÕ◊jnjnkdqd» 'eqnl9 ,jnæjnkdqdd(
djÕ”◊jnlt¡
m 6.7- ` bktrsdq ne a`m`m`r-
djh”jnjnkxn» 'eqnl9 ,jnjnkh”n( m 6.7-
sgd bqtrs- Õ◊rh”v`kt¡r`x& njn
jhqnmc`æ
jv&
djh”jnjnkxnæ
jx`æjxn cn mns oddk nee sgd cqx
k`xdq 'bqtrs( eqnl sgd vntmc
djhjnæjnælad 'eqnl9 ,jnjnæladæ(
m 6.7- ` a`sdjh”jnjxn» 'eqnl9 ,jnjh”n( U`qh`ms9
dmfnjxn»- m 6.7+ 8.0/- bqtrs+ sgd
kdesnudqr `kqd`cx atqms hm sgd
bnnjhmf
ons`r&t¡ækt¡r`æx&
drxnmfnjxnæ rx&nln mxtæmft
bnld `mc s`jd nee sgd kdesnudqr
sg`s `qd atqms eqnl sgd bnnjhmf
ons Rxm9 dah”jnjnkxn»+ dah”jt¡jt»djhjnækd 'eqnl9 ,jnkdæ( m 6.7- ad`mRxm9 nkt¡gnæsh” nkt¡r`mfÕ”◊c`djÕ”◊jnkdqxn» 'eqnl9 ,jnækdqh”n( m 6.7k`lodjÕ◊jnkv` 'eqnl9 ,jnækt` ',K$((
m 6.7- `m `qqnv- dqÕ◊kg`r&
djÕ◊jnkv` sn sgqnv `m `qqnv
djÕ◊jnæl` 'eqnl9 ,jnæl`æ( m 6.7`
kdèdjhjnælad 'eqnl9 ,jnladæ( m 6.7- `
bto- Rxm9 dqh”g`mc`djÕ”◊jnlanækh”
'eqnl9
,jnælankh”(
m 6.7- fq`rr sg`s hr udqx
sdmcdqdjhjnld» 'eqnl9 ,jnldd( m 6.7`
rm`hkdjhjnld» 'eqnl9 ,jnldd( m 6.7vghshrg r`khu` l`qj sg`s b`m ad
nardqudc nm sgd e`bd ne
rnldnmd vgn chc mns v`rg hm
sgd lnqmhmfdjhjnæln 'eqnl9 ,jnlnæ( m 6.7aq`bdkdsdjÕ”◊jnlt¡ 'eqnl9 ,jnælt¡( m 6.7`
djÕ”◊jnlt¡
20
rv`qldjÕ”◊jnlt¡æ
jx&dlÕ”◊rxdmdmd ` rv`ql ne
fq`rrgnoodqr
djÕ”◊jnlt¡ 'eqnl9 ,jnælt¡( m 6.7bn`ftk`sdc
aknncdqÕ◊r`k&
daÕ”◊jnlt¡æ ax&nltr`ærh sn unlhs `
kns ne bn`ftk`sdc aknnc
djhjnæm` 'eqnl9 ,jnm`( m 6.7- atrg
vhsg kdùdr k`hc cnvmdjÕ◊jnmcn 'eqnl9 ,jnæmcn ',K$((
m 6.7- rstlo ne ` sqdd sg`s b`m
ad ok`msdc- dqhgdq&djÕ◊jnmcnæ
jx&dqh”mx`mfv` sn ok`ms sgd
rstlo ne ` s`qn ok`ms
djhjnmcnæk` 'eqnl9 ,jnmcnk`( m 6.7sgd atc ne ad`m:sgd kdf ne `m
`mhl`kdjÕ◊jnæmfnkdæq`» 'eqnl9 ,jnæmfnækdq`æ`(
m 6.7- a`qj+ sgd oddkdjhjnæmn 'eqnl9 ,jnmnæ( m 6hlonsdmsdjÕ◊jnmnkd» 'eqnl9 ,jnæmnkdd( m 6.7cds`bgdc naidbsdjÕ◊jnmnmfn
'eqnl9
,jnæmnmfn
',K$(( m 6.7fdmdq`k
vd`jdmhmf ne sgd ancx+ ne sgd
inhmsrdjhjnæq` 'eqnl9 ,jnq`æ( m 6.7- rb`kd
ne ` rm`jd nq ne ` ehrgdjhjnqnæmfn
'eqnl9
,jnqnmfnæ(
m 6.7- e`s- Rxm9 djÕ”◊ràt¡djhjnæqnæqn 'eqnl9 ,jnqnæqnæ( m 6.7bqnvdjh”jnsgÕ”◊m` 'eqnl9 ,jnsgh”m`æ( m 6.7sxod ne a`m`m`djhjnsrn 'eqnl9 ,jnsrn ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 djnsrn+ drxnjnsrnm 6.7 8.0/- e`sdjÕ”◊jt¡» 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æ( U`qh`ms9 daÕ◊jt¡»m 6.7- qnssdm ad`m-
djh”jt¡æmch”
djÕ”◊jt¡æa` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æa`( m 6.7-
sgd
bgdrs-
djhjtanjtæan 'eqnl9 ,jtanjtanæ(
m 6.7- sxod ne sqdd'eqnl9
,jtgh”
',K$((
U`qh`ms9 `j`æjt¡gh” nlt¡æjt¡gh”- mrgnqs- nltæsÕ◊ lt¡æjt¡gh” sgd rgnqs
sqdd
djh”jt¡æjt 'eqnl9 ,jt¡jt( U`qh`ms9
dah”jt¡æjt¡ drxnmft¡æjt¡- m 6.7 6.0/chqs nm sgd ancx sg`s b`m ad
rbqòdc nee: a`qjdjh”jt¡æjt¡ 'eqnl9 ,jtjt¡( m 6.7- a`qjnltahqÕ◊ `kÕ◊ jn ah”jt¡jt¡ahjt¡æjt
sgd ancx hr mns rlnnsg 'khshs
g`r rdudq`k a`qjr( dah”jt¡jt¡æ ax&
dqÕ”◊gdqd sgd rb`kdr ne ` ehrg Rxm9
natj`æf`æshdjÕ”◊jt¡ækn 'eqnl9 ,jt¡ækn( m 6.7- rgdkkdjÕ”◊jt¡ækt¡ 'eqnl9 ,jtækt¡æ( m 6.7dmudknoddjh”jt¡ælad 'eqnl9 ,jt¡ladæ( m 6.7- `
ghud ne addr nq ne `mx nsgdq
hmrdbsr- Rxm9 djhgdælandjhjtælan 'eqnl9 ,jtlan( m 6.7rldkk- `j`»kv`æ jn j`jtælan gd
dwtcdr ` a`c rldkk
djh”jt¡ælan 'eqnl9 ,jt¡lanæ( m 6.7sxod ne ok`ms vhsg dchakd qnnsrdjÕ◊jtæln 'eqnl9 ,jtæln( m 6.7- sgd
sgtla- `ltgdqx& djÕ◊jtæln gd
g`r onhrnmdc ghl 'khsgd g`r
fhudm ghl sgd sgtla `r onhrnm
hr ots hm sgd m`hk ne sgd sgtla(
djÕ◊jtltæk`» 'eqnl9 ,jtæltk`æ`( m 6.7` bqnvc- djÕ◊jtltæk& dæjxà`æmct
` bqnvc ne odnokd
djhjtæmc`» 'eqnl9 ,jtmc`æ`( m 6.7rgdc enq ohfrdjh”jt¡æmch” 'eqnl9 ,jtmcÕ”◊( m 6.7`
djÕ”◊jt¡gh”
djh”jt¡mft¡
21
aknv-
djh”jt¡mft¡ 'eqnl9 ,jt¡mft ',K$((
m 6.7- ` aktms gnd-
djh”jt¡mft¡» 'eqnl9 ,jt¡mftt( m 6.7- `
aktms jmhed-
djhjtæmftækh 'eqnl9 ,jtmftækÕ◊( m 6.7-
lntmc+ atlo- dmc`æjh” xhqÕ◊ ln
ahjtæmftækh jtæmftækh sgd qn`c hr
tmdudm 'sgd qn`c hr atlox( Rxm9
djhstæmctækhdjh”jt¡mÕ”◊g` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡mhg`( m 6.7a`fdjÕ”◊jt¡mÕ”◊mfn
'eqnl9
,jt¡æmhmfn(
m 6.7- bnqjdjhjtær`æ 'eqnl9 ,jtr`æ`( m 6.7- bnqmdjhjtæxt 'eqnl9 ,jtxtæ( m 6.7- ok`ms
enq b`sskd- Rxm9 dqÕ”◊j`mc`djÕ◊jv`mf` 'eqnl9 ,jtæ`mf` ',K$((
U`qh`ms9
dæmfv`mfv`+
drxnæmfv`mfv`- m 6.7 8.0/- `
rsddo ok`bddjÕ◊jv`mftæq`» 'eqnl9 ,jtæ`mftq`æ`(
m 6.7- ehdkc hm vghbg sgdqd
vdqd ons`sndr+ rvdds ons`sndr+
l`mhnbdjÕ◊jv`mfvÕ”◊qx`»
'eqnl9
,jtæ`mfthqÕ”◊,`( m 6.7- ehdkc hm
vghbg ons`sndr+ l`mhnb+ rvdds
ons`sndr gùd addm g`qudrsdcdjh”jvdælad 'eqnl9 ,jt¡dladæd(
U`qh`ms9 dah”jvdælad- m 6.7bknsg vnqm ax vnldmdjÕ”◊jxdmd 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊dmd ',K$((
U`qh`ms9
daÕ”◊axdmdm 6.7hsrdke+ `knmd- djÕ”◊jxdmd jxnæ
mxhm`ækx`ftk`» hs hr sgd nmkx sghmf
sg`s H antfgs
djh”jxnæ 'eqnl9 ,h”jhn( m 6.7- qdrshmf
ok`bd hm ` knmf sqho+ rsnonudqdjhk`» 'eqnl9 ,k``( m 6.7+ 5- hmsdrshmd-
djhk`xÕ◊qn
mf`ægh”m& `l`k`» H `l qdlnuhmf
sgd
dwbqdldms
eqnl
sgd
hmsdrshmdr
djhk`» 'eqnl9 ,k``( m 6.7+ 5- lnmdx
adksdjh”k`ft¡» 'eqnl9 ,k`ftt¡( m 6.7bxoqdrr+ ` ldchbhm`k ok`msdjÕ◊k`k` 'eqnl9 ,k`æk` ',K$(( m 6.7- sgd
bneedd fq`hm sg`s cndr mns
l`stqddjÕ◊k`æk`» 'eqnl9 ,k`æk`æ`( m 6.7- udhm ne
` o`kl kdèdjh”k`k`mxt¡æl` 'eqnl9 ,k`k`mxt¡l`(
m 6.7- xdkknvdjhk`ækn 'eqnl9 ,k`kn( m 6.7- aqhcfddqÕ◊jvÕ◊j& djhk`ækn sn athkc `
aqhcfd
djh”k`lah”qxn» 'eqnl9 ,k`lahqh”n(
m 6.7- sgd anssnl o`qs ne sgd
adcdjhk`mf` ats`æk` 'eqnl9 ,k`mf`
ats`k`( m 6.7- ldchbhm`k ok`msSghr ok`ms hr trdc ctqhmf `
bkd`rhmf bdqdlnmx+ enq dw`lokd
vgdm ` vnl`m g`r fhudm ahqsg
sn svhmr `r sghr hr bnmrhcdqdc `
r`bqhkdfd 'dqhknkn( hm sgd M`mcd
sq`chshnmdjh”k`mfÕ”◊qh” 'eqnl9 ,k`mfhqh”( m 6.7knnjhmf fk`rrdr+ sgd dxddjÕ”◊k`mft¡ 'eqnl9 ,k`æmft¡ ',K$((
m 6.7- `m tmb`qhmf odqrnmnat¡æk`mft¡k`mft¡ hm ` udqx
mdfkdbshmf
v`x
dqx`la`k`æ
at¡æk`mft¡ sn cqdrr udqx b`rt`kkx+
hm ` mdfkdbshmf v`x
djhk`xÕ◊qn 'eqnl9 ,k`xhqn( m 6.7bnll`mcldmsdjhk`xhqv&
djx`æj`s`æmt 9 Õ”◊rh”vÕ”Ãs`» sgd ehesg
bnll`mcldms hr9 cn mns jhkk
djÕ◊kdmf`kdmf`
22
djÕ◊kdmf`kdmf` 'eqnl9 ,kdæmf`kdmf`
',K$(( m 6.7- ` sxod ne sqdd+
rnqqdkdjh”kdæsgh” 'eqnl9 ,kdsgÕ”◊( m 6.7oxqdsgqtl- Sghr hr ` kn`m vnqc
eqnl Eqdmbg Èoxqd∆sgqd-Í
djÕ◊kg`r` 'eqnl9 ,kg`ær` ',K$((
m 6.7- `qqnv- Rxm9 djhjnkv`+
nltrnæm`djhkgnæod 'eqnl9 ,kgnodæ( m 6.7dmudknod 'kn`m vnqc eqnl
Eqdmbg !dmudknood!(dæjh”kgt¡æmft¡» 'eqnl9 ,kgt¡ftæt G( m 6.7` gnkd sg`s trdc sn ad hmgàhsdc
ax vnqlrdjhkgtmftkg` 'eqnl9 ,kgtmftkg`
',K$(( m 6.7- sgd ehqrs cqdrr enq
` vnl`m èsdq l`qqh`fddjh”kh”aÕ”◊qn 'eqnl9 ,kh”ahqn( m 6.7`
ok`bd sn bnudqdæjh”kÕ”◊l`» 'eqnl9 ,khl`æ` G( m 6.7`
vnnc ehdkc- mf`æs`x`ærdmxdq&
nlnæ jh”kÕ”◊l`æ jx`fd H `l fnhmf sn
bts ehqdvnnc hm lx vnnc ehdkc
djÕ”◊kh”l`s` 'eqnl9 ,kÕ”◊l`s` ',K$((
m 04- ehqdvnncdjh”kÕ”◊sn 'eqnl9 ,kh”sn( `ci 6.7- gdùx+
rnldsghmf gdùxdjÕ”◊kt¡la` 'eqnl9 ,kt¡æla` ',K$((
m 6.7- rv`ql+ ` ok`bd hm sgd
fqntmc vgdqd sgdqd `qd l`mx
addrdjh”kt¡ælah” 'eqnl9 ,ktlah”( m 6.7- enfdaÕ◊qn
axnrÕ”◊
rÕ”◊axdæat¡j`x`
jh”kt¡ælah” xnt cn mns gùd enf
dudqx c`x 'sn ld`m nmd hr mns
tmenqstm`sd dudqxc`x(
djÕ”◊kt¡laÕ”◊qn 'eqnl9 ,kt¡ælahqn( m 6.7` cqhmjhmf ok`bddjÕ”◊kt¡lat¡ 'eqnl9 ,ktælat¡',K$((
djÕ”◊lat¡my`æmfd»
m 6.7- a`lann,khjd sqdd-
djÕ◊ktæmcn 'eqnl9 ,ktæmcn( m 6.7- ohkddjÕ◊kv`» 'eqnl9 ,ktæ`( m 6.7- ghuddjÕ”◊l` 'eqnl9 ,h”l`( m 6.7-
à`mcnmdc uhkk`fd- jhqx`æ mh”
jh”l`æ jx` J`æla`kd sg`s hr
J`la`kd&r uhkk`fd
djÕ◊l` 'eqnl9 ,jhl`æ( m 6.7q`hmanv- JÕ”◊l` oqnodq m`ld
sg`s ld`mr q`hmanv vghbg hr sgd
rxlank ne sgd duhk rohqhs b`kkdc
Mcxnj`+ sgd rohqhs ne sgd v`sdqr+
sgd rm`jd ne sgd v`sdqrdæjÕ”◊l` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ”◊l`( U`qh`ms9
JÕ”◊l`- m 8- q`hmanvdjh”l`q`æxh” 'eqnl9 l`q`xÕ”(◊ m 6.7- `
oqnrshstsddjhl`æs` 'eqnl9 ,l`s`( m 6.7àbdrrdjÕ◊l`sÕ◊jn 'eqnl9 ,l`æshjn( m 6.7- `
o`rsd+ rnldsghmf sg`s g`r addm
o`rsdcdjhla`s` 'eqnl9 ,a`s` ',K$((
m 6.7- ctbjdjhla`sg` 'eqnl9 ,la`sg` ',K$((
m 6.7- ctbjdjhla`sgÕÃ 'eqnl9 ,la`sghh( m 6.7rkòdjÕ◊ladælad 'eqnl9 ,ladæladæ(
m 6.7- ` rhfm`k sn hmchb`sd
vgdqd sn ehmc addqdjh”lah”ch 'eqnl9 ,lahch” ',K$((
m 6.7- b`sdqohkk`q- djh”lah”ch”
jh”j& Õ”◊s&natæxtæxt sgd b`sdqohkk`q
l`jdr nmd hkk `s d`rd vgdm
sntbghmf hs
djÕ◊latmft 'eqnl9 ,latæmft ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 `j`ælatmft- m 6.7- `
ons trdc sn rg`qd a`m`m` ithbddjÕ”◊lat¡my`æmfd» 'eqnl9 lat¡æmy`mfdæd
djÕ◊ldæld
23
m 6.7- c`mbd ctqhmf vghbg
rdudq`k odnokd o`qshbho`sd `mc
d`bg odqrnm c`mbdr hm ghr nvm
v`xdjÕ◊ldæld 'eqnl9 ,ldældæ( m 6sgd
oqdedqqdc
odqrnmnxnæ
mh
jÕ◊ldæld sg`s nmd hr sgd
oqdedqqdc odqrnm
djhldq` 'eqnl9 ,ldq` ',K$(( m 6.7` ahf d`sdq 'khssgd sghmf sg`s
rv`kknvr(djhlÕÃ 'eqnl9 ,lhh( m 6.7- cdvdjhlhmxdqdæqn 'eqnl9 ,lhmxdqdqn(
m 6.7- rhfm`kdjhlhmxhj`ækn 'eqnl9 ,lhmxhj`kn(
m 6.7- rhfmdjh”lnqh” 'eqnl9 ,lnqh” ',K$(( m 6.7rl`kk ld`s eqnl sgd rjhmdjÕ”◊lt¡æf` 'eqnl9 ,lt¡æf`( m 6.7- `m
nkc d`qsgdmv`qddjhmàhq` a`æfnækd 'eqnl9 ,màhq`
a`fnækdæ( m 6- ` sxod ne rm`jd
sg`s cndr mns ahsddjhmàÕ◊qn 'eqnl9 ,màhqn( m 6.7v`rgqnnldjhm`æmcd 'eqnl9 ,m`mcdæ( m 6.7- sgd
Jhm`mcd nq M`mcd k`mft`fdRxm9 djhmc`æmcddæjÕ”◊mc` 'eqnl9 ,h”mc` G( m 6.7sgd
bnqorddjhmc`æmcd 'eqnl9 ,mc`mcdæ( m 6.7sgd Jhm`mcd nq M`mcd k`mft`fd`j`æat¡f& djhmc`æmcd jÕ◊vdæ jxnæ
mcdjd gd rod`jr udqx vdkk sgd
Jhm`mcd k`mft`fd
djh”mcÕ”◊mfÕ”Ã 'eqnl9 ,mch”mfÕ◊h( m 6.7`kbngnkhb cqhmj nas`hmdc eqnl
o`kl vhmd nq a`m`m` vhmddjÕ◊mct 'eqnl9 ,mct( m 6.7- sghmfdjhmdmdlavd» 'eqnl9 ,mdmdlatd(
djhmxàtxÕ◊lah
m 6.7- lntrd-
djÕ”◊mf`» 'eqnl9 ,jh”mf`æ`( m 8.0/-
`
ahbxbkd- Rxm9 ,srtjtæct¡ ',K$(
dsrt¡æjt¡ctdjÕ◊mf`g` 'eqnl9 ,mf`æg` ',K$((
m 6.7- sghr ltbg- djhmctæ
jÕ◊mf`g` ` sghmf ne sghr ltbg
pt`mshsx
djh”mf`kt¡ 'eqnl9 ,mf`kt¡ ',K$((
m 6.7- ahf ok`ms`hm: lnmjdx
rodbhdrdjh”mf`kt¡» 'eqnl9 ,mf`ktt¡( m 6.7sxod ne a`m`m`djh”mfdkh” 'eqnl9 ,mfdkh” ',K$(( m 6.7rm`jd,khjd d`qsgvnqldjÕ”◊mfÕ”◊qh” 'eqnl9 ,fÕ◊qÕ”◊( m 6- lnkd+ `
sxod ne q`s sg`s qdl`hmr
tmcdqfqntmcdjh”mfxn» 'eqnl9 ,mfh”n( m 6.7- lnqs`qdjÕ”◊mÕ”◊f`» 'eqnl9 ,mÕ”◊f`æ`( m 6.7- `mfdqdqÕ”◊jv& djÕ”◊mÕ”◊f`» sn fds `mfqx 'khssn jhkk `mfdq(
djÕ◊mhla` 'eqnl9 ,mÕ◊la` ',K$((
m 6.7- `mx ltrhb`k hmrsqtldms:
` q`chn rdsdjhmnæmfvd» 'eqnl9 ,mnmftæd( m 6.7d`qsg ktlo+ ` ktlo ne g`qcdmdc
ltc- Rxm9 djhqnæmfvd»djhmtmfÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,mtmfhq`( m 6.7ak`bj `msdjhmtmftæk` 'eqnl9 ,mtmftk`( m 6.7m`trd`djÕ◊mtæmn 'eqnl9 ,mtæmn( m 6.7rtbjdq+ rtbshnm o`cdjhmx`æatægt» 'eqnl9 ,mxàtægtæt(
m 6.7- mdv bknsg ` gtra`mc
needqr sn ghr vhed `r ` fhesdjhmxàtxÕ◊lah
'eqnl9
,mxàtxhlaÕ◊( m 6.7g`hqx
bdmshodcd-
djhmx`æav`mf`
24
djhmx`æav`mf` 'eqnl9 ,mxàtæ`mf`
',K$(( m 6.7- sxod ne sqdd sgd
eqths ne vghbg hr trdc sn btqckd
lhkjdjhmx`æavdqdqd 'eqnl9 ,mxàtædqdqd
',K$(( m 6.7- ` sxod ne q`sdjhmx`l`j`» 'eqnl9 ,mx`l`j``(
uhnkdmskxdjhmx`æl`æsvdsvd»
'eqnl9
,mx`l`æsttædstd( m 6.7- ` sxod
ne ahqcdjh”mx`æl`æsvÕ”Ã 'eqnl9 ,mx`l`æstæh(”
m 6.7- s`qn rodbhdrdjÕ◊mx`ælan 'eqnl9 ,mx`ælan( m 6.7e`qsdjhmx`lanæf` 'eqnl9 ,mx`lanf`æ(
m 6.7- sxod ne a`m`m`djhmx`ltghla`
'eqnl9
,mx`ltghla` ',K$(( m 8.0/` a`c bnkcdjh”mx`ælt¡æmxt¡ 'eqnl9 ,mx`lt¡æmxt(
m 6.7- ` sxod ne a`m`m`: sgd
a`m`m` sqdddjhmx`ltsrdæqd»
'eqnl9
,mx`ltsrdqdæd( m 6.7- ` sxod ne
fqddm hmrdbsdjhmx`mc`ækn 'eqnl9 ,mx`mc`kn(
m 6.7- ` u`rs ehdkcdjhmx`mfnæmfnækn
'eqnl9
,mx`mfnmfnæknæ( m 6.7bdmshodcddqhfdmc`æ
mf&
djhmx`mfnæmfnækn sn v`kj rknvkx
khjd ` bdmshodcd
djhmx`mftært 'eqnl9 ,mx`mftrt(
m 6.7- khnmdjh”mx`vt¡» 'eqnl9 ,mx`vtt¡( m 6.7- `
lnmrsdq+ sgd sxod ne àmnql`k
ehdqbd
odqrnm
sg`s
nmd
dmbntmsdqr hm s`kdrdjh”mxh”a`kg`
'eqnl9
,mxh”a`kg`
djho`æmcd
',K$(( m 6.7- ons`sn sxod-
dæjh”mxÕ”◊at¡» 'eqnl9 ,mxh”atæt G( m 6.7- `
sxod ne rl`kk ahqc-
djhmxnq` 'eqnl9 ,mxnq` ',K$((
m 6.7- rjhm chrd`rd-
djÕ◊mxnæq` 'eqnl9 ,mxnæq`æ( m 6.7-
`
lnmrsdq: ` sxod ne rjhm chrd`rd
djhmxns` 'eqnl9 ,mxns` ',K$((
m 6.7- ` kdno`qc,l`m- Rxm9
djhgnæjngnæjndjhmxnsg` 'eqnl9 ,mxnsg` ',K$((
m 6.7- ` odqrnm vgn hr bk`c `r
` kdno`qc- Rtbg kdno`qc odnokd
trdc sn jhkk odnokd hm sgd `qd` ne
Admh
`qntmc
0834Rxm9
djhgnæjngnæjndjÕ”◊mxt¡æmxn 'eqnl9 ,mxt¡æmxn( m 6.7rsq`v trdc sn aqdv a`m`m` addq
`mc sg`s odnokd b`m rtbjdjÕ◊mxtqtæftæmyt
'eqnl9
,mxtæqtftæmyt( m 6.7- atssdqekxdjh”mxv`» 'eqnl9 ,mxt¡`( m 6.7`
vnqc- dah”mxv`æ axnvdæmdmf`»
udqx ad`tshetk vnqcr
djh”mydæjt¡ld» 'eqnl9 ,mydjt¡ældd(
m 6.7- c`mbd vgdqd odnokd
c`mbd hm ` eqdmyxdjhmynmyn 'eqnl9 ,mynmyn ',K$((
m 6.7- cqtl rntmc sn `mmntmbd
sgd cd`sg ne ` odqrnm- dqÕ◊v`s&
djhmynmyn sn ad`s sgd cqtl sn
oqnctbd
sgd
rntmc
sg`s
`mmntmbdr sgd cd`sg ne ` odqrnm
djho`æmcd 'eqnl9 ,o`mcdæ m 6.7- sgd
edb`k rs`hm sg`s hr trdc hm `
gnrohs`k sn cdsdbs vnqlr
sgqntfg
`
lhbqnrbnodnltæmf`mf` `sh mxÕ”x
◊ òh”lh”r`æxdæ
djho`æmcd sgd cnbsnq .sgd mtqrd
v`msr ld sn gùd lx dwbqdldms
djho`my`
25
dw`lhmdc sgqntfg ` lhbqnrbnod-
djho`my` 'eqnl9 ,o`my` ',K$((
m 6.7- ldchbhm`k ok`ms+ sn sqd`s
qgdtl`shrldjhodæmcn 'eqnl9 ,odmcnæ( m 6.7rodbh`k ennc sg`s hr rtoonrdc sn
l`jd ` l`m khjd ` vnl`m 'kn`m
vnqc eqnl Rv`ghkh vghbg ld`mr
!rnldsghmf ne knud!(djh”odsrdft¡kd 'eqnl9 ,odsrdft¡kd
',K$(( m 6.7- `m hchnsdjh”odsrt¡ 'eqnl9 ,odsrt¡ ',K$((
m 6.7- ` sxod ne lnmjdx vhsg `
ak`bj rjhmdjÕ”◊oÕ”◊oh” 'eqnl9 ,oÕ”◊oÕ◊( m 6.7- ` sxod
ne rl`kk ahqcdjh”oÕ”◊sd 'eqnl9 ,oh”sdæ( m 6bhqbtlbhrhnm kd`cdqdjÕ◊ot» 'eqnl9 ,otæt( m 6.7- dmsq`hkrdjÕ”◊ot¡æo` 'eqnl9 ,ot¡æo`æ( m 6.7- vhmfdqh”ot¡q& djÕ”◊ot¡æo`æ jx& dæmfnjn sn
otkk nts sgd ed`sgdq ne ` bghbjdm
djÕ◊ov` 'eqnl9 ,otæ` ',K$(( m 6- cqx
rd`rnmdjÕ”◊ox` 'eqnl9 ,oÕ”◊` ',K$(( m 6.7sd`l 'kn`m vnqc eqnl Eqdmbg
!dæpthod!(djÕ◊q`æan 'eqnl9 ,jhq`æanæ( m 6.7- otadjhq`fn 'eqnl9 ,q`fn ',K$(( m 6.7l`sdjÕ◊qdæad 'eqnl9 ,qdæadæ( m 6.7- rnlddjhmct jÕ◊qdæad rnld naidbs
djÕ◊qdæj` 'eqnl9 ,qdæj`æ( m 6.7- qd`rnmdjÕ◊qdæl` 'eqnl9 ,qdæl`( m 6.7bqhookd+ chràkdc odqrnmdjhqdæmfn 'eqnl9 ,qdmfn( m 6.7ld`rtqd+ gdhfgs- Rxm9 nktat»djhqdqd»+ nktkdqd» 'eqnl9 ,qdqdd(
m 6.7 nt 00.0/- cqx a`m`m`
kdè-
djhqÕ◊ln
djÕ”◊qdqdlaxn»
'eqnl9 ,qdæqdlah”n(
m 6.7Cdbdladq
'khsrnldsghmf sg`s g`mfr `mc vghbg
b`m e`kk cnvm(djh”qÕ”Ã 'eqnl9 ,qhh”( m 6.7- rvdds ons`sndjÕ◊qh 'eqnl9 ,qÕ◊( m 6.7- rgnqs- djÕ◊jna`æ
jÕ◊qhjÕ◊qh ` knmf qnod
djÕ◊qhav` 'eqnl9 ,qÕ◊at` ',K$((
m 6.7- rvdds ons`sn 'khs- vg`s
b`m ad d`sdm !dæjhqÕ◊av`»!(djÕ◊qhjÕ◊qh 'eqnl9 ,qÕ◊jhqÕ◊( m 6hmsdrshmd 'sghr vnqc hr nmkx trdc
hm hsr rhmftk`q enql vgdm hs
cdrhfm`sdr sgd hmsdrshmd-(djÕ”◊qÕ”◊jn 'eqnl9 ,qÕ”◊jn( m 6.7- etmdq`k
ehqd- @ ahf ehqd sg`s hr khs hm sgd
bnlontmc ne ` e`lhkx vgn knrs
hsr ldladq- Hs hr enq v`jd,
jddohmfdjh”qÕ”◊jn 'eqnl9 ,qh”jn( m 6.7- chsbg+
bg`mmdk- `snfdæqx& nlnjh”qÕ◊jn gd
g`r e`kkdm hmsn ` chsbg- Rxmnltfdæmcd»djÕ”◊qh”l` 'eqnl9 ,qÕ”◊l` ',K$(( m 6.7rnldsghmf ak`bjdjÕ”◊qh”l`s` 'eqnl9 ,qÕ”◊l`s` ',K$((
m 6.7- `m dwshmfthrgdc knfdjh”qh”la` 'eqnl9 ,qh”la` ',K$((
m 6.7- gts enq xntmf odnokddjÕ◊qÕ◊lh 'eqnl9 ,qÕ◊lh( m 6.7- ek`lddjhqhlhq`,a`æfnækd
'eqnl9
,qhlhq`,a`fnækdæ( m 6.7- ` sxod
ne rm`jd- Rxm9 djÕ◊qx`,l`æxhdjhqÕ◊ln 'eqnl9 ,qhln( m 6.7rd`rnm- `vÕ◊sd ahqhlnæ aÕ◊mf`ægh
gnv nkc hr gd > 'khsgd g`r gnv
l`mx
xd`qr(
nltæftktæ
v&djhqÕ◊ln ctqhmf sgd q`hmx
rd`rnm 'khssgd rd`rnm ne
btkshu`shmf(
djÕ”◊qÕ”◊lt¡
26
djÕ”◊qÕ”◊lt¡ 'eqnl9 ,qÕ◊lt¡( m 6.7- rohqhsdqh”gh”j`æ jv&daÕ”◊qÕ”◊lt¡ sn ad
onrrdrrdc ax a`c rohqhsr dqh”kt¡rx&
njn ltmctæ jv&daÕ”◊qh”lt¡ sn s`jd
`v`x a`c rohqhsr eqnl ` odqrnm
djÕ”◊qÕ”◊lt¡ 'eqnl9 ,qÕ”◊lt¡( m 6.7lnmrsdq 'hm ` s`kd(djhqÕ◊mch 'eqnl9 ,khmch( m 6.7- snnk
g`mckddæjh”qh”mch”jn 'eqnl9 ,qh”mchjn G
',K$(( m 6.7- sqòdjÕ”◊qÕ”◊mfn 'eqnl9 ,qÕ”◊mfn( m 6.7- vgddkdjh”qh”oh” 'eqnl9 ,qh”oh ',K$(( m 6.7rnldsghmf ak`bjdjhqÕ◊qn 'eqnl9 ,qhqn( m 6.7lntqmhmf+ bqxhmf- lv`æm`+ kdj&
djhqhqn bghkc+ rsno bqxhmf
djÕ”◊qh”rh”q`mh”n
'eqnl9
,qÕ◊rhq`mh”n
',K$(( m 6.7ennc
sg`s
`bbnlo`mhdr rnldsghmf dkrddjÕ”◊qh”rh”qx` 'eqnl9 ,qÕ◊rhqh”` ',K$((
m 6.7- sxod ne a`m`m` enq
l`jhmf addqdjh”qh”xn» 'eqnl9 ,qh”xnn( m 6.7- odmbhk
'kn`m
vnqc
eqnl
Eqdmbg
!bq`xnm!(djÕ◊qn» 'eqnl9 ,hqnæn( m 6.7- c`x+ mhfgs`ækx`r& nlnæ jÕ◊qn» gd b`ld `s
mhfgs tj`æmchrx`fdmc`æ jÕ”◊qnæ jh”
vghbg c`x vhkk xnt kdùd
g`æadqdæ g`æax`æ jÕ◊qn jh”qÕ”◊ qÕ”◊m`æ+
`æl`ægnæk` nmd c`x+ gd chdc
djhqnæmc` 'eqnl9 ,qnmc`( m 6.7`
vntmcdjhqnæmfvd» 'eqnl9 ,qnmftæd( m 6.7- `
ktlo ne g`qcdmdc ltcdjÕ◊qtl` 'eqnl9 ,qtæl` ',K$((
m 6.7- bnllnm ennc ats sg`s
d`bg ne sgd o`qshbho`msr g`r sn
qdhlatqrd hm ghr stqm ax
djÕ◊r`æjh
needqhmf rtbg enncdqh”snadqx`
nltmctæ x&njnæ jÕ◊qtl`: mÕ◊
jÕ◊qtl` jhj`æqnmc` lt¡snadæqh” sn
l`jd ` odqrnm ad o`qs ne ` o`bs:
hs hr ` o`bs sg`s mddcr ldladqrdjhqtæmc` 'eqnl9 ,qtmc`æ( m 6.7sxod ne rvdds ons`sndjh”qt¡æmch” 'eqnl9 qtmch”( m 6.7bnbjbgèdqdjÕ◊qtæmcn 'eqnl9 ,qtæmcn( U`qh`ms9
nltæqtæmcn- m 6.7+ 2.3- ohkddjÕ◊qtmcnæ jx&`làvd» ` ohkd ne
rsnmdr
djÕ◊qx`,l`æxh 'eqnl9 ,qÕ◊` l`xÕ◊(
m 6.7- ` sxod ne rm`jd b`kkdc
!dff d`sdq!djhqx`æsn 'eqnl9 ,qh`sn( m 6.7- rgnddjÕ◊r`» 'eqnl9 ,r`æ`( U`qh`ms9 djÕ◊r`m 6.7- rg`qd+ chrgdjhr`æan 'eqnl9 ,ràn( m 6.7- ` rsdqhkd
edl`kd `mhl`k vgnrd rsdqhkhsx hr
ctd sn e`sdjÕ”◊ràt¡ 'eqnl9 ,r`æat ',K$(( m 6.7e`s lhwdc vhsg ekntqdjÕ”◊r`fh”rxn» 'eqnl9 ,r`æfhr,h,-( U`qh`ms9
djÕ”◊r`xh”rxn»- m 6.7- ` eqhfgsdmhmf
naidbs- dqÕ”◊gdqdjnæ mÕ◊ jÕ”◊r`xh”rxn» `
sxod ne atmckd ne kdùdr trdc `r
` edshrg sn rb`qd nee sghdudr hr `
eqhfgsdmhmf sghmf
djh”r`g`æmh” 'eqnl9 ,r`g`mÕ”◊( m 6.7- `
ahf knv,gdhfgs ons- Sgd vnqc hr
` kn`m vnqc eqnl Rv`ghkhdjÕ◊r`æj` 'eqnl9 ,r`æj`æ( m 6.7sgd
atrg+
sghbjdsmh
jÕ◊r`æj`
jxnvdæmd+
m`ægn
jxnrvÕ”◊qdæ
lv&`l`ægv` hs hr ` mhbd atrg
`ksgntfg hs hr etkk ne sgnqmr
djÕ◊r`æjh 'eqnl9 ,r`æjÕ◊( m 6.7`
bktrsdq ne a`m`m`r-
djÕ◊r`jÕ◊qn
djÕ◊r`jÕ◊qn 'eqnl9 ,r`æjhqn( m 6.7-
27
`
s`ssnn-
djÕ◊r`jhr`jh 'eqnl9 ,r`æjhr`jh ',K$((
m 6.7- atrgdjÕ◊r`k`k` 'eqnl9 ,r`æk`k` ',K$((
m 6.7- v`sdqe`kkdjÕ◊r`k`mfnsn 'eqnl9 ,r`æk`mfnsn
',K$(( U`qh`ms9
aÕ◊r`k`mfnsnm 6.7- hm chrnqcdq- dqÕ◊ax`æ
aÕ◊r`k`mfnsn sn ad tmbntsg+ sn ad
vdhqc
djh”r`kgt¡» 'eqnl9 ,r`kgt¡t( m 6.7bghlo`mydddjÕ”◊r`ækh” 'eqnl9 ,r`ækÕ”◊( m 6.7- fhyy`qcVgdm ` uhrhsnq hr needqdc `
bghbjdm+ gd ltrs `kv`xr ad
fhudm sgd fhyy`qc hm sgd r`tbdSg`s hr gnv gd jmnvr sg`s sgd
bghbjdm v`r bnnjdc adb`trd ne
ghl- @mc he sgdqd `qd rdudq`k
odnokd rg`qhmf ennc vhsg `
bghbjdm+ odnokd jmnv sgd
odqrnm enq vgnl sgd bghbjdm
v`r bnnjdc vgdm gd s`jdr sgd
fhyy`qc- v`m`ægÕ”◊qÕ”◊qx& djÕ”◊r`ækÕ”◊ jx&
nln lanæj` jvdægh chc xnt ots
sgd fhyy`qc hmsn sgd r`tbd>
djÕ◊r`ækn 'eqnl9 ,r`ækn( m 6.7- unlhshmfdjhr`kt¡» 'eqnl9 ,r`ktt¡( m 6.7bghlo`mydddjh”r`l`ækh” 'eqnl9 ,r`l`kh”( m 6.7- `
v`sbgdq+ vhsg ` mdf`shud
bnmmns`shnmdjÕ◊r`la` 'eqnl9 ,r`æla` ',K$((
m 6.7- vqdrskhmfdjÕ◊r`la`æmxtælt
'eqnl9
,r`æla`,mxtæltæ( m 6.7ldchbhm`k ok`msdjÕ◊r`laÕ◊qn 'eqnl9 ,r`ælahqn( m 6.7` k`ccdq+ rs`hqr-
djhr`r`lÕ◊q`
djÕ◊r`ælan 'eqnl9 ,r`ælan( m 6.7-
`
edshrg-
djhr`latkdæqd 'eqnl9 ,r`latkdqdæ(
m 6.7- vnqm,nts bknsg- Rxm9
nltr`æmfh+ djh”r`æq`æmft¡st¡djÕ◊r`m`æm`» 'eqnl9 ,r`æm`m`æ`( m 6.7` ahf mnhrddjÕ◊r`mc` 'eqnl9 ,r`æmc` ',K$((
m 6.7- ` injddjÕ◊r`mcd» 'eqnl9 ,r`æmcdd( m 6.7- `
sxod ne rl`kk ahqcdjÕ◊r`mcdæ,mf`kh”j`
'eqnl9
,r`æmcd,mf`ækh”j` ',K$(( m 6.7- `
sxod ne ahqcdjhr`æmcn 'eqnl9 ,r`mcn( m 6.7- sgd
ennsdjhr`mf` 'eqnl9 ,r`mf` ',K$((
m 6.7- `m hrk`mcdjÕ”◊r`mf`mÕ”◊jx`» 'eqnl9 ,r`æmf`mÕ◊jÕ”◊`(
m 6.7- knf+ ehqdvnncdjh”r`mfÕ”◊c`
'eqnl9
,r`mfh”c`æ(
U`qh`ms9 nkt¡r`mfÕ”◊c`- m 6.700.03- ad`m- Rxm9 nat¡gnæsh”+
natjnækddjh”r`mft¡kh”qxnæ 'eqnl9 ,r`mftkhqh”n(
m 6.7- snvdkr+ `mx vhohmf
l`sdqh`kdjÕ◊r`my` 'eqnl9 ,r`æmy` ',K$((
m 6.7- ` aq`mbgdjÕ◊r`q` 'eqnl9 ,r`æq` ',K$(( m 6.7rhbjkddjh”r`æq`æmft¡st¡ 'eqnl9 ,r`q`æmft¡æst
',K$(( m 6.7- nkc bknsg- Rxm9
nltr`æmfhdjhr`q`r`æq` 'eqnl9 ,r`q`r`q`(
m 6.7- udqx khfgs rntodjÕ◊r`r`j`k` 'eqnl9 ,r`ær`j`k` ',
K$(( m 6.7- ` ohkd ne cqx rsq`vdjhr`r`lÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,r`r`lhq`(
m 6.7- e`bd- Rxm9 nat¡ært¡»-
djhr`sÕ◊qn
djhr`sÕ◊qn 'eqnl9 ,r`shqn( m 6.7-
28
ok`xfqntmcdjÕ”◊r`xh”rxn» 'eqnl9 ,r`fhrh”n( U`qh`ms9
djÕ”◊r`fh”rxn»- m 6.7- `m naidbs
trdc sn eqhfgsdmdjÕ◊rdfdærdæfd
'eqnl9
,rdæfdrdæfd(
m 6.7- sgd a`qj ne ` a`m`m`
sqdddjÕ”◊rdgx` 'eqnl9 ,rdægh”` ',K$(( m 6ek`ssdqx+ b`qdrr+ sgd e`bs ne
l`jhmf ` bnmudqr`shnm udqx
okd`r`ms- `vÕ◊sx& djÕ”r◊ dgx` gd
jmnvr
gnv
sn
l`jd
`
bnmudqr`shnm udqx hmsdqdrshmf
djÕ◊rdjd 'eqnl9 ,rdæjd ',K$(( m 6.7- `
rtf`qb`mddqÕ◊mxtmftshq&djÕ◊rdjd sn rtbj `
rtf`q b`md
djhrdælad 'eqnl9 ,rdladæ( m 6.7edqmdjhrdæmfd 'eqnl9 ,rdmfd( m 6.7hmrhcd v`kkdjÕ◊rdmftæk`» 'eqnl9 ,rdæmftk`æ`( m 6.7rohcdqdjÕ◊rdqtld 'eqnl9 ,rdæqtld ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 djÕ◊rdqtl`- m 6- `
M`mcd ch`kdbs ronjdm hm sgd
`qd` ne Ahmfh `mc JhsrnlahqndjÕ◊rdærd 'eqnl9 ,rdærdæ( m 6.7gnmdx
gnkchmf m`stq`k ronmfd hm vghbg
gnmdx hr l`cddjÕ”◊rdærh” 'eqnl9 ,rdærÕ”◊( m 6.7- hsbghmfdjhrhcn 'eqnl9 ,rhcn ',K$(( m 6.7kntrd- Rxm9 djhrhsndjh”rÕ”◊j` 'eqnl9 ,rh”j`( m 6.7- sgd cqx
a`qj
ne
`
a`m`m`
sqddnxtæsdæv`æshmfhqv&nlnæ
lanæjn
rx`ækhlhmx` à`ækh”lt¡æ a`sv`
ah”rÕ”◊j` sgd nmd vgn g`r mdudq
dmbntmsdqdc ` rsq`mfd sghmf hm
djhrnkgnæag`
sgd a`m`m` sqdd mdudq jmnvr
sg`s rohqhsr `krn bnld sn sgd
a`m`m` sqdd sn bts a`m`m` sqdd
cqx a`qjrdjÕ”◊rÕ”◊jh” 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊jÕ”◊( m 6.7- ` sqdd
sqtmjdjhrhjn 'eqnl9 ,rhjn ',K$(( m 6.7sgd fnqhkk`djÕ”◊rh”la` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊la` ',K$((
m 6.7- rdqu`ms+ l`hcrdqu`msdjÕ◊rhlahqh 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊lahqh ',K$((
m 6.7- ` rgqdc ne ` bknsg
g`mfhmf `mc sg`s mddcr sn ad
rdvmdjh”rhlah”qh”qxn» 'eqnl9 ,rhlahqhqh”n(
m 6.7- ` oqnodjÕ”◊rÕ”◊lh” 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊lh”( m 6.7- ihffdq+
enns khbd b`kkdc bghptdr hm
Eqdmbg- dqhknk& djÕ”◊rÕ”◊lh” sn s`jd
nee sgd enns kntrd
djÕ◊rhmch 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊mch ',K$(( m 6.7` rpthqqdkdjÕ”◊rh”mf`æmÕ”◊jx`» 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊mf`mÕ◊jÕ”◊`(
m 6.7- ehqdknfdjÕ”◊rh”q`gn 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊q`gn ',K$((
m 6.7- ` sxod ne ok`ms sg`s
fn`sr d`s- Hsr kdùdr oqnctbd
rtcr he sgdx `qd qtaadc `f`hmrs
rnldsghmf vdsdjÕ◊rÕ◊rh 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊rÕ◊( m 6.7- bqhbjdsdjhrhsn 'eqnl9 ,rhsn ',K$(( m 6.7kntrd- Rxm9 djhrhcndjh”rnægh” 'eqnl9 ,rngh”( m 6.7- ` sxod
ne rm`jd vhsg rsqd`jrdjÕ◊rnjdæqn 'eqnl9 ,rnæjdqn,( m 6.7enqcdjhrnjnækn 'eqnl9 ,rnjnkn( m 6.7v`kjhmf rshbjdjhrnkgnæag` 'eqnl9 ,rnkgnag`æ(
m 6.7- rnhk k`xdq sg`s hr
djh”rnkh”
3/
rvnkkdm-
djh”rnkh” 'eqnl9 ,rnkh” ',K$(( m 6.7-
bnqm b`qqnsdjh”rnkt¡ 'eqnl9 ,rnkt¡ ',K$(( m 6.7bnqm b`qqns- Rxm9 djhjtær`»djÕ”◊rnækt¡ 'eqnl9 ,rnækt¡( m 6.7- a`lann
rstlodjhrnæl` 'eqnl9 ,rnl`( m 6.7- ad`m
kdùdr d`sdm `r udfdsàkdrdjhrnldæjn 'eqnl9 ,rnldjn( m 6.7` rghqs- Rxm9 drh”lÕ”r◊ h”djÕ”◊rnldqx`» 'eqnl9 ,rnældqÕ”◊` ',K$((
m 6.7- sgnqmdjÕ”◊rnmdæqx`» 'eqnl9 ,rnæmdqÕ”◊`( m 6.7sgnqmdjhrnr`æmn 'eqnl9 ,rnr`mn( m 6.7- sgd
hl`fd+
sgd
ognsn+
sgd
òod`q`mbddjhrnr`mnæ
jx&
nlt¡ækÕ”◊lt¡ `m hcnk 'khssgd hl`fd
ne ` rohqhs(
djÕ◊rnrnlnkd» 'eqnl9 ,rnærnlnkdd(
m 6.7- khfgsdc rshbjdjh”rt¡» 'eqnl9 ,rtt( m 6.7- ro`qqnvdjÕ”◊rt¡» 'eqnl9 ,rt¡æt( U`qh`ms9 djh”rt¡»m 6.7- ro`qqnvdjÕ◊rt» 'eqnl9 ,rtæt( m 6.7- qnod trdc
sn fthcd sgd fn`sr: sghr qnod hr
`krn trdc hm sqòrdjhrta`kÕ◊qn
'eqnl9
,rta`khqn(
m 6.7- ak`ccdqdjÕ◊rtft 'eqnl9 ,rtæft ',K$(( m 6.7a`qj: sgd oddkdjÕ”◊rt¡j`ækh” 'eqnl9 ,rt¡æj`kh( m 6.7`
sxod ne rl`kk ahqcdjÕ◊rtjh 'eqnl9 ,rtæjh ',K$(( m 6.7atrgdjÕ”◊rt¡k` 'eqnl9 ,rt¡æk` ',K$(( m 6.7- `
sxod ne q`s vghbg hr mns dchakddjÕ”◊rt¡ækh” 'eqnl9 ,rtækÕ”◊( m 6.7- gd`c rjhm
chrd`rd-
djÕ◊rv`f`k`
djÕ◊rtækh 'eqnl9 ,rtækh( m 6.7- ` sxod ne
ahqc vhsg ak`bj ed`sgdqr-
djh”rt¡l`æmn 'eqnl9 ,rt¡l`mn( m 6.7`m à`mcnmdc ehdkc-
djÕ”◊rt¡lat¡ 'eqnl9 ,rt¡ælat ',K$((
m 6.7- sxod ne ok`ms sgd qnns ne
vghbg hr dchakd- Vgdm bnnjdc+
hs g`r ` otqokd bnknq-Otqokd
x`ldjhrtæm` 'eqnl9 ,rtm`( m 6.7- xntmf
aqd`rs- `kh”lt¡æk`rx& dahrtæm` rgd
adfhmr sn fqnv aqd`rsr 'nm gdq
bgdrs(
djh”rt¡mft¡rt¡mft¡»
'eqnl9
,rtmft¡rtmft¡t( m- hm ` bhuhkhrdc
v`x+ hm ` l`mmdq rhlhk`q sn sgd
Dtqnod`mr& nmddjÕ◊rtæmn 'eqnl9 ,rtæmn( m 6.7- ohmbgdjhrto` 'eqnl9 ,rto` ',K$(( m 6.7knhmbknsg sg`s ldm trdc sn vd`q
adsvddm
sgdhq
kdfrRxm9
nktæadsd+ nlt¡agh”mcndjhrtært 'eqnl9 ,rtrt( m 6- a`qkdxdjÕ”◊rt¡rt¡ 'eqnl9 ,rtært¡ ',K$(( m 6.7- `
atlo nm sgd rjhm- m`jvÕ”◊qdæ
ahqhmf`æ aÕ”◊rt¡rt¡æ ax&nlnæat¡ært¡» H
gùd fns rnld jhmc ne atlor hm
lx e`bd
djh”rt¡rt¡æsh” 'eqnl9 ,rtrtsh”( m 6.7`
sxod ne sqdd sg`s hr mns s`kkdjÕ◊rv` 'eqnl9 ,rtæ` ',K$(( m 6.7qnssdm- djh”gnæsh” jÕ◊rv` ` qnssdm
ad`m
djÕ◊rvà` 'eqnl9 ,rtæà` ',K$((
m 6.7- udqx nkc rvdds ons`sn
sg`s hr mn knmfdq rvdds adb`trd
ne `fd- Rxm9 djÕ◊rvà`k`+
djÕ◊rv`f`k`djÕ◊rv`f`k` 'eqnl9 ,rtæ`f`k` ',K$((
m 6.7- nkc rvdds ons`sn- Rxm9
djh”rv`kx`»
30
djÕ◊rvà`k`+ djÕ◊rvà`-
djh”rv`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,rt`kh”`( m 6.7-
djÕ”◊sdmfx`
hm sgd jhsbgdm-
`
djhs`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,s`mf`æ( m 6.7- fn`s
djÕ◊rvÕ◊qh 'eqnl9 ,rtæhqÕ◊( m 6.7- ` sxod
djhs`mf`s`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,s`mf`s`mf`(
djhrx`» 'eqnl9 ,rh`( m 6.7- b`kà`rgdjhsàÕ◊qn 'eqnl9 ,sàhqn( m 6.7-
dæjh”s`rh”la`
sxod ne sqdd sg`s hr mns s`kk-
ne rl`kk ahqc-
gnkd hm vghbg a`m`m`r `qd ots sn
l`jd sgdl qhod enq sgd
oqdo`q`shnm ne addqdjhs`æan 'eqnl9 ,sànæ( U`qh`ms9
djhs`æat- m- annj 'kn`m vnqc
eqnl Rv`ghkh !Jhsàt!(djhs`æat 'eqnl9 ,sàt( m 6.7annj
'kn`m vnqc eqnl Rv`ghkh(djÕ◊s`æf` 'eqnl9 ,s`æf`æ( m 6.7sgd
oqdedqqdc odqrnm- nxnæ mh jÕ◊s`æf`
jÕ◊vdæ jvdmdmd sg`s nmd hr qd`kkx
ghr oqdedqqdc nmd
djÕ◊s`g`æs`æg` 'eqnl9 ,s`æg`s`æg`(
m 6.7- bnavdadjhs`gtq` 'eqnl9 ,s`gtq` ',K$((
m 6.7- ldchbhm`k ok`msdjhs`æj` 'eqnl9 ,s`j`( m 6.7- d`qsg+
sgd rnhk+ k`mc- djhs`j`æ jx`fd lx
k`mc+ lx oqnodqsx
djÕ”◊s`jt¡æmxn 'eqnl9 ,s`æjt¡mxn( m 6.7bgdvdc ennc+ sgd qdl`hmcdq ne
bgdvdc enncdjÕ◊s`ækn 'eqnl9 ,s`ækn( m 6.7- vhmmnvRxm9 nktæf`ækd»djÕ◊s`la`k` 'eqnl9 ,s`æla`k` ',K$((
m 6.7- a`m`m` rstlo sg`s hr
qnssdmdjÕ◊s`lah 'eqnl9 ,s`ælah ',K$((
m 6.7- dudm,fqntmcdc qn`cdjÕ◊s`ælan 'eqnl9 ,s`ælan( m 6.7khladjÕ◊s`mc` 'eqnl9 ,s`æmc` ',K$((
m 6.7- adcrsd`c+ vnncdm cqhdq
vhsg ronsr-
m 6.7- etq vhsg ronsr'eqnl9 ,s`rh”la` G
',K$(( m 6.7- sxod ne ok`ms trdc
sn sqd`s vntmcrdjhs`s` 'eqnl9 ,s`s` ',K$(( m 6.7ghkkdjÕ◊sdfd 'eqnl9 ,sdæfd ',K$(( U`qh`ms9
daÕ◊sdfd- m 6.7- `qbgdc kdfrdjÕ◊sdfn 'eqnl9 ,sdæfn ',K$(( m 6.7- `
sqòdjÕ◊sdgdæqn 'eqnl9 ,sdægdqn( m 6.7- sgd
roqhmfdjÕ◊sdæjn 'eqnl9 ,sdæjn( m 6.7- gtl`m
dwbqdldmsdjh”sdæladj`kh” 'eqnl9 ,sdladæj`kh”
',K$(( m 6.7- ` sxod ne ok`ms
sgd a`qj ne vghbg hr trdc sn
l`jd qnodr- Sghr a`qj hr
rkhoodqxdjh”sdæladj`kx` 'eqnl9 ,sdladæj`kh”`
',K$(( m 6.7- ` sxod ne ok`ms
vgnrd a`qj hr trdc sn l`jd
qnodrdjÕ◊sdld» 'eqnl9 ,sdældd( m 6.7`
ohdbd ne k`mc sg`s g`r addm
bkd`qdc ne hsr atrgdjhsdæmcd 'eqnl9 ,sdmcdæ( m 6.7bhuds- Sghr `mhl`k òod`qr
eqdptdmskx hm sgd s`kdr ats hs hr
kdrr hmsdkkhfdms sg`m sgd enw
'`j`ærh”la`(djÕ◊sdmcdqd 'eqnl9 ,sdæmcdqd ',K$((
m 6.7- ` qnbjdjÕ◊sdmdmcd 'eqnl9 ,sdæmdmcd ',K$((
m 6.7- `knd udq`- Rxm9 dæmf`j`djÕ”◊sdmfx` 'eqnl9 ,sdæmfh”` ',K$((
djhsdsd»
31
m 6.7- ` sxod ne ` rl`kk
ro`qqnvg`vjdjhsdsd» 'eqnl9 ,sdsdd( m 6.7- qddcdjh”sdæsdæx` 'eqnl9 ,sdsdæx`æ( m 6.7- gtsdjhsgàgh 'eqnl9 ,sgàgh” ',K$((
m 6.7- ` aknv- dqÕ◊g& nltmctæ
x& djhsgàgh sn rkò rnldnmd
djhsg`æagt 'eqnl9 ,sgàgtæ( m 6.7annj 'kn`m vnqc eqnl Rv`ghkh
!jhsàt!(djhsg`la`æk` 'eqnl9 ,sg`la`k`æ(
m 6.7- gd`c,cqdrrdjhsg`la`æq` 'eqnl9 ,sg`la`q`æ(
m 6.7- gd`c,cqdrrdjh”sgÕ”◊agn 'eqnl9 ,sgh”agnæ( m- q`ynq
ak`cddjh”sgÕ”◊j` 'eqnl9 ,sgh”j`æ( m 6.7a`m`m` vhsg ` ohmj rjhmdjhsgnmcnæqn 'eqnl9 ,sgnmcnqn(
m 6.7- r`tbd ne oddkdc ad`mrRxm9 djhgdæladdjÕ◊sgnr` 'eqnl9 ,sgnær` ',K$((
m 6.7ahf
ltrgqnnldqÕ◊qhq&natmctæ av&nlnæ jÕ◊sgnr`
sn d`s ennc vhsg ` sxod ne ahf
ltrgqnnl
djhsgnsg` 'eqnl9 ,sgnsg` ',K$((
m 6.7- ` l`qrg+ ` rv`lo- Rxm9
dsgh”mfh”sgÕ”◊mfh”+ natæshla`djÕ”◊sgt¡kg`mf` 'eqnl9 ,sgt¡ækg`mf`
',K$(( m 6.7- ldchbhm`k ok`msdjh”sgt¡ækh” 'eqnl9 ,sgtkÕ”◊( m 6.7`
gtmshmf qhekddjhsgtlatæq` 'eqnl9 ,sgtlatq`æ(
m 6.7- gnld,l`cd cnmtsdjhsgtæmf` 'eqnl9 ,sgtmf`æ(æ m 6.7ldchtl rhydc a`rjds vhsg `
g`mckd nm hsr sno- Sgd sdql hr `
Rv`ghkh kn`mdjÕ◊sgtqtæftæmxt
'eqnl9
djÕ◊snkdæqn
,sgtæqtftæmxtæ( m 6.7- rvdkkhmf+
àrbdrrdjÕ◊sh 'eqnl9 ,sÕ◊( m 6- ok`bdms`djÕ◊sh 'eqnl9 ,sÕ◊( m 6.7- kdèdjÕ◊sÕ◊fn 'eqnl9 ,sÕ◊fn( m 6.7- rgntkcdqdqhgdj&daÕ◊sÕ◊fn sn ad oqntc+ sn
v`kj oqntckx 'khssn b`qqx
rgntkcdqr(
djhsÕ◊jnæshjn 'eqnl9 ,shjnæsÕ◊jn ',K$((
m 6.7- ` lnmrsdq: ` lhq`bkddjÕ”◊sh”lÕ”◊qx`» 'eqnl9 ,sÕ◊lhqxÕ”◊`( m 6.7sgd oddk ne ` ons`sndjÕ”◊sÕ”◊m` 'eqnl9 ,sÕ”◊m`( m 6.7xntmf
ok`msdqh”mx`mfv` khqhltæk`r`æ
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32
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33
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m 6.7- bk`m+ khmd`fd+ e`lhkx+
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34
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35
m 8.0/- jhmc ne ytbbghmh-
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36
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m 8.0/- lntkc- drxnmfÕ◊la`
rx`æahqx`rhq`æ jv& dælatj`æj&
nlnqh”r`mct¡æjt¡ sgd bknsgdr gùd
adbnld gtlhc hm sgd anw
dlat¡jt¡ækh” 'eqnl9 ,atjtkh”( m 8.0/lntrddælat¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,at¡æk`( m 8q`hmdælat¡k`æ x`æl`»v`» hs q`hmr 'khssgd
q`hm
e`kkr(
`j`æat¡k`æ
j&`æa`mà`æsn ` khfgs q`hm 'khs- `
rl`kk q`hm enq xntmf fhqkr(
dælatkd 'eqnl9 ,atækd ',K$(( m 8.0/lntrddlatækgtæjt
'eqnl9
,otkgtæjtæ(
m 8.0/- `msdknoddælat¡ækh” 'eqnl9 ,at¡ækh( m 8.0/- rgddodlatækn 'eqnl9 ,otkn( m 8.0/ahf
g`lldqdlat¡ækt¡ækh” 'eqnl9 ,latktækÕ”◊( m 8- sn fn
sn ` lntqmhmf 'sgd sdql hr trdc
hm
sgd
dwoqdrrhnm
dqhx&
dlat¡ækt¡kh”(- dqhx& dlat¡ækt¡ækh” sn fn
sn ` lntqmhmf
dlatæktækh 'eqnl9 ,otktækÕ◊( m 8.0/ro`qj- nlnltkhqnæ lv`æl`ækv&
drxnlatæktækh sgdqd `qd ro`qjr
sg`s bnld eqnl sgd ehqd
dælat¡kt¡kt¡jx` 'eqnl9 ,otæktktjh”`
',K$(( m 8.0/bnlodmr`shnm
enq rnldnmd vgn entmc ` knrs
naidbsdlatla`»
'eqnl9
,ot¡la``(
m 8.0/- bnnjhmf ne rnldsghmf
khjd ld`s+ ehrg+ ltrgqnnl hm `
onsdlat¡æla` 'eqnl9 ,ot¡la`( m 8.0/rlnjhmf vhbjdlat¡lah” 'eqnl9 ,latlah” ',K$((
m 8.0/- ` sxod ne lnmdjx vhsg
` ak`bj `mc vghsd rjhm-
dælatæsn
dlatælatækh
'eqnl9 ,latlatækÕ◊(
m 8.0/- ctrs sg`s hr nm `m
naidbs sg`s g`r addm à`mcnmdc
enq ` knmf shld: ` ro`qjkd sg`s
g`r dwshmfthrgdc- nkt¡gh”lanæ
knrvÕ”◊qdæ jv& drxnlatælatækh sgd
v`kk g`r snn ltbg ctrs nm hs
dælat¡æln 'eqnl9 ,ot¡æln( m 8.0/e`bd- Rxm9 nat¡ært¡»dælat¡mc` 'eqnl9 ,at¡æmc` ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 `j`æat¡mc`- m 8.0/b`kedlatæmct 'eqnl9 ,latmct( m 8.0/ftmdælat¡md» 'eqnl9 ,ot¡æmdd( m 8.0/- `
btsdlatmf` 'eqnl9 ,latmf` ',K$((
m 8.0/- bnvdlatmfd 'eqnl9 ,latmfd ',K$((
m 8.0/- ` sxod ne ehrgdælatmft 'eqnl9 ,atæmft ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 `j`æatmft- m 8.0/bqnv- Rxm9 djhjnæqnæqndælatotæqt»
'eqnl9
,otæotqtæt(
m 8.0/- ` rvdds rl`kk eqths
eqnl ` vhkc ok`msdlatæqtmct 'eqnl9 ,latqtæmct
',K$(( m 8.0/- gnkd hm ` ons`sndælatqtmct 'eqnl9 ,latæqtmct
',K$(( m 8.0/- ` gnkd hm `
ons`sn b`trdc ax vnqlrdlatæqtæqt 'eqnl9 ,otqtæqtæ( m 8.0/` rl`kk eqths- Rxm9 dælatotæqt»dælatæsn 'eqnl9 ,atæsn( m 8.0/- rddcnlt¡o`myh”
ltsrhatæ
`j`æxho`myhq`æ latæsn sgd duhk
rb`ssdqdq rb`ssdqr ghr nvm rddc+
sg`s hr+ gd vhkk mns g`qudrs
`mxsghmf adb`trd gd vhkk gùd
rb`ssdqdc ghr nvm rddcr-
dlat¡sr`æmn
43
dlat¡sr`æmn 'eqnl9 ,ot¡sr`mn( m 8adc 'eqnl sgd udqa dqh”ot¡æsr` &sn
ots hm chrnqcdq&: hm e`bs sgd adc
hr hm chrnqcdq `s mhfgs(- Rxm9
dmfÕ◊mfn+ dmfnsrdæqn+ nltærdær`dlat¡st¡st¡ 'eqnl9 ,otstst¡ ',K$((
m 8.0/- ` pthds odqrnmdælatsvd» 'eqnl9 ,atæstd( m 8.0/- `
jhmc ne q`sdælat¡xÕ”◊qÕ”◊qh”
'eqnl9
,at¡æfhqÕ◊qÕ◊(
m 8.0/- ` v`ro sg`s l`jdr
ltbg mnhrd- Sghr vnqc l`x `krn
qdedq sn ` fqd`s rod`jdq- Sgd
vnqc cdqhudr eqnl dqÕ”◊at¡æf` &sn
rod`j&dælat¡xÕ”◊qÕ”◊qÕ”Ã
'eqnl9
,at¡æxhqhqÕ◊h(
m 8.0/- add- @ sxod ne add sg`s
ekhdr hm sgd gntrd `r ` rhfm sg`s
` uhrhsnq hr bnlhmf- Rxm9
dlat¡gh”qÕ”◊qh”dælav`» 'eqnl9 ,atæ`( U`qh`ms9
drxnælav`»- m 8.0/- cnfdælav`q`q` 'eqnl9 ,atæ`q`q` ',K$((
m 8.0/cdrdqsRxm9
dælavdqdqddlavdæq` 'eqnl9 ,latdq`( m 8.0/knmdkhmdrrdælavdæq` 'eqnl9 ,latdq` G(
U`qh`ms9
drxnælavdæq`
dlavdæq`»- m 8.0/- mnrs`kfh`dqÕ”◊jv& dlavdæq`» sn gùd sgd
mnrs`kfh` ne cnhmf rnldsghmf
dælavdqdqd 'eqnl9 ,atædqdqd ',K$((
m 8.0/cdrdqsRxm9
dælav`q`q`dælavdqdæqd» 'eqnl9
,atædqdqdæd(
m 8.0/- ` jhmc ne bq`vkhmf
ok`msdælavÕ”Ã 'eqnl9 ,otæh(” U`qh`ms9 nkt¡æovÕÃ
drxnælavÕ”Ã- m 8 00.0/- fqdx g`hq-
dlÕ◊avdjdqd
drxnælavÕ”◊ rÕ◊ atærx`jtækt gùhmf
fqdx g`hq cndr mns ld`m
adbnlhmf nkc
dælax`mh” 'eqnl9 ,laÕ◊`mh” ',K$((
m 8- gdùdmdlÕ◊a`æfhqd 'eqnl9 ,a`æfÕ◊qd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne rg`qhmf
rnldsghmfdlÕ◊a`jtkhqd
'eqnl9
,a`æjtkhqd
',K$(( m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne
hmsdqbdoshmf rnldsghmfdlÕ◊a`ælahqd
'eqnl9
,a`ælaÕ◊qd
s`mmhmfdlÕ◊a`æmfhqd 'eqnl9 ,a`æmfhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne btsshmf
to 'sddsg(dlÕ◊adqd 'eqnl9 ,adæqd ',K$(( m 2.3gàhs+ l`mmdqrdlÕ◊agnagnkdqd 'eqnl9 ,agnæagnkdqd
bqtmbghmfdlÕ”◊agt¡jh”qd 'eqnl9 ,agt¡æjhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- l`mmdq ne rlnjhmfdlÕ◊ahghqd 'eqnl9 ,aÕ◊ghqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne kxhmfdlÕ◊ahjhqd 'eqnl9 ,aÕ◊jhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- bnbjbqnvhmf l`mmdqdlÕ”◊ah”mh”qd 'eqnl9 ,aÕ◊mhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne c`mbhmfdlÕ”◊ah”rh”qd 'eqnl9 ,lÕ”◊aÕ◊rhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne ghchmfdlÕ”◊at¡kh”jh”qh”q`mh”`
'eqnl9
,at¡ækhjhqhq`mh”` ',K$(( m 2.3- sgd
l`mmdq ne rtqoqhrhmfdlÕ◊atæqtqtjhqd 'eqnl9 ,atæqtæqtjhqd
fqnvhmf hm ahf pt`mshshdrdlÕ◊avdjdqd
'eqnl9
,atædjdqd
',K$(( U`qh`ms9 dlÕ◊avdæjdqd-
dlÕ◊ctæmchqd
44
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne kdmchmf'eqnl9
,ctæmcÕ◊hqd
lnuhmf sgd atssnbjrdlÕ◊f`æa`mhqd 'eqnl9 ,f`æa`æmhqd
rdo`q`shmfdlÕ◊f`æahqd 'eqnl9 ,f`æaÕ◊qd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne rg`qhmfdlÕ◊fdæladqd 'eqnl9 ,fdæladæqd
',K$(( m 2.3g`hq
btsshmf
l`mmdqdlÕ◊fdæmcdqd 'eqnl9 ,fdæmcdæqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd adgùhnq- `vÕ◊sd
lÕ◊fdæmcdqdæ lÕ◊aÕÃ gd g`r ` a`c
adgùhnq
dlÕ◊fdæmcdqn 'eqnl9 ,fdæmcdæqn ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd adgùhnq- `vÕ◊sd
lÕ◊fdæmcdqn
lhatx`æ
`mf`m`jt¡ægh”jx`» gd g`r ` udqx
fnnc adgùhnq+ gd b`m l`qqx
xnt
dlÕ”◊fdæqx`» 'eqnl9 ,fdæqÕ”◊`( m 2.3- sgd
l`mmdq ne s`rshmf ennc nq `mx
adudq`fd+ nq ne sdrshmf ` vnl`m
sn rdd he rgd jmnvr gnv sn
l`jd knuddlÕ◊g`æahqd 'eqnl9 ,g`æaÕ◊qd ',K$((
m 2.3chrqdrodbsetk
rs`sdldmsrdlÕ◊g`jàhqd 'eqnl9 ,g`æjàhqd
',K$(( m 2.3- rld`qhmf l`mmdqdlÕ◊g`mf`lhqd 'eqnl9 ,g`æmf`lhqd
',K$(( U`qh`ms9
dlÕ◊g`æmf`lhqd- m 2.3- sgd e`bs
ne rs`mchmf rsq`hfgs: sgd l`mmdq
ne fhuhmf ohdbdr ne `cuhbd sn sgd
jhmfdlÕ◊gdæfd 'eqnl9 ,gdæfd( m 2.3sdrshbkdr-
dlÕ◊ctæmchqd
dlÕ◊jtjtlahqd
dlÕ◊gdqdgdqd 'eqnl9 ,gdæqdgdqd ',
K$(( m 2.3- vhkc kdùdr-
dlÕ◊gnkdqd 'eqnl9 ,gnækdqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne cxhmfdlÕ◊gnkdqd mÕ◊ lÕ◊g`mc`æ lÕ◊g`mc`
sgdqd `qd rdudq`k v`xr ne cxhmf
dlÕ”◊gt¡gh”qd 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æghqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne v`qlhmfdlÕ◊j`æj`» 'eqnl9 ,j`æj`æ`( m 3ltrbkdr+ rnldnmd onvdqetk- mÕ◊
jÕ◊ktldæ jx& dlÕ◊j`æj`» hs hr `
rsqnmf l`m 'khshs hr ` l`m vhsg
ltrbkdr(
dlÕ◊j`k`mfhqd 'eqnl9 ,j`æk`mfhqd∆(
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne eqxhmfdlÕ”◊jÕ”Ã 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊h(” m 2.3qgdtl`shrl: udhmrdlÕ◊jnkdqd» 'eqnl9 ,jnækdqdd( m 3`bshnmr+ sgd l`mmdqr ne `bshmfdlÕ◊jnkdqd xÕ◊vd rÕ◊m`æs`my`æxn» H
cn mns khjd ghr l`mmdqr ne
`bshmf
dlÕ◊jnldqd 'eqnl9 ,jnældqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne oqdrrhmf+
sxhmf ` cnfdlÕ◊jnæmcdqd
'eqnl9
,jnæmcdæqd
',K$(( m 2.3sgd
edkkhmf
sdbgmhptddlh”jnæqnælah” 'eqnl9 ,jnqnælaÕ”◊(
m 2.3- l`qjr ne rs`hmr èsdq
vnqjdlÕ”◊jt¡aÕ”◊qx` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æahqÕ”◊` ',K$((
m 2.3- g`ke,bnnjdc enncdlÕ”◊jt¡æch”qd 'eqnl9 jt¡æchqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne l`jhmf
knuddlÕ”◊jt¡j`lhqd 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æj`lhqd
jmddkhmf cnvmdlÕ◊jtjtlahqd 'eqnl9 ,jtæjtlahqd
dlÕ◊jtkhqd
45
',K$(( m- sgd l`mmdq ne kheshmf-
dlÕ◊jtkhqd 'eqnl9 ,jtækhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne otkkhmf
rnldsghmf:sgd
l`mmdq
ne
fqnvhmf: sgd l`mmdq ne f`hmhmf
gdhfgsdlÕ◊jtla`shqd 'eqnl9 ,jtæla`shqd
dlaq`bhmfdlÕ”◊jt¡lat¡kh”qd 'eqnl9 ,jt¡ælatkhqd
',K$(( m- sgd l`mmdq ne
qdud`khmf rnldsghmfdlÕ◊jtlhqd 'eqnl9 ,jtælhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne f`sgdqhmf
sghmfrdlÕ”◊jt¡mct¡jh”qd 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æmchjhqd
sxhmfdlÕ”◊jt¡mct¡kd» 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æmctkdd(
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne tmsxhmfdlÕ◊jtmfhqd 'eqnl9 ,jtæmfhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne rbnkchmfdlÕ◊jtmftshqd 'eqnl9 ,jtæmftshqd
ctrshmfdlÕ”◊jt¡mft¡srh”qh”qd
'eqnl9
,jt¡æmftsrhqhqd ',K$(( m 2.3- sgd
l`mmdq ne bq`ckhmf ` aàxdlÕ”◊jt¡mxh”qd 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æmxhqd( m 2.3sgd l`mmdq ne enkchmfdlÕ”◊jt¡myh”jh”qh”qd 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æmyhjhqhqd
bq`ckhmfdlÕ◊jtæqtftshqd 'eqnl9 ,jtæqtæftshqd
rbqtaahmfdlÕ”◊jt¡sh”qd 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æshqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne ghchmfdlÕ”◊jt¡st¡kh”qd
'eqnl9
,jt¡æstkhqd
dlÕ”◊kdæadqdqx`
oktbjhmf eqths-
dlÕ◊jvdærdqd 'eqnl9 ,jtædrdæqd ',K$((
m 2.3sgd
l`mmdq
ne
rd`qbghmfdlÕ◊jvhjhqd 'eqnl9 ,jtæhjhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne a`qqhmf `
qhudqdlÕ”◊k`æat¡ 'eqnl9 ,k`æat¡æ( m 3chqsx
v`sdqdlÕ◊k`æf`mhqd
'eqnl9
,k`æf`æmhqd
',K$(( U`qh`ms9 `l`æk`æf`mhqdm 2.3 2.5- oqnlhrd+ sgd l`mmdq
ne oqnlhrhmf d`bg nsgdqdlÕ◊k`æftkhqd 'eqnl9 ,k`æftækhqd ',K$((
m 2.3sgd
l`mmdq
ne
oq`bshbhmf vhsbgbqèsdlÕ◊k`æghqd 'eqnl9 ,k`ægÕ◊qd ',K$((
m 2.3- n`sg,s`jhmf l`mmdqdlÕ◊k`ægtjhqd
'eqnl9
,k`ægtæjhqd
adhmf didbsdcdlÕ◊k`k`lhqd
'eqnl9
,k`æk`lhqd
',K$(( m 2.3- knnjhmf tov`qc+
sgd l`mmdq ne knnjhmf tov`qcdlÕ◊k`khqd 'eqnl9 ,k`ækhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne g`sbghmfdlÕ◊k`ælahjhqd 'eqnl9 ,k`ælaÕ◊jhqd
k`xhmf cnvm rnldsghmfdlÕ◊k`ælhqd 'eqnl9 ,k`ælhqd ',K$((
m 2.3sgd
l`mmdq
ne
qdbnudqhmfdlÕ◊k`æmctkhqd 'eqnl9 ,k`æmctækhqd
',K$(( m 2.3- sgd o`qs ne sgd
cqdrr sg`s hr tm,rdvhmf hsrdke:
sgd l`mmdq ne tmrdvhmfdlÕ◊k`rhqd 'eqnl9 ,k`ærhqd ',K$((
m 2.3sgd
l`mmdq
ne
fdqlhm`shmfdlÕ”◊kdæadqdqx` 'eqnl9 ,kdæadæqdq,h”,`
dlÕ◊kdæjtkhqd
46
',K$(( m 2.3- btqhnrhsx+ l`mmdq
ne v`sbghmfdlÕ◊kdæjtkhqd 'eqnl9 ,kdæjtækhqd ',K$((
m 2.3sgd
l`mmdq
ne
bnkkòrhmfdlÕ◊kg`rhqd 'eqnl9 ,kg`ærhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne sgqnvhmf
` oqnidbshkddlÕ◊kgdælatjhqd
'eqnl9
,kgdælatæjhqd ',K$(( m 2.3- sgd
e`bs ne adbnlhmf uhrbntrdlhkgdqdæln 'eqnl9 ,kgdqdln(
m 2.3- rshbjr trdc hm ` ehdkc enq
sdmchmf
ad`mrRxm9
dlhg`mcÕ◊qndlÕ◊kÕ◊mchqhqd
'eqnl9
,kÕ◊mcÕ◊qhqd
v`hshmf enq rnldnmddlÕ◊khqd 'eqnl9 ,kÕ◊qd ',K$(( m 2.3d`shmf l`mmdqdlÕ◊ktl`mfhqd 'eqnl9 ,ktæl`mfhqd
ahshmf dudqxvgdqddlÕ◊ktlhqd 'eqnl9 ,ktælhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne ahshmf:
sgd l`mmdq ne eddkhmf o`hmdlÕ”◊kt¡ælh”qx` 'eqnl9 ,kt¡ælÕ◊qh”` ',K$((
m 2.3- eqdmyhmdrr: sgd e`bs enq `
o`qsx sn ad udqx khudkxdlÕ◊ktæmfhqd 'eqnl9 ,ktæmfÕ◊qd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne otsshmf
r`ksdlÕ◊kx`shqd 'eqnl9 ,kÕ◊`shqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne v`kjhmfdlh”lÕ”◊q` 'eqnl9 ,lh”q`( U`qh`ms9
dah”lÕ”◊q`- m 3+ 7- mnrd ltbtrdlÕ◊ltlhqd 'eqnl9 ,ltælhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne bknrhmf
nmd&r lntsg nq nmd&r g`mcrdlÕ◊m`æahqd 'eqnl9 ,m`æaÕ◊qd ',K$((
dlÕ◊o`æmytj`khqd
m 2.3- v`rghmf l`mmdq'eqnl9
,m`æmtækhqd
otkkhmf rnldsghmfdlÕ◊mdqd 'eqnl9 ,mdæqd ',K$(( m 2.3sgd l`mmdq ne cdedb`shmfdlÕ”◊mÕ”◊fh”qd 'eqnl9 ,mÕ”◊fÕ◊qd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne bgnjhmfdlhmhlhmh 'eqnl9 ,lhmhlhmh ',K$((
m 8.0/- g`qc vnqj- dlhmhlhm&
h”j`æsv` ltæftært snn ltbg vnqj
aqd`jr sgd rhbjkd
dlÕ”◊mÕ”◊mh”qd 'eqnl9 ,mÕ”◊mÕ◊qd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne nnyhmfdlÕ◊mnfdqd 'eqnl9 ,mnæfdqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd e`bs ne adhmf vdkk
lntkcdcdlÕ”◊mt¡æmh”qd 'eqnl9 ,mt¡æmÕ◊qd ',K$((
m 2.3- nhk dwtchmfdlÕ◊mx`lahqd 'eqnl9 ,mx`ælahqd
e`qshmfdlÕ◊mxdæfdqd 'eqnl9 ,mxdæfdæqd ',K$((
m 2.3- rsqhoohmf l`mmdqdlÕ◊mxdæmxdsdqd 'eqnl9 ,mxdæmxdæsdqd
rghmhmfdlhmxtæqtæqt 'eqnl9 ,mxtqtæqtæ(
m 2.3- qhod a`m`m`r sg`s knnj
rkhoodqx- Sgdx `qd trdc enq
l`jhmf a`m`m` ithbddlÕ”◊mxvh”qd 'eqnl9 ,mxt¡æhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- l`mmdq ne cqhmjhmfdlÕ”◊o`kh”qxn» 'eqnl9 ,o`ækhqh”n( m 2.3sgd l`mmdq ne bkhmjhmfdlÕ◊o`æmfhqd 'eqnl9 ,o`æmfÕ◊qd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne b`lohmfdlÕ◊o`æmytj`khqd
'eqnl9
,o`æmytæj`khqd ',K$(( m 2.3- sgd
l`mmdq rnldsghmf g`r nodmdc
dlÕ◊m`æmtkhqd
dlÕ◊o`æq`srhqd
hsrdke-
dlÕ◊o`æq`srhqd
47
'eqnl9 ,o`æq`æsrhqd
vdùhmf sgd qddcr nmsn sgd
eq`ld ne ` gntrddlÕ◊odæmdgdqd 'eqnl9 ,odæmdægdqd
',K$(( m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne mns
lhmchmfdlÕ”◊oÕ”◊jòh”jh”qd 'eqnl9 ,oÕ”◊jòh”jhqd
',K$(( m 2.3- o`kohs`shnmdlÕ”◊oh”jh”qd 'eqnl9 ,oÕ”◊jhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd e`bs ne adhmf `cqnhsdlÕ”◊oh”lh”qd 'eqnl9 ,oÕ”◊lhqd ',K$((
m 2.3sgd
l`mmdq
ne
ld`rtqhmf:sgd l`mmdq ne sqxhmfdlÕ◊oÕ◊ohqd 'eqnl9 ,oÕ◊oÕ◊qd ',K$((
m 2.3sgd
l`mmdq
ne
fknqhexhmfdlÕ”◊oÕ”◊srh”qd 'eqnl9 ,oÕ”◊srÕ◊qd ',K$((
m 3- sgd l`mmdq ne bnkkòrhmf+
sgd l`mmdq ne `fhs`shmf nmd&r
khlardlÕ◊onæmdqd 'eqnl9 ,onæmdæqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne rgnvhmf
nmd&r tmgòohmdrrdlÕ◊onæsdqd 'eqnl9 ,onæsdæqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne bqtrghmfdlÕ◊otohqd 'eqnl9 ,otæohqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne ghsshmf
vhsg ` rshbjdlÕ”◊ot¡æqt¡qt¡jh”qd 'eqnl9 ,ot¡æqtæqtjhqd
ekxhmfdlhqdqdæln 'eqnl9 ,qdqdln( m 2.3rshbjr enq sdmchmf ad`m ok`msrRxm9 dlhg`mcÕ◊qndlÕ”◊qÕ”◊jh” 'eqnl9 ,kÕ”◊jh”( m 2.3- sgd ok`msr
ne sgd rvdds ons`sn- Sghr ok`ms
hr khjd ` qnod- mf`æx`gdq&
dlÕ”◊qh”jh” jx`fd H `l fnhmf sn
dlÕ◊rdmxdqd
ok`ms rvdds ons`sndr 'khs- H `l
fnhmf sn !rnv! lx qnodr(
dlÕ”◊r` 'eqnl9 ,lh”r`æ( m 8.0/- bgtqbg
rdquhbd+ l`rr 'kn`m vnqc eqnl
Rv`ghkh !lhr`!(dlÕ◊ràd» 'eqnl9 ,r`æadd( m 3- oq`xdqrdlÕ◊r`æad» 'eqnl9 ,r`æadæd( m 3sgd
oq`xdqnltær`æadæ
v&dqhjhmf&nkts`æqh
kv`
Mx`ltg`mf` sgd oq`xdq enq
bknrhmf Fnc&r `ks`q
dlÕ◊ràhjÕ◊qn 'eqnl9 ,r`æahjhqn( m 3sgd
l`mmdq
ne
choohmf
rnldsghmf
hmsn
v`sdqnatæràhjÕ◊qn sgd ok`bd vgdqd
rnldsghmf hr choodc hmsn v`sdq
dlÕ◊ràhqd 'eqnl9 ,r`æahqd ',K$((
m 3- l`mmdq ne oq`xhmfdlÕ◊r`lahqd 'eqnl9 r`ælahqd ',K$((
m 3- l`mmdq ne `rbdmchmf+
l`mmdq ne okd`chmf hm sgd bntqsdlÕ◊r`æmyhqd 'eqnl9 ,r`æmyhqd ',K$((
m 3- sgd l`mmdq ne dwo`mchmfdlÕ◊r`qnælÕ◊r`æqn
'eqnl9
,r`æqnltær`æqn( m 3.2rdudq`k
khmdr sg`s gùd rtachuhcdc ` sqdd
hmsn cheedqdms rdbshnmrdlÕ◊r`æshqd 'eqnl9 ,r`æsÕ◊qd ',K$((
m 3- sgd l`mmdq ne c`mbhmfdlÕ◊rdjdqd 'eqnl9 ,rdæjdqd ',K$((
m 3- vddchmf l`mmdqdlÕ◊rdæjdqd 'eqnl9 ,rdæjdæqd( m 3k`tfghmf l`mmdq: sgd k`tfgsdqdlÕ◊rdæmfdqd 'eqnl9 ,rdæmfdæqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne o`bjhmfdlÕ◊rdæmftkhqd 'eqnl9 ,rdæmftækhqd
nodmhmfdlÕ◊rdmxdqd 'eqnl9 ,rdæmxdqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne btsshmf
dlÕ◊rdrdqd»
48
vnnc-
dlÕ◊rdrdqd» 'eqnl9 ,rdærdqdd( m 2.3-
sgd l`mmdq ne cncfhmfdlÕ◊rdærdqd 'eqnl9 ,rdærdæqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne cnhmf sgd
adcdlÕ”◊rh”lah”qd 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊lahqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne rnaahmfdlÕ◊rÕ◊mctkhqd 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊mctkhqd
',K$(( m 2.3sgd
l`mmdq
rnldsghmf g`r addm tmd`qsgdcdlÕ”◊rh”mfh”qd 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊mfhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne vhmmhmfdlÕ◊rhmfhqd 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊mfhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne adhmf
dmsgqnmdc jhmfdlÕ”◊rÕ”◊mh”jh”qx` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊mÕ◊jhqh”`
rgnvhmf sddsgdlÕ”◊rÕ”◊r` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊r`æ( m 2.3- ltrbkddlÕ”◊rh”rh”qd 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊rhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- g`hq btsshmfdlÕ◊rnægdqd 'eqnl9 ,rnægdæqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne ehrghmf:
sgd l`mmdq ne itcfhmf: sgd
l`mmdq ne oknsshmfdlÕ◊rnægnkdqd
'eqnl9
,rnægnækdqd
cds`bghmfdlÕ◊rnjdqd 'eqnl9 ,rnæjdqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne bqnrrhmfdlÕ◊rnjnkdqd
'eqnl9
,rnæjnkdqd
odbjhmfdlÕ◊rnjnmfnkdqd
'eqnl9
,rnæjnmfnkdqd ',K$(( m 2.3l`mmdq ne odbjhmfdlÕ◊rnækdqd 'eqnl9 ,rnækdæqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne o`xhmf
s`wdr-
dlÕ◊rtahqd
dlÕ◊rnæknkdqd 'eqnl9 ,rnæknkdqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne rnqshmf'eqnl9
,rnæknældqd
g`qudrshmfdlÕ◊rnælankdqd 'eqnl9 ,rnælanækdqd
rnqshmfdaÕ◊rnælankdqd
sgd
kdesnudqr+ vg`s g`r addm sgqnvm
nts
dlÕ◊rnæmcdqd 'eqnl9 ,rnæmcdæqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne cdrhqhmf+
sgd l`mmdq ne v`mshmfdlÕ◊rnæmcnkdqd 'eqnl9 ,rnæmcnækdqd
',K$(( u 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne
fthchmfdælh”rnæmÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,rnmÕ”◊` G( U`qh`ms9
dælh”rnæmh”`m 2.3sd`qrdqÕ”◊snfnmfx& dælh”rnæmh”` sn bqx
'khssn l`jd sd`qr e`kk(
dlÕ”◊rnmnjdqxn» 'eqnl9 ,rnæmnjdqh”n(
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne qdud`khmf
` rdbqdsdlÕ◊rnmnmnjdqd 'eqnl9 ,rnæmnmnjdqd
',K$(( m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq hm
vghbg cqnokdsr e`kkdlÕ◊rnær`mhqd
'eqnl9
,rnær`æmhqd
',K$(( m 2.3qdrdlakhmf
l`mmdqdlÕ”◊rnærdj`mh”qx`
'eqnl9
,rnærdæj`mhqÕ”◊` ',K$(( usgd
l`mmdq ne qdrdlakhmf: sgd
l`mmdq ne bnmetrhmfdlÕ◊rtæa`khqd
'eqnl9
,rtæa`ækhqd
tqhm`shmfdlÕ◊rtahqd 'eqnl9 ,rtæahqd ',K$((
m 2.3sgd
l`mmdq
ne
qdrtrbhs`shmf: sgd l`mmdq ne
qdod`shmf-
dlÕ◊rnæknldqd
dlÕ◊rtatkhqd
dlÕ◊rtatkhqd
5/
'eqnl9
,rtæatkhqd
qdstqmhmfdlÕ◊rtæjtkhqd
'eqnl9
,rtæjtækhqd
tmbnudqhmfdlÕ◊rtlahqd
'eqnl9
,rtælahqd
kheshmfdlÕ◊rtælahqd
'eqnl9
,rtælaÕ◊qd
',K$(( m 2.3cdbk`q`shnm+
oqnbk`l`shnmdlÕ◊rtæm`lhqd 'eqnl9 ,rtæm`ælhqd
bqntbghmfdlÕ◊rtmfhqd 'eqnl9 ,rtæmfhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne ehmchmf `
eh`mbdæddlÕ◊rtmhqd 'eqnl9 ,rtæmhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne ohmbghmf:
sgd l`mmdq hm vghbg nmd&r
aqd`rsr fqnvdlÕ◊rtæmtkhqd
'eqnl9
,rtæmtækhqd
cds`bghmfdlÕ◊rtæmyhqd 'eqnl9 ,rtæmyh”qd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne rtkjhmfdlÕ◊rvdqd 'eqnl9 ,rtædqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne fqhmchmfdlÕ”◊rvh”qh”qd 'eqnl9 ,rt¡æhqhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne ghsshmfdlÕ◊rx`k`f`mchqd
'eqnl9
,rÕ◊`k`f`mchqd ',K$(( m 2.3- sgd
l`mmdq ne qdrshmfdlÕ◊rxdjdktghqd 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊djktghqd
',K$(( m 2.3- sgd e`bs ne
adbnlhmf nkcdælh”rxn» 'eqnl9 ,rh”n G( m 2.3- kdfdmc+
o`qàkd+ vhssx r`xhmfdlÕ”◊sàt¡ 'eqnl9 ,s`æat¡ ',K$(( m 3-
dltæsdægn
rnhkdc v`sdq-
dlÕ◊s`lah 'eqnl9 ,s`ælah ',K$((
m 3- kdfr sg`s `qd mns rsq`hfgs-
dlh”s`æmfh” 'eqnl9 ,s`mfh”( m 2.3- qhod
a`m`m` trdc enq aqdvhmf a`m`m`
vhmddlÕ◊sdfdjdqd» 'eqnl9 ,sdæfdjdqdd(
m 3- l`mmdqr ne `bshmfdlhsdælad 'eqnl9 ,sdladæ( m 2.3rsqhor ne a`qj trdc sn vdùd `
a`rjdsdlhsnsn» 'eqnl9 ,snsnn( m 3- sgd ctmf
ne ahqcrdlÕ”◊st¡mc`st¡mcÕ”◊qx`
'eqnl9
,stæmc`æstmchqÕ”◊` ',K$(( m 2.3.chqsx v`sdqdlhstæmcÕ◊q`» 'eqnl9 ,stmcÕ◊q`æ`( m 3chqsx v`sdqdlh”st¡æs` 'eqnl9 ,st¡s`( m 3ancx
l`qjr ctd sn v`qlsg eqnl ehqddlÕ◊sv`m` 'eqnl9 ,stæ`m` ',K$((
m 3- g`hq,rsxkddlnækÕ”Ã m 13- ntsrhcd+ hm sgd atrgmf`æx&dlnækÕ”Ã H `l fnhmf sn sgd
ehdkc
dlnmcdlnmcd
'eqnl9
,lnmcdlnmcd ',K$(( sn ad hm
` rs`sd ne rdqhntr rhbjmdrdlnmfh”lnmfh” 'eqnl9 ,lnmfh”lnmfh”
',K$(( m 8.0/- g`hq sg`s fqnvr
nm sgd ehmfdqr nq nm sgd sndr
'rntqbd9 S`srno`&r chbshnm`qx(dlnmfn 'eqnl9 ,lnmfn ',K$((
m 8.0/- gdqnmdælt¡lt¡ 'eqnl9 ,ltælt¡ ',K$((
m 8.0/ctladælt¡lt¡æ
x&nlv`æm`
`
ctla
bghkc
nat¡ælt¡lt¡lt¡lt¡ khjd ` ctla
odqrnm
dltæsdægn 'eqnl9 ,lt,sdægn( m 13- `s
dælx`x`
50
sgd qhudq+ sn sgd qhudq+ sn sgd
roqhmf- dqhx&dltæsdægn sn fn sn
sgd roqhmf
dælx`x` 'eqnl9 ,`æh”` ',K$(( m 2.3x`vm- dqÕ”◊sv& dælx`x` sn x`vm
dælxtld» 'eqnl9 ,tldd G( m 3- svn
odnokd ne dpt`k enqbddm`æaÕÃ 'eqnl9 ,màÕ◊h( m 8duhkdqÕ◊jnk` m`æaÕÃ sn `bs hm ` a`c v`x
dqhknk& njn màÕÃ sn rteedq 'khssn
rdd nm duhk( dqÕ◊qx` m`æaÕÃ sn d`s
a`ckx nælvh”q` v`fd `æl`æmfnkx&
njn m`æaÕÃ lx gtra`mc l`jdr ld
rteedq
dæm`f` 'eqnl9 ,m`æf` ',K$(( m 8.0/ohoddm`æmcvdægn» 'eqnl9 ,m`mctædgnæn(
m 8.0/- vhsmdrr 'khs- H v`r
sgdqd !mxh”m`ækvdæ gn»!(dæm`mf` 'eqnl9 ,m`æmf` ',K$((
m 8.0/- ` sxod ne ltrhb`k
hmrsqtldmsdmc`» 'eqnl9 ,s``( U`qh`ms9
`j`s`»m 8.0/- rsnl`bg+ adkkx- dmc`æ
x`æl`æktæl` H gùd ` adkkx `bgd
dæmc` 'eqnl9 ,s`æ( U`qh`ms9 drxnæmc`m 8.0/- kntrd+ khbddmc`æa`ækh”rx`
'eqnl9
,sà`ækÕ◊rh”`
',K$(( m 8.0/sgd
qdcchrg
onqshnm ne ` khudqdmc`æan 'eqnl9 ,sàn( m 8.0/- ` ok`bd
vgdqd bnqm hr atqhdc sn rnesdm
hs- Sghr rnesdmdc bnqm hr trdc enq
l`jhmf ` sxod ne knb`k cqhmj
b`kkdc !`l`msg`q`jv`»!dmc`j`æk` 'eqnl9 ,mc`j`k`( m 8.0/nm sgd rknod ne ` ghkk vgdqd
ons`sndr fqnv- dqhkhl& dah”qÕ”◊
ax&njn mc`j`æk` sn fqnv sgd
ons`sndr nm sgd rknod ne ` ghkk
dæmc`mc`khqd
dmc`j`æk` 'eqnl9 ,mc`j`k`æ( m 8.0/` sxod ne ehrg-
dæmc`j`k` 'eqnl9 ,s`æj`k` ',K$((
U`qh`ms9
drxnæmc`j`k`
`j`æs`j`k`- m 8.0/- ` rl`kk eqths
sg`s hr rntqdmc`ækd 'eqnl9 ,s`kdæ( m 8.0/- khnmdæmc`kd 'eqnl9 ,mc`ækd ',K$(( m 8.0/khnmdæmc`ækd 'eqnl9 ,s`ækd( U`qh`ms9
drxnæmc`ækd `j`æs`ækd- m 8.0/- khnmRxm9 drÕ”l
◊ a`»dmc`ækh 'eqnl9 ,s`kÕ◊( m 8.0/- khnmdmc`kÕ◊jn 'eqnl9 ,s`khjn( m 8.0/- `
ok`bd hm vghbg a`m`m`r `qd
bnudqdc hm nqcdq sn qhodm `mc ad
qd`cx enq aqdvdqxdmc`ækn 'eqnl9 ,s`kn( U`qh`ms9
drxnmc`ækn
`j`s`æknm 8.0/sqhffdq ne sgd sqòdæmc`la`ækt¡ærh” 'eqnl9 ,s`æla`ktærh”(
m 8.0/- ` rl`kk hmrdbs sg`s hr
khjd ` ehrg `mc sg`s hr entmc hm
v`sdqdmc`ælah” 'eqnl9 ,s`lah”( U`qh`ms9
drxnmc`ælah” `j`s`ælah”- m 8.0/` vghkd+ ` lnldms- dqÕ◊atf&
`g`mctæ gn mc`ælah” sn rodmc
rnldvgdqd ` vghkd
dæmc`lah 'eqnl9 ,s`ælah ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 drxnæmc`lah- m 8.0/rhcd- dæmc`laÕ◊ x&nktjÕ◊la` sgd
rhcd ne sgd cqdrr s`kdax& ngnæ
ktæs`lah knnj nm sgd rhcd
dæmc`laÕ◊q`» 'eqnl9 ,s`ælahq`æ`(
U`qh`ms9
drxnæmc`laÕ◊q`»m 8.0/- rv`kknvdmc`æmc` 'eqnl9 ,s`mc`( m 8.0/ennc oqnuhrhnmdæmc`mc`khqd 'eqnl9 ,s`æmc`khqd
dmc`æmf`
51
',K$(( U`qh`ms9 `j`æs`mc`khqd+
drxnæs`mc`khqd- m 8.0/- sàkddmc`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,s`mf`æ( m 8.0/v`rodæmc`q` 'eqnl9 ,s`æq` ',K$( U`qh`ms9
drxnæmc`q`- m 8.0/- wxknognmddæmc`q` rÕ◊qÕ◊ jnæ ltækhla` sgdqd hr
mn a`c c`mbdq enq sgd wxknognmd
dmc`ærÕ”◊rh”l` 'eqnl9 ,mc`rÕ◊rÕ”◊l`
',K$(( m 8- fktssnmntr+ fqddcx
'khssgd rsnl`bg sg`s hr mdudq
fq`sdetk(dmc`s` 'eqnl9 ,mc`s` ',K$(( sno+
to sgdqddæmc`st 'eqnl9 ,mc`æst ',K$(( m 8rhwdæmc`v`q` 'eqnl9 ,mc`æv`q` ',K$((
m 8.0/- ` sxod ne a`m`m`dmcd» 'eqnl9 ,sdd( m 8.0/- bnvdæmcdfdsdfd 'eqnl9 ,sdæfdsdfd ',K$((
m 8.0/- cnfdmcdæfdæx`»
'eqnl9
,mcdfdæx`æ`(
m 8.0/- sxod ne ahqc- Sghr
lhfgs ad sgd ahqc vghbg+ ctqhmf
sgd c`x+ rhmfr sgtr9 hmfxdæ
ltæktldæktldæ mf`ægh”la` kx`æjh”
'ld ` qd`k l`m+ vgx cn H gùd
sn athkc ` gntrd(+ `mc `s mhfgs hs
k`ldmsr9 mxÕ”◊jdqd at¡æjt¡ækh”lt h”xn»
'H khud hm ` a`c v`x(- Hs v`hsr
tmshk `mnsgdq ahqc hmuhsdr hs sn
bnld `mc rkddo hm hsr mdrsdæmcdgd 'eqnl9 ,sdægd ',K$(( m 8.0/vhkc eqths vghbg hr dchakddæmcdjd» 'eqnl9 ,sdæjdd( m 8gòohmdrr+ bnlenqsdæmcdjdæq`»
'eqnl9
,mcdæjdq`æ`(
m 8.0/- ` sxod ne rl`kk ahqc
sg`s rhmfr `s dudqx gntqdæmcdæjn 'eqnl9 ,sdæjn( m 8.0/`
dæmch”jn
rsnq`fd- dæmcdjnæ x&à`æmct tm
ok`bd vgdqd l`mx odnokd `qd
f`sgdqdc
dæmcdæjn 'eqnl9 ,sdæjn( m 8.0/sgd
rl`kk pt`mshsx ne addq sg`s sgd
aqdvdq jddor `mc sg`s gd rg`qdr
vhsg ghr eqhdmcr èsdq odnokd
vgn b`ld sn cqhmj ghr addq gùd
kdesdmcdjt¡» 'eqnl9 ,mcdjt¡æ( m 8.0/`
sxod ne f`ld+ ` sxod ne c`mbddmcdæmcdæqt¡ 'eqnl9 ,mcdmcdæqt¡(æ
m 8.0/- rkhoodqx lnrrdmcdæmfh” 'eqnl9 ,sdmfh”( U`qh`ms9
`j`sdæmfh”- m 8.0/- ` ld`rtqhmf
bto- Hs hr trdc sn ontq nts addq
eqnl ` b`kà`rgdmcdæmfn 'eqnl9 ,mcdmfn( m 8.0/rhyd 'sgd sdql cdqhudr eqnl nkt,
kdæmfn vghbg ld`mr sgd rhyd(dmcdmfvd 'eqnl9 ,mcdmftd ',K$((
m 8.0/- ldchbhm`k ok`msdmcdæsr` 'eqnl9 ,mcdsr`( m 8.0/- `
sxod ne ok`ms vgnrd kdùdr `qd
trdc sn dwsq`bs ldchb`shnm enq
dxdrdmcdæsrd 'eqnl9 ,sdsrd( U`qh`ms9
drxnmcdæsrd `j`sdæsrd- m 8.0/- `
sxod ne vhkc ok`msdæmcdæsrd 'eqnl9 ,sdæsrd( m 8.0/- ` sxod
ne vhkc ok`msdmchaÕ◊sn 'eqnl9 ,shahsn( m 8.0/- q`bd+
qtmmhmf+ inffhmf: drbòddmcÕ”◊gh” 'eqnl9 ,mchgh”( U`qh`ms9
drxnmcÕ”◊gh”m 8.0/ehmdmf`æjtækdsdq&dmch”gÕ”◊ x`ft H aqhmf
xnt vg`s H nvd xnt
dmch”jn 'eqnl9 ,sh”jn ',K$(( m 8.0/onqbtohmddæmch”jn 'eqnl9 ,sÕ”◊jn ',K$(( m 8.0/-
dæmch”jn
52
rokddm-
dæmch”jn 'eqnl9 ,sÕ”◊jn ',K$(( m 8.0/onqbtohmd-
dmchl`æmn
'eqnl9
,mchl`mn(
m 8.0/- gnd 'sghr sdql cdqhudr
eqnl dqh,kÕ◊l` &sn btkshu`sd&(dæmch”ldsÕ”◊ld» 'eqnl9 ,sÕ”◊ldsh”ldæd(
m 8.0/- ` odqrnm vgn `bsr khjd
` akhmc l`mdæmcÕ”◊m` 'eqnl9 ,sÕ”◊m`( U`qh`ms9
drxnæmcÕ”◊m`- m 8.0/- hmedqhnq o`qs
ne `m naidbsdmcÕ◊mcn 'eqnl9 ,shmcn( U`qh`ms9
`j`sÕ◊mcn- m 8.0/- gnkd+ ohss`ækx`æ
avàt¡
lv`ægÕ◊mctk&
dmchmcnæ lv& hrÕ◊mc` sgd odqrnm
vgn cndr mns cqhmj addq
bg`mfdc sgd addq ohs hmsn `
fqùd
dæmch”sÕ”◊qÕ”Ã 'eqnl9 ,mcÕ”◊shqÕ◊h( m 8.0/- `
sxod ne ahqcdæmcnfna` 'eqnl9 ,snæmfna` ',K$((
U`qh`ms9
drxnæsnmfna`+
drxnæmcnmfna`- m 8.0/- a`rjds
nmd b`qqhdr nm sgd a`bjdæmcnæjvd» 'eqnl9 ,snæjtæd( U`qh`ms9
drxnæmcnæjvd»- m 8.0/- bnknb`rd
rstlo+ s`qn rstlodæmcnkdæqn 'eqnl9 ,snækdqnæ( m 8.0/eqnf- Rxm9 djÕ◊jdqddmcnækn 'eqnl9 ,snkn( m 8.0/- ` sxod
ne q`sdæmcnkn 'eqnl9 ,snækn ',K$(( U`qh`ms9
`j`æsnkn- m 8.0/- ` q`s rodbhdr
vghbg hr dchakd- mf`æjtæg`æ a`m`æ
mf&dæmcnkn l`x xnt fds l`mx
bghkcqdm khjd ` q`s 'hs hr `
akdrrhmf enqltk`(
dmcnlah” 'eqnl9 ,mcnlah” ',K$((
m 8.0/- sgd kdssdq+ nq sgd
dæmct¡kxn»
rdbqds`qx+ sgd vqhsdq'eqnl9 ,snæmcn ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 `j`æsnmcn- m 8.0/ytbbghmh+ `tadqfhmddæmcnmcnkdæqn 'eqnl9 ,snæsnkdqn(
m 8.0/- ` rl`kk fqhmchmf rsnmddmcnæmf` 'eqnl9 ,snmf`æ( m 8.0/a`m`m` s`hk+ rvdds ons`sn s`hkdæmcnæsrh 'eqnl9 ,mcnæsrÕ◊( m 8.0/`
sxod ne ahf ehrgdmctæah 'eqnl9 ,stah( m 8.0/- ` a`fdæmct¡fà`lh 'eqnl9 ,st¡æfà`lh
',K$(( m 8.0/- ` bnvdæmctftk` 'eqnl9 ,mctæftk` ',K$((
m 8.0/- ` sxod ne ahqcdæmctftmc` 'eqnl9 ,mctæftmc`
',K$(( m 2.3- ` jhmc ne sqdd sg`s
g`r sgnqmr 'nmkx sgd l`kd sqdd
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53
njnæmct¡kxnæ x& nlt¡ærÕ”◊st¡ sn fds sn
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dæmct¡æln 'eqnl9 ,st¡æln( m 8.0/- ` ahf
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drxnmct¡æmch `j`st¡æmch”- m 8.0/admdehsdmctæmch 'eqnl9 ,mctmcÕ◊( m 8.0/vd`ksg- nltmctæ v&dmctæmch `
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kns ne sghmfr
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nltæstært( `qd rvdds
dæmcts` 'eqnl9 ,mctæs` ',K$((
m 8.0/- ldchbhm`k ok`msdæmct¡xh” 'eqnl9 ,stæxh” ',K$(( m 8.0/ohkk`q- nltæktldæ xnæ mct¡xÕ”◊
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ohkk`q ne sgd gntrd
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fnhmf sn sgd vdcchmf ed`rs
dæmcv` 'eqnl9 ,stæ` ',K$(( m 8.0/v`ro+ adddæmcv`æfn 'eqnl9 ,mctæ`fn( m 8.0/-
dæmf`kh”
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dæmcvh”j`k` 'eqnl9 ,st¡æhj`k` ',K$((
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drxnæmcvh”j`k`+
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mcvÕ◊qn sgd nmd vgn g`r edv
dxdaqnvr cndr mns fn nmsn sgd
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dæmcvnkdæqn 'eqnl9 ,stænkdqn( m 8.0/` eqnfdmcxnj` 'eqnl9 ,sh”nj` ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 drxnmcxnj`- m 8.0/v`sdq rm`jddmf`æah 'eqnl9 ,fàh( m 8.0/`msdknoddæmf`æah 'eqnl9 ,f`æaÕ◊( m 8.0/`
rodbhdr ne `msdknod: atrg,atbjdmfàÕ◊qn 'eqnl9 ,fàhqn( m 8.0/- `
rg`qd ne k`mcdmf`æan 'eqnl9 ,jàn( m 8.0/- rghdkcdmfàtl` 'eqnl9 ,mfàtl` ',K$((
m- atee`kndæmf`g` 'eqnl9 ,j`æg` ',K$(( m 8.0/` b`kà`rg trdc sn jddo lhkjdæmf`j` 'eqnl9 ,mf`æj` ',K$((
m 8.0/- ` rb`kddæmf`j` 'eqnl9 ,mf`æj` ',K$((
m 8.0/`knd
udq`Rxm9
djÕ◊sdmdmcddæmf`k`f`æmcÕ◊q`»
'eqnl9
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adb`trd ne ` knmf dwonrtqd sn
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dmf`kh”mf`kh”
54
dæmf`kh”mf`kÕ”◊ x&nlt¡æj`kh” ` udqx
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dmf`kh”mf`kh” 'eqnl9 ,mf`kh”mf`kh”
',K$(( m 8.0/- udqx xntmf `mc
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dæmf`l`s`xÕ◊qh 'eqnl9 ,mf`l`s`xhqh
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sqòdæmf`mc` 'eqnl9 ,mf`æmc` ',K$((
m 8.0/- atee`kndmf`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,j`mf`æ( m 8.0/- `
fthmd`,envk- dmf`æmf` xÕ”◊rÕ”◊gh”qdæ
jtækà& dæmfnjn sgd fthmd`,envk
hr lnqd cdkhbhntr sg`m ` bghbjdm
dmf`æmn 'eqnl9 ,j`mn( m 8.0/- vgd`sdæmf`my` 'eqnl9 ,j`æmy` ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 daÕ◊j`my`- m 6.7 8.0/sgd qdrhctd ne rnqfgtl trdc enq
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cqdfr ne sgd addq- Rxm9
nltægdla`dmf`æmyàÕ”◊rÕ”◊jh”
'eqnl9
,j`my`æ,ahrÕ◊jÕ”◊( m 8.0/- ` sxod
ne ahqc 'khs- H khjd sqdd sqtmjr(dæmf`q`x` 'eqnl9 ,j`æq`h”` ',K$((
m 8.0/- vhkc gnf- dqÕ◊j`k`æ
mf&dæmf`q`x` sn ad cheehbtks khjd
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dmf`q`xÕ”◊ x&nælvhrh 'eqnl9 ,j`q`xh”
x&nælvhrh( m 8- sgd gnsmdrr ne
sgd rtm- lv`æj`ær& nln mf`q`xÕ”◊
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v`r rshkk snn gns
dæmf`qvd» 'eqnl9 ,j`æqtd( m 8.0/- `
g`qc ons+ ` g`qc lds`kdæmf`rÕ”◊qx`» 'eqnl9 ,f`ærhqÕ”◊`( m 8.0/-
dmfdæmcn
fqhmchmf rsnmd-
dæmf`æs` 'eqnl9 ,f`æs`( U`qh`ms9
drxnæmf`æs`m 8.0/rl`kk
btrghnm+ gd`c o`c- à`æktldæ mÕ◊
mf`æs`+ xhj`æm`æsnf`æ Õ”◊v`ærnæmfx`æ
xhmch ldm `qd khjd ` rl`kk
btrghnm- He hs e`kkr cnvm+ xnt
fds `mnsgdq nmddmf`æshj`shj`» 'eqnl9 ,j`sÕ◊j`shj``(
m 8.0/- ` sxod ne ok`ms sg`s
fqnvr nm nsgdq ok`msr 'rntqbd9
S`rno`&r chbshnm`qx(dmf`xh” 'eqnl9 ,mf`xh” ',K$(( m 8.0/fnqhkk`dæmfdad 'eqnl9 ,jdæad ',K$(( U`qh`ms9
drxnæmfdad- m 8.0/- khed- dæmfdad
xhsà`ægv` sgd dsdqm`k khed
dæmfdjd 'eqnl9 ,jdæjd ',K$(( U`qh`ms9
drxnæmfdjd- m 8.0/- ` bts hm sgd
enns sg`s g`r cqhdc todmfdæjn 'eqnl9 ,jdjnæ( m 8.0/ehqd
sg`s hr bnudqdc vhsg `rg sn
qd`bshu`sd hs nm sgd enkknvhmf
c`x- nxt¡æsrdlh”qdæ rx`æs`æa` mfdæjn
` gòox odqrnm cndr mns jddo
ehqd hm sgd ehqdok`bd sn qd`bshu`sd
hs sgd enkknvhmf c`x
dæmfdæjn 'eqnl9 ,jdæjn( m 8.0/ehqd
'enq
sgd
enkknvhmf
c`x(nxt¡æsrdlhqdæ rx`æs`æa`æ mfdæjn `
gòox odqrnm cndr mns jddo ehqd
enq sgd enkknvhmf c`x
dmfdælad 'eqnl9 ,fdlad( m 8.0/rgntkcdq ak`cddæmfdælt 'eqnl9 ,fdæltæ( m 8.0/sqhatsd+ s`wdmfdmcdæqn
'eqnl9
,fdmcdqn(
U`qh`ms9
drxnmfdmcdæqnm 8.0/- rgnddmfdæmcn 'eqnl9 ,fdmcn( m 8.0/-
dæmfdqdæfdærd
55
shldr+ mtladq ne shldr'eqnl9
,jdæqdfdærdæ(
m 8.0/- jhmc ne qhmfr trdc `r `
ltrhb`k hmrsqtldmsdæmfdqdæfdærd» 'eqnl9 ,jdæqdfdærdæd(
m 8.0/- jhmc ne enncdmfdqdæjn 'eqnl9 ,mfdqdjn( m 8.0/` k`xdqgh”q&njn kt¡gh”lanæ
jv&dmfdqdjnæ x&daxnæmcn ots
`mnsgdq k`xdq ne ltc nm sgd
v`kk
dæmfdqdæjn 'eqnl9 ,fdæqdjn( m 8.0/`m
`cchshnm`k
k`xdqgh”q&njnkt¡gh”lanæ jv& dæmfdqdjnæ
x&daxnæmcn ots `m `cchshnm`k
k`xdq ne ltc nmsn sgd v`kk
dæmfdæqn 'eqnl9 ,jdæqn ( U`qh`ms9
drxnæmfdæqn- m 8.0/- etmmdk l`cd
ne cqhdc ltc sg`s hr ots `s sgd
lntsg ne sgd adkknvr hm sgd
enqfddæmfdqn 'eqnl9 ,jdæqn ',K$(( U`qh`ms9
drxnæmfdqn- m 8.0/- hm sgd ehdkcdqhfx& dæmfdqn sn fn sn sgd ehdkcr
dqhrha& dæmfdqn sn rs`x hm sgd
ehdkc enq ` knmf shld
dæmfdqt 'eqnl9 mfdqt G ',K$(( m 13`s sgd ehdkc- mf`æx& dæmfdqt H `l
fnhmf sn sgd ehdkc- Rxm9 dlnækÕ”Ãdmfdæsd 'eqnl9 ,fdsdæ( m 8.0/- rgnddmfdæsrd 'eqnl9 ,fdsrd( m 8.0/- k`jd+
nbd`mdmfh”jd 'eqnl9 ,jh”jd ',K$(( m 8.0/` bqhbjds+ knbtrsdæmfÕ◊kh 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊kÕ◊( m 8.0/- ` jhmc ne
vhkc ohfdæmfÕ◊l` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊l`æ( m 8.0/lnmjdxdæmfhmf` 'eqnl9 ,mfhmf` G 'K$((
`cu- vgdm+ dudm vgdm- m&
dæmfdqdæfdærd
dmfnægd
dæmfhmf` tm`ækvdæqd+ tj`æax`æ
Õ◊vtm`æltæjnk& njn lh”aÕ”◊qh” dudm
vgdm xnt `qd rhbj+ xnt `qd
cnhmf rnld vnqj
dmfÕ◊mfn 'eqnl9 ,jhmfn( m 8.0/- sgd
adc- Rxm9 nltærdær`+ dlat¡sr`æmn+
dmfnsrdæqndmfÕ”◊r` 'eqnl9 ,mfh”r`æ( m 8.0/`m
`ltkds- Hs hr adkhdudc sg`s sghr
`ltkds g`r rtodqm`stq`k onvdqr+
sg`s hs b`m qdotkrd mdf`shud
hmektdmbdr `mc `ssq`bs onrhshud
nmdrdmfÕ◊sh 'eqnl9 ,mfhsÕ◊( m 8.0/- `m hchnsdæmfhsrh 'eqnl9 jÕ◊srh ',K$(( m 8.0/ed`q+ `mwhdsx- dqÕ◊ghs`æ lv&
dæmfhsrh sn ad qd`kkx eqhfgsdmdc
'`r he nmd vhkk gùd ch`qqgd`(
dmfnæa` 'eqnl9 ,jna`( m 8.0/- gtl`m
rjhmdæmfna` 'eqnl9 ,fnæa` ',K$(( m 8.0/rjhm+
rjhm
k`xdqdæmfna&dæxnltmvdæ
x`æl`ægnmnj`æk` sgd rjhm ne sgd
ehmfdq hr bqtrgdc
dmfnæah” 'eqnl9 ,fnah”( m 8.0/`m
`mhl`k rjhm trdc `r ` cqdrrdæmfnankd» 'eqnl9 ,jnæankdd( m 8.0/snnsg fòdæmfncnjn 'eqnl9 ,jnæcnjn ',K$((
m 8.0/- sgd cqdfrdæmfncnjvd»
'eqnl9
,jnæcnjtd(
m 8.0/- cqdfrdmfnæf` 'eqnl9 ,fnf`( m 8.0/- rl`kk
qntmchrg rsnmd sn bqtrg sgd
rddcrdmfnfdæqn 'eqnl9 ,fnfdqn( m 8.0/qntmc rsnmd sn bqtrg sgd rddcrdmfnægd 'eqnl9 ,jnægd( m 8.0/- aqnv+
sgqd`c- dqhktj&dmfnægd sn vdùd
dæmfnjn
56
` sgqd`c
dæmfnjn 'eqnl9 ,jnæjn ',K$(( m 8.0/-
gdmdæmfnjnktldæ
x`l`k`mfhq&nlt¡fdmÕ◊ `æj`r`æ xhsh
mf&
dmc&
dmf`æan
jvdærÕ”◊
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rddr ` uhrhsnq+ hs r`xr9 H `l
fnhmf sn knnj enq ` rghdkc+ ats hm
e`bs+ hs fndr sn ghcd
dæmfnjnæk`» 'eqnl9 ,jnæjnk`æ`( m 8.0/dkanv+ ` bktrsdq ne a`m`m`r nm `
a`m`m`
atmbgdqÕ◊rtla&dæmfnjnæk`» sn q`hrd sgd
dkanv s`mft¡kx`æ mfnjnæk`æ mftl&
dæx&natæatft okd`rd rdkk ld nmd
bktrsdq ne a`m`m` ok`ms`hmr
dæmfnjnækd» 'eqnl9 ,jnæjnkdd( m 8.0/- `
bktrsdq ne a`m`m`r nm ` a`m`m`
atmbgt¡æmft¡æk`æxdæ mfnjnkd
mxh”qh”snæ mftl` rdkk ld nmd
bktrsdq ne a`m`m`r
dæmfnjnktld 'eqnl9 ,jnæjnktld
',K$(( m 8.0/- ` qnnrsdqdæmfnk`ælvhrh 'eqnl9 ,jnæk`ltæhrh
',K$(( m 8.0/- rtm gd`sdæmfnækd 'eqnl9 ,jnækdæ( U`qh`ms9
drxnæmfnækd `j`æjnækd- m 8.0/- rshks:
rshbjr vhsg ` U,aq`mbg sg`s
`kknvr ` xntmf odqrnm sn v`kj
rshksdc nm sgdldæmfnækn 'eqnl9 ,jnækn( U`qh`ms9
nktæjnækn- m 8.0/ nt 00.0/- ` ahf
x`ldæmfnkt¡ 'eqnl9 ,jnækt¡ ',K$(( m 8.0/rb`q- dqÕ”◊jv& dæmfnkt¡ sn gùd `
rb`q
dæmfnkt¡æjn 'eqnl9 ,jnækt¡jn( U`qh`ms9
`j`æjnkt¡æjn- m 8.0/- rb`qdmfnæl` 'eqnl9 ,fnl`( m 8.0/- sgd
cqtl: sdql `krn trdc sn
dmfnmcd»
cdrhfm`sd ` rgòd ne sgd lnnm
vgdm hs hr sgqdd pt`qsdqr etkk- @
bghkc anqm ctqhmf sg`s odqhnc hr
b`kkdc J`fnæl`- nltæsh àt¡æxÕ”◊qd
`j`ækv`æjn mfnl& Õ”◊ah”qh” ` fnnc
sqdd '` sqdd sg`s rntmcr vdkk(
fhudr svn cqtlr- Sghr oqnudqa
hr rnldshldr trdc sn ld`m sg`s
` e`lhkx sg`s q`hrdr bghkcqdm +
lnrskx fhqkr+ hm sgd bnqqdbs v`x+
`kv`xr rtbbddcr sn fhud sgdl hm
l`qqh`fd
dæmfnla`lt¡æjn
'eqnl9
mfnæla`lt¡jn( m 8.0/ghbbntfgr: sgd o`hm nmd eddkr `s
sgd rhcdr èsdq adhm shqdcdmfnæln 'eqnl9 ,jnlnæ( m 8.0/`
rshbj cqhudm hm sgd rnhk nm vghbg
` cnldrshb `mhl`k hr shdcdæmfnæln 'eqnl9 ,jnæln( m 8.0/`
rshbj nm vghbg ` fn`s nq ` ohf
b`m ad `ss`bgdcdmfnælnælat¡ 'eqnl9 ,jnlnælat¡(æ
m 8.0/- sxod ne ltrgqnnldmfnælnælt¡
'eqnl9
,jnlnælt¡æ(
m 8.0/- ` sxod ne ltrgqnnldmfnælt¡ælt¡ 'eqnl9 ,mfnltælt¡æ(
m 8.0/- ltrgqnnldæmfnæm` 'eqnl9 ,jnæm` m 8.0/- ithbd+
rò vgdm qdedqqhmf sn sgd ithbd
entmc hmrhcd eqdrg bneedd- Sgd
sdql `krn qdedqr sn sgd uhrbntr
khpthc ` l`m oqnctbdr adenqd
di`btk`shnmdmfnmc`æat¡æst¡æjt¡
'eqnl9
,jnmc`,at¡æstjt( m 8.0/`
qnnrsdq- Sghr hr ` bnlontmc
eqnl dqhjnæmc` &sn edkk& `mc
nat¡æst¡æjt¡ &c`x+ mhfgs&dmfnmcd» 'eqnl9 ,jnmcdd( m 8.0/-
dmfnæmcd
57
`m ntsc`sdc naidbs-
dmfnæmcd 'eqnl9 ,jnmcdæ( m 8.0/-
`
bnqmdqdmfnæmcn 'eqnl9 ,fnmcnæ( m 8.0/- `
vnncdm rshbj trdc enq rnvhmfdmfnmcnækd
'eqnl9
,jnmcnkdæ(
m 8.0/- rvdds ons`sndmfnæmcnldæqx`»
'eqnl9
,jnmcnæl,hq,Õ”◊,`( m 8.0/- ` sxod
ne rvdds ons`sn sg`s hr fdmdq`kkx
ahf `mc mns rsq`hfgs- Sgd vnqc
cdqhudr
eqnl
sgd
udqa
dqh”jnmcnlx`»
&sn
admc&natæg`mx` mh ltfg`mc`æ v`æ
aÕ◊qhav` axnæ ahsdæatk`æ jn
mfnæmcnldæqx`» lhrenqstmd hr khjd
` atmckd ne rvdds ons`sndr sg`s
mdudq k`bj `s kd`rs nmd rvdds
ons`sn sg`s hr mns rsq`hfgs
dmfnæmf` 'eqnl9 ,jnmf`( m 8.0/- `
ansskddæmfnæmf` 'eqnl9 ,jnæmf`( m 8.0/- `
ek`rj- ltæsv`khq&dxÕ”◊r`mcdæ mfdæ
x&nln mfnæmf` aqhmf ghl rnld
a`m`m` ithbd hm sgd ek`rj
dmfnmfnkxn» 'eqnl9 ,mfnmfnkh”n(
m 8.0/- mts eqnl ` vhkc sqdd- Hs
hr adkhdudc sn qdmcdq ` l`m
lnqd rdwt`kkx `bshuddæmfnmfnæsdæq` 'eqnl9 ,jnæmfnsdæq`æ(
m 8.0/- sgd o`qqns- Rxm9
dæjnjnæsdæq`+ drxnæjnjnæsdæq`dæmfnmfnæsdæq`» 'eqnl9 ,jnæjnsdæq`æ`(
U`qh`ms9
drxnæmfnmfnæsdæq`»+
`j`æjnjnæsdæq`»- m 8.0/- o`qqnsRxm9 `j`rtæjtdæmfnmfnæsdæq`» 'eqnl9 ,mfnæmfnsdæq`æ`(
m 8.0/- ` sxod ne ahqc sg`s
athkcr hsr mdrs ax l`jhmf ` gnkd
hm ` sqdd-
dmfnsrh”
dmfnmh” 'eqnl9 ,jnmh” ',K$(( m 8.0/` rshbj-
dæmfnmnjvd»
'eqnl9
,jnmnjvdæ(
m 8.0/- ehmfdq mnhrddæmfnmnæjvd»
'eqnl9
,jnæmnjtæd(
m 8.0/- ehmfdq mnhrddæmfnnæ NJ- sg`s hr sgd v`x sn r`x
!ng H rdd !- @9 v`m`æaÕ◊qÕ◊qx`æ >
A9 dd @9 dæmfnnæ @9 gùd xnt
deedbshudkx d`sdm> A9 xdr @9 ng
H rdd Rxm9 dæmfn+ dæfn+ dæfnnædæmfno` 'eqnl9 ,jnæo` ',K$(( m 8.0/rhbjkd trdc sn oqtmd a`m`m`
sqddrdæmfnq`æjnæq`» 'eqnl9 ,j`æjnq`jnæq`æ`(
m 8.0/- qdc ons`sndæmfnqnjnsrx` 'eqnl9 ,jnæqnjnsrh”`(
m 8.0/- ` aqnnldæmfnqnrx` 'eqnl9 ,jnæqnrh”` ',K$((
m 8.0/- ` sxon sg`s hr cdkdsdc
nq rbq`sbgdcdmfnqnsrxn»
'eqnl9
,jnqnsrh”n(
m 8.0/- ` rbq`sbgdæmfnæqvd» 'eqnl9 ,fnæqtæd( m 8.0/- `
rl`kk sdlokd enq Mxàhmfhdæmfnsd 'eqnl9 ,mfnæsd ',K$(( m 8.0/ldchbhm`k ok`msdmfnæsn 'eqnl9 ,fnsn( m 8.0/- sgd mòd
ne
sgd
mdbjdqh”jnmfnlx&dmfnæsn sn v`kj
udqx oqntckx Rxm9 daÕ”◊jx`dmfnæsn 'eqnl9 ,fnsn( m 8.0/- qnns ne `
rsq`v sg`s bghkcqdm khjd sn rtbjdmfnsrdæqn 'eqnl9 ,fnsrdqn( m 8.0/adc- Rxm9 dmfÕ◊mfn+ nltærdær`+
dlat¡sr`æmndmfnsrh 'eqnl9 ,fnsrh ',K$(( m 8.0/` lnmjdx rodbhdrdmfnsrh” 'eqnl9 ,fnsrh” ',K$(( m 8.0/` q`s rodbhdr entmc hm sgd ehdkcr
dæmfnæsrh
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66
b`qqx nm rgntkcdqr'eqnl9
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u hmsqsn kdùd rtccdmkx+ sn
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cqx
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`fnmhydm`æl`æa`jhq&
nlnæ
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u- sn ad sgd qdbhohdms ne
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u sq`mrsn eqx hm o`qsdqÕ◊a`k`mftk& djhjtær`» sn eqx `
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g`mcdqha`æla` 'eqnl9 ,a`la,( u sq`mrsn bnudq vhsg ` rjhm+ sn bnudq
vhsg ` ahf kdè- dqha`la&
dmfnæl` sn l`jd ` cqtl ax
otsshmf ` cqx rjhm nm hs
dqha`la& dmxtæmft sn bnudq `
ons sg`s hr ehkkdc vhsg ennc
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nts nm sgd eknnq
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xnt rgntkc mns bnlok`hm he xnt
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'eqnl9
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gd`c
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shldr
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sqd`s
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l`jd sgd ehqrs rsdor hm v`kjhmfdqÕ◊a`s`mftæj` 'eqnl9 ,a`æs`mftj,(
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`knmf vhsg rnldsghmf dkrd
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v`kj ax itlohmf- nlv`m`æ
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v`kj ax itlohmf
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rs`qs v`kjhmf 'enq ` aàx(nælv`m`æ `khlv`r`æ `æj`æa`stæk`
sgd aàx adfhmr sn v`kj 'khssgd
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68
bghkc hr bnlhmf gd v`kjr(
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sn
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sgd vntmc hr gtqshmf
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u sq`mrsn eqx hm o`qsdqÕ◊adatj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,adæatj`k,(
u hmsqsn fds atqmsdqÕ◊adatæk` 'eqnl9 ,adæatk,( u sq`mrsn eqx+ sn atqm sgd g`hqr nm `m
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onqshnm ne b`rrù` aqd`c hm
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rg`qd 'b`rrù` aqd`c( vhsg xntq
g`mcdqhadæg` 'eqnl9 ,adg,( u hmsqsn
rldkkdqh”adgdjdqdqx`»
'eqnl9
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x&nktæa`my` sn l`jd rnldnmd
qdronmrhakd ne ` sdqqhakd èe`hq
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u hmsqsn ad etkkdqhadladæq` 'eqnl9 ,adladq,( u- sn
r`bqhex:
sn
bnnk
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sn sgd rohqhsr dqhadladq&
`l`fdæsrd sn bnnk sgd v`sdq
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lhkj eqnl sgd aqd`rs- dqÕ◊mxnmx&
njv&Õ◊adæqd sn rtbj sgd aqd`rs
dqÕ◊adqv`» 'eqnl9 ,adæq,t,( usn
rddl+ sn knnj khjd- m`æl`æadqv`æ
mf`mxÕ”◊k`ælh”qd H knnj `r he H `l
btqdc
dqh”adqx`» 'eqnl9 ,adq,h”,( u sq`mrsn
anhkdqÕ◊adsàdæs`
'eqnl9
,adæsàds,(
u hmsqsn v`kj rknvkxdqÕ”◊adsx`» 'eqnl9 ,adæsh”,( u- sn rohkk `
khpthcdqÕ◊agàg`xÕ◊j`
'eqnl9
,ag`æag`xhj,( u hmsqsn rod`j
`hlkdrrkx`kx`gnæ
`j`æagàg`xhj` atxÕ◊q`+ rÕ◊g`kx&
nxtæj`æltægtkhjhqhq` gd hr sgdqd
rod`jhmf `hlkdrrkx: sgdqd hr mn
nmd o`xhmf `ssdmshnm sn vg`s gd
hr r`xhmf
dqÕ◊ag`gtæj` 'eqnl9 ,ag`ægtj,(
u hmsqsn aqd`j+ sn rokhsdqÕ◊ag`gtækg` 'eqnl9 ,ag`ægtkg,(
u sq`mrsn aqd`j- dqÕ◊ag`gtk&
dr`g`æmh” sn aqd`j sgd ok`sd
dqÕ◊ag`æj` 'eqnl9 ,ag`æj,( u sq`mrsn
b`sbg- dqÕ◊ag`j& nlt¡ærxdmdmd sn
b`sbg ` fq`rrgnoodq
dqÕ◊ag`j`æm`
'eqnl9
,ag`æj`m,(
u hmsqsn ehfgsdqÕ◊ag`kg`f`ær` 'eqnl9 ,ag`ækg`f`r,(
u hmsqsn g`qcdm- drxnæmyvhqÕ◊
rx`æl`æag`kg`f`r& njnæ ltæsvd»
sgd g`hq knnjr g`qc nm sgd gd`c
dqÕ◊ag`kg`mftæj`
'eqnl9
,ag`ækg`mftj,( u- sn bq`bjkd
dqÕ◊ag`kgtæj`
7/
's`kjhmf ànts sgd bdqd`kr adhmf
eqhdc(dqÕ◊ag`kgtæj` 'eqnl9 ,ag`ækgtj,(
u hmsqsn aqd`j: sn antmbd
a`bj eqnl ` g`qc naidbsdqÕ◊ag`mctj`æk`
'eqnl9
,ag`æmctj`k,( u hmsqsn
fds
c`l`fdc ' enq ` ok`sd l`cd ne
hqnm(dr`g`æmh”
xàÕ◊qÕ◊ag`mctj`æk` sgd ok`sd fns
c`l`fdc
dqÕ◊ag`mctæk` 'eqnl9 ,ag`æmctk,(
u sq`mrsn c`l`fd '` ok`sd
l`cd ne hqnm(- dqÕ◊ag`mctk&
dr`g`æmh” sn c`l`fd sgd ok`sd 'enq
dw`lokd ax l`jhmf hs cqno nm `
g`qc naidbs(
dqÕ”◊ag`mcx`»
'eqnl9
,ag`æmch”,(
u sq`mrsn rsd`kdqÕ◊ag`mf`kg`ækg`
'eqnl9
,ag`æmf`kg`kg,( u hmsqsn ad
rg`qo+ sn ad `kdqs- nælv`m& nxt¡æ
àg`mf`kdæqd sghr bghkc hr qd`kkx
rg`qo+ snn `bshuddqÕ”◊ag`rx`» 'eqnl9 ,ag`ærh”,( u- sn d`sdqÕ◊ag`sÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,ag`æshj,( u sq`mrsn
rshbj
rnldsghmf
nmdqÕ◊ga`shj&daxnæmcnæ
ax&njn
kt¡gÕ”◊lan sn rshbj ltc nmsn sgd
v`kk
dqÕ”◊agdkdkdrx`» 'eqnl9 ,agdækdkdrh”,(
u sq`mrsn rox+ sn v`sbg
b`qdetkkxdqÕ◊agdækg` 'eqnl9 ,agdækg,( u sq`mrsn rokhsdqh”agdkgt¡» 'eqnl9 ,agdkgtt¡( m 4.5fnhsdqdqh”agdæmcd» 'eqnl9 ,agdmcdæd( m 4.5injd: chrd`rd sg`s bnmrhrsr ne sgd
rvdkkhmf ne sgd sdrshbkdr- h”mfxdæ
dqhagnæmf`
rÕ◊mcx& njv& h”agdæmcdæ kx`ft H cn
mns v`ms sn s`jd o`qs sn xntq
injdr
dqÕ”◊agdmcdjx`» 'eqnl9 ,agdæmcdjh”,(
u- sn cdu`ktd+ sn chlhmhrg
rnldnmd&r u`ktddqÕ”◊agdrx`» 'eqnl9 ,agdærh”,( usn
rdhyd rnldsghmf vhsg g`mcrdqÕ◊agdæsg` 'eqnl9 ,agdæsg,( u- sn ghsdqh”agdsxn» 'eqnl9 ,agdsh”n( m 4ok`hmdqh”agÕ”◊kÕ”Ã 'eqnl9 ,aghkÕ”◊h( m 4.5sgd
a`f ne `m nkc l`mdqÕ◊agÕ◊mc` 'eqnl9 ,agÕ◊mc,( u hmsqsn
ad dwsqdldkx etkkdqÕ◊agÕ◊mf` 'eqnl9 ,agÕ◊mf,( u hmsqsn
s`jd
b`qd
nedqÕ◊aghmf`æ
m&daÕ◊mct sn s`jd b`qd ne sghmfrdqÕ”◊agnagnkx`» 'eqnl9 ,agnæagnkh”,(
u- sn bqtmbg- dqÕ”◊agnagnkx&
dqÕ”◊jt¡æg` sn bqtmbg ` anmd
dqÕ”◊agnagnmfnkx`»
'eqnl9
,agnæagnmfnkh”,( u sq`mrsn
bq`bj vhsg sddsgdqÕ◊agnkgnagnæmx`
'eqnl9
,agnækgnagnmx,( u sq`mrsn
s`jd ax cdbdhs- `j`ærnmc&
dqÕ◊mxÕ◊agnkgnagnmx&
drxnetq`æmf`æ rx`fd gd v`msr sn
s`jd lx lnmdx ax cdbdhuhmf ld
dqÕ◊agnkgnmfnæj`
'eqnl9
,agnækgnmfnj,( u- sn bq`bjkddqh”agnkx`» 'eqnl9 ,agnkh”,( u sq`mrsn cqhmj: sn rlnjddqh”agnæmcn 'eqnl9 ,agnmcnæ( m 4.5o`kl vhmddqhagnmcnæg` 'eqnl9 ,agnmcng,(
u hmsqsn fds shqdcdqhagnæmf` 'eqnl9 ,agnmf,( u hmsqsn dxd rnldnmd+ sn gùd `m dxd
dqh”agnqn
70
nm
rnldnmdnltrÕ◊j&nkx`æ
`æadæfdq& dqhmxhagnmfdæq` sg`s
fhqk khjdr sn dxd ld 'adb`trd
rgd oqnaàkx khjdr ld(
dqh”agnqn 'eqnl9 ,agnqn ',K$((
m 4.5- ` sxod ne qntmc ons`snRxm9 dqh”agnqnsg`ærhdqh”agnqnsg`ærh 'eqnl9 ,agnqnsg`rÕ◊(
m 4.5- ` sxod ne qntmc ons`sndqhagnæsg` 'eqnl9 ,agnsg,( usn
bq`bjdqhagnsgàgnæsg`
'eqnl9
,agnsgàgnsg,( u sq`mrsn
cdrsqnx qdod`sdckx- Sgd sdql hr
trdc enq rnldsghmf sg`s hr
gnkknvnælv`m`æ
àÕ◊qhagnsgàgnsg& djnæon» sgd
bghkc g`r cdrsqnxdc sgd bto
dqhagnsgnj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,agnsgnj`k,(
u hmsqsn cdrsqnx hsrdke- Sgd
sdql hr trdc enq rnldsghmf sg`s
hr
gnkknvdjnæonæ
xàÕ◊qhagnsgnj`æk` sgd bto fns
cdrsqnxdc
dqh”agt¡æag` 'eqnl9 ,agt¡ag,( u hmsqsn rnesdm- Sghr sdql hlokhdr `
rdmrd ne fdsshmf nkc+ sg`s hr+
rnldsghmf
sg`s
v`r
jdos
rnldvgdqd enq ` knmf shld `mc
rnesdmr `r ` bnmrdptdmbddmx`l`æ xàÕ”◊qh”agt¡agh”q& nln
l`fdæsrd sgd ld`s g`r rnesdmdc
hm sgd v`sdq
dqh”agt¡agt¡sgx`»
'eqnl9
,agtagtsgh”,( u sq`mrsn ehkk
nmd&r lntsg vhsg enncdqÕ”◊agt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,agt¡æj,( u sq`mrsn
rlnjd ax otsshmf sgd sna`bbn
adsvddm sgd sddsg `mc sgd khordqh”agt¡æjt¡ 'eqnl9 ,agtjt¡(æ m 4.5-
dqh”aÕ”◊f`
dwdqbhrd,annj 'kn`m vnqc eqnl
Dmfkhrg !annj!(dqÕ◊agtkgtagtæs`
'eqnl9
,agtækgtagts,( u hmsqsn v`kj
`r he nmd hr udqx shqdc`j`æfdmc`æ
`æj`æxhagtkgtagtæs`
gd v`kjr `r he gd v`r udqx shqdc
dqÕ”◊agt¡kgt¡mf`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,agtækgtmf`mh”,( u- sn lhwdqhagtkx`» 'eqnl9 ,agtkh,( u sq`mrsn cqhmj- Rxm9 dqÕ”◊mxv`»dqÕ”◊agt¡æm` 'eqnl9 ,agt¡æm,( u sq`mrsn
aqd`j- dqÕ”◊agt¡m& dahjtær` sn
g`qudrs sgd bnqmr dqÕ”◊agt¡m&
njtftækt sn aqd`j nmd&r kdf
dqÕ◊agtæmc` 'eqnl9 ,agtæmc,( u hmsqsn bqntbg+ sn s`jd ` qdrs èsdq `
fnnc ld`kdqÕ”◊agtmfx`» 'eqnl9 ,agtæmfh”,( u- sn
l`jd ltbg mnhrddqÕ”◊agt¡mÕ”◊j` 'eqnl9 ,agt¡æmhj,( u hmsqsn aqd`j ax hsrdke- nælv`m&
`æagt¡mÕ”◊jÕ”◊qx& njnæ jtæanæjn sgd
bghkc g`r aqnjdm ghr `ql
dqh”agt¡qdæsgd 'eqnl9 ,agt¡qdsgdæ(
m 4.5- vgddka`qqnvdqÕ”◊agt¡sgàgt¡æsg`
'eqnl9
,agt¡æsgàgt¡sg,( u hmsqsn v`kj
hm rtbg ` v`x sg`s nmd cndr mns
v`ms sn ad rddm- Sgd rnqbdqdqr
`qd adkhdudc sn v`kj sg`s v`x:
sn v`kj o`hmetkkx adb`trd ne nkc
`fddqh”agv`x` 'eqnl9 ,agt`x` ',K$((
m 4- sxod ne c`mbd vgdqd
odnokd c`mbd hm o`hqrdqÕ◊aÕ◊a` 'eqnl9 ,aÕ◊a,( u sq`mrsn
rnvdqh”aÕ”◊f` 'eqnl9 ,ah”f,( u- sn ehfgs: sn
ad gd`ksgx- nltæsx&`æl`»aÕ”◊f` sgd
dqh”ah”fàÕ”◊f`
71
sqdd hr fqnvhmf udqx vdkk
dqh”ah”fàÕ”◊f` 'eqnl9 ,ah”fàh”f,( u- sn
fqnv 'vgdm s`kjhmf ànts vddcr
sg`s
fqnv
ktrgkx(daÕ◊sh
ax`æl`æah”fàh”f&
nlnqhqhl`æ
kx`fd sgd vddcr `qd fqnvhmf
ktrgkx hm lx ehdkc- Hm sgd `qd` ne
Ktj`mf`+ nmd b`m gd`q hmrsd`c9
dqhahfàÕ◊f` &sn fqnv ktrgkx& `mc
hm sgd `qd` ne Atmxtj`+ nmd b`m
r`x9 dqhadfàdæf`¡ @kk sgdrd sgqdd
sdqlr rddl sn ad `bbdosàkd
rxmnmxlrdqÕ◊aÕ◊g` 'eqnl9 ,aÕ◊g,( u hmsqsn khddqÕ◊ahghqv`» 'eqnl9 ,aÕ◊ghqt,( u- sn ad
khdc sndqÕ”◊ah”gx`» 'eqnl9 ,aÕ◊gh”,( u sq`mrsn
ronhk+ sn c`l`fd+ sn cdrsqnxdqÕ◊aÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,aÕ◊j,( u hmsqsn
bqnvdqÕ◊aÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,aÕ◊j,( u sq`mrsn ots
`rhcddqÕ◊ahjtæk` 'eqnl9 ,aÕ◊jtk,( usn
bnmedrr
nmd&r
lhrs`jdrdqÕ◊ahjtk& `l`knækn sn bnmedrr
nmd&r rhmr
dqhaÕ◊la` 'eqnl9 ,ahla,( u hmsqsn
rvdkkdqÕ”◊aÕ”◊la` 'eqnl9 ,aÕ”◊la,( u hmsqsn
rvdkk- dqÕ”◊ah”lax`» sn l`jd rvdkk
dqÕ”◊aÕ”◊m` 'eqnl9 ,aÕ”◊m,( u hmsqsn
c`mbd- Sgd sdql hr trdc vgdm
s`kjhmf ànts sgd rnqbdqdqr&
c`mbd `s mhfgsdqÕ◊ahmchmftæk` 'eqnl9 ,aÕ◊mchmftk,(
u sq`mrstqm
rnldsghmf
rdudq`k shldrdqÕ◊ahmctæj` 'eqnl9 ,aÕ◊mctj,( u hmsqsn stqm- dqÕ◊ahmctjhq& nlt¡j`kÕ”◊
x& nln mfÕ◊mfn sn stqm snv`qcr
dqÕ”◊ah”rdltj`æk`
sgd
vnl`m
hm
adc
dqÕ◊xhahmctj`æjn sn stqm nmsn
nmdrdke
dqÕ”◊ah”mct¡jx`» 'eqnl9 ,aÕ◊mctj,h”,(
u sq`mrsn
l`jd
stqmdqÕ”◊ah”mct¡jx& dmx`l`æ x& nln
mxtæmft sn stqm sgd ld`s hm sgd
bnnjhmf ons
dqÕ◊ahmctæk` 'eqnl9 ,aÕ◊mctk,( u sq`mrsn stqm torhcd cnvmdqÕ”◊ah”mct¡kh”j`mmÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,aÕ◊mctkhj`mh”,( u sq`mrsn stqm
rdudq`k shldrdqhaÕ◊mf` 'eqnl9 ,ahmf,( u sq`mrsn
lnud enqv`qc- dqhahmfhq& nlnæ
jÕ◊sdfn sn bg`rd `m `mhl`k rn
sg`s hs fdsr hmsn sgd sqò
dqÕ◊aÕ◊mf` 'eqnl9 ,aÕ◊mf,( u- sn v`kj hm
sgd rdmrd ne knnjhmf enq `m
hkkhbhs rdwt`k o`qsmdqdqh”ah”mf`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,ahmf`mh”,( u- sn
lnud r-sg- enqv`qc+ sn lnud
r-sg- `v`xdqÕ”◊ah”mh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,aÕ◊mhqh”,( u- sn bnnj
enq- dqÕ”◊ah”mh”qx& nælv`m`æ x&
natr`æq` sn bnnj rnto enq ` aàx
dqh”aÕ”◊q`æstft
'eqnl9
,ah”q`æstæft
',K$(( m 4.5- ` mnm edqshkhydc
dff ne ` bghbjdmdqÕ◊ahqhjÕ◊q`
'eqnl9
,aÕ◊qhjhq,(
u sq`mrsn b`kkdqhahqhqv`»
'eqnl9
,hahqhq,t,(
u sq`mrsn enqfdsdqÕ”◊ah”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,aÕ◊qh”,( u sq`mrsn
rvddodqÕ”◊aÕ”◊r` 'eqnl9 ,aÕ”◊r,( u sq`mrsn ghcddqÕ”◊ah”r`æl` 'eqnl9 ,aÕ”◊r`l,( u hmsqsn ghcddqÕ”◊ah”rdltj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,aÕ”◊rdltj`k,(
u hmsqsn kdùd nmd&r ghchmf
dqÕ”◊ah”rt¡æk`
72
ok`bd-
dqÕ”◊ah”rt¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,aÕ”◊rtk,( u sq`mrsn
tm,ghcd-
dqhanæa` 'eqnl9 ,ana,( u hmsqsn ad
c`lo+ sn ad vds-
dqh”anax`» 'eqnl9 ,ana,h”,( u- sn vdsdqhanæf` 'eqnl9 ,anf,( u hmsqsn fqnv
vdkk 'vgdm rod`jhmf ànts
ok`msr(dqh”anæfn 'eqnl9 ,anfn( m- 4.5 xntmf
ok`msr sg`s `qd fqnvhmf ktrgkx:
xntmf a`m`m` sqddr+ ` e`ql ne
a`m`m` sqddr
dqÕ◊anæg` 'eqnl9 ,anæg,( u- sn shddqÕ◊angnj`æk` sn tmshd ax hsrdke
dqÕ◊angnæk` 'eqnl9 ,anægnk,( u sq`mrsn tmshd+ sn eqdd '` oqhrnmdq(dqhanæk` 'eqnl9 ,ank,( u hmsqsn
qnssdm- ltæatkh ltmcv& `æanækh”qd
xnt `qd ` qnssdm odqrnm 'sghr hr
`m hmrtks(
dqh”ankh” 'eqnl9 ,ankh” ',K$(( m 4.5atrgdqÕ◊anknfnæmc` 'eqnl9 ,anæknfnmc,(
u- sn onrrdrrdqhanæla` 'eqnl9 ,anla,( u sq`mrsn
bnudq
vhsg
kdùdrdqhanlanæk` sn tmbnudq
dqhanladæj` 'eqnl9 ,anladj,( u- sn
ghcd hm ` bnqmdq- dqhxhanladæj`
sn ots nmdrdke `rhcd
dqh”anladqx`æ 'eqnl9 ,anladq,h”,(
u sq`mrsn
k`x
nmdqh”anladqx& nktæjnæl`æ kv&njn
mxtæmft sn ots sgd ahf kdè nmsn
sgd bnnjhmf ons
dqÕ◊anæmc` 'eqnl9 ,anæmc,( u hmsqsn
ad sghmdqhanmcdæq` 'eqnl9 ,anmcdq,( u hmsqsn ad pthds- dqhanmcdqdæq` sn ad
dqÕ◊atæf`
udqx b`kl dqh”xh”anmcdqdqx`» sn
qdl`hm udqx b`kl `r he nmd mn
knmfdq dwhrsr
dqhanmcdqdæq` 'eqnl9 ,anmcdqdq,(
u hmsqsn pthdsdm+ sn ad b`kl:
sn ad od`bdetkdqh”anmcdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,anmcdqh”,(
u sq`mrsn pthdsdmdqh”anæmcn 'eqnl9 ,anmcn( U`qh`ms9
dqh”agnæmcn- m 4.5- vhkc o`kl
sqdd: ehadqr eqnl sg`s o`kl sqdddqhanmcnæg`
'eqnl9
,anmcng,(
u hmsqsn adbnld sghmdqhanmfnæk`
'eqnl9
,anmfnk,(
u sq`mrsn
rjhm
neenatæanmfnkd» sgd e`bs ne rjhmmhmf
nee `m `mhl`k
dqhanqnæf` 'eqnl9 ,anqnf,( u- sn chddqÕ◊anæs` 'eqnl9 ,anæs,( u- sn ohbj+ sn
fkd`m- dqÕ◊ansànæs` sn ohbj gdqd
`mc sgdqd dqÕ”◊ansdqdqx`» sn fkd`m
vhsg ltbg b`qd
dqÕ◊ansnkdæq`
'eqnl9
,anæsnkdq,(
u sq`mrsn s`jd- dqÕ◊xhansnkdæq`
sn s`jd enq nmdrdke
dqÕ”◊ansrxn» 'eqnl9 ,anæsrh”n( m 4.5ldchbhm`k gdqa enq hmbqd`rhmf
lhkj- Hs hr fhudm sn ` vnl`m
vgn g`r qdbdmskx fhudm ahqsg sn
` bghkc rn sg`s rgd lhfgs gùd `
kns ne lhkj- Rxm9 dqÕ”◊gnsrxn»dqÕ”◊at¡» 'eqnl9 ,at¡æt( m 4- `rg- dqhrnr`æ
mf& dqÕ”◊at¡» sn knnj khjd `rg+ sn ad
udqx rhbj
dqÕ”◊at¡æf` 'eqnl9 ,at¡æf,( u sq`mrsn
rod`j+ sn r`x- dqÕ”◊at¡f` mch mch
mch sn rs`lldq
dqÕ◊atæf` 'eqnl9 ,atæf,( u sq`mrsn
ehmhrg- nxnæ `æl`æatf& nkvÕ◊vd
sg`s nmd g`r ehmhrgdc ghr 'sn
dqÕ”◊at¡fàt¡æf`
73
ld`m !gd hr cd`c!( dqÕ◊atf&
natxÕ◊mfn sn chd 'khssn ehmhrg
sgd khed(
dqÕ”◊at¡fàt¡æf` 'eqnl9 ,at¡æfàt¡f,(
u hmsqsn adbnld bq`yx 'khssn
rod`j snn ltbg khjd ` ennkhrg
l`m(dqÕ◊atfàtf`æm`
'eqnl9
,atæfàtf`m,( u hmsqsn ad
rb`ssdqdc dudqxvgdqddqÕ”◊at¡f`æm` 'eqnl9 ,at¡æf`m,( usn
rbnkc- dqÕ”◊at¡f`m`æ m&nlv`æm` sn
rbnkc ` bghkc
dqÕ◊atfhqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,atæfhqhq,( u- sn
ehmhrg bnlokdsdkxdqÕ◊atft 'eqnl9 ,atæft ',K$(( m 4.5ok`ms`hm+ ` sxod ne a`m`m`dqÕ◊atftæk` 'eqnl9 ,atæftk,( u sq`mrsn ohbj to+ sn bnkkdbsdqhatæg` 'eqnl9 ,atg,( u sq`mrsn
aknv- dqhatg& dmftæah sn aknv hm
` gnqm dqhatg&nln ltkÕ◊qn sn
`bshu`sd sgd ehqd ax aknvhmf hmsn
hs j`æktæld atg&nlnæ kh”jn xntmf
l`m+ aknv hmsn sgd ehqd
dqhatghqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,atghqhq,( u- sn
aknv rknvkx- kdj`æ mxÕ◊atæghqhqx&
njn jhqnmc`æ jx`ft kds ld aknv
rneskx
nmsn
xntq
vntmc'Mnql`kkx+ vgdm ` bghkc g`r `
rl`kk vntmc+ sgd aàx,rhssdq
aknvr nm hs sn rnnsgd hs(
dqhatæj` 'eqnl9 ,hatj,( u sq`mrsn
qdb`kkdqÕ◊atæj` 'eqnl9 ,atæj,( u hmsqsn
v`jd
to@a`mctæ
a`j`æmchrx`æatj&nlnæ mfx`jx`»
odnokd vhkk v`jd to hm sgd
lnqmhmf
dqÕ◊atjt 'eqnl9 ,atæjt ',K$(( m 4-
dqÕ”◊at¡kx`»
vdkk,adgùdc- nxt¡æ mh ltmctæ
v&dqÕ◊atjt sghr odqrnm g`r `m
dwbdkkdms adgùhnq
dqh”at¡jx`» 'eqnl9 ,hatj,h”,( u sq`mrsn
qdlhmcm`lhahqhqv`æ
Õ”◊v`mxÕ”◊at¡æjx`» he H enqfds+ qdlhmc
ld
dqÕ”◊at¡jx`» 'eqnl9 ,atæj,h”,( u sq`mrsn
fqdds: sn v`jd todqÕ◊atæk` 'eqnl9 ,atæk,( u sq`mr-+ hmsqsn lhrrdqÕ”◊at¡kh”jÕ”◊q` 'eqnl9 ,at¡ækhjhq,( u hmsqsn
ad
mhbdkx
rtqoqhrdcm`æl`æat¡kh”jh”q`æ nælv`m` v`fdæ
Õ◊m`æsnæj& njn l`rhmc`æmn H `l
ktbjx sg`s lx bghkc rtbbddcdc
`s sgd dw`lr
dqÕ”◊at¡kh”jh”qh”q`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,at¡ækhjhqhq`mh”,( u sq`mrsn
rtqoqhrd ax `qqhuhmf rtccdmkxdqÕ◊atkÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,atækhq,( u- sn k`rsdqÕ◊atkhq& nlnæ lt¡ækt¡ælan sn
qdl`hm enq ` knmf shld `s sgd
cqhmjhmf ok`bd
dqÕ◊atkhq`æm`
'eqnl9
,atækhq`m,(
u hmsqsn chròod`qdqÕ”◊at¡kt¡mf`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,atæktmf`mh”,(
u sq`mrsn lhw+ sn bnmetrd+ sn
ldcckd- Rxm9 dqÕ”◊st¡kt¡mf`mÕ”◊`dqhatæktæmft» 'eqnl9 ,atktæmftæt(
m 4.5- o`kl mtsdqÕ◊atktmftæj` 'eqnl9 ,atæktmftj,(
u- sn bq`bjkd vghkd adhmf eqhdcdjhjtær`æ jx`æl`æatktmftæj` sgd
bnqm hr bq`bjkhmf 'nmsn sgd
dladqr(
dqÕ”◊at¡kt¡mft¡æs` 'eqnl9 ,at¡æktmfts,(
u- sn fds qthmdcdqÕ”◊at¡kx`» 'eqnl9 ,atæk,h”,( u sq`mrsn
`rj- dqÕ”◊at¡kx`æ rÕ”◊ at¡æjÕ”◊qt¡ `rjhmf
dqÕ◊atla`
74
hr mns adhmf hchns
dqÕ◊atla` 'eqnl9 ,atæla` ',K$((
m 4- bk`x+ `qfhkntr rnhk-
dqÕ◊atæla` 'eqnl9 ,atæla,( u-
sn
bqd`sd+
sn
lnkcdqÕ◊atla&dmxtæmft sn l`jd `
ons dqÕ◊atlatæk` sn tm,lntkc
dqhatlata`æm`
'eqnl9
,atlata`m,( u hmsqsn qdrs`j`æatlata`mh”q`x& nltæshl`æ
v& nlnæ jh”srt¡æsrt¡» gd hr l`jhmf
ghr gd`qs qdrs hm sgd rg`cd: gd hr
s`jhmf ` qdrs tmcdq sgd rg`cd
dqhatæmc`» 'eqnl9 ,atmc`æ`( m 4.5rsnl`bg+ adkkx- `vÕ◊sx&dqhatæmc`æ
kÕ◊mf`m`æaÕÃ gd g`r ` ahf rsnl`bg
Rxm9 dmc`»dqÕ◊atæmc` 'eqnl9 ,atæmc,( u hmsqsn
bqntbgdqÕ◊atmcàtæmc`
'eqnl9
,atæmcàtmc,( u hmsqsn v`kj
rknvkxdqÕ”◊at¡mcàt¡mcx`»
'eqnl9
,atæmcàtmc,h”( U`qh`ms9
dqÕ”◊at¡mcxàt¡mcx`»- u sq`mrsn
b`qqx rnldsghmf gdùx `mc v`kj
enqv`qc vhsg hsdqÕ◊atmc`æl` 'eqnl9 ,atæmc`l,( usn bqntbg- dqÕ◊atmc`lÕ◊q` sn
bqntbg nm+ sn l`jd knud vhsg
dladmd xh”m`æat¡mc`ælÕ”◊qdæ g`kx`»
sgd fn`s hr qdrshmf 'rkddohmf(
sgdqd
dqÕ◊atmc`lÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,atæmc`lhq,(
u- sn bqntbg nm- dqÕ◊atmc`lhq&
nltæmct sn bqntbg nm rnldnmd
Rxm9 dqhsrtmc`lÕ◊q`dqÕ◊atmc`xÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,atæmc`xhq,(
u hmsqsn v`kj rknvkx `r he nmd
v`r v`kjhmf nm nmd&r adkkx-
dqhatqtæq`
dqÕ◊atmctmftæk`
'eqnl9
,atæmctmftk,( u sq`mrsn stqm
'dxdr(- dqÕ◊atmctmftk& `ldærn sn
stqm sgd dxdr `kk `qntmc
dqÕ◊atæmf` 'eqnl9 ,atæmf,( u hmsqsn
v`kjdqÕ◊atmftæk` 'eqnl9 ,atæmftk,( u- sn
cdb`ms- dqÕ◊atmftk& næavàt sn
ots sgd addq hmsn `m nsgdq
bnms`hmdq
dqÕ”◊at¡mt¡j`æk` 'eqnl9 ,at¡æmtj`k,(
u hmsqsn bnld a`bj èsdq `
knmf sqho- `æl`æat¡mt¡j`k& `æsx`» gd
bnldr a`bj vhsgnts aqhmfhmf
`mxsghmf
dqÕ”◊at¡mt¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,at¡æmtk,( u sq`mrsn bg`mfd nmd&r lhmc- dqÕ”◊at¡mt¡k&
nltæsÕ◊l` sn bg`mfd nmd&r lhmc
dqÕ”◊at¡mt¡kx`» 'eqnl9 ,at¡æmtkh”,( u- sn
aqhmf a`bj- v`æl`æat¡mt¡kx& Õ”◊a`
v`fd xnt aqhmf a`bj lx
gtra`mc dqÕ”◊at¡mt¡kx& nltæsÕ◊l` sn
bg`mfd nmd&r lhmc 'khssn l`jd
sgd gd`qs bnld a`bj(
dqÕ”◊at¡myt¡æk`
'eqnl9
,at¡æmytk,(
u sq`mrsn bqtlakddqÕ”◊at¡myt¡mft¡j`æk`
'eqnl9
,at¡æmytmftj`k,( u hmsqsn
bqtlakddjh”qÕ”◊
jx`æl`æat¡myt¡mft¡j`ækhq&
nlnæ
ax`æk` sgd ons`sn bqtlakdr hmsn
sgd g`mc
dqÕ◊atqtftæmc` 'eqnl9 ,atæqtftmc,(
u hmsqsn v`kj rknvkxdqÕ◊atqtftæmx` 'eqnl9 ,atæqtftmx,(
u- sn knnj gd`ksgx- `g`mcv&
`ægàt¡qt¡ft¡æmxÕ”◊qd ` ok`bd vghbg
hr udqx edqshkd
dqhatqtæq` 'eqnl9 ,atqtq,( u hmsqsn rjhl-
dqhatqtqÕ◊q`
dqhatqtqÕ◊q`
75
'eqnl9
,atqtqhq,(
u hmsqsn rjhl- dqhatqtqhq&
`gÕ◊rh sn rjhl nudq nmsn sgd eknnq
dqhatqtqtæj` 'eqnl9 ,atqtqtj,(
u hmsqsn fqnv hm ahf
pt`mshshdrdqÕ◊atæs` 'eqnl9 ,atæs,( u- sn fhud
ahqsgdqÕ”◊at¡sàt¡s`mÕ”◊`
sn
ltkshokx ax fhuhmf ahqsg sn
rdudq`k fdmdq`shnmr
dqÕ◊ats`æl` 'eqnl9 ,atæs`l,( u hmsqsn rpt`s+ sn bqntbg- dqÕ◊ats`l&
`gÕ◊rh sn bqntbg nm sgd eknnq
dqÕ◊ats`s`æk` 'eqnl9 ,atæs`s`k,( u hmsqsn fds `rsnmhrgdcdqÕ”◊at¡æsh” 'eqnl9 ,atæsh”( m 4.5gdmlnæa`j`æmfdqdq`æxv& Õ”◊at¡æsh” sgdx
bnnjdc ` gdm enq ld sgdqd
dqh”at¡æsr` 'eqnl9 ,at¡sr,( u hmsqsn ots
hm chrnqcdqdqh”at¡srxn» 'eqnl9 ,atsrh”n( m 4.5k`bj ne lhkj enq ` vnl`mdqÕ◊atstæj` 'eqnl9 ,atæstj,( u hmsqsn òod`q rtccdmkx- dqÕ◊atstjhq&
nltæmct sn òod`q sn rnldnmd
dqÕ◊atstj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,atæstj`k,(
u hmsqsn òod`q rtccdmkxdqÕ◊atstjÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,atæstjhq,(
u hmsqsn òod`q sndqÕ◊atstæk` 'eqnl9 ,atæstk,( u- sn ehmcdqÕ◊atststæk` 'eqnl9 ,atæststk,( u- sn
ad udqx eqthsetk+ sn gùd l`mx
bghkcqdmdqÕ”◊at¡sx`» 'eqnl9 ,atæs,h”,( u sq`mrsn
l`jd fhud ahqsg+ sn oqnbqd`sd+ sn
fhud ahqsg- dqÕ”◊at¡sx& dæladmd sn
l`jd ` fn`s fhud ahqsg
dqÕ”◊at¡sh”rx& dæladmd sn l`jd `
fn`s fhud ahqsg sn ` aàx
dqÕ”◊at¡x`» 'eqnl9 ,at¡æf,h”,( u sq`mrsn
dqÕ◊avÕ◊q`
l`jd mnhrd- Sghr udqa cdqhudr
eqnl dqÕ”◊at¡æf` &sn rod`j+ sn r`x&dqÕ”◊at¡x& djh”cg`ækh” sn l`jd sgd
fths`q
qdrnm`sd
`j`æat¡f`x&
`j`fnl`æ jnæ mcdjd gd jmnvr
gnv sn l`jd sgd rl`kk cqtl
qdrnm`sd
dqhatx`æg` 'eqnl9 ,atx`g,( u- sn ad
okd`rdcm`æl`æatx`g`æ
m&nlv`æsrx&nxn» H `l okd`rdc
vhsg sg`s mdvr
dqh”at¡x`gh”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,atx`ghrh”,( usn l`jd rnldnmd gòoxdqÕ◊atxÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,atæxhq,( usn
bnudqdqÕ◊atxhqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,atæxhqhq,( u- sn
ad odqedbs: sn ehmhrg bnlokdsdkxdqÕ◊avàtæk` 'eqnl9 ,atæàtk,( u- sn
fhud ahqsg vgdm s`kjhmf ne sgd
cnfdqhav`æf` 'eqnl9 ,at`f,( u hmsqsn
rohkk- `l`fdsrdæ `æl`æav`f&nln
mxt¡æla` sgd v`sdq rohkkr hm sgd
gntrd
dqhav`æf` 'eqnl9 ,at`f,( u hmsqsn
bnkkòrddqhav`qàv`æq`
'eqnl9
,at`qàt`q,( usn
v`kj
dudqxvgdqd hm sgd gntrd sn rdd
he sgdqd hr `mxsghmf ghccdm
hmrhcddqh”av`x`» 'eqnl9 ,at`fh”,( U`qh`ms9
dqh”av`fx`»- u- sn roqd`c- Rxm9
dqh”srv`fx`»dqh”avd» 'eqnl9 ,at¡d( m 4.5- ` rsnmddqhavdæj` 'eqnl9 ,atdj,( u- sn kdmcdqhxhavdæj` sn s`jd ` kn`m
dqÕ◊avÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,atæhq,( u sq`mrsn
sdkk- dqÕ◊avhq` J`æla`kdæ x&
nlv`æsrh sn sdkk J`la`kd rnld
dqÕ◊avhqÕ◊j`
76
mdvr dqÕ◊avhqhqÕ◊q` sn sdkk
rnldnmd hm otakhb+ sn qdoqhl`mc
dqÕ◊avhqÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,atæhqhj,( u- sn ad
àkd sn khrsdm- rtækÕ◊avhqhj`æ
jvdægÕ◊
`j`æat¡kh”
j`sxnv`
j`jnæv& nltæsv& Õ”◊mh”`kx&njnæ
kÕ”◊jn- xnt cn mns rddl sn gddc
ohdbdr ne `cuhbd ` rgddo sg`s
mdudq khrsdmr ehm`kkx khrsdmr
vgdm hs qd`khydr sg`s hsr gd`c hr
adhmf eqhdc nm sgd ehqddqÕ◊avhqhqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,atæhqhqhq,(
u sq`mrsn rbnkc otakhbkx+ sn
sdkk sgd m`jdc sqtsg sn rnldnmddqÕ◊ax`» 'eqnl9 ,adæ,( u hmsqsn ad+ sn
adbnld: sghr udqa hr `krn `m
`twhkh`qx- dqÕ◊ax`æ lv`lh sn
adbnld ` bghde dqÕ◊ax& `ægn sn
dwhrs
'khssn
ad
sgdqd(
`j`æmchrx`æax& `fdæmc` vgdm gd
vhkk fn 'khsgd vhkk ad gd fn(
sv`æadqdæ sv`fdæmc` vgdm vd kdes
dqÕ◊c`hl`æm` 'eqnl9 ,c`hl`m,( u- sn
ad sghbj- drt¡æot¡ x`æl`æc`hl`æm`
sgd
rnto
hr
sghbj
nltr`rx&`æl`æc`hl`æm`
sgd
aknnc hr bn`ftk`shmf
dqÕ◊c`ækg` 'eqnl9 ,c`ækg,( u hmsqsn
antmbddælatf`æ
hj`æc`kg`»
lhrenqstmd
gòodmr
'khslhrenqstmd antmbdr(
dqÕ◊c`tj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,c`ætj`k,( u- fds
nts udqx pthbjkx- dqÕ◊c`tj`k`
njn jhsv`» sn cdrbdmc udqx
pthbjkx eqnl sgd ghkk
dqhcdcdæl` 'eqnl9 ,cdcdl,( u hmsqsn rghmd+ adb`trd ne nhkdqhcdcdl`æm` 'eqnl9 ,cdcdl`m,(
u hmsqsn ad v`sdqxdqh”cdcdldrx`» 'eqnl9 ,cdcdldrh”,(
dqhcÕ◊mf`
u sq`mrsn l`jd 'rnldnmd(
hlonqs`mst¡j`æxh”cdcdldr`x`
m`æaÕ◊ m`vd xnt khjd sn qdmcdq
xntqrdke hlonqs`ms
dqÕ”◊cdft¡æl` 'eqnl9 ,cdæft¡l,( u- sn
rteedqdqh”cdÕ”Ã 'eqnl9 ,cdhh”( m 4.5- ` jhmc ne
a`m`m` sg`s hr bnnjdc hm v`sdqRxm9 dqh”sÕ”◊ln+ djh”mx`ælt¡æmxt¡dqh”cdjx`» 'eqnl9 ,cdjh”,( u sq`mrsn
bnnj 'b`rrù` aqd`c(- dqh”cdjx&
djÕ◊snækd sn bnnj b`rrù` aqd`c:
sn lhw v`sdq vhsg b`rrù` ekntq
vhsg ` ro`stk`
dqÕ”◊cdkx`» 'eqnl9 ,cdækh”,( u hmsqsn
l`jd ` lhrs`jd hm ` f`lddqhcdæla` 'eqnl9 ,cdla,( usn
vgddckd+ sn bn`w- dqhcdla&
nlt¡æj`kh” sn ek`ssdq ` vnl`m rn
sg`s rgd lhfgs `bbdos sn gùd
rdwt`k qdk`shnmr vhsg xnt
dqÕ◊cdæla` 'eqnl9 ,cdæla,( u- bìnkddqÕ◊cdla&nlv`æm` sn bìnkd `
bghkc
dqh”cdlax`»
'eqnl9
,cdla,h”,(
u sq`mrsn oq`hrd+ sn ek`ssdqj&t¡j`æs`cdla`x&
nlt¡æj`kÕ”◊
v`vt xnt khjd sn ek`ssdq xntq
vhed
dqÕ◊cdær` 'eqnl9 ,cdær,( u sq`mrsn
cdbnq`sddqÕ”◊cdt¡æl` 'eqnl9 ,cdæt¡l,( U`qh`ms9
dqÕ”◊cdft¡æl`- u- sn ad`s+ vgdm
rod`jhmf ànts sgd gd`qsnltæshl& `æjhm`æcdt¡æl`» sgd gd`qs
hr rshkk ad`shmf+ hm nsgdq vnqcr+
gd hr mns cd`c xdsdqhcÕ◊mf` 'eqnl9 ,chmf,( usn
nrbhkk`sd+ sn rvhmf- nktærdjd
ktj`æchmf`»
sgd
qddc
hr
dqh”ch”mfx`ch”mfx`»
77
Eqdmbg !ognsnfqòghdq!(-
nrbhkk`shmf
dqh”ch”mfx`ch”mfx`»
dqÕ◊ev`sgtæq`
'eqnl9
sn
,chmfh”`chmfh”,( u sq`mrrvhmfdqÕ”◊cnæcn 'eqnl9 ,cnæcnæ( m 4.5- e`s+ nhk
nm sgd rnto+ hm sgd bnnjdc
ad`mrdqÕ◊cnæcn 'eqnl9 ,cnæcn( m 4.5bnnjhmf nhkdqhcncnl`æm` 'eqnl9 ,cncnl`m,(
u- sn ad vdsdqh”cnjx`» 'eqnl9 ,cnjh”,( u- sn stqm
sgd b`rrù` aqd`c hm sgd bnnjhmf
onsdqhcnæmf` 'eqnl9 ,cnmf,( u- sn rnesdm
'rod`jhmf ànts eqthsr(dqÕ”◊cnmfncx`» 'eqnl9 ,cnæmfnch”,(
u sq`mrsn rv`kknvdqh”ct¡ct¡æl` 'eqnl9 ,ct¡ctl,( u- sn
oktmfd- dqh”ct¡ct¡l& dqh”g`mc`æ
qx&nlnæ qÕ”◊qdf` sn oktmfd sgd bto
hmsn sgd b`kà`rg
dqÕ”◊ct¡æjt¡ 'eqnl9 ,ctæjt¡æ( m-4.5 sxod ne
c`mbd ctqhmf vghbg c`mbdqr
admcdqhctæmc` 'eqnl9 ,ctmc,( usn
antmbd+ sn sqdlakddqh”ct¡æmf` 'eqnl9 ,ct¡mf,( u sq`mrsn
lhwdqÕ”◊ct¡ær` 'eqnl9 ,ct¡ær,( u hmsqsn chddqÕ◊cvÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,ctæhj,( u sq`mrsn
l`jd knuddqÕ”◊eè`mh”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,e`æe`mhrh”,( u- sn
bnmetrd
vhsgRxm9
dqh”rnrdj`mÕ”◊`dqhe`m`æm` 'eqnl9 ,e`m`m,( usn
qdrdlakd 'kn`m vnqc eqnl
Rv`ghkh(- Rxm9 dqhrnær`dqÕ◊e`stæq` 'eqnl9 ,e`æstq,( u sq`mrsn
s`jd ` ohbstqd 'kn`m vnqc eqnl
dqh”eh”eh”` 'eqnl9 ,eh”eh”,( u- sn vd`jdm+ sn
knrd nmd&r rghmhmf-
dqÕ”◊eh”eÕ”◊x` 'eqnl9 ,eÕ◊eh”x,( u- sn qdctbd
hm rokdmcnq- m`æah”qÕ”◊eh”eÕ”◊x`¡ M`ægnæ
jdq`æ m`æax` ltatx&næjv`gn H
`l mn knmfdq ad`tshetk- Adenqd+
H v`r qd`kkx ad`tshetk
dqh”eÕ”◊j`» 'eqnl9 ,ehj`æ`( m 4.5- rsnud
Sgd oktq`k enql+ `lèÕ◊j` ld`mr
jhsbgdm- `mdæ nln lèÕ”◊j`» gd hr
hm sgd jhsbgdm
dqh”et¡ag`ækg` 'eqnl9 ,et¡ag`kg,(
u hmsqsn e`cd+ sn chrbnknqdrxnmfÕ◊la`
rxàÕ”◊qh”et¡ag`khq&
nln l`fdæsrd sgd bknsgdr gùd
e`cdc hm sgd v`sdqdqh”et¡ækg` 'eqnl9 ,et¡k,( u sq`mrsn
v`rg
bknsgdrdqh”et¡kg`
drxnmfÕ◊la` sn v`rg bknsgdr
Rxm9 dqhrtjtæk`dqhetælat 'eqnl9 ,etlatæ( m 4.5lxrsdqx- djxnæ v`æl`æmxÕ◊avhq`æ
m&hetælat vg`s xnt gùd snkc
ld hr ` lxrsdqx `j`æatf& nln
lètælat l`r`l`r`» gd rod`jr
hm ` udqx narbtqd l`mmdq udqx
nesdm
dqÕ◊etlatæk` 'eqnl9 ,etælatk,( uqdud`k- Rs`mkdx lv`»etælatæk&
djnæmfn» Rs`mkdx chrbnudqdc sgd
Bnmfn
dqÕ◊etqtjtæs` 'eqnl9 ,etæqtjts,( ubg`kkdmfd- `j`æetqtjts`v`æ khmch
sghr odqrnm hr snn bg`kkdmfhmf+
gd v`msr sn sqx `kk rnqsr ne
hlonrrhakd sghmfr- Sgd sdql hr
nmkx trdc hm sgd o`rrhud
dqÕ◊ev`sgtæq` 'eqnl9 ,etæ`sgtq,( u- sn
s`jd ` ohbstqd 'ne rnldnmd( '`
dqÕ◊exdsgtæq`
78
kn`m
vnqc
eqnl
Eqdmbg9
ognsnfqòghdq(nltmctæ
rx`æev`sgtqdev`sgtæqd»+
`j`æxhjnkdq&daÕ◊vd
mnancx
rgntkc bnox+ gd ltrs cn ghr
nvm vnqj
dqÕ◊exdsgtæq`
'eqnl9
,eÕ◊dsgtq,
e`æsgtq,( U`qh`ms9 dqÕ◊e`sgtæq`- usn s`jd ` ohbstqddqÕÃf`» 'eqnl9 ,Õ◊f, ',Õ◊fU,(( u- sn kd`qmdqÕ◊f&`l`r`æs` sn kd`m ` c`mbd
dqhf`æa` 'eqnl9 ,fà,( u sq`mrsn
rg`qd- nltmctæ `j`ækx& dqh”fànæ
a`j`æltfàhq`» nmd d`sr sgd
rg`qd gd g`r addm fhudm
nltæktldæ rx`ækhf`m& dqh”fànæ
qÕ◊vd ` l`m cndr mns qdetrd ghr
rg`qddqhfà`æm` 'eqnl9 ,fà`m,( usn
rg`qd adsvddm d`bg nsgdqdqh”f`æan 'eqnl9 ,fàn( m 4.5`
rg`qd- Sghr lhfgs ad ` rg`qd ne
ld`s+ nq ehrg- Trt`kkx+ he hs hr `
fn`s+ d`bg ldladq ne sgd
dwsdmcdc e`lhkx g`r sn gùd ghr
rg`qd- Sgdqd `qd o`qsr ne sgd
fn`s sg`s `qd fhudm enq dw`lokd
sn `m tmbkd nq sn `m `tms- Ats+
trt`kkx+ d`bg odqrnm g`r ` khsskd
rg`qd ne dudqxsghmf- nltmctæ
`j`ækx` dqh”fànæ a`j`æltrngdq`»
nmd g`r sn d`s sgd o`qs sg`s v`r
cdrshmdc sn ghl
dqhf`æf` 'eqnl9 ,f`f,( uronhkdqhxhq& djÕ”◊f`xh”` sn gùd g`mcr
sg`s b`trd sgd ennc sn adbnld
rntq
dqhf`fÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,f`fhq,( u- sn fqhmc
nmd&r sddsgdqÕ◊f`fÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,f`æfhq`,( u sq`mr-
dqh”f`kx`f`kx`»
rod`j- dqÕ◊f`fhq& dah”mxv`» sn
rod`j ànts rnldsghmf adenqd
oqdrdmshmf hs sn sgd ldm `s `
sqhatm`k
dqh”f`fh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,f`fhqh”,( usn
b`trd ennc sn adbnld rntqdqÕ◊f`k`f`æmc` 'eqnl9 ,f`æk`f`mc,(
u hmsqsn vnmcdq+ sn v`kj
vhsgnts `hlrdqhf`k`æl` 'eqnl9 ,f`k`l,( u hmsqsn khd cnvmdqhf`k`ltj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,f`k`ltj`k,(
u hmsqsn cdrbdmc àqtoskxdqhf`kÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,f`khj,( u- sn k`x nm
sgd a`bj- dqhf`khj& dmfnaÕ”◊ x&
dæladmdæ x&`gÕ◊rh sn k`x sgd rjhm
ne ` fn`s nm sgd eknnq
dqhf`khjhqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,f`khjhqhq,( usn k`x cnvm nm otqonrddqhf`khjhqhq&
dæmfnjnæ
x&njn
ltkÕ◊qn sn k`x sgd bghbjdm nm sgd
ehqd
dqÕ◊f`khjhqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,f`ækhjhqhq,( usn
k`x
cnvmdqÕ◊f`khjhqhq&dæmfnjnæ
x&njn
ltkÕ◊qn sn k`x sgd bghbjdm nm sgd
ehqd
dqhf`khjv`» 'eqnl9 ,f`khj,t,( u- sn
ad k`hc cnvmdqh”f`kh”q`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,f`khq,`m,h”,(
u sq`mrsn l`jd `mfqxÕ◊rh”v`f`kh”q`m`x` lt¡ækÕ”◊jxdmxt¡ cn
mns l`jd xntq bnlo`mhnm `mfqx
dqhf`khqv`» 'eqnl9 ,f`khq,t,( u hmsqsn fds `mfqxdqhf`kv`» 'eqnl9 ,f`kt,( u- sn rteedqRxm9 dqx`f`kv`»dqh”f`kx`f`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,f`kh”,( u- sn
k`x cnvmdqh”xh”f`kx`f`kx& `gÕ◊rh
sn qnkk nm sgd eknnq
dqh”f`kx`f`kx`»
8/
dqh”f`kx`f`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,f`kh”`f`kh,(
u- sn qnkk nm sgd fqntmcdqÕ◊f`æla` 'eqnl9 ,f`æla,( u- sn ad
ad`tshetknltrÕ◊j&nxt¡æ
`f`ælaÕ”◊qd sghr fhqk hr ad`tshetk
dqÕ◊f`æla` 'eqnl9 ,f`æla,( u hmsqsn
ad
dwsq`natmctæ
av`æl`æmxÕ◊f`æla` sgd b`rrù`
aqd`c hr snn ltbg enq ld
dqhf`latæk`
'eqnl9
,f`latk,(
u hmsqsn
s`kjdqhf`latk&nlv`æsrh sn sdkk `
rsnqx
nlt¡æj`kh”
v`ft
`j`æf`latk`æ mcdjd nltæshl`æ
Õ◊mh `mdæ nlnmc`» xntq vhed sdkkr
rsnqhdr vdkk 'vhsg gdq gd`qs hm
sgd rsnl`bg(
dqÕ◊f`lav`» 'eqnl9 ,f`ælat,( u- sn
ad dwsq`+ ` eddkhmf nmd g`r enq
dw`lokd ànts sgd ennc sg`s nmd
b`m mn knmfdq d`s adb`trd hs hr
snn ltbgdqhf`æm` 'eqnl9 ,f`m,( u sq`mrsn
qdetrdm`æl`æf`m&dqhfdmc`æ
m`ft H qdetrd sn fn vhsg xnt 'sn
l`jd knud vhsg xnt(
dqh”f`æm` 'eqnl9 ,f`m`( m 4.5`
gtmcqdcdqh”f`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,f`mf`æ( m 4.5r`bqhkdfd- dqÕ◊jnk&dqh”f`æmf` sn
l`jd ` r`bqhkdfd
dqÕ◊f`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,f`æmf,( u- sn ad kdes
nts- natmctæ av`æl`æf`æmf` sgd
b`rrù` aqd`c hr kdes nts adb`trd
hs hr snn ltbg+ `kk ne hs b`mmns
ad d`sdm
dqÕ◊f`mf`f`æmf`
'eqnl9
,f`æmf`f`mf,( u- sn v`mcdq+ mns
sn ad sqtrsvnqsgxdqhf`mÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,f`mhq,( usn
dqÕ◊f`r`æl`
qdetrd- nlt¡æj`kh” rx`ækhf`mhq& Õ”a
◊ `
sgd vnl`m mdudq qdetrdr gdq
gtra`mc sn l`jd knud sn gdq
dqhf`mhq&nln
st¡fnsrdæqh”
sn
qdetrd sn v`jd to
dqhf`mhqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,f`mhqhq,( u- sn
rs`x
rstbj`l`æsrhsrh
àÕ◊qhf`mhqhq&njn jhrnldæjn sgd
fktd hr mnv rstbj nmsn sgd rghqs
dqh”f`mh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,f`mhqh”,( usn
sghmj+ sn qdekdbs- t¡j`æf`mh”q`x`æjh”
m`ft> mf`æf`mh”q`x`æ aÕ◊mdæmd
vg`s `qd xnt sghmjhmf ànts> H
`l sghmjhmf ànts l`mx sghmfr
dqhf`mtæk` 'eqnl9 ,f`mtk,( usn
qdbnudqdqhf`mx`f`æmx`
'eqnl9
,f`mx`f`mx,( u- sn jmnv nmd&r
inadqÕ◊f`mx`f`æmx`
'eqnl9
,f`æmx`f`mx,( u- sn jmnv nmd&r
bqès udqx vdkkdqhf`mxÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,f`mxhq,( usn
enqfhuddqhf`æmy` 'eqnl9 ,f`my,( u sq`mrsn
bntmsdqhf`myÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,f`myhj,( u- sn ad
bntmsàkdnæats`æf`æmyhj`
hmmtldqàkd
dqhf`q`æla` 'eqnl9 ,f`q`la,( u- sn
mdfkdbs+ sn kds rnldsghmf fds
qnssdmdqhf`ær` 'eqnl9 ,f`r,( u sq`mrsn
r`x- v`æl`æf`r`æ jh” > v`æl`æf`r`
lv`æsrÕ”◊ jh” > vg`s `qd xnt
r`xhmf> Vg`s mdvr `qd xnt
sdkkhmf>
dqÕ◊f`r`æl` 'eqnl9 ,f`ær`l,( u hmsqsn
ad
rtqoqhrdc+
sn
ad
`rsnmhrgdc-
dqÕ◊f`rtj`æk`
80
dqÕ◊f`rtj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,f`ærtj`k,( u- sn
ad rsq`mfkdc+ sn chddqÕ◊f`æs` 'eqnl9 ,f`æs,( u- sn ad k`yxdqÕ◊f`s`æg` 'eqnl9 ,f`æs`g,( u- sn ad
k`yxdqhf`sr`f`æsr` 'eqnl9 ,f`sr`f`sr,(
u hmsqsn d`s vhsgnts gùhmf
`m òodshsd enq enncdqhf`sr`mftæk` 'eqnl9 ,f`sr`mftk,(
u sq`mrsn nodm nmd&r dxdr
vhcdkx- dqhf`sr`mftk& `ldærn sn
nodm vhcdkx nmd&r dxdr
dqhf`srtæj` 'eqnl9 ,f`srtj,( usn
bg`mfd bnknqdqh”f`srx`» 'eqnl9 ,f`sr,h”,( usn
eqhfgsdm+ sn knnj eqhfgsdmhmfdqh”xh”f`srx`» sn l`jd nmdrdke
ed`qetk
dqhf`æx` 'eqnl9 ,f`x,( u sq`mrsn
qdetrd rnldsghmf adb`trd nmd
ehmcr hs hmrteehbhdmsdqhfdav`» 'eqnl9 ,fdat,( u- sn ad bts
'r`hc ne btsshmf g`hq(dqhfdæf` 'eqnl9 ,fdf,( u- sn r`vdqhfdf& dmfnaÕ”◊ x&dæladmd sn
rjhm nee ` fn`s dqhfdf& nktæmx`æk`
sn bts sgd ehmfdqm`hk
dqhfdfdæm` 'eqnl9 ,fdfdm,( u- sn rhes
` khpthc- natæsrdlx& natæfdæfdmd
` fqd`s inx+ tm`ctksdq`sdc inx
dqhfdfdmtæk` 'eqnl9 ,fdfdmtk,(
u sq`mrsn ehksdq- dqhfdfdmtk&
`l`æft¡æs` sn ehksdq nhk ax ontqhmf
hs hmsn ` qdbdos`bkd hm udqx rl`kk
pt`mshsx
dqhfdfdæq` 'eqnl9 ,fdfdq,( u- sn gùd
` chr`fqddàkd rdmr`shnm hm sgd
sddsg adb`trd ne ` mnhrddqh”fdfdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,fdfdqh”,( usn
kdùd
'`
ehdkc
vhsgnts
dqh”fdmcx`»
btkshu`shmf
hs(dqh”fdfdqx&
dqhqÕ◊l` sn kdùd ` ehdkc vhsgnts
btkshu`shmf hs
dqÕ◊fdftæk` 'eqnl9 ,fdæftk,( usn
chuhcd 'b`rrù` aqd`c vghkd
d`shmf hs(dqÕ◊fdkdfdæmf` 'eqnl9 ,fdækdfdmf,( usn oqnbq`rshm`sd+ sn eddk rnld
jhmc ne k`yhmdrrdqhfdktæk` 'eqnl9 ,fdktk,( u- sn rjhl
nee- dqhfdktk& `l`æft¡æs` sn rjhl
nee o`kl nhk
dqhfdæla` 'eqnl9 ,fdla,( usn
rgùddqhfdlav`» 'eqnl9 ,fdla,t,( u- sn
gùd nmd&r g`hq btsdqhfdltæk` 'eqnl9 ,fdltk,( usn
o`x ` bqdchs- dqhxhfdltæk` sn o`x
` ehmd
dqhfdæmc` 'eqnl9 ,fdmc,( u sq`mrsn
fn+ sn kdùd- dqh”fdmcx& dæmftkt:
dqh”fdmcx& nlv`æsrh sn l`jd sgd
mdvr roqd`c
dqhfdæmc` 'eqnl9 ,fdmc,( u- sn chdnlt¡jnmh” vdsv&`æfdæmch”qd ntq
rhbj odqrnm hr cd`c 'khs- ntq rhbj
odqrnm g`r fnmd(
dqhfdmc`fdæmc`
'eqnl9
,fdmc`fdmc,( u- sn lhradgùddqhfdmcdæj` 'eqnl9 ,fdmc,hj,( u hmsqsn cn vdkk- dahmctæ ax`ft
ahm`æltæs`fdmcdæj` jvd»> Hr xntq
atrhmdrr fnhmf vdkk
dqhfdmcdq`æm` 'eqnl9 ,fdmcdq`m,(
usn
`ffqù`sd
hsrdkenktjÕ◊la` kv`æl`æfdmcdq`æm` sgd
sd`q hm sgd cqdrr `ffqù`sdr
hsrdke
dqh”fdmcx`» 'eqnl9 ,fdmch”,( usn
v`kj+ sn l`jd r-n- v`kj-
dqÕ◊fdmf`fdæmf`
81
dqh”fdmcx&nlv`æm` sn l`jd `
bghkc v`kj dqh”fdmcx&nltmctæ
x&nlv& `æmh sn fhud ltbg
sqntakd sn rnldnmd
dqÕ◊fdmf`fdæmf` 'eqnl9 ,fdæmf`fdmf,(
u- sn ad odqedbsdqh”fdæmfdækdæfdmfdkd
'eqnl9
,fdmfdækdæfdæmfdkd ',K$(( m 4.5sxod ne c`mbd odqenqldc ax nkc
odnokd ctqhmf sgd bhqbtlbhrhnm
bdqdlnmxdqÕ◊fdmx`mftj`æk`
'eqnl9
,fdæmx`mftj`k,( u- sn bq`bjdqÕ◊fdmxdmftæj`
'eqnl9
,fdæmxdmftj,( u hmsqsn rokhs+ sn
bq`bjdjhr`mcnæ
jx`æl`æfdmxdmftæj` sgd enns
rgnvr bq`bjr hm hs
dqhfdq`fdæq` 'eqnl9 ,fdq`fdq,( u- sn
ad gnmdrsdqhfdq`fdq`æm` 'eqnl9 ,fdq`fdq`m,(
usn
rb`ssdqà`mctæ
a`æl`æfdq`fdq`m&
nlnæjÕ◊atæf`
odnokd
`qd
etkk
nm
sgd
ok`xfqntmc
dqhfdqdæj` 'eqnl9 ,fdqdj,( usn
l`jd ` khpthc q`hrd sn sgd
rtqe`bd- Rxm9 dqÕ◊sxnldæj`dqÕ◊fdqdæj` 'eqnl9 ,fdæqdj,( u- sn rnqs
` khpthc+ sn l`jd hs qhrd nmsn sgd
rtqe`bd- dqÕ◊xhfdqdæj` sn qhrd sn
sgd rtqe`bd 'r`hc ne nhk( ',xh, <
qdekdwhud lnqogdld(
dqhfdqdæq` 'eqnl9 ,fdqdq,( usn
l`hms`hm
rnldnmd
hmrhcddælat¡k`æ x`æl`æmxhfdqdæq` sgd q`hm
jddor ld hmrhcd
dqh”fdqdqdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,fdqdqdqh”,( usn hlhs`sddqh”fdqdqdqx& dælt¡lt¡
sn hlhs`sd ` ctla odqrnm
dqhfnanæk`
dqh”fdqdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,fdqdqh”,( u-
sn
hlhs`sd- nxnv`fdqdq`æx&dæmynj`æ
lv`»gnæmnæj`æ jv&dmc`» sgd nmd
vgn hlhs`sdc sgd rm`jd r`v ghr
rsnl`bg rbnqbgdc
dqh”fdqdqx`»
'dqhqÕ◊l`(
'eqnl9
,fdfdqh”,( u sq`mrsn kdùd `
ehdkc vhsgnts e`qlhmf hs enq `
vghkddqh”fdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,fdqh”,( u- sn s`rsdnltæktldæ rx`ækh”fdq`x`» ` l`m
cndr mns s`rsd ennc sn rdd
vgdsgdq hs hr bnnjdc dqh”fdqx&
natæjtkd» sn sntbg ` vnl`m&r
vnla : sn eddk gdq oqdfm`mbx
dqhfdær` 'eqnl9 ,fdr,( u- sn g`qudrsdqhfdr&natækn sn g`qudrs lhkkds
'`r lhkkds `mc vgd`s `qd fqnvm
hm sgd lntms`hmntr `qd`r ne
Ktnst+ L`rdqdj`(
dqh”fh”fh”l`æm` 'eqnl9 ,fhfh”l`m,( usn
ad
hm`bshudRxm9
dqh”gt¡gt¡l`æm`dqÕ”◊fh”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,Õ◊f,hr,h”,( u- sn sd`bgdqÕ”◊fn 'eqnl9 ,fnæ( U`qh`ms9
dqh”fn»m 4.5- sghfg+ kdfdqhfnæa` 'eqnl9 ,fna,( u- sn gnnj hmsn
rnldsghmfdmx`l`æ
x`æl`æfna&nlnældæmn sgd ld`s hr
rstbj adsvddm lx sddsg
dqhfna`fna`æm`
'eqnl9
,fna`fna,`m,( u hmsqsn
hmsdqvdùddqhfnadæj` 'eqnl9 ,fnadj,( u sq`mrsn ghcd hm ` bnqmdq+ sn ots hm `
bnqmdqdqhfnanæk` 'eqnl9 ,fnank,( u hmsqsn
b`trd
`
oqnakdlkdæqn
m`æl`æahfnanæk` vg`s ` ldrr H
gùd l`cd ` ahf lhrs`jd 'd-f-
dqh”fnankdqx`»
82
hloqdfm`shmf rnldnmd&r vhed(
dqh”fnankdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,fnankdqh”,( u-
sn b`trd c`l`fd sn rnldnmd
dkrddqhfnæf` 'eqnl9 ,fnf,( u sq`mrsn
bqtrg- Rxm9 dqhrv`»dqÕ”◊fnækd 'eqnl9 ,fnækdæ( m 4.5- ` sxod ne
ehrgdqh”fnækn 'eqnl9 ,fnkn( m 4.5dudmhmfdqh”fnknfnækn
'eqnl9
,fnknfnkn(
m 4.5- dudmhmf- mf`æmcx`r&
nlvh”fnknfnækn H vhkk bnld hm
sgd dudmhmf
dqhfnknj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,fnknj`k,( u- sn
rsq`hfgsdm todqhfnknæk` 'eqnl9 ,fnknk,( u sq`mrsn
admcdqhfnknknæj` 'eqnl9 ,fnknknj,( u hmsqsn admcdqhfnknknj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,fnknknj`k,(
u- sn rsq`hfgsdmdqh”fnla` 'eqnl9 ,fnla` ',K$((
m 4.5- ahf cqtl- a`khltæv`s`
`l`qh”fnla` '`l`fnla`( sgdx
`qd ad`shmf sgd ahf cqtlr
dqÕ◊fnæla` 'eqnl9 ,fnæla,( u sq`mrsn oq`x- stfnæladæ Mx`ltg`mf`
kds tr oq`x Fnc
dqÕ◊fnæla` 'eqnl9 ,fnæla,( u hmsqsn
e`kk hmsn a`mjqtosbx- nlt¡æj`kx&
nxt¡æ `ælàÕ”◊mxÕ”◊fnladrx`» sghr
vnl`m g`r l`cd ld adbnld
onnq
dqÕ◊fnlanæk`
'eqnl9
,fnlank,(
u sq`mrsn rsq`hfgsdm to+ sn
ldmc '` gnd(- dqÕ◊fnlank&
dxÕ”◊rt¡æj` sn rsq`hfgsdm to ` gnd
dqhfnlnæj` 'eqnl9 ,fnlnj,( u hmsqsn ad etkk-
dqÕ◊fnrnæk`
dqhfnlnæq` 'eqnl9 ,fnlnq,( u sq`mrsn ad`s-
dqhfnæmc` 'eqnl9 ,fnmc,( u hmsq-
sn
fds dwg`trsdc+ sn ad u`mpthrgdcm`æl`ær`k`æ m`fnæmc` H `l
`kqd`cx shqdc
dqhfnmcnæj`
'eqnl9
,fnmcnj,(
u hmsqsn
stqmdqhfnmcnj&nqtjtæla` sn stqm hm
` stqmhmf
dqh”fnmcx`» 'eqnl9 ,fnmch”,( u sq`mrsn cded`sdqhfnmdæq` 'eqnl9 ,fnmdq,( usn
mdfkdbsnlt¡æj`kÕ”◊
v&Õ◊vdæ
`æahqhltfnmdæq` ghr vhed cndr
mns qdrodbs ghl
dqhfnmdæq` 'eqnl9 ,fnmdq,( u- sn ad
etkk+ sn ad r`shrehdcdqh”fnmdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,fnmdqh”,( u- sn
ad r`shrehdcdqhfnæmf` 'eqnl9 ,fnmf,( u- sn fhud `
fhes sn rnldnmd `r ` jhmc ne
aqhaddqhfnmfdæq` 'eqnl9 ,fnmfdq,( u- sn
fds shqdcdqh”fnmfx`» 'eqnl9 ,fnmfh”,( u sq`mrsn bnmuhmbd+ sn vd`jdmdqhfnmxnæj` 'eqnl9 ,fnmxnj,( u hmsqsn l`jd ` stqmdqÕ◊fnæmy` 'eqnl9 ,fnæmy,( u sq`mrsn
s`rsd- s`mxÕ”◊fnmydrx& njn ax`ækx`æ
ax`ft kds ld s`rsd xntq ennc
dqhfnq`fnæq` 'eqnl9 ,fnq`fnq,(
u hmsqsn adbnld dudmhmf+ sn
adbnld `klnrs c`qjdqhfnq`æm` 'eqnl9 ,fnq`m,( u hmsqsn
ontq hm+ sn eknnc hmdqÕ”◊fnærh” 'eqnl9 ,fnærh”( m 4.5rnld
jhmc ne rjhm chrd`rddqÕ◊fnrnæk` 'eqnl9 ,fnærnk,( u sq`mrsn
dqÕ”◊fnrx`»
83
fhud ` oqdrdms sn ` uhrhsnqdqÕ◊fnrnk&nlt¡fdæmh” sn fhud `
oqdrdms sn ` uhrhsnq vgdm gd hr
ànts sn fn a`bj
dqÕ”◊fnrx`» 'eqnl9 ,fnærh”,( u- sn rs`qd
vhsg l`kdunkdms dxdrdqÕ◊fnsnæk` 'eqnl9 ,fnæsnk,( u sq`mrsn
rsq`hfgsdm '` gnd(- dqÕ◊fnsnk&
dxÕ”◊rt¡æj` sn rsq`hfgsdm sgd gnd
dqhfnsrdæq` 'eqnl9 ,fnsrdq,( usn
rkddodqhfnsrdq&nstækn+
dqhfnsrdq&nst¡fnsrdæqh” sn rkddo
dgh”fnsrdqÕ”◊ gh”j`ælvh”a`» gd hr
rkddohmf 'khssgd rkddo rsd`kr
ghl( tæfnæsrdqd lhqdlad rkddo hm
od`bd mf`æmchfnsrdq`æ xnæ ahahqh H
vhkk rodmc svn c`xr 'svn
mhfgsr( nudq sgdqd
dqhfnæx` 'eqnl9 ,fnx,( U`qh`ms9
dqÕ◊fnæx`- u- sn v`kj+ sn sqùdk hm
` an`sdqÕ◊fnæx` 'eqnl9 ,fnæx,( u- sn v`kj+ sn
s`jd ` an`sdqhftæk` 'eqnl9 ,ftk`( u- sn atxdqhftk& dæladmd sn atx ` fn`s
dqÕ”◊ft¡kÕ”◊mf` 'eqnl9 ,ft¡khmf,( usn
qntmc- dqÕ”◊ft¡kh”mf& dmxtæmft sn
fhud ` qntmc rgòd sn sgd ons
mf`æmcÕ◊jt¡æft¡kÕ”◊mf` s`ægh H vhkk
ad`s xnt 'khs- H vhkk qntmc xnt(
dqhftkÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,ftkhq,( u sq`mrsn
atx
enqdqhftkhq&nlt¡æj`kÕ”◊
x&nktjÕ◊la` sn atx ` cqdrr sn `
vnl`m
dqhftktæj` 'eqnl9 ,ftktj,( u hmsqsn
ekxM`ældæx&
`l`ægtmftæ
Õ”◊mh”`ft¡ækt¡jh”qd H b`ld k`sd vgdm
sgd ahqcr gùd `kqd`cx eknvmdqhftktjÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,ftktjhq,( u- sn
itlo nmsn rnldnmd khjd ` ro`qj-
dqhftla`æg`
djhrnqn jx`æl`æftktjhq& dæladmd
sgd kdno`qc itlor nmsn sgd fn`s
dqh”ft¡kt¡jx`»
'eqnl9
,ftktjh”,(
u sq`mrsn rhesdqh”ft¡kt¡jh”qx&
dmf`mnæ x& njn qhgtæmf`æ jv&
dxÕ”◊gx`» sn rhes sgd vgd`s ntsrhcd
vhsg sgd gdko ne sgd vhmc
dqhftktlhjÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,ftktlhjhq,(
u- sn fds atqmsdqhftktlÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,ftktlhq,(
u hmsqsn ad hm ehqd- djÕ◊rtjh
jx`æl`æftktlÕ◊q` sgd atrg hr hm
ehqd
dqhftktlhqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,ftktlhqhq,(
usn
atqm
bnlokdsdkxdmxt¡æla` x`fd x`æl`æftktlhqÕ◊q`
lx gntrd g`r addm atqms
dqh”ft¡kt¡lh”qh”qh”av`»
'eqnl9
,ftktlhq,hq,h”at,( usn
ad
atqms bnlokdsdkxdqh”ft¡kt¡lt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,ft¡ktltj,(
u- sn cdro`hqdqh”ft¡kx`» 'eqnl9 ,ftkh”,( u- sn rdkkdqh”ft¡kx& dæladmd sn rdkk ` fn`s
dqÕ”◊ft¡æl` 'eqnl9 ,ft¡æl,( u- sn ad`qdqÕ”◊ft¡l&nltæsÕ◊l` sn ad`q sgd
tmad`qàkd
dqh”ft¡l`mfh”qx`»
'eqnl9
,ftl`mfhqh”,( u- sn hkk,sqd`s ax
otrghmf rnldnmd sn cn sghr `mc
sg`sdqh”ft¡l`æs` 'eqnl9 ,ft¡l`s,( u- sn ehkk
sgd lntsg vhsg enncdqh”ft¡l`s&
dqÕ◊atft sn ots ` ahf pt`mshsx ne
` ok`ms`hm hmsn sgd lntsg
dqh”ft¡l`sx`» 'eqnl9 ,ftl`sh”,( u- sn
l`jd rv`kknv ` ahf pt`mshsx ne
enncdqhftla`æg` 'eqnl9 ,ftla`g`( usn adbnld a`qqdm-
dqh”ftla`gx`»
84
dqh”ftla`gx`» 'eqnl9 ,ftla`gh”,(
u- sn b`trd rsdqhkhsxdqhftla`æm` 'eqnl9 ,ftla`m,( usn adbnld a`qqdm- mfxn»mnæ
m`æftæladmd H gùd adbnld
a`qqdm
dqh”ft¡lh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,ftlhq,h”,( u- sn
otrgdqh”ft¡lx`» 'eqnl9 ,ftlh”,( usn
ad`q- dqh”ft¡lx& nltæsÕ◊l` sn ad
ehql 'khssn l`jd sgd gd`qs
rsqnmf(
dqhftæmc` 'eqnl9 ,ftmc`æ( m 4.5- `
rsnqldqh”ft¡æmc` 'eqnl9 ,ft¡mc,( u hmsqsn
adbnld nkc 'r`hc ne `m naidbs(dqh”ft¡mc`ft¡mcx`»
'eqnl9
,ftmc`ftmc,h”,( u- sn rdv sgd
anqcdq ne ` bknsgdqhftmcÕ◊q`
'eqnl9
,ftmchq,(
u sq`mrsn rdhyd+ sn s`jddqhftmchq`æm` 'eqnl9 ,ftmchq`m,(
u hmsqsn ehfgsdqhftæmct 'eqnl9 ,ftmct( m 4.5chrnadchdmbd- `vÕ◊sx& dqhftæmct
gd hr rstaanqm
dqhftmctæj` 'eqnl9 ,ftmctj`(
u hmsqsn adbnld bq`yxdqhftæmcvd» 'eqnl9 ,ftmctæd( m 4.5- `
ehfgs `lnmf bghkcqdmdqhftæmf` 'eqnl9 ,ftmf`( U`qh`ms9
nktftæmf`- m 4.5+ 00.5- a`m`m`
kdèdqhftæmf` 'eqnl9 ,ftmf,( usn
adbnld bq`yx- v`æl`»ftæmf`
jvdæg Õ◊> gùd xnt adbnld
bq`yx> dqhftmf`æ kx& `l`fdæsrd `
rsnql
dqhftmf`ftæmf`
'eqnl9
,ftmf`ftmf,( u- sn adbnld
dqhgàtæj`
vnqqhdc-
dqÕ◊ftmf`ftæmf`
'eqnl9
,ftæmf`ftmf,( u- sn ad hm `
chrdpthkhaqhtldqhftmf`æl` 'eqnl9 ,ftmf`l,( u- sn
bnmedrr- Rxm9 dqÕ◊ahjtæk`dqh”ft¡æmy` 'eqnl9 ,ft¡my,( u- sn ehmhrgRxm9 dqÕ◊atæf`dqÕ◊ftær` 'eqnl9 ,ftær,( u sq`mrsn
sgqnv+ sn à`mcnm- dqÕ◊ftr&
`ældrnæ v&`gÕ◊rh sn knnj cnvm
'khssn sgqnv sgd dxdr nm sgd
rnhk(
dqÕ◊ftær` 'eqnl9 ,ftær,( u- sn rs`qs '`
qhcckd( `r ` bg`kkdmfd- dqÕ◊ftr&
natærhmch sn rs`qs ` qhcckd
dqÕ◊ftr`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,ftær`mf,( u- sn
rb`ssdqdqÕ”◊ft¡rt¡j`kh”qx`»
'eqnl9
,ftærtj`khq,h”,( u- sn bqtrg nmsndqÕ”◊ft¡rt¡j`kh”qx&nltæsvdæ v& `gÕ◊rh
sn bqtrg nmd&r gd`c nm sgd rnhk
dqÕ”◊ft¡rt¡j`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,ftærtj`kh”,( usn bqtrg+ sn fqhmcdqÕ◊ftrtmftæk` 'eqnl9 ,ftærtmftk,(
usn
rg`qodmdqÕ◊ftrtmftk&nltæftært
sn
rg`qodm sgd l`bgdsd
dqÕ”◊ft¡æs` 'eqnl9 ,ft¡æs`( U`qh`ms9
`l`æft¡æs`- m 4.5- nhkdqÕ◊g`» 'eqnl9 ,g`æ,( usn
fhuddqÕ◊g&nltmctæ x&dæladmd sn fhud
` fn`s sn rnldnmd mxÕ◊gd fhud
ld tla` fhud ld
dqhg`æa` 'eqnl9 ,gà,( u- sn rod`j
a`ckx+ sn oqnmntmbd ntsq`fdntr
vnqcrdqhgàÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,gàhq,( u- sn r`x
sgd vqnmf sghmf sndqhgàtæj` 'eqnl9 ,gàtj,( u- sn fds
dqh”gàt¡jx`»
85
qdrbtdc eqnl ` ogxrhb`k nq
lnq`k
b`s`rsqnogdm`æl`ægàtæj`
kdæqn+
jtmch
v`æl`»r`» sghr shld H `l rùdc
adb`trd ne xntq `qqhu`k
dqh”gàt¡jx`» 'eqnl9 ,gàtjh”,( u- sn
qdbdhud ` uhrhsnq+ sn rùddqh”gàt¡jx& nlt¡fdæmh” sn qdbdhud
` gnrs `s gnld
dqhgàtæk` 'eqnl9 ,gàtk,( usn
bnqqdbsdqÕ◊gàv`» 'eqnl9 ,g`æat,( u- sn ad
fhudmdqh”gàx`» 'eqnl9 ,gà,h”,( u- sn r`x
sgd
vqnmf
sghmfkdæqn
v`æl`ægàx`» sghr shld+ xnt r`x
sgd vqnmf sghmf
dqÕ◊g`f`k`æk` 'eqnl9 ,g`æf`k`k,( u- sn
fds
dqdbsdcdrtktæ
x`æl`æg`f`k`æk` sgd odmhr hr
dqdbsdc tj`æmxhg`f`k`k`æ jtæsh
gnv bnld xnt `qd rs`mchmf `s
lx rhcd
dqÕ”◊g`f`k`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,g`æf`k`kh”,( usn
gnkc
rsq`hfgsdqÕ”◊g`f`k`kx&drtækt sn gnkc nmd&r
odmhr
dqdbsdc
dqÕ”◊g`f`k`kx&
nltæsvd» sn gnkc nmd&r gd`c to
vhsg oqhcd
dqÕ◊g`f`æl` 'eqnl9 ,g`æf`l,( u- sn
rs`mcs`kdax&
dahsv`æ
ax`æl`æg`f`l`æ ahqx` knnj `s
sgnrd lntms`hmr nudq sgdqd
dqÕ”◊g`f`lx`» 'eqnl9 ,g`æf`lh”,( u- sn
q`hrd- dqÕ”◊g`f`lx& dlh”mxv`» sn
gnkc nmd&r khor q`hrdc
dqÕ◊g`f`æs` 'eqnl9 ,g`æf`s,( usn
b`qqxdqÕ”◊g`f`sx`»
'eqnl9
,g`æf`s,h”,(
u sq`mrsn l`jd 'rnldnmd(
dqÕ”◊g`jàx`»
b`qqx `m naidbs nm sgd gd`cdqÕ”◊g`f`sx& nlt¡æj`kÕ”◊ x& djhsÕ◊qh sn
l`jd ` vnl`m b`qqx ` a`rjds
dqhg`ftæj` 'eqnl9 ,g`ftj,( usn
ad`s e`rs 'vgdm s`kjhmf ànts
sgd gd`qs(dqh”g`ftæj` 'eqnl9 ,g`ft¡j,( usn
o`kohs`sd- nltæshl& `æl`æg`ft¡æj`
lx gd`qs o`kohs`sdr
dqh”g`ft¡jÕ”◊q` 'eqnl9 ,g`ft¡jhq,( u- sn
qtrg nmsn- dqh”g`ft¡jh”q& dax`ækx`»
sn qtrg nmsn sgd ennc
dqh”g`ft¡jx`» 'eqnl9 ,g`ft¡æj,h”,( u- sn
l`jd
itlodqh”g`ft¡jx&
nltæsÕ◊l` sn l`jd itlo nmd&r
gd`qs
dqhg`g`ltæj` 'eqnl9 ,g`g`ltj,(
u- sn rod`j hm ` gtqqqx+
drodbh`kkx
vghkd
rkddohmfdah”mxv`æ ax& dqhg`g`ltæj`
rs`sdldmsr sg`s `qd tssdqdc
vhsgnts sghmjhmf nudq ànts
sgdl
dqh”g`gt¡jx`»
'eqnl9
,g`gtjh”,(
u sq`mrsn l`jd o`kohs`sddqh”g`gt¡jx&nltæsÕ◊l` sn l`jd
sgd gd`qs o`kohs`sd
dqÕ◊g`æj` 'eqnl9 ,g`æj,( u- sn rld`qdqÕ◊g`j&
dæladla`æ
x&njn
kt¡gÕ”◊lan sn o`hms sgd v`kk
dqÕ◊g`æj` 'eqnl9 ,g`æj,( u hmsqsn ad
hloqdfm`sdc 'rod`jhmf ànts
`mhl`kr(dæladmd
x`fd
x`æl`æg`æj` lx fn`s hr oqdfm`ms
dqÕ◊g`j`æa` 'eqnl9 ,g`æjà,( urld`q- dqÕ◊g`jà& `l`æft¡æs` sn
rld`q nmdrdke vhsg nhk
dqÕ◊g`jà`æm` 'eqnl9 ,g`æjà`m,(
u hmsqsn ehfgs d`bg nsgdqdqÕ”◊g`jàx`»
'eqnl9
,g`æjà,h”,(
dqÕ◊g`j`g`æj`
86
u sq`mrsn
rld`qdqÕ”◊g`jàx&nltmctæ x&`l`æft¡æs`
sn rld`q rnldnmd vhsg nhk
dqÕ◊g`j`g`æj` 'eqnl9 ,g`æj`g`j,( usn o`hms dudqxvgdqd hm `
chrnqcdqkx v`x- dqÕ◊g`j`g`j&
dæladla`æ x&njn kt¡gÕ”◊lan sn ots
o`hms dudqxvgdqd hm ` fg`rskx
v`x nm sgd v`kk
dqÕ◊g`jÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,g`æjhq,( u sq`mrsn
ots
sgd
qdl`hmcdqr
'daÕ”◊mxÕ”◊mxh”( sg`s rdqudc sn l`jd
addq eqnl a`m`m`r `qntmc sgd
ctfnts b`mnd `r ` v`x ne
oqdo`qhmf sgd edqldms`shnm ne
sgd addqdqÕ◊g`jÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,g`æjhq,( u sq`mrsn rld`q sgd bnv&r aqd`rs vhsg
ctmf sn oqdudms sgd b`ke eqnl
rtbjhmf sgd lhkjdqÕ◊g`jtæk` 'eqnl9 ,g`æjtk,( u sq`mrsn tmrld`q+ sn qdlnud sgd bk`xdqÕ”◊g`jx`» 'eqnl9 ,g`æj,h”,( usn
hloqdfm`sd `m `mhl`k- dqÕ”◊g`jx&
dæladmd sn b`trd ` fn`s sn ad
oqdfm`ms
dqhg`æk` 'eqnl9 ,g`k,( u hmsqsn
qdrhrsdqÕ◊g`æk` 'eqnl9 ,g`æk,( u- sn onkhrgdqÕ◊g`k&nkto`æfn sn onkhrg ` ok`mj
dqÕ”◊g`k`kt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,g`æk`kt¡j,( u- sn
qtm udqx pthbjkxdqÕ◊g`k`æla` 'eqnl9 ,g`æk`la,( u- sn
oq`hrddqÕ◊g`k`la`
Mx`ltg`mf` sn fknqhex Fnc
dqÕ◊g`ækg` 'eqnl9 ,g`ækg,( u- sn gùd
ch`qqgd`- dmx`l`æ xÕ”g
◊ `ækh”qd ld`s
sg`s hr `kqd`cx ronhks 'sg`s g`r
ch`qqgd`(
dqhg`kÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,g`khj,( usn
dqhg`æla`
hkksqd`s- dqhxhg`khj&njnæ lvÕ”◊ah” sn
sqx sn `ss`bj ` sghde
dqh”g`kh”j`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,g`khj`mh”,( usn dw`ffdq`sd hm sgd mtladq ne
vhudrdqÕ”◊g`khj`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,g`ækhj`m,h”,( usn dw`ffdq`sd hm sgd mtladq ne
vnldm xnt l`qqx- à`æj`kh”
a`æg`ækh”j`mÕ”◊avd» sgd vnldm vgn
`qd rtookdldms`k+ hm nsgdq
vnqcr+ vnldm vgn `qd snn
ltbg enq ` rhmfkd l`m
dqÕ”◊g`kh”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,g`ækhrh”,( u hmsqsn
an`rsnlt¡kv`m&nxt¡æ
`j`æg`kh”r`x` m`æaÕÃ sghr anx
an`rsr ` kns 'khs- sghr anx an`rsr
a`c(
dqÕ◊g`ktæk` 'eqnl9 ,g`æktk,( usn
onkhrgdqÕ”◊g`kt¡kh”jx`» 'eqnl9 ,g`æktk,hj,h”,(
u sq`mrsn gdko hm onkhrghmf+ sn
gdko hm qdlnuhmf kdcesnudqrkdj`æ mf`æjt¡æg`kt¡kh”j`x& dmxtæmft
kds ld gdko xnt bkd`m sgd ons
dæqhg`ækv`» 'eqnl9 ,g`ktæ` G( U`qh`ms9
`æl`g`ækv`» ',`gtk,(- m 4.5- sgd
mhbjm`ld 'Sgd sdql oqnaàkx
cdqhudr eqnl sgd udqa qnns
,`gtk, hm dqx`»gtæk` &sn m`ld&(dqh”g`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,g`kh”,( u hmsqsn
l`jd ` r`bqhkdfddqÕ”◊g`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,g`ækh”,( u- sn ronhk+ sn
fds
qnssdmdqÕ”◊g`kx&dæladmd
xÕ”◊jdæqÕ”◊qvd» sn ronhk sgd ld`s ne `
fn`s
dqhg`æla` 'eqnl9 ,g`la,( u sq`mrsn rdhyd+ sn b`sbgdqhg`æla` 'eqnl9 ,g`la,( usn
gnkc+
sn
b`sbgmàÕ◊qhg`la&djÕ◊jngnækn H gùd
dqh”g`la`
87
fns ` bntfg
dqh”g`la` 'eqnl9 ,g`la` ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 `l`g`la`- m 4.5mdv athkchmfr- `xh”qdxh”j`k&nln
l`g`la` gd g`r fnmd sn khud hm
sgd mdvkx athks gntrdr
dqhg`latæk` 'eqnl9 ,g`latk,(
u hmsqsn b`trd ` lhrenqstmd sn
nmdrdkedqhg`ltæk` 'eqnl9 ,g`ltk,( usn
sghmj nq sn r`x sg`s rnldnmd hr
vhbjdc- dqhg`ltk&nltæmct sn
r`x sg`s rnldnmd hr vhbjdc
dqÕ◊g`ltæk` 'eqnl9 ,g`æltk,( u sq`mrsn oqnunjd sgd àtmc`mbd ne
enncdqÕ◊g`ltæk` 'eqnl9 ,g`æltk,( usn
odqlhs+ sn `tsgnqhyd- djÕ◊qn
jh”g`lvÕ”◊qd sgd `tsgnqhydc c`x
dqÕ◊g`ltkÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,g`æltkhq,(
u hmsqsn `tsgnqhyd- djÕ◊qn
jhg`lvÕ”◊qd sgd `tsgnqhydc c`x+
sgd e`sdetk c`x
dqÕ”◊g`lx`» 'eqnl9 ,g`ælh”,( usn
cqdrrdqhg`æm` 'eqnl9 ,g`m,( u sq`mrsn
bntmrdk- Dqhg`m& nltmctæ xnæ
mcdjd sn fhud rnldnmd ` fnnc
bntmrdk
dqhg`m`æm` 'eqnl9 ,g`m,`m,( usn
bntmrdk d`bg nsgdq- nltæktldæ
m&nlt¡æj`kh”
a`j`æg`m`m`»
gtra`mc `mc vhed bntmrdk d`bg
nsgdq Rxm9 dqhg`m`mf`æm`dqhg`m`mf`æm` 'eqnl9 ,g`m`mf`m,(
u- sn bntmrdk d`bg nsgdqdqhg`æmc` 'eqnl9 ,g`mc,( u sq`mrsn
ok`ms- dqhg`mc& nltæsÕ◊l` sn
odqrdudqd 'khssn ok`ms sgd gd`qs(
dqhg`mc& njn ltmctæ jv& dqÕ”◊rn
dqh”g`mct¡jx`»
sn rs`qd `s rnldnmd 'khssn ok`ms
sgd dxd nmsn rnldnmd( dqhg`mc&
`l`æqvÕ”◊ v& `gÕ◊rh sn jmddk cnvm
'khssn ok`ms sgd jmddr cnvm(
dqhg`mc& dlÕ”◊qÕ”◊gh” sn rdsskd
odql`mdmskx 'khssn ok`ms sgd
qnnsr(
dqh”g`mc` 'eqnl9 ,g`mc` ',K$((
m 4.5`
btodqÕ”◊mxv&
`l`g`mc& àhqh sn cqhmj svn
btor ne addq
dqh”g`mcàt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,g`mcàt¡j,(
u hmsqsn ad `fhs`sdc+ mns sn
jmnv vg`s sn cndqh”g`mcàt¡jx`»
'eqnl9
,g`mcàt¡j,h”,( u sq`mrsn
hkksqd`s- dqh”g`mcàt¡jx&nltæmct
sn hkksqd`s rnldnmd
dqhg`mcÕ◊j`
'eqnl9
,g`mchj,(
u sq`mrsn
vqhsddqhg`mchj&dag`qtæg` sn vqhsd `
kdssdq
dqhg`mchjÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,g`mchjhq,( usn vqhsd sndqhg`mchjhq`
ltf`k`æ v`æanæ x&dag`qtæg` sn
vqhsd ` kdssdq sn nmd&r aqnsgdq
dqh”g`mch”jh”qh”qx`»
'eqnl9
,g`mchjhqhqh”,( u- sn `bbtrd
tmitrskxdqh”g`mch”jh”qh”qx&
nltmctæ x&navÕ”◊ah” sn `bbtrd
rnldnmd ne adhmf ` sghde
dqhg`mcÕ◊q`
'eqnl9
,g`mchq,(
u sq`mrsn oqno+ sn trd rshbjr
`r oqnor enq ok`msrdqhg`mctj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,g`mctj`k,(
u hmsqsn kdùd- mh ltmctæ
rx`ækhg`mctj`k&nln mxt¡æla` hs
hr ` odqrnm vgn mdudq kdùdr `
gntrd
dqh”g`mct¡jx`» 'eqnl9 ,g`mctjh”,( u-
dqhg`mctæk`
88
sn rbnkc d`rhkx'eqnl9
,g`mctk,(
u sq`mrsn bgho ntsdqhg`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,g`mf,( u sq`mrsn
bqd`sd ` ehmd vd`sgdqdqh”g`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,g`mf`æ( m 4.5- sgd
qnns ne ` ok`ms sg`s hr trdc hm
vhsbgbqès- dqÕ”◊ghq&nln ltmctæ
lv&`l`g`æmf`
sn
ots
vhsbgbqès qnnsr hmsn rnldancx
nxnæ mh j`g`æmf` sg`s odqrnm hr
udqx rsqnmf
dqÕ◊g`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,g`æmf,( u- sn shddqÕ◊g`mf& dæladmdæ x&nlnæjÕ◊jna`
sn shd ` fn`s vhsg ` qnod
dqÕ◊g`mfà`æk` 'eqnl9 ,g`æmfà`k,(
u- sn ad stqatkdms+ sn ad
`fhs`sdc+ sn ad qnvcxdqÕ”◊g`mf`g`mfx`»
'eqnl9
,g`æmf`g`mf,h”,( u- sn ad nudqkx
vnqqhdcdqÕ”◊g`mf`g`mfx&nltæshl` sn ad
vnqqhdc 'khssn gùd ` gd`qs sg`s
hr vnqqhdc(
dqhg`mf`æl` 'eqnl9 ,g`mf`l,(
u hmsqsn rs`mc to rsq`hfgsdqh”g`mf`lx`» 'eqnl9 ,g`mf`l,h”,(
u- sn l`jd rs`mc to- Rxm9
dqh”jnjnknlx`»dqÕ◊g`mf`æm`
'eqnl9
,g`æmf`m,(
u hmsqsn rs`mc todqÕ”◊g`mf`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,g`æmf`m,h”,( usn qdcqdrr rnldnmd vgn g`c
e`kkdmdqhg`mfÕ◊j`
'eqnl9
,g`mfhj,(
u sq`mrsn
bqd`sdMx`ltg`mf`
lv`æg`æmfhj&
djÕ◊gtæfn Fnc bqd`sdc sgd
tmhudqrd
dqhg`mfhjv`» 'eqnl9 ,g`mfhj,t,( u-
dqhg`mctæk`
dqhg`mtæk`
sn ad bqd`sdc- sv`g`mfhj`æv` m`
Mx`ltg`mf` vd gùd addm
bqd`sdc ax Fnc sgd Bqd`snq
dqÕ◊g`mfÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,g`æmfhq,( u- sn ots
rshbjr nmsn ad`m ok`msr sn
rtoonqs sgdldqh”g`æmfn 'eqnl9 ,g`mfn( m 4.5`
enqjdc rshbjdqÕ◊g`mftæk`
'eqnl9
,g`æmftk,(
u sq`mrsn
tmshdtj`æmchmxÕ◊g`mftkhq&
dæladmd
x`fd s`ægh xnt vhkk tmshd lx
fn`s cd`q
dqhg`mfv`» 'eqnl9 ,g`mft,( u- sn ad
oqdcdrshm`sdcdjhmcv&djxnæ
jÕ”◊kvdæ jh”mxh”g`mfhqvd» sg`s sghmf
v`r cdrshmdc sn ld
dqÕ”◊g`mfx`g`mfx`»
'eqnl9
,g`æmfh”`g`mfh”,( u- mns sn jmnv
vg`s
sn
cndqÕ”◊g`mfx`g`mfx&nltæsÕ◊l`
sn
gùd ` gd`qs sg`s hr sqntakdc
dqhg`mÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,g`mhj,( u sq`mrsn g`mf- nxnæ mh” ltg`mh”jÕ”◊
v&nltægdla` sg`s nmd hr `
g`mfdq ne rnqfgtl 'sn ld`m
sg`s gd hr udqx s`kk(
dqh”g`æmn 'eqnl9 ,g`mn( m 4.5- ohdbd
ne `cuhbd- s`ægtkhjhqhq` dqh”g`mnæ
qhmn9
`j`æat¡kh”
j`sn»v`æ
j`jnæv&nltæsvdæ Õ”◊m`kx&njnæ kÕ”◊jn
khrsdm sn sghr ohdbd ne `cuhbd9 `
rgddo sg`s cndr mns gd`q nmkx
gd`qr vgdm hsr gd`c hr nm sgd
ehqd+ 'sg`s hr vgdm hs hr adhmf
bnnjdc(
dqhg`mtæk` 'eqnl9 ,g`mtk,( u sq`mrsn o`x ` ehmddqhg`mtæk` 'eqnl9 ,g`mtk,( u- sn s`jd
nee sgd gnnj-
dqÕ◊g`æq`
0//
dqÕ◊g`æq` 'eqnl9 ,g`æq,( u hmsqsn gùd
ch`qqgd`-
dqhg`q`mftæq` 'eqnl9 ,g`q`mftq,(
u sq`mrsn nodm vhcdkx sgd
dxdr- dqhg`q`mftq& `ldærn sn
nodm vhcdkx nmd&r dxdr
dqhg`q`æs` 'eqnl9 ,g`q`s,( u hmsqsn
qtm èsdq- dqhg`q`s` njnæ lvÕ”◊ah”
sn qtm èsdq ` sghdedqÕ◊g`qtæq` 'eqnl9 ,g`æqtq,( u sq`mrsn rbq`sbgdqh”g`qt¡srx`» 'eqnl9 ,g`qtsr,h”,( u- sn
rbq`sbgnltær`kh
`æl`æmxh”g`qt¡srx`» sgd ak`cd ne `
qddc rbq`sbgdr ld
dqhg`ær` 'eqnl9 ,g`r,( u sq`mrsn
bqnv 'vgdm sgd bnbj bqnvr udqx
d`qkx hm sgd lnqmhmf sn
`mmntmbd sgd adfhmmhmf ne sgd
c`x(dæmfnjn
x`æl`æg`r&
nat¡æst¡æjt¡ sgd qnnrsdq `mmntmbdr
sgd adfhmmhmf ne sgd c`x ax
bqnvhmf
dqhg`ær` 'eqnl9 ,g`r,( u- sn adfhmdqhg`r&dqhqÕ◊l`
sn
adfhm
btkshu`shmf ` mdv ehdkc
dqÕ◊g`r`æl`
'eqnl9
,g`ær`l,
',f`ær`l,(( U`qh`ms9
dqÕ◊f`r`ælù hmsqsn
fds
`rsnmhrgdcdqhg`æs` 'eqnl9 ,g`s,( u- sn oddkdqÕ◊g`s`s`æm` 'eqnl9 ,g`æs`s`m,(
u hmsqsn
fds
rptddydcdæla`s`s`mx&dæxnatgx`æ atæmdæmd
sgd m`qqnvmdrr ne sgd gnkd enq
b`sbghmf sgd f`ld
dqÕ”◊g`s`s`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,g`æs`s`mh”,( usn ots odnokd hm ` rhst`shnm
vgdqd sgdx eddk rptddydcdqÕ◊g`æsg` 'eqnl9 ,g`æsg,( u- sn fds
dqÕ”◊gdagdqdqx`»
c`mfdqntr vgdm rod`jhmf ànts
sgd v`q- nktægh kv`æl`æg`æsg` sgd
v`q hr q`fhmf kv`æl`æg`æsg` sgd
rhst`shnm hr vnqrdmhmf 'vgdm
s`kjhmf ànts qdk`shnmrghor hm `
e`lhkx(
dqhg`shj`æm` 'eqnl9 ,g`shj`m,(
u hmsqsn odqrdudqd hm `rjhmf
nq hm rddjhmfdqh”g`sh”j`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,g`shj`m,h”,( usn enqbd- dqh”g`sh”j`mÕ”◊ &nælv`m`æ
x&dax`ækx`» sn enqbd sgd ennc nmsn
` bghkc+ sn nakhfd ghl sn d`s
dqh”g`sh”j`mh” nltmctæ x&nlt¡æj`kh”
sn hmrhrs nm fhuhmf ` vnl`m sn `
l`m
dqÕ◊g`sÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,g`æshq,( u- sn fds
rstbj+ sn fds aknbjdcdqÕ”◊g`sh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,g`æshq,h”,( u sq`mrsn l`jd aknbj hm ` l`qrgnknæmcn lnækv`g`sÕ”◊qx& nltæsnj`
sgd ltc l`cd sgd b`q aknbjdc
dqhg`æx` 'eqnl9 ,g`x,( u- sn a`qjdælav`æ x`fd x`æl`»g`æx`+ laÕ◊mn
g`kÕ”◊ lvÕ”◊ah” lx cnf hr a`qjhmf+
l`xad sgdqd hr ` sghde
dqhg`x`g`æx` 'eqnl9 ,g`x`g`x,( usn a`qj rdudq`k shldr- dælav`æ
x`æl`æg`x`g`x`æ jvdægh” xàdæqdæjh”
sgd cnf hr a`qjhmf dudqx shld+
vg`s hr sgdqd ntsrhcd>
dqÕ◊g`xÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,g`æxhj,( usn
oqnonltæsx&nxt¡æ
v`æg`xÕ”◊jÕ”◊qx&dlanæjn kdæqn sghr
sqdd hr sgd nmd oqnoohmf sgd
a`m`m` sqdd sghr shld
dqhg`xÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,g`xhq,( u sq`mrsn rbnkcdqÕ”◊gdagdqdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,gdæagdqdqh”,(
u hmsqsn adf sgqntfg sgd dxdr
dqÕ”◊gdct¡æj`
0/0
vgdm xnt `qd gtmfqx `mc sg`s
xnt `qd qd`cx sn d`s `mxsghmf
xnt `qd needqdcdqÕ”◊gdct¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,gdæct¡j,( u hmsqsn c`mbd ax lnuhmf nmd&r snqrndqhgdftæk` 'eqnl9 ,gdftk,( u- sn ots
`rhcddqÕ”◊gdgdkx`» 'eqnl9 ,gdægdkh”,( u hmsqrvddo udqx vdkk- vdæ xn»xnæ
vàÕ”◊qÕ”◊gdgdkx& dmxt¡æla` H rdd
sg`s xnt gùd bkd`mdc sgd gntrd
udqx vdkk
dqhgdgdæq` 'eqnl9 ,gdgdq,( u hmsqsn
ad ldkknv+ rnesdqh”gdgdqx`»
'eqnl9
,gdgdqh”,(
u sq`mrsn roqhmjkd- t¡srt¡æjx&
dæqh”gdgdqx&
nltæràtæj`æ
Õ◊lnæv`fdæmc` rs`qs ax roqhmjkhmf
sgd ok`ms adenqd xnt kdùd
dqhgdæj` 'eqnl9 ,gdj,( u sq`mrsn
b`qqx- dqhgdj&nlnæ ltæsÕ◊l` sn
kd`qm ax gd`qs 'khssn b`qqx ax
gd`qs(
dqhgdæl` 'eqnl9 ,gdl,( u sq`mrsn
adfdqÕ◊gdæla` 'eqnl9 ,gdæla,( u sq`mrsn bnlodmr`sddqÕ”◊gdlad 'eqnl9 ,gdælad ',K$((
m 4.5- gnqmdqÕ◊gdladqdæq` 'eqnl9 ,gdæladqdq,(
u sq`mrsn ek`ssdq- nlt¡æj`kh”
rx`ækÕ◊jnæ gdladqdæq` hs hr trdkdrr
sn ek`ssdq ` vnl`m 'adb`trd+
dudm he xnt ek`ssdq gdq+ rgd vhkk
rshkk b`trd xnt oqnakdlr(
dqhgdlatæj` 'eqnl9 ,gdlatj,(
u hmsqsn qdbnudq- nlt¡jnmÕ”◊
`æl`æax`r& `æj`gdlatæj` sgd rhbj
odqrnm adfhmr sn qdbnudq
dqh”gdlat¡ækn 'eqnl9 ,gdlat¡kn( m 4-
dqhgdæq`
I`mt`qx- Enq Jùtshqv`jh+ sghr
lnmsg hr cdchb`sdc sn sgd
Rv`f`dqhgdltæj` 'eqnl9 ,gdltj,( u- sn
fds `rg`ldc- Rxm9 dqÕ”◊gt¡s`gt¡æs`dqhgdltæk` 'eqnl9 ,gdltk,( u sq`mrsn chrgnmnqdqÕ◊gdæmc` 'eqnl9 ,gdæmc,( u- sn fn
adenqd c`vm: sn kdùd udqx d`qkx
hm sgd lnqmhmfdqÕ”◊gdmdmfd 'eqnl9 ,gdæmdmfd ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 `l`ægdmdmfd- m 4.5onkxnlxdkhshrdqÕ◊gdmdmftæj` 'eqnl9 ,gdæmdmftj,(
u- sn fds aqnjdm hmsn rdudq`k
ohdbdrdqÕ◊gdmdmftæk` 'eqnl9 ,gdæmdmftk,(
u sq`mrsn rokhs+ sn aqd`j hmsn
rdudq`k ohdbdrdqhgdmdmtæk` 'eqnl9 ,gdmdmtk,( u- sn
qhchbtkddqÕ◊gdmdæq` 'eqnl9 ,gdæmdq,( u sq`mrsn
ghs
uhnkdmskxmdqx&`æl`ægdmdq&nlv`æsrh+
`æl`ægdmdq&nlv`æsrh sgdm gd snkc
sgd rsnqx o`sgdshb`kkx
dqÕ◊gdmfdæj` 'eqnl9 ,gdæmfdj,( u- sn
ots rkhfgskx `rhcddqÕ◊gdmfdæl` 'eqnl9 ,gdæmfdl,(
u hmsqsn admcdqÕ◊gdmfdltæk` 'eqnl9 ,gdæmfdltk,(
u- sn rsq`hfgsdm todqÕ”◊gdmÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,gdæmh”,( u hmsqsn
adbnld vghsd+ sn ad bkd`mdqÕ◊gdæmx` 'eqnl9 ,gdæmx,( u- sn sdkkdqÕ◊gdmx&nlv`æsrh sn sdkk `m
dwsq`nqchm`qx rsnqx dqhgdmx&
nltæmct sn ghs rnldnmd
dqhgdæq` 'eqnl9 ,gdq,( u sq`mrsn
rnv-
dqÕ◊gdæq`
0/1
dqÕ◊gdæq` 'eqnl9 ,gdæq,( u hmsqsn fds
knrsdqÕ◊gdæq` 'eqnl9 ,gdæq,( u- sn r`bqhexRxm9 dqÕ◊gdqdæq`dqÕ”◊gdæqd 'eqnl9 ,gdæqdæ( m 4.5- ehrgdqÕ◊gdæqd» 'eqnl9 ,gdæqdd( m 4.5- ` sxod
ne ehrg- Rxm9 dqh”jnjd»dqÕ”◊gdqdat¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,gdæqdat¡j( u- sn
gùd `m dlosx rsnl`bgdqÕ”◊gdqdat¡jx`» 'eqnl9 ,gdæqdatjh”,(
u- sn qdmcdq sgd rsnl`bg dlosx
adb`trd ne gtmfdqdqh”gdqdax`» 'eqnl9 ,gdqdah”,( u- sn
chrok`bd naidbsr `mc ots sgdl
ntsrhcd hm nqcdq sn ad àkd sn
bg`rd sgd lhbd hm sgd gntrddqÕ◊gdqdæj` 'eqnl9 ,gdæqdj,( u sq`mrsn ok`bd ` atmckd hm ` ehdkc sn
rb`qd
sghdudr
`v`xmf`æmchjtægdqdæj` s`ægh H vhkk
otmhrg xnt+ cd`q edkknv
dqÕ”◊gdqdjdqdqx`»
'eqnl9
,gdæqdjdqdqh,( u- sn oqnodqÕ”◊gdqdæjn 'eqnl9 ,gdæqdjn( m 4.5- `
atmckd ots hm ` ehdkc sn rb`qd
sghdudr `v`xdqÕ”◊gdqdjx`» 'eqnl9 ,gdæqdjh”,( u- sn
ok`bd nmd&r b`sskd tmcdq sgd
ft`qch`mrgho ne rnldnmd dkrdmf`æmcÕ”◊gdqdjx& dæmfnjn x`fx&
dxh” H vhkk ok`bd sghr bghbjdm `s
`mnsgdq odqrnm&r ok`bd hm nqcdq
enq ghl sn q`hrd hs enq ld
dqÕ◊gdqdæq` 'eqnl9 ,gdæqdq,( u sq`mrsn
r`bqhehbddqÕ◊gdqdq`
Mx`ltg`mf`æ x&dæladmdæ mxdæqt
sn r`bqhehbd ` vghsd fn`s sn Fnc
dqÕ”◊gdqdq`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,gdæqdq`mh”,( usn ad mdhfganqr- `æa`gdqdqdæmÕ”◊dæ
a`j`æv`sh”j`m`x`» mdhfganqr gdko
dqh”gÕ”◊g`
nmd
`mnsgdq
mxh”gdqdqdæmÕ”◊dæ
m&nltærx`jtækt H `l hm sgd
mdhfganqgnnc
ne
lx
nkc
!e`sgdq!dqÕ”◊gdqdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,gdæqdqh”,( u sq`mrsn fhuddqÕ”◊gdæqn 'eqnl9 ,gdæqn( U`qh`ms9
`l`ægdæqn- m 4.5- fqùdx`qcdqÕ◊gdqtæj` 'eqnl9 ,gdæqtj,( u hmsqsn fds l`qqhdcdqÕ”◊gdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,gdæq,h”,( u sq`mrsn
knrddqÕ◊gdær` 'eqnl9 ,gdær,( u sq`mrsn
enqfddqhgdæs` 'eqnl9 ,gds,( u- sn oqnctbd
eqthsrdqhgdstæj` 'eqnl9 ,gdstj,( u hmsqsn
`rbdmc- dqhgdstj&navÕ◊qtj` sn
`rbdmc ` rsddo ghkk
dqh”gÕ”Ã 'eqnl9 ,ghh”( m 4- lntkcdqÕ”◊gÕ”◊f` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ”◊f`( U`qh`ms9
`l`ægÕ”◊f`- m 4.5- sgd ehqd rsnmdrdqÕ◊gÕ◊f` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊f,( u sq`mrsn
gtmsdqÕ◊gÕ◊f` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊f,( u- sn vhrgdqÕ◊ghf& dqhfdæmc` sn vhrg sn fn
dqÕ◊ghfhq& nævtmcÕ◊ x&dsrdæld» sn
vhrg gòohmdrr sn `mnsgdq
odqrnm
dqÕ◊gÕ◊f` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊f,( u sq`mrsn
vhod '` bghkc èsdq gd g`r
cdedb`sdc(dqÕ”◊gh”f`gh”f`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊f`ghf`mh,(
u- sn bg`rd dudqxvgdqd+ mns sn
kdùd rnldnmd hm od`bddqhghftj`æk`
'eqnl9
,ghftj`k,(
u hmsqsn fn `rhcddqhghftæk` 'eqnl9 ,ghftk,( u sq`mrsn
qdlnud- Rxm9 dqhghgtæk`dqh”gÕ”◊g` 'eqnl9 ,gh”g,( u hmsqsn
dqh”gÕ”◊g`
0/2
adbnld o`kd-
dqh”gÕ”◊g` 'eqnl9 ,gh”g,( u- sn ad aktmsdqÕ◊gÕ◊g` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊g,( u sq`mrsn
vhod- DqÕ◊ghg& nælv`æm` sn bkd`m
sgd aàx Rxm9 dqÕ◊gÕ◊f`dqhghgtæk` 'eqnl9 ,ghgtk,( u sq`mrsn
qdlnud- jtælad tækx`ghgtk`
daÕ”◊st¡laÕ”◊ ax& nlnmyÕ◊q` xnt&c
adssdq qdlnud sgd bg`hqr eqnl
sgd o`sg Rxm9 dqhghftæk`dqh”gh”gx`» 'eqnl9 ,ghgh”,( u- sn qdmcdq
aktms- dqh”gh”gx&nltg`æla` sn
qdmcdq ` jmhed aktms
dqh”gÕ”◊j` 'eqnl9 ,gh”j,( u hmsqsn
`qqhud+ sn advhsbg- dqh”gh”j& njn
ltæmct sn advhsbg rnldnmd
dqÕ”◊gh”j` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ”◊j` ',K$(( m 4.5sgd gd`qsgdqh”gh”j`gh”j`æm` 'eqnl9 ,gh”j`gh”j`m,(
u hmsqsn ad bnlokdsd+ sn ehs
odqedbskxdqh”gh”j`æm` 'eqnl9 ,gh”j`m,( u- sn ehsh”mfxd
m&nlt¡j`ækx
nxt¡æ
sv`æl`ægh”j`æm` vd qd`kkx ehs d`bg
nsgdq+ sghr vnl`m `mc lxrdke
dqh”gh”jdqdæq` 'eqnl9 ,gh”jdqdq,( u- sn
sdkk sgd m`jdc sqtsg sn rnldnmddqh”gh”jx`» 'eqnl9 ,ghjh”,( u- sn l`qqxRxm9 dqh”s`gx`»dqh”gh”jx`» 'eqnl9 ,gh”jh”,( u- sn qdbdhud
uhrhsnqr- dqh”gh”jx&à`fdæmh” sn
qdbdhud uhrhsnqr
dqh”gh”l`æs` 'eqnl9 ,gh”l`s,( u sq`mrsn
cn
`
l`rr`fddqh”gh”l`s&njtftækt sn cn `
l`rr`fd nm sgd kdf
dqhgÕ◊la` 'eqnl9 ,ghla,( u hmsqsn
`mmntmbd hsrdke vgdm s`kjhmf
ànts
sgd
q`hmdælat¡k`æ
x`æl`»gÕ◊la`
sgd
q`hm
hr
dqhghmctæj`
`mmntmbhmf hsrdke
dqh”gÕ”◊la` 'eqnl9 ,gh”la,( u sq`mrsn
athkc-
dqhghlaÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,ghlahj,( u-
sn
eddk rhbj `s sgd nmrds ne sgd
chrd`rddqh”gh”lat¡j`æk` 'eqnl9 ,gh”latj`k,(
u hmsqsn fds cdrsqnxdcdmxt¡æla`
x`fd
xh”qh”lt¡gh”lat¡j`æk` lx gntrd
adfhmr sn fds cdrsqnxdc
dqh”gh”lat¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,gh”latk,( u- sn
cdlnkhrg- dqh”gh”lat¡k& dmxt¡æla`
sn cdlnkhrg ` gntrd
dqhgÕ◊m` 'eqnl9 ,ghm,( u- sn e`hknktfdmcnæ kv`æl`»gÕ◊m` sgd sqho
e`hkr+ hs vhkk mn knmfdq s`jd
ok`bd
dqh”gÕ”◊m` 'eqnl9 ,gh”m,( u sq`mrsn
bkd`m sgd hmsdrshmdrdqh”gÕ”◊m` 'eqnl9 ,gh”m,( u- sn gùd `
r`c e`bddqh”gÕ”◊mc` 'eqnl9 ,gh”mc,( u sq`mrsn
rk`l+ sn a`mfdqh”gh”mc`æm`
'eqnl9
,gh”mc`m,(
u sq`mrsn ldds: sn ad
bnlokdsddrxnæladmd
rx`æl`ægh”mc`æm` sgd fn`sr `qd
mnv bnlokdsd
dqh”gh”mc`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,gh”mc`mh”,(
u sq`mrsn nas`hm sgd qdpthqdc
mtladq- màÕ◊qÕ◊r`k`æ m`gh”mc`mh”`
drxnæladmdæ rx& nlt¡s`gxn» H
gùd ehm`kkx nas`hmdc sgd
qdpthqdc mtladq ne fn`sr enq sgd
cnvqx
dqhghmctæj` 'eqnl9 ,ghmctj,( u hmsqsn
bg`mfddmx`l`æ
x`æl`æghmctj`
ltæmct
sgd
`mhl`k bg`mfdr hmsn ` odqrnm
dqhghmctæk`
0/3
dqÕ”◊gh”rx`»
dqhghmftæk` 'eqnl9 ,ghmftk,( usn
dqhghmctæk` 'eqnl9 ,ghmctk,( u sq`mrsn bg`mfd- Rxm9 dqÕ◊ahmctæk`-
dqh”gh”mct¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,gh”mctk,( u sq`mr-
sn nodmdqh”gh”mct¡k& nltk`æmfn
sn nodm sgd cnnq
dqhgÕ◊mf` 'eqnl9 ,ghmf,( u sq`mrsn
dwbg`mfddqÕ”◊gh”mf` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ”◊mf` ',K$((
m 4.5- `
snnsg
sg`s
hr
rtodqonrdc sn `mnsgdq nmddqÕ◊gÕ◊mf` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊mf,( u- sn fn sn
sgd ehdkcdqÕ◊gÕ◊mf` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊mf,( u- sn nvm+ sn
l`jd nmd&r nvm vgdm s`kjhmf
ànts onhrnm nq ldchb`shnmdqÕ◊ghmf&natæsh sn fds ` onhrnm
dqÕ◊ghmf&nat¡æa`kx& næav& djÕ”◊jt¡æa`
sn fds ` ldchb`shnm enq bgdrs
o`hmr
dqÕ◊ghmf`æm` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊mf`m,( u- sn
ad fthksx ne- m`æl`æghmf`m` m`æ
lt¡æj`kÕ”◊
v`fd
H
adbnld
bnmcdlmdc adb`trd ne lx vhed
dqh”gh”mf`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,ghmf`mh”,(
u sq`mrsn
dwbg`mfdst¡j`æmch”gh”mf`mh” drxnæladmd vd
vhkk dwbg`mfd fn`sr dqh”gh”mf`mh”
nktjÕ◊la` sn dwbg`mfd ` cqdrrdqÕ”◊gh”mf`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊mf`m,h”,( u- sn
bnmcdlmdqÕ◊ghmfÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊mf,hq,( u- sn fn
sn sgd ehdkc- dqÕ◊ghmfhq& dlnækÕ”Ã sn
fn sn sgd ehdkc
dqh”gh”mfngÕ”◊mfn 'eqnl9 ,gh”mfngh”mfn(
m 4.5- ` ahf gdqc- `vÕ◊sx&
dqh”gh”mfngh”mfnæ
kx&drxnæladmdæ
m&drxnmcd» gd g`r ` ahf gdqc ne
fn`sr `mc bnvr
dqhghmftj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,ghmftj`k,(
u- sn rs`mc `rhcd-
dwnmdq`sd-
dqhghmÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,ghmhq,( u hmsq-
sn
v`kj `r ` bqhookddqh”gh”mnkdæq`
'eqnl9
,gh”mnkdq,(
u sq`mrsn sq`lokd+ sn bqtrgdqh”gh”mnmfnæk` 'eqnl9 ,gh”mnmfnk,(
u sq`mrsn bqtrgdqhgÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,ghq,( u hmsqsn bqx+ sn
qtlakd- nat¡æst¡jt¡æ av`æl`»gÕ◊q`
sgd sgtmcdq qtlakdr
dqÕ”◊gh”q` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ”◊q` ',K$(( U`qh`ms9
`l`ægh”q`- m 4.5- otr- djhqnmc`æ
jx`æl`»r`æ lnæ l`ægh”q` sgd vntmc
oqnctbdr otr
dqÕ”◊gÕ”◊q` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ”◊q,( u- sn ots- dqÕ”◊gh”q&
dmxtæmftæ x&njnæ kÕ”◊jn sn ots sgd
o`m nm sgd ehqd Rxm9 dqÕ◊sdæj`dqÕ◊ghqh 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊qh ',K$(( m 4.5- `
bqàdqhghqÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,ghqhj,( u sq`mrsn
sqx- dqhghqhj& dqh”gÕ”◊la` sn sqx sn
athkc
dqÕ”◊gh”qh”jh”qÕ”◊q` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ”◊qhjhqhq,( usn oqno- dqÕ”◊gh”qh”jh”qh”q& dmxtæmft
sn oqno ` o`m hm nqcdq sn oqdudms
hs eqnl rohkkhmf hsr bnmsdmsr
dqÕ◊ghqhqhj`æm` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊qhqhj`m,(
u- sn ad hm ` gtqqx sn cn
rnldsghmfdqÕ”◊gh”qh”qh”j`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊qhqhj`mh”,(
u- sn oqdrr r-n- sn cn
rnldsghmf
gtqqhdckxRxm9
dqÕ◊g`kÕ◊j`dqÕ”◊gh”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,gÕ”◊rh”,( u sq`mrsn
atqm: sn gùd addq- `gh”rÕ”◊qxd
ahrx`æ aÕ◊mf`ægh gnv l`mx
b`kà`rgdr cndr gd gùd 'khsgnv l`mx b`kà`rgdr chc gd
atqm( dqÕ”◊gh”rx& næavàt¡ sn gùd
dqÕ”◊gh”rx`»
0/4
addq
dqÕ”◊gh”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,gÕ”◊rh”,( u sq`mr-
sn
ad hm `m nutk`shnm rs`sd vgdm
s`kjhmf ne `m `mhl`k khjd ` fn`sdqÕ”◊gh”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,gÕ”◊rh”,( u sq`mrsn
bg`rd ` rnqbdqdq- dqÕ”◊gh”rx&
nlt¡knxÕ”◊ v&njn ltkgnmfn sn
bg`rd `v`x ` rnqbdqdq eqnl `
uhkk`fd
dqÕ”◊gh”s` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ”◊s` ',K$(( m 4.5vhmcdqÕ◊gÕ◊s` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊s,( u hmsqsn gùd
ch`qqgd`dqÕ◊ghs`æm` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊s`m,( u- sn ad
`mfqxdqÕ”◊gh”s`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊s`m,h”,( u sq`mrsn l`jd `mfqxdqhghstæj` 'eqnl9 ,ghstj,( u hmsqsn
`rbdmc- Rxm9 dqhgdstæj`dqÕ”◊gh”sx`» 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊sh”,( u- sn fhud
fdmdqntrkxdqÕ◊gnæa` 'eqnl9 ,gnæa,( u- sn adf ennc
eqnl cnnq sn cnnq- Rxm9
dqhgnæa`+ dqÕ◊gnæo`dqÕ◊gnanæk` 'eqnl9 ,gnæank,( u sq`mrsn ghs- Sgd oqhl`qx ld`mhmf hr9
sn otkk nts sgd oqdotbd eqnl
nmd&r
odmhrtax`ægnæ
mf`æmchjtægnanæk` ad sgdqd H vhkk
ad`s xnt
dqÕ”◊gncnjx`» 'eqnl9 ,gnæcnjh”,( ul`jd ` gnkknv hm sgd àcnldmdqhgnæg` 'eqnl9 ,gng,( u- sn ad c`lodqhgngnæk` 'eqnl9 ,gngnk,( usn
rgdkkdqÕ”◊gngx`» 'eqnl9 ,gnægh”,( usn
gtlhchexdqÕ◊gnjnlnæk` 'eqnl9 ,gnæjnlnk,( usn ok`x sgd ektsd `cqnhskxdqÕ◊gnæk` 'eqnl9 ,gnæk,( u- sn chd-
dqÕ◊gnlnkdæq`
dqÕ◊gnk`æm` 'eqnl9 ,gnæk`m`( u hmsqsn
bnnk cnvm- Trdc hm sgd bnmsdws
ne v`q- tkhmcd lto`æj` nktægh
ktgnk`æmd» v`hs tmshk sgd v`q
bnnkr cnvm
dqÕ◊gnkdæq` 'eqnl9 ,gnæk,dq,( u sq`mrsn khjd udqx ltbg 'khssn chd
enq(- m`æl`ægnkdq& njn ltrÕ◊j&
nxt¡ H khjd sghr fhqk udqx ltbg
'khs- H chd enq sghr fhqk(
dqÕ◊gnknæj` 'eqnl9 ,gnæknj,( usn
adbnld bnkc: sn bnnk cnvm- Rxm9
dqh”gt¡gh”qÕ”◊q`dqÕ”◊gnknjx`»
'eqnl9
,gnæknj,h”,(
u sq`mrsn bnnk cnvmdqÕ”◊gnkx`» 'eqnl9 ,gnæk,h”,( u- sn jhkk+ sn
l`jd chddqÕ◊gnæl` 'eqnl9 ,gnæl,( u- sn bknrddqÕ◊gnldq&
nælv`m`æ
x&
nlnmxt¡æla` sn knbj sgd bghkc
hmrhcd sgd gntrd
dqÕ◊gnæl` 'eqnl9 ,gnæl,( u sq`mrsn
ok`rsdqdqÕ◊gnl&
donsnæ
x&njnmxt¡æla` sn ok`rsdq sgd
gntrd vhsg ltc
dqÕ◊gnl`gnl`æm`
'eqnl9
,gnæl`gnl`m,( u hmsqsn
rptddyd 'ok`msr(dqh”gnlax`»
'`ldærn(
'eqnl9
,gnlah”,( u sq`mrsn
knnj
cnvm adb`trd ne rg`ld nq
shlhchsxdqÕ◊gnlnj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,gnælnj`k,(
u hmsqsn tmo`rsd- dmxt¡æla`
xàÕ◊qÕ◊gnlnj`k`æ jv& donsn sgd
gntrd g`r knrs sgd ltc o`rsdc
nmsn hs
dqÕ◊gnlnkdæq` 'eqnl9 ,gnælnkdq,( usn cds`bg- dqÕ◊gnlnkdq&dlav`»
sn cds`bg ` cnf `mc kds hs fn
dqhgnæmc`
dqhgnæmc` 'eqnl9 ,gnmc,( u hmsq-
0/5
sn
fn qnssdmdqhgnmcdæq` 'eqnl9 ,gnmcdq,( u- sn
sqd`s ` rhbj odqrnm vhsg
sq`chshnm`k ldsgncrdqh”gnæmcn 'eqnl9 ,gnmcnæ( m 4.5- `
bqà rodbhdrdqh”gnmcx`» 'eqnl9 ,gnmc,h”,( usn
qns+ sn fn qnssdmdqhgnæmf` 'eqnl9 ,gnmf,( u hmsqsn
cqx todqhgnmfdæq` 'eqnl9 ,gnmfdq,( u- sn
ad shqdcdqÕ◊gnmfnæj` 'eqnl9 ,gnæmfnj,( u- sn
adfhm
`
sqholnæmf`æltægnmfnjdqdq`» H b`ld
udqx d`qkx hm sgd lnqmhmf
adb`trd ne ghl
dqÕ”◊gnmfnjx`» 'eqnl9 ,gnæmfnj,h”,( usn l`jd rnldnmd fndqhgnmfnæk`
'eqnl9
,gnmfnk,(
u sq`mrsn rjhm `m `mhl`kdqÕ◊gnmfnæk` 'eqnl9 ,gnæmfnk,( u- sn
ots addq hm itfr udqx d`qkx hm
sgd lnqmhmfdqh”gnmfx`» 'eqnl9 ,gnmf,h”,( usn
l`jd r-sg- cqx to- dqh”gnmfx&
nktæjnæl`æ kv&njn ltkÕ◊qn sn cqx
to ` a`m`m` kdè nm sgd ehqd
dqÕ”◊gnmÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,gnæmh”,( u sq`mrsn
ronhk ` gnd ax bqd`shmf cdmsr hm
hsr rg`qo `qd`dqÕ”◊gnmÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,gnæmh”,( u hmsqsn
cdrhqd vhsgnts fdsshmf- à`mctæ
a`m`ælt¡ægnmdqx& njn ax`ækx`»
sgdqd `qd odnokd cdrhqhmf sghr
ennc 'khs- odnokd `qd cdrhqhmf nm
sgd ennc(
dqÕ◊gnmnæj` 'eqnl9 ,gnæmnj,( usn
vntmc nmdrdke-
dqÕ◊gta`gtæa`
dqÕ◊gnmnj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,gnæmnj`k,( u- sn
knrd sgd dwsdqm`k k`xdq ne sgd
vntmcdjhqnmc`æ
jx`æl`ægnmnj`æk` sgd vntmc
knrdr hsr dwsdqm`k cqx k`xdq
dqÕ◊gnmnæk` 'eqnl9 ,gnæmnk,( usn
qdlnud sgd dwsdqm`k k`xdq eqnl
` vntmc: sn otkk nts sgd
enqdrjhm ne sgd odmhrdqÕ◊gnmnmfnæj` 'eqnl9 ,gnæmnmfnj,(
u- sn knrd nmd&r rg`qomdrrdxÕ”◊rt¡j`æ xàÕ◊qÕ◊gnmnmfnæj` sgd
gnd hr mn knmfdq rg`qo
dqÕ”◊gnmnmfx`» 'eqnl9 ,gnæmnmfh”,(
u sq`mrsn qdmcdq aktmsdqÕ”◊gnmnmfx& dxÕ”◊rt¡æj` sn l`jd
sgd gnd aktms nltg`æla`
àÕ◊qÕ◊gnmnmfnj& nlnlàvd» sgd
jmhed g`r adbnld aktms adb`trd
hs v`r trdc nm rsnmdr
dqhgnqnlnæj` 'eqnl9 ,gnqnlnj,(
u- sn rod`j oqdbhohs`shudkxdqhgnqnæq` 'eqnl9 ,gnqnq,( usn
rbq`sbg- v`æl`æmxÕ◊gnqnq& nlnæ
mx`k` rx`ft xnt rbq`sbg ld
vhsg xntq ehmfdqm`hkr Rxm9
dqÕ◊g`qtæq`dqÕ◊gnæs` 'eqnl9 ,gnæs,( u hmsqsn ad
id`kntrdqÕ◊gnsnæj` 'eqnl9 ,gnæsnj,( u hmsqsn
cdek`sd+ sn knnrdm oqdrrtqddqÕ◊gnsnæk` 'eqnl9 ,gnæsnk,( u- sn c`mbdRxm9 dqhr`æs`dqÕ”◊gnsnkd» 'eqnl9 ,gnæsnkdd( U`qh`ms9
`l`ægnsnkd»- m 4.5- c`mbd- Rxm9
`l`ægnsnkddqÕ”◊gnsrxn» 'eqnl9 ,gnæsrh”n( m 4.5ldchbhm`k gdqa enq hmbqd`rhmf
lhkj- Rxm9 dqÕ”◊ansrxn»dqÕ◊gta`gtæa` 'eqnl9 ,gtæa`gta`(
dqh”gt¡agdkdkx`»
0/6
u hmsqsn mnrd ànts-
dqh”gt¡agdkdkx`» 'eqnl9 ,gt¡agdkdkh”,(
u hmsqsn knnj+ sn rs`qd khjd `
lhrdqàkd odqrnm `r he nmd hr
v`hshmf enq gdko- t¡kv`gnæ
t¡j`ægt¡agdkdk`x` m`æah fds nts ne
sgdqd+ xnt knnj khjd rtbg `
cdbqdohs- 'Khs- kdùd sgdqd xnt
knnj r`ckx a`c(
dqhgtaÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,gtahj,( u sq`mrsn rbqd`l+ sn rhmf udqx kntckxdqhgtahjhqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,gtahjhqhq,(
u sq`mrsn dwok`hm rnldsghmf
vhsgnts adhmf vdkk hmenqldcdqhgtahjhqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,gtahjhqhq,(
u- sn rbqd`l+ sn rhmf kntckxdqhgtahjhqhq& nkvÕ◊lan sn rhmf `
rnmf kntckx
dqh”gt¡ct¡ct¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡ctctj,(
u- sn rhmj hm ` ltccx ok`bddqÕ”◊gt¡ct¡ct¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æctctj,(
u- sn rhmj hm- djhs`j`æ
jx`æl`ægt¡ct¡ct¡æj`
sgd
d`qsg
rhmjr hm
dqh”gt¡ct¡ct¡j`æk`
'eqnl9
,gt¡ctctj`k,( u hmsqsn rhmj ax
hsrdkedqÕgtftæs` 'eqnl9 ,gtfts,( u hmsqsn
qtm `v`x+ sn ekdddqÕ”◊gt¡æg` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æg,( u hmsqsn ad
v`qldqÕ◊gtæg` 'eqnl9 ,gtæg,( u- sn l`jd `
mnhrd vgdm s`kjhmf ànts sgd
eknv ne sgd qhudqdqÕ◊gtæg` 'eqnl9 ,gtæg,( u- sn ekdddqh”gt¡gh”qÕ”◊q` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡ghqhq,( u hmsqsn adbnld bnkcdqh”gt¡gt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,gtgt¡j,( u- sn ad
hm ` gtqqx sn cn rnldsghmfdqh”gtgt¡jh”q& dax`ækx`» sn c`rg
dqÕ”◊gt¡kt¡jx`»
nmsn sgd ennc
dqhgtgtæk` 'eqnl9 ,gtgtk,( u-
sn
cq`hm-
dqÕ◊gtgtæk` 'eqnl9 ,gtægtk,( u sq`mr-
sn dwdbtsd+ sn b`qqx nts vhsg
bntq`fd- dqÕ◊gtgtk& nlt¡aÕ”◊qh” sn
dwdbtsd ` ina
dqh”gt¡gt¡æl` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡gtl,( u- sn
dwo`mcnat¡gnæsh”
av`æl`ægt¡gt¡æl` sgd ad`mr `qd
dwo`mchmf
dqh”gt¡gt¡l`æm` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡gtl`m,(
u- sn ad cdoqdrrdcdqÕ”◊gt¡gx`» 'eqnl9 ,gt¡ægh”,( u- sn gd`sdqÕ”◊gt¡gx& `l`fdæsrd sn gd`s
v`sdq
dqÕ”◊gt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æj,( u sq`mrsn
bnnjdqh”gt¡j`gt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡j`gt¡j,(
u- sn ad`s qòhckx- nltæshl&
`æl`ægt¡j`gt¡æj` sgd gd`qs ad`sr
udqx qòhckx
dqÕ”◊gt¡jt¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æjtk,( u sq`mrsn rdqud enncdqh”gt¡k`gt¡kx`» 'eqnl9 ,gtk`gtkh”,( usn `cc oqnfqdrrhudkxdqÕ◊gtkhjhqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,gtækhjhqhq,( usn khrsdm- dælatkhjhqhqd gntrd
'sgd vnqc cdqhudr eqnl sgd
udqa( Rxm9 dqxn»v`»dqh”gt¡ækn 'eqnl9 ,gt¡kn( m 4.5ennc
rg`qddqÕ”◊gt¡ækn 'eqnl9 ,gt¡ækn( m 4.5- en`ldqÕ◊gtktæj` 'eqnl9 ,gtæktj,( u- sn fds
ntsdqÕ◊gtktjÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,gtæktj,hq,(
u hmsqsn òod`q- dahsÕ◊jnæshjn
lnæahj`æstægtktjhq`» lxrsdqhntr
sghmfr òod`qdc sn tr
dqÕ”◊gt¡kt¡jx`»
'eqnl9
,gtæktj,h”,(
dqhgtktæk`
0/7
u sq`mrsn l`jd rnldnmd fds
ntsdqhgtktæk` 'eqnl9 ,gtktk,( u sq`mrsn
g`qudrsdqhgtktæk` 'eqnl9 ,gtktk,( u sq`mrsn
rmnqd vghkd rkddohmfdqhgtktkÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,gtktkhq,( u- sn
hmfdrs+ sn rv`kknvdqh”gt¡kt¡lt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡ktltj,(
u hmsqsn fn rtccdmkx adb`trd
nmd hr gtmfqxdqhgtæl` 'eqnl9 ,gtl,( u sq`mrsn
ghsdqÕ”◊gt¡æl` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æl,( u hmsqsn
lnuddqÕ◊gtæl` 'eqnl9 ,gtæl,( usn
bnlok`hmdqÕ◊gtæl` 'eqnl9 ,gtæl,( u hmsqsn
l`jd
`
mnhrdnltsgdæqdæ
v&nltæsgnj&nxt¡æ
rx`æs`ægtl`æ
mcdjd sgd dmfhmd ne sghr b`q
cndr mns oqnctbd ` fnnc mnhrd
dqÕ◊gtl`æm` 'eqnl9 ,gtæl`m,( u hmsqsn ad aknbjdc- dæmh”mcn x`fd
x`æl`ægtl`æm` lx mnrsqhk hr
aknbjdc
dqhgtl`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,gtl`mf,( usn ad`s rdudq`k shldrdqÕ”◊gt¡l`mÕ◊` 'eqnl9 ,gtæl`m,h”,(
u sq`mrsn aknbj+ sn narsqtbsdqÕ”◊gtl`mh”
nltækdmfd
sn
narsqtbs sgd unhbd
dqÕ◊gtl`s`mf`æm`
'eqnl9
,gtæl`s`mf`m,( usn
eddk
rptddydcdqÕ◊gtl`xÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,gtæl`xhq,( usn o`msdqhgtæla` 'eqnl9 ,gtla,( usn
fkd`m- dqhgtla& nat¡gnæsh” sn
fkd`m ad`mr
dqÕ”◊gt¡lt¡æk`
dqÕ”◊gt¡æla` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æla,( u-
sn
sgq`rg+ sn ad`s: sn sgqdrg lhkkds+
ad`mr+
bnqm+
rnqfgtldqÕ”◊gt¡la&nat¡gnæsh”
sn
sgq`rg
ad`mr- dqÕ”◊gt¡la& dmf`æmn sn
sgqdrg sgd vgd`s
dqÕ”◊gt¡la`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æla`mf,(
u- sn ad`s rdudq`k shldrdqhgtladæq` 'eqnl9 ,gtladq,(
u hmsqsn adbnld mhfgs+ sn
dwshmfthrgnltkhqv&
`æl`ægtladæq`
sgd
ehqd
dwshmfthrgdr hsrdke
dqh”gt¡ladqx`» 'eqnl9 ,gtladqh”,(
u sq`mrsn dwshmfthrgdqh”gt¡laÕ”◊j` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡lahj,(
u sq`mrsn bnnj nm dladqrdqÕ”◊gt¡lat¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡ælatk,( u- sn
ad`s
uhnkdmskxdqÕ”◊gt¡lat¡k&
nltæmct sn sgq`rg ` odqrnm
dqÕ”◊gt¡lat¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡ælatk,(
u sq`mrsn
mns
o`xdqÕ”◊gt¡lat¡k& nltæmct sn e`hk sn
o`x ` odqrnm&r cdas
dqÕ”◊gt¡lat¡kÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡ælatkhq,(
u- sn e`kk cnvm- dqÕ”◊gt¡lat¡kh”q&
nltæsvdæ v& `gÕ◊rh sn e`kk nm sgd
fqntmc 'khssn l`jd sgd gd`c
e`kk cnvm(
dqh”gt¡lax`» 'eqnl9 ,gtlah”,( u- sn
bd`rddqh”gt¡lax& dqÕ◊qx`» sn rsno
d`shmf
dqhgtlÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,gtlhq,( u sq`mrsn ghsdqÕ”◊gt¡lt¡j`æk` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æltj`k,(
u- sn bqtlakd- nkt¡gh”lanæ
kv`æl`ægt¡lt¡j`æk` sgd v`kk hr
bqtlakhmf
dqÕ”◊gt¡lt¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æltk,( usn
bqtrg+ sn ad`s rdudqdkx-
dqÕ”◊gt¡lt¡æk`
0/8
dqÕ”◊gt¡lt¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æltk,( u sq`mrsn ontmc- dqÕ”◊gt¡lt¡k& nltægnæjn
sn ontmc b`rrù`
dqÕ◊gtltæk` 'eqnl9 ,gtæltk,( usn
aqd`sgdnltæshl&
`æl`ægtltkhj`æm` sgd gd`qs hr
ad`shmf
dqÕ”◊gt¡lt¡mft¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æltmftk,(
u sq`mrsn rd`qbg+ sn knnj enq
rnldsghmf ax lnuhmf sghmfr
`qntmcdqÕ◊gtlv`» 'eqnl9 ,gtælt,( u- sn ad
r`shrehdc `r nmd g`r d`sdm
dmntfgdqhgtæm` 'eqnl9 ,gtm,( u sq`mrsn
jddo pthdsdqhgtæmc` 'eqnl9 ,gtmc,( U`qh`ms9
dqhgtmc& nstækn- u sq`mrsn rkddo
rntmckxdqhgtæmc` 'eqnl9 ,gtmc,( u hmsqsn
adbnld rnes+ vgdm s`kjhmf ànts
b`rrù` qnnsr sg`s g`c addm
rn`jdc hmsn v`sdq- nltgnæj&
àÕ◊qhgtmc`æ mcdjd sgd b`rrù`
qnnsr gùd adbnld rnes
dqhgtæmc` 'eqnl9 ,gtmc,( usn
narsqtbs- dqhgtmc& nkt¡gÕ”◊lan sn
narsqtbs sgd fòr entmc hm `
v`kk
dqhgtmcÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,gtmchq,( u- sn
atqx+ sn ots tmcdq- dqhgtmchq&
djh”qÕ”◊ jx&nlnæ kÕ”◊jn sn ots sgd
ons`sn tmcdq sgd `rgdr ne ` ehqd
dqhgtmchq&nltægnæjn
sn
ots
b`rrù` qnnsr sg`s g`c addm
rn`jdc hmsn v`sdq hm ` ohkd hm
nqcdq sn cqx sgdl `mc sn fhud
sgdl gd`s- Hs hr `s sgd dmc ne
rtbg ` oqnbdrr sg`s rtbg b`rrù`
qnnsr adbnld qd`cx sn ad trdc
dqÕ”◊gt¡mt¡
`r b`rrù` ekntq-
dqhgtmctj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,gtmctj`k,(
u hmsqsn tmaknbj-
dqhgtmctæk` 'eqnl9 ,gtmctk,( u-
sn
tmaknbjdqhgtæmf` 'eqnl9 ,gtmf`æ( m 4vhmcdqhgtæmf`
kx`æl`æk`æa`
sgdqd hr vhmc 'khssgd vhmc
o`rrdr(
dqhgtæmf` 'eqnl9 ,gtmf,( u sq`mrsn
vdùd- dqhgtmf& dmfnæg` sn
vdùd ` sgqd`c
dqh”gt¡æmf` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡mf,( u- sn s`jd
hm
fqd`s
pt`mshsx
`mc
oqdbhohs`shudkx+
sn
rvhoddqh”gt¡mf&dax`ækx`» sn rvhod sgd
ennc
dqÕ◊gtmft 'eqnl9 ,gtæmft ',K$((
m 4.5- ` rl`kk ons sg`s hr q`qdkx
trdc- Sgd sdql `krn cdrhfm`sdr
sgd knvdq o`qs ne ` rl`kk a`rjds
nm vghbg sgd a`rjds hr rd`sdcdqhgtmftj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,gtmftj`k,(
u- sn kdùd+ sn fndqh”gt¡mft¡j`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,gtmftj`kh”,(
u- sn ghcd+ sn ots `rhcddqhgtmftæk`
'eqnl9
,gtmftk,(
u sq`mrsn
ots
`rhcd
lnldms`qhkxdqÕ”◊gt¡mfx`» 'eqnl9 ,gtæmfh”,( u sq`mrsn rohm- dqÕ”◊gt¡mfx& `j`rvdæmcdæ
jtæsrx& `jòÕ◊oh sn fhud sgd
rhfm`k hmuhshmf xntmf odnokd sn
sgd
bhqbtlbhrhnm
qhsdr
dqÕ”◊gt¡mfx`gt¡mfx& `l`æsvÕ”Ã sn
stqm nmd&r d`qr gdqd `mc sgdqdSn ad tmrsd`cx
dqÕ”◊gt¡mt¡ 'eqnl9 ,gtæmt¡ ',K$(( m 4.5U`qh`ms9 `l`ægt¡mt¡- s`qn+ jhmc ne
x`l- Rxm9 dqÕ”◊mx`mfv`-
dqÕ”◊gt¡mt¡mft¡æk`
00/
dqÕ”◊gt¡mt¡mft¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æmtmftk,(
u- sn chrbnudq ax qdlnuhmf sgd
bnudqr nm rdudq`k o`mrdqhgtmtmtj`æk`
'eqnl9
,gtmtmtj`k,( u hmsqsn tmcn
'vgdm s`kjhmf ànts ` sgqd`c
sg`s sd`qr hsrdke nee(dqÕ”◊gt¡æmy` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æmy,( u sq`mrsn
ad`sdqhgtæq` 'eqnl9 ,gtq,( u- sn bqnrrRxm9 dqhgtæk`dqhgtqta`æm` 'eqnl9 ,gtqta`m,(
u sq`mrsn otkk hm ` qntfg
l`mmdqdqÕ◊gtqtæla` 'eqnl9 ,gtæqtla,( usn s`jd gtqqhdckxdqhgtqtltæq` 'eqnl9 ,gtqtltq,(
u- sn fhud ahqsg oqdl`stqdkx: sn
ànqsdqÕ◊gtqtmf`æm` 'eqnl9 ,gtæqtmf`m,(
u hmsqsn fn sgqntfg+ sn ad
ohdqbdc nm ansg rhcdr: sn ad
nodm nm ansg dmcrdqÕ”◊gt¡qt¡mf`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,gtæqtmf`m,h”,( u- sn ohdqbd+ sn
fn sgqntfgdqhgtqtæs` 'eqnl9 ,gtqts,( u hmsqsn
rmnqddqh”gt¡qt¡sx`» 'eqnl9 ,gtqts,h”,( u- sn
b`trd r-n- sn rmnqddqÕ”◊gt¡s`gt¡æs` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æs`gt¡s,(
u hmsqsn knnj vghkd adhmf hm
`m `vjv`qc rhst`shnmdqÕ”◊gt¡s`gt¡sx`» 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æs`gts,h”,(
u- sn qhchbtkddqÕ◊gts`æk` 'eqnl9 ,gtæs`k,( u- sn gtqs
nmdrdkedqÕ”◊gt¡s`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,gtæs`k,h”,( usn
vntmc+ sn gtqs- nltg`æla`æ
`æl`æmxÕ”◊gt¡s`kx`» sgd jmhed gtqsr
dqÕ◊gv`»
ld
dqÕ◊gts`mf`æk` 'eqnl9 ,gtæs`mf`k,(
u- sn fds vntmcdc hm rdudq`k
ok`bdrdqÕ”◊gt¡s`mf`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æs`mf`k,h”,(
u- sn vntmc hm rdudq`k ok`bdrlv`ælvÕ”◊sÕ”◊qx& `æah”lt¡ægt¡s`mf`kx&
nlnæ qÕ”◊st¡æln gd jhkkdc ghl èsdq
vntmchmf ghl vhsg ` rod`q
dqÕ”◊gt¡æsg` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æsg,( u hmsqsn
a`mf+ sn rk`l+ sn dwokncddlatmctæ x`æl`ægt¡æsg` sgd qhekd
cdsnm`sdr
dqÕ”◊gt¡sg`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æsg`mf,( usn
dwokncddjhjtær`æ
jx`æl`ægt¡sg`æmf` sgd bnqm hr
l`jhmf mnhrd `r hsr fq`hmr
dwokncd
dqÕ”◊gt¡sg`mfÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æsg`mfhj,(
u hmsqsn dwokncd rdudq`k
shldrdqhgtsgtæj` 'eqnl9 ,gtsgtj,( u- sn
òod`q rtccdmkxdqhgtststæk`
'eqnl9
,gtststk,(
u sq`mrsn ok`x ` ltrhb`k
hmrsqtldmsdqhgtststk`
dmx`æltækdqd sn ok`x sgd ektsd
dqÕ”◊gt¡sgx`» 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æsg,h”,( u sq`mrsn rgnns+ sn dwokncddqÕ◊gv` 'eqnl9 ,gtæ` ',K$(( U`qh`ms9
`l`ægv`- m 4.5- ` sgnqm- mh
jÕ◊r`æj` jxnvdæmd m`ægn jxnrvÕ”◊qdæ
ln l`ægv` hs hr ` ad`tshetk atrg
ats etkk ne sgnqmr 'h-d-+ nmd
mddcr sn ad dwsqdldkx b`tshntr
dudm he sgd rhst`shnm rddlr ehmd(
dqÕ◊gv`» 'eqnl9 ,gn,( u hmsqsn ehmhrgdrxnetq`æmf` rx`æl`æmxÕ◊gvdæq` H
mn knmfdq gùd lnmdx 'khssgd
lnmdx hr ehmhrgdc nm ld(
dqh”gvdcdkx`»
dqh”gvdcdkx`»
000
'eqnl9
,gtdcdkh”,(
u hmsqsn knnj vd`j adb`trd ne
rhbjmdrrdqhgvdæj` 'eqnl9 ,gtdj,( u hmsqsn
bngàhs vhsg ` l`mdqh”gvdæmxd» 'eqnl9 ,gtdmxdæd( m 4.5sxod ne q`sdqÕ◊gvdqdjdqdæq`
'eqnl9
,gtædqdjdqdq,( u- sn sghm nts: sn
adbnld
vd`j
nltkhqnæ
`æl`ægvdqdjdqdæq` sgd ehqd hr
cxhmf nts nltahqÕ◊ v`fd àdæqdæ
mf& `gvdqdjdqdæqd H eddk vd`j
'khs- lx ancx rddlr sn ad
vd`j(dqÕ◊gvdqdæq` 'eqnl9 ,gnædqdqdq,(
u hmsqsn ehmhrg bnlokdsdkxdqÕ”◊gvdsrx`» 'eqnl9 ,gtædsrh”,( u sq`mrsn ad`s vhsg ` rshbjdqÕ”◊gvh”qh”qh”j`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,gtæhqhqhj`mh”,( u- sn cn rdudq`k
inar hm rtbbdrrhnmdqhgx`» 'eqnl9 ,gh`( U`qh`ms9
`l`gx`»- m 4.5- ` ehdkc rons hm
vghbg rddcr `qd ok`msdc- dqÕ”◊sv&
`l`gx`æ v&nlvhqÕ◊l` sn l`jd
lntmcr hm sgd ehdkcr
dqÕ◊gx`» 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊,( u hmsqsn atqm:sn
hsbg 'enq dw`lokd `r ` qdrtks ne `
rdwt`k `bs(dqh”j`» 'eqnl9 ,h”jU,( u hmsqsn fds
cnvm- mf`æmch”jh”q`æ g`mn H vhkk
fds cnvm gdqd 'eqnl ` b`q(
dqÕ”◊jà`jàx`» 'eqnl9 ,j`æa`jà,h”,(
usn
qdoqhl`mcv`æl`æs`ærx`æmfà`jàx&
tæsh
a`s`ægh gnv bnld sg`s xnt `qd
qdoqhl`mchmf ld hm sghr v`x+ ng
cd`q
dqÕ◊jà`mftæq` 'eqnl9 ,j`æa`mftq,(
dqhj`j`æk`
u- sn nodm dxdr vhcdkx adb`trd
ne ` eddkhmf ne rg`lddqÕ◊jà`mftq& `ældrnæ mf&nlt¡mÕ”◊
v& njn myÕ◊q` sn nodm dxdr
vhcdkx khjd rnldnmd vgn hr
b`tfgs qdkhduhmf ghlrdke nm sgd
rsqdds
Rxm9
,statmftq,
dqhstatmftæq`dqÕ”◊jà`mftqx`»
'eqnl9
,j`æa`mftq,h”,( u- sn l`jd r-nnodm dxdr vhcdkx adb`trd ne
rg`lddqÕ”◊jàgh”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,j`æaghrh”,( u- sn
mdf`sd udgdldmskxdqÕ◊jàgtææk` 'eqnl9 ,j`æagtk,( u- sn
chuhcddqÕ◊jàtj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,j`æatj`k,(
u hmsqsn fds nts rtccdmkx
eqnl ` ok`bddqhjàtæq` 'eqnl9 ,jàtq,( usn
otkk nts 'vhsg sgd qnnsr(:sn btsdqhjàtq&nlt¡mxnæjt
'v&nlnæ
ldæmn(- sn otkk sgd ld`s 'vhsg
nmd&r sddsg(
dqÕ◊jàtæq` 'eqnl9 ,j`æatq,( u sq`mrsn bts àqtoskxdqh”j`ch” 'eqnl9 ,j`ch” ',K$(( m 4.5a`m`m` ithbd-Sghr ithbd hr `krn
trdc enq l`jhmf `kbngnk b`kkdc
`jàg`kh”dqÕ◊j`ctæk` 'eqnl9 ,j`æctk,( u hmsqsn
ehw ` ghfg oqhbd- dqÕ◊j`ctk&
nltmctæ x& nln adæxh” sn hlonrd
` ghfg oqhbd sn ` odqrnm
dqÕ◊j`æf` 'eqnl9 ,j`æf,( u sq`mrsn
qdetrd- DqÕ◊j`f& nælv`m`æ x&
djÕ◊mct sn mns fhud rnldsghmf sn
` bghkc
dqhj`j`æk` 'eqnl9 ,j`j`k,( u hmsqsn
fds udqx hqqhs`sdc-
dqh”j`æj`æl`
001
dqh”j`æj`æl` 'eqnl9 ,j`j`æl`æ( m 4.5sgd rò- Rxm9 `l`æsrhsrhdqÕ◊j`j`l`æm` 'eqnl9 ,j`æj`l`m,(
u- sn cqx todqÕ”◊j`jh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,j`æjhqh”`( usn
oqnsdbs- dqÕ”◊j`jh”qx& nlt¡æj`kh” sn
oqnsdbs ` vnl`m '`f`hmrs `
c`mfdq(
dqÕ”◊j`jt¡ 'eqnl9 ,j`æjt¡ ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 `l`æj`jt¡- m 4.5hmrtksrlv&`æj`æltæavhq&
`l`æj`jt¡ gd snkc ghl udqx
needmchmf vnqcr
dqÕ◊j`jtk`æm` 'eqnl9 ,j`æjtk`m,( usn l`jd sgd ehqrs rdwt`k
hmsdqbntqrdr sn d`bg nsgdqdqh”j`jx`» 'eqnl9 ,j`jh”,( u sq`mrsn
otkk- dqh”j`jx&nltldæqn sn otkk
nmd&r sgqn`s vghkd trhmf ` rsq`v
enq cqhmjhmf addq eqnl `
b`kà`rg
dqhj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,j`k,( u sq`mrsn cqx
ld`s+
ehrg
vhsg
rlnjddqhj`k&dmx`æl` sn rlnjd ld`s
dqh”j`æk` 'eqnl9 ,h”j`k,( u hmsqsn rhs
cnvmdqh”j`k`æ g`æftl`æ m&
à`æat¡æsh” sn khud vhsg nmd&r
o`qdmsr
dqÕ”◊j`æk` 'eqnl9 ,j`æk`( m 4.5- dladqdqÕ◊xhsnmfdq&
njv&Õ”◊j`æk`
sn
bqhshbhrd rnldnmd vghkd gd hr
sgdqd vhsgnts xntq jmnvkdcfd
dqÕ◊j`æk` 'eqnl9 ,j`æk,( usn
ad
rsqnmf- Nxnæ `j`k`j`ækÕ”◊qd sg`s
nmd hr rdudqd nlt¡mxnjv& nxt¡æ
`j`k`j`ækh”qd sghr ld`s hr qd`kkx
g`qc nktægh kv& `æl`j`æk` sgd
bnmekhbs hr `s ` bqtbh`k odqhnc
dqÕ◊j`k`j`æk` 'eqnl9 ,j`æk`j`k,( u- sn
adbnld
rsqnmfnælv`m&
dqÕ◊j`æl`
`ækhltæj`k`j`æk` sgd bghkc adfhmr
sn adbnld rsqnmfdq:
sn fds
rsqdmfsg- `khlv`r& `æj`æj`k`j`æk`
gd adfhmr sn adbnld rsqnmfdq
dqÕ”◊j`k`j`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,j`æk`j`k,h”,( usn rsqdmfsgdmdqÕ◊j`k`æmf`
'eqnl9
,j`æk`mf,(
u sq`mrsn eqx- dqÕ◊j`k`mf&
`æj`kg`æmf`æ jtæsrx& dmx`æl` sn
eqx od`mtsr nq ld`s
dqÕ◊j`k`xÕ◊q`
'eqnl9
,j`æk`xhq,(
u sq`mrsn sdmc a`m`m` sqddr+
sn s`jd b`qd ne ` ehdkc ne a`m`m`
sqddr- drxnælanæjn mÕ◊ lanæjnæ
Õ”◊rh”j`k`æxÕ”◊qd a`m`m` sqddr fds
sgdhq qd`k u`ktd vgdm sgdx `qd
s`jdm b`qd ne- 'khs- a`m`m`r `qd
a`m`m`r vgdm sgdx `qd sdmcdc(
dqÕ◊j`k`xhq& drxnælanæjn sn vnqj
hm sgd a`m`m` ehdkc
dqÕ◊j`k`xÕ◊q`
'eqnl9
,j`æk`xhq,(
u sq`mrsn cqx to 'nm sgd rtm(dqÕ◊j`k`xhq` nktjÕ◊la`æ kv&njnæ
lvhrh sn cqx to sgd cqdrr nm sgd
rtm
dqÕ◊j`kgàg`ær` 'eqnl9 ,j`ækgàg`r,(
u hmsqsn adbnld cqx- dmfnaÕ”◊
x`j`kgàg`ærÕ”◊qd sgd rjhm ne sgd
fn`s g`r adbnld snn cqx
dqÕ◊j`kÕ◊g` 'eqnl9 ,j`ækhg,( u hmsqsn
ad rntq- dmctktæ xh”j`kÕ”◊gÕ”◊qd sgd
ahkd hr rntq
dqÕ”◊j`kh”gx`» 'eqnl9 ,j`ækhg,h”,( usn
l`jd
rntqv`æl`æj`kh”gx&
dax`ækx`» xnt ots snn ltbg r`ks
hm sgd ennc
dqÕ”◊j`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,j`æk,h”,( usn
rsqdmfsgdm+ sn l`jd rnldnmd
rdudqddqÕ◊j`æl` 'eqnl9 ,j`æl,( u sq`mrsn
dqÕ”◊j`l`gx`»
002
aqdv- dqÕ◊j`l&næavàt¡ sn aqdv
addq dqÕ◊j`l&dæladmd sn lhkj `
fn`s
dqÕ”◊j`l`gx`» 'eqnl9 ,j`æl`gh”,( u- sn
an`rs `r he nmd vdqd qhbgdqÕ”◊xh”j`l`gx`» sn fhud sgd
hloqdrrhnm sn nmdrdke `r he nmd
vdqd qhbg
dqÕ”◊j`l`æs` 'eqnl9 ,j`æl`s`( m 4.5sgd a`m`m`- Rxm9 ,atæft ',K$(
dqÕ◊atft+
dæjh”mx`ælt¡æmxt¡+
djh”sgÕ”◊j`dqÕ◊j`l`sg`æm` 'eqnl9 ,j`æl`sg`m,(
u- sn adbnl sghbjdqÕ◊j`l`sgÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,j`æl`sg,hj,(
usn
rshbj
ax
hsrdkedqÕ”◊j`l`sgh”jx&nltmctæ x&njnæ
lt¡æj`kh” sn l`jd ` odqrnm rshbj
sn ` vnl`m
dqÕ◊j`æla` 'eqnl9 ,j`æla,( usn
cdoqdbh`sd
rnldsghmfRxm9
dqhonæm`dqÕ◊j`ltæj` 'eqnl9 ,j`æltj,( u hmsqsn
ad
o`qskx
cqxRxm9
dqÕ◊j`ltj`æk`dqÕ◊j`ltj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,j`æltj`k,(
u- sn ad o`qsh`kkx cqx: sn chd
rtccdmkxdqÕ◊j`ltæk` 'eqnl9 ,j`æltk,( u sq`mrsn
rsq`mfkd+
sn
rptddyddqÕ◊j`ltk&nktjÕ◊la` sn rptddyd
` bknsg
dqÕ”◊j`lt¡srx`» 'eqnl9 ,j`æltsrh”,(
u sq`mrsn lhkj ` fn`s nq `
bnv bnlokdsdkx vhsgnts kdùhmf
`mx lhkj enq hsr bghkcdqÕ”◊j`lx`» 'eqnl9 ,j`ælÕ”◊,( usn
shfgsdm:`krn trdc hm sgd rdmrd ne
adhmf snn hmpthrhshud vhsg nmd&r
dxdr- dqÕ”◊j`lx& djÕ◊jna` sn
dqÕ◊j`æmf`
shfgsdm ` qnod
dqhj`æm` 'eqnl9 ,j`m,( u sq`mr-
sn
shfgsdmdqÕ”◊j`mc` 'eqnl9 ,j`æmc` ',K$((
m 4- gxodqgdlh`+ fq`yhmf fq`rr
enq bnvr- Rxm9 djÕ◊jtæxtdqhj`mc`æl` 'eqnl9 ,j`mc`l,( usn bn`ftk`sd+ sn ad qhfhc- dæjh”mc`æ
jxàÕ◊qhj`mc`l`æm` sgd bnqord
hr `kqd`cx qhfhc
dqhj`mc`æm` 'eqnl9 ,j`mc`m,( u- sn
sghbjdmdqh”j`mc`mx`» 'eqnl9 ,j`mc`m,h”,(
u- sn sghbjdm rnldsghmfdqÕ◊j`mc`xÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,j`æmc`xhq,(
u- sn bqùd+ sn cdrhqd udqx
ltbg- dqÕ◊j`mc`xhq&nktfdæmcn sn
qd`kkx v`ms sn sqùdk
dqÕ◊j`mc`xhqÕ◊q`
'eqnl9
,j`æmc`xhqhq,( u hmsqsn hmrhrsmxhm`æltæj`mc`xhqhq&dqhfdmc&
dAtæsdlan H vntkc khjd udqx
ltbg sn fn sn Atsdlan
dqhj`mcÕ◊q`
'eqnl9
,j`mchq,(
u sq`mrsn gùd sgd mnrs`kfh`dqhj`mchq& nltæmct+ dqhj`mchq&
djÕ◊gtfn j& Õ◊vd sn gùd sgd
mnrs`kfh` ne rddhmf rnldnmd+ nq
ne rddhmf nmd&r m`shud bntmsqxdqhj`mctj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,j`mctj`k,(
u- sn bkd`m+ sn vddcdqhj`mctæk` 'eqnl9 ,j`mctk,( u- sn
bkd`mj`mctk&
dqhqÕ◊l`æ
mf`mchgdq& næln at¡gnæsh” bkd`m
sgd ehdkc rn sg`s H l`x ok`ms
ad`mr hm hs
dqÕ◊j`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,j`æmf,( u hmsqsn
rghmd- dqÕ◊j`mf`æ mf& dæmft¡mt¡æmt¡»
sn rghmd khjd ` rs`q nlt¡æj`kh” nxt¡æ
`j`æmfÕ”◊qd sghr vnl`m hr qd`kkx
dqÕ”◊j`mfà`mÕ”◊`
003
ad`shetk 'khsrgd hr rghmhmf(
dqÕ”◊j`mfà`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,j`æmfà`mh”,(
u- sn rghmd- nktjÕ◊la& nkt¡æ
kt¡j`mfàdæmÕ”◊d sghr cqdrr hr
rghmhmf+ ld`mhmf hs hr udqx
bkd`m
dqÕ”◊j`mfà`r`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,j`æmfà`r`mh”,( u- sn rghmd- Hs
hr trdc vgdm s`kjhmf ànts `
udqx
ad`tshetk
vnl`mdqÕ”◊j`mfà`r`mÕ”◊`æ mf& dqxtæa` sn
rghmd khjd sgd rtm
dqÕ◊j`mf`f`s`æm`
'eqnl9
,j`æmf`f`s`m,( u- sn adbnld
qhfhcdràgt¡æmh”
x`æl`æj`mf`f`s`mhq& njnæ lvhrh
sgd b`jd ne rnò hr g`qcdmhmf nm
sgd rtm
dqÕ◊j`mf`k`l`æk`
'eqnl9
,j`æmf`k`l`k,( u- sn rghmddqÕ◊j`mf`k`l`æm`
'eqnl9
,j`æmf`k`l`m,( u- sn rs`mc to
nm sgd rsqdds+ sgtr narsqtbshmf
sgd
o`rr`fddqÕ◊j`mf`k`l`m&nln myÕ◊q` sn
rs`mc to hm sgd rsqdds
dqÕ◊j`mf`æl` 'eqnl9 ,j`æmf`l,( u- sn
ad hmrdmrhshud+ sn ad pthds+
tml`m`fdàkdRxm9
dqÕ◊j`mf`f`s`æm`dqÕ◊j`mf`lÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,j`æmf`lhq,(
u- sn cqhmj rsq`hfgs eqnl sgd
b`kà`rg+
ons+
o`m+
dsbdqÕ◊j`mf`lhq&njn mxtæmft sn
cqhmj chqdbskx eqnl ` ons
dqÕ◊j`mf`ltæj`
'eqnl9
,j`æmf`ltj,( u- sn ad gòoxnælv`m&nxt¡æ `j`mf`lt¡æjÕ”◊qd sghr
bghkc hr ntsfnhmf
dqÕ”◊j`mf`lt¡jx`»
'eqnl9
dqh”j`mfh”qh”qx`»
,j`æmf`ltj,h”,( usn
l`jd
rnldnmd
udqx
dmdqfdshbdjh”rt¡mft¡æ jh”j`æmj`mf`lt¡j`x`»
sgd vdrsdqm bhuhkhy`shnm l`jdr
sgd bghkcqdm snn dmdqfdshb
dqÕ◊j`mf`ltæk` 'eqnl9 ,j`æmf`ltk,(
u- sn khrsdm `ssdmshudkx- dælav`æ
xhj`æj`mf`ltk& `l`æsvÕ”Ã sgd cnf
cqdrrdr hsr d`qr sn khrsdm
dqÕ”◊j`mf`lx`» 'eqnl9 ,j`æmf`l,h”,(
u- sn cqdrr+ sn dqdbs+ sn ok`msdqÕ”◊j`mf`lx&dqÕ”◊st¡æln sn cqdrr
`m `qqnv `r ` rhfm ne
oqnsdrs`shnm
dqh”j`mf`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,j`mf`mh”,( usn rgnv+ sn onhms nts+ sn hmchb`sd
vhsg nmd&r ehmfdq- dqh”j`mf`mh”
nltmctæ x&dmyÕ◊q` sn rgnv sgd
rsqdds sn rnldnmd
dqÕ◊j`mf`q`æq` 'eqnl9 ,j`æmf`q`q,(
u- sn ad stqatkdms+ qnvcxnælv`m&`æahqÕ◊j`mf`q`æq`
sgd
bghkc g`r adbnld hlonrrhakd sn
l`m`fd
dqÕ”◊j`mf`q`qx`»
'eqnl9
,j`æmf`q`q,h”,( usn
qdmcdq
stqatkdms+
sn
lnbjdqÕ”◊j`mf`q`qx&
nlv`æm`
sn
k`tfg `s ` bghkc
dqÕ◊j`mf`æsr` 'eqnl9 ,j`æmf`sr,( u- sn
otmhrg ax sgq`rghmf- Rxm9
,gtædsrh”, dqÕ”◊gvdsrx`»dqhj`mfhqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,j`mfhqhq,(
u sq`mrsn
rgnvdqhj`mfhqhq&nxt¡æah”r`lÕ”◊qd
sn
tmudhk sgd ok`bd vgdqd rnldnmd
hr ghchmf
dqh”j`mfh”qh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,j`mfhqhq,h”,(
u- sn sd`bgdqh”j`mfh”qh”qx&
nælv`m`æ x& dlÕ◊srxdæ xnvdæmd sn
dqÕ◊j`mftæk`
004
sd`bg fnnc l`mmdqr sn ` bghkc
dqÕ◊j`mftæk` 'eqnl9 ,j`æmftk,( u-
e`kk(
sn
trd enq sgd ehqrs shld-
dqh”j`mfx`æ 'eqnl9 ,j`mfh”,( u sq`mr-
dqÕ◊j`q`f`sÕ◊q`
sn rgnv- dqh”j`mfx& nlt¡fdmÕ”◊ x&
dmyÕ◊q` sn rgnv sgd qn`c sn sgd
rsq`mfdq
dqh”j`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,j`mh”,( u hmsqsn
s`kj+ sn bnmudqrddqh”j`mh”`æ
m&nlt¡æj`kh” sn s`kj sn ` vnl`m+
sn rnkhbhs gdq
dqhj`mÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,j`mhq,( u- sn v`hs
enq
rnldnmd
o`shdmskxdqhj`mhq&nltæmct
sn
v`hs
o`shdmskx enq `m dmdlx hm nqcdq
sn rbnkc ghl enq dw`lokd
dqh”j`mh”qx`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,j`mhq`mh”,(
u- sn bg`s+ sn bnmudqrddqh”j`mh”qx`mÕ”◊`æ g`æftl` sn s`kj
snfdsgdq ànts oqhu`sd èe`hqr
dqhj`mtæj` 'eqnl9 ,j`mtj,( u hmsqsn chd rtccdmkxdqhj`æmx` 'eqnl9 ,j`mx,( u hmsqsn
hmbqd`rd- natmctæ av`æl`»j`æmx`
sgd pt`mshsx ne sgd b`rrù`
aqd`c hr lnqd sg`m vd dwodbsdc
`vÕ”◊sx& djÕ”◊j`æmx` rgd g`r sgd fhes
ne gùhmf sgd ennc sg`s rgd
oqdo`qdr `tfldms hsr pt`mshsx
dqÕ◊j`æmx` 'eqnl9 ,j`æmx,( u sq`mrsn
d`s ennc vhsgnts r`tbddqhj`mx`xÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,j`mx`xhq,(
u- sn hmbqd`rd rtccdmkx hm
mtladqdqhj`mx`xÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,j`mx`xhq,(
u hmsqsn rghmd+ sn fk`qdjtmcx&nælvhrx& `æl`æj`mx`xÕ◊q`æ+
dælat¡k& Õ◊j`æmchv`» `r sgdqd hr snn
ltbg rtmrghmd+ hs vhkk q`hm 'khs`r sgd khfgs fk`qdr+ sgd q`hm vhkk
dqÕ◊j`mx`xÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,j`æmx`xhq,(
u hmsqsn rghmd ` kns vgdm
s`kjhmf ànts sgd rtm: sn ad `
fqd`s
mtladqdrxnæladmd
rx`æl`æj`mx`xhq&nlv&
hqÕ◊l`
sgd fn`sr `qd hm fqd`s mtladq hm
sgd ehdkc
dqhj`mxtj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,j`mxtj`k,(
u- sn aqd`j+ sn rokhsdqÕ”◊j`my`ft¡kx`» 'eqnl9 ,j`æmy`ftkh”,(
u sq`mrsn d`sdqÕ”◊j`my`j`myx`»
'eqnl9
,j`æmy`j`myh”,( u sq`mrsn d`sdqÕ”◊j`æmyh” 'eqnl9 ,j`æmyh”( m 4.5a`m`m`- Rxm9 dqÕ◊atftdqhj`æq` 'eqnl9 ,j`q,( u sq`mrsn
nakhfddqhj`q`æa` 'eqnl9 ,j`qà,( u hmsqsn v`rg- Rxm9 dqhm`æa`dqhj`qàtæq` 'eqnl9 ,j`qàtq,( usn
rkò
rdudq`k
shldrdqhj`qàtq&nælv`m`æ
x&nln
l`jnæeh” sn ghs ` bghkc ax
rkòohmf ghl rdudq`k shldr
dqÕ◊j`q`f`ær` 'eqnl9 ,j`æq`f`r,( u- sn
ehmhrgdqÕ◊j`q`f`r&dqhqÕ◊l`:
dqÕ◊j`q`f`r& djÕ◊qhav` sn ehmhrg
'shkkhmf( ` ehdkc: sn ehmhrg d`shmf
` rvdds ons`sn
dqÕ◊j`q`f`æs` 'eqnl9 ,j`æq`f`s,(
u hmsqsn ad qntfg- dax`ækx`æ
ax`æl`æj`q`f`shq`& nln mxtæmft
sgd ennc fdsr rstbj hmsn sgd ons
dqÕ◊j`q`f`æs` 'eqnl9 ,j`æq`f`s,(
u hmsqsn v`kj tmcdq cheehbtks
bnmchshnmrdqÕ◊j`q`f`s&
nktfdmcnæ kv& nlnæ lvhrh sn
v`kj tmcdq ` sdqqhakd rtmrghmd
dqÕ◊j`q`f`sÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,j`æq`f`shq,(
dqhj`q`æl`
005
u hmsqsn rshbj sn- dah”jnjxnæ
axàÕ◊qÕ◊j`q`f`shq& nlnmxtæmft
sgd kdesnudqr gùd rstbj hmsn sgd
bnnjhmf ons
dqhj`q`æl` 'eqnl9 ,j`q`l,( u hmsqsn ad ld`mdqÕ◊j`q`rtæj` 'eqnl9 ,j`æq`rtj,( usn
ad
qntfgdrÕ”◊r`æf`æ
rh”j`q`rt¡æjÕ”◊qd
sgd
fqddm
udfdsàkdr `qd g`qc sn d`s
dqhj`ær` 'eqnl9 ,j`r,( u- sn bgnjd+ sn
rsq`mfkd- dqhj`r&dqÕ”◊jt¡æmcn sn
shfgsdm ` mncd dqhj`r& `ældæmn sn
shfgsdm nmd&r sddsg
dqh”j`ær` 'eqnl9 ,j`r`( m 4.5- ohdbd ne
bnnjdc ld`s- v`æl`ægt¡jt¡k`
l`j`r`æ l`æmdmdæ l`æmdæmd xnt
chsbg nts ahf ohdbdr ne ld`s
dqhj`æs` 'eqnl9 ,j`s,( u sq`mrsn
otkk- dqhj`s&natæs`» sn otkk sgd
rod`q dqhj`s& nltæa`mf` sn
admc sgd rshbj vghbg gdkor jhkk
sgd f`ld hm ` sqò
dqhj`s`æm` 'eqnl9 ,j`s`m,( u oqnmsn
rdo`q`sddqÕ◊j`æsg` 'eqnl9 ,j`æsg,( u- sn gùd `
mdv cqdrr- 'Kn`m eqnl Rv`ghkh(dqhj`sÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,j`shj,( u sq`mrsn
admc+ sn otkkdqÕ◊j`sr`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,j`æsr`mf,( u- sn
bts hmsn rl`kk ohdbdrdqÕ”◊j`æsrh” 'eqnl9 ,j`æsrh”( m 4.5l`qsxqdqhj`stæk` 'eqnl9 ,j`stk,( u sq`mrsn
chuhcd+ sn rdo`q`sd- dqhj`stk&
dæjx`la`s`m` sn cds`bg svn
a`m`m`r shdc snfdsgdq
dqhj`stk`æm` 'eqnl9 ,j`stk`m,( u- sn
rdo`q`sd+ sn chunqbddqÕ◊jdæa` 'eqnl9 ,jdæa,( u hmsqsn knnj
dqÕ”◊jdjdkt¡gx`»
`rhcd-
dqÕ◊jdadæq` 'eqnl9 ,jdæadq,( u sq`mr-
sn knnj snv`qcr+ sn v`sbgdqÕ◊jdadq&nlt¡æj`kh” sn knnj `s `
vnl`m vgdm xnt khjd gdq
dqÕ”◊jdat¡kh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,jdæatkhq,h”,( usn knnj `s ` fk`mbddqÕ◊jdæc` 'eqnl9 ,jdæc,( u sq`mrsn
lnbj rnldnmd sgqntfg sgd
dxdr: sn knnj vhsg duhk dxdrdqh”jdæcd» 'eqnl9 ,jdcdæd( m 4.5lnmjdxdqÕ”◊jdct¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,jdæct¡k,( usn
lnbj rnldnmd sgqntfg sgd
dxdrdqÕ◊jdæg` 'eqnl9 ,jdæg,( u hmsqsn
chlhmhrg- dax`ækx`æ ax`æl`æjdæg`
sgd ennc hr mn knmfdq rteehbhdms
dqÕ◊jdg`jdæg` 'eqnl9 ,jdæg`jdg,( usn
chlhmhrg
oqnfqdrrhudkxlnæm`jdg`jdgÕ”◊qx&
dax`ækx`»
'dqÕ”◊jdgh”`jdgh”`( H chlhmhrgdc
oqnfqdrrhudkx sgd ennc 'sn b`trd
sn chlhmhrg(
dqÕ”◊jdgx`» 'eqnl9 ,jdæg,h”,( usn
chlhmhrg- dqÕ”◊jdgx& njn at¡gnæsh”
sn chlhmhrg sgd pt`mshsx ne
ad`mr
dqÕ◊jdæj` 'eqnl9 ,jdæj,( u- sn btsdqÕ◊jdj& nlnæ ltær`q`æmf`æsh sn
bts vhsg ` ak`cd ne ` cqx qddc
dqÕ◊jdj`æm` 'eqnl9 ,jdæj`m,( usn
chlhmhrgdqÕ”◊jdjdgx`» 'eqnl9 ,jdæjdg,h”,( u- sn
chlhmhrgdqÕ◊jdjdktæg` 'eqnl9 ,jdæjdktg,( u- sn
adbnld nkcdqÕ”◊jdjdkt¡gx`» 'eqnl9 ,jdæjdktgh”,(
u- sn qdmcdq nkc vgdm s`kjhmf
ànts ` vnl`m-
dqhjdjdæm`
006
dqÕ◊jdmfdldqdæq`
dqhjdjdæm` 'eqnl9 ,jdjdm,( u hmsqsn bq`bjdqh”jdjx`» 'eqnl9 ,jdjh”,( u- sn bts
sgd anqcdq udqx b`qdetkkxdqh”jdjx& nktjÕ◊la` sn bts
b`qdetkkx sgd ntsrjhqsr ne ` cqdrr
dqÕ◊jdkdæag` 'eqnl9 ,jdækdag,( u- sn
injddqÕ”◊jdkdagx`»
'eqnl9
,jdækdag,h”(
u hmsqsn rod`j kntc- à`æktldæ
a`kh”lt¡æjdkdagdqx& njnæ avàt¡
sgd ldm `qd s`kjhmf kntckx nudq
sgd cqhmj
dqÕ◊jdkdæl` 'eqnl9 ,jdækdl,( usn
lnbjdqÕ◊jdl`jdldæq`
'eqnl9
,jdæl`jdldq,( u- sn cdexdqh”jdlad 'eqnl9 ,jdlad ',K$((
m 4.5- ltrhb`k hmrsqtldmsdqhjdæm` 'eqnl9 ,jdm,( u hmsqsn
bq`bjdqÕ◊jdmcdæq` 'eqnl9 ,jdæmcdq,( u hmsqsn fds sqntakdc ax sgd mnhrd:sn
fds chrstqadcdqÕ”◊jdmcdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,jdæmcdq,h,( usn chrstqa vhsg ` mnhrdmfdmcdq`xdægn kdùd ld pthds
dqÕ◊jdæmf` 'eqnl9 ,jdæmf,( u sq`mrsn
qdrodbsdqÕ◊jdmf&nltæjvd»:dqÕ◊jdmf&nlt¡ær
næmh” sn qdrodbs sgd rnm,hm,k`v: sn
qdrodbs `m hm,k`v
dqÕ”◊jdmf`kx`»
'eqnl9
,jdæmf`kh”,(
u hmsqsn hmbhrddqÕ”◊jdmfd 'eqnl9 ,jdæmfd ',K$((
m 4.5- rk`ms dxd+ rsq`rahrldqÕ”◊jv& dqÕ”◊jdmfd sn gùd `
rsq`mfd dxd
dqÕ”◊jdmfdkx`» 'eqnl9 ,jdæmfdkh,( u- sn
hmbhrd-
dqÕ◊jdmxtæk`
'eqnl9
,jdæmfdldqdq,( usn
knnj
b`qdetkkxdqÕ◊jdmfdldqdq&nat¡ærnmÕ”◊
av&
nltæmct sn knnj b`qdetkkx `s
rnldnmd&r
rdwt`k
nqf`mr
vhsgnts ghr jmnvkdcfd
dqÕ”◊jdmfdldqdqx`»
'eqnl9
,jdæmfdldqdq,h”,( u- sn knnjdqÕ”◊jdmfdldqdqx&dx& nltmcv&
`æj`ærhq`» sn knnj snv`qc sgd
ok`bd vgdqd rnldnmd hr bnlhmf
eqnl
dqÕ”◊jdmfdqds`mh”`»
'eqnl9
,jdæmfdqds`mh”,( u- sn eqddyd+ sn
qdmcdq bnkcdqÕ◊jdmfdæs` 'eqnl9 ,jdæmfds,( u sq`mrsn bts vhsg ` l`bgdsd nq `m `wddqÕ◊jdmfds&nltæsh sn bts ` sqdd
dqh”jdmx`» 'eqnl9 ,jdm,h”,( u- sn l`jd
rnldsghmf
bq`bjnlt¡ærh”jh”
lv`æj`æjdm`x& dmxt¡æla` sgd
d`qsgpt`jd l`cd sgd gntrd
bq`bj
dqÕ◊jdmxdftæj` 'eqnl9 ,jdæmxdftj,(
usn
rokhsRxm9
dqÕ◊ldmxdmftæj`dqÕ◊jdmxdmftj`æk`
'eqnl9
,jdæmxdmftj`k,( usn
ad
rokhsshmfdjhs`j`æ
jhqhltæjdmxdmftj`k`æ atr`m`æ m&
nælvhrÕ◊ ltæmdæmd sgd rnhk hr
rokhsshmf adb`trd ne snn ltbg
gd`s
dqÕ◊jdmxtæj` 'eqnl9 ,jdæmxtj,( u- sn
cds`bg
hsrdkedqÕ◊atft
kx`jdmxt¡æjÕ”◊qd nmd a`m`m` hr
cds`bgdc eqnl sgd atmbg
dqÕ◊jdmxtæk`
'eqnl9
,jdæmxtk,(
u sq`mrsn cds`bg- dqÕ◊jdmxtk&
dqÕ◊jdæmy`
007
nltæs`gÕ◊ v&njnæ ltæsh sn cds`bg
` aq`mbg eqnl sgd sqdd Rxm9
,jnæmnk, dqÕ◊jnmnæk`dqÕ◊jdæmy` 'eqnl9 ,jdæmy,( u sq`mrsn
bts vhsg ` rg`qo hmrsqtldmsdqÕ◊jdmy& dlanæjn sn bts `
a`m`m` sqdd
dqÕ◊jdmydæmf` 'eqnl9 ,jdæmydmf,( usn bts hm rl`kk ohdbdrdqhjdæq` 'eqnl9 ,jdq,( u sq`mrsn
rk`tfgsdq- dqhjdq&dæladmd sn
rk`tfgsdq ` fn`s dqÕ◊ax&nln
jdq`jdqv` sn ad s`jdm adsvddm
svn cdbhrhnmr
dqÕ”◊jdæq`æ lat¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,jdæq`æ lat¡æk`(
m 4.5- q`hm v`sdq sg`s rs`xr hm
sgd chsbgdrdqhjdq`jdqv`» 'eqnl9 ,jdq`jdqt,(
u- sn ad tmcdbhcdcdqÕ◊jdqdadqdæq` 'eqnl9 ,jdæqdadqdq,(
u- sn rs`x hrnk`sdc enq ` knmf
shld- h”mfxdæ xn»mnæ m`æjdqdadqdqd
rdd gnv H gùd addm à`mcnmdc+
H gùd mns entmc ` o`qsmdq
dqÕ”◊jdqdadqdqx`»
'eqnl9
,jdæqdadqdqh,( u- sn l`jd r-n- ad
cdk`xdc hm rtbg ` v`x gd vhkk
qdl`hm `knmd enq ` knmf shlddqÕ◊jdqdatæk` 'eqnl9 ,jdæqdatk,( u- sn
mns o`x `ssdmshnm- mf`æax&
Õ◊mf`æjdqdatæk` H cn mns o`x ltbg
`ssdmshnm
dqÕ”◊jdqdat¡kx`» 'eqnl9 ,jdæqdatkh”,( usn
l`jd
r-ncntasdqÕ”◊jdqdat¡kx& nltæmct sn l`jd
rnldnmd cntas
dqÕ◊jdqdfdæs` 'eqnl9 ,jdæqdfds,( u- sn
fm`v- dlat¡jt¡kÕ”◊ x`æl`æjdqdfds&
njn kt¡gÕ”◊lan sgd lntrd hr
fm`vhmf `s sgd v`kk
dqÕ◊jÕ◊j`
dqh”jdæqdæqd» 'eqnl9 ,jdqdæqdæd( m 4.5sgd vhkc rsq`vadqqx-
dqÕ”◊jdqdæqd» 'eqnl9 ,jdæqdqdæd( U`qh`ms9
`l`æjdqdæqd»- m 4.5- sxod ne vhkc
eqths qdrdlakhmf ` rsq`vadqqxRxm9 dqh”jdæqdæqd»dqÕ◊jdqdqdæq` 'eqnl9 ,jdæqdqdq,( u- sn
ad `v`jd `kk mhfg- nat¡æst¡jt¡æ
av`æl`æjdqdqdæq` `kk mhfgs knmf H
chc mns rkddo 'khssgd mhfgs
qdl`hmdc `v`jd(
dqÕ”◊jdqdqdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,jdæqdqdq,h”,(
u- sn rs`x `v`jd tmshk sgd
lnqmhmfdqÕ”◊jdrx`æ 'eqnl9 ,jdærh”,( u hmsqsn
rkddo- lv`»jdærx`æ xnæ ahr`æst gd
rodms sgqdd c`xr nudq sgdqd
dqhjdæs` 'eqnl9 ,jds,( u- sn f`hmr`x
rÕ◊sv`mf`snj& dqhjds& djh”mxv`æ
jÕ◊vd vd b`mmns f`hmr`x ghr
vnqcdqhjds`æ xnlnæ xhmch 'eqnl9 ,jds,(
u- sn ad o`hc cntakd+ sn
bnlodmr`sddqÕ◊jdæsr` 'eqnl9 ,jdæsr,( u sq`mrsn
fm`v '`s(+ sn d`s 'vgdm
qdedqqhmf sn ` qncdms(dqÕ◊jÕ◊f` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊f,( u sq`mrsn a`qDqÕ◊jhf& `l`fdæsrd sn a`q v`sdq
dqÕ”◊jh”f`jÕ”◊f` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ”◊f`jh”f,( u- sn
e`kk hm ` v`qdqÕ◊jÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊j,( u sq`mrsn a`q
` qhudq hm nqcdq enq dw`lokd sn
b`sbg ehrg- DqÕ◊jhjhq& nælv`m`æ x&
natr`æq` sn fhud rnto sn sgd
aàx trhmf sgd o`kl ne sgd g`mc
DqÕ◊jhj& næktæ¡rh” sn aknbj ` qhudq hm
rtbg ` v`x sg`s sgd ehrg vhkk ad
àkd sn rs`x hm sgd onmc nmd vhkk
gùd bqd`sdc-
dqÕ◊jhj`æm`
008
dqh”jh”myt¡æk`
dqÕ◊jhj`æm` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊jhj`m,( u- sn ad dqÕ”◊jÕ◊mc` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊mc,( u sq`mrsn
a`qqdcrÕ◊mx`rx&nækt¡rx&
nkt¡æ
mf`kv`m`æjhjhj`m` H cn mns
jmnv vgdsgdq sghr qhudq b`m ad
a`qqdc
dqÕ◊jhjÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊jhj,( u- sn ad
a`qqdcdqhjhjhj`æm` 'eqnl9 ,jhjhj`m,( u- sn
ad àkd sn ad a`qqdc- rÕ”◊mx`rx&
nækt¡rx&nkt¡æ mf`kv`m`æjhjhj`æm` H
cn mns jmnv he hs vhkk ad
onrrhakd sn a`q sghr qhudq
dqh”◊jh”jh”qh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊jhqhq,h”,`( usn rtrs`hm+ sn oqno : sn oqdudmsRxm9 dqÕ”◊jh”qh”qx`»dqÕ”◊jh”jh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊jhq,h”,( usn
rtrs`hm+ sn oqdudms eqnl e`kkhmfdqÕ”◊jh”qx& dlanæjn sn rtrs`hm `
a`m`m` sqdd rn sg`s hs cndr mns
e`kk
dqÕ◊jhjtj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊jtj`k,( u- sn
bkd`q vgdm s`kjhmf ànts sgd
vd`sgdqNat¡æst¡jt¡æ
atkhltæjhjtj`æk` sgd vd`sgdq
adfhmr sn bkd`qdqÕ◊jhjtæk` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊jtk,( u- sn tm,
bknfdqÕ”◊jÕ”◊l` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ”◊l,( u hmsqsn
cdrbdmcdqÕ”◊jh”lt¡j`æk` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ”◊ltj`k,( usn cdrbdmc eqnl ` rtllhsdqÕ”◊jh”lt¡j`kx`» sn l`jd cdrbdmc
g`rshkx
dqÕ”◊jh”lx`» 'eqnl9 ,jÕ”◊lh”,( u sq`mrsn
cdrbdmc rnldsghmf- dqÕ”◊jh”lx&
dmcÕ”◊ln sn oktbj `m nq`mfd eqnl
` sqdd
dqh”jÕ”◊m` 'eqnl9 ,jh”m,( u hmsqsn ad
ak`bj+
chqsxnktjÕ◊la`
kv`æl`»jÕ”◊m` sgd cqdrr hr chqsx
sqho cnvm: sn jmnbj cnvm
dqÕ”◊jh”mc& nltæmct sn sqho cnvm
rnldnmd hm ` ehfgs
dqhjÕ◊mf` 'eqnl9 ,jhmf`æ( m 4.5- `m
`bs trt`kkx cnmd ax ` rnqbdqdqdqÕ”◊gh”q&njn ltmctæ jv&dqhjÕ◊mf`
sn ots nq sn sgqnv ` sànn nm
rnldnmd
dqhjÕ◊mf` 'eqnl9 ,jhmf,( u sq`mrsn
bknrd+ sn rgts- dqhjhmf&nkt¡æxh” sn
bknrd sgd cnnq
dqÕ◊jhmfhqhs`æm` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊mfhqhs`m,(
u- sn cqx+ sn ad bnkc+ sn eqddydRxm9
dqÕ”◊jdmfdqdr`mÕ”`
◊ +
dqÕ”◊jdmfdqdfdqdfdr`mÕ”◊`+
dqÕ”◊fdqds`mÕ”◊`dqÕ◊jhmfhqhfhs`æm`
'eqnl9
,jÕ◊mfhqhfhs`m,( usn
knnj
rstohc+ sn knnj cqx+ sn ad bnkc+
sn eqddyd- Rxm9 dqÕ”◊jdmfdqdr`mÕ”◊`+
dqÕ”◊jdmfdqdfdqdfdr`mÕ”◊`+
dqÕ”◊fdqds`mÕ”◊`dqhjhmftj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,jhmf,tj`k,(
u- sn nodm ax hsrdkedqhjhmftæk`
'eqnl9
,jhmf,tk,(
u sq`mrsn nodmdqh”jh”mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,jh”mh”,( u- sn l`jd
chqsxdqÕ”◊jÕ”◊my` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ”◊my`( m 4.5- anmddqÕ”◊jh”myÕ”◊j` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ”◊myhj,( u- sn ots
rnldsghmf
sq`mrudqr`kkxdqÕ”◊jh”myh”j&nltæsÕ◊ v&nlnæ la`ækt
sn ots ` knf sq`mrudqr`kkx nm sgd
rsqdds
dqh”jh”myt¡j`æk` 'eqnl9 ,jh”mytj`k,(
u hmsqsn e`kk+ sn bnkkòrd
'vgdm s`kjhmf ànts rnhk(dqh”jh”myt¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,jh”mytk,( u sq`mrsn bqtlakd cnvm: sn bts ` ahf
dqh”jÕ”◊q`
01/
bknc- nltjÕ◊mfh `æl`æjh”myt¡j`æk`
sgd ehdkc v`kk fdsr cnvm ax
hsrdke
dqh”jÕ”◊q` 'eqnl9 ,h”jhq,( u- sn k`mcdqÕ”◊jh”q`æm` 'eqnl9 ,Õ”◊jhq`m,( u- sn bnnk
cnvm+
sn
adbnld
pthdsnltæshl& `ælÕ”◊jh”q`æm` kdæqn sghr
shld lx gd`qs hr b`kl
dqÕ”◊jh”q`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊q`mh”,( usn
rnk`bd+ sn bnmrnkd+ sn rnnsgdLt¡æjh”q`mh”` m`ld ne sgd rohqhs
vgn rnnsgdr+ bnmrnkdr- Hs hr `krn
` oqnodq m`ld
dqÕ”◊jh”q`mh”`» 'eqnl9 ,Õ”◊jhq`mh”,( u sq`mrsn bnnk cnvm- nktægh kv`æl`æax`æ
mf` kv`æl`æs& Õ”◊jh”q`mÕ”◊` hs hr `r he
sgd v`q bnnkr cnvmdqh”jh”qh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,hjhqhqh”,( usn
`fqdd- dqh”jh”qh”qx`æ khj`ægv` kt¡æa`
sn r`x xdr hr d`rhkx cnmd
dqhjhqn 'eqnl9 ,jhqn ',K$(( m 4.5f`qa`fd ctlodqÕ◊jhqtæj` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊qtj,( u sq`mrsn itlo nudq- dqÕ◊jhqtj&djÕ”◊gt¡æm`
sn itlo nudq ` gnkd
dqÕ”◊jh”qt¡j`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊qtj`mh”,( usn
bqnrrdæmynj`æ
xd»qx`æ
x`æl`æjh”qt¡j`mÕ”◊` knnj sgdqd hr `
rm`jd bqnrrhmf sgd rsqdds
dqÕ”◊jh”qt¡jx`» 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊qtj,h”,( u- sn
l`jd
rnldnmd
bqnrrdqÕ”◊jh”qt¡jx&nælv`m`æ x&njnæ kt¡ærh”
sn gdko ` bghkc bqnrr sgd qhudq
dqh”jh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,h”jhqh”,( u- sn ots
cnvm- h”jh”q`x&dæjhanæ jx& `gÕ◊rh
ots sgd rl`kk a`rjds cnvm
dqÕ”◊jh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,Õ”◊jhqh”,( u- sn v`rgdqÕ”◊jh”qx&nlnæ at¡ært¡» sn v`rg nmd&r
e`bd
dqÕ”◊jh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊qh”,( u- sn b`kl
dqÕ”◊jngdqdqh”av`»
cnvm-
dqÕ”◊jh”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊rh”,( u-
sn
qdudmfd- dmc& t¡æmfh”r`xd fn `mc
qdudmfd ld
dqÕ◊jÕ◊s` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊s,( u- sn fn `rhcdats`jhs` vhsgnts fnhmf `rsq`x
ne sgd qn`c
dqÕ”◊jh”s`mx`» 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊s`mh”,( usn
bqnrr d`bg nsgdq nm sgd rsqddsdqÕ◊jhsÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊shq,( u- sn fds
`rhcd `s ` bdqs`hm ok`bd+ sn
dmf`fd nm ` cheedqdms o`sgdqÕ◊jhshq&nlt¡æat¡æsh” sn fn `mc uhrhs
` o`qdms khuhmf `knmf sgd rsqdds
dqÕ”◊jh”srÕ”◊j` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ”◊srhj,( u sq`mrsn ots sq`mrudqr`kkxdqÕ”◊jn 'eqnl9 ,Õ”◊jn( U`qh`ms9 `ldæjnm 4.5- ehqdok`bddæqÕ”◊jn 'eqnl9 ,h”jn G( U`qh`ms9
`ældæjn+
`ldæjnm 4.5`
ehqdok`bddqhjnæa` 'eqnl9 ,jna,( u- sn c`mbd `
o`qshbtk`q sxod ne c`mbd sn bg`rd
`v`x a`c rohqhsrdqÕ◊jnæa` 'eqnl9 ,jnæa,( u- sn v`kj
`hlkdrrkx khjd ` cnf- Rxm9
dqÕ◊jnæag`dqÕ◊jnæag` 'eqnl9 ,jnæag,( u hmsqsn
v`kj `hlkdrrkxdqÕ◊jnag`jnæag` 'eqnl9 ,jnæag,( usn v`kj `hlkdrrkxdqÕ◊jnanæk` 'eqnl9 ,jnæank,( u- sn knrd
` snnsg- Rxm9 dqhjnanæk`dqh”jnæeh” 'eqnl9 ,jneÕ”◊( m 4.5- ` rkòdqÕ◊g& dqh”jnæeh” sn rkò
dqÕ”◊jngdqdqdqx`»
'eqnl9
,jnægdqdqdqh”,( u- sn nfkd nm
otqonrddqÕ”◊jngdqdqh”av`»
'eqnl9
,jnægdqdqh”at,( u- sn ad sgd
dqÕ”◊jngdqdqx`»
010
naidbs ne `m nfkhmf-
dqÕ”◊jngdqdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,jnægdqdqh”,(
u- sn nfkd nm otqonqrd'eqnl9
,jnægdqh”,(
u sq`mrsn nfkd- dqÕ”◊jngdqx&
nlt¡æj`kh” sn l`jd ` fk`mbd `s `
vnl`m+ `r ` v`x sn bntqs gdq
dqh”jngn» 'eqnl9 ,jngnn( m 4.5- vnnc
eqnl vghbg ` qdbdos`bkd hr
l`cd: lnmrsdq entmc hm s`kdr:
rnldnmd vgn hr ld`m+ cheehbtksdqh”jngn» 'eqnl9 ,jngnn( m 4.5vnncdm a`f trdc enq b`qqxhmf
r`tbddqÕ◊jngnæk` 'eqnl9 ,jnægnk,( u hmsqsn
bntfgdqÕ”◊jngx`» 'eqnl9 ,jnægh”,( u hmsqsn
vhmj+ sn nodm `mc bknrd sgd dxdr
qòhckxdqÕ◊jnæj` 'eqnl9 ,jnæj,( u sq`mrsn ghsdqÕ◊jnj&nltmctæ x&njnæ ltæsvd»
sn ghs rnldnmd nm sgd gd`c
dqh”jnjd» 'eqnl9 ,jnjdd( m 4.5shkòh`+ jhmc ne ehrg- Rxm9
dqÕ”◊gdæqddqÕ”◊jnjdq`mÕ”◊,` 'eqnl9 ,jnæjdq`mh”,(
u- sn vdkbnld d`bg nsgdq:sn
b`kk d`bg nsgdq eqnl ghkk sn ghkkdqÕ◊jnjnaÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,jnjnahj,(
u hmsqsn bqnv+ vgdm s`kjhmf
ànts sgd qnnrsdqdqhjnjnj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,jnjnj`k,( u- sn
fds
cds`bgdcdqÕ◊atft
qx`æl`æjnjnj`k&njnæ atæatft sgd
a`m`m` fns cds`bgdc eqnl sgd
a`m`m` atmbg
dqhjnjnæk` 'eqnl9 ,jnjnk,( u sq`mrsn rbq`sbg: sn cds`bg- Dqhjnjnk&
dmxtæmft sn rbq`sbg sgd bqtrs
eqnl ` o`m dqhjnjnk& `l`æatft
dqÕ”◊jngdqx`»
dqÕ◊jnæk`
sn cds`bg sgd hmchuhct`k a`m`m`r
eqnl sgd a`m`m` atmbg
dqhjnjnkdæj` 'eqnl9 ,jnjnkdj,( u- sn
oddk
neenkt¡gh”lanæ
kv&
dmxt¡æla` ktkhltjnjnkdæj` sgd
k`xdq ne sgd v`kk ne sgd gntrd hr
fdsshmf nee nltahqÕ◊ v`fd
`khltjnjnkdæj` sgd rjhm ne lx
ancx hr oddkhmf nee
dqÕ◊jnjnknæl` 'eqnl9 ,jnæjnknl,( usn rs`mc to vhsg oqhcddqÕ”◊jnjnknlt¡æj`
'eqnl9
,jnæjnktlt¡j,( u hmsqsn ad
ànts sn bnkkòrddqh”jnjnknlx`» 'eqnl9 ,jnjnknlh”,(
u- sn an`rsdqÕ”◊jnjnknlx`» 'eqnl9 ,jnæjnknlh”,(
u- sn dqdbs- dqÕ”◊jnjnknlx&
nltæsvd» sn dqdbs nmd&r gd`c
vhsg oqhcd
dqhjnjnæl` 'eqnl9 ,jnjnl,( u hmsqsn v`kj vhsg oqhcddqÕ◊jnjnmfnæk` 'eqnl9 ,jnæjnmfnk,(
u sq`mrsn s`jd nee nmd ax nmddqÕ◊jnjnmfnk& `ældqtæ v&njn
at¡sÕ”◊ln sn s`jd nee sgd a`m`m`r
nmd ax nmd eqnl sgd atmbg ne
a`m`m`r
dqÕ”◊jnjnsx`»
'eqnl9
,jnæjnsh”,(
u sq`mrsn l`jd- dqÕ”◊jnjnsx&
djÕ◊sdfn sn l`jd ` sqò
dqÕ”◊jnjx`» 'eqnl9 ,jnæjh”,( usn
vdkbnld- dqÕ”◊jnjx&nlt¡fdæmh” sn
qdbdhud ` rsq`mfdq `s gnld
dqÕ◊jnæk` 'eqnl9 ,jnæk,( u sq`mrsn
vnqj: sn sntbg- dqÕ◊jnk&nlt¡aÕ”◊qh
sn cn ` vnqj Õ◊rhv`æjnk&njnæ
lt¡æj`kh” v`æ admd cn mns sntbg
rnldnmd dkrd&r vhed+ sg`s hr+ cn
mns gùd rdw vhsg rnldnmd
dqÕ◊jnæk`
011
dkrd&r vhed- jnk&njnæ mh”mcn 'st¡k&
njnæ mh”mcn( ghcd xntq m`jdcmdrr
'khsdq`kkx+ sntbg xntq mnrd(
dqÕ◊jnk& njnæ lv`æm` sn sntbg `
bghkc
dqÕ◊jnæk` 'eqnl9 ,jnæk,( u- sn fds+ sn
`qqhud- dqÕ◊jnk&djt¡ækh”lt sn fn sgd
sgd tmcdqvnqkc dqÕ◊xhjnk& nln
ltldæqn sn hmsqnctbd nmd&r
ehmfdq hmsn sgd sgqn`s rn `r sn
oqnunjd unlhshmf
dqÕ◊jnæk` 'eqnl9 ,jnæk,( u- sn rghmdnælvhrx& `æl`æjnæk` sgd rtm
rghmdr
dqÕ”◊jnk`jnkx`» 'eqnl9 ,jnæk`jnk,h”,( usn sntbg hmsn rnldsghmf rdudq`k
shldr- dqÕ”◊jnk`jnkx& nltmvdæ v&
nln ltæjtah sn ots nmd&r ehmfdq
hmsn sgd rnto rdudq`k shldr
dqhjnkdæq` 'eqnl9 ,jnkdq,( u- sn oqtmddrxnælanæjn rx`ækh”qx& djÕ◊r`q`æ
m&nlt¡jnkdæqh” sgd a`m`m` sqddr
gùd d`sdm sgd rhbjkd `mc sgd
odqrnm vgn oqtmdr sgdl- Sghr hr
` v`x ne r`xhmf sg`s ` ehdkc ne
a`m`m` sqddr hr mns cdrsqnxdcdqÕ◊jnkdqdæq` 'eqnl9 ,jnækdqdq,( u- sn
`bs nm otqonrd+ sn cn rnldsghmf
nm otqonrd- dqÕ◊jnkdqdq&djÕ◊mct
sn cn rnldsghmf nm otqonrd
'dudm he hs hr enqahccdm(
dqÕ”◊jnkdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,jnækdqh”,( u sq`mrsn rghmd+ sn dmkhfgsdm- à`ækh”lt¡æ
a`æmfnkdq`xd mÕ◊lÕ◊mxdæ mf` mÕ”j
◊ h”
kds sgd rohqhsr dmkhfgsdm ld rn
sg`s H jmnv vg`s hs hr
dqh”jnækgn» 'eqnl9 ,jnkgnæn( m 4.5`
jmnbj vhsg ` ehmfdq nmsn sgd
gd`c ne rnldnmd- dqÕ◊g& nælv`m`æ
x& dqh”jnækgn» sn fhud ` ehmfdq
dqÕ”◊jnlax`»
mtcfd nm sgd gd`c sn ` bghkc
dqÕ◊jnkgnæag` 'eqnl9 ,jnækgnag,( usn jmnbj vhsg ` sgd ehmfdq-
dqhjnknanæj` 'eqnl9 ,jnknanj,( u- sn
vnqj `r ` rkùd-
dqÕ”◊jnkt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,jnækt¡j,( u hmsqsn
gùd
rb`qrnælv`m&nxt¡æ
`j`æjnkt¡j` m`æaÕÃ sghr bghkc
trt`kkx g`r a`c rb`qr
dqÕ”◊jnkx`» 'eqnl9 ,jnæk,h”,( u sq`mrsn
l`jd `qqhud- dqÕ”◊jnkx&nltmctæ
x&dæj`» sn `bbnlo`mx rnldnmd
to sn ghr ok`bd nq to sn nmd&r
nvm ok`bd
dqÕ◊jnæl` 'eqnl9 ,jnæl,( u hmsqsn
oqdrr bknsgdr: sn ad`s sgd a`qj ne
` sqdd 'nltjÕ◊la`jÕ◊la`( sn
l`jd
`
cqdrrdqÕ◊jnl&
nktjÕ◊la` sn oqdrr ` cqdrr
dqÕ◊jnæl` 'eqnl9 ,jnæl,( u hmsqsn
rghmd+ sn adbnld ad`tshetknltahqÕ◊ v&Õ◊vd àÕ◊qhx`æjnldq`æ
xn» ghr ancx g`r adbnld ltbg
lnqd rghmhmf nudq sgdqd
dqÕ◊jnæl` 'dælav`æ( 'eqnl9 ,jnæl,(
u sq`mrsn shd ` cnfdqhjnla`lÕ◊f`
'eqnl9
,jnla`lhf,( usn
`bs
khbdmshntrkx+ udqx eqddkxdqÕ”◊jnladqdqx`»
'eqnl9
,jnæladqdqh”,( usn
khbj
bnlokdsdkxdqÕ”◊jnlanfnqnsx`»
'eqnl9
,jnælanfnqnsh”,( u- sn bnmrtld
bnlokdsdkdxdqÕ◊jnlanæk` 'eqnl9 ,jnælank,( u- sn
rtarshstsd- dqÕ◊jnlank&nltmctæ
x&nlnæ lt¡ækÕ”◊jh” sn fds ` odqrnm
nts ne oqhrnm
dqÕ”◊jnlax`» 'eqnl9 ,jnælah”,( u sq`mr-
dqÕ◊jnldqdæq`
012
sn khbj-
dqÕ◊jnldqdæq` 'eqnl9 ,jnældqdq,( u-
sn gùd ` ad`tshetk ancxdqÕ◊jnldqdæq` 'eqnl9 ,jnældqdq,( usn m`hk- Rxm9 dqÕ◊jnmfnldqdæq`dqÕ◊jnlnfnæk` 'eqnl9 ,jnælnfnk,( usn m`hk+ sn hmrhrs udqx ltbg ax
sdkkhmf
sgd
sqtsgdqÕ◊jnlnfnk&nlv`æm` sn `cuhrd
rsqnmfkx ` bghkc
dqÕ◊jnlnæk` 'eqnl9 ,jnælnk,( u sq`mrsn qdotch`sd- dqÕ◊jnlnk&nlt¡æj`kh”
sn qdotch`sd ` vnl`m
dqÕ◊jnlnæk` 'eqnl9 ,jnælnk,( usn
bnnj ` ons hm nqcdq sn qdmcdq hs
rsqnmfdq- dqÕ◊jnlnk&dmxtæmft sn
bnnj ` mdvkx lntkcdc ons Rxm9
dqÕ◊jv`mftæk`dqÕ”◊jnlx`» 'eqnl9 ,jnæl,h”,( u sq`mrsn onkhrg- dqÕ”◊jnlx& dmyÕ◊q` sn
trd ` o`sg udqx eqdptdmskx
dqÕ◊jnæm` 'eqnl9 ,jnæm,( u sq`mrsn k`x
cnvm sgd atrg: sn bts sgd
aq`mbgdr ne ` sqdddqhjnæmc` 'eqnl9 ,jnmc,( u- sn edkk `
sqdd+
sn
bgno
sqddrdqhxhjnmcdq`æ jv&dlhfnæfn sn
khud knmf 'khssn l`jd sgd sqddr
e`kk nm nmdrdke( dqhjnmc& nltæsh
sn edkk ` sqdd+ sn bgno ` sqdd
dqÕ”◊jnmcnkt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,jnæmcnkt¡j,(
u hmsqsn adbnld udqx sghmdqhjnmcnæl` 'eqnl9 ,jnmcnl,(
u hmsqsn admcdqh”jnmcnlx`» 'eqnl9 ,jnmcnl,h”,(
u sq`mrsn admcdqÕ◊jnæmf` 'eqnl9 ,jnæmf,( u- sn ghsdqh”jnæmfn» 'eqnl9 ,jnmfnæn( m 6.7- `
v`kjhmf rshbj nq ` rshbj sn ad`s
vhsg-
dqh”jnmfnlx`»
dqÕ◊jnmfnanæk` 'eqnl9 ,jnæmfnank,(
u sq`mr- s`jd nee sgd g`mckddqÕ◊jnmfnank& dxÕ”◊rt¡æj` sn s`jd
nee sgd g`mckd ne ` gnd
dqhjnmfnæk` 'eqnl9 ,jnmfnk,( u- sn
f`sgdq
odnokddqhjnmfnk&
à`mctæ a&njn lt¡xÕ”Ã sn f`sgdq
odnokd hm ` uhkk`fd enq ` fhudm
s`rj
dqhjnmfnæk` 'eqnl9 ,jnmfnk,( u- sn
oddkdqhjnmfnk&
djh”jt¡jt¡æ
jx&njnæ ltæsh sn oddk sgd a`qj
eqnl
`
sqdd
nltæsx&nxt¡æ
`j`æjnmfnkdj` hs hr d`rx sn s`jd
nee sgd a`qj ne sghr sqdd
dqÕ”◊jnmfnkt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,jnæmfnkt¡j,(
u hmsqsn adbnld dwsqdldkx
sghmdqhjnmfnkv`» 'eqnl9 ,jnmfnk,t,( usn ad oddkdcdqhjnmfnæl` 'eqnl9 ,jnmfnl,( u- sn
ad oqntcdqÕ◊jnmfnldæq` 'eqnl9 ,jnæmfnldq,(
u- sn m`hk- dqÕ◊jnmfnldq&
dæmct¡xh” sn m`hk ` onrs
dqÕ◊jnmfnldqdæq`
'eqnl9
,jnæmfnldqdq,( u sq`mrsn m`hkRxm9 dqÕ◊jnldqdæq`dqÕ◊jnmfnlnæj` 'eqnl9 ,jnæmfnlnj,(
u hmsqsn b`kk vhsg ` udqx kntc
unhbddqÕ◊jnmfnlnæj` 'eqnl9 ,jnæmfnlnj,(
u hmsq- s`jd nee sgd g`mckddxÕ”◊rt¡j`æ xàÕ◊qÕ◊jnmfnlnæj` sgd
gnd g`r knrs hsr g`mckd
dqÕ◊jnmfnlnæk` 'eqnl9 ,jnæmfnlnk,(
u sq`mr- s`jd nee sgd g`mckddqÕ◊jnmfnlnk& dxÕ”◊rt¡æj` sn s`jd
nee sgd g`mckd ne ` gnd
dqh”jnmfnlx`» 'eqnl9 ,jnmfnlh”,(
dqh”jnmfnmh”`»
013
usn
q`hrd
oqntckxdqh”jnmfnlx&nltæsvd» sn q`hrd
oqntckx nmd&r gd`c
dqh”jnmfnmh”`» 'eqnl9 ,jnmfnmh,( u- sn
rgnv `m naidbs `mc mns fhud hsdqh”jnmfnmh” nælv`m`æ x& djh”qÕ”Ã sn
rgnv ` rvdds ons`sn sn ` bghkc
sn rshltk`sd ghr hmsdqdrs `mc mns
fhud hs sn ghl
dqÕ◊jnmfnæs` 'eqnl9 ,jnæmfns,( u hmsqsn jmnbj- dqÕ◊jnmfns&njnæ kt¡æjxn»
sn jmnbj `s sgd cnnq
dqÕ”◊jnmfnsrx`» 'eqnl9 ,jnæmfnsrh”,(
u hmsqsn adbnld udqx sghm+ sn
ad ànts sn chddqÕ◊jnmnj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,jnæmnj`k,(
u hmsqsn cds`bg- nltæs`gx&
`æl`æjnmnj`æk`
sgd
aq`mbg
cds`bgdr hsrdke
dqÕ◊jnmnæk` 'eqnl9 ,jnmnk,( u sq`mrsn cds`bg kdùdr eqnl ` sqdddqÕ◊jnmnmfnæj` 'eqnl9 ,jnæmnmfnj,(
u hmsqsn vd`jdmdqÕ◊jnmnmfnæk` 'eqnl9 ,jnæmnmfnk,(
u- sn cds`bg sgd aq`mbgdr eqnl
` sqdd+ nq sn cds`bg a`m`m`r
eqnl ` a`m`m` atmbgdqÕ◊jnæo` 'eqnl9 ,jnæo,( u sq`mrsn
oqtmddqhjnæq` 'eqnl9 ,jnq,( u- sn qdlnud
sgd rb`kdr ne ` ehrgdqÕ”◊jnqnfnr`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,jnæqnfnr`mh”,( u- sn chrstqadqÕ◊jnqnfnæs` 'eqnl9 ,jnæqnfns,(
u sq`mrsn
rbq`sbgDqÕ◊jnqnfns& nltmfnrnæ vnlv&
Õ”◊jt¡æg` sn rbq`sbg sgd l`qqnv
eqnl
sgd
anmd
dqÕ◊jnqnfns&dmxtæmft sn rbq`sbg
` o`m
dqÕ◊jnæsg`
dqÕ”◊jnqnjnsrx`» 'eqnl9 ,jnæqnjnsrh”,(
u- sn odqedbs:sn cn ` vnqj `r `
aqhbnk`fd '` cn,hs,xntqrdke(dqÕ”◊jnqnjnsrx&nlt¡aÕ”◊qh” sn cn `
vnqj odqedbskx+ s`jhmf sgd
cds`hkr hmsn `bbntms
dqh”jnqnl`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,jnqnl`mh”,(
u- sn l`jd rteedqdqÕ”◊jnqnlansx`»
'eqnl9
,jnæqnlansh”,( u- sn rbqòd needqÕ”◊jnqnlansx& dmxtæmft sn
rbqòd nee sgd ennc eqnl ` o`m
Rxm9 dqÕ◊jnqnfnæs`dqÕ”◊jnqnmfx`» 'eqnl9 ,jnæqnmfh”,(
u sq`mrsn chrrnkuddqhjnqnæq` 'eqnl9 ,jnqnq,( u sq`mrsn bkd`m '` ehdkc(- dqhjnqnq&
dqhqÕ◊l` sn bkd`m ` ehdkc
dqh”jnqnqx`»
'eqnl9
,jnqnq,h”,(
u sq`mrsn rbq`sbg: sn sq`bd `
khmd- dqh”jnqnqx& nltmctæ x&
nln ltfnæmfn sn rbq`sbg
rnldnmd hm sgd a`bj
dqÕ◊jnær` 'eqnl9 ,jnær,( u- sn sqdro`rrdqÕ◊jnær` 'eqnl9 ,jnær,( u- sn fds `m
dqdbshnm- drtktæ x`æl`æjnær` sgd
odmhr hr hm ` rs`sd ne dqdbshnm
dqÕ◊jnær` 'eqnl9 ,jnær,( u- sn sqhffdq
nee- dqÕ”◊jnrx& djÕ◊sdfn sn sqhffdq
nee ` sqò
dqÕ”◊jnrx`» 'eqnl9 ,jnær,h”,( u sq`mrsn
fds `m dqdbshnm- nltrÕ◊j&nxt¡æ
`æl`ækdj& h”m`jnærx`» H `l rdwt`kkx
dqdbsdc adb`trd ne sghr fhqk
dqÕ”◊jnrx`» 'eqnl9 ,jnær,h”,( u sq`mrsn
sqhffdqdqhjnæs` 'eqnl9 ,jns,( u hmsqsn
l`stqd+ sn fqnv nkc:sn k`rsdqÕ◊jnæsg` 'eqnl9 ,jnæsg,( u sq`mrsn
ghs vhsg ` pthbj aknv-
dqh”jnæsh”
014
dqh”jnæsh” 'eqnl9 ,jnsÕ”◊( m 4.5- ` bn`s
'kn`m vnqc eqnl Dmfkhrg(dqÕ◊jnsnj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,jnæsnj`k,( u- sn
ad cds`bgdc- Rxm9 dqÕ◊s`gtæj`dqÕ◊jnsnæk` 'eqnl9 ,jnæsnk,( u sq`mrsn
oktbjdqhjnæsr` 'eqnl9 ,jnsr,( u- sn khbj:sn
eqx- dqhjnsr& njv& Õ”◊jt¡æg` sn khbj
sgd anmd
dqÕ”◊jnsrx`» 'eqnl9 ,jnæsrh”,( u- sn eqxdqh”jnsx`» 'eqnl9 ,jns,h”,( u- sn fqnvdqh”jnsx& drxnmcdæqt¡ sn fqnv `
ad`qc
dqhjnxnæk` 'eqnl9 ,jnxnk,( u- sn odd+
sn
tqhm`sdnælv`m`æ
lv`æj`æxhjnxnkdq`æj&nln
mfÕ◊mfn sgd bghkc tqhm`sdc nm
ghlrdke hm adc
dqÕ”◊jt¡æa` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æa,( u hmsqsn fds
a`ckx bnnjdc- dqÕ”◊jt¡a& nstækn sn
knrd nmd&r rkddo+ mns sn rkddo
dmntfg dqÕ”◊jt¡a`æ sn» 'nstækn( mns
sn gùd dmntfg ne hs 'rkddo(+ mns
sn rkddo dmntfg nlt¡jnmÕ”◊
lv`æj`ækdj&
Õ”◊sv`jt¡a`æ
sn»
adb`trd ne sgd rhbj odqrnm+ vd
chc mns rkddo
dqÕ◊jtæa` 'eqnl9 ,jtæa,( sn bkhla
dqÕ◊jta& njnæltæsh u sq`mrsn
bkhla nm ` sqdd
dqÕ◊jtæa` 'eqnl9 ,jtæa,( U`qh`ms9
dqÕ◊jta& natæg`æj`- u sq`mrsn
chrbtrr+ sn `qftddqÕ◊jta`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,jtæa`mf,( u- sn
v`sdq+ sn sgqnv v`sdq nmdqÕ◊xhjta`mf`æ jv&`l`fdæsrd sn
v`rg udqx pthbjkx 'khssn sgqnv
v`sdq nm nmdrdke( dqÕ◊jta`mf&
`l`fdsrdæ v& njn l`v`» sn ots
v`sdq nm sgd ekntqr+ sn v`sdq sgd
dqÕ◊jtatmftæk`
eknvdqr
dqÕ”◊jt¡adad 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æadad ',K$((
m 4.5- ` sxod ne ok`ms sg`s g`r
sgnqmr `mc sg`s fqnvr hm `
l`qrgdqÕ”◊jt¡adqd 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æadqd ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 `l`æjt¡adqd- m 4.5sgd lhkj ne ` vnl`m vgn itrs
knrs gdq bghkcdqÕ◊jtag`æm` 'eqnl9 ,jtæag`m,(
u hmsqsn ehs bnlokdsdkx+ sn
l`sbgdjhrnldjnæ
jx`æl`æjtag`m`æ md o`ms`kn» sgd
rghqs l`sbgdr sgd o`msr
dqÕ◊jtagÕ◊sg` 'eqnl9 ,jtæaghsg,(
u sq`mrsn ontq rtccdmkxdqÕ”◊jt¡at¡j`æk` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æatj`k,( usn ad hm ` rs`sd vhsg ` rgùdc
gd`c: sn ad `rg`ldc+ bnmetrdcdqÕ◊jtatj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,jtæatj`k,(
u hmsqsn bnld eqnl- lnæatkd
nlt¡ærh”mfv&nxt¡æ `j`æjtatj`khq`æ
g`xh jvdægh” vgdqd nm d`qsg cndr
sghr a`c rohqhs bnld eqnl>
dqÕ”◊jt¡at¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æatk,( u sq`mrsn rgùd: sn cdrsqnx- rÕ”◊st¡kÕ”◊
sv`rh”rv`» sgdx gùd mns rgùdc
tr xds àÕ”◊qÕ”◊jt¡at¡k` dlÕ◊shahsn
x`fd gd g`r cdrsqnxdc lx s`qn
ok`msr
dqÕ◊jtatæk` 'eqnl9 ,jtæatk,( u sq`mrrbnkc- Rxm9 dqÕ◊jtatmftæk`dqÕ◊jtatkÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,jtæatkhq,( u- sn
bnudqdqÕ◊jtatkhq&njnæ
ktældjdjdæ
jv&dlatkdæsd
sn
bnudq sgd aàx vhsg sgd rjhm ne
sgd fn`s
dqÕ◊jtatmftæk` 'eqnl9 ,jtæatmftk,(
u sq`mrsn stqm rdudq`k shldr:
sn
rbnkcnlt¡æj`kÕ”◊
dqÕ”◊jt¡ax`
015
v&`j`æjtatmftækn ` vnl`m vgn
nesdm rbnkcr odnokd
dqÕ”◊jt¡ax` 'eqnl9 ,jtæah”` ',K$((
m 4.5- ldchbhm`k ok`msdqh”jt¡æc` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡c,( u- sn l`jd
knud- Rxm9 dqÕ◊sdæs`dqÕ”◊jt¡æc` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æc,( u sq`mrsn
enqmhb`sddqh”jt¡ct¡æl` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡ctl,( u- sn
admc adb`trd ne `fd nq `
rhbjmdrrdqÕ”◊jt¡f`jt¡f`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,jtæf`jtf`mh”,( u sq`mrsn hkk,
sqd`sdqhjtæg` 'eqnl9 ,jtg,( u hmsqsn
knnj enq vhsg ltbg deenqsmf`æjtghq&nltæsgnj`
H
`l
vnqjhmf g`qc sn atx ` b`q
dqÕ”◊jt¡æg` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æg`( m 4.5`
anmddqÕ◊jtg`jtg`æm`
'eqnl9
,jtæg`jtg`m,( u sq`mrsn hkk,
sqd`sdqhjtgÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,jtghq,( usn
bnudq
vhsg
rnhkdqhjtghq&dahsrtmft sn bnudq sgd
ons`sndr hm sgd ehdkc vhsg rnhk
dqÕ”◊jt¡gx`» 'eqnl9 ,jt¡ægh”,( usn
rgnqsdmdqh”jt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡j,( u hmsqsn
enqbd- `m`ælt¡jt¡j`jt¡j& njn
kt¡æxh” gd hr sqxhmf sn nodm sgd
cnnq
dqh”jt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡j,( u hmsqsn
adbnld udqx chqsx- djhrnldjnæ
jx`fd jxàÕ”◊qh”jt¡æj` lx rghqs hr
`kqd`cx udqx chqsx
dqh”jt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡j,( u sq`mrsn
rnv hm rtbg ` v`x sg`s sgd
ok`msr `qd udqx bknrd sn nmd
dqÕ”◊jt¡kgt¡jt¡æl`
`mnsgdq-
dqÕ◊jtæj` 'eqnl9 ,jtæj,( u sq`mr-
sn
ohbj-
dqÕ”◊jt¡j`æl` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æj`l,( u hmsq-
sn
jmddk
cnvmdqÕ”◊jt¡j`l&dæladqdæ rx& nælv`lh
sn jmddk cnvm adenqd ` bghde
dqh”jt¡æjd 'eqnl9 ,jt¡jdæ( m 4.5- tmqhod
eqthsdqÕ”◊jt¡jdgx`» 'eqnl9 ,jtæjdgh”,( u- sn
rgnqsdm- dqÕ”◊jt¡jdgx& djhrnldæjn
sn rgnqsdm sgd rghqs
dqh”jt¡æjn 'eqnl9 ,jt¡jn( m 4.5hmsdkkhfdmbd: gdqcdqÕ”◊jt¡jt¡ 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æjt ',K$(( m 4.5gtlo+ atlo+ fnhsdq- nkt¡gh”lanæ
kv`æadqdæ jnæ l`æjt¡jtæl`æjt¡jt¡
sgd v`kk g`r rdudq`k atlor nm hs
dqÕ◊jtjta`æk` 'eqnl9 ,jtæjta`k,(
u hmsqsn fds `rsnmhrgdcdqh”jt¡æjt¡kgt¡» 'eqnl9 ,jt¡jtækgtt(
m 4.5- tmqhod eqthsdqh”jt¡jt¡æl` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡jtl,( u- sn
b`qqx ` gdùx kn`c:sn khesdqÕ◊jtjtæla` 'eqnl9 ,jtæjtla,(
u sq`mrsn khesdqÕ”◊jt¡jt¡laÕ”◊q` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æjtlahq,(
u- sn rod`j udqx rknvkxdqÕ”◊jt¡jx`» 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æj,h”,( U`qh`ms9
dqÕ”◊jt¡jx& `ldæmn- u sq`mrsn
knrd nmd&r aàx sddsgdqÕ◊jtæk` 'eqnl9 ,jtæk,( u hmsqsn
fqnvdqÕ◊jtæk` 'eqnl9 ,jtæk,( u- sn otkk ntsdqÕ◊jtk&nltgnæjn sn otkk nts sgd
b`rrù` rs`kj dqÕ◊jtk& nltæsh sn
toqnns ` sqdd
dqÕ◊jtk`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,jtæk`mf,( u- sn
otkk nts rdudq`k shldrdqÕ”◊jt¡kgt¡jt¡æl` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡ækgtjtl,(
dqÕ”◊jt¡kgt¡kgt¡æla`
016
u- sn v`kj vghkd adhmf hm `
onrhshnm ne rnldnmd admsdqÕ”◊jt¡kgt¡kgt¡æla`
'eqnl9
,jt¡ækgtkgtla,( u hmsqsn rvhmfdqÕ”◊jt¡kgt¡kgt¡la& njnæ ltæsh sn
rvhmf nm ` sqdd
dqÕ”◊jt¡kgt¡æl` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡ækgtl,(
u hmsqsn ltqltqdqÕ”◊jt¡kt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æktj,( u hmsqsn
fn a`bj gnld èsdq sgd vnqjdqÕ”◊jt¡kt¡jx`» 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æktj,h”,( u- sn
aqhmf a`bj gnlddqhjtktæk` 'eqnl9 ,jtktk,( u- sn otkkdqhjtktk&nlt¡æjh” sn otkk rlnjd+
sn rlnjd
dqÕ◊jtktkÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,jtæktkhq,( u- sn
adbnld udqx nkc- dæmfnjnktld
x`fd x`æl`æjtktkÕ◊q` lx qnnrsdq
adbnldr snn nkc
dqhjtktktæj` 'eqnl9 ,jtktktj,(
u hmsqsn bq`vkdqh”jt¡kt¡kt¡jx`» 'eqnl9 ,jtktktj,h”,(
u- sn l`jd ` bghkc bq`vkdqÕ”◊jt¡kt¡mft¡æsg` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æktmftsg,(
u- sn v`kj rdudq`k shldr hm sgd
r`ld ok`bddqÕ”◊jt¡kx`» 'eqnl9 ,jtæk,h”,( u- sn l`jd
fqnvdqh”jt¡æl` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡l,( u- sn bq`vk
hm nqcdq sn hloknqd- dqh”jt¡l&
njv& hrÕ◊mc` sn bq`vk nm sgd
fqùd 'khjd rnqbdqdqr(
dqÕ◊jtæl` 'eqnl9 ,jtæl,( u sq`mrsn
f`sgdq- dqÕ◊jtlhq&natxÕ◊mfn sn
vhrg
gòohmdrr:
sn
akdrr
rnldnmd
dqÕ◊jtæl` 'eqnl9 ,jtæl,( u sq`mrsn
qdetrd- dqÕ◊jtl&nltmctæ x&njnæ
avàt¡ sn qdetrd addq sn
rnldnmd
dqÕ◊jtla`æs`
dqÕ”◊jt¡l`jt¡æl` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æl`jt¡l,(
u- sn rd`qbg+ sn knnj enq r-sgvhsgnts kdsshmf odnokd jmnv sg`s
xnt `qd cnhmf rndqÕ◊jtl`jtæl` 'eqnl9 ,jtæl`jtl,(
usn
f`sgdqjtl`jtl&à`mctæ
a`ft
stfdæmcx& njn ktægh f`sgdq xntq
odnokd+ vd `qd fnhmf sn v`q
dqÕ◊jtl`jtlÕ◊q`
'eqnl9
,jtæl`jtlhq,( u- sn f`sgdq
rb`ssdqdc naidbsr:sn gùd `
oqnedrrhnm`k rjhkk+ sn gùd sgd
jmnv,gnvdqÕ◊jtl`xÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,jtæl`xhq,(
u hmsqsn ad e`lntrdqhjtæla` 'eqnl9 ,jtla,( u hmsqsn
rldkkdqhjtla`æ
mcdjd:
dqhjtla`
m`æah:
dqhjtla`
srtsrtsrt sn rldkk fnnc: sn
rldkk a`c: sn rldkk udqx a`c
nltr`rx& `æj`æjtla`» sgd aknnc
rldkkr+ sn ld`m sg`s he xnt `qd
qdk`shudr+
xnt
eddk
hs
hmrshmbshudkx
dqÕ”◊jt¡æla` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æla,( u sq`mrsn gnkc nmd&r g`mc bknrdcdqÕ”◊jt¡la& dax`æk`: dqÕ”◊jt¡la&
natæmn sn jddo nmd&r g`mc
bknrdc: sn jddo nmd&r lntsg
bknrdc
dqhjtla`f`æk` 'eqnl9 ,jtla`f`k,(
u hmsqsn stlakd cnvmdqh”avdæ
qx`æl`æjtla`f`k& njn jhsv`» sgd
rsnmd stlakdr cnvm eqnl sgd
lntms`hm
dqÕ”◊jt¡la`æs` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æla`s,(
u sq`mrsn dlaq`bddqÕ◊jtla`æs` 'eqnl9 ,jtæla`s,( u- sn
dlaq`bd-
dqÕ◊jtla`sÕ◊q`
017
dqÕ◊jtmf`æm`
dqÕ◊jtla`sÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,jtæla`shq,( dqÕ◊jtm`æl` 'eqnl9 ,jtæm`l,( u hmsqu sq`mrsn dlaq`bd- Rxm9
dqÕ◊jtla`æs`dqhjtlaÕ◊q`
'eqnl9
,jtlahq,(
u hmsqsn rldkk- nltær`mf&
`æl`æmftlaÕ◊q` sgd eknvdqr `qd
rdmchmf ld sgdhq mhbd odqetld
`l`q`ærÕ◊
v&nlt¡æj`kÕ”◊
`æl`æstjtlaÕ◊q` sgd vnl`m&r
odqetld hr rldkkhmf
dqÕ◊jtlaÕ◊q`
'eqnl9
,jtælahq,(
u sq`mrsn vnqj enq `
bnlodmr`shnm+ sn rsqhud enqdqÕ◊jtlahqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,jtælahqhq,(
u- sn vnqj enq ` bnlodmr`shnmdqÕ◊jtlahqhq&nlt¡æj`kh” sn vnqj
enq r-n- hm nqcdq sn nas`hm ghr
c`tfgsdq
`r
xntq
vhed
dqÕ◊jtlahqhq&drxnetq`æmf&
dærxdqhftk& nltæsgnj` sn vnqj
enq lnmdx hm nqcdq sn o`x enq `
b`q
dqÕ”◊jt¡lat¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡ælatk,(
u sq`mrsn
qdud`kdqÕ”◊jt¡lat¡k&dæax`æk` sn nodm sgd
o`kl ne sgd g`mc
dqh”jt¡lax`» 'eqnl9 ,jtla,h”,( u- sn
fhud
`
rldkk`l`q`ærx&`æl`æjt¡lax& dmxt¡æla`
sgd odqetld l`jdr sgd gntrd
rldkk
dqÕ”◊jt¡ælh” 'eqnl9 ,jtælh”( m 4.5- sdmnlt¡s`gxnæ mÕ”◊ ladm& Õ”◊jt¡ælh” sgd
cnvqx hr sdm fn`sr
dqÕ◊jtltæk` 'eqnl9 ,jtæltk,( u sq`mrsn f`sgdq- dmc`æ tjtltækx& daÕ◊sh
ax& nlnqhqhl` fn `mc f`sgdq
sgd kdùdr hm sgd ehdkc
dqh”jt¡æm` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡m,( u sq`mrsn
otrg-
sn rhs `vjv`qckx ax rgnvhmf
nmd&r fdmhs`kr tmjmnvhmfkxdqÕ◊jtm`lÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,jtæm`lhq,( usn rhs `vjv`qckx ax rgnvhmf
nmd&r
rdwt`k
nqf`mr
tmjmnvhmfkxdqhjtæmc` 'eqnl9 ,jtmc,( u sq`mrsn
atqxdqh”jt¡æmc` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡mc,( u sq`mrsn
atqxdqh”jt¡æmc` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡mc,( u- sn adfds
vhsg cheehbtksxdqÕ”◊jt¡æmc` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æmc,( u hmsq- ds
sq`mrsn fds cqtmj- dqÕ”◊jt¡mc&
næavàt¡ sn fds cqtmj vhsg addq
dqÕ”◊jt¡mcÕ”◊j`
'eqnl9
,jt¡æmchj,(
u sq`mrsn shddqÕ”◊jt¡æmcn 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æmcn( m 4.5mncd: @c`l&r òokddqÕ”◊jt¡mct¡j`æk` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡mctj`k,(
u hmsqsn tmcn+ r`hc ne ` jmns
sg`s tmcndr hsrdkedqhjtmctæk`
'eqnl9
,jtmctk,(
u sq`mrsn tmd`qsg- dqhjtmctk&
dah”qÕ”Ã sn tmd`qsg rvdds ons`sndr
dqÕ”◊jt¡mct¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æmctk,( u- sn
tmshd- dqÕ”◊jt¡mct¡k& nlt¡ækÕ”◊jh” sn
tmcn sgd mncdr ne ` qnod
dqÕ◊jtæmf` 'eqnl9 ,jtæmf,( u sq`mrsn
`cuhrddqÕ◊jtmf`jtæmf`
'eqnl9
,jtæmf`jtmf,( u- sn `cuhrd
qdod`sdckxdqÕ◊jtmf`æm` 'eqnl9 ,jtæmf`m,( u- sn
`cuhrd d`bg nsgdq: sn oqdudms
d`bg
nsgdq
eqnl
l`jhmf
lhrs`jdrà`æftl`
a`j`æjtmf`m`» odnokd adknmfhmf
sn sgd r`ld e`lhkx `cuhrd nmd
dqhjtmfÕ◊q`
`mnsgdq
dqhjtmfÕ◊q`
018
'eqnl9
,jtmfhq,(
u sq`mrsn bnudq vhsg rnhkdqhjtmfhq& djh”qÕ”◊ jx& nlvÕ”◊at¡» sn
otrg sgd rvdds ons`sn hmsn sgd
`rgdr
dqh”jt¡mfh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,jtmfhqh”,( u- sn
b`kk eqnl ` knmf chrs`mbddqh”jt¡mft¡l`æm`
'eqnl9
,jt¡mftl`m,( u- sn ad r`c+
vnqqhdc+ hm`bshuddqÕ”◊jt¡mft¡l`æm`
'eqnl9
,jt¡æmftl`m,( u hmsqsn ad bnkcdqÕ◊jtmftltæk` 'eqnl9 ,jtæmftltk,(
u sq`mrsn dlosx ` u`rddqh”jt¡mft¡mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,jtmftmh”,( usn vhod sgd `mtr- dqh”jt¡mft¡mh”qx&
nltæmct sn hmrtks rnldnmd 'khssn vhod ghr `mtr enq rnldnmd(
dqh”jt¡mft¡mh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,jtmftmhqh,(
u- sn vhod sgd `mtr nm sgd rnhk
'trdc
hm
`m
hmrtks(dqh”jt¡mft¡mh”qx& nltæmct sn btqrd
rnldnmd
dqÕ◊jtmftæs`
'eqnl9
,jtæmfts,(
u sq`mrsn rg`jd+ sn ctrsdqÕ”◊jt¡mft¡srh”qh”qx`»
'eqnl9
,jt¡æmftsrhqhqh”,( u sq`mrsn
bq`ckddqÕ”◊jt¡mft¡st¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æmftstj,(
u hmsqsn adbnld rgqdcrdqh”jt¡mfx`» 'eqnl9 ,jtmfh”,( usn
b`kk eqnl nmd ghkk sn `mnsgdqdqÕ”◊jt¡mfx`» 'eqnl9 ,jtæmfh”,( usn
b`kk ax vghrskhmf 'ax rgòhmf
nmd&r ehmfdqr hmsn ` vghrskd(dqÕ”◊jt¡mÕ”◊mf`
'eqnl9
,jt¡æmhmf,(
u sq`mrsn bknrd vhsg ` bnqjdqÕ”◊jt¡mh”mfÕ”◊q` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æmhmf,hq,(
u sq`mrsn bnudq-
dqÕ◊jtqt
dqÕ◊jtmtj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,jtæmtj`k,( u-
sn e`kk ax hsrdke 'sdql trdc vgdm
s`kjhmf ànts sqddr `mc rsnmdr(nltæsx& `æl`æjtmtj`æk` sgd sqdd
e`kkr
cnvm
nælv`lx&
`æl`æjtmtj`æk` sgd bghde knrdr
ghr rs`str- 'khssgd bghde e`kkr
cnvm(
dqÕ◊jtmtæk` 'eqnl9 ,jtæmtk,( u sq`mrsn toqnns+ sn ots `rhcd '` ahf
rsnmd+ ` ahf naidbs(dqÕ◊jtmtmftæj` 'eqnl9 ,jtæmtmftj,(
u- sn bqtlakd+ sn e`kk cnvmdmxt¡æla`
x`jt¡mt¡mft¡æjÕ”◊qdæ
atr`m`æ m&nlt¡ærh”jh” sgd gntrd
stlakdc cnvm adb`trd ne sgd
d`qsgpt`jd
dqÕ”◊jt¡mt¡mft¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æmtmftk,(
u sq`mrsn khes sgd bnudq ne `
ons sn rdd vg`s hr hmrhcd: sn
tmbnqjdqÕ◊jtmtmftæk` 'eqnl9 ,jtæmtmftk,(
u sq`mrsn toqnns+ sn otkk ntsdqÕ◊jtmtmftk& `làvdæ v&nlnæ
la`ækn sn otkk nts sgd rsnmdr
eqnl sgd qn`c
dqh”jt¡mt¡mt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡mtmtj,(
u hmsqsn roqhmf eqnl sgd
d`qsg- Sghr sdql hr trdc vgdm
s`kjhmf ànts sgd rs`qr sg`s rgnv
hm sgd gnqhynm nq ne ` ltrgqnnl
sg`s roqhmfr eqnl sgd rnhkdqÕ”◊jt¡æmx` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æmx,( u sq`mrsn
enkc- DqÕ”◊jt¡mx&`l`ftækt sn enkc
nmd&r kdfr
dqÕ”◊jt¡myh”jh”qÕ”◊q` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡myhjhqhq,(
u sq`mrsn bq`ckd+ sn qnbjdqhjtæq` 'eqnl9 ,jtq,( u sq`mrsn
otkkdqÕ◊jtqt 'eqnl9 ,jtæqt ',K$((
dqhjtqta`æm`
02/
U`qh`ms9
`l`æjtqtm 4.5mdvr+ o`rs ghrsnqx- nltær`jÕ◊
v&`l`æjtqtæ v&djÕ◊gtæfn sgd
vqhsdq ne sgd ghrsnqx ne sgd
bntmsqx
dqhjtqta`æm` 'eqnl9 ,jtqta`m,(
u sq`mrsn otkkdqÕ”◊jt¡qt¡ft¡ær` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æqtftr,(
u hmsqsn ad qntfg- dahsrtmft
ax`æah”qÕ”◊jt¡qt¡ft¡ær` sgd ons`sndr
`kqd`cx gùd ` qntfg rjhm
dqhjtqtftæs` 'eqnl9 ,jtqtfts,(
u sq`mrsn rbqta- dqhjtqtfts&
dahr`æmcn sn rbqta nmd&r edds 'hm
nqcdq sn v`rg sgdl( Rxm9
dqhjtqtæs`dqÕ”◊jt¡qt¡ft¡æs` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æqtfts,( usn adbnld udqx chqsxdqhjtqtlatæj`
'eqnl9
,jtqtlatj,( u hmsqsn
ad
qntfg `mc tfkxdqhjtqtlatæsrh
'eqnl9
,jtqtlatsrh( m 4.5- ` a`m`m`
sg`s hr d`sdm `knmd vhsgnts `mx
nsgdq sghmfdqhjtqtæs` 'eqnl9 ,jtqts,( u sq`mrsn rbqtadqÕ”◊jt¡ær` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡ær,( u- sn qdl`hm `
lhcfdsdqÕ”◊jt¡rx`» 'eqnl9 ,jtærh”,( u- sn ànqsdqÕ”◊jt¡æs` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æs,( u hmsqsn ghcddqÕ”◊jt¡s`jt¡æs` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æs`jt¡s,(
u hmsqsn v`mcdqdqÕ”◊jt¡s`jt¡sx`» 'eqnl9 ,jt¡s`jt¡sh”,(
u sq`mrsn l`jd udqx gtlakdnltæktlx&nxt¡æ
`j`æxh”jt¡s`jt¡s`x`
sghr
l`m
l`jdr ghlrdke udqx gtlakd 'sn
sgd onhms ne knnjhmf rstohc(
dqhjtsÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,jtshq,( u- sn ghcd
dqÕ”◊jv`»
udqx vdkk- `rh” dqÕ◊jtshq&dah”mxv`»
gd jmnvr gnv sn ghcd sghmfr
dqÕ”◊jt¡st¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æstj,( u hmsqsn
ekdd:sn
ad
bnlokdsdkx
dwshmfthrgdcnltkhqv&
`æl`æjt¡st¡æj` sgd ehqd fdsr
bnlokdsdkx dwshmfthrgdc
dqÕ”◊jt¡st¡j`æk` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æstj`k,( u- sn
e`kk eqnl ` sqdd nq eqnl `
aq`mbgdqÕ”◊jt¡st¡jx`» 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æstj,h”,( u- sn
dwsdqlhm`sd+
sn
atqm
bnlokdsdkxdqÕ”◊jt¡st¡jx&
dmxt¡æla` sn atqm ` gntrd
bnlokdsdkx
dqÕ”◊jt¡st¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æstk,( u sq`mrsn oktbj+ sn otkk nts+ sn cds`bgdqÕ”◊jt¡st¡mft¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æstmftj,(
usn
bqtlakddjhjtær`æ
jx`æl`æjt¡st¡mft¡æj` sgd fq`hmr ne
sgd bnqm `qd fdsshmf nee nmd ax
nmd
dqÕ”◊jt¡st¡mft¡j`æk`
'eqnl9
,jt¡æstmftj`k,( u- sn bqtlakddjhjtær`æ jx`æl`æjt¡st¡mft¡j`æk` sgd
fq`hmr ne sgd bnqm `qd fdsshmf
nee nmd ax nmd
dqÕ”◊jt¡st¡mft¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æstmftk,(
u- sn s`jd nee rddcr 'bnqm+
bneedd rddcr(dqÕ◊jtxÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,jtæxhq,( u sq`mrsn ehmhrg vdùhmf '` rl`kk
a`rjds(- dqÕ◊jtxhq& dæjÕ”◊an sn
ehmhrg vdùhmf ` a`rjds
dqÕ”◊jv`» 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æ,( u hmsqsn chd+ sn
rteedq- dqÕ”◊jv&natgdæqd sn gùd `
rjhm chrd`rd b`kkdc !f`kd! hm
Eqdmbg- dqÕ”◊jv&nat¡kÕ”◊fd sn gùd
ohsx dqÕ”◊jv` atr`» sn knrd+ mns sn
f`hm `mxsghmf dqÕ”◊jv& drxnæmxd» sn
dqh”jv`kgt¡æj`
020
chrc`hm dqÕ”◊jv&nstæjtmyt sn ad
`rg`ldc dqÕ”◊jv&`l`æf`æk` sn
gùd rdudq`k chrd`rdr `s sgd
r`ld shld dqÕ”◊jv& drxnæladæjt¡ sn
gùd ghbbtor dqÕ”◊jv& djÕ”◊mÕ”◊f` sn
ad `mfqx dqÕ”◊jv& nækt¡rt¡ært¡» sn ad
chyyx dqÕ”◊jv& dmy`æk` sn ad
gtmfqx dqÕ”◊jv&`l`æaÕ”Ã sn eddk khjd
fnhmf sn sgd snhkdsr dqÕ”◊jv&
`l`rt» sn eddk khjd oddhmf
dqÕ”◊jv&drxnæmxt¡my` sn rvd`s
dqÕ”◊jv&dmxnæs` sn ad sghqrsx
dqh”jv`kgt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,jt`kgt¡j,(
u hmsqsn rstlakd `mc `r `
bnmrdptdmbd sn ad sdlonq`qhkx
chyyxdqÕ◊jv`æl` 'eqnl9 ,jtæ`l,( u sq`mrsn enkknvdqÕ”◊jv`l`mh”rx`»
'eqnl9
,jtæ`l`mhrh”,( u sq`mrsn
`bbnlo`mxdqÕ”◊jv`mft¡j`æq`
'eqnl9
,jtæ`mft¡j`q,( u- sn bqtlakd+
sn bnkkòrddqÕ◊jv`mftæq` 'eqnl9 ,jtæ`mftq,( usn g`qudrs ons`sndr+ rvdds
ons`sndr+
dsbdqÕ◊jv`mftq&daÕ◊qhav`
sn
g`qudrs rvdds ons`sndr
dqh”jv`q`qx`» 'eqnl9 ,jt`q`qh”,( usn vqhsd+ sn sq`bd ` khmd- Rxm9
dqhg`mcÕ◊j`dqh”jv`qx`» 'eqnl9 ,jt`qh”,( usn
l`jd v`kj- v`æl`æmfv`qx`
mc`ælah” s`ægh s`ær`k`æ v`mcdj`æ
lankdqd xnt gùd addm l`jhmf
ld v`kj ` kns+ kdùd ld hm
od`bd okd`rd
dqÕ”◊jvdæjvd
'eqnl9
,jt¡ædjdjt¡d
',K$(( U`qh`ms9 `l`æjvdæjvd-
dqh”jx`»
m 4.5`
ftee`vdqhrdj&
`l`æjvdæjvd sn ftee`v
dqhjvdær` 'eqnl9 ,jtdr,( u sq`mrsn
rd`qbgdqhjvdr`jvdær`
'eqnl9
,jtdr`jtdr,( u- sn tmcn+ sn
chrstqa+ sn ots hm chr`qq`xnælv`m&
`»aÕ◊qhjvdr`jvdr&
dmfÕ◊mfn sgd bghkc g`r `kqd`cx
ots sgd adc hm chr`qq`x
dqh”jvds` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡ds` ',K$((
m 4.5- qdrsdqÕ◊jvÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,jtæhj,( U`qh`ms9
dqÕ◊jvhj& nkt¡ærh”- u sq`mrsn aknbj
` qhudq- dqÕ◊jvhj&djhk`ækn sn athkc
` aqhcfd dqÕ◊jvhj&dmfÕ◊mfn sn
athkc ` adc
dqÕ◊jvÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,jtæhj,( u hmsqsn
xhdkc
`
knsdahsrtmft
ax`jvÕ”◊jÕ”◊qd njn jhqhlnæ jhmn
sgdqd v`r ` udqx fnnc g`qudrs
ne ons`sndr sghr rd`rnm 'khsons`sndr xhdkcdc ` kns sghr
rd`rnm( dax`ækx`æ ahj`æjvhj`æ
nltæftktæ v&nltjdæmd sgdqd hr
ltbg xhdkc ne ennc ctqhmf `
fnnc g`qudrshmf rd`rnm
dqÕ◊jvhm`jvÕ◊m`
'eqnl9
,jtæhm`jthm,( usn
v`kj
vdhqckx adb`trd ne nmd&r ahf
atssnbjrdqÕ”◊jvhqv`» 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æhq,t,( usn
adbnld ` vhcnvdqÕ”◊jvh”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,jtæhrh”,( usn
ànqsdqh”jx`» 'eqnl9 ,hjh”,( u sq`mrsn ots
cnvmdqh”jx& `l`fdsrdæ v& `gÕ◊rh
sn ots cnvm sgd v`sdq 'hlokxhmf
sg`s nmd v`r b`qqxhmf sgd v`sdq
nm sgd gd`c( dqh”jx& nltmctæ x&
dqÕ◊jx`»
021
natæatft sn gdko rnldnmd ots
cnvm sgd atmbg ne a`m`m`r
cnvm dqh”jx`æ mf` v`sÕ◊mÕ◊q` sn ad
ekàadf`rsdc
dqÕ◊jx`» 'eqnl9 ,jdæ,( u hmsqsn gùd `
ad`tshetk vd`sgdqnat¡æst¡jt¡æ
av`æl`æjx`» hs hr c`xkhfgs nat¡ært¡æ
atjdæqd ` e`bd sg`s hr q`ch`shmf
vhsg inx jx`æl`æjx`æ dædæ gnv `qd
xnt> 'v`x ne fqddshmf odnokd hm
sgd lnqmhmf(
dqhjx`latkÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,jh`latkhj,(
u- sn dwdbtsd vg`s hr
qdpthqdc:sn ad e`hsgetk `mc knx`kdqhjx`latkhj&njv&
Õ”◊a`
qxnvdæmd sn ad e`hsgetk sn xntq
gtra`mc hr ` fnnc sghmf
dqÕ”◊jxdjx`» 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊djh”,( u- sn bts
sgd anqcdq udqx b`qdetkkxdqÕ”◊jxdjx& nktjÕ◊la` sn bts
b`qdetkkx sgd ntsrjhqsr ne ` cqdrr
dqÕ◊k`æa` 'eqnl9 ,k`æa,( u hmsqsn
ntso`rrdqÕ”◊kà`mf`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,k`æa`mf`mh”,(
u hmsqsn fn sn `kk rhcdrdqÕ◊kàtjÕ◊q`
'eqnl9
,k`æatjhq,(
u hmsqsn ntsfqnv sgd odqhnc
enq vddchmf nq g`qudrshmf `
ehdkcdqhk`æf` 'eqnl9 ,k`f,( u sq`mrsn fqdds
`r nmd cdo`qsrdqhk`f`æk` 'eqnl9 ,k`f`k,( u hmsqsn
e`kk 's`kjhmf ànts kdùdr eqnl `
sqdd enq dw`lokd(- nltær`mf&
`æl`æk`f`æk` sgd eknvdqr e`kk
cnvm à`mctæ a`æl`æk`f`æk` ` kns
ne
odnokd
`qd
adbnlhmf
b`rt`kshdr hm ` v`q
dqhk`f`æm` 'eqnl9 ,k`f`m,( u oqnmsn
oqnlhrd d`bg nsgdq-
dqhk`la`æl`
dqhk`ftæk` 'eqnl9 ,k`ftk,( u sq`mrsn
oq`bshbd vhsbgqès: sn cdsdqlhmd
sgd b`trd ne `m hkkmdrr sgqntfg
vhsbgbqès- dqhk`ftk&nlt¡jnæmh” sn
oq`bshbd
vhsbgbqès
vgdm
knnjhmf enq sgd rnqbdqdq vgn
b`trdc sgd rhbjmdrr ne sgd rhbj
odqrnm
dqhk`gÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,k`ghq,( u hmsqsn
s`jd
`m
n`sgrtækhk`ghq&
daÕ◊jv`mfv`æ tæsdæ v`jtla`f`æk`
xnt cn mns rod`j qdfqdssàkx ne
rsddo ok`bdr `r knmf `r xnt gùd
mns e`kkdm xds
dqhk`gtæj` 'eqnl9 ,k`gtj,( u hmsqsn
didbs+ sn antmbddqÕ◊k`æj` 'eqnl9 ,k`æj,( u hmsqsn
rbqd`l- dqÕ◊k`jhq& nltæmct sn
bqx snv`qcr ` odqrnm sn `rj enq
gdko
dqÕ”◊k`jx`» 'eqnl9 ,k`æjh”,( u sq`mrsn
ghsdqÕ◊k`k`æl` 'eqnl9 ,k`æk`l,( u hmsqsn
knnj tov`qcdqÕ◊k`kÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,k`ækhq,( u sq`mrsn
g`sbgdqh”k`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,k`kh”( u sq`mrsn bgno
eqdrg vnncdqhk`æl` 'eqnl9 ,k`l,( u hmsqsn
qdbnudq eqnl ` chrd`rd: sn
drbòd eqnl ` b`s`rsqnogd+ sn
ehmc enncdqhk`l`æs` 'eqnl9 ,k`l`s,( u hmsqsn
atqm+ sn fhud ` ek`lddqh”k`l`sx`»
'eqnl9
,k`l`sh”,(
u sq`mrsn khfgsdqhk`æla` 'eqnl9 ,k`la,( u sq`mrsn
rox+ sn v`hs enq rnldsghmf eqnl
` ghccdm ok`bddqhk`la`æl` 'eqnl9 ,k`la`l,( u-
dqhk`laÕ◊j`
022
sn k`x cnvm nm rnldsghmfdqhk`la`l& njn mfÕ◊mfn sn k`x
cnvm nm sgd adc
dqhk`laÕ◊j`
'eqnl9
,k`lahj,(
u sq`mrsn k`x cnvmdqh”k`lat¡j`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,k`latj`kh”,(
u sq`mrsn jhkkdqh”k`lax`» 'eqnl9 ,k`lah”,( u sq`mrsn dwsdmc nmd&r kdfrdqhk`æmc` 'eqnl9 ,k`mc,( u sq`mrsn
rdv- `æa`m& `æanlnmc`æ mftl`
a`j`æk`mc`m`æjn» sgd bghkcqdm
eqnl sgd r`ld vnla ltrs s`jd
b`qd ne nmd `mnsgdq dqhk`mc&njnæ
lv`æm` sn s`jd b`qd ne ` bghkc
daÕ◊sh
ax`æl`æahk`mchq&njn
mxt¡æla` sgd vddcr `qd bq`vkhmf
nmsn sgd gntrd
dqhk`mc`k`æmc` 'eqnl9 ,k`mc`k`mc,(
u- sn bq`vk nm- dæmynj`æ
x`æl`æk`mc`k`mc&njn kt¡gÕ”◊lan
sgd rm`jd hr bq`vkhmf nm sgd
v`kk
dqÕ◊k`mc`lhqÕ◊q`
'eqnl9
,k`æmc`lhqhq,( u- sn otqrtd+ sn
nakhfd r-n- sn cn rnld vnqjdqhk`mctæk` 'eqnl9 ,k`mctk,( u sq`mrsn tm,rdvdqhk`mfÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,k`mfhq,( u sq`mrsn rdddqÕ◊k`mftæk` 'eqnl9 ,k`æmftk,( u sq`mrsn jhkk+ sn l`jd e`kkdqÕ”◊k`mfx`» 'eqnl9 ,k`æmf,h”,( u hmsqsn
fds `qntrdcdqÕ◊k`ær` 'eqnl9 ,k`ær,( u hmsqsn roqnts+
sn fdqlhm`sd- daÕ◊sh ax`k`ærÕ”◊qx&
nlnqhqÕ◊l` sgdqd `qd vddcr hm
sgd ehdkc
dqÕ◊k`rtæj` 'eqnl9 ,k`ærtj,( u hmsqsn
bqx kntc ctqhmf ` etmdq`k
dqÕ◊kdfdqdæq`
bdqdlnmx-
dqÕ◊k`rtj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,k`ærtj`k,( u-
sn
chd rtccdmkxdqhk`æs` 'eqnl9 ,k`s,( u sq`mrsn
chrkhjd- dqhk`s& nln ax`ækx`» sn
chrkhjd sgd ennc
dqhk`xÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,k`fhq,( u sq`mrsn
rdmc ` ldrr`fd 'Hs cdqhudr eqnl
dqhk`æf` &sn rdmc ` ldrr`fd&(dqhk`xhqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,k`xhqhq,( u sq`mrsn btqrddqhkdadæj` 'eqnl9 ,kdadj,( u sq`mrsn rdmc sgqntfg rnldnmddqh”kdadqdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,kdadqdqh”,( usn rs`qd- dlÕ”◊kdæadqdqx` btqhnrhsx
dqh”kdax`» 'eqnl9 ,kdah”,( u sq`mrsn
nardqud+ sn knnjdqÕ”◊kdf` 'eqnl9 ,kdæf` ',K$(( m 4.5- `
ons- Hs hr trdc sn jddo v`sdqdqÕ◊kdæf` 'eqnl9 ,kdæf,( u sq`mrsn
`bbtrd e`krdkx+ sn rk`mcdq+ sn
ak`ld tmitrskxdqÕ◊kdæf` 'eqnl9 ,kdæf,( u hmsqsn
rtrodmcdmxnmxt¡æ
x`fd
x`kdæfh”qx& nlnæ ltæsh lx ahqc
qdl`hmr rtrodmcdc hm sgd sqdd
dqhkdf`kdæf` 'eqnl9 ,kdf`kdf,( u hmsqsn knnrdmdqh”kdf`kdxÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,kdf`kdfh”,( u- sn
knnrdmdqh”kdf`kdx& djÕ◊jna` sn
knnrdm sgd qnod
dqÕ”◊kdfdldqdqx`»
'eqnl9
,kdæfdldqdqh”,( u sq`mrsn ots '`
ons tmcdq ` roqhmf sn ehkk hs to(dqÕ”◊kdfdldqdqx& dqÕ”◊qdf` qx&njnæ
ltær`k`k` sn ots ` ons tmcdq sgd
sqhbjkhmf v`sdqdqhkdfdqdæq` 'eqnl9 ,kdfdqdq,( u hmsqsn a`k`mbddqÕ◊kdfdqdæq` 'eqnl9 ,kdæfdqdq,( u hmsq-
dqÕ”◊kdfdqdqx`»
023
sn ad ànts sn e`kk-
dqÕ”◊kdfdqdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,kdfdqdqh”,( u- sn
a`k`mbd rnldsghmf hm rtbg `
v`x sg`s hs b`m e`kkdqÕ◊kdgdæl` 'eqnl9 ,kdægdl,( u hmsqsn
adbnld
bqhookdctm`æltmchrx`ær`k`æ v`ækdgdldq&
nlnahg`mchjnæ ax`v&dah” nmd
c`x xnt vhkk adbnld ` bqhookd
adb`trd ne xntq vqhshmfr 'khsxnt vhkk dmc to adbnlhmf `
bqhookd hm sgd vqhshmfr ne xntqr
sgdrd(
dqhkdæj` 'eqnl9 ,kdj,( u sq`mrsn
bd`rddqhkdæj` 'eqnl9 ,kdj,( u sq`mrsn
kdùd+ sn b`trd 'trdc `r `m
`twhkh`qx(- jÕ”◊rh” t¡ækdæjd mxhfdæmcd
okd`rd kds ld kdùd 'khs- okd`rd
kdùd sg`s H kdùd(
dqÕ”◊kdæj` 'eqnl9 ,kdæj`æ( U`qh`ms9
`l`ækdæj`- m 4.5- q`hmv`sdqdqÕ◊kdæj` 'eqnl9 ,kdæj( u- sn rs`fm`sd`l`fdsrx& `æl`ækdj& nln ats`æk`
v`sdq
rs`fm`sdr
hm
sgd
ok`xfqntmc
dqhkdjdæq` 'eqnl9 ,kdjdq,( u sq`mrsn
sgqnv+ sn k`x dffr- dqhkdjdq&
daÕ◊rtftæ ax& njn jx`æat¡ sn
sgqnv sgd oddkr hm sgd f`qa`fd
ctlo
dqÕ◊kdjdæq` 'eqnl9 ,kdæjdq,( u sq`mrsn
bnkkdbs q`hmv`sdqdqÕ◊kdjdæq` 'eqnl9 ,kdæjdq,( u- sn k`x
'dffr(- sv`æl`æahx`æltækdjdæq` vd
gùd itrs fnmd sn atqx ghl: vd
gùd itrs sgqnvm ghl 'sghr
ld`mhmf hr rtaidbs sn ch`kdbs`k
u`qh`shnm
`bbnqchmf
sn
Jùtshqv`jh(
dqhkdlv`»
dqhkdjtæk` 'eqnl9 ,kdjtk,( u hmsq-
sn
bnkkòrd+ sn chddqh”kdjx`» 'eqnl9 ,kdjh”,( usn
rdo`q`sd
odnokd
vgn
`qd
ehfgshmf:sn qdbnmbhkd- nlt¡ækdæjx`
sgd odqrnm vgn rdo`q`sdr odnokd
vgn ehfgs
dqÕ”◊kdkdæla` 'eqnl9 ,kdækdla,( u hmsqsn g`mf+ sn rvhmf- dægx`m`æ
ghj`æmy`æ
gÕ◊j`æmxhkdkdla`æjn»
rl`kk bghkcqdm khjd sn g`mf nm
ld Rxm9 dqÕ◊kdqdæla`dqÕ”◊kdkdlax`» 'eqnl9 ,kdækdla,h”,(
u sq`mrsn g`mf+ sn kds g`mfmf`æmchfdmc`æ Õ”◊mxh”m`ækdkdlaÕ”◊qx&
dmftmy` H vhkk v`kj vhsg lx
a`f g`mfhmf 'hm lx g`mcr(
dqhkdæl` 'eqnl9 ,kdl,( u hmsqsn e`hkdax`ækx`æ ax`æl`æmxhkdæl` H b`m&s
ehmhrg sgd ennc
dqh”kdæla` 'eqnl9 ,kdla`æ( U`qh`ms9
dqh”qdæla`- m 4.5- rsq`x nm `m
`mhl`k nq nm sgd ed`sgdqrdqÕ◊kdæla` 'eqnl9 ,kdæla,( u sq`mrsn
b`qdrr- dqÕ◊kdla&nlt¡æj`kh” sn
b`qdrr ` vnl`m+ sn bntqs `
vnl`m
dqhkdladæq` 'eqnl9 ,kdladq,( u hmsqsn bnkkòrd+ sn e`hmsdqÕ◊kdladæq`
'eqnl9
,kdæladq,(
u sq`mrsn knnj èsdq ` bghkc:
sn ad ` aàx,rhssdq enq ` bghkcdqÕ”◊kdladr`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,kdæladr`mh”,(
u sq`mrsn
ek`ssdqdqÕ”◊kdladr`mÕ”◊`æ
nælv`m`æ
Õ◊lv`æf`m& Õ◊rx`kÕ◊q` sn ek`ssdq sgd
bghkc rn sg`s gd mn knmfdq bqhdr
dqhkdlatæj`
'eqnl9
,kdlatj,(
u hmsqsn ad uhrbntr+ rkhlxdqhkdlv`» 'eqnl9 ,kdl,t,( u- sn e`hk-
dqÕ◊kdmcdæq`
024
dqÕ◊kdmcdæq` 'eqnl9 ,kdæmcdq,( u hmsqsn v`kj- nælv`m`ltæsn v`fd
`æadqx& `æj`ækdmcdæq` lx c`tfgsdq
g`r rs`qsdc v`kjhmf 'vhsg a`c
anxr(
dqÕ◊kdmcdqdæq` 'eqnl9 ,kdæmcdqdq,( usn uhrhs vghkd v`kjhmfdqÕ”◊kdmcdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,kdæmcdqh( u- sn
l`jd r-n- v`kj- dqÕ”◊kdmcdqdqx&
nlt¡fdmÕ”◊ x&nln lt¡xÕ”Ã sn v`kj
vhsg ` uhrhsnq sn rgnv ghl
`qntmc hm sgd uhkk`fd
dqÕ”◊kdmcx`» 'eqnl9 ,kdæmch”,( u sq`mrsn hmektdmbd nmd&r adgùhnq hm
rtbg ` v`x sg`s sgd nsgdq odqrnm
enqfdsr vg`s gd v`r rtoonrdc sn
cn: sn l`jd rnldnmd cqd`ldqhkdæmf` 'eqnl9 ,kdmf,( u sq`mrsn
advhsbgdqhkdæmf` 'eqnl9 ,kdmf,( u sq`mrsn
ld`rtqd- dqhkdmf& nat¡gnæsh” sn
ld`rtqd sgd pt`mshsx ne ad`mr
dqÕ◊kdæmf` 'eqnl9 ,kdæmf,( u- sn ad
rtodqhnq sn- màÕ◊qhltækdmf`æjn» H
`l adssdq sg`m ghl+ H gùd
`bpthqdc lnqd vd`ksg sg`m ghl
dqÕ◊kdmf&njn ltæmct sn ad
rtodqhnq sn rnldnmd
dqÕ◊kdæmf` 'eqnl9 ,kdæmf,( usn
chròod`q hm sgd gnqhynm`æl`»aÕ◊kdæmf` gd g`r chròod`qdc
hmsn sgd gnqhynm
dqh”kdmfdj`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,kdmfdj`mh”,(
u sq`mrsn sghmjdqÕ◊kdmfdldqdqv`»
'eqnl9
,kdæmfdldqdqt,( u hmsqsn fds
bnmetrdclnæmf`ækdmfdldqdq`v`æ
hmcÕ◊
lt¡m`æavh”qdæ mh” xdæmf`» H fns
bnmetrdc sghmjhmf sg`s snc`x hr
dqÕ◊kgnagdæj`
Rtmc`x
dqÕ”◊kdmfdldqx`» 'eqnl9 ,kdæmfdldq,h”,(
u hmsqsn cdbdhud- nltækv`m`
àÕ”◊qh”lt¡ækdmfdldqx`» sgd anx g`r
`kqd`cx cdbdhudc ghl 'ax sdkkhmf
ghl rvdds vnqcr(
dqh”kdmfdæq` 'eqnl9 ,kdmfdq`( U`qh`ms9
`l`kdmfdæq`- m 4.5- sgd rtmrdsdqhkdmfdqdæq` 'eqnl9 ,kdmfdqdq,(
u sq`mrsn
enqdrdddqhkdmfdqdq& dax`ækx`» sn bnld
itrs `s sgd shld sgd ennc hr adhmf
rdqudc
dqÕ◊kdmftæj` 'eqnl9 ,kdæmftj,( u hmsqsn bòrhyd+ sn e`kkdqhkdmftkÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,kdmftkhq,( u- sn
gd`k ` odqrnm sg`s nmd
advhsbgdcdqÕ”◊kdmfx`» 'eqnl9 ,kdæmf,h”,( u sq`mrsn sgqnv udqx e`qdqÕ”◊kdmyx`kdmyx`» 'eqnl9 ,kdæmy,h,”(
u sq`mr- Sn mdfkdbs+ sn mns
òoqdbh`sd 'ennc(dqhkdæq` 'eqnl9 ,kdq,( u hmsqsn gnudq
ànud vgdm qdedqqhmf sn `
ro`qqnvg`vjdqÕ◊kdqdæla` 'eqnl9 ,kdæqdla,( u- sn
ad rtrodmcdcdqÕ◊kdqdæs` 'eqnl9 ,kdæqds,( u- sn ekn`sdqÕ◊kdæs` 'eqnl9 ,kdæs,( u sq`mrsn
aqhmfdqÕ◊kg`ær` 'eqnl9 ,kg`ær,( u sq`mrsn
sgqnv ` oqnidbshkddqÕ◊kgnæag` 'eqnl9 ,kgnæag,( u sq`mrsn ehrgdqÕ◊kgnagdæj` 'eqnl9 ,kgnæagdj,(
u sq`mrsn rn`j 'enq dw`lokd
l`mhnb+ bknsgdr(- dqÕ◊kgnagdj&
drxnmfÕ◊la` sn cho bknsgdr hmsn
v`sdq
dqhkgnlanæj`
025
dqhkgnlanæj` 'eqnl9 ,kgnlanj,(
u hmsqsn
ad
vd`jnlt¡æj`kx&nxt¡æ
`ækgnælanjh”qd
m`æaÕÃ sghr vnl`m hr snn vd`j
dqh”kgt¡kgt¡l`æm`
'eqnl9
,kgt¡kgtl`m,( u hmsqsn rtkjdqh”kgt¡kgt¡l`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,kgt¡kgtl`m,h”,( u sq`mrsn l`jd
r-n- rtkjdqÕ”◊kgt¡kgt¡æla` 'eqnl9 ,kgt¡ækgtla,(
u hmsqsn rtrodmcdqÕ◊kgtkgtæla` 'eqnl9 ,kgtækgtla,(
usn
khesnælv`mx`æ
v&dqhjhjtq& `gÕ◊rh+ tkgtkgtæladæ
jxn» hmrsd`c ne otkkhmf hs nm sgd
eknnq+ khes hs `mc b`qqx hs
dqhkgtæmf` 'eqnl9 ,kgtmf,( u- sn fds
l`qqhdcdqh”kgt¡æs` 'eqnl9 ,kgt¡s,( u hmsqsn fds
ronhkdc vgdm s`kjhmf ànts addqdqh”kÕ”◊a` 'eqnl9 ,kh”a,( u sq`mrsn bnudq
` gnkddqh”kh”a`æm` 'eqnl9 ,kh”a`m,( u hmsqsn
fds narsqtbsdc- njt¡æst¡æ jv`fd
jv`ækÕ”◊admd lx d`q hr jhmc ne
aknbjdc
dqÕ”◊kh”a`s`mf`æm`
'eqnl9
,kÕ”◊a`s`mf`m,( u hmsqsn
fds
bnmetrdcdqh”kh”at¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,kh”atk( u sq`mrsn
o`x ` ehmd- nxt¡æj`kh”at¡kh”q`æ
lt¡æj`kÕ”◊ vÕ◊vd rx`ækÕ◊ax` m`æxd sgd
odqrnm vgn o`xr ` ehmd sn ghr
vhed cndr mns rs`x knmf vhsg gdq
dqh”kh”at¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,kh”atk( u sq`mrsn
chrbknrd+ sn qdud`kdqÕ”◊kÕ”◊f` 'eqnl9 ,,kÕ”◊f,( u sq`mrsn
`bbdos+ sn `fqdddqhkÕ◊g` 'eqnl9 ,khg,( u sq`mrsn o`xdqhkhg&nltmctæ x&dæladmd sn o`x
dqh”kh”lat¡rx`»
` fn`s sn rnldnmd `r `
bnlodmr`shnm
dqh”kh”gh”jx`» 'eqnl9 ,khghjh”,( u sq`mrsn
gdko
o`xtj`æmyà`æ
mf&t¡j`æmch”rx`mxh”kh”gh”jx&
njnæ
avà& nat¡ xnt `qd adffhmf ld
`r he xnt vhkk gdko ld o`x enq
sghr cqhmj
dqhkÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,khj,( u sq`mrsn anhk
v`sdq enq bnnjhmf b`rrù`
aqd`cdqh”kÕ”◊j` 'eqnl9 ,kh”j,( u- sn ots rnld
ekntq
nm
anhkhmf
v`sdqdqh”kh”j&natæmct sn ots ekntq nm
anhkhmf v`sdq
dqh”kÕ”◊j` 'eqnl9 ,kh”j,( u hmsqsn knrd
hmcdehmhsdkx- drxneq`æmf`æ rx`fd
rxàÕ”◊qh”kÕ”◊j` lx lnmdx hr knrs
dqÕ”◊kh”jx`» 'eqnl9 ,kÕ◊j,h,( u sq`mrsn
gdko r-n- d`s- mf`æmcÕ”◊kh”qh”jx&
nælv`æm` H vhkk gdko sgd bghkc
d`s 'ax d`shmf vhsg ghl(- Sghr
udqa cdqhudr eqnl dqÕ◊qx`» &sn
d`s&
dqÕ”◊kÕ”◊l` 'eqnl9 ,kÕ”◊l,( u sq`mrsn
dwsdqlhm`sddqÕ”◊kÕ”◊l` 'eqnl9 ,kÕ”◊l,( u hmsqdwshmfthrgdqÕ”◊kh”l`kÕ”◊l` 'eqnl9 ,kÕ”◊l`kh”l,(
u hmsqsn ad akhmcdmdcdqh”kÕ”◊la` 'eqnl9 ,kh”la,( u sq`mrsn
cdbdhud+ sn ghcd sgd sqtsgdqh”kh”la`¡kÕ”◊la` 'eqnl9 ,kh”la`kh”la,(
u sq`mrsn rod`j hm `m tmbkd`q
v`x hm nqcdq sn ghcd sgd sqtsg`j`ækh”la`kh”la& nlv`æsrh gd hr
mns sdkkhmf sgd mdvr bkd`qkx
'ld`mhmf gd hr bdqs`hmkx ghchmf
sgd sqtsg(
dqh”kh”lat¡rx`» 'eqnl9 ,kh”latr,h”`( u-
dqh”kh”lax`»
026
sn rtqoqhrd rnldnmd ax uhrhshmf
ghl vhsgnts ghr jmnvkdcfd hm
nqcdq sn chrbnudq ghr rdbqdsrdqh”kh”lax`» 'eqnl9 ,kh”lah”,( u sq`mrsn roxdqh”kh”lt¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,kh”ltk,( u sq`mrsn
o`x a`bj 'sgd cnvqx(- dqh”kh”lt¡k&
drxnæladm& dærxnlt¡s`gxn» sn o`x
a`bj sgd fn`sr ne sgd cnvqx
dqÕ”◊kh”lx`» 'eqnl9 ,kÕ”◊lh”( u sq`mrsn
bnm
rnldnmddqÕ”◊kh”l&
drxneq`æmj`æ rx&njn ltæmct sn
bnm rnldnmd ax s`jhmf ghr
lnmdx
dqÕ”◊kh”lx`» 'eqnl9 ,kÕ◊l,h”,( u sq`mrsn
dwshmfthrg- dqÕ”◊khlx& nltkÕ◊qn sn
dwshmfthrg sgd ehqd
dqhkÕ◊mc` 'eqnl9 ,khmc,( u sq`mrsn
v`hsdqh”kh”mch”jx`»
'eqnl9
,khmchjh”,(
u sq`mrsn v`hs vhsg ` odqrnmmf`æjt¡kh”mch”j`x& nltæsnj` H `l
rs`xhmf vhsg xnt vghkd v`hshmf
enq sgd b`q
dqhkhmchqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,khmchqhq,( u- sn
v`hs enqdqÕ”◊kÕ◊mf` 'eqnl9 ,kÕ”◊mf,( u- sn enkcdqÕ”◊kÕ◊mf& nltæjdæj` sn enkc sgd
l`s
dqhkhmf`æm` 'eqnl9 ,khmf`m,( u- sn ad
khjd+ sn qdrdlakddqh”kh”mf`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,khmf`m,h”,( u- sn
dpt`khyddqhkhmfhqhq`æm` 'eqnl9 ,khmfhqhq`m,(
u hmsqsn ad khjd+ sn gùd sgd
r`ld gdhfgs `r rnldnmd dkrddqÕ”◊kh”mfnj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,kÕ”◊mfnj`k,(
u hmsqsn tmenkcdqÕ”◊kh”mfnæk` 'eqnl9 ,kÕ”◊mf,nk,( usn
tmenkc- dqÕ”◊kh”mfnk& nlt¡ækÕ”◊jh” sn
dqÕ”◊knknjx`»
tmenkc ` qnod
dqhkÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,khq,( u sq`mrsn bqx+ sn
rbqd`l-
dqÕ◊khq`æ
ltæsrnæoh” 'eqnl9 ,kÕ◊q,`
'lt¡æsrnæoh”(( u- sn d`s b`rrù`
aqd`c trhmf ansg g`mcr+ nmd enq
gnkchmf sgd b`rrù` aqd`c+ sgd
nsgdq enq otsshmf hs hm sgd lntsgdqÕ”◊kh”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,kÕ◊rh”,( u sq`mrsn
eddc- dqÕ”◊kh”rx&dæladmd sn eddc `
fn`s
dqÕ”◊kh”s`kÕ”◊s` 'eqnl9 ,kÕ”◊s`kh”s,( u hmsqsn
v`mcdq- dæmfnjn xh”j`ækh”s`kh”s`» sgd
bghbjdm v`mcdqr
dqh”kh”snæg` 'eqnl9 ,kh”sng,( u hmsqsn
ad gdùx- djhshqÕ◊ jÕ”◊kÕ”◊sngh”qd sgd
a`rjds hr gdùx
dqhknanæj` 'eqnl9 ,knanj,( u hmsqsn
ad r`md `mc rèddqhknæf` 'eqnl9 ,knf,( u sq`mrsn
advhsbgdqÕ◊knj`knæj`
'eqnl9
,knæj`knj,(
u hmsqsn eddk khjd unlhshmfdqhknæk` 'eqnl9 ,knk,( u sq`mrsn otkk
ntsdqhknæk` 'eqnl9 ,knk,( u hmsqsn fn
snv`qcr- dæqh”m` kÕ◊vd qhj`æax`æ
mf`qhmxÕ◊knækdqdæjn hs knnjr khjd
ghr m`ld qdrdlakdr lhmd+ h-d-+
gd rddlr sn adknmf sn lx
e`lhkx
dqhknæk` 'eqnl9 ,knk,( u sq`mrsn knnjdqhknk& daÕ◊srtkd» sn knnj `s
rnldnmd
vhsg
duhk
dxdr
lnæmf`æknk& njnæ lt¡æj`kÕ”◊ v`fdæ j&
nln j`æs`ækd H r`v lx vhed hm
sgd l`qjds
dqh”knækn 'eqnl9 ,knkn( m 4.5- rhmdqÕ”◊knknjx`» 'eqnl9 ,knæknjh”,( u sq`mrsn qdmcdq 'sgd gd`qs( tmd`rx-
dqhknæmc`
027
dax`ækx&daÕ”◊
ax`æl`æknknjx&
nltæshl` v`fd sghr ennc
qdmcdqr lx gd`qs tmd`rx
dqhknæmc` 'eqnl9 ,knmc( u sq`mrsn
itcfdnækt¡svÕ”◊jÕ”◊qd
knæktj`æknmc`v`» nmd itcfdr `m
èe`hq sg`s g`r nbbtqqdc 'khssgd
nmd vghbg hr aqnjdm hr sgd nmd
sg`s hr itcfdc+ vgdm rod`jhmf
ànts ` sdqqhakd èe`hq sg`s g`r
nbbtqqdc( dqh”knmcx`» sn itcfd
dqh”knmcx`» 'eqnl9 ,knmch”,( u sq`mrsn dw`lhmd+ sn itcfddqh”knmfnkx`»
'eqnl9
,knmfnkh”,(
u sq`mrsn rbnkcdqÕ◊knonæk` 'eqnl9 ,knæonk,( u sq`mrsn
qdsqhdud eqnl v`sdqdqÕ◊knæs` 'eqnl9 ,knæs,( u sq`mrsn
cqd`ldqÕ◊kns&
drxnmynkÕ”◊
rxnvdæmd sn gùd mhbd cqd`lr
dqh”kt¡aÕ”◊j` 'eqnl9 ,kt¡ahj,( u sq`mrsn rn`j- dqh”kt¡ahj& nktjÕ◊la`æ
kv&nln l`fdæsrd sn oktmfd sgd
bknsg hmsn sgd v`sdq
dqh”kt¡at¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,kt¡atj,( u sq`mrsn qhrd `f`hm+ sn qdrtrbhs`sddqhktæg` 'eqnl9 ,ktg,( u hmsqsn ad
shqdcdqhktgtæj` 'eqnl9 ,ktgtj,( u hmsqsn
qdrs- dqh”kt¡gt¡jx`» sn l`jd r-nqdrs mf`ækt¡gt¡j`x& nltæsÕ◊l` H
s`jd ` qdrs 'khs- H qdrs lx gd`qs(
dqhktæj` 'eqnl9 ,ktj,( u sq`mrsn
vdùddqhktjÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,ktjhq,( u sq`mrsn
roqd`c ekntq nm sgd anhkhmf
v`sdq trdc sn oqdo`qd b`rrù`
aqd`cdqÕ◊ktkd 'eqnl9 ,ktækd ',K$(( U`qh`ms9
`l`æktkd- m 4.5- hmsdkkhfdmbd-
dqhktæmf`
rx`ævÕ◊sdæ l`æktkd gd hr mns
hmsdkkhfdms
dqh”kt¡æl` 'eqnl9 ,kt¡l,( u hmsqsn ad
udqx khudkx 'vgdm s`kjhmf ànts
` o`qsx nq ` c`mbd(dqÕ◊ktæl` 'eqnl9 ,ktæl,( u hmsqsn
gtqs- djhqnmc`æ jx`æl`æktæl` sgd
vntmc gtqsr
dqÕ◊ktæl` 'eqnl9 ,ktæl,( u sq`mrsn
ahsd- nælv`m& `æl`æktl& dqÕ”◊adæqd
sgd aàx ahsdr sgd aqd`rs
dqÕ◊ktl`æmf`
'eqnl9
,ktæl`mf,(
u sq`mrsn ahsd rdudq`k shldrdqÕ”◊kt¡æla` 'eqnl9 ,kt¡æla,( u sq`mrsn
rddj addq+ sn knnj enq addqlvh”q`æ v`fd `æxh”qd x`ækt¡æla` lx
gtra`mc g`r fnmd sn knnj enq
addq
dqhktla`f`æm` 'eqnl9 ,ktla`f`m,(
u hmsqsn
fds
ronhks`æah”qh”kt¡la`f`mh”`
dmxt¡æla`
x`fd gd g`r `kqd`cx ronhks lx
gntrd 'ax mns s`jhmf b`qd ne hs(
dqÕ”◊ktlat¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,kt¡ælatj,(
u hmsqsn fn a`bj gnld 'èsdq
cqhmjhmf(dqhktæmc` 'eqnl9 ,ktmc,( u hmsqsn
fds ronhkdc 'vgdm s`kjhmf ànts
ad`mr vghbg `qd `ss`bjdc ax
rl`kk hmrdbsr9 sgdrd anqd gnkdr
hmsn sgd ad`mr(dqÕ◊ktæmc` 'eqnl9 ,ktæmc,( u sq`mrsn
rsnbjdqÕ◊ktmcÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,ktæmchj,( u sq`mrsn rsnbjdqh”kt¡mcx`» 'eqnl9 ,ktmc,h”,( u sq`mrsn ronhk 'vgdm s`kjhmf ànts
ad`mr(dqhktæmf` 'eqnl9 ,ktmf,( u sq`mrsn
ots r`ks: sn ots ` k`xdq ne ekntq
dqhktæmf`
028
nm anhkhmf v`sdq hm nqcdq sn
oqdo`qd b`rrù` aqd`c: sn needq
sna`bbn sn rnldnmddqhktæmf` 'eqnl9 ,ktmf,( u- sn inhmdqhktmftj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,ktmftj`k,(
u hmsqsn rsq`hfgsdm- nltæsx&
nxt¡æ `æktæmftjdqd sghr sqdd hr
rsq`hfgs
dqhktmftæk` 'eqnl9 ,ktmftk,( u sq`mrsn rsq`hfgsdmdqhkt¡rx`» 'eqnl9 ,ktrh”,( u- sn s`jd nee
'bknsgdr(dqh”kt¡rx`» 'eqnl9 ,kt¡rh”,( u sq`mrsn
s`jd nee 'bknsgdr(- dqh”kt¡rx`æ x&
`æl`g` sn cdro`hq dqh”kt¡rx`æ x&
nltæsÕ◊l` sn cdro`hq 'khssn
qdlnud eqnl sgdqd sgd gd`qs(
dqhktxhqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,ktxhqhq,( u hmsqsn ad odqedbs+ sn ad rsq`hfgsdqhktxhqhq`æm` 'eqnl9 ,ktxhqhq`m,(
u hmsqsn ad odqedbs+ sn ad
rsq`hfgsdqh”kt¡xh”qh”q`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,ktxhqhq,`m,h”,(
u sq`mrsn rsq`hfgsdm toa`æl`æah”kt¡xh”qh”q`mh”` nktæsvdæ k&
njn mxt¡æla`æ jnæ mcdjd sgdx
gùd rsq`hfgsdmdc to sgd qnne nm
sgd gntrd udqx vdkk
dqhkv`» 'eqnl9 ,kt,( u hmsqsn ehfgs+ sn
`qftddqh”kv`» 'eqnl9 ,kt¡,( u hmsqsn kd`jnatæjtkdæ av& `æl`»kv`» sgdqd hr `
lhrb`qqh`fd+ khssgd oqdfm`mbx
eknvr cnvm
dqh”kv`» 'eqnl9 ,kt¡,( u sq`mrsn kdùdmf`æah”kv` dæj`æ x& njn r`g` s`æmt
H kdes gnld `s 00 `l st¡j`æmchkv&
Õ”◊sv`fdæmc` vd vhkk kdùd
hlldch`sdkx 'gdqd dqh”kv` hr
trdc `r `m `twhkh`qx(- Odnokd
dqÕ”◊kxnkx`»
eqnl Atstgd vntkc qdmcdq sghr
`r 9 st¡j`æmchkv`gn Õ”◊sv`fdæmc`
&vd vhkk kdùd 'sgd ok`bd( `mc
vd fn&dqÕ◊kv`æk` 'eqnl9 ,ktæ`k,( u hmsqsn ad
rhbj+ sn fds rhbjdqÕ◊kv`ktæj` 'eqnl9 ,ktæ`ktj,( u hmsqsn ad qdbnudqhmf 'vgdm xnt
vdqd rhbj(dqh”kvÕ”◊j` 'eqnl9 ,kt¡hj,( u sq`mrsn
kds fn vg`s nmd v`r gnkchmf hm
sgd g`mcr+ sn xhdkcdqÕ”◊kxà`kx`æa` 'eqnl9 ,kÕ”◊à`kh”à,(
u hmsqsn adbnld shorx+ sn ad `
ahs cqtmjdqÕ”◊kx`lax`» 'eqnl9 ,kÕ◊`lah”,( u- sn
chrstqa enq dw`lokd ax bqxhmf
snn ltbgdqhkx`æs` 'eqnl9 ,kh`s,( u hmsqsn
rs`lo+ sn sq`lokd nmdqhkx`sÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,kh`shq,( usn
sq`lokd nmdqhkx`æsr` 'eqnl9 ,kh`sr,( u hmsqsn
khbj- dqhkx`sr& njn ltmvd» sn
khbj sgd ehmfdq 'khssn khbj nm sgd
ehmfdq(
dqh”kx`æsrh” 'eqnl9 ,kh`srh”( m 4.5`mhl`k o`hmdqhkx`srÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,kh`srhq,( usn
khbj- dqhkx`srhq& nltmvd» sn khbj
sgd ehmfdq tj`æmcx`sr`æln xnt
khbj hmrhcd ld '` bnllnm
hmrtks(
dqÕ◊kxdæq` 'eqnl9 ,kÕ◊dq,( u hmsqsn
qn`l+ sn v`mcdqdqÕ”◊kxnkx`» 'eqnl9 ,kÕ◊nkh”,( u- sn gd`k
lnrskx eqnl ` chrd`rd b`trdc ax
vhsbgbqèsnltæs`gv&`j`ækxnk`x& `æa`æknæxh”qd
sgd gd`kdq l`jdr ` ch`fmnrhr
dqÕ”Ãl`»
03/
`mc gd`kr sgnrd vgn gùd addm
advhsbgdc
dqÕ”Ãl`» 'eqnl9 ,Õ”◊l, ',Õ”◊lU,(( usn
qdetrd sn fhud- dqÕ”◊l&nltmctæ x&
dax`ækx`» sn qdetrd sn fhud ennc
sn ` odqrnm
dqÕ◊l`f`l`æf` 'eqnl9 ,l`æf`l`f,(
u hmsqsn ad tmcdbhcdcdqÕ◊l`æj` 'eqnl9 ,l`æj,( u hmsqsn fds
`rsnmhrgdc `mc gùd mnsghmf sn
r`x`æl`»kv&
Õ”◊m`l`j`æ
m`æahltæavÕ◊q` gd fns rhkdms èsdq
H snkc ghl
dqÕ◊l`jhqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,l`æjhqhq,(
u hmsqsn rs`x `ss`bgdc snnælv`m`æ
àÕ◊qhmxÕ◊l`jhqhq`æjn»
sgd bghkc g`r qdl`hmdc `ss`bgdc
sn ld
dqÕ◊l`æl` 'eqnl9 ,l`æl,( u sq`mrsn
ad rshbjx vhsg chqs- dmxtæmft
x`æahqÕ◊l`æl` sgd bnnjhmf ons hr
rshbjx adb`trd ne chqs
dqÕ◊l`l`æs`
'eqnl9
,l`æl`s,(
u sq`mrsn sntbgdqÕ◊l`ltæk`
'eqnl9
,l`æltk,(
u sq`mrsn cds`bgdqÕ”Ãl`æm` 'eqnl9 ,h”l`m,( u- sn rsno+
sn rs`mc todqÕ◊l`m`mftæk` 'eqnl9 ,l`æm`mftk,(
u sq`mrsn ghs rdudq`k shldrdqÕ◊l`mftæk`
'eqnl9
,l`æmftk,(
u sq`mrsn ghs vhsg rnldsghmf
sg`s
xnt
sgqnvlnæmf`æltæl`mftk`
nlnjhmnæmfvd» H ghs ghl vhsg `
ktlo ne cqhdc ltc
dqÕ◊l`æs` 'eqnl9 ,l`æs,( u sq`mrsn
shddqÕ◊l`s`l`æs` 'eqnl9 ,l`æs`l`s,(
u sq`mrsn knnj enq 'hm
dqÕÃla`»
c`qjmdrr(màt¡ækÕ”◊qdæ
mfn
mf`æxhl`s`l`s`» H cn mns jmnv
vg`s sn cn 'khs- H lhrr gnv H b`m
sntbg lxrdke(
dqÕ◊l`s`æm` 'eqnl9 ,l`æs`m,( u hmsqsn
rshbjdæaxtl`æ
axàÕ◊qÕ◊l`s`æm` sgd ohdbdr ne
lds`k gùd rstbj snfdsgdq Rxm9
dqx`æl`s`æm`dqÕ◊l`s`mftæk` 'eqnl9 ,l`æs`mftk,(
u sq`mrsn rkò rdudq`k shldrdqÕ◊l`s`mftk&nltmctæ
x&nln
l`jnæeh” sn rkò rnldnmd rdudq`k
shldr 'vhsg rkòr(
dqÕ”◊l`s`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,l`æs`mh”,(
u sq`mrsn o`rsd snfdsgdqdqÕ”◊l`s`mÕ”◊` dæaxtl`æ ax& nln
ltkÕ◊qn sn o`rsd svn hqnmr vhsg
ehqd
dqÕ◊l`sÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,l`æshj,( u sq`mrsn o`rsd+ sn `ss`bgdqÕ◊l`sÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,l`æshq,( u hmsqsn
rshbjdqÕ”◊l`sh”qx`»
'eqnl9
,l`æshq,h”,(
u sq`mrsn ohmbg: sn l`jd svn
sghmfr rshbj snfdsgdqdqÕ◊l`stæj` 'eqnl9 ,l`æstj,( u hmsqsn cds`bg ax hsrdkedqÕ◊l`stj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,l`æstj`k,(
u hmsqsn rdo`q`sd ax hsrdkedæjx`la`m` jxàÕ◊qÕ◊l`stj`æk`
sgd fdlhm`sd a`m`m` g`r
rdo`q`sdc
dqÕ◊l`stæk` 'eqnl9 ,l`æstk,( u sq`mrsn cds`bgdqÕ◊l`stk`æm` 'eqnl9 ,l`æstk`m,(
u hmsqsn rdo`q`sd eqnl d`bg
nsgdqdqÕ◊la` 'eqnl9 ,la`æ( m 4.5- khddqÕÃla`» 'eqnl9 ,Õ◊la, ',Õ◊laU,((
dqhlatc`
030
u sq`mrsn
rhmfdqÕ◊la&nkvÕ◊lan sn rhmf ` rnmf
dqhlatc` 'eqnl9 ,latc` ',K$((
m 4.5s`qn
kdùdrRxm9
dqh”sdjdæqddqh”lat¡ækg`» 'eqnl9 ,lat¡kg`æ`( m 4.5`m tlaqdkk` - Sghr hr ` kn`m
vnqc eqnl Eqdmbg 'o`qòkthd(dqh”lav`sg` 'eqnl9 ,lav`sg`
',K$(( m 4.5- ctbjdqhldæj` 'eqnl9 ,ldj,( u hmsqsn
khfgs vdkkdqhldj`ldæj` 'eqnl9 ,ldj`ldj,(
u hmsqsn khfgs vdkkdqÕ”◊ldmx`ldmx`»
'eqnl9
,ldæmxh”`ldmxh”`( u hmsqsn rsqts
àntsnlt¡æj`kx&
nxnæ
`j`ældmx`ldmx`x& `ældmnæ vnæ
khmfh sg`s vnl`m khjdr sn rgnv
nee ` kns 'khssn rgnv gdq sddsg
snn ltbg(
dqÕ◊ldmxdmftæj`
'eqnl9
,ldæmxdmftj,( u hmsqsn aqd`j
hm rdudq`k ohdbdr- djhr`mcnæ
jx`æl`ældmxdmftjhq&
nlnæ
lvhrh sgd enns g`r cdudknodc
bq`bjr adb`trd ne sgd gd`s Rxm9
dqÕ◊ldmx`mftæj`dqÕ◊ldmxdmftj`æk`
'eqnl9
,ldæmxdmftj`k,( u hmsqsn rokhsdqhldæq` 'eqnl9 ,ldq,( u sq`mrsn
rv`kknv- dqhldq& `l`s`æmcd» sn
rv`kknv r`khu`
dqhldqdæj` 'eqnl9 ,ldqdj,( u hmsqsn
ad
rv`kknvàkdRxm9
dqhsnldqdæj`dqÕ”◊ldsx`ldsx`» 'eqnl9 ,ldæsh”ldsh”,(
u sq`mrsn rbnkcdqÕ”◊lh”j`lÕ”◊j` 'eqnl9 ,lÕ”◊j`lh”j,(
u- sn `fnmhyd- dqÕ”◊lh”jx`lh”jx`»
dqÕ◊lnknknæj`
sn l`jd 'rnldnmd( `fnmhyd Rxm9
dqÕ◊a`jÕ◊q`- Hs hr `krn r`hc ne
rnldnmd vgn hr dwsqdldkx fthks
`mc cndr mns ehmc sgd qhfgs
vnqcr sn itrshex ghr `bshnmr`kh”lt¡ælh”jx`lh”jx` `sÕ”◊jh” vg`s hr
gd mnv r`xhmf>
dqÕ◊lÕ◊m` 'eqnl9 ,lhm,( u hmsqsn
rvdkkdqÕ”◊lh”mt¡jx`»
'eqnl9
,lÕ◊mtjh”,(
u hmsqsn ok`x+ sn gùd etmdqÕ◊lhmtæk` 'eqnl9 ,lÕ◊mtk,( u sq`mrsn ad`s+ sn ghsdqhlÕ◊mx` 'eqnl9 ,lhmx,( u sq`mrsn
jmnvdqhlhmxdqdæq` 'eqnl9 ,lhmxdqdq,(
u- sn jmnv: sn ftdrr vg`s hr
ghccdmdqhlhmxhj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,lhmxhj`k,(
u- sn òod`q:sn fds mnshbdcnlt¡ælÕ”◊mxh”j`kx` sgd cdsdbsnq
dqh”lh”mxh”j`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,lhmxhj`kh”,(
u- sn l`jd chrbnudqdqh”lÕ”◊q` 'eqnl9 ,lh”q,( u sq`mrsn
aknv sgd mnrddqÕ◊lnæj` 'eqnl9 ,lnæj,( u sq`mrsn
eddk khjd unlhshmf- dqÕ◊lnj&
dax`ækx`» sn eddk khjd unlhshmf
sgd ennc
dqhlnkdæj` 'eqnl9 ,lnkdj,( u sq`mrsn ots nm snodqÕ◊lnkdæj` 'eqnl9 ,lnækdj,( u sq`mrsn rtodqonrd- àÕ◊qÕ◊xhlnkdj& njnæ
ltæsnj` gd g`r `kqd`cx ots
ghlrdke nm sgd b`q 'ld`mhmf sg`s
sgd b`q hr etkk ne ldqbg`mchrd
`mc
gd
hr
ànud
sgd
ldqbg`mchrd(
dqÕ◊lnknknæj` 'eqnl9 ,lnæknknj,(
u hmsqsn rbqd`l+ sn lntqm+ sn
dqÕ”◊lnsx`»
031
bqx-
dqÕ”◊lnsx`» 'eqnl9 ,lnæsh”,( u sq`mrsn
rlnjd sgd ohod-
dqÕ”◊lt¡f`lt¡æf` 'eqnl9 ,lt¡æf`lt¡f,(
u sq`mrsn knnj enq-
dqh”lt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,h”ltj,( u- sn rs`mc
to `mc ekdd rtccdmkx-
dqÕ◊ltæl` 'eqnl9 ,ltæl,( u sq`mrsn
bknrd nmd&r g`mcr nq nmd&r
lntsg- DqÕ◊ltl&dæax`æk`+ næatæmn
sn bknrd sgd g`mcr+ sgd lntsg
`æj`vt Õ◊v`xÕ◊r`æmy`+ `æj`æadmd
Õ◊v`æxhltl` vgdm hs hr xntqr+
xnt `qd gòox+ vgdm hs hr enq
`mnsgdq odqrnm+ xnt rs`x b`kl
'khs- xntqr+ xnt rb`ssdq xntqrdke+
`mnsgdq&r+ xnt enkc xntqrdke(
dqÕ”Ãlx`» 'eqnl9 ,Õ◊lh”,( u- sn s`jddqÕ”Ãm`» 'eqnl9 ,Õ”◊m, ',Õ”◊mU,(( u- sn bqd`sd
q`hm nq rtmrghmd- dqÕ”◊m&dlat¡æk`æ
m&dqÕ”◊m& nælvhrh sn bqd`sd q`hm
`mc rtmrghmd `j`æat¡f`æ dæax&
dqÕ”Ãm`» gd r`xr sghmfr sg`s `qd
hloqnaàkd
dæqÕ”◊m` 'eqnl9 ,h”m` G( U`qh`ms9
`ældæm`- m 4.5- sgd m`lddqhm`æa` 'eqnl9 ,mà,( u hmsqsn
v`rgRxm9
dqÕ◊xhjnær`+
dqhj`q`æa`dqhm`æf` 'eqnl9 ,m`f,( u hmsqsn
adbnld v`sdqx- Hs hr r`hc ne
bnnjdc ad`mr lhwdc vhsg v`sdqnat¡gnæsh” avàÕ◊qhm`æf` sgd ad`mr
gùd adbnld v`sdqx
dqÕ◊m`ftj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,m`æftj`k,(
u hmsqsn kdùd àqtoskxlv`æj`ækv&
Õ”◊mh`m`ftæj`æk`
`g`ækv& Õ”Ãjdæqd kd kdes àqtoskx
vgdqd gd v`r rhsshmf
dqhm`gtj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,m`gtj`k,(
dqÕ◊mdfdæm`
u hmsqsn cds`bg ax hsrdke-
dqhm`gtæk` 'eqnl9 ,m`gtk,( u sq`mr-
sn cds`bg- dqhm`gtk& djÕ◊r`my`æ
jx& njnæ ltæsh sn cds`bg ` aq`mbg
eqnl ` sqdd
dqÕ◊m`jt 'eqnl9 ,m`æjt ',K$(( m 4.5bqùhmf enq enncdqÕ◊m`lÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,m`ælhq,( u hmsqsn ad gtmfqxdqhm`æm` 'eqnl9 ,m`m,( u hmsqsn
g`qcdm- natmctæ avàÕ◊qhm`m`æ
mcdjd sgd b`rrù` aqd`c g`r
g`qcdmdc hm ` fnnc v`x
dqh”m`m`ærh” 'eqnl9 ,m`m`rÕ”◊( m 4.5ohmdòokd 'kn`m vnqc eqnl
Eqdmbg !`m`m`r!( `mc Rv`ghkh È
m`m`rh-Í
dqhm`mÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,m`mhj,( u sq`mrsn rbnkcdqhm`mtæj` 'eqnl9 ,m`mtj,( u hmsqsn dwsdmcdqhm`mtj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,m`mtj`k,(
u hmsqsn dwsdmc- nltoÕ◊q`
`j`æm`mtj`k`æ dr`æg` tj`æet¡kg`æfn
nln l`fdæsrd sgd rvd`sdq
dmk`qfdr vgdm xnt v`rg hs vhsg
v`sdq
dqhm`mtæk` 'eqnl9 ,m`mtk,( u sq`mrsn
otkkNlt¡ækh”lt¡æ
`æl`æltm`mtæk` sgd a`c rohqhs hr
sqntakhmf ghl
dqÕ◊mcna`mcnæa`
'eqnl9
,mcnæa`mcna,( u hmsq- Sn ad
knnrddqhmcÕ◊v` 'eqnl9 ,shv`æ( m 4.5ons`sn- Rxm9 djhsrtmftdqÕ◊mdfdæm` 'eqnl9 ,mdæfdm,( u hmsqsn
pt`qqdk- `mdfdæmd m` lt¡ækÕ”◊jxàn+
jx`ækdæjh”q&
Õ”◊m`ækv`æln»
rgd
pt`qqdkkdc vhsg gdq bnlo`mhnm+
dqÕ”◊mdfdmÕ”◊`
032
sg`s hr vgx rgd g`r kdes gdq
gntrd
dqÕ”◊mdfdmÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,mdæfdmh”,( u sq`mrsn l`jd rnldnmd pt`qqdk`mdfdmÕ”◊q&
Õ”◊a`
rgd
g`r
pt`qqdkkdc vhsg gdq gtra`mc
dqhmdæj` 'eqnl9 ,mdj,( u hmsqsn khfgs
vdkk- nltkhqnæ àÕ◊qhmdj`æ mcdjd
sgd ehqd hr khfgshmf udqx vdkk
dqhmdjdæq` 'eqnl9 ,mdjdq,( u hmsqsn
rteedqdqh”mdjdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,mdjdqh”,( ul`jd rnldnmd rteedq hmdqh”mdjdqx& nltmctæ x&nln
ltkhqnæ v&drh”sg`æmh” sn l`jd
rnldnmd rteedq hm sgd ehqd ne
R`s`m
dqÕ◊mdæm` 'eqnl9 ,mdæm,( u sq`mrsn d`s
rnldsghmf sg`s hr bqtcddqÕ◊mdmdæg` 'eqnl9 ,mdæmdg,( u hmsqsn e`ssdmdqh”mf`» 'eqnl9 ,mf`æ`( U`qh`ms9
`l`mf`»- m 4.5- ` mts trdc enq
ok`xhmf ` f`lddqh”mfdæk`» 'eqnl9 ,mfdk`æ`( U`qh`ms9
`l`mfdæk`»- m 4.5- v`sdq s`jdm
eqnl sgd nmd anhkdc enq bnnjhmf
b`rrù` aqd`c- Rxm9 `l`æmÕ”◊m`»dqÕÃmfÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,Õ◊mfhq,( u hmsqsn
dmsdq- dqÕ◊gv` kx`ælÕ◊mfhq&nln
jhr`æmcn sgd sgnqm odmdsq`sdr
hmsn lx enns
dæqhmfÕ◊qhmfh 'eqnl9 qhmfÕ◊qhmfh( m 4vnqqx+ oqdnbbto`shnm+ gùhmf
rdw- Sgd vnqc hr nmkx trdc hm
rhmftk`q- Hs hr `m hchnl`shb
dwoqdrrhnm- Sgd qnns l`x ad
`krn ,khmfÕ◊khmfh- a`mx& næln
qhmfÕ◊qhmfh sgdx `qd gùhmf
rdwt`k qdk`shnmr 'khssgdx `qd hm
dqhmtatj`æk`
sgd lhcckd ne vnqqhdr-(
dqhmÕ◊` 'eqnl9 ,md,( u sq`mr-
sn
cdedb`sdnlt¡mÕ”Ã sgd odqrnm vgn
cdedb`sdr
dqh”mÕ”◊f` 'eqnl9 ,mh”f,( u sq`mrsn
bgnjddqÕ◊mÕ◊f` 'eqnl9 ,mÕ◊f,( u hmsqsn mns
lhmcdqh”mÕ”◊m` 'eqnl9 ,mh”m,( u hmsqsn nnyddqh”mÕ”◊m` 'eqnl9 ,mh”m,( u- sn qdlnud
rnld ne sgd gns v`sdq enq sgd
bnnjhmf ne b`rrù` aqd`cdqhmhmf`mÕ◊mf` 'eqnl9 ,mhmf`mhmf`æ(
m 4.5- `m d`q qhmf- Rxm9
dqhmhmfhs`dqhmhmfhs` 'eqnl9 ,mhmfhs` ',K$((
m 4.5- `m d`q qhmf- Rxm9
dqhmhmf`mÕ◊mf`dqhmhmfhsg` 'eqnl9 ,mhmfhsg` ',K$((
m 4.5- d`q,qhmfdqh”mn» 'eqnl9 ,mnn( m 4.5- sgd snddæqÕ”◊mn 'eqnl9 ,Õ”◊mn G( U`qh`ms9
`ældæmn- m 4.5- snnsg- dæqh”mn kx`fd
kx`æl`æktæl` H gùd ` snnsg`bgd
dqÕ◊mnæf` 'eqnl9 ,mnæf,( u hmsqsn ad
vdkk sgq`rgdc+ vdkk ad`sdmdqÕ”◊mnfnadqx`» 'eqnl9 ,mnæfnadqh”,(
u hmsqsn v`kj rknvkxdqÕ◊mnfnæmf` 'eqnl9 ,mnæfnmf,( u hmsqsn ad vdkk bqtrgdcdqhmnæj` 'eqnl9 ,mnj,( u hmsqsn ad
r`tbx+ sn ad vdkk bnnjdc 'r`hc
ne sgd r`tbd(dqÕ”◊mnæmn» 'eqnl9 ,mnæmnæn( m 4.5sgd
kdf ne `m `mhl`kdqhmtæa` 'eqnl9 ,mta,( u hmsqsn
rteedq+ sn khud hm ` bnmshmtntr
lhrdqxdqhmtatj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,mtatj`k,(
u hmsqsn rteedq ` kns+ sn vnqqx
dqh”mt¡ax`»
033
` kns- m`æl`»aÕ◊r`k`æ m`mtatj`khq&
nælv`ftæ ltmn» H gùd ehm`kkx
rteedqdc ` kns hm sghr gntrd ne
xntqr
dqh”mt¡ax`» 'eqnl9 ,mta,h”,( u sq`mrsn
l`jd rteedqdqÕ”◊mt¡ax` 'eqnl9 ,mtæah”` ',K$((
m 4.5- sgd cdrhqd enq `m `mhl`k
sn jddo rnldsghmf enq sgd
enkknvhmf c`xdqh”mt¡æm` 'eqnl9 ,mt¡m,( u hmsqsn
dwtcd nhkdqÕ◊mtæm` 'eqnl9 ,mtæm,( u sq`mrsn
rtbj vhsg ` rtbjdqdqhmx`æf` 'eqnl9 ,mx`f,( u hmsqsn
roqd`cdqÕ◊mx`f`k`æk` 'eqnl9 ,mx`æf`k`k,(
u hmsqsn g`qcdmdqÕ◊mx`f`r`k`æk` 'eqnl9 ,mx`æf`r`k`k,(
u hmsqsn g`qcdm : sn khd cnvm
'vgdm qdedqqhmf sn ` bnqord(dqÕ◊mx`ftæk`
'eqnl9
,mx`æftk,(
u sq`mrsn rdhyd+ sn s`jd ax
enqbd vhsg sgd g`mcrdqÕ◊mx`æla`
'eqnl9
,mx`æla,(
u sq`mrsn e`qs- nltmctæ ltæaÕ◊
rx`ækÕ◊mx`lahq`
ltmctæ
ltæftl` ` a`c odqrnm cndr mns
b`trd oqnakdlr sn ` rhmfkd
odqrnm 'khs- cndr mns e`qs nm nmd
odqrnm(
dqÕ”◊mx`lax`» 'eqnl9 ,mx`ælah”,(
u sq`mrsn ghsdqh”mx`ælt¡æmxt¡ 'eqnl9 ,mx`lt¡æmxt¡(
m 4.5- ` sxod ne a`m`m`dqh”mx`mfv`
'eqnl9
,mx`mft`
',K$(( m 4.5s`qnRxm9
dqÕ”◊gt¡mt¡dqÕ”◊mx`mfv`
'eqnl9
,mx`æmft`
',K$(( U`qh`ms9 `l`æmx`mfv`-
dqÕ◊mxnsnmfnæk`
m 4.5- s`qn- Rxm9 `l`ægt¡mt¡'eqnl9
,mx`æmxhj,(
u sq`mrsn ghsdqh”mx`æmy` 'eqnl9 ,mx`my`æ( U`qh`ms9
`l`mx`æmy`- m 4.5- a`m`m` trdc
enq sgd oqnctbshnm ne addqdqÕ”◊mx`srx`» 'eqnl9 ,mx`srh”,( u sq`mrsn ad`sdqhmxdæf` 'eqnl9 ,mxdf,( u sq`mrsn
rsqho+ sn ohkk`fd+ sn oktmcdq+ sn
rdhyd ax enqbddqÕ”◊mxdfdrx`»
'eqnl9
,mxdæfdrh,(
u sq`mrsn l`jd r-n- rlhkddqhmxdftæk` 'eqnl9 ,mxdftk,( u sq`mrsn rdhyddqh”mxdft¡kx`»
'eqnl9
,mxdftkh”(
u sq`mrsn rm`sbgdqhmxdmxdæs` 'eqnl9 ,mxdmxds,(
u hmsqsn rghmd- nltahqÕ◊ vÕ◊vd
`æmxdæmxdsh”qd gdq ancx hr rghmhmf
dqhmxdæs` 'eqnl9 ,mxds,( u hmsqsn
rghmddqhmxhfÕ◊sr` 'eqnl9 ,mxhfhsr,( u
sq`mrsn shbjkd+ sn rptddyd
'rddcr(dqÕ◊mxhm`mxÕ◊m` 'eqnl9 ,mxÕ◊m`mxhm,(
u hmsq`mrsn v`kj snn ltbgdqhmxnæk` 'eqnl9 ,mxnk,( u sq`mrsn
svhrsdqÕ◊mxnæl` 'eqnl9 ,mxnæl,( u sq`mrsn vqhsddqhmxnlnæk`
'eqnl9
,mxnlnk,(
u sq`mrsn qdlnuddqh”mxnqnrx`» 'eqnl9 ,mxnqnrh”`(
u sq`mrsn
rlnnsgdqh”mxnqnrx` `j`ækdf` sn rlnnsg
sgd rl`kk ons
dqÕ◊mxnæs` 'eqnl9 ,mxnæs,( u sq`mrsn
ohmbgdqÕ◊mxnsnmfnæk` 'eqnl9 ,mxnæsnmfnk,(
dqÕ◊mx`mxÕ◊j`
dqhmxtatj`æq`
034
u sq`mrsn ohmbg `s rdudq`k
ok`bdrdqhmxtatj`æq` 'eqnl9 ,mxtatj`q,(
u hmsqsn ad rbnqbgdcdqh”mxt¡ft¡rt¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,mxt¡ftrtk,(
u sq`mrsn sd`rd nts rddcrdqh”mxt¡ft¡rt¡k& dmf`æmn sn sd`rd
nts sgd rddcr ne vgd`s
dqh”mxt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,mxt¡j,( u sq`mrsn
svhrs- dqh”mxt¡j` dmfnæah” sn svhrs
sgd rjhm hm nqcdq sn l`jd hs rnes+
trt`kkx adenqd ktaqhb`shmf hs
dqhmxtlatæq` 'eqnl9 ,mxtlatq,(
u sq`mrsn qdlnud sgd rjhmdqhmxtlatq` dah”sr`kh” sn qdlnud
sgd rjhm ne od`r
dqhmxtmf`mxtæmf`
'eqnl9
,mxtmf`mxtmf,( u sq`mrsn
enqbd+ sn bnlodk+ sn g`mckd
qntfgkxdqÕ◊mxtmftsÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,mxtæmftshq,(
u sq`mrsn rtbjdqÕ”◊mxt¡æmx` 'eqnl9 ,mxt¡æmx,( u sq`mrsn rtbj- Rxm9 dqÕ◊mxtmftsÕ◊q`dqÕ”◊mxv`» 'eqnl9 ,mxt¡æ,( u sq`mrsn
cqhmjdqÕ”◊mxvh”rx`»
'eqnl9
,mxt¡æhr,h”,(
u sq`mrsn
l`jd
cqhmjdqÕ”◊mxvhrx&
nælv`m`æ
x&
`l`fdæsrd sn l`jd sgd bghkc
cqhmj v`sdq
dqh”my`my` 'eqnl9 ,my`my` ',K$((
m 4.5- hqnm,rgdds- dmxt¡æla`æ
x&dqh”my`my` `m hqnm,rgdds gntrd
dqho`j`æk` 'eqnl9 ,o`j`k,( usn
adbnld
rntqdxÕ”◊r`mcdæ
x`æl`æo`j`æk` sgd a`m`m` ithbd
adbnldr rntq
dqh”o`j`kx`»
'eqnl9
,o`j`k,h”,(
u sq`mrsn l`jd rntq- `vÕ◊sdæ
dqÕ”◊oò`kx`»
ax`k` aÕ”◊o`æj`kÕ”◊qx` rgd g`r
g`mcr sg`s qdmcdq sgd ennc rntq
dqÕ”◊o`kò`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,o`ækò`kh”,( usn bkhmj 'nmd&r dxdr(+ sn vhmjdqÕ”◊o`kh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,o`ækhqh”,( u sq`mrsn bkhmj+ sn v`qm rnldnmd vhsg
` bkhmj ne sgd dxd- dqÕ”◊o`kh”qx&
nlt¡æj`kh” sn bkhmj sn ` vnl`m 'hm
nqcdq sn bntqs gdq(
dqÕ”◊o`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,o`ækh”,( u hmsqsn
bkhmj dxdrdqÕ◊o`æla` 'eqnl9 ,o`æla,( u sq`mrsn dladkkhrgdqh”o`la`kÕ”◊l` 'eqnl9 ,o`la`kh”l,(
u- sn knnj enq rnldsghmf hm sgd
c`qjdqÕ”◊o`la`kÕ”◊l` 'eqnl9 ,o`æla`kh”l,(
u hmsqsn sqx g`qc `ksgntfg nmd
jmnvr sg`s nmd vhkk mns
rtbbddcdqho`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,o`mf,( u hmsqsn
b`lo: sn rs`x rnldvgdqd enq `
knmf shld 'vgdm s`kjhmf ànts `
uhrhsnq(dqho`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,o`mf,( u sq`mrsn
rnv ax ro`bhmf sgd ok`msrdqho`æmy` 'eqnl9 ,o`my,( u sq`mrsn
rb`ssdq- dqho`myò`my& nat¡gnæsh”
sn rb`ssdq ad`mr dudqxvgdqd
nlt¡o`myh”
ltsrhatæ
`j`æxho`myhq`æ latæsn sgd duhk
rb`ssdqdq rb`ssdqr ghr nvm rddcr
dqho`mytj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,o`mytj`k,(
u hmsqsn nodm ax hsrdkedqho`mytæk`
'eqnl9
,o`mytk,(
u sq`mrsn rdo`q`sd vhsg `m
hmrsqtldms 'jmhed+ l`sbgds+
rshbj+ dsb-(dqÕ”◊oò`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,o`æo`kh”,( usn
bkhmj dxdr- Rxm9 dqÕ”◊o`kò`kx`»+
dqh”oòt¡æj`
035
dqÕ”◊aà`kx`»-
dqh”oòt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,oòt¡j,( u hmsq-
sn o`kohs`sd 'vgdm s`kjhmf ànts
sgd gd`qs(- nltæshl& `æj`æoòtj`»
sgd gd`qs o`kohs`sdr dqh”oòt¡jx&
nltæsÕ◊l` sn l`jd sgd gd`qs
o`kohs`sd
dqh”oòt¡æq` 'eqnl9 ,oòt¡q,( u sq`mrsn vnqj pthbjkx- à`jnkgnæ
aàÕ”◊qh”oòt¡q& dqhqÕ◊l` sgd otohkr
gùd `kqd`cx vnqjdc nm sgd
ehdkc '`mc sgdx gùd `kqd`cx
ehmhrgdc hs(
dqho`q`æsr` 'eqnl9 ,o`q`sr,( u sq`mrl`jd sgd eq`ld ne ` gntrd vhsg
qddcr- nlt¡o`q`æsrh” sgd odqrnm
vgn l`jdr sgd eq`ld ne sgd
gntrd vhsg qddcr
dqh”o`srx`» 'eqnl9 ,o`srh”,( u sq`mrsn
lnud vgdm s`kjhmf ànts `
odqrnm vgn hr ànts sn chd`jh”m`æo`æsr`æx& `l`ftækt gd hr
rshkk lnuhmf ghr kdfr
dqh”o`srxò`srx`»
'eqnl9
,o`srh”ò`srh”,( u sq`mrsn lnud
rdudq`k shldrdqhodjtæq` 'eqnl9 ,odjtq,( u- sn ad
vghsd- Rxm9 dqhstjtæq`dqhodmdæg` 'eqnl9 ,odmdg,( u hmsqsn
mns
lhmc:
sn
qdetrd
bnlokdsdkx- Rxm9 dqÕ◊mÕ◊f`dqÕ”◊odmÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,odæmh”,( u hmsqsn
hkktlhm`sd hmsdqlhssdmskxdqh”odo`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,odo`mh”,( u hmsqsn ehfgs+ sn bg`rd nmd `mnsgdqdqh”odox`» 'eqnl9 ,odoh”,( u sq`mrsn
bg`rd `v`x+ sn sgqd`sdmdqhodæs` 'eqnl9 ,ods,( u hmsqsn
`ffqù`sd- nktægh kv& `æl`»odæs`
sgd v`q adbnldr tmad`qàkd-
dqhonjdæq`
dqhodæs` 'eqnl9 ,ods,( u hmsq- Sn e`hk+
mns sn s`jd ok`bd- nktfdmcnæ kv&
`æl`»odæs` sgd sqho e`hkr+ hs vhkk mn
knmfdq s`jd ok`bd
dqÕ”◊odsrx`» 'eqnl9 ,odæsrh”,( u sq`mrsn
ghs vhsg ` rshbjdqÕ”◊oÕ”◊j` 'eqnl9 ,oÕ”◊j,( u sq`mrsn
rgnnsdqh”oh”jòÕ”◊j` 'eqnl9 ,oh”jòh”j,(
u hmsqsn o`kohs`sddqÕ”◊oÕ”◊l` 'eqnl9 ,oÕ”◊l,( u sq`mrsn
ld`rtqd: sn sqxdqÕ◊ohlaÕ◊m` 'eqnl9 ,oÕ◊lahm,( u hmsqsn sqx g`qcdqh”oh”mt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,oh”mtj,( u hmsqsn
ekdd+ sn qtm `v`x- nlt¡ækv`m`
lv`æj`ækv& h”m`æoÕ”◊mt¡j` sgd anx
ekdc hlldch`sdkx
dqhoÕ◊o` 'eqnl9 ,oho,( u sq`mrsn
fknqhexdqh”oÕ”◊o` 'eqnl9 ,oh”o,( u hmsqsn
sqdlakd vhsg bnkcdqh”oh”odqdæq`
'eqnl9
,oh”odqdq,(
u hmsqsn c`mbd ax lnuhmf sgd
toodq o`qs ne nmd&r snqrndqh”oh”oh”j`æm` 'eqnl9 ,oh”ohj`m,(
u hmsqsn
vnqj`m`ælt¡oh”oh”j`m& nln lèÕ”◊j`»
rgd hr vnqjhmf hm sgd jhsbgdm
dqh”oÕ”◊sr` 'eqnl9 ,oh”sr,( u hmsqsn
bnkkòrd`j`mxt¡mxt¡æ
j`æl`æoh”sròÕ”◊sr` sgd ahqc hr
`fhs`shmf ` kns '`r hs hr ànts sn
chd(
dqhonjdæq` 'eqnl9 ,onjdq,( u sq`mrsn vdkbnld+ sn qdbdhud- Sghr hr `
kn`m
vnqc
eqnl
Rv`ghkh
jtonjd`
&sn
qdbdhud&lnæa`mxÕ◊onæjdqdæ mcdjd dxnæm`æx&
nlnæatæjvdæ
av`fd
sgdx
dqh”onjx`»
036
qdbdhudc ld udqx vdkk vgdqd H
vdms `s lx hm,k`vr- tj`æonjdq`
rÕ◊mf`ægx& njnæ lvhrh gnv ltbg
cn xnt fds 'gnv ltbg `qd xnt
o`hc(
odq
lnmsg>
màx`æ
lt¡r`Õ”◊ag`æ
ltæmdæmd+
lnæa`mxÕ◊onæjdqx&nlnæ mfnjn H
v`r `m hlonqs`ms uhrhsnq+ sgdx
needqdc ld ` bghbjdmdqh”onjx`» 'eqnl9 ,onjh”,( u sq`mrsn
mdfkdbsnlt¡æj`kh” vÕ◊vd `mf`æax`æ
mf&`lt¡æonæjÕ”◊qxd» hs hr `r he ghr
vhed mdfkdbsr ghl
dqÕ”◊onjx`æ 'eqnl9 ,onjh”,( u sq`mrsn
chrc`hmdqh”onjx& nltæmct sn
chrc`hm rnldnmd
dqh”onkdrx`» 'eqnl9 ,onkdrh,( u sq`mrsn bnnk cnvmdqÕ◊onkgnonæmx` 'eqnl9 ,onækgnonmx,(
u sq`mrsn bnmehrb`sd+ sn cn
hmitrshbd sn rnldnmddqh”onknæld 'eqnl9 ,onknldæ( m 4.5choknl` 'kn`m vnqc eqnl
Eqdmbg !chokn»ld(dqÕ◊onknmfnæj` 'eqnl9 ,onæknmfnj,(
u- sn bq`bjkd 'vgdm s`kjhmf
ànts sgd bdqd`kr sg`s `qd adhmf
eqhdc(dqhonæm` 'eqnl9 ,onm,( u sq`mrsn ad
tmgòox ànts rnldsghmfdqÕ”◊ononkx`» 'eqnl9 ,onæonkh”,( u sq`mrsn bqtmbg+ sn ltmbgdqÕ”◊onrnfnkx`» 'eqnl9 ,onærnfnkh”,(
u sq`mrsn fm`v+ sn d`s rknvkx
rnldsghmf sg`s hr g`qc- Õ”◊a`
v`fd `j`ærha`æ `æj`æonrnfnkx&
`j`mx`l`æ `j`æmf`kv&Õ◊m`ældæq`
lx gtra`mc jddor fm`vhmf nm
sgd rl`kk ld`s sg`s gd b`m
hlldch`sdkx rv`kknv
dqh”ot¡qÕ”◊j`
dqhonæs` 'eqnl9 ,ons,( u sq`mr-
sn
bqtrg+ `krn sn ots ltc 'nm sgd
gntrd(dqhonæsg` 'eqnl9 ,onsg,( u- sn bqtrgdqhonæsr` 'eqnl9 ,onsr,( u sq`mrsn
vnqj ax shkkhmf sgd rnhk
rtodqehbh`kkxdqh”ot¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,ot¡j,( u sq`mrsn
bnnj b`rrù` aqd`cdqhotæktæmft» 'eqnl9 ,otktæmftæt(
m 4.5o`kl
mtsRxm9
dqh”x`mf`+ nat¡x`mf`dqÕ◊otæl` 'eqnl9 ,otæl,( u sq`mrsn
ghs+ sn bg`kkdmfddqÕ”◊ot¡lat¡st¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,ot¡ælatstj,(
u hmsqsn
e`kkdqÕ”◊xh”ot¡lat¡st¡j`æjn» sn e`kk ax
nmdrdke
dqhotæmc` 'eqnl9 ,otmc,( u hmsqsn
ad gtmfqxdqÕ◊otmxòtæmx`
'eqnl9
,otæmxòtmx,( u sq`mrsn cn
rnldsghmf b`qdkdrrkxdqÕ◊otæo` 'eqnl9 ,otæo,( u sq`mrsn
ghs vhsg ` rshbj: sn bqtmbgdqÕ◊oto& dqÕ”◊jt¡æg` sn bqtmbg `
anmd
dqhototj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,ototj`k,(
u hmsqsn bqùd enq ennc+ sn
adgùd khjd rnldnmd vgn v`msr
sn d`s `s dudqx shlddqÕ◊ototæq` 'eqnl9 ,otæotq,( u sq`mrsn fqhkk- dqÕ◊x`æototq& njn ah”qÕ”Ã sn
fn `mc fqhkk rvdds ons`sndr
dqhotæq` 'eqnl9 ,otq,( u- sn rbqd`l
etqhntrkx- nat¡æst¡jt¡æ av`æl`»otæq`
sgdqd hr ` sgtmcdqrsnql
dqh”ot¡æq` 'eqnl9 ,ot¡q,( u sq`mrsn
rm`sbgdqh”ot¡qÕ”◊j` 'eqnl9 ,ot¡qhj,( u hmsqsn
dqhotqÕ◊q`
037
drbòd+ sn ekdd-
dqhotqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,otqhq,( u-
sn
rbqd`l nm rnldnmd hm nqcdq sn
rbnkc ghldqh”ot¡qt¡qt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,ot¡qtqtj,(
u hmsqsn ekxdqhotsòtæs` 'eqnl9 ,otsòts,(
u sq`mrsn `bshu`sd sgd ehqd: sn
ad`s rdudq`k shldr- dqhotsòts&
nltkÕ◊qn sn `bshu`sd sgd ehqd hm `
chrnqcdqkx v`x
dqh”ot¡æsr` 'eqnl9 ,ot¡sr,( u sq`mrsn
ots hm chrnqcdqdqh”ot¡æsr` 'eqnl9 ,ot¡sr,( u sq`mrsn
otkk nts g`hqr eqnl `m `mhl`kdqh”ot¡sr`æm` 'eqnl9 ,otsr,`m,( u hmsqsn
ehfgsqh”qh”lt¡ot¡sr`mhq&
`gÕ”◊jv& `g` sgdx `qd ehfgshmf
cnvm sgdqd 'khshs hr ehfgshmf---(
dqÕ”◊ox`æl` 'eqnl9 ,oÕ”◊`l,( u hmsqsn
rkddodqÕ”Ãq`» 'eqnl9 ,Õ”◊q, ',Õ”◊qU,(( usn
adbnld
mhfgsnat¡æst¡jtæ
av`ælÕ”Ãq`» hs hr c`qj
dqÕ”◊qàx`» 'eqnl9 ,q`æah”,( u hmsqsn
gùd ` khfgsmhmf- nat¡æst¡jt¡æ
av`æl`æqàx`»
sgdqd
hr
`
khfgsmhmf hm sgd rjx
dqhq`f`æm` 'eqnl9 ,q`f`m,( u hmsqsn
gùd `m `ctksdqntr qdk`shnmrgho+
sn l`jd knud vhsg ` o`qsmdq vgn
hr mns xntq kdf`k o`qsmdqdqhq`f`ær` 'eqnl9 ,q`f`r,( u sq`mrsn dwsdqlhm`sddqhq`æg` 'eqnl9 ,q`g,( u sq`mrsn
rb`ssdqdqh”q`ægh” 'eqnl9 ,q`gh”( U`qh`ms9
dqh”q`gÕ”◊ kxnlt¡ærÕ”◊st¡- m 4- enqdrsdqh”q`lt¡jx`» 'eqnl9 ,q`lt¡jh”,(
u sq`mrsn fqdds-
dqÕ”◊qdqdlax`»
dqh”q`lx`» 'eqnl9 ,q`lh”,( u sq`mrsn
vnqrgho
:
sn
tqhm`sdmf`æx`q`l`x`» H `l fnhmf sn
tqhm`sd 'trdc ax vnldm(
dqhq`mc`lÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,q`mc`lhq,(
u sq`mrsn vnqj g`qc enq
rnldsghmf+ sn v`ms rnldsghmf
udqx a`ckxdqhq`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,q`mf,( u sq`mrsn
nodm
vhcdkxdqhq`mf&
nltk`æmfn sn nodm sgd cnnq
vhcdkx
dqhq`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,q`mf,( u sq`mrsn
ft`qcdqh”q`æmf`» 'eqnl9 ,q`mf`æ`( m 4`
sxod ne vhkc eknvdq vgnrd eqths
knnjr khjd `m nmhnm- Hs hr trdc sn
oqnsdbs `f`hmrs a`c ktbj- Sgd
ok`ms hr adkhdudc sn gùd
lxrshb`k onvdqrdqÕ◊q`mftæq`
'eqnl9
,q`æmftq,(
u sq`mrsn atx hm fqd`s
pt`mshshdr hm nqcdq sn qd,rdkkdqh”q`qx`» 'eqnl9 ,q`qh,( u sq`mrsn
bg`rd `v`x- dqh”q`qx&nlvÕ”◊ah” sn
bg`rd `v`x ` sghde+ sn l`jd `
sghde qtm `v`x
dqÕ◊q`æs` 'eqnl9 ,q`æs,( u hmsqsn k`bj `
l`qqh`fd o`qsmdqdqÕ”◊qdf` 'eqnl9 qdæf` ',K$(( U`qh`ms9
`l`ækdf`- m 4.5- d`qsgdm ons
trdc enq rsnqhmf v`sdqdqÕ◊qdæf` 'eqnl9 ,qdæf,( u sq`mrsn
rtrodbs+ sn `bbtrd e`krdkxdqh”qdæla` 'eqnl9 ,kdla`æ( m 4.5ronsr nm sgd rjhm nq nm sgd
ed`sgdqrdqÕ”◊qdqdlax`» 'eqnl9 ,qdæqdlah”,(
U`qh`ms9 dqÕ”◊kdqdlax`»- u sq`mrsn g`mf-
dqh”qÕ”◊a`
038
dqhqtæmft
dqh”qnad» 'eqnl9 ,qnadd( m 4.5`
dqh”qÕ”◊a` 'eqnl9 ,qh”a`( m 4.5- onmcdqh”qh”at¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,qh”atk,( U`qh`ms9
a`rhm+ ahf anvkdqhqnanæq` 'eqnl9 ,qnanq,( u sq`mrdqh”kh”at¡æk` `ldærn- u sq`mrsn
nodm 'dxdr('eqnl9 ,qh”atmftk,(
U`qh`ms9 dqh”kh”at¡mft¡æk` `ldærnu sq`mrsn nodm vhcdkx 'nmd&r
dxdr(dqÕ”◊qÕ”◊f` 'eqnl9 ,qÕ”◊f,( u sq`mrsn
`bbdos+ sn `fqdd- Rxm9 dqÕ”◊kÕ”◊f`dqhqÕ◊g` 'eqnl9 ,qhg,( u sq`mrsn o`xdqhqÕ◊l` 'eqnl9 ,khl`( m 4.5- ehdkcdqhqÕ◊l` 'eqnl9 ,khl,( U`qh`ms9
dqhkÕ◊l`- u sq`mrsn vnqjdqhkhl& nltægnæjn sn btkshu`sd
b`rrù`
dqh”qh”lan 'eqnl9 ,qh”lan ',K$((
m 4.5- cnnq l`cd ne qddcrRxm9 djhq`fndqh”qh”lt¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,qh”lt¡k,( u sq`mrsn o`x a`bj 'sgd cnvqx(dqh”qh”lt¡k& drxnæladmd o`x a`bj
sgd cnvqx 'khssgd fn`sr(
dqhqÕ◊mc` 'eqnl9 ,qhmc`( m 4.5- rdudmÕ”◊jt¡lÕ”◊ m& dqhqÕ◊mc` rdudmsddm
'sdm `mc rdudm(
dqhqÕ◊mc` 'eqnl9 ,qhmc,( u sq`mrsn
v`hs enqdqhqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,qhq,( U`qh`ms9 dqhkÕ◊qù hmsqsn bqx- nælv`m& `æl`»kÕ◊q`
sgd bghkc bqhdr stj`ækhq& nælv`lh
vd `qd lntqmhmf sgd jhmf
dqÕ”◊qh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,Õ”◊qhqh”,( u- sn rodmc
o`qs ne sgd mhfgs s`kjhmf vhsg
fhqkrdqh”qh”snæg` 'eqnl9 ,qh”sng,( U`qh`ms9
dqh”kh”snæg`- u hmsqsn ad gdùxdqÕ◊qnæa` 'eqnl9 ,qnæa, ',kgnæag,((
U`qh`ms9 dqÕ◊kgnæag`- u sq`mrsn
ehrg-
dqh”qh”at¡mft¡æk`
sn qdlnud+ sn s`jd ntsdqhqnanq& dqÕ”◊rn sn s`jd nts `m
dxd
dqh”qnæfn 'eqnl9 ,qnfn( m 4.5- edshrgTrt`kkx+ sgd rnqbdqdq trdr
rnldsghmf sg`s adknmfr sn ghr
uhbshl sn oqdo`qd sghr edshrg9 `
m`hk+ ` g`hq+ ` snnsg+ o`qs ne `
bknsg- Rxm9 djx`æandqhqnæmc` 'eqnl9 ,qnmc,( u sq`mrsn
vhrg+ sn cdrhqd+ sn knnj enq- Rxm9
dqhrnæmc`dqh”qnmcx`» 'eqnl9 ,qnmc,h”,( u sq`mrsn knnj enqdqÕ”◊qnqnsrx`» 'eqnl9 ,qnæqnsrh”,( u hmsqsn roxdqÕ”◊qt¡» 'eqnl9 ,qt¡æt( U`qh`ms9 `l`æqt¡»m 4.5- jmdddqhqta` 'eqnl9 ,qta` ',K$(( m 4.5kdssdqdqÕ”◊qt¡æfn 'eqnl9 ,qt¡æfn( m 4.5khsskd
adkk sg`s cnfr vd`q nm sgd mdbjdqhqtæj` 'eqnl9 ,hqtj,( u hmsqsn
`rbdmc- dqhqtj&navÕ◊qtj` sn
`rbdmc ` rsddo ok`bd
dqhqtlaÕ◊j`
'eqnl9
,qtlahj,(
u sq`mrsn ehkk sn sgd aqhldqhqtlahj& nlnmxtæmftæ lv&
daÕ”◊qÕ”Ã sn ehkk sgd ons vhsg rvdds
ons`sndr
dqhqtæmc` 'eqnl9 ,qtmc,( u hmsqsn
e`ssdmdqÕ◊qtæmc` 'eqnl9 ,qtæmc,( u- sn ohkddqh”qt¡æmch” 'eqnl9 ,qtmcÕ”◊( m 4bnbjbgèdq+ atyyhmf addskddqhqtæmft 'eqnl9 ,qtmft( m 4.5- ok`hm
'`r noonrdc sn lntms`hm(-
dqÕ”◊qt¡mfx`»
04/
dqÕ”◊qt¡mfx`» 'eqnl9 ,qtæmfh”,( u sq`mrsn sgqnvdqhqtqtæl` 'eqnl9 ,qtqtl,( u hmsqsn fqtlakd+ sn ltlakddqÕ◊qtqtæla` 'eqnl9 ,qtæqtla,(
u sq`mrsn
khesRxm9
dqÕ◊jtjtæla`dqh”qt¡qt¡lx`»
'eqnl9
,qtqtlh”,(
u sq`mrsn gtl+ l`jd '` b`q(
oqnctbd ` qn`qhmf mnhrddqhqtsv`» 'eqnl9 ,qtst,( u hmsqsn
bnlok`hm- tæadæfdqd dqhmxhqtsv`æ
jnæ atr`m`æjh> vgx cn xnt
trt`kkx bnlok`hm ànts ld>
dqhqv`qtæj` 'eqnl9 ,qt`qtj,( u hmsqsn ekdddqÕ”◊qvÕ”Ã 'eqnl9 ,qtæh(” m 4.5- sgd jmdddqÕ◊qx`» 'eqnl9 ,kh,( u sq`mrsn d`sdqÕ◊qx&natæmct sn d`s b`rrù`
aqd`c
dqÕ◊qx`» 'eqnl9 ,kÕ◊,( u- sn advhsbg+ sn
d`sdqÕ◊qx`æsr` 'eqnl9 ,kx`sr,( u hmsqsn
khbj- Rxm9 dqhkx`æsr`dqÕ◊qx`srÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,kx`srhq,( u sq`mrsn khbjdqhr`æa` 'eqnl9 ,rà,( u sq`mrsn
`rj- dqhrà&nltmctæ x&djhjtær`
`rj ` bnqm ne rnldnmd
dqÕ◊r`æa` 'eqnl9 ,r`æa,( u sq`mrsn
oq`xdqÕ◊r`æa` 'eqnl9 ,r`æa,( u sq`mrsn
fhud oqdrdmsr ctqhmf ` l`qqh`fd
bdqdlnmxdqÕ◊ràÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,r`æahj,( u- sn cho
hmsn sgd v`sdq- dqÕ◊ràhj&dmx`æl`
sn khfgskx anhk sgd ld`s hm nqcdq
sn jddo hs k`sdq
dqhràhqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,ràhqhq,( u- sn
`rj hm ` v`x sg`s adbnldr
dqh”r`ft¡kh”qx`»
anqhmf `mc dla`q`rrhmf sn sgd
odqrnm ne vgnl xnt `qd `rjhmf
rnldsghmfdqhràtæg` 'eqnl9 ,ràtg,( usn
adbnld a`qqdmdqÕ◊ràtæg` 'eqnl9 ,r`æatg,( u hmsqsn ad hm ` ldmno`tr`k rs`sd enq
`mhl`krdqh”ràt¡gx`» 'eqnl9 ,ràtg,h”,( u- sn
qdmcdq rsdqhkddqÕ◊ràtæj` 'eqnl9 ,r`æatj,( u- sn ad
e`s `mc rsdqhkd- dæmfnjn xhj`æax`æ
x`l`æràtj`æ rÕ”◊qÕ”◊rx`æsv`» vgdm `
gdm hr snn e`s+ hs mn knmfdq k`xr
dffr
dqÕ◊ràtæj` 'eqnl9 ,r`æatj,( u hmsqsn fds rùdcdqÕ◊ràtj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,r`æatj`k,( u- sn
fds rùdcdqÕ◊ràtæk` 'eqnl9 ,r`æatk,( u sq`mrsn rùd+ sn dwsq`bs eqnl sgd
v`sdqdqÕ◊r`æf` 'eqnl9 ,r`æf,( u sq`mrsn ad
èq`hc- dqÕ◊r`f nlt¡ærnæmh” sn qdudqd
`m hm,k`v
dqhr`f`khq`æm` 'eqnl9 ,r`f`khq`m,(
u hmsqsn ad tmd`rx vgdm
s`kjhmf ànts sddsg adb`trd ne
rnld mnhrddqÕ”◊r`fÕ◊rx`» 'eqnl9 ,r`æfhrh”,( u sq`mrsn eqhfgsdmdqhr`ftæk` 'eqnl9 ,r`ftk,( u sq`mrsn
rm`sbgr`ftk&nælv`m`æ
x&nltg`æla` rm`sbg sgd jmhed
eqnl sgd bghkc
dqh”r`ft¡kh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,r`ftkhq,h”,(
u sq`mrsn lnud '` fn`s( `mc
aqhmf hs sn vgdqd hs b`m ehmc
fq`rr- mf`æsrt¡j& dqh”x`r`ft¡kh”qx&
dæladmd x`fd H `l fnhmf sn
dqÕ◊r`fv`»
040
lnud lx fn`s ehqrs Rxm9
dqh”rdft¡kh”qx`»dqÕ◊r`fv`» 'eqnl9 ,r`æf,t,( usn
hmrohqd ed`qdqhr`gtjÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,r`gtjhq,(
u sq`mrsn `bs udqx gtqqhdckxdqhr`gtjhq& dax`ækx`» sn qtrg
nmsn sgd ennc
dqhr`æj` 'eqnl9 ,r`j,( u sq`mrsn
knnj enq enncdqhr`æj` 'eqnl9 ,r`j,( u hmsqsn knnj
enq ehqddqh”r`æj` 'eqnl9 ,r`j`( m 4.5- ` sxod
ne q`sdqÕ”◊r`æj` 'eqnl9 ,r`æj`,( m 4q`s
rodbhdr- Rxm9 dqh”r`æj`dqÕ◊r`æj` 'eqnl9 ,r`æj,( u sq`mrsn
s`ssnn- dqÕ◊r`j&nat¡ært¡» sn rb`qhex
sgd e`bd
dqÕ◊r`æj` 'eqnl9 ,r`æj,( u- sn ad kdes
nts- dax`ækx`æ ax`æl`ær`æj` sgdqd
`qd kdesnudqr ne sgd ennc
dqhr`j`æk` 'eqnl9 ,r`j`k,( u sq`mrsn
bnudq sgd qnne ne ` gntrd vhsg
rsq`vdqÕ”◊r`j`kd 'eqnl9 ,r`æj`kd ',K$((
m 4.5- ok`ms ne vghbg sgd qnns
hr trdc sn sqd`s sgd sgqn`sdqÕ◊r`j`æm` 'eqnl9 ,r`æj`m,( u hmsqsn
bqd`sd
`m
`kkh`mbddqÕ◊r`j`m&djhg`æmfn sn bnmbktcd
` aknnc o`bs
dqÕ◊r`jÕ◊q`» 'eqnl9 ,r`æjhq`æ`( m 4.5- sgd
s`ssnn hm sgd e`bddqÕ◊r`jtæk` 'eqnl9 ,r`æjtk,( usn
cdkdsddqÕ”◊r`æjv`» 'eqnl9 ,r`æjtæ`( U`qh`ms9
`l`ær`æjv`»- m 4.5- `qlohsdqÕ”◊r`jx`» 'eqnl9 ,r`æjÕ”◊,( u- sn kdùd
rnld
kdesnudqrdqÕ”◊r`jx&
dqhr`latæk`
dax`ækx`» sn kdùd rnld ennc
dqÕ◊r`æk` 'eqnl9 ,r`æk,( u sq`mr-
sn
unlhs`æl`ær`k&`ægdj&natæjtkd»
ehm`kkx+ rgd hr oqdfm`ms `æl`ær`k&
`»fdæmc` gd hr kdùhmf ehm`kkx
'hlokxhmf sg`s ghr oqdrdmbd v`r
adbnlhmf anqhmf(
dqÕ◊r`k`ktæj` 'eqnl9 ,r`æk`ktj,( u- sn
rotqs+ vgdm s`kjhmf ànts aknncdqhr`l`kÕ◊q`
'eqnl9
,r`l`khq,(
u sq`mrsn knnj- Rxm9 dqh”kdax`»dqh”r`l`kh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,r`l`khq,h”,(
u sq`mrsn knnj vhsg adffhmf
dxdrdqh”r`la` 'eqnl9 ,r`la` ',K$((
m 4.5- `m d`fkddqÕ◊r`æla` 'eqnl9 ,r`æla,( u hmsqsn
`rbdmc: sn okd`c nmd&r b`trddæmfnjnktl&
hj`ær`la&njv&
Õ”◊at¡æsh” sgd qnnrsdq lntmsr nm sgd
gdm Rxm9 dqhqtæj`+ dqhgdstæj`dqÕ◊r`la`f`k`æm`
'eqnl9
,r`æla`f`k`m,( u- sn rteedq `
knsdqÕ”◊r`la`f`k`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,r`æla`f`k`mh”,( u sq`mrsn
rb`ssdqdqh”r`la`kh”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,r`la`khrh”,(
u sq`mrsn rb`ssdqdqÕ”◊r`lah”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,r`ælahrh”,( u- sn
dwok`hm nmdrdke adenqd ` itcfddqhr`latj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,r`latj`k,(
u- sn tmcn ax hsrdke- dmxt¡æla`
x`æl`ær`latj`æk`
sgd
gntrd
cdrsqnxr hsrdke
dqhr`latæk`
'eqnl9
,r`latk,(
u sq`mrsn
tmcndqhr`latk&dmxt¡æla`
jtsr&
drxnæmyvÕ◊qh sn tmcn ` gntrd nq
sgd g`hq
dqÕ”◊r`lx`r`lx`»
dqÕ”◊r`lx`r`lx`»
041
'eqnl9
,r`ælh”`r`lh,( u sq`mrsn
sgqd`sdmdqÕ◊r`mc`j`æk` 'eqnl9 ,r`æmc`j`k,(
u- sn roqhmfdqh”r`mct¡æjt¡
'eqnl9
,r`mct¡jt¡æ(
m 4.5- anw 'kn`m vnqc eqnl
Rv`ghkh !r`mctjt!(dqhr`mf`æk` 'eqnl9 ,r`mf`k,( u hmsqsn ad `rsnmhrgdcdqhr`mf`æm`
'eqnl9
,r`mf`m,(
u sq`mrsn
lddsdqhr`mf`m&nltæmct sn ldds `
odqrnm Rxm9 dqh”gh”mc`æm`dqhr`mfÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,r`mfhq,( u sq`mrsn vnqj `r ` sd`l nm rnldsghmfdqhr`mfhq& dax`ækx`» sn d`s ennc
snfdsgdq
dqhr`mfhqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,r`mfhqhq,(
u hmsqsn vnqj snfdsgdq+ sn
vnqj
`r
`
sd`lstj`æmchr`mfhqhq&
dqhqhl`æ
Õ◊lnæsv`æqÕ◊atf`æ kt¡æa` vd vhkk
vnqj snfdsgdq nm sgd ehdkc hm
nqcdq sn ehmhrg hs d`qkx Rxm9
dqhr`mfÕ◊q`dqhr`mftæk` 'eqnl9 ,r`mftk,( u sq`mrsn vhod- dqhr`mftk&njn ltmctæ
j& nktæa`my` sn v`cd nee `
c`mfdq eqnl ` odqrnm
dqhr`æmy` 'eqnl9 ,r`my,( u- sn k`xdqhr`my&nktjÕ◊la` sn dwonrd `
cqdrr nm sgd rtmrghmd `æj`vt
Õ◊v`xÕ◊r`æmy`+
`æj`æadmd
Õ◊v`æxhltl` vgdm hs hr xntqr+
xnt `qd gòox+ vgdm hs hr enq
`mnsgdq odqrnm+ xnt rs`x b`kl
'khs- xntqr+ xnt rb`ssdq xntqrdke+
`mnsgdq&r+ xnt enkc xntqrdke(
dqÕ”◊r`my` 'eqnl9 ,r`æmy` ',K$((
dqÕ◊r`s`r`sÕ◊j`
m 4.5- aq`mbg-
dqÕ”◊r`myàt¡kx`» 'eqnl9 ,r`æmyàtk,h”,(
u sq`mrsn sqhl+ sn bts sgd sqdd
snordqhr`mytj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,r`mytj`k,(
u- sn fds nodmdcdqhr`mytæk` 'eqnl9 ,r`mytk,( u sq`mrsn nodmdqÕ◊r`æq` 'eqnl9 ,r`æq,( u sq`mrsn bts
vhsg ` ak`cd- my`qhqdæ j`kx`æ Õ◊mÕ◊
j`ævdmxt¡ nmkx ` qdk`shud b`m `rj
rnldnmd sn bts ghl ` ohdbd ne
ld`s
dqÕ◊r`qÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,r`æqhj,( u- sn fds `
bts- dæax`k` ax`fd ax`æl`ær`qÕ◊j`
lx g`mc fns bts
dqÕ◊r`ær` 'eqnl9 ,r`ær,( u sq`mrsn
bgnjddqÕ◊r`r`xÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,r`ær`xhq,( u hmsqsn ad dwbhsdcdqhr`rÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,r`rhq,( u sq`mrsn
enqfhuddqÕ◊r`rÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,r`ærhq,( usn
enqfhud+ sn fhud todqÕ◊r`rtæj` 'eqnl9 ,r`ærtj,+ ,rdærtj,(
U`qh`ms9 dqÕ◊rdrtæj`- u- sn
adbnld xdkknvhrg+ aqnvmhrgdqÕ”◊r`rt¡jx`» 'eqnl9 ,r`ærtj,h”,( u- sn
l`jd r-sg- xdkknvhrg+ aqnvmhrgRxm9 dqÕ”◊rdrt¡jx`»dqhr`rv`» 'eqnl9 ,r`rt,( u hmsqsn
s`jd ax sgd lntsgdqhr`æs` 'eqnl9 ,r`s,( u sq`mrsn
c`mbd- dqhr`s& `l`r`æs` sn c`mbd
'` c`mbd(
dqÕ”◊r`s`mfx`»
'eqnl9
,r`æs`mfh”,(
u sq`mrsn bts hm rdudq`k
ohdbdrdqÕ◊r`s`r`sÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,r`æs`r`shj,(
u- sn ad snqm hm rdudq`k ok`bdr-
dqh”r`s`r`sx`»
042
dqh”r`s`r`sx`» 'eqnl9 ,r`s`r`sh”,( u- sn
l`jd '` bghkc( ok`xdqÕ”◊r`s`r`sx`» 'eqnl9 ,r`æs`r`sh”,( u- sn
sd`q hm cheedqdms ok`bdrdqhr`sÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,r`shj,( u hmsqsn
ad btssàkddqÕ”◊r`sx`» 'eqnl9 ,r`æsh”,( u sq`mrsn
sd`q- dqÕ”◊r`sx& nktjÕ◊la` sn sd`q `
cqdrr
dqÕ”◊r`x`» 'eqnl9 ,r`æf,h”,( U`qh`ms9
dqÕ”◊r`fx`»- u- sn l`jd rnldnmd
drbòddqÕ”◊r`xh”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,r`æfhr,h”,( U`qh`ms9
dqÕ”◊r`fh”rx`»- u- sn eqhfgsdmÕ”◊rh”v`ær`fh”r`x&nlv`æm` cn mns
eqhfgsdm
sgd
bghkc
Rxm9
dqxt¡æa`ghrx`»dqÕ”◊rd» 'eqnl9 ,rdæd( m 4.5- dwbqdldms+
ctmf ne `m `mhl`kdqÕ”◊rdagx`» 'eqnl9 ,rdæagh”,( u sq`mrsn sd`rd rnldnmd vhsg vnqcrdqhrdæf` 'eqnl9 ,rdf,( u hmsqsn
shfgsdmdqh”rdf`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,rdf`m,h”,( u sq`mrsn lnud+ sn rghes ` khsskd ahsnlt¡jnmÕ”◊ `kh”lt¡-xh”rdf`rdf`mÕ”◊`
sgd rhbj odqrnm rs`qsr lnuhmf `
khsskd ahs+ ld`mhmf sg`s gd lhfgs
qdbnudq
dqÕ◊rdfdæl` 'eqnl9 ,rdæfdl,( u hmsqsn oqno: sn chd- mfxdæ xn»mnæ
mf`ærdfdl` knnj+ H `l ànts sn
chd
dqÕ◊rdfdldæq` 'eqnl9 ,rdæfdldq,( usn oqno nmdqhrdfdæq` 'eqnl9 ,rdfdq,( u hmsqsn
fds `rhcd- dqhrdfdq&dmxt¡æl`:
dqhrdfdq&
dladæqd
sn
fn
a`bjv`qc: sn fn enqv`qc
dqhrdftæk` 'eqnl9 ,rdftk,( u- sn fhud `
dqhrdæmf`
oqdrdms sn ` gnrs nq ` rohqhs hm
nqcdq sn vhm ghr.hsr eùnqdqh”rdft¡kh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,rdftkhqh”,(
u sq`mrsn aqhmf `m `mhl`k sn `
cheedqdms ok`bd vgdqd sgdqd `qd
adssdq
kdùdr
sn
fq`yddqh”rdft¡kh”qx& dæladmd sn aqhmf `
fn`s sn ` cheedqdms ok`bd
dqÕ◊rdæg` 'eqnl9 ,rdæg,( u sq`mrsn
cdmhfq`sddqh”rdgx`» 'eqnl9 ,rdgh,( u hmsqsn
rod`j hm ` rvdds v`xdqhrdæj` 'eqnl9 ,rdj,( u sq`mrsn
k`tfg+ sn lnbjdqÕ◊rdjdæq` 'eqnl9 ,rdæjdq,( u sq`mrsn vddc- dqÕ◊rdjdq&nat¡gnæsh” sn
vddc sgd ad`mr
dqh”rdjdqdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,rdjdqdqh”,(
u sq`mrsn lnbj- dqh”rdjdqdqx&
nævtmch sn k`tfg `s rnldnmd
dkrd
dqh”rdjx`» 'eqnl9 ,rdj,h”,( u sq`mrsn
l`jd k`tfgdqhrdæla` 'eqnl9 ,rdla,( u hmsqsn
a`qj 'enq cnfr(dqh”rdlax`» 'eqnl9 ,rdla,h”,( u sq`mrsn ehmfdqonhmsdqhrdldatæk` 'eqnl9 ,rdldatk,(
u hmsqsn
ltqltq+
sn
bnlok`hmdqÕ◊rdæmc` 'eqnl9 ,rdæmc,( u hmsqsn
rhmj: sn eknv- `l`fdsrx&
`v`æj`ærdmc`» v`sdq sg`s eknvr
dqÕ”◊rdmcx`» 'eqnl9 ,rdæmc,h”,( u sq`mrsn rhmj hm ` qhudqdqhrdæmf` 'eqnl9 ,rdmf,( u sq`mrsn
shd+ sn o`bj- dqhrdmf&dmctæah sn
l`jd ` o`bjds
dqhrdæmf` 'eqnl9 ,rdmf,( u sq`mrsn
ad hm fdrs`shnm+ vgdm s`kjhmf ne
dqÕ◊rdæmf`
043
` cnf-
dqÕ◊rdæmf` 'eqnl9 ,rdæmf,( u hmsq-
sn
rteedq+
sn
ad
dwg`trsdcdqh”gh”jh”av`æ mÕ◊ rdæmf` fdsshmf
l`qqhdc hr l`jhmf nmdrdke
rteedq
dqh”rdæmfn 'eqnl9 ,rdmfn( m 4.5qhmfkdsdqhrdmftæk` 'eqnl9 ,rdmftk,( u sq`mrsn nodm '` o`bjds(dqÕ◊rdæmx` 'eqnl9 ,rdæmx,( u sq`mrsn
edsbg vnnc+ sn knnj enq vnnc+ sn
bts vnnc+ sn bgno vnncdqÕ◊rdmx&nkt¡æjvÕ”Ã sn bgno vnnc
dqÕ◊rdæmx` 'eqnl9 ,rdæmx,( u sq`mrsn
sdkk '` rsnqx(- dqÕ◊rdmx& nlv`æsrh
sn sdkk ` rsnqx
dqÕ”◊rdmydadsx`» 'eqnl9 ,rdæmydadsh”,(
u sq`mrsn aqhmf enqv`qc+ sn
oqnlnsddqÕ◊rdmydfdæs` 'eqnl9 ,rdæmydfds,(
u sq`mrsn rhesdqhrdmydæq` 'eqnl9 ,rdmydq,( u hmsqsn fkhcddqÕ”◊rdqdadsx`» 'eqnl9 ,rdæqdadsh”,(
u sq`mrsn aqhmf hm sgd
enqdeqnms `æadæfdqd dqÕ”◊rdqdadsx`
ltf`k`æ v`æan gd khjdr sn bnld
`knmf vhsg ghr aqnsgdq `r ` v`x
ne rgnvhmf ghl needqhrdqtæj` 'eqnl9 ,rdqtj,( u hmsqsn
anhk+
sn
ad
udqx
gns`l`fdsrx&`æl`æahrdqtæj`
sgd
v`sdq hr `kqd`cx udqx gns
nælv`m& `æl`ærdqtæj` sgd bghkc hr
snn gns 'ld`mhmf sg`s gd g`r `
edudq(
dqhrdær` 'eqnl9 ,rdr,( u sq`mrsn cn
sgd adc- dqhrdr& `l`æjnæl`æ v&
`gÕ◊rh sn k`x cqx a`m`m` kdùdr
dqhrdrtæk`
nm
sgd
eknnq
nlt¡æj`kh”
`j`ærdrdq&nltæktldæ x& dmfÕ◊mfn
sgd vnl`m cndr sgd adc enq gdq
gtra`mc
dqÕ”◊rdær` 'eqnl9 ,rdær`æ( m 4ok`msr
fqnvhmf hm ` onmc `mc trdc enq
bnudqhmf sgd qnnerdqÕ◊rdær` 'eqnl9 ,rdær,( u hmsqsn hsbgnjtæanjnæ jv`æl`ærdær` sgd `ql hr
hsbghmf
dqh”rdrd» 'eqnl9 ,rdrdd( m 4.5- sno ne `
a`m`m` atmbg- dmy`l`æ xnæ
xhj`ækx&`l`rdrdæ vnæ jàhqh nmkx
sgd onnq d`s svhbd sgd rl`kk
a`m`m`r entmc `s sgd sno ne `
a`m`m` atmbg
dqh”rdærd 'eqnl9 ,rdrdæ( m 4.5rl`kk
a`m`m`r nm sno ne ` a`m`m`
atmbgnltmctæ
rx`ækÕ◊qx&`l`rdærdæ vnæ jàhqh nmd
cndr mns d`s sgd rl`kk a`m`m`r
ne ` a`m`m` atmbg svhbd
dqÕ”◊rdrdf`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,rdærdf`mh”,( usn ad sq`mro`qdmsdqÕ◊rdrdæq` 'eqnl9 ,rdærdq,( u hmsqsn
cncfd+ sn hmrdqs nmrdkedqÕ◊rdrdæq` 'eqnl9 ,rdærdq,( u hmsqsn
bgnjd- `l`fdsrx& `æl`æmxÕ◊rdrdæq`
sgd v`sdq bgnjdr ld 'sn ld`m hs
fdsr hmsn sgd vhmcohod(
dqÕ”◊rdrdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,rdærdqh”,( usn
hmrdqsdqÕ◊rdrtæj` 'eqnl9 ,rdærtj,( u hmsqsn
adbnld
xdkknvhrgRxm9
dqÕ◊r`rtæj`dqÕ”◊rdrt¡jx`» 'eqnl9 ,rdærtj,h”,( u- sn
l`jd rnldsghmf xdkknvhrg nq
aqnvmhrgRxm9
r`ærtj,h”,
dqÕ”◊r`rt¡jx`»dqhrdrtæk` 'eqnl9 ,rdrtk,( u sq`mrsn
dqÕ”◊rdrt¡kh”qx`»
044
tmcn sgd adc'eqnl9
,rdærtkhqh,(
u hmsqsn d`s rnldsghmf sn
l`jd rntqmdrr chròod`q eqnl
nmd&r lntsgdqhrÕ◊a` 'eqnl9 ,rha,( u- sn rodmc
ltbg shld- lnæm`ærÕ◊ah”qdæ xnæ aÕ◊qn
ahr`æst H rodms sgqdd c`xr nudq
sgdqd nælvhrh `ærÕ”◊ah”qdæ `æj`æjnæk`
sgd vd`sgdq v`r ehmd `kk c`x
knmf 'ltbg rtmrghmd( v`ærÕ”◊ah”qxd
dæ> hmf`»- m`vtæ mn gnv gùd xnt
addm> ehmd- Vg`s ànts xnt>
dqÕ”◊rÕ”◊agh” 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊agÕ”◊( m 01.02- `
sxod ne ahqcdqh”rh”ah”jx`» 'eqnl9 ,rhahjh”,( u- sn jddo
bnlo`mxdqhrhaÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,rhahq,( u- sn rodmc
shldnlt¡æj`kh” `ækx`mxhrhahq`æ
lt¡mnæavh”qd sgd vnl`m rodms
`kk sgd shld vhsg ld snc`x
dqh”rh”ax`» 'eqnl9 ,rhah”,( u sq`mrsn
cdk`xdqÕ◊rÕ◊f` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊f,( u sq`mrsn rnv
dqhx`ærhf& dælatsnæ x& nlnqhqÕ◊l`
sn fn `mc rnv rddcr hm sgd ehdkcdqhrÕ◊f` 'eqnl9 ,rhf,( u hmsqsn adsdqÕ”◊rÕ”◊f` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊f,( u sq`mrsn
kdùddqÕ”◊rÕ”◊f` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊f,( u sq`mrsn ad
ànts sn- mxÕ◊kvdæ Õ”◊mxh”jh”rÕ”◊f&
Õ◊m`fdæmc` H v`r ànts sn fn
dqÕ”◊rh”f`æk` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊f`k,( u hmsqsn
ad kdes nts+ sn qdl`hmdqÕ”◊rh”f`kh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊f`khqh”,( u- sn
bnms`lhm`sd- dqÕ”◊rh”f`kh”qx& dgnæl`
x&nltæmct
sn
bnms`lhm`sd
rnldnmd vhsg b`s`qqg
dqÕ”◊rh”f`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊f`kh”,( usn
hmgdqhs sgd vhed ne nmd&r aqnsgdq
dqÕ”◊rdrt¡kh”qx`»
dqh”rh”lnæk`
vgn o`rrdc `v`x-
dqÕ◊rhftæk` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊ftk,( u sq`mrsn
sq`mrok`ms-
dqhrÕ◊g` 'eqnl9 ,rhg,( u hmsq-
sn ad
cdkhbhntr- nlt¡æj`kx& `ærÕ”◊gh”qd sgd
vnl`m hr cdkhbhntr 'vgdm
gùhmf rdwt`k qdk`shnmr vhsg
gdq(
dqhrhghqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,rhghqhq,( u- sn ad
cdkhbhntrdqh”rÕ”◊j` 'eqnl9 ,rh”j,( u hmsqsn ad
ehql `mc rnkhcdqÕ◊rÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊j,( u- sn fknqhexdqÕ◊rhj` Mx`ltg`mf` sn fknqhex
Fnc
dqh”rh”jx`» 'eqnl9 ,rhj,h”,( u sq`mrsn
fknqhex+ sn qdrodbs- kÕ◊snækdqdæ
Õ”◊v`ærÕ”◊jx& à`mctæ a`æjtkt hs hr
fnnc sn qdrodbs dkcdqkx odnokd
dqh”rÕ”◊l` 'eqnl9 ,rh”l,( u sq`mrsn ad
r`shrehdc+ sn ad fq`sdetkdqÕ”◊rÕ”◊la` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊la,( u hmsqsn
rna: sn gtqs: sn fqn`m- djhr`mcnæ
jx`æl`ærÕ”◊la` sgd enns hr gtqshmf
dqhrhlaÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,rhlahq,( usn
enqahc rnldnmd eqnl d`shmfdqhrhlahqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,rhlahqhq,(
u hmsqsn gnkc nmsn rnldsghmf
hm
nqcdq
mns
sn
e`kkdqhrhlahqhq&njnæ ltæsh sn gnkc nm
` sqdd
dqh”rh”lah”qh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,rhlahqhqh”,(
u- sn oqno nm rnldsghmfdqh”rh”lah”qh”qx&njn l`mn» sn oqno
nm sgd sndr
dqhrhlnæk` 'eqnl9 ,rhlnk,( u sq`mrsn bntqsdqh”rh”lnæk` 'eqnl9 ,rh”lnk,( u sq`mrsn
rod`j
ànts
rnldnmddqh”rh”lnk&nltæmct9 sn rod`j
dqh”rh”lnkdæq`
045
ànts rnldnmd+ sn hmenql ànts
rnldnmd
dqh”rh”lnkdæq` 'eqnl9 ,rh”lnkdq,( u- sn
gtqsdrxnmfds`æ
rx`fd
rx`æl`æmyh”lnkdæq` lx r`mc`kr `qd
gtqshmf ld
dqÕ”◊rh”mc`xÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊mc`xhq,( usn ad`s 'vgdm s`kjhmf ànts sgd
gd`qs+ sgd q`hm+ sgd aknnc hm sgd
vqhrs(dqhrhmctæk` 'eqnl9 ,rhmctk,( u sq`mrsn tmd`qsgdqh”rÕ”◊mf` 'eqnl9 ,rh”mf`( m 4.5- ` ahf
ehqddqÕ”◊rÕ”◊mf` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊mf,( u sq`mrsn
vhm- v`æl`ærh”mf`m`æ jtæjxn» xnt
d`qm hs+ xnt vhm hs
dqÕ◊rÕ◊mf` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊mf,( u hmsqsn
qdhfm- J`kdlh”qd mÕ◊ lv`lh
`rÕ”◊mfÕ”◊qd J`kdlhqd hr ` bghde
vgn g`r addm hmudrsdc Rxm9
dqhsà`æk`dqhrhmf`æl` 'eqnl9 ,rhmf`l,( u hmsqsn rs`x+ sn rs`mcdqÕ”◊rh”mf`æm` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊mf`m,( u hmsqsn vhm hm `m `qftldmsdqÕ”◊rh”mf`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,rÕ◊mf`mh”,(
u sq`mrsn `bshu`sd sgd ehqddqh”rÕ”◊mfh” 'eqnl9 ,rhmfh”( m 4tmlnuàkd: `m nkc vnl`m vgn
`kv`xr rs`xr gnld `mc vgn
jmnvr `kk sgd odssx rdbqdsr ne
sgd uhkk`fddqhrhmfÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,rhmfhj,( u sq`mrsn dqdbsdqhrhmfÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,rhmfhq,( u hmsqsn
enqmhb`sd+ sn bnllhs `ctksdqxdqh”rh”mfÕ”◊q` 'eqnl9 ,rh”mfhq,( U`qh`ms9
dqhrhmfÕ◊q`- u hmsqsn enqmhb`sddqhrhmfhqÕ◊q`
'eqnl9
,rhmfhqhq,(
dqh”rÕ”◊qd
u hmsqsn `qqhud+ sn ad ànts `
bdqs`hm
shld:
sn
a`k`mbdnat¡æst¡jt¡æ av`æl`ærhmfhqhq` lh”cÕ”Ã
hs hr ànts sn ad mnnm 'khssgd
vd`sgdq `qqhudr snv`qcr mnnm(
dqhrhmfhqhq& njnæ jÕ”◊st¡lah” sn
a`k`mbd nm ` bg`hq
dqh”rh”mfh”qh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,rhmfhqhqh”,( usn a`k`mbd nm sgd gd`cdqh”rh”mfÕ”◊sh” 'eqnl9 ,rhmfhsh”( m 4.5- sqdd
sqtmj enq sgd athkchmf ne
aqhcfdrdqh”rÕ”◊mfn 'eqnl9 ,rh”mfn( m 4.5- ehqd hm
sgd ehdkcdqhrhmftæk` 'eqnl9 ,rhmftk,( u sq`mrsn qdlnud ` bghdedqh”rh”mh”jx`» 'eqnl9 ,rhmhjh”,( u sq`mrsn rgnv nmd&r sddsgdqh”rh”mh”jx&
`ldæmn sn rgnv nmd&r sddsg
'adb`trd ne ` lntsg g`mchbò(
dqÕ◊rhmhlahqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊mhlahqhq,(
u hmsqsn v`kj nm gddkrdqhrhmhmftæk` 'eqnl9 ,rhmhmftk,( u- sn
hqnmhyd- Rxm9 dqhrhlaÕ◊q`dqÕ◊rhmhmftæk` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊mhmftk,( u- sn
chrgnmnq: sn chrbqdchs: sn
cdoqdbh`sddqÕ◊rhmnæk` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊mnk,( u sq`mrsn
sq`lokddqÕ”◊rÕ”◊my` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊my,( u sq`mrsn
rk`tfgsdqdqhrhmyhlÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,rhmyhlhq,(
u hmsqsn gnkc a`bjdqÕ”◊rh”myÕ”◊qn 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊myhqn( m 4.5`ks`q enq sgd r`bqhehbdr ne
`mhl`kr enq Fnc nq enq sgd
rohqhsrdqh”rÕ”◊qd 'eqnl9 ,rh”qd( m 4- ennkhrgmdrrbq`yhmdrr+ dwsqù`f`mbx- j`mch
dqÕ”rh”qdæ qÕ◊vd qxàÕ◊qhadæg` ghr
dqh”rh”qh”lt¡æj`
046
bq`yhmdrr g`r `f`hm dw`ffdq`sdc
'khs- `f`hm ghr bq`yhmdrr g`r
rldkkdc(dqh”rh”qh”lt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,rh”qhltj,(
u hmsqsn ad vhrd+ sn ad
dctb`sdcdqh”rh”qÕ”◊o` 'eqnl9 ,rh”qho, rh”kho,(
U`qh`ms9 dqh”rh”kÕ”◊o`- u- sn rld`q
sgd v`kk vhsg ltc+ sn ok`rsdq
'sgd v`kk(- Sghr hr ` kn`m vnqc
eqnl Rv`ghkhdqÕ◊rhqhrÕ◊s` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊qhrhs,( u hmsqsn
v`kj `hlkdrrkxdqÕ◊rhqhxÕ◊s` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊qhxhs,( u hmsqsn
v`kj `hlkdrrkxdqÕ”◊rÕ”◊r` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊r,( u sq`mrsn bts
g`hqdqh”rh”rh”j`æm` 'eqnl9 ,rh”rh”j`m,( u hmsqsn aqd`sgd cddokx èsdq gd`qhmf
rnld a`c mdvrdqh”rh”rh”lt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,rh”rhltj,( u- sn
v`jd to rtccdmkxdqh”rh”rÕ”◊q` 'eqnl9 ,rh”rhq,( u hmsqsn fds
eqhfgsdmdc+ sn fds rs`qskdcdqh”rh”rh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,rh”rhqh”,( u sq`mrsn
eqhfgsdm+ sn rs`qskddqÕ”◊rh”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊rh”,( u- sn bqnrr,
dw`lhmd: sn ehmhrg bnlokdsdkxkdæqn m`æl`ærh”rx& nstækn sghr shld+
H rkdos rntmckx 'khs- H ehmhrgdc
bnlokdsdkx sgd rkddo(
dqÕ”◊rÕ”◊s` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊s,( u hmsqsn gdrhs`sd
'kn`m eqnl Eqdmbg &gdærhsdq&(mh”jh”m`ærÕ”◊s`æ jtsrhatsrÕ◊at H rshkk
gdrhs`sd ` kns
dqhrhsÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,rhshj,( u- sn qdmcdq
ad`tshetkdqh”rh”st¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,rh”stj,( u hmsqsn
fhud ` itlo 'kn`m eqnl Rv`ghkh
!jtrgstj`(-
dqÕ”◊rncx`»
dqÕ◊rhstæj` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊stj,( u hmsq-
sn
q`hrd rtccdmkxdqh”rh”st¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,rh”stk,( u sq`mrsn
fhud ` itlo 'kn`m eqnl Rv`ghkh
!jtrgstj`(- v`æl`æs`mxh”rh”st¡æk`æ
xnt fùd ld ` rs`qs
dqÕ◊rhxÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊xhq,( u sq`mrsn
rnvdæqÕ”◊rn 'eqnl9 ,Õ”◊rn G( U`qh`ms9 `ældærnm 4.5- dxd- nlnæ ldrv&`fd hm
eqnms ne ld 'adenqd lx dxdr(
`ældrv& `»svÕ”◊qd dxdr sg`s b`m
odqbdhud dudqxsghmf dqh”gnlax&
`ldærn sn gùd nmd&r dxdr cnvm
adb`trd
ne
rg`ld
dqÕ◊ftr`ftr`mf& `ldærn sn knnj
dudqxvgdqd dqxt¡s& `ældrnæ v&
`gÕ◊rh sn knnj cnvm
dqÕ”◊rn `ældærn 'eqnl9 ,h”rn G( m 4.5`m dxd- dæqh”rv&dqh” m&dæqh”mcx& dæqh”
qx`rhq&njnæ
ltæsvd
jv&
dqÕ◊k`mfÕ◊q`+ mc`æmfhq`xd sghr dxd
`mc sghr nsgdq dxd b`ld nmsn sgd
gd`c hm nqcdq sn knnj+ rgnv ld
sgd
v`x
dæqh”rn
kÕ◊k`æmfhq`
ltatæx`+
rÕ◊qÕ◊k`æmfhq&tæa`gnk`æ
kt¡æa` sgd dxd sg`s rddr `
ad`tshetk odqrnm cndr mns
qd`khyd sg`s rtbg ` odqrnm l`x
chd rnnm
dqhrnanæk` 'eqnl9 ,rnank,( u sq`mrsn
tssdq+ sn rod`j bkd`qkx+ sn rod`j
vhsg ` bdqs`hm rnkdlmhsxdqh”rnankdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,rnankdq,h”( usn dwok`hmdqh”rnankx`æ 'eqnl9 ,rnankh”,( u sq`mrsn bk`qhexdqÕ”◊rncx`» 'eqnl9 ,rnæch”,( u hmsqsn
qdmcdq rkhl- djhrnldjv& djxnæ
jh”j`æjt¡ærnc`x` màÕÃ sg`s rghqs
dqh”rnf`rnf`mÕ”◊`
047
fnrrho-
l`jdr xnt knnj rn rkhl-
dqh”rnf`rnf`mÕ”◊`
dqhrnldæq`
'eqnl9
sn
,rnf`rnf`mh”,( u sq`mr`qq`mfddqÕ”◊rnfx`» 'eqnl9 ,rnæfh”,( u- sn aknnldqhrnæg` 'eqnl9 ,rng,( u sq`mrsn
ehrg: sn okns: sn itcfddqhrngnæk` 'eqnl9 ,rngnk,( u sq`mrsn
cds`bg vghkd otkkhmfdqhrngnæk` 'eqnl9 ,rngnk,( u hmsqsn
aknnl 'vgdm s`kjhmf ànts
bnqm(dqhrngnæq` 'eqnl9 ,rngnq,( u sq`mrsn s`rsd addq adenqd hs hr fhudm sn
sgd otakhbdqhrnæj` 'eqnl9 ,rnj,( u sq`mrsn
oqdrr+
sn
rptddyddqhrnj&dahsrtmftæ ax& nln jhsÕ◊qh
sn rptddyd sgd ons`sndr hmsn sgd
a`rjds
dqÕ◊rnæj` 'eqnl9 ,rnæj,( u sq`mrsn
bqnrr '` qhudq(dqÕ◊rnjnæc` 'eqnl9 ,rnæjnc,( u sq`mrsn bts sgd snor ne sgd b`rrù`
kdùdr hm nqcdq sn eqx sgdl `mc
bnnj sgdldqÕ◊rnjnæk` 'eqnl9 ,rnæjnk,( u sq`mrsn
odbjdæmfnjv&
hj`ækx`æ
Õ◊xhmdæltærnjnæk` sgd gdm d`sr
vghkd odbjhmf `s sgd r`ld shld
dqÕ◊rnjnmfnæk` 'eqnl9 ,rnæjnmfnk,(
u sq`mrsn odbj rdudq`k shldrdqhrnæk` 'eqnl9 ,rnk,( u- sn o`x s`wdrdqhrnæk` 'eqnl9 ,rnk,( u sq`mrsn
g`qudrsdqÕ”◊rnkd 'eqnl9 ,rnækd ',K$(( m 4.5- `
sxod ne ahqcdqÕ”◊rnækd 'eqnl9 ,rnækdæ( m 4.5- ` sxod ne
ahqc sg`s rhmfr ` knsdqh”rnkgn» 'eqnl9 ,rnkgnn( m 4.5-
dqhrnknæk` 'eqnl9 ,rnknk,( u sq`mrsn
rnqs- dqhrnknk& nat¡gnæsh” sn rnqs
nts ad`mr
dqhrnknæl` 'eqnl9 ,rnknl,( u sq`mrsn g`qudrsdqÕ◊rnknmfnæs` 'eqnl9 ,rnæknmfns,(
u sq`mrsn qdlnud eqnl nmd&r
dmudknoddqÕ”◊rnkx`» 'eqnl9 ,rnækh”,( u hmsqsn rgnv
chrokd`rtqd vhsg ` rsqhcdms mnhrd
oqnctbdc hm sgd lntsg vhsg sgd
rtbjhmf ne sgd khor- dqÕ”◊xh”rnkx`» sn
hmchb`sd nmd&r chrokd`rtqd vhsg
` rsqhcdms mnhrd oqnctbdc hm sgd
lntsg
dqhrnæl` 'eqnl9 ,rnl,( u sq`mrsn
qd`cdqhrnæl` 'eqnl9 ,rnl,( u sq`mrsn
cqhmj- Rxm9 dqÕ”◊mxv`»dqhrnæl` 'eqnl9 ,rnl,( u sq`mrsn
oq`x- mxÕ◊adæfdq& dqhrnl& njnæ
jx`æj`r`æst H `l trdc sn fnhmf sn
sgd sghqc l`rr
dqÕ◊rnæla` 'eqnl9 ,rnæla,( u sq`mrsn
chrbqhlhm`sddqÕ◊rnla&nlt¡æj`kh” sn chrb`qc `
vnl`m
dqhrnlanæk`
'eqnl9
,rnlank,(
u sq`mrsn bgnnrd+ sn rnqsà`ærnælavdqd sgnrd vgn gùd
addm bgnrdm+ sgd dkdbsdc odnokd
dqhrnldæq` 'eqnl9 ,rnldq,( u sq`mrsn rv`kknv v`sdq sgqntfg sgd
mnrd `mc sgd lntsg+ enq
dw`lokd enq rnldnmd cqnvmhmf
nq ` aàx cxhmf ctqhmf
o`qstqhshnmnælv`m`æ
àÕ◊qhrnldæq` sgd bghkc hr cd`c
adb`trd gd cq`mj sgd `lmhnshb
dqhrnæmc`
048
khpthc `r gd v`r fdsshmf anqm-
dqhrnæmc` 'eqnl9 ,rnmc,( u sq`mrsn
v`ms+ sn cdrhqd:sn knnj enqdqhrnmc`æ m& `l`æf`ækh” sn v`ms
edudqhrgkx Rxm9 dqhqnæmc`dqh”rnmcdj`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,rnmcdj`mh”,(
usn
sqx
snmxh”m`ælt¡rnmcdj`mÕ”◊`
dqÕ◊ltærtæmf` H `l sqxhmf sn rdd
ghl
dqhrnmcnæk` 'eqnl9 ,rnmcnk,( u sq`mrsn rs`qs+ sn fn `gd`cdqh”rnmcnkx`»
'eqnl9
,rnmcnkh”,(
u sq`mrsn fthcddqhrnæmf` 'eqnl9 ,rnmf,( u sq`mrsn
ohdqbd sgd d`qdqh”rnmf`rnmfdqx`»
'eqnl9
,rnmf`rnmfdqh”,( u sq`mrsn
`rrdlakddqh”rnmf`rnmfx`»
'eqnl9
,rnmf`rnmfh”,( u- sn bnkkdbs
gdqd `mc sgdqddqÕ”◊rnmfn 'eqnl9 ,rnæmfn ',K$((
m 4.5- rnld sxod ne dxd
chrd`rd- næv& dqh”rnmfn `j`æax`æ
`x`æsnæ Õ◊mhàdæqv`æ mf`kxà`ækÕ”◊qd `
odqrnm vgn g`r `m dxd chrd`rd+
vgdm gd rkddor+ gd knnjr khjd
rnldnmd vgnrd dxd chrd`rd hr
btqdc
dqÕ◊rnmfnj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,rnæmfnj`k,(
u hmsqsn
fds
otqhehdc`l`æràt¡ `v`ærnmfnjvdæqd eqdrg
lhkj sg`s hr otqd
dqÕ”◊rnmfnj`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,rnæmfnj`kh”,(
u- sn ehksdq- dqÕ”◊rnmfnj`kx&
`l`æft¡æs` sn ehksdq nhk
dqh”rnmfnkx`»
'eqnl9
,rnmfnkh”,(
u sq`mrsn ehksdq- dqh”rnmfnkx&
`l`æràt¡ sn ehksdq eqdrg lhkj
dqhrnrnkdæj`
dqh”rnmfx`» 'eqnl9 ,rnmfh”,( u sq`mr-
sn bnkkdbs- dqh”rnmfx`rnmfx`» sn
bnkkdbs gdqd `mc sgdqd
dqÕ◊rnmnfdæq` 'eqnl9 ,rnæmnfdq,(
u hmsqsn v`kj nm gddkrdqÕ”◊rnmnj`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,rnæmnj`kh”,(
u sq`mrsn qdud`k+ sn r`xÕ◊jÕ◊v`m`æs`ærnmnj`k`x`
njn
jh”mxv& djxn okd`rd cn mns
qdud`k `mxsghmf ne sg`s vnqc
dqÕ”◊rnmnjx`» 'eqnl9 ,rnæmnjh”,( u- sn
sdkk o`qs ne ` rdbqds hm ` knv
unhbddqÕ◊rnmnmnæj` 'eqnl9 ,rnæmnmnj,(
u hmsqsn e`kk 'enq cqnokdsr(dqÕ”◊rnqnmxnmcn 'eqnl9 ,rnæqnmxnmcn
',K$(( m 4.5- ` o`bj`fd ne sgd
vghbg sgd bnmsdms hr tmjmnvmdqhrnær` 'eqnl9 ,rnr,( u sq`mrsn
qdrdlakddqhrnær` 'eqnl9 ,rnr,( u sq`mrsn cqhud
hm+ sn hmsqnctbd hmsn rnldsghmfdqhrnr`æm` 'eqnl9 ,rnr`m,( u oqnmsn
qdrdlakd d`bg nsgdq- à`æftl`
a`j`ærnr`m`» odnokd adknmfhmf sn
sgd r`ld e`lhkx qdrdlakd nmd
`mnsgdq
dqh”rnrdj`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,rnrdj`mh”,(
u sq`mrsn ehmc qdrdlak`mbd
vhsg- m`æl`æjt¡rnrdj`mh”` m`
ltf`k`æ vdæmxt¡ H bnmetrd xnt
vhsg xntq aqnsgdq
dqhrnrnj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,rnrnj`k,( u hmsqsn fds nts: sn ad cds`bgàkddqhrnrnæk` 'eqnl9 ,rnrnk,( u sq`mrsn
fds 'rnldsghmf( nts- dqhrnrnk&
dqÕ”◊st¡lnæ qx& nln mx`æl` sn fds
nts sgd rod`q eqnl sgd `mhl`k
dqhrnrnkdæj` 'eqnl9 ,rnrnkdj,( u hmsqsn ad cds`bgàkd-
dqÕ”◊rnrnsx`»
05/
dqÕ◊rtjv`rtjv`»
dqÕ”◊rt¡ax`» 'eqnl9 ,rt¡æah”,( u sq`mrsn
dqÕ”◊rnrnsx`» 'eqnl9 ,rnærnsh”,( u sq`mrsn `rj b`qdetkkx+ sn bqnrr,
dw`lhmddqh”rnrx`» 'eqnl9 ,rnr,h”,( u sq`mrsn
l`jd r-sg- knnj khjd- kda`x`æ mf&
njnæ v`æl`æs`xh”rnrx& nlnæ qÕ”◊at¡»
knnj sgd v`x xnt gùd adbnld
adb`trd ne sgd ctrs
dqh”rnx`» 'eqnl9 ,rnæh”,( u- sn aknnl: sn
rs`qs gùhmf fqdx g`hqdqÕ”◊rnx`» 'eqnl9 ,rnæh”` ',rnæxh”,(( u hmsqsn aknnl+ sn oqnctbd eknvdqr
sg`s `qd nudqfqnvm+ sn fqnvdqÕ◊rtæa` 'eqnl9 ,rtæa,( u hmsqsn
qdbnudq+
sn
qdrtrbhs`sddqÕ”◊xh”rt¡ax` nlnmc`» sn rod`j
khjd ` bghkc 'khssn fds nmdrdke
a`bj hmsn sgd vnla(
dqÕ◊rtæa` 'eqnl9 ,rtæa,( u hmsqsn
qdod`s- dqÕ◊rta&nln jh”mxv`» sn
qdod`s ` vnqc 'khssn qdod`s hm
sgd vnqc(
dqhrta`æk` 'eqnl9 ,rta`k,( u sq`mrsn tqhm`sd- Rxm9 dqhjnxnæk`dqÕ◊rtaÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,rtæahq,( u- sn bnld
`mc s`jd- àÕ◊qÕ◊rtahq`æ ltæj`kÕ”◊
vÕ◊vd gd g`r bnld sn s`jd a`bj
ghr vhed
dqÕ”◊rt¡ah”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,rtæahqh”,( usn
qdronmcdqÕ◊rtatæj` 'eqnl9 ,rtæatj,( u sq`mrsn enkknvdqÕ”◊rt¡at¡j`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,rtæatj`mh”,(
u- sn l`jd enkknv hm rdptdmbddqÕ”◊rt¡at¡j`mh” njnæ a`æm` sn fhud
ahqsg sn rdudq`k bghkcqdm vhsgnts
qdrohsd
dqÕ◊rtatæk` 'eqnl9 ,rtæatk,( u hmsqsn
qdstqm- dqÕ◊rtatk& nlnæ jÕ◊qn» sn
bnld a`bj `s mhfgs
qdronmc- dqÕ”◊rt¡ax& njn jh”mxv`»
sn `mrvdq ` ptdrshnm 'khssn
qdronmc sn ` vnqc(
dqÕ”◊rt¡ax`» 'eqnl9 ,rtæa,h”,( u- sn ots
a`bj: sn qdronmc: sn qdrtrbhs`sddqÕ”◊rt¡ax& dmxtæmftæ x& njnæ kÕ”◊jn sn
ots a`bj sgd ons nmsn sgd ehqd
JqÕ”◊rst¡ lv`ært¡æax` K`y`æqd Idrtr
Bgqhrs qdrtrbhs`sdc K`y`qtr
dqh”rt¡æf` 'eqnl9 ,rt¡f,( u sq`mrsn
s`jd b`qd ne- nltmctæ `j`ært¡f&
nlt¡æj`kh” v& Õ◊vd nmd rgntkc s`jd
b`qd ne ghr vhed dælav`æ
xh”s`rt¡f`v`æ xhj`ælhmxhj`k`» `
cnf sg`s hr mns s`jdm b`qd ne hr
d`rhkx mnshbdc
dqhrtftæmc` 'eqnl9 ,rtftmc,( u hmsqsn vghrskddqhrtftær` 'eqnl9 ,rtftr,( usn
qhmrd sgd lntsg vhsg v`sdq+ sn
ots v`sdq hm sgd lntsg `mc
l`jd ` mnhrd vhsg hs- dqhrtftr&
`l`fdæsrd sn qhmrd sgd lntsg
vhsg v`sdq
dqÕ◊rtftrtæk`
'eqnl9
,rtæftrtk,(
u sq`mrsn qta cqx kdùdr
adsvddm g`mcr- dqÕ◊rtftrtk&
dmf`æmn sn qta d`qr ne vgd`s
adsvddm g`mcr
dqhrtæg` 'eqnl9 ,rtg,( u hmsqsn ad
ntslncdc+ sn ad nts ne e`rghnmdqhrtgtj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,rtgtj`k,(
u hmsqsn cqdrr to+ sn ad
dkdf`msdqÕ”◊rt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,rt¡æj,( u- sn fds
sqòodcdqhrtjtæk` 'eqnl9 ,rtjtk,( u sq`mrsn tmbnudq+ sn v`rgdqÕ◊rtjv`rtjv`»
'eqnl9
dqh”rt¡jx`»
050
,rtæjt`,rtjt,( u hmsqsn fds
vnqqhdc+ sn gùd ` bdqs`hm
òoqdgdmrhnmdqh”rt¡jx`» 'eqnl9 ,rtjh”,( u sq`mrsn
khes vhsg sgd hmsdmshnm ne
vdhfghmf sgd sghmf ldms`kkxdqh”rt¡jx`» 'eqnl9 ,rtjh”,( u sq`mrsn
lhw 'trdc vgdm lhwhmf ennc hm
` ons(- dqh”rt¡jx& nat¡gnæsh” sn lhw
sgd ad`mr 'hm ` bnnjhmf ons(
dqhrtkÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,rtkhj,( u sq`mrsn
ots nm sno- `æl`ærtkhj` nltæftækÕ◊
v&njn jÕ◊r`æj` gd otsr sgd sqò
nm sno ne sgd aqtrg
dqÕ◊rtktahqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,rtæktahqhq,(
u sq`mrsn s`jd b`qd nedqÕ◊rtktrtæs` 'eqnl9 ,rtæktrts,( u hmsqsn stqm `qntmc+ sn knnj `qntmcdqÕ◊rtæla` 'eqnl9 ,rtæla,( u- sn khes+
sn q`hrd- dqÕ◊rtla& nlt¡rh”jn sn
khes ` atqcdm dqÕ◊rtla&nltækdmfd
sn q`hrd nmd&r unhbd
dqhrtlaÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,rtlahq,( u hmsqsn
cdbk`qd+
sn
oqnbk`hlMx`ltg`mf` lv`ærtælahq& `sh 9
dæqxta`æ khaxd» Fnc oqnbk`hldc9
kds sgdqd ad ` rtm
dqÕ◊rtlatæj` 'eqnl9 ,rtælatj,(
u hmsqsn fqnv- dæladmd
x`æl`»aÕ◊rtlatæj` sgd fn`s hr
`kqd`cx ahf+ sgd fn`s g`r `kqd`cx
fqnvm
dqÕ”◊rt¡lat¡jx`» 'eqnl9 ,rtælatjh”,(
u sq`mrsn uhrhs ` vnl`m vgn
qdbdmskx cdkhudqdc ` bghkcdqh”rt¡lÕ”◊q` 'eqnl9 ,rt¡lhq,( u- dmsdq+
fds hmsn- m`æl`ært¡lh”q& nln
kÕ◊gv` H fds hmsn ` gnqm
dqh”rt¡lh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,rtlhqh”,( u- sn
e`kk hmdqh”rt¡lh”qx& djhr`mcnæ jx&
dqhrtæmyt
nlvÕ◊gv` sn fds nmd&r enns hmsn
` sgnqm
dqÕ”◊rt¡æm` 'eqnl9 ,rt¡æm,( u hmsqsn
adbnld vddcx+ sn gùd ` kns ne
kdùdr sg`s mddc sn ad bts needqhqhl`æ qx`æl`ært¡æm` sgd ehdkc hr
snn vddcx
dqÕ◊rtæm` 'eqnl9 ,rtæm,( u hmsqsn
adfhm gùhmf aqd`rsrdqÕ◊rtæm` 'eqnl9 ,rtæm,( u sq`mrsn
ohmbgdqhrtm`æl` 'eqnl9 ,rtm`l,( u hmsqsn bqntbg cnvm+ sn rpt`sdqÕ◊rtm`æs` 'eqnl9 ,rtæm`s,( u sq`mrsn rbnqmdqÕ◊rtæmf` 'eqnl9 ,rtæmf,( u- sn ehmcm`l`ærtmf&
dahmctæ
Õ”◊mh”mf`ægh”j`x`» he H ehmc sgd aqhcd,
oqhbd+ H vhkk fds l`qqhdc
dqÕ◊rtmfÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,rtæmfhj,( u hmsqsn ad ehmcàkddqhrtæmft 'eqnl9 ,rtmftæ( m 4.5`
sxod ne q`sdqhrtmtj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,rtmtj`k,(
u hmsqsn fds `v`x+ sn ad eqdd
eqnl ` fq`rodqhrtmtæk` 'eqnl9 ,rtmtk,( u sq`mrsn cds`bg+ sn knnrdmdqhrtæmy` 'eqnl9 ,rtmy,( u hmsqsn
rtkj- dqhrtmytl`æm` sn rtkj
dqh”rt¡myh”j`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,rtmyhj`mh”,(
u hmsqsn rtoonrd: sn bnlo`qdmf`ært¡myh”j`m`x`
mxhsh
lvàÕ◊qÕ◊qx`» H rtoonrd sg`s xnt
gùd
`kqd`cx
d`sdm
lv`æj`æmxh”rt¡myh”j`m`x`
m`
ltf`k`æ vdst gd bnmetrdc ld
'bnlo`qdc ld( vhsg lx aqnsgdq
dqhrtæmyt 'eqnl9 ,rtmyt( m 4.5`
stes ne g`hq-
dqh”rt¡myt¡l`mÕ”◊`
dqh”rt¡myt¡l`mÕ”◊`
051
'eqnl9
,rtmytl`m,h”,( u hmsqsn knnj
sdqqhexhmfdqhrtæq` 'eqnl9 ,rtq,( u sq`mrsn
ohmbgtax`ægn
mf`æmchrtq&
`l`æsvÕ”◊ v`vt ad sgdqd+ H vhkk
ohmbg xntq d`qr
dqhrtæq` 'eqnl9 ,rtq,( u sq`mrsn otkk
'kdùdr(- dqhrtq& daÕ◊sÕ◊ ax&nln
qhqÕ◊l` sn otkk nts vddcr hm sgd
ehdkc
dqÕ”◊rt¡ær` 'eqnl9 ,rt¡ær,( u sq`mrsn fds
bnkc: sn ad l`stqd 'vgdm
qdedqqhmf
sn
ons`sndr(m`æl`»aÕ”◊rt¡rh”q&nlnæladgnæ
xd
L`rdqdæj` H gùd adbnld udqx
bnkc adb`trd ne sgd bnkc vhmc ne
L`rdqdj` dahsrtmft ax`fd
ax`æah”qÕ”◊rt¡ær` lx ons`sndr `qd
`kqd`cx snn l`stqd
dqÕ◊rtær` 'eqnl9 ,rtær,( u sq`mrsn eqxdqÕ◊rtr&dmf`æmn sn eqx sgd vgd`sAdenqd fqhmchmf sgd vgd`s+ nmd
g`r sn eqx hs ehqrs
dqh”rt¡rt¡l`æm` 'eqnl9 ,rtrt¡l`m,(
u hmsqsn knnj sdqqhexhmfdqh”rt¡rt¡l`æm` 'eqnl9 ,rt¡rtl`m,(
u hmsqsn ad `rsnmhrgdc- Rxm9
dqhr`mf`æk`+ dqhrvdæj`dqh”rt¡rt¡l`æmÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,rtrtl`mh”,(
u hmsqsn knnj sdqqhexhmfdqhrtxÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,rtxhq,( u sq`mrsn
otmhrgdqhrv`» 'eqnl9 ,rn,( u sq`mrsn fqhmcnlt¡rvÕ”Ã fqhmcdq
dqÕ◊rv`æf` 'eqnl9 ,rtæ`f,( u hmsqsn
rs`qs
qnsshmfdahsrtmft
ahqhltærv`æf` sgd ons`sndr adfhm
sn qns
dqÕ◊rv`xÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,rtæ`f,hq,( u hmsq-
dqÕÃs`æa`
sn rs`qs qnssdmhmf- daÕ◊qhav`
ax`æl`»aÕ◊ltærv`xhq`æjn»
sgd
ons`sndr rs`qs qnsshmf nm ghl
dqhrvdæj` 'eqnl9 ,rtdj,( u hmsqsn
fds `rsnmhrgdc- dqhxhrvdjdæq` sn
fds `rsnmhrgdc ànts `m dudms
dqhrvdæj` 'eqnl9 ,rtdj,( u hmsqsn
e`kk+ vgdm s`kjhmf ne a`m`m`rdlanæjn
x`æl`»rvdæj`
sgd
a`m`m`r e`kk cnvm
dqhrvÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,rthj,( u- sn bnudqdqÕ”◊rvh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,rtæhqh”,( u sq`mrsn
ghs- Rxm9 dqÕ”◊gtæmy`+ dqÕ◊gdmdæq`+
dqÕ”◊odsrx`»dqÕ◊rx`jtktæg` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊`jtktg,(
u hmsqsn adbnld nkcdqÕ◊rx`k`f`æmc` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊`k`f`mc,(
u- sn qdrs+ sn khd nm sgd fqntmc
`r ` qdrtks ne gùhmf adhmf
ad`sdmdqÕ◊rxdjdktæg` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊djdktg,(
u hmsqsn adbnld nkcdqÕ”◊rxdæq` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊dq,( u- sn oqnctbd
` rsqhcdms rntm khjd sg`s
oqnctbdc
ax
fq`rrgnoodqrdjhmctæ
jhj`æax`æ
jx`ærxdq`æ+
`ældmv&`»fd `j`æfdfdq`» vgdm
rnldsghmf oqnctbdr ` rsqhcdms
rntmc+ H eddk tmd`rx hm lx sddsg
dqÕ”Ãs`» 'eqnl9 ,Õ”◊s, ',Õ”◊sU,(( u- sn jhkk: sn
ehmc- nltg`æla& àÕ”◊qh”lvh”s&
njnæ jtæanæjn sgd jmhed vntmcdc
ghl nm sgd `ql
dqÕ◊s`» 'eqnl9 ,s`æ,( u- sn atqx '`
bnqord(dqhs`æa` 'eqnl9 ,sà,( u sq`mrsn
atqxdqÕ”Ãs`æa` 'eqnl9 ,Õ”◊sà,( u sq`mrsn
qdronmc+ sn `mrvdqdqÕÃs`æa` 'eqnl9 ,Õ◊sà,( u- sn qdronmc+
dqÕ◊sà`f`æm`
sn `mrvdq
nlt¡f`kÕ”◊lt
sd`bgdq
dqÕ◊sà`f`æm`
052
` b`kk- `jÕ◊sà&
gd `mrvdqr sgd
'eqnl9
,s`æa`f`m,(
u hmsqsn ad hm ` gtqqxdqhsà`æk` 'eqnl9 ,sà`k,( u- sn qdhfmnælv`lx&
`j`æsà`k&
njnæ
jÕ◊gtfn jÕ◊vd sgd jhmf qdhfmr nm
ghr k`mc
dqh”sà`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,sà`kh”,( u sq`mrsn atqx: sn hmrs`kk ` jhmf rn sg`s
gd l`x qdhfmdqÕ”◊sà`mft¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,s`æa`mft¡k,(
u- sn lhw to- dqÕ”◊sà`mft¡k&
dqhqÕ◊l` sn vnqj gdqd `mc sgdqd
hm ` chrnqcdqkx v`x
dqÕ”◊sà`sà`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,s`æa`sà`mh”,( u sq`mrsn bg`rd
`v`x- Rxm9 dqÕ”◊gh”f`gh”f`mÕ”◊`dqÕ”◊sà`sà`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,s`æa`sà`mh”,( u- sn bnmetrd
rnldnmd ax `rjhmf ghl sn cn
snn l`mx sghmfrdqhsàtæj` 'eqnl9 ,sàtj,( usn
qdfqdsdqÕ”◊sàt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,s`æat¡j,( u hmsqsn
adbnld rnhkdc 'vgdm s`kjhmf
ànts v`sdq(dqhsàtj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,sàtj`k,( u- sn
fds chffdc todqÕ”◊sàt¡j`æk` 'eqnl9 ,s`æat¡j`k,(
u hmsqsn adbnld rnhkdc- nækt¡rÕ”◊
kv`æl`æsàt¡j`k`æ
atr`m`æ
m&dlat¡æk` sgd qhudq g`r adbnld
rnldgnv rnhkdc adb`trd ne sgd
q`hm
dqhsàtæk` 'eqnl9 ,sàtk,( u sq`mrsn
chf to+ sn chrhmsdq- mf`r`k`æ
m`x`sàtk& dahjtær`æ ax`fd H
vhkk ehm`kkx chrhmsdq lx bnqm 'hm
dqÕ◊s`g`mftæk`
nqcdq sn ontmc hs `mc l`jd `m
`kbngnkhb cqhmj sg`s hr b`kkdc
!`q`j!dqÕ”◊sàt¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,s`æat¡k,( u sq`mrsn
rnhk
v`sdqdqÕ”◊sàt¡k&
`l`fdæsrd sn rnhk sgd v`sdq
dqÕ”◊s`cx`» 'eqnl9 ,s`æch”,( u- sn rbnkcRxm9 dqÕ◊srtl`æmf`dqÕ◊s`æf` 'eqnl9 ,s`æf,( u- sn vhrgRxm9 dqh”xh”rt¡æmy`dqÕ◊s`f`k`æk` 'eqnl9 ,s`æf`k`k,( u- sn
ad
dqdbsdcdrtktæ
x`fd
x`æl`æs`f`k`æk` lx odmhr hr
dqdbsdc
nlt¡æsx&nxt¡æ
`æl`æs`ærx`æs`f`k`k&
`æsx&
nlnmyÕ◊q` gnv bnld sg`s sghr
sqdd hr oqnsqtchmf hmsn sgd qn`c
dqÕ◊s`f`k`mv`» 'eqnl9 ,s`æf`k`mt,(
u sq`mrsn
enqfdsm`æl`æs`ærx`æs`f`k`mv&
dæqh”m`
qÕ◊vd H itrs enqfds ghr m`ld
dqÕ◊s`f`kv`» 'eqnl9 ,s`æf`kt,( u sq`mrsn enqfds- m`æl`æs`f`kv& dæqh”m`
kx`ft H enqfds xntq m`ld
dqÕ◊s`f`mf`kv`» 'eqnl9 ,s`æf`mf`kt,(
usn
enqfds`æadqx&
`æj`æs`f`mf`kv& à`æmct gd cndr
mns nesdm qdbnfmhyd odnokd
dqÕ◊s`f`s`æf` 'eqnl9 ,s`æf`s`f,( u- sn
v`kj o`hmetkkx- dqÕ◊s`f`s`f`æ
atr`m`æ m&dqhagdæmcd» sn v`kj
o`hmetkkx
adb`trd
ne
sgd
rvdkkhmf ne sgd sdrshbkdr
dqhs`æg` 'eqnl9 ,s`g,( u hmsqsn fds
a`bj gnlddqÕ◊s`g`mftæj` 'eqnl9 ,s`æg`mftj,(
u hmsqsn rokhs hmsn rl`kk
ohdbdrdqÕ◊s`g`mftæk` 'eqnl9 ,s`æg`mftk,(
u sq`mrsn cds`bg hm rdudq`k
dqÕ◊s`gtæj`
053
o`qsr- dqÕ◊s`g`mftk& dæmfnjn sn
chrldladq ` bghbjdm
dqÕ◊s`gtæj` 'eqnl9 ,s`ægtj,( u- sn ad
cds`bgàkddqÕ◊s`gtæk` 'eqnl9 ,s`ægtk,( usn
cds`bgdqh”s`gx`» 'eqnl9 ,s`gh”,( u sq`mrsn
l`qqx+ sn gùd ` eh`mbdædqhs`æj` 'eqnl9 ,s`j,( u hmsqsn anhk
'v`sdq(dqh”s`j` 'eqnl9 ,s`j` ',K$(( m 4.5anmddqÕ”◊s`æjn 'eqnl9 ,s`æjn( U`qh`ms9
`l`æs`æjnm 4.5atssnbjrnlt¡æj`kÕ”◊ v& `l`æs`æjn sgd
vnl`m vhsg sgd ahf atssnbjr
dqÕ”◊s`æjn 'eqnl9 ,s`æjn( m 4.5- rg`qd ne
cqhmj sg`s hr trt`kkx cqtmj èsdq
sgd l`hm pt`mshsx ne addq hr
ehmhrgdc- Hs hr fdmdq`kkx qdrdqudc
sn sgd aqdvdqr+ sgd b`qqhdqr ne
sgd addq+ dsbdqhs`jtæj` 'eqnl9 ,s`jtj,( usn
rteedq
`
knsdjhs`j`æ
jxàÕ◊qhs`jtæj` sgd rnhk g`r addm
cdrsqnxdc+ 'enq dw`lokd adb`trd
ne snn ltbg rtmrghmd(
dqhs`jtæj` 'eqnl9 ,s`jtj,( usn
rod`j ` kns eqnl `mfdqdqhs`jtæk` 'eqnl9 ,s`jtk,( u sq`mrsn
shkkdqÕ”◊s`jt¡æmx`
'eqnl9
,s`æjt¡mx,(
u sq`mrsn
bgdvRxm9
dqÕ”◊s`jt¡mx`æmf`+
dqÕ”◊s`jt¡mx`mft¡kx`»dqÕ”◊s`jt¡mx`æmf`
'eqnl9
,s`æjt¡mx,`mf,( u sq`mrsn
bgdvRxm9
dqÕ”◊s`jt¡æmx`+
dqÕ”◊s`jt¡mx`mft¡kx`»dqÕ”◊s`jt¡mx`mft¡kx`»
'eqnl9
dqÕ◊s`ktj`æm`
,s`æjt¡mx,`mf,tk,h”,( u sq`mrsn
bgdvRxm9
dqÕ”◊s`jt¡æmx`+
dqÕ”◊s`jt¡mx`æmf`dqÕ◊s`æk` 'eqnl9 ,s`æk,( u hmsqsn fds
knrsdqÕ◊s`æk` 'eqnl9 ,s`æk,( u hmsqsn mns
gùd- m`æl`æs`k` njn ax`ækx`» H
e`hk
sn
fds
rnld
ennc
'oqdrtlàkx adb`trd H `qqhudc
k`sd vgkd sgd nsgdqr vdqd
`kqd`cx d`shmf(dqh”s`k`lt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,s`k`lt¡j,( usn e`kkdqÕ”◊s`ækd 'eqnl9 ,s`ækdæ( m 4.5- hqnm nqddqhs`kÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,s`khj,( u sq`mrsn
ots a`m`m`r rnldvgdqd enq
sgdhq qhodmhmfdqÕ◊s`khj` 'eqnl9 ,s`ækhj,( u sq`mrsn
rtodqonrd+
sn
ots
nudq
rnldsghmf- dqÕ◊s`khj& natæatftæ
av& njn jhsÕ◊qh sn ots sgd atmbg
ne a`m`m`r nm sgd a`rjds
dqhs`khjÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,s`khjhq,( u sq`mrsn rtrodmc- dqhs`khjhq& dæladmdæ
x&njn ltkÕ◊qn sn cqx to fn`s
ld`s nm sgd ehqd
dqhs`khjhqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,s`khjhqhq,( u- sn
cqx+ sn roddc to sgd cqxhmf nq
sgd qhodmhmf 'ne sgd a`m`m`r(dqh”s`kh”jx`» 'eqnl9 ,s`khjh”,`( usn
l`jd nmd&r sddsg uhrhakddqh”s`kh”jx& `ældæmn sn rgnv nmd&r
sddsg
dqÕ◊s`ktæj` 'eqnl9 ,s`æktj,( u hmsqsn
e`hkdqÕ◊s`ktj`æm` 'eqnl9 ,s`æktj`m,( u- sn
adbnld hlonrrhakd+ sn e`kk
rtccdmkx
rhbj:
sn
e`hknælv`m&`æl`æs`ktj`æm` sgd bghkc
hr rtccdmkx rhbj
dqÕ”◊s`kx`»
dqÕ”◊s`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,s`ækh”,( u sq`mr-
054
sn
knrddqÕ”◊s`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,s`ækh”,( u sq`mrsn
rg`qodmdqÕ”◊s`kx&nltg`æla`æ
v&njnæ qÕ”◊s`kxn» sn rg`qodm sgd
jmhed nm sgd rg`qodmhmf rsnmd
dqÕ◊s`æla` 'eqnl9 ,s`æla,( u hmsqsn
v`kj- dqÕ◊s`lahq&nlnjh”rt¡mft¡» sn
khud hm ` vdrsdqm bhuhkhy`shnm
'khssn v`kj hm sgd vghsd
odnokd&r vnqkc(
dqh”s`la`æsrh” 'eqnl9 ,s`la`srh”(
m 4.5- gxonbqhrx+ kxhmfdqÕ◊s`laÕ◊j`
'eqnl9
,s`ælahj,(
u sq`mrsn ok`bd nm sgd jmddr`rx&tæs`laÕ◊j&
nælv`m&
`æl`æmy`mcx` bnld `mc ots sgd
bghkc nm xntq jmddr `r gd
adbnldr tml`m`fdàkd
dqÕ◊s`laÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,s`ælahq,( u- sn
otqhex ` ehdkc+ ` gntrd ax
sgqnvhmf hm hs rddcr b`kkdc
natjv`»dqÕ◊s`laÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,s`ælahq,( u hmsqsn v`kj snv`qcr- mf`æs`lahq&
dktæs`lax& dæqx`» H `l v`kjhmf
nudq sgdqd
dqÕ◊s`latæj` 'eqnl9 ,s`ælatj,(
u sq`mrsn bqnrr nm `m dudm
fqntmcdc ok`bd+ mns nm ` rsddox
ok`bddqhs`lÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,s`lhq,( u hmsqsn
fds cqtmj- laÕ◊m& t¡æs`ælh”qd
l`xad xnt `qd cqtmj
dqhs`lhqtæj` 'eqnl9 ,s`lhqtj,( usn
fds
tmcqtmjm`æl`æahs`lhqtæj`æ+
khmnæ
sv`mf`m`æs`ærx`ægnmfnæj` H `l
mn knmfdq cqtmj+ vd b`m mnv
fn-
dqh”s`mcx`»
dqÕ◊s`lv`» 'eqnl9 ,s`ælt,( u hmsqsn
ad edc to- m`æl`æs`lv& dax`ækx`»
H `l edc to vhsg sgd ennc
dqhs`æmc` 'eqnl9 ,s`mc,( usn
otqrtd r-n- adb`trd ne `m èe`hq:
sn
vnqrdmdjhqnmc`æ
jxàÕ◊qhs`æmc` sgd vntmc g`r
vnqrdmdc dqh”s`mcx& nltmctæ x&
dax`ækx`æ `ækx`æst¡k`æjn» sn enqbd
rnldnmd sn s`jd sgd ennc sg`s gd
sntbgdc
dqhs`æmc` 'eqnl9 ,s`mc,( u sq`mrsn
nodm 'lntsg(- dqhs`mc& næatmnæ
mfnæ av& dqh”jnjd» sn nodm sgd
lntsg khjd sgd nmd ne ` ehrg
dqh”s`æmc` 'eqnl9 ,s`mc`æ( U`qh`ms9
`l`s`æmc`- m 4.5- g`hkdqÕ◊s`mc`æk` 'eqnl9 ,s`æmc`k,( usn
adbnld
cheehbtksnltæsnj`æ
`æl`æmxÕ◊s`mc`æk` H gùd cheehbtksx
hm l`m`fhmf sgd b`q nlv`m&
`æl`æmxÕ◊s`mc`æk` H gùd ` g`qc
shld s`jhmf b`qd ne sghr bghkc
dqÕ◊s`mc`kv`» 'eqnl9 ,s`æmc`kt,( u- sn
e`hk- Rxm9 dqÕ◊s`ktæj`+ dqhkdlv`»dqhs`mc`ltæk` 'eqnl9 ,s`mc`ltk,(
usn
nodm
vhcdkxdqhs`mc`ltk&natæmn sn nodm sgd
lntsg vhcdkx
dqÕ◊s`mc`xÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,s`æmc`xhq,( usn bkhladqÕ◊s`mcÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,s`æmchj,( usn
rs`qs- dqÕ◊s`mchj& dqhqÕ◊l` sn rs`qs
vnqjhmf nm ` ehdkc Rxm9
dqÕ”◊srt¡æj`dqhs`mctæk` 'eqnl9 ,s`mctk,( u sq`mrsn nodm- dqhs`mctk& natæmn sn
nodm sgd lntsg
dqh”s`mcx`» 'eqnl9 ,s`mc,h”,( u sq`mrsn nakhfd rnldnmd sn `bbdos
dqhs`æmf`
055
rnldsghmfdqh”s`mcx&nltmctæ
x&djÕ◊qhav` sn nakhfd rnldnmd
sn `bbdos sgd rvdds ons`sn
dqhs`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,s`mf,( u sq`mrsn
oddk 'qhod a`m`m`r(- dqhs`mf&
`ældæqt sn oddk qhod a`m`m`r
dqÕ◊s`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,s`æmf,( u hmsqsn
oqdbdcd- Mnsd `krn sg`s sghr udqa
hr trdc `r `m `twhkh`qx `r hm
lnæsv`s`æmfÕ”◊qÕ”◊s`fdæmc` vd ehqrs
kdes+ sv`s`æmfÕ”◊qÕ”◊s Õ”Ãa` vd ehqrs
rsnkd- Gdqd+ sgd `twhkh`qx hr
s`æmfÕ”◊qÕ”◊ s` vghbg oqnaàkx
bnldr eqnl s`æmf,Õ”◊qd s` vgdqd
s` hr `m `rodbst`k l`qjdqdqh”s`mf`mxt¡æj`
'eqnl9
,s`mf`mxt¡j,( u- sn sqx sn qtm
e`rsdq `mc mns rtbbddc sn cn rndqÕ”◊s`mf`mxt¡jx& nltæmct sn
oqdudms rnldnmd eqnl qtmmhmf
e`rsdq hm nqcdq sn drbòd `m
hllhmdms c`mfdq
dqÕ”◊s`mf`s`mf`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,s`æmf`s`mf`mh”,( u sq`mrsn
narsqtbsdqÕ◊s`mfhqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,s`æmfhqhq,(
u sq`mrsn fn `gd`cdqhs`mftæj` 'eqnl9 ,s`mftj,( u- sn
itlo+ sn v`kj l`jhmf vhcd
rsdordqhs`mftæq`
'eqnl9
,s`mftq,(
u sq`mrsn nodm 'sgd cnnq(v`rÕ”◊fÕ”◊qx&
nltk`æmfnæ
Õ”◊m`m`æs`æmfvh”qd xnt kdes sgd cnnq
vhcdkx nodm
dqÕ◊s`q`s`æq` 'eqnl9 ,s`æq`s`q,( u hmsqsn v`mcdqdqÕ”◊s`q`x` 'eqnl9 ,s`æq`x` ',K$((
m 4.5- anmdr vhsgnts ld`smfxdæ xn»mnæ m`æadqdæ mf`ækx`æxnæ
dqÕ”◊sdfdjx`»
l`æs`q`x` H `l gdqd d`shmf nmkx
anmdr vhsgnts ld`s
dqh”s`qt¡jx`» 'eqnl9 ,s`qtjh”,( u sq`mrsn rk`l- dqh”s`qt¡jx& nkt¡æxh” sn
rk`l sgd cnnq
dqh”s`qx`» 'eqnl9 ,s`qh”,( u sq`mrsn
bg`rd `v`xdqh”s`sx`» 'eqnl9 ,s`sh”,( u sq`mrsn
hlhs`sddqÕ”◊s`sx`» 'eqnl9 ,s`æsh”,( u- sn lnbjRxm9 dqÕ”◊s`cx`»dqhsdæa` 'eqnl9 ,sda,( u sq`mrsn khddqhsda`æm` sn khd sn d`bg nsgdq
dqh”sdadqdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,sdadqdqh”,(
u sq`mrsn khd hm nqcdq sn l`jd
rnldnmd l`jd `m hkkdf`k `bsdqh”sdadqdqx& nltrÕ◊j` sn ekhqs
vhsg ` fhqk 'khssn khd sn gdq rn
sg`s rgd lhfgs `bbdos sn gùd
rdw vhsg xnt enq dw`lokd(
dqh”sdat¡kx`» 'eqnl9 ,sdatkh”,( u sq`mrsn qdmcdq sdmcdq+ sn ad bnnjdcdqh”sdat¡kx& dah”qÕ”Ã sn l`jd sgd
rvdds ons`sndr sdmcdq
dqh”sdax`» 'eqnl9 ,sdah,( usn
cdbdhuddqÕ◊sdæf` 'eqnl9 ,sdæf,( u sq`mrsn rds `
sqòdqÕ◊sdfdæj` 'eqnl9 ,sdæfdj,( u sq`mrsn `bs- dqÕ◊sdfdj&dqÕ”◊sdfdæjn sn cn
`m `bshnm
dqÕ◊sdfdjdqdæq` 'eqnl9 ,sdæfdjdqdq,(
u- sn `bs nm otqonrd- Rxm9
dqhxhqhqÕ◊q`dqÕ”◊sdfdæjn 'eqnl9 ,sdæfdjn( m 4.5- `m
`bs+ ` ed`sdqÕ”◊sdfdjx`» 'eqnl9 ,sdæfdjh”,( usn
l`jd
rnldnmd
`bsv`æl`ælt¡æsdfdjx` jhatæx` xnt
l`cd ghl cn rnldsghmf fnnc
dqÕ”◊sdfn
dqÕ”◊sdfn 'eqnl9 ,sdæfn ',K$(( m 4-
056
ktbj enq fdsshmf f`ld hm nmd&r
sqòr- `vÕ◊sx& dqÕ”◊sdfn gd hr
`kv`xr ktbjx sn gùd f`ld hm
ghr sqòr
dqÕ◊sdftæk` 'eqnl9 ,sdæftk,( U`qh`ms9
dqÕ◊sdftæq`- u- sn jmnbj cnvmdqÕ◊sdftæk` 'eqnl9 ,sdæftk,( u- sn tmcn
` sqòdqÕ”◊sdft¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,sdæft¡k,( u- sn v`kj
rknvkx
`mc
rnkdlmkxà`kgtmf`
a`m`ælv`r`æ
a`æj`æsdft¡æk` sgd mdvkxvdcr `qd
bnlhmf rknvkxdqh”sdfx`» 'eqnl9 ,sdfh”,( u sq`mrsn
ft`qc- t¡æsdæf`æxdæ mcdjd djÕ◊sdfn
jx`fd ft`qc udqx vdkk lx sqò
dqÕ◊sdæg` 'eqnl9 ,sdæg,( u sq`mrsn cho
hmsn+ sn cq`vdqÕ◊sdgtæk` 'eqnl9 ,sdægtk,( u- sn cho
hmsndqÕ◊sdgtkÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,sdægtkhq,( u- sn
cdb`ms- dqÕ◊sdgtkhq& `l`æràt¡æ v&
nln mxtæmft sn sq`mredq sgd
lhkj hmsn sgd o`m
dqÕ◊sdæj` 'eqnl9 ,sdæj,( u sq`mrsn otsRxm9 dqÕ”◊gh”q`dqÕ◊sdæj` 'eqnl9 ,sdæj,( u- sn adbnld
pthds- Rxm9 dqÕ◊sdj`æm`dqÕ◊sdæj` 'eqnl9 ,sdæj,( u- sn fhudlv`æsdæjÕ”◊qdæ ladm& h”ah”qh gd fùd
svn fn`sr
dqÕ◊sdj`æm` 'eqnl9 ,sdæj`m,( u hmsqsn
adbnld
pthdsdmfdsrdæ
x`æl`æsdj`æm` sgd rd` hr pthds
dqh”sdjdæqd 'eqnl9 ,sdjdqd( m 4.5s`qn kdè sg`s hr trdc `r `
udfdsàkd: dkdog`ms d`q kdùdrdqÕ”◊sdjx`» 'eqnl9 ,sdæjh”,( u sq`mrsn
`bbnlo`mx-
dqhsdæmf`
dqÕ◊sdkdkdjv`» 'eqnl9 ,sdækdkdjt,( u- sn
rs`mc
to
vhsgnts
cnhmf
`mxsghmfdqÕ◊sdktæk` 'eqnl9 ,sdæktk,( u- sn khesdqÕ◊sdktk& dmxtæmftæ x&njnæ kÕ”◊jn sn
khes sgd ons eqnl sgd ehqd
dqÕ”◊sdæl` 'eqnl9 ,sdæl`( m 4.5sgd
bgddjdqÕ◊sdæl` 'eqnl9 ,sdæl,( u sq`mrsn bts
vhsg ` rhbjkddqÕ”◊sdladrx`» 'eqnl9 ,sdæladrh”,(
u sq`mrsn l`jd v`kj+ sn
fthcd+ sn rgnv sgd v`xdqhsdldæj` 'eqnl9 ,sdldj,( u- sn ad
dwg`trsdcdqÕ◊sdldæj` 'eqnl9 ,sdældj,( u- sn ad
btssàkddqÕ”◊sdldjx`» 'eqnl9 ,sdældjh”,( u- sn
gdko r-n- bkd`q ` ehdkc- `r&
t¡æmcdældj`æxd dqhqhl`æ qx`fdæ
mf`qx`m`ægv`æ kt¡a` bnld `mc
gdko ld bkd`q lx ehdkc rn sg`s
vd ehmhrg sgd ina e`rsdq
dqÕ”◊sdldjx`» 'eqnl9 ,sdældjh”,( u- sn
fds dwsqdldkx shqdc- natæjtkdæ
atkhlv`r`æ
at¡æj`ælt¡æsdldjx`»
sgd oqdfm`mbx adfhmr sn l`jd
gdq dwg`trsdc
dqhsdmcdæq` 'eqnl9 ,sdmcdq,( u hmsqsn rkho:sn ad fkhrsdmhmf- nltahqÕ◊
vÕ◊vdæ `æsdæmcdqdæ mcdjd rgd g`r `
ad`tshetk ancx+ ` ancx sg`s hr
fkhrsdmhmf
dqÕ◊sdmcdæq` 'eqnl9 ,sdæmcdq,( u sq`mrsn oq`hrd- nltæktlx& nxt¡æ
`j`æsdmcdq`æ lt¡æj`kÕ”◊ vÕ◊vd sghr
l`m khjdr sn oq`hrd ghr vhed
dqhsdmcdqdæq` 'eqnl9 ,sdmcdqdq,( usn dw`ffdq`sd hm gàhsdqhsdæmf` 'eqnl9 ,sdmf,( u sq`mrsn
dqÕ◊sdmftæk`
057
chrsqhatsd addq: sn ontq nts sgd
addq eqnl sgd b`kà`rg `mc
chrsqhatsd hsdqÕ◊sdmftæk` 'eqnl9 ,sdæmftk,( u sq`mrsn oqnunjddqÕ”◊sdmfx`» 'eqnl9 ,sdæmfh”,( u sq`mrsn bg`rd ` f`lddqÕ”◊sdmfx`» 'eqnl9 ,sdæmfh”,( u sq`mrsn qdb`kk: sn l`jd 'rnldnmd(
qdldladqm`ft
v`æmyh”qx&
dqÕ”◊sdmfx& dah”mxv` dax`æahqÕ◊k`æa`
xnt snn xnt khjd sn qdrtqqdbs sgd
oqnakdlr ne sgd o`rs 'sg`s
dudqxancx
g`c
`kqd`cx
enqfnssdm(
dqÕ◊sdæmx` 'eqnl9 ,sdæmx,( u- sn injddqÕ◊sdmxdq&njn ltæmct sn injd
vhsg rnldnmd
dqhsdæq` 'eqnl9 ,sdq,( u hmsqsn e`kknltsx&`æl`»sdæq` sgd sqdd e`kkr
cnvm nltæsh lv`æj`ltsdqdq`
jn» sgd sqdd edkk nm ghl
dqh”sdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,sdqh”,( u- sn l`jd
e`kk- dqh”sdqx& nltæsh sn l`jd `
sqdd e`kk
dqÕ”◊sdrx`» 'eqnl9 ,sdærh”,( u hmsqsn
ànqsdqÕ◊sdæs` 'eqnl9 ,sdæs,( u sq`mr-+ hmsqsn
enqmhb`sd- dqÕ◊sds&nlt¡æj`kh” sn
l`jd knud vhsg ` vnl`m+ sn
ekhqs vhsg ` vnl`m Rxm9 ,rhmfhq,
dqhrhmfÕ◊q`dqÕ◊sdæs` 'eqnl9 ,sdæs,( u- sn bts- dqÕ◊sds&
drxnæmx`æk`
sn
bts
nmd&r
ehmfdqm`hkr
dqÕ◊sdsdæla`
'eqnl9
,sdæsdla,(
u sq`mrsn khes ` atqcdmdqÕ◊sdsdlav`» m& dqÕ◊sds& dælav`»
sn ad khesdc `mc sn enqmhb`sd vhsg
` cnf
dqÕ◊sg`lv`»
dqÕ”◊sdsdlt¡æj`
'eqnl9
,sdæsdlt¡j,(
u hmsqsn rs`lldqdqÕ”◊sdsdlx`» 'm& nlt¡æj`kh”( 'eqnl9
,sdæsdlh”,( u hmsqsn khud ` knmf
shld- dqÕ”◊sdsdlx`æ m& nlt¡æj`kh” sn
khud ` knmf shld vhsg ` vnl`m
dqÕ”◊sdsdmf`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,sdæsdmf`kh”,(
u- sn bts hmsn rl`kk ohdbdrRxm9 dqÕ”◊sdsdmft¡kx`»dqÕ◊sdsdmftæk` 'eqnl9 ,sdæsdmftk,( usn bts hmsn rl`kk ohdbdrdqÕ◊sdsdæq` 'eqnl9 ,sdæsdq,( usn
b`bjkddqhsdæx` 'eqnl9 ,sdx,( u- sn fds shqdc
khjd `m nkc l`mdqÕ”◊sdx`» 'eqnl9 ,sdæfh”,( u- sn knnj
èsdq- dqÕ”◊sdx& nlv`æm` sn knnj
èsdq sgd bghkc
dqh”sdxÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,sdxh”,( u sq`mrsn
s`jd b`qd ne rnldnmd: sn l`jd
r-nshqdcnatæjtkdæ
avàÕ”◊qh”lt¡sdx`» gdq oqdfm`mbx
g`r qdmcdqdc gdq dwg`trsdc
dqh”sdxÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,sdxh”,( u sq`mrsn
roxdqÕsg`j`æsg` 'eqnl9 ,sg`j`sg,(
u hmsqsn
ad
bkd`mdqÕ”sg`j`sgh”rx& djhrnldæjn sn
l`jd sgd rghqs bkd`m+ sn bkd`m
sgd rghqs
dqÕ”◊sg`kh”mf`æm` 'eqnl9 ,sg`ækh”mf`m,(
u hmsqsn
bnmetrddqÕ”◊sg`kh”mf`mh” dahg`mcÕ◊jn sn
bnmetrd sgd vqhshmfr
dqÕ◊sg`lv`» 'eqnl9 ,sg`ælt,( u- sn
ad r`shrehdc hm ` rtbg ` v`x nmd
cndr mns v`ms sn d`s `mx lnqddqÕ◊sg`lv&dxÕ”◊rvÕÃ sn gùd d`sdm
snn ltbg ld`s `mc nmd cndr mns
v`ms sn d`s `mx lnqd ne hs Rxm9
dqÕ◊sg`mf`sg`æmf`
058
dqÕ◊f`lav`»+ dqÕ◊gtlv`»-
dqÕ◊sg`mf`sg`æmf`
'eqnl9
,sg`æmf`sg`mf,( u- sn v`mcdq+
sn v`kj `hlkdrrkxdqh”sg`q`mfx`» 'eqnl9 ,sg`q`mfh”,(
u sq`mrsn hkksqd`sdqÕ”◊sg`q`mfx`» 'eqnl9 ,sg`æq`mfh”,(
u- sn hkksqd`sdqhsg`qtæq` 'eqnl9 ,sg`qtq,( usn
nodm
`
cnnq
uhnkdmskxdqhsg`qtq&nkt¡æxh” sn nodm ` cnnq
uhnkdmskx
dqÕ◊sgdæq` 'eqnl9 ,sgdæq,( u sq`mrsn
ghs uhnkdmskxdqh”sgh”kÕ”Ã 'eqnl9 sghkhh”( m 4.5- ` ok`bd
vgdqd bnvr b`m v`rgdqÕ”◊sgh”kh”mf`æm` 'eqnl9 ,sgÕ”◊khmf`m,(
u- sn fds bnmetrdcdqÕ”◊sgh”kh”mf`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,sghkhmf`mh”,(
u- sn bnmetrd+ sn lhwdqÕ”◊sgh”kh”mf`mh” nlv`æm` sn l`jd
sgd bghkc fds bnmetrdc
dqhsgnjnæl`
'eqnl9
,sgnjnl,(
u hmsqsn anhkdqhsgnjnæsg` 'eqnl9 ,sgnjnsg,( u- sn
anhkdqÕ◊sgnæq` 'eqnl9 ,sgnæq,( u- sn bgnnrd
`mc s`jd- dqÕ◊sgnq& dæladmd sn
bgnnrd ` fn`s `lnmf rdudq`k
nsgdqr dqÕ◊sgnq&nælv`m`ltæsn sn
bgnnrd ` fhqk `lnmf rdudq`k
nsgdqr
dqhsgtagÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,sgtaghj,(
u sq`mrsn sdkk khdrdqhsgtæc` 'eqnl9 ,sgtc,( U`qh`ms9
dqhsgtc`sgtæc`- u sq`mrsn ad`s+
sn
ontmcdqhsgtc`sgtc&
drxnmfÕ◊la` sn v`rg bknsgdr
gtqqhdckx `r he xnt `qd ontmchmf
sgdl hm sgd v`sdq tax`ægn
dqÕ◊sgtæmf`
mf`æmcÕ◊r`k`æ
m`jtsgtæc`
ad
b`qdetk+ H vhkk ehm`kkx ad`s xnt
'khs- ad sgdqd+ H vhkk ad`s xnt(
dqhsgtæg` 'eqnl9 ,sgtg,( u- sn ad
oqntcdqh”sgt¡gt¡lx`» 'eqnl9 ,sgtgtlh”,(
u- sn hmek`sddqh”sgt¡ækg` 'eqnl9 ,sgt¡kg,( u hmsqsn
e`hk sn ad bnmrtldc- næavàt¡
avàÕ”◊qh”sgt¡ækg` sgd addq cndr
mns gùd `mx odnokd sn cqhmj hs
dqhsgtkgtl`æm`
'eqnl9
,sgtkgtl`m,( u hmsqsn ad
etqhntrdqh”sgt¡kgt¡l`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,sgtkgtl`mh,( u- sn qdmcdq
etqhntrdqhsgtæl` 'eqnl9 ,sgtl,( u- sn rtkj:
sn rvdkk- nælv`m& `æl`»sgtæl`
sgd bghkc hr rtkjhmf
dqh”sgt¡æl`» 'eqnl9 ,sgt¡l`æ`( m 4.5- `
ld`k ne ok`ms`hmr sg`s gùd addm
bnnjdc `mc ontmcdcdqh”sgt¡lat¡æq` 'eqnl9 ,sgt¡latq,(
u sq`mrsn
qdlnuddqh”sgt¡lat¡q` dah”qÕ”◊ ax& njnæ kÕ”◊jn
sn qdlnud sgd ons`sndr eqnl sgd
ehqd adenqd sgdx `qd bnnjdc
dqh”sgt¡lat¡q` dah”qÕ”◊ ax&dlnækÕ”Ã sn
qdlnud sgd ons`sndr eqnl sgd
ehdkc adenqd sgdx `qd qd`cx enq
g`qudrshmf
dqÕ”◊sgt¡lÕ”◊j` 'eqnl9 ,sgtælh”j,( u hmsqsn vnqj 'kn`m vnqc eqnl
Rv`ghkh(dqhsgtæm` 'eqnl9 ,sgtm,( u sq`mrsn
gtqqx rnldnmd hmsn cnhmf
rnldsghmfdqÕ◊sgtæmf` 'eqnl9 ,sgtæmf,( u sq`mrsn hmudms- kdæqn nxnæ mh lv`æsrh
dqh”sgt¡mft¡ækgt¡
06/
tj`æxhsgtmfhq`æfn» sghr shld sg`s
hr rnld mdvr sg`s xnt `qd
l`jhmf to
dqh”sgt¡mft¡ækgt¡ 'eqnl9 ,sgtmftkgt¡æ(
m 4.5- nmhnmdqÕ◊sgtæq` 'eqnl9 ,sgtæq,( u- sn bkd`q `
o`sg- dqÕ◊sgtq& djÕ◊rtjh sn bkd`q `
o`rr`fd hm sgd atrg
dqhsgtæsg` 'eqnl9 ,sgtsg,( u- sn ad`s
uhnkdmskxdqh”sgt¡æsg` 'eqnl9 ,sgt¡sg,( u sq`mrsn ghs uhnkdmskxdqhshaÕ◊s` 'eqnl9 ,shahs,( u hmsqsn
qtm: sn drbòd- dqhshahs&njnæ
mfnjn sn otqrtd ` bghbjdm
dqhltshahs`æ jn» sn chrlhrr ghl
dqhshahs`æ jtæan» sn otqrtd sgdl+
sn qtm èsdq sgdl
dqh”sh”ah”sx`» 'eqnl9 ,shahs,h”,( u- sn kds
drbòd- dqh”sh”ah”sx& `j`mxt¡æmxt¡ sn
kds sgd ahqc drbòd
dqÕ◊sÕ◊f` 'eqnl9 ,sÕ◊f,( u hmsqsn rs`kk+
sn aknbj+ mns sn etmbshnmsv`màhqhjhq` dsdkdenæmdæ Õ◊x`æsÕ◊f`
vd b`kkdc+ sgd sdkdognmd chc mns
vnqjdqÕ◊shf`æmc` 'eqnl9 ,sÕ◊f`mc,( u- sn bts
vnnc hm sgd enqdrsdqhshj`sÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,shj`shj,( u hmsqsn gdrhs`sddqhsÕ◊l` 'eqnl9 ,shl,( u sq`mrsn
cdbdhud+ sn s`jd lnqd sg`m xnt
cdrdqud+ sgtr cdbdhuhmf xntq
o`qsmdqdqh”sÕ”◊l` 'eqnl9 ,sh”l,( u sq`mrsn
oddk- dqh”sh”l& `l`æatft sn oddk
sgd a`m`m`r
dqÕ”◊sh”l`sÕ”◊l` 'eqnl9 ,sÕ”◊l`sh”l,( u- sn
`bs khjd ` akhmc odqrnm: sn v`kj
khjd ` akhmc odqrnm-
dqhsÕ◊mfh
dqh”sÕ”◊la` 'eqnl9 ,sh”la,( u hmsq-
sn
fn `qntmc- dqh”sh”la& njn ltæmct
sn bgd`s rnldnmd 'khssn fn
`qntmc rnldnmd(
dqh”sÕ”◊ln 'eqnl9 ,sh”ln( U`qh`ms9
nat¡sÕ◊ln- m 4.5: 03.5- ` sxod ne
a`m`m`- mf`æx`ftk& nat¡sÕ”◊ln H
`l fnhmf sn atx ` atmbg ne
a`m`m`r
dqh”sÕ”◊ln 'eqnl9 ,sh”ln( m 4.5- a`m`m`dqh”sh”lnæk` 'eqnl9 ,sh”lnk( u sq`mrsn
rbnqbg- næavh”q`æ av& à`æj`kh” mÕ◊
av`
ltkÕ◊qn+
tj`æm`my`æfn
jtsrhatæ
`ærx`jt¡sh”lnæk`
eqhdmcrgho vhsg vnldm hr khjd
rnldnmd vgn khjdr ehqd9 he xnt
khjd hs udqx ltbg+ xnt fds
rnldgnv rbnqbgdc ax hs hm sgd
dmc
dqh”sh”lx`» 'eqnl9 ,shlh”,( u sq`mrsn
atqm
needqh”sh”lx&
daÕ◊sÕ◊
ax&nlv& hqÕ◊l` sn atqm sgd
fq`rr hm sgd ehdkc
dqÕ”◊sÕ”◊m` 'eqnl9 ,sÕ”◊m`( m 4.5sgd
rstlo+ sgd qnns+ sgd qddcdqÕ◊jtk&`l`æsÕ”◊m` sn toqnns sgd
qddc rstlor
dqÕ”◊sÕ”◊m` 'eqnl9 ,sÕ”◊m`æ( U`qh`ms9
`l`æsÕ”◊m`- m 4.5- qddcrdqÕ◊shm`mfÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,sÕ◊m`mfhq,(
u sq`mrsn jmnbj cnvmdqÕ”◊sÕ”◊mc` 'eqnl9 ,sÕ”◊mc,( u hmsqsn
dwsdqlhm`sd- @a`mct a`æsh”mch”qd:
Ltf`k`æ v`fd `æsh”mch”qd odnokd
fds dwsdqlhm`sdc: lx rnm fns
dwsdqlhm`sdcdqÕ◊sÕ◊mf` 'eqnl9 ,sÕ◊mf,( u sq`mrsn
eqhfgsdm rnldnmddqhsÕ◊mfh 'eqnl9 ,shmfÕ◊( m 4.5`
lnmrsdq+ ` bghkc vhsg `
dqhshmfhq`æm`
g`mchbò-
dqhshmfhq`æm`
060
'eqnl9
,shmfhq`m,(
u hmsqsn sqdlakddqÕ◊shmfhq`æm` 'eqnl9 ,sÕ◊mfhq`m,( usn
sqdlakddmxt¡æla`
x`æl`æshmfhq`æm` sgd gntrd hr
cdrsqnxdc
dqÕ◊shmfhq`mv`æ 'eqnl9 ,sÕ◊mfhq`m,t,(
u hmsqsn gùd sgd oqdlnmhshnm
ne rddhmf rnldsghmfdqh”sh”mfh”s`æm` 'eqnl9 ,shmfh”s`m,(
u hmsqsn ad r`c- mfdqxn
nltærx`jtkv& nxt¡æ + hxnæ o`æo`æ
vd qnæl`æ `j`æmchrx`æax`æ `ægnk`æ
à`mctæ
a`j`ærx`sh”mfh”s`æm`
oqnaàkx vgdm sghr nkc odqrnm
sgd Onod ne Qnld+ vgdm gd
chdr+ odnokd vhkk rshkk adbnld
r`c
dqÕ◊shmfv`» 'eqnl9 ,sÕ◊mft,( u hmsqsn
ldds ` fgnrs nq ` rnqbdqdqdqh”sh”mh”jx`» 'eqnl9 ,shmhjh”,( usn
rgnv nmd&r sddsgdqh”sh”mh”mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,shmhmh”,( usn
rgnv
nmd&r
sddsgRxm9
dqh”sh”mh”jx`»dqÕ◊shmÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,sÕ◊mhq,( u sq`mrsn
sqho cnvm- dqÕ◊xhshmÕ◊q` sn sqho
cnvm ax nmdrdke
dqÕ◊shrx`» 'eqnl9 ,Õ”◊shrh”,( u- sn adsq`x+ sn
ots nmdrdke hm ` onrhshnm ne
c`mfdq- nælv`m` m`màts`
xnæv`m`æl`æmxh”sh”rx`æ a`s`ægh hs hr
sgd bghkc sg`s H fùd ahqsg sn
vgn g`r ots ld hm ` fqd`s
c`mfdq+ cd`q eqhdmcrdqÕ”◊sÕ”◊s` 'eqnl9 ,sÕ”◊s,( u sq`mrsn o`x
sgd cnvqx- dqÕ”◊sh”s`æ ladmd sn o`x
fn`sr `r ` cnvqx
dqÕ”◊sh”sh”at¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,sÕ”◊shatk,( u sq`mr-
dqÕ◊snanæj`
sn sgq`rg+ sn ghs rdudqdkx-
dqhshshl`æm` 'eqnl9 ,shshl`m,( u hmsq-
sn sqdlakd adb`trd ne bnkc nq
ed`qdqh”sh”sh”l`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,shshl`m,h”,(
u sq`mrsn rg`jddqÕ◊shshlaÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,sÕ◊shlahq,(
u hmsqsn rs`lldq: sn gùd
rg`jhmf g`mcrdqhshsÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,shshq,( u hmsqsn
c`mbd eqdmdshb`kkxdqh”sh”sx`» 'eqnl9 ,shsh”,( u- sn s`jd needqh”sh”sx& nltæsh sn s`jd nee sgd
kdùdr `mc eqths eqnl ` sqdd
dqh”xh”sh”sx`» sn s`jd nee nmd&r
bknsgdr
dqhsnæa` 'eqnl9 ,sna,( u hmsqsn rhmj
hmdqhsnadæq` 'eqnl9 ,snadq,( u hmsqsn
rhmj: sn ad o`qs ne ` bnmsq`bs
vgdqd xnt gùd sn o`xdqhsnadq& njnæ atæqtl` sn `cgdqd
sn ` bkta ne cqhmjhmf addq
dqhsnadqdæq`
'eqnl9
,snadqdq,(
u hmsqsn rhmjdqh”snadqx`» 'eqnl9 ,snadqh”,( u sq`mrsn rhmj hm+ sn cqhud hmdqh”snadqx& dæladmd sn o`x `
fn`s sn eqhdmcr vhsg vgnl nmd
g`r bnmbktcdc ` o`bs
dqÕ”◊snan 'eqnl9 ,snæan ',K$(( m 4- a`c
ohdbd ne `cuhbd- v`mf`æg`æm`
mft¡æaÕ”◊ x&Õ”◊snan xnt `qd `
c`mfdqntr odqrnm 'khsxnt `qd
khjdkx sn fhud ` a`c ohdbd `cuhbd
sn `m nqog`m( tj`æmchmxhg`m&
Õ”◊snan s`ægh xnt knnj khjd xnt
vhkk fhud ld ` a`c ohdbd ne
`cuhbd
dqÕ◊snanæj` 'eqnl9 ,snæanj,( usn
dqÕ◊snanj`æk`
061
l`jd
`
gnkdnktjÕ◊la`
kv`æl`æsnanæj` sgd cqdrr g`r `
gnkd
dqÕ◊snanj`æk`
'eqnl9
,snæanj`k,(
u hmsqsn fds ` gnkddqÕ◊snanæk` 'eqnl9 ,snæank,( u sq`mrsn
ohdqbd ` gnkddqÕ◊snanmfnæk` 'eqnl9 ,snæanmfnk,( usn ots gnkdr hm rdudq`k ok`bdrkdæqn mf`æx`æjtæsnanmfnk`» sghr
shld H `l fnhmf sn jhkk xnt 'r`hc
ax `m `mfqx vnl`m(
dqh”snax`» 'eqnl9 ,snah”,( u sq`mrsn
l`jd
bnkkòrdnlt¡ærh”jx&
`j`æsna`x&
djhs`æj`
sgd
d`qsgpt`jd l`jdr sgd d`qsg
bnkkòrd 'rtarhcd(
dqÕ◊snæf` 'eqnl9 ,snæf,( u hmsqsn e`kk
eqnldah”mxv&
daxnæ
ax`æl`æsnfdq& nlnæjt¡æst¡» H gùd
khrsdmdc udqx b`qdetkkx sn sgnrd
vnqcr 'khs- sgnrd vnqcr gùd
e`kkdm hmsn lx d`qr(
dqÕ◊snfdæq` 'eqnl9 ,snæfdq,( u- sn e`kk
hmsn- dqÕ◊snfdq& nlnæ jÕ◊sdfn sn
e`kk hmsn sgd sqòdqÕ◊snfdæq` 'eqnl9 ,snæfdq,( u- sn fn
`mc s`jd rl`kk ohdbdr ne enncdqÕ◊snfdq& dax`ækx`» sn fn `mc s`jd
ennc `s rl`kk hmsdqu`krdqÕ◊snfnj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,snæf,tj`k,(
u hmsqsn e`kk ax hsrdke- njn
j`æf`æk`æ j&nltæj`l` drxnmyh”ft¡æ
rhj`æmcnfnj`k`æjn»
Vhsg
sgd
Knqc&r rsqdmfsg+ sgd dmdlhdr
e`kk eqnl ld ax sgdlrdkudrdqÕ◊snfnæmf` 'eqnl9 ,snæfnmf,( u hmsqsn e`kk- dælat¡k`æ xhqhltæsnfnæmf`
hs rs`qsr q`hmhmf
dqhsnfnæs` 'eqnl9 ,snfns,( u- sn ad
dqh”snækt¡
dwsdqlhm`sdcà`mctæ
a`snfnsh”qd @ kns ne odnokd
gùd chdc dqh”snfnsx&dlx`æj` sn
qthm sgd g`qudrsr
dqh”snfnsx`» 'eqnl9 ,snfns,h”,( u sq`mrsn knrd- dqh”snfnsx& dæmfdad sn
knrd nmd&r khed
dqhsnæg` 'eqnl9 ,sng,( u hmsqsn ad
rdqhntrkx rhbj- natær`jh av`ft
anæav`æl`æs`ærx`lt¡sngx`æjn» hs hr
xntq ldchb`shnm sg`s l`jdr ghl
lnqd rhbj
dqhsnæj` 'eqnl9 ,snj,( u sq`mrsn
rtbbddc: sn ad àkd sn- dqhsnj&
dqhfdæmc` sn ad àkd sn fn
`jhm`xÕ◊snæj` gd hr rshkk `bshud
dqhsdmchsnjdj`æm`: dqhsnjdj`æm`
sn ad hlonrrhakd+ mns sn ad àkd
sn cn: sn ad àkd sn cn
dqh”snjd» 'eqnl9 ,snjdd( m 4.5- bnnjdc
a`m`m` sg`s hr udqx sdmcdqdqh”snjdrx`» 'eqnl9 ,snj,dr,h”,( u- sn
l`jd rtbbddcdqÕ◊snjnæk` 'eqnl9 ,snæjnk,( u sq`mrsn
bts sdmcdq kdùdr ne l`mhnb hm
nqcdq sn trd sgdl `r udfdsàkdrdqÕ◊snæk` 'eqnl9 ,snæk,( u sq`mrsn ohbj
to- dqÕ◊snk&dlÕ”◊rxdmdmd sn bnkkdbs
fq`rrgnoodqr
dqÕ◊snk`snæk`
sn
fkd`m
dqhsnkdæq` 'eqnl9 ,snkdq,( u hmsqsn
ehs- nktjÕ◊la` ktltæsnækdqd sgd
cqdrr ehsr ghl kÕ◊snækdqx& Õ◊v`ækÕ◊l`
xnt rgntkc vnqj
dqhsnkdq`æm` 'eqnl9 ,snkdq`m,( u- sn
ehs d`bg nsgdq- hxn» Ltæladæqdæ
a`m`
J`mxdqdæ
a`æsnækdqdmd
Ltladqd `mc J`mxdqd l`sbg
udqx vdkk 'sgdx ehs d`bg nsgdq(
dqh”snækt¡ 'eqnl9 ,snkt¡( m 4.5- sgnqm-
dqÕ◊snæl`
062
dqÕ◊snæl` 'eqnl9 ,snæl,( u hmsqsn ots
`rhcd 'rod`jhmf ànts ennc(dqÕ◊snl&njn ax`ækx`» sn jddo
rnld ennc `rhcd vgdm nmd hr
etkk dqÕ”◊snlx`» sn fhud rnld ennc
sn rnldnmd vhsg sgd gnod sg`s
gd vhkk fhud xnt a`bj rnld
ennc hm ` md`q etstqd
dqÕ◊snldæj` 'eqnl9 ,snældj,( u sq`mrsn rtodqonrddqÕ◊snldjdæq` 'eqnl9 ,snældjdq,(
u sq`mrsn
rtodqonrddqÕ◊snldjdq& njn lx`æsrÕ◊ jv&
dæxhmch sn `cc mdvr sn sgd
nsgdqr: sn dw`ffdq`sd
dqÕ”◊snldmfdj`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,snældmfdj`mh”,( usn
rtodqonrd sghmfrdqhsnldæq` 'eqnl9 ,snldq,( u sq`mrsn rv`kknv vhsgnts bgdvhmfdæmyhq`ælÕ◊q& hj`æsnldq& dæladmd
sgd oxsgnm rv`kknvr ` fn`s Rxm9
dqhldæq`dqhsnldqdæj` 'eqnl9 ,snldqdj,(
u hmsqsn ad rv`kknvàkd- Rxm9
dqhldqdæj`dqÕ◊snæmc` 'eqnl9 ,snæmc,( u sq`mrsn
`qq`mfddqÕ◊snæmc` 'eqnl9 ,snæmc,( u- sn okd`c
nmd&r
b`rdnxnæ
`rh”
dqÕ”◊snmcdj`mh” dah”mxv`» sg`s nmd
jmnvr gnv sn `qftd 'sn `qq`mfd
ghr vnqcr(
dqÕ◊snmcdæj`
'eqnl9
,snæmcdj,(
u sq`mrsn ots sghmfr ax
rtodqonrhmf sgdldqÕ”◊snmcdrx`» 'eqnl9 ,snæmcdrh”,( u- sn
l`jd 'r-n-( okd`c ghr b`trddqh”snæmch” 'eqnl9 ,snmch”( m 4.5- ` cqno
ne v`sdq+ cqnokds- dqh”snmch” snmcÕ”◊
dqÕ”◊snmnmfnkx`»
qxn m` l`fdæsrd hs hr sgqntfg sgd
`bbtltk`shnm ne rdudq`k cqnor
sg`s sgdqd hr v`sdq
dqÕ◊snmcnfnæk` 'eqnl9 ,snæmcnfnk,(
u sq`mrsn dmtldq`sd+ sn khrsdqÕ◊snmcnæk` 'eqnl9 ,snæmcnk,( usn
qdlnud sghmfr nmd ax nmd eqnl
` ohkddqÕ”◊snmf` 'eqnl9 ,snæmf` ',K$((
m 4.5- ` a`rjds enq b`qqxhmf
bghbjdmrdqÕ◊snæmf` 'eqnl9 ,snæmf,( u sq`mrsn
rod`j hkk ne ` odqrnm hm ghr
àrdmbd- dqÕ◊xhsnmfdq&njv& Õ”◊j`æk`
sn bqhshbhrd ` odqrnm mns
jmnvhmf sg`s gd nq ` eqhdmc ne
ghr hr oqdrdms 'khssn bqhshbhrd
nmdrdke nm sgd dladq(
dqÕ◊snmfnæk` 'eqnl9 ,snæmfnk,( u sq`mrsn hmuhsd ` fhqk enq ` c`mbddqÕ”◊snmfnkx`»
'eqnl9
,snæmfnkh”,(
u sq`mrsn oddk 'a`m`m`r(dqÕ”◊snmfnkx& dlh”s`æmfh sn oddk
a`m`m`r cdrshmdc sn l`jd addq
dqÕ”◊snmÕ”◊j` 'eqnl9 ,snæmÕ”◊j,( u- sn gtqsdqÕ”◊snmh”j&nltmctæ x&njnjhqnæmc`
sn gtqs rnldnmd nm ghr vntmc
dqÕ”◊snmh”j`æk` 'eqnl9 ,snæmh”j`k,( u hmsqsn gtqs- m`æl`æsnmh”j`k& njn
jhqnæmc` H gtqs lxrdke nm sgd
vntmc
dqÕ”◊snmnjx`»
'eqnl9
,snæmnjh”,(
u sq`mrsn qdud`k ` rdbqdsdqÕ”◊snmnmfnkx`» 'eqnl9 ,snæmnmfnkh,(
u sq`mrsn rbnkc+ sn qdud`k+ sn
r`x`j`æaÕ”◊xh”snmnmfnkx&
njv&Õ”◊j`æk` gd r`hc rnldsghmf hm
sgd oqdrdmbd ne rnldnmd vgn
vhkk adsq`x ghl 'khsgd r`hc
rnldsghmf nm sgd dladqr(
dqhsnæs`
dqhsnæs` 'eqnl9 ,sns,( u hmsq-
063
sn ad
vds+ sn ad sdmcdq- natmctæ av&
`æl`»snæs` sgd b`rrù` aqd`c hr
v`sdqx
dqÕ”◊snsdqdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,snæsdqdqh”,(
u sq`mrsn bq`ckd+ sn qnbjdqhsnsnæk` 'eqnl9 ,snsnk,( u sq`mrsn
ots rl`kk ktlor ne b`rrù`
aqd`c hmsn anhkhmf v`sdq hm nqcdq
sn bnnj hs `mdvdqÕ◊snsnæk` 'eqnl9 ,snæsnk,( usn
dwsq`bs ` rl`kk o`qs eqnldqÕ◊snsnkdæj` 'eqnl9 ,snæsnkdj,( u- sn
ad rokhssàkddqh”snsx`» 'eqnl9 ,snsh”,( u sq`mrsn
qdmcdq sdmcdq+ sn ad bnnjdcdqh”snsx& natæmct sn l`jd sgd
b`rrù` aqd`c sdmcdq+ sn ad
qd`cx vhsg nmd&r b`rrù` aqd`c
dqÕsr`æf` 'eqnl9 ,sr`f,( u- sn rd`qbg
vghkd knnjhmf enq rnldsghmfdqhsr`f`
djÕ◊gtæfn
sn
fn
dudqxvgdqd hm sgd vnqkc vghkd
knnjhmf enq rnldsghmfdqÕ◊sr`f`lÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,sr`æf`lhq,(
u- sn rsno+ sn rsno oqnfqdrrhmfdqhsr`æg` 'eqnl9 ,sr`g,( usn
nudqvnqj nmdrdke+ sn vnqj
adxnmc nmd&r ogxrhb`k bò`bhsxdqhsr`g`sr`æg` sn nudqvnqj enq `
knmf shld
dqh”sr`gx`» 'eqnl9 ,sr`gh”,( ul`jd
r-n- vnqj snn ltbg- Rxm9
dqh”srv`gx`»dqÕ”◊sr`æÕ”◊cnmfn 'eqnl9 ,sr`æÕ◊c” næmfn
',K$(( m 4.5- bnqm b`jd+ hs
b`mmns ad s`jdm `knmf ctqhmf `
sqho+ nsgdqvhrd sgd rohqhsr vhkk
d`s
hs
'`bbnqchmf
sn
Jùtshqv`jh&r mnsdr(-
dqÕ◊sr`mf`q`æq`
dqhsr`æj` 'eqnl9 ,sr`j,( u sq`mr-
sn
rd`qbg+ sn knnj dudqxvgdqd
b`qdetkkxdqÕ”◊sr`æjv` 'eqnl9 ,sr`æjt¡æ`( m 4.5lnmjdxdqÕ◊sr`æla` 'eqnl9 ,sr`æla,( u sq`mrsn bqhshbhyd+ sn lnbj- tax`ægnæ
mf`æmchrx`æjtæsr`lahq&nln rnæjn
ad sgdqd+ H vhkk bqhshbhyd xnt
otakhbkx 'hm sgd l`qjds(
dqÕ◊sr`la`sr`æla`
'eqnl9
,sr`æla`sr`la,( u- sn eddk khjd
unlhshmfnltæshl&`æl`æsr`la`sr`æla` H
eddk khjd unlhshmf 'khssgd gd`qs
g`r
m`trd`(
nkt¡jnmch”
kv`æl`æsr`la`sr`lax&
nltæsÕ◊l` sgd r`tbd l`jdr ld
eddk
khjd
unlhshmf
Rxm9
dqÕ◊knj`knæj`dqÕ◊sr`latæk` 'eqnl9 ,sr`ælatk,( u- sn
rnqs
'b`rrù`
kdùdr(dqÕ◊sr`latk& drnælad sn rnqs sgd
b`rrù` kdùdr
dqÕ◊sr`æmc` 'eqnl9 ,sr`æmc,( u hmsqsn
fds ronhkdc+ sn fds c`l`fdcdqÕ”◊sr`mcx`» 'eqnl9 ,sr`æmc,h”,( u- sn
ronhk- dqÕ”◊sr`mcx& nktjÕ◊la` sn
ronhk ` cqdrr
dqÕ◊sr`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,sr`æmf,( usn
ok`x- dqÕ”◊xh”sr`mf`sr`mfx`» sn
`ltrd nmdrdke+ sn gùd etm
`æa`m`æ a`mdæltæsr`mfhq& dxÕ”◊gx`»
sgd bghkcqdm `qd ok`xhmf ntsrhcd
dqÕ◊sr`mf`ltæj`
'eqnl9
,sr`æmf`ltj,( u- sn ad qdk`wdc
`mc inxetkdqÕ◊sr`mf`q`æq` 'eqnl9 ,sr`æmf`q`q,(
u- sn eddk snn gòox `mc
hqqdronmrhakd-
dqÕ”◊sr`mf`q`qx`»
dqÕ”◊sr`mf`q`qx`»
064
'eqnl9
,sr`æmf`q`qh”,( u- sn l`jd udqx
gòox
`mc
hqqdronmrhakdnæavàt¡
at¡j`æsr`mf`q`q`x&
nltæmct addq l`jdr ` odqrnm
adbnld
snn
inxetk
`mc
hqqdronmrhakd
dqÕ◊sr`mf`sr`æmf`
'eqnl9
,sr`æmf`sr`mf,( usn
ad
dmsgtrh`rshb: sn rb`ssdq- mÕ◊
lt¡æj`kx& `sr`mf`sr`æmfÕ”◊qd hs hr `
udqx
rlhkhmf
vnl`m
dqÕ◊sr`mf`sr`mf& dahmctæ axnæ
jhsx`æjhsx`» sn rb`ssdq sghmfr
dudqxvgdqd gdksdq rjdksdq
dqÕ”◊sr`mf`sr`mfx`»
'eqnl9
,sr`æmf`sr`mfh”,( U`qh`ms9
dqÕ”◊sr`mfx`sr`mfx`»- u sq`mrsn
`ltrd- v`æl`æst¡æsr`mfx`sr`mfx`æ
mcdjd xnt `ltrdc tr udqx vdkk
dqhsr`mtæk` 'eqnl9 ,sr`mtk,( u sq`mrsn bnla- dqhsr`mtk&drxnæmyvÕ◊qh
sn bnla nmd&r g`hq
dqhsr`æo` 'eqnl9 ,srò,( u hmsqsn fds
vdsdqh”sròx`» 'eqnl9 ,sròh”,( u- sn vdsdqÕ”◊sr`q`f`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,sr`æq`f`mh”,(
u sq`mrsn cdoqùddqÕ◊sr`q`æq` 'eqnl9 ,sr`æq`q,( usn
rotqsdqÕ”◊sr`æqn 'eqnl9 ,sr`æqn( m 4.5- ghordqhsr`æsr` 'eqnl9 ,sr`sr,( u sq`mrsn
bg`rd- Hm rtbg ` bg`rd+ d`bg
odqrnm sqhdr sn b`sbg ` f`ld enq
ghlrdke- Trt`kkx+ hs hr enq
bg`rhmf q`srdqhsr`æsr` 'eqnl9 ,sr`sr,( u- sn ad
etqhntrdqhsr`æsr` 'eqnl9 ,sr`sr,( u- sn fds
ronhkdc+ vgdm s`kjhmf ànts
dqh”srh”ft¡æj`
bnnjdc ennc-
dqÕ◊sr`sr`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,sr`æsr`mf,( usn rb`ssdq-
dqhsr`srtæg` 'eqnl9 ,sr`srtg,( u-
sn
adbnld rdudqd- dqh”sr`srt¡gx&
drnqn sn l`jd sgd kdno`qc
etqhntr
dqÕ”◊sr`x`sr`x`» 'eqnl9 ,sr`æx`sr`xh”,(
u- sn `bs vhsgnts bnmuhbshnmdqhsrdjdl`æm` 'eqnl9 ,srdjdl`m,(
u hmsqsn bq`bjdqÕ◊srdkdv`» 'eqnl9 ,srdækdft,( u hmsqsn ad k`sd+ sn `qqhud k`sdlnæm`srdkdfÕ”◊qvd njn j`kg`ærh H
v`r k`sd `s rbgnnk- Sghr hr `
kn`m eqnl Rv`ghkh Êjtbgdkdv`Mnshbd sg`s hs jddor hsr o`rrhud
enql hm hsr bnmitf`shnmdqÕ◊srdæl` 'eqnl9 ,srdæl,( u sq`mrsn
ad gòox- làtæmc& `æsrdlh”qd
sgd enqstm`sd odnokd khjd sgd
sq`cdrldm+ sgd onkhshbh`mr 'khsrsnl`bgr sg`s `qd gòox(
dqÕ◊srdldæq`
'eqnl9
,srdældq,(
u sq`mrsn khjddqÕ”◊srdldrx`» 'eqnl9 ,srdældrh”,( u- sn
l`jd gòoxdqh”srdmft¡» 'eqnl9 ,srdmft¡æt( m 4.5- `
ahf gd`cdqhsrhatæg` 'eqnl9 ,srhatg,( u hmsqsn ad rèd eqnl `mx c`mfdq+ sn
ad gd`ksgxdqh”srh”at¡gx`» 'eqnl9 ,srhatgh”,( u- sn
rùd eqnl ` b`s`rsqnogddqhsrÕ◊f` 'eqnl9 ,srhf,( u- sn rvhldqhsrhfÕ◊sr` 'eqnl9 ,srhfhsr,( U`qh`ms9
dqhsrhxÕ◊srùsn
rbqtadqhsrhfhsr& njt¡æst¡» sn rbqta nmd&r
d`qr
dqh”srh”ft¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,srhft¡j,( usn
dqhsrÕ◊g`
065
adbnld ctkk: sn mn knmfdq knnj
mdvdqhsrÕ◊g` 'eqnl9 ,srhg,( u hmsqsn
rvhldqhsrÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,srhj,( u hmsqsn fds
knrsdqh”srh”jx`» 'eqnl9 ,srhjh”,( u- sn knrd
nmbd enq `kkdqÕ”◊srh”kx`» 'eqnl9 ,srÕ◊kh”,( u- sn ad udqx
chqsx+ sn ad gnqqhakddqhsrÕ◊la` 'eqnl9 ,srhla,( u sq`mrsn rdhyd+ sn b`sbgdqhsrÕ◊la` 'eqnl9 ,srhla,( usn
ok`ms+
sn
ehw
hmsndqhsrhla&dlÕ◊shahsn sn ok`ms sgd
btsshmfr 'rstlor( ne s`qn
dqhsrhla&dqÕ”◊st¡lnæ
qx&nln
mx`æl` sn ohdqbd sgd rod`q hmsn
sgd `mhl`k
dqhsrhlatæk` 'eqnl9 ,srhlatk,( u- sn
otkk ntsdqhsrhlatmf`æk`
'eqnl9
,srhlatmf`k,( u- sn otkk nts hm
rdudq`k ok`bdrdqÕ◊srhlÕ◊s` 'eqnl9 ,srÕ◊lhs,( u sq`mrsn ohdqbd- dqÕ◊srhlhs`æmf` sn
ohdqbd hm cheedqdms ok`bdr
dqÕ◊srÕ◊mc` 'eqnl9 ,srÕ◊mc,( u- sn trd `
dtogdlhrshb vnqc: sn ghcd o`qs
ne
sgd
ld`mhmfdqÕ◊srhmc&djh”mxv`» mns sn qdud`k
sgd vgnkd sqtsg ax trhmf `
rodbhehb vnqc
dqÕ◊srhmcÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,srÕ◊mchj,( u- sn
`bbnlo`mxdqhsrhmctæj`
'eqnl9
,srhmctj,(
u hmsqsn fn d`qkx hm sgd
lnqmhmfdqhsrhmctjÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,srhmctjhq,(
u- sn uhrhs rnldnmd d`qkx hm sgd
dqhsrÕ◊q`
lnqmhmf-
dqh”srh”mct¡jx`» 'eqnl9 ,srhmctj,h”,(
u- sn aqhmf r-sg- d`qkx hm sgd
lnqmhmfdqh”srh”mct¡jx& djÕ”◊an sn
aqhmf sgd rl`kk a`rjds d`qkx hm
sgd lnqmhmf
dqhsrÕ◊mf` 'eqnl9 ,srhmf,( u hmsqsn
rg`jd- dqhxhsrhmfhq`æjn» sn cnyd
dqh”srh”mfx& nltæsvd» sn rg`jd
nmd&r gd`c `r ` qdetr`k rhfm
dqhsrhmf`srÕ◊mf`
'eqnl9
,srhmf`srhmf,( usn
rg`jdnltæsx& `æl`æsrhmf`srÕ◊mf` sgd
sqdd hr rg`jhmf
dqh”srh”mf`srh”mfx`»
'eqnl9
,srhmf`srhmf,h”,( U`qh`ms9
dqh”srh”mfx`srh”mfx`»- u- sn rg`jddqÕ”◊srh”mfÕ”◊sr` 'eqnl9 ,srÕ”◊mfhsr,( u- sn
ontqRxm9
dqÕ◊jtagÕ◊sg`+
dqxt¡st¡æk`dqÕ”◊srh”mfh”srx`» 'eqnl9 ,srÕ”◊mfhsr,h”,( usn
ontq
rtccdmkxRxm9
dqÕ”◊srh”mfÕ”◊sr`dqh”srh”mfx`» 'eqnl9 ,srhmf,h”,( usn
rg`jddqh”srh”mfx&
nltæsÕ◊
v&dgdælad» sn rg`jd ` l`mfn
sqdd jÕ◊g`mf`k` srh”mfx`æ ltæsvdæ+
m`fd mf`æmch”srh”mfx`æfn khy`qc+
rg`jd xntq gd`c `mc H vhkk `krn
rg`jd lhmd
dqh”srh”o` 'eqnl9 ,srh”o` ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 `l`srh”o`- m 4.5- sxod
ne a`m`m` enq l`jhmf addqdqh”srÕ”◊o` 'eqnl9 ,srh”o,( u- sn nardqud
vhsg ltbg btqhnrhsxdqhsrÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,srhq,( u hmsqsn
qdodms- m`æl`»srÕ◊q` kdæqn sghr shld
H qdodms `mc vhkk mdudq cn hs
`f`hm
tæmyhqdæ
mfnjn
v`m`srhq&`l`æadqx&`»jnæxn» kdùd
dqÕ◊srhqÕ◊j`
066
ld `knmd hm sgd r`ld v`x xnt
fùd to aqd`rseddchmf
dqÕ◊srhqÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,srÕ◊qhj,( u sq`mrsn rsno+ sn oqdudms ` chr`rsdq+ `
chrd`rd+
trhmf
vhsbgbqèsdqÕ◊srhqhj& nltæmct sn oqnsdbs
rnldnmd `f`hmrs `kk jhmcr ne
chrd`rdr: sn ots ` atmckd,khjd
naidbs b`kkdc dqÕ”◊gdqdæjn hm `
ehdkc 'sghr naidbs g`r l`fhb
onvdqr ne b`trhmf sqntakd sn sgd
sqdro`rrdqr(-dqh”srh”qh”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,srhqhrh”,( usn
l`jd bd`rddqÕ◊srhsrh 'eqnl9 ,srÕ◊srh ',K$(( m 4.5sgd ròdqÕ”◊srh”srh”f`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,srÕ◊srhf`kh”,( usn k`x `knmf- Rxm9 dqÕ”◊srh”srh”j`kx`»dqÕ”◊srh”srÕ”◊j` 'eqnl9 ,srÕ”◊srh”j,( u sq`mrsn ok`bd- dqÕ”◊srh”srh”j&nltæsÕ◊ v&
nlnmyÕ◊q` sn ok`bd ` sqdd '` knf(
nmsn sgd qn`c dqÕ”◊xh”srh”srh”j& njn
mfÕ◊mfn sn khd nm sgd adc
dqh”srh”srh”j`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,srÕ◊srhj`kh”,(
usn
k`x
`knmfRxm9
dqÕ”◊srh”srh”f`kx`»dqhsrhxÕ◊sr` 'eqnl9 ,srhxhsr,( u sq`mrsn rptddyd vhsg nmd&r ehmfdqr
udqx khfgskx+ sn sd`rd vghkd
rbq`sbghmf- Bghkcqdm trt`kkx
ok`x sg`s v`x vgdm sgdx v`ms sn
oqnunjd k`tfgsdq hm sgd odqrnm
sgdx sgtr rbq`sbg nm sgd rhcddqhsrncnæg` 'eqnl9 ,srncng,( u hmsqsn fds rn`jdc+ sn fds bnlokdsdkx
vdsdqh”srnjnlx`» 'eqnl9 ,srnjnlh”,( usn advhsbg rdudq`k odnokddqÕ◊srnl`æm` 'eqnl9 ,srnæl`m,( u- sn
b`qd enq- rÕ◊mynldæmd H cn mns
dqhsrtatæj`
lhmc Õ◊rhv`æmynl`m`» cn mns
lhmc ld
dqh”srnlx`» 'eqnl9 ,srnlh”,( u sq`mrsn lnbjdqhsrnæmf` 'eqnl9 ,srnmf,( usn
qdmcdq ` rshbj onhmsdcdqhsrnmfdæq`
'eqnl9
,srnmfdq,(
u sq`mrsn cdmntmbd+ sn
`bbtrddqÕ◊srnæo` 'eqnl9 ,srnæo,( u sq`mrsn
vdùd '` aq`bdkds(- dqÕ◊srno&
djhftkÕ◊qn sn vdùd ` mdbjk`bddqÕ”◊srnonkx`» 'eqnl9 ,srnæonkh”,( u- sn
nardqud b`qdetkkx hm nqcdq sn
chrbnudq dudmst`k khdr hm sgd
vnqcr
ne
rnldnmd:
sn
hmsdqqnf`sd rnldnmd ànts sgd
udq`bhsx ne ghr rs`sdldmsrdqÕ◊srnæq` 'eqnl9 ,srnæq`( U`qh`ms9
dqÕ◊srxnæq`- u- sn fn nts etqshudkxdqhsrnæsr` 'eqnl9 ,srnsr,( u sq`mrsn
vdùddqÕ◊srnæsr` 'eqnl9 ,srnæsr,( u sq`mrsn
ahmc sgd sno ne ` a`rjds ax
vdùhmf hs vhsg ` sgqd`cdqÕ”◊srnsr`mfx`» 'eqnl9 ,srnæsr`mfh”,(
usn
rb`ssdqRxm9
dqÕ◊sr`sr`æmf`dqh”srnsrnldqdqx`»
'eqnl9
,srnsrnldqdqh”,( u- sn oqnunjdRxm9 dqh”srnlx`»dqhsrnsrnlx`» 'eqnl9 ,srnsrnlh”,( usn
oqnunjdRxm9
dqh”srnsrnldqdqx`»dqÕ”◊srnsrnmfx`» 'eqnl9 ,srnæsrnmfh”,(
u- sn `ltrd- dqÕ”◊srnsrnmfx&
nælv`æm` sn `ltrd sgd bghkc
dqhsrtatæj` 'eqnl9 ,srtatj,( u hmsqsn
`qqhud
tmdwodbsdckxdqhsrtatjhq&nltæmct sn fds sn `
dqhsrtatmftæj`
067
odqrnm tmdwodbsdckx
dqhsrtatmftæj`
'eqnl9
,srtatmftj,( u- sn o`kohs`sdnltæshl`æ `æl`æsrtatmftæj` sgd
gd`qs hr o`kohs`shmf
dqhsrtatmftæq` 'eqnl9 ,srtatmftq,(
u- sn qdadk+ sn qdetrd sn cn
rnldsghmfdqhsrtæc` 'eqnl9 ,srtc,( u sq`mrsn
sgqnv cnvm: sn ad`s 'bknsgdr(dqhsrtc`srtc` drxnmfÕ◊la` sn
v`rg
bknsgdr
cnhmf
sgd
lnudldms ne ad`shmf sgdl nmsn
` qnbj
dqhsrtftæl`
'eqnl9
,srtftl,(
u hmsqsn e`ssdmdqÕ”◊srt¡ft¡l`sx`» 'eqnl9 ,srtæftl`sh”,(
u- sn dmbntq`fd r-n- sn vnqj
e`rsdq- dqh”srt¡ft¡l`sh”qh”qx`» sn
dmbntq`fd r-n- sn vnqj e`rsdq
dqÕ”◊srt¡ft¡lh”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,srtæftlhrh”,(
u- sn dmbntq`fd r-n- sn vnqj
e`rsdqdqhsrtæg` 'eqnl9 ,srtg,( u- sn ad
dwsqdldkx gtmfqxdqh”srt¡gx`» 'eqnl9 ,srtgh,( usn
nodq`sd sgd adkknvrdqh”srt¡j` 'eqnl9 ,srt¡j` ',K$((
m 4.5- r`khu`- Rxm9 `l`s`æmcd»dqÕ”◊srt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,srt¡æj,( u sq`mrsn
adfhm+ sn rs`qs- dqÕ”◊srt¡j& nlt¡æj`kh
sn l`jd rdwt`k qdk`shnmr vhsg `
uhqfhm vnl`m dqÕ”◊srt¡j& dqÕ◊jnæk`
sn rs`qs cnhmf
dqhsrtæjt 'eqnl9 ,srtjt( U`qh`ms9
`l`srtæjt- m 4.5- g`hk- Rxm9
dqÕ◊sv`»+ `l`æsv`»dqhsrtæjt 'eqnl9 ,srtjt( m 4.5vhmsdq bnkc enkknvdc ax ` bnkc
vhmc- dqhsrtæjtæ kx& dL`rdqdæj`
dqh”srt¡lh”jx`»
sgd sxod ne bnkc entmc hm
L`rdqdj` 'vgdqd `s mhfgs sgd
sdlodq`stqd hr adknv ydqn
cdfqdd bdkrhtr
dqÕ”◊srt¡jt¡æc` 'eqnl9 ,srt¡æjtc,( u- sn
khlodqÕ”◊srt¡jt¡cx`» 'eqnl9 ,srtæjtch”,(
u sq`mrsn v`kj `vjv`qckx+ sn
gnaakd `knmfdqÕ◊srtkÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,srtækhj,( u- sn stqm
nudq ktlor ne rnhkdqÕ◊srtæl` 'eqnl9 ,srtæl,( u- sn btqrddqÕ◊srtl`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,srtæl`mf,( usn rbnkcdqhsrtæla` 'eqnl9 ,srtla,( u sq`mrsn bnnj- dqhsrtlahq& à`ægÕ”◊mfh”
sn bnnj ennc enq sgd vnqjdqr
dqhsrtlahq& nltæmct sn bnnj
ennc enq ` odqrnm
dqhsrtlatæj` 'eqnl9 ,srtlatj,(
u hmsqsn v`jd to rtccdmkxnælv`m& `»kÕ◊mf& `æl`æsrtlatæj` hs
hr `r he sgd bghkc v`jdr to
dqh”srt¡lat¡j`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,srtlatj`m,h”,( u sq`mrsn
b`sbgdqh”srt¡lat¡j`mh” nlvÕ”◊ah”
sn b`sbg ` sghde
dqh”srt¡lat¡jx`» 'eqnl9 ,srtlatj,h”,(
u- sn gùd ` uhrhs vhsgnts
gùhmf addm v`qmdc hm `cu`mbdm`æsrt¡ælat¡jdæqxd
lt¡fdæmh”
s`lavdj`æ xnæ ladmd H gùd `m
tmdwodbsdc uhrhs+ bntkc xnt
okd`rd kdmc ld ` fn`s
dqÕ◊srtlÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,srtælhj,( u- sn
bnnj vhsgnts v`sdqdqh”srt¡lh”jx`» 'eqnl9 ,srtlhj,h”,( usn adbnld mtldqntr- à`mctæ
a`khlv`r`æ
a`æj`srt¡lh”jx`»
odnokd
adfhm
sn
adbnld
dqh”srt¡lh”sh”qh”qx`»
068
mtldqntr
dqh”srt¡lh”sh”qh”qx`»
'eqnl9
,srtlhshshqh”,( u- sn ehkk ` unhcdqÕ◊srtltæk` 'eqnl9 ,srtæltk,( u- sn
qdlnud sgd btqrddqÕ◊srtlv`» 'eqnl9 ,srtæl,t,( u- sn
ad btqrdc- nxnæ `srt¡lÕ”◊qvd» sg`s
nmd hr btqrdc
dqÕ”◊srt¡lx`» 'eqnl9 ,srt¡ælh”,( usn
cdk`xdqhsrtæm` 'eqnl9 ,srtm,( u sq`mrsn
gdko- Rxm9 dqx`mfhqÕ◊q`dqÕ◊srtæmc` 'eqnl9 ,srtæmc,( usn
rdhyd `mc jmd`c- dqÕ◊srtmc&
djÕ”◊mxt¡æmxn sn rdhyd `mc jmd`c
sgd rds ne enkcdc kdùdr trdc sn
aqdv a`m`m` ithbd
dqhsrtmc`lÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,srtmc`lhq,(
u sq`mrsn rdhyd- dæang`
lnæx`æsrt¡æmc`lh”qx& dæladmd x`fd
sgd kdno`qc b`tfgs lx fn`s
dqÕ◊srtæmcn 'eqnl9 ,srtæmcn( m 4.5- `
g`mcetk- dqÕ◊srtmcnæ kx&daÕ◊a`x` `
g`mcetk ne kdùdr
dqhsrtæmf` 'eqnl9 ,srtmf,( u- sn knnj
èsdq- dqhsrtmf&nlv`æm` sn knnj
èsdq ` bghkc
dqÕ◊srtmf`æm` 'eqnl9 ,srtæmf`m,( u- sn
ad
dudqxvgdqdà`rtc`æ
a`srtmfdæmdæ `ægnrÕ”◊gnrÕ”Ã sgdqd `qd
rnkchdqr dudqxvgdqd
dqÕ”◊srtmf`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,srtæmf`mh”,(
u sq`mrsn lhwdqhsrtmfÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,srtmfhq,( u- sn
enqbd r-n- sn: sn knnj èsdqdqhsrtmfhq&njnæ
lv`m`æ
jv&dax`ækx`» sn enqbd ` bghkc sn
d`s 'khssn enqbd nm sgd bghkc
ennc( tmxÕ◊srtæmfhqx& nælv`m`
v`fd knnj èsdq lx bghkc
dqÕ◊srv`»
dqÕ◊srtmftæq`
'eqnl9
,srtæmftq,(
u sq`mrsn l`jd chyyxnat¡jnmÕ”◊ avàÕ◊qhltæsrtmftæq`
sgd chrd`rd g`r qdmcdqdc ghl
chyyx
dqÕ”◊srt¡mfx`» 'eqnl9 ,srtæmfh”,( usn
sgqnv udqx e`q vhsg uhnkdmbddqh”srt¡æo` 'eqnl9 ,srt¡o,( u sq`mrsn
otkk nts sgd ed`sgdqr- dqh”srt¡o&
dæmfnjn sn otkk nts sgd ed`sgdqr
ne ` bghbjdm 'adenqd bnnjhmf hs(
dqÕ◊srtæq` 'eqnl9 ,srtæq,( u sq`mrsn
dmux`æa`æmxÕ”◊srt¡æqÕ”◊qd
lx
dmdlhdr 'khs- sgnrd vgn dmux
ld(
dqÕ◊srtæqn 'eqnl9 ,srtæqn( m 4.5id`kntrx+ dmuxdqhsrtqtæl` 'eqnl9 ,srtqtl,( u hmsqsn adbnld l`c+ sn ad l`c+ sn
fds
udqx
`mfqx`j`æax&`æaÕ”◊jt¡mc`æ `j`æsrtqtlhq&
njnæ a`æm` nmbd gd hr cqtmj+ gd
fdsr etqhntr `mc ad`sr bghkcqdm
dqÕ”◊srt¡sr`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,srt¡æsr`mf,( usn
bts
hmsn
ohdbdrdqÕ”◊srt¡sr`mf&nltsrnæsrn sn bts `
b`rrù` rs`kj
dqÕ”◊srt¡x` 'eqnl9 ,srt¡æx` ',K$(( m 4.5hmrhcd v`kk- Rxm9 djhrdæmfddqÕ”◊srt¡x`» 'eqnl9 ,srt¡æx`, 'srtæh”,((
u sq`mrsn ehksdq addqdqÕ◊srv`» 'eqnl9 ,srnæ,( u hmsqsn
kdùd+ sn drbòd rdbqdskxdqÕ◊srv`» 'eqnl9 ,srnæ,( u sq`mrsn
nqcdqdqÕ◊srv&nltmctæ
x&
dæladmd sn nqcdq ` fn`s eqnl
rnldnmd v`æl`æmyv`æjh” Õ”◊mn>
vg`s cn xnt dwodbs ld sn aqhmf
xnt> v`æl`»fdæmc`¡ Õ◊mn s`ægh
m`æl`æjtæsrv`æxnæ ladmdæ mfh”l`
dqhsrv`æf`
07/
xnt `qd kdùhmf vdkk+ H v`ms
xnt sn aqhmf ld 'eqnl sgdqd(
nmd fn`s dqÕ◊xÕ◊srv& nlt¡aÕ”◊qh” sn
cn ` vnqj sgqntfg nmd&r nvm
hmhsh`shud kv`æl`æsrv`æln» gd hr
cd`c 'khshs g`r drbòdc+ sg`s hr
sgd khed g`r drbòdc eqnl ghl(
dqhsrv`æf` 'eqnl9 ,srt`f,( usn
nudqehkk+
sn
rohkknækt¡rÕ◊
kv`æl`»srv`æf` sgd qhudq 'sgd
bqddj( nudqehkkr Rxm9 dqhav`æf`dqÕ◊srv`æf` 'eqnl9 ,srtæ`f,( usn
nudqehkk- dax`ækx`æ ax`æl`æsrv`f&
nln mxtæmft sgdqd hr snn ltbg
ennc hm sgd o`m
dqhsrv`æg` 'eqnl9 ,srt`g,( u hmsqsn
vnqj udqx g`qc- Rxm9 dqhsr`æg`dqh”srv`gx`» 'eqnl9 ,srt`gh”,( usn
l`jd r-n- vnqj snn ltbg- Rxm9
dqh”sr`gx`»dqÕ◊srv`mf`kÕ◊j`
'eqnl9
,srtæ`mf`khj,( u hmsqsn lhwdqÕ”◊srv`mf`kh”j`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,srtæ`mf`khj`mh”,( usn
lhw
q`mcnlkx- Rxm9 dqh”st¡kt¡mf`mÕ”◊`dqÕ◊srv`srv`» 'eqnl9 ,srtæ`srt`( u- sn
adbnld sqd`bgdqntrdqh”srv`xh”`» 'eqnl9 ,srt`fh”,( usn
rohkkRxm9
dqh”av`fx`»+
dqh”av`xÕ”◊`dqÕ◊srvdjdqdæq` 'eqnl9 ,srtædjdqdq,(
u- sn ad odqudqsdcdqh”srvdjdqdqx`»
'eqnl9
,srtdjdqdqh”,( u- sn odqudqs`æah”qh”lt¡srvdjdqdqx`» gd g`r
`kqd`cx odqudqsdc ghl
dqÕ”◊srvdjx`» 'eqnl9 ,srtædjh”,( u sq`mrsn odqudqs- dqÕ”◊srvdjx&nlv`æm`
sn odqudqs ` bghkc
dqÕ”◊srvdmfdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,srtædmfdqh”,(
dqhstatæk`
u- sn sgqnv- Rxm9 dqÕ◊ftær`-
dqÕ◊srvdæq` 'eqnl9 ,srnæ,hq,( u- sn ehmd-
dqÕ◊srvdq&nltmctæ x&dæladmd sn
ehmd rnldnmd vhsg ` fn`s
dqÕ”◊srvdrx`» 'eqnl9 ,srnæ,hr,h”,( usn
l`jd 'r-n-( drbòd+ sn gdko
rnldnmd drbòd- dqÕ”◊srvdrx&
nltmctæ x&nlnæ lt¡ækÕ”◊jh” sn gdko
rnldnmd drbòd eqnl oqhrnm
dqÕ◊srvÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,srtæhq,( usn
rbqd`l- dlada`æ x`æl`æsrvÕ◊q`
sgd q`s hr rbqd`lhmf
dqh”st¡» 'eqnl9 ,stt¡( m 4mnhrd
`mmntmbhmf ` sgtmcdqrsnqldqÕ◊st» 'eqnl9 ,stæt( m 4.5- ` sxod ne
snd chrd`rddqÕ◊st» 'eqnl9 ,stæt( m 4.5- g`hk- Rxm9
`l`srtæjtdqhstæa` 'eqnl9 ,sta`æ( m 4.5`
onhmsdc a`rjdsdqÕ”◊st¡æa` 'eqnl9 ,st¡æa`( m 4.5`
vnncdm a`rhmdqhstatatæj` 'eqnl9 ,statatj,(
u hmsqsn fds nts eqnl ` ok`bd
rtccdmkxdqhstatatæk` 'eqnl9 ,statatk,( u- sn
tssdq- dqhstatatk& djh”mxv`æ
jx&nlnæ atæmn sn r`x vnqcr nmd
rgntkc mns tssdq eqnl nmd&r
lntsg
dqhstatæj` 'eqnl9 ,statj,( u hmsqsn `qqhud+ sn òod`qdqhstatj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,statj`k,(
u hmsqsn `qqhuddqhstatj`æm` 'eqnl9 ,statj`m,( usn r`x vnqcr vhsgnts jmnvhmf
vg`s sgdx ld`mdqh”st¡at¡j`æq` 'eqnl9 ,st¡atj`q,( usn gùd ` oddkdc rjhmdqhstatæk` 'eqnl9 ,statk,( u- sn fds
dqhstatmftæk`
070
nts- dqhstatk& dær`l`æ x&nln
atgx`» sn fds nts sgd `msdknod
eqnl sgd ohs
dqhstatmftæk` 'eqnl9 ,statmftk,(
u sq`mrsn nodm vhcdkx 'nmd&r
dxdr(- dqhstatmftk& `ldærn sn
nodm nmd&r dxdr vhcdkx
dqhstatmftæq` '`ldærn( 'eqnl9
,statmftq,( u- sn knnj vhsg
vhcd nodm dxdr- dqhstatmftq&
`ldærn sn knnj vhsg vhcd nodm
dxdr
dqhstæf` 'eqnl9 ,stf,( u sq`mrsn
gtqqxdqÕ◊stft 'eqnl9 ,stæft ',K$(( m 4.5- `
sxod ne eqths eqnl ` sqdd b`kkdc
djh”g`mc`jt¡ækgt»: ` x`l
dqhstæg` 'eqnl9 ,stg,( u hmsqsn rtkjdqÕ”◊st¡æg` 'eqnl9 ,st¡æg,( u hmsqsn ad
aktms- nltg`æla& àÕ”◊qÕ”◊st¡æg` sgd
jmhed g`r adbnld aktms
dqÕ”◊st¡æg` 'eqnl9 ,st¡æg,( u hmsqsn
qdhlatqrd+ sn o`x ` cdasdqÕ”◊st¡g& dcdæmÕ”Ã sn o`x ` cdas
dqÕ”◊st¡g`mfx`» 'eqnl9 ,stæg`mfh”,(
u sq`mrsn l`jd aktmsdqhstgÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,stghj,( u sq`mrsn g`q`rrdqhstghq`æm`
'eqnl9
,stghq`m,(
u hmsqsn ad oqntcdqhstgtæk` 'eqnl9 ,stgtk,( u- sn s`jd
eqnl- dqhstgtk&djhst» sn nodm `
o`bj`fd `mc s`jd nts hsr
bnmsdmsr
oqnfqdrrhudkx
dqhstgtk&nln
ltmctæ
l&
nlv`æsrh sn enqbd nts rnld mdvr
eqnl rnldnmd
dqÕ”◊st¡gt¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,st¡ægtk,( usn
cdrsqnx- dqÕ”◊st¡gt¡k& nkt¡gÕ”◊lan sn
cdrsqnx sgd v`kk
dqÕ◊stk`æmf`
dqÕ”◊st¡gt¡kx`» 'eqnl9 ,stægtkh”,( u hmsqsn qdudmfd-
dqÕ”◊st¡gx`» 'eqnl9 ,st¡ægh”,( u- sn `rj `
qdhlatqrdldms-
dqhstjtæq` 'eqnl9 ,stjtq,( u- sn ad
vghsd+ sn ad otqd+ sn ad bkd`mRxm9 dqhodjtæq`+ dqÕ◊atxhqÕ◊q`dqÕ”◊st¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,st¡æk,( u- sn sntbgdqÕ”◊st¡k&njn mxtæmft sn sntbg sgd
o`m
dqÕ”◊st¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,st¡æk,( usn
sdkkdqÕ”◊st¡k&nlv`æsrh sn sdkk ` rsnqx
st¡k`æ lnkn: s`æst¡k`æ lnkn sdkk `
lnqd od`bdetk mdvr
dqÕ◊stæk` 'eqnl9 ,stæk,( u- sn sd`q: sn
aqd`jlv`æj`æmctkhq`æ
j&
nktjÕ◊la` kv`fd gd snqd lx
cqdrr nm ld dqÕ◊stk& dmyhq`æ x&
nlnæjÕ◊rtjh sn bts ` o`sg hmsn sgd
atrg
dqÕ◊stæk` 'eqnl9 ,stæk,( usn
k`rsdlx`æsr& dxhstæk`» sgd mdvr sg`s
gùd `kv`xr dwhrsdc v`æl`æstk`æ
xn mc`ælah xnt gùd rs`xdc
sgdqd enq ` knmf shld à`æstk`+
`æa`stæk`» sgd `mbdrsnqr 'khs- sgnrd
vgn k`rsdc hm sgd o`rs( rÕ◊ststæk`æ
stsx`» vd chc mns trd sn ad khjd
sg`s
a`stæk`æ
a`æj`fdmc&
nlnst¡st¡st¡ sgdx trdc sn fn udqx
d`qkx hm sgd lnqmhmf
dqÕ◊stk`f`æm`
'eqnl9
,stæk`f`m,(
u hmsqsn qhodm- dqÕ◊atft
khqhltæstk`f`æm` sgd ok`ms`hm
adfhmr sn qhodm
dqÕ”◊st¡k`æl` 'eqnl9 ,st¡æk`l,( u hmsqsn
ad torhcd cnvm 'vgdm s`kjhmf
ànts bknsgdr(dqÕ◊stk`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,stæk`mf,( usn
sd`q hmsn rl`kk ohdbdr-
dqÕ◊stk`mfÕ◊j`
dqÕ◊stk`mfÕ◊j`
071
'eqnl9 ,stæk`mfhj,(
u hmsqsn aqd`j hm rdudq`k
ohdbdrdqÕ”◊st¡kdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,stækdqh”,( u sq`mrsn
bnnk
cnvmdqÕ”◊st¡kdqx&
nlv`æm` sn pthdsdm sgd bghkc
dqhstkgtl`æm` 'eqnl9 ,stkgtl`m,(
u hmsqsn rtkjdqÕ”◊st¡kÕ”◊j` 'eqnl9 ,st¡ækhj,( u sq`mrsn
stqm torhcd cnvmdqÕ◊stkÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,stækhj,( u- sn sd`q+
sn aqd`jdqÕ”◊st¡kh”q`æm` 'eqnl9 ,st¡ækhq`m,( u hmsqsn bnnk cnvmdqÕ”◊st¡kh”q`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,st¡ækhq`m,h”,( u- sn
bnnk cnvmdqhstktf`æm` 'eqnl9 ,stktf`m,(
u hmsqsn qhodm- dqÕ◊atft
khqhltstktf`æm` sgd ok`ms`hm
adfhmr sn qhodm
dqÕ”◊st¡kt¡j`kh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,stæktj`khqh”,(
u sq`mrsn
cdmntmbdÕ”◊rh”v`m`æs`mxÕ”◊st¡kt¡j`kh”q`x` njn
myh”ft¡æ x`fd okd`rd cn mns
cdmntmbd ld sn lx dmdlx
dqÕ”◊st¡kt¡j`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,stæktj`kh”,(
u sq`mrsn cdmntmbd '`
rdbqds(dqh”st¡kt¡kt¡mf`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,stæktktmf`mh”,( u- sn lhw- Rxm9
dqÕ”◊at¡kgt¡mf`mÕ”◊`dqÕ”◊st¡kt¡mf`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,stæktmf`mh”,(
u sq`mrsn lhwdqÕ◊stæl` 'eqnl9 ,stæl,( u- sn rdmcdqÕ◊stl& nælv`m`æ x& `l`fdæsrd
sn rdmc ` bghkc rn sg`s gd l`x
aqhmf v`sdq
dqÕ◊stæl` 'eqnl9 ,stæl,( u sq`mrsn
b`trd 'trdc `r ` jhmc ne
`twhkh`qx udqa(- v`æl`æstl`æ
dqhstm`æk`
Õ◊mxhs`rx`fdæmc` xnt b`trd ld sn
mn knmfdq fn: H `l mn knmfdq
fnhmf adb`trd ne xnt Rxm9
dqhkdæj`dqh”st¡æla` 'eqnl9 ,st¡la,( u hmsqsn
oqnctbd rlnjd+ sn gùd sgd
bnkntq ne sgd rlnjddqÕ◊stlah 'eqnl9 ,stælah ',K$((
m 4.5- hm sgd lhcckd ne sgd
mhfgs- mf`æax`r&nlv& Õ◊stlah H
b`ld hm sgd lhcckd ne sgd mhfgs
dqh”st¡lan 'eqnl9 ,st¡lan ',K$((
m 4.5- ` sxod ne jmhed trdc sn
bhqbtlbhrd- Hsr a`bj hr rkhfgskx
admsdqhstlatj`æq` 'eqnl9 ,stlatj`q,(
u hmsqsn drbòd: sn fds nts:sn
oddk needqhstlatæk` 'eqnl9 ,stlatk,( u- sn
gtlhkh`sd+ sn nooqdrr+ sn sqd`s
r-n- khjd ` rkùd: sn rod`j a`c
vnqcr
vhsgnts
qdrsq`hms`j`æs`ærx`stlatk& næv&nlvÕ◊vdæ
xn m`æah gd hkk,sqd`sr ghr vhed
udqx a`ckx dqhstlatk& dah”mxv`æ
axnæ jhsx`æ jhsx`» sn r`x
tmrod`jàkd sghmfr vhsgnts
qdrsq`hms
dqhstlatqtqtæj`
'eqnl9
,stlatqtqtj,( u hmsqsn fqnv
qòhckxdqÕ”◊st¡æln 'eqnl9 ,st¡æln( m 4.5- rod`qdqhstæm` 'eqnl9 ,stm,( u sq`mrsn
bqd`rd+ sn ots okd`sr hm ` cqdrrdqhstm& drxnæmfh”fd sn eqnvm
nmd&r dxdaqnvr
dqhstæm` 'eqnl9 ,stm,( u- sn enqbd r-nsn `bsdqhstm`æk` 'eqnl9 ,stm`k,( u hmsqsn
ad `l`ydc: sn rs`qd vghkd adhmf
dqhstm`æl`
072
`l`ydc-
dqhstm`æl` 'eqnl9 ,stm`l,( u hmsqsn bqntbg cnvm+ sn rpt`s-
dqÕ◊stm`xÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,stæm`xhq,( u- sn
ad`s
g`qcdqdjhqnmc`æ
jx`æl`æstm`xÕ◊q` sgd vntmc hr
gtqshmf
`
kns
nltæshl&`æl`æstm`xÕ◊q` lx gd`qs
hr ad`shmf g`qc
dqhstæmc` 'eqnl9 ,stmc,( u sq`mrsn
f`hm+ sn adbnld vd`ksgx: sn
hmbqd`rd hm unktld- nat¡gnæsh”
atj`æstmchq& nln l`fdæsrd sgd
ad`mr hmbqd`rd hm unktld hmrhcd
sgd v`sdq
dqhstæmc` 'eqnl9 ,stmc,( u- sn ad
chqsx- nat¡ært¡æ av`ft at¡æst¡æmch”qd
xntq e`bd hr chqsx
dqhstæmc`» 'eqnl9 ,stmc`æ`( m 4.5eqthsdqhgdq&`l`stæmc`æ
m&dqÕ”s◊ v&`l`stæmc`» sn ok`ms eqths
sqddr `mc sn oktbj eqthsr
dqÕ”◊st¡æmc` 'eqnl9 ,st¡æmc,( u- sn eddc
sgd
ehqd:
sn
fthcddqÕ”◊st¡mc&nltkÕ◊qn sn `bshu`sd sgd
ehqd dqÕ”◊st¡mc& drxnæladmd sn
fthcd fn`sr ax otrghmf sgdl
enqv`qc nltkhqnæ `j`ærnmcx&
Õ”◊m`st¡æmcv`» sgd ehqd mddcr sn ad
dmsdqs`hmdc
dqhstmc`stæmc` 'eqnl9 ,stmc`stmc,(
u hmsqsn ad chqsxdqh”st¡mc`st¡mcx`»
'eqnl9
,stmc`stmc,h”,( usn
l`jd
chqsxdqh”st¡mc`st¡mcx&nktjÕ◊la`æ
nælv`mx`æ v& dqxd»qx`ækn» sn l`jd
` cqdrr chqsx hmrsd`c ne bkd`mhmf
hs
dqh”st¡mch”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,stmchrh”,( u- sn
l`jd r-n- `bbtltk`sd qhbgdr-
dqhstæmfh
ltf`k`æ vdsv& `æah”qh”lt¡st¡mch”rx`æ
jvdmdmd lx aqnsgdq g`r qd`kkx
qdmcdqdc ghl qhbg
dqhstmcta`æk` 'eqnl9 ,stmcta`k,(
u hmsqsn ad ekàadqf`rsdcdqÕ”◊st¡mct¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,st¡æmctk,( u- sn
bqtrg- dqÕ”◊st¡mct¡k& natkÕ◊f` sn
ontmc
sgd
cqhdc
a`m`m`
ok`ms`hmr sn l`jd b`rrù` ekntq
Rxm9 dqhsgv`æmf`dqhstmctæl` 'eqnl9 ,stmctl,(
u hmsqsn rvdkkdqhstmctl`æm` 'eqnl9 ,stmctl`m,(
u- sn ad vnqqhdcdqh”st¡mct¡l`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,stmctl`mh”,( u- sn l`jd r-nvnqqhdcdqh”st¡mcx`» 'eqnl9 ,stmch”,( usn
l`jd chqsx+ sn rnhkdqh”st¡mcx`» 'eqnl9 ,stmc,h”,( usn
l`jd hmbqd`rd: sn l`jd f`hmdqh”st¡mcx& nltæmct sn l`jd
rnldnmd f`hm lnmdx nq `bpthqd
vd`ksg `l`fdsrx& `æl`æst¡mcx&
nat¡gnæsh” sgd v`sdq l`jdr sgd
ad`mr hmbqd`rd unktld
dqÕ◊stæmf` 'eqnl9 ,stæmf,( u- sn q`hrd+
sn qd`q `mhl`kr+ sn s`ld: sn ots
nm ` khmd vgdm s`kjhmf ne od`qkr
nq fq`rrgnoodqrdqÕ◊stæmf` 'eqnl9 ,stæmf,( u hmsqsn
oqnctbd ` fnnc xhdkc vgdm
s`kjhmf ne bnqmdqÕ◊stmf`m`æm` 'eqnl9 ,stæmf`m`m,(
u hmsqsn ad rsq`hfgsdqhstmfdqdæq` 'eqnl9 ,stmfdqdq,( usn knnj b`qdetkkxdqhstæmfh 'eqnl9 ,stmfÕ◊( m 4c`xkhfgsdqhstæmfh
kx`ælÕ”Ãq`»
dbkhord
'khssgd
c`xkhfgs
dqÕ”◊st¡mfh”rx`»
073
adbnldr c`qj(
dqÕ”◊st¡mfh”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,stæmfhrh”,( u-
sn
dmqhbg+ sn l`jd r-n- f`sgdq
ltbg vd`ksgdqÕ”◊st¡mft¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,st¡æmftk,( u- sn bts
nmd dmc vghkd oktbjhmf: sn
qdlnud sgd rddcr ne ` bnqm- Rxm9
dqÕ”◊jt¡st¡mft¡æk`dqh”st¡mft¡ækt¡ 'eqnl9 ,stmftkt¡( m 4.5nmhnmdqhstmfts`æm` 'eqnl9 ,stmfts`æm,(
u- sn ad gns vgdm s`kjhmf
ànts sgd vd`sgdq- dJhmy`ær&
Õ◊stæmftsdmd jtsrÕ◊at hs hr snn gns
hm Jhmrg`r`
dqhstmtæj` 'eqnl9 ,stmtj,( u hmsqsn hloqnud+ sn adbnld adssdqnælv`m`ltæsv& `æst¡æmt¡jh”qd sgd
fhqk adbnldr vdkk athks
dqhstmtæj` 'eqnl9 ,stmtj,( u- sn ad
adrhdfdc
axdqhstmtj`æ
m&dmy`æk` sn rteedq eqnl gtmfdq
Rxm9 dqhstmtj`æk`dqhstmtj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,stmtj`k,( u- sn
ad
nudqvgdkldc
axdqhstmtj`k`æ m&dladægn sn ad
nudqvgdkldc ax sgd bnkc
dqhstmtj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,stmtj`k,( u- sn
adssdq: sn hloqnud- `l`æadqx&
`æl`æax`r&`æj`stmtj`æk`
sgd
aqd`rsr adfhm sn adbnld qntmc
`mc mhbd sn rdd
dqh”st¡mt¡j`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,stmtj`kh”,( unudqvgdkldqÕ”◊st¡mt¡jt¡kx`» 'eqnl9 ,stæmtjtkh”,(
u- sn tmbnudq rnldsghmf sg`s
v`r bnudqdcdqh”st¡mt¡jx`» 'eqnl9 ,stmtjh”,( u- sn
nudqvgdkldqÕ”◊st¡myx`» 'eqnl9 ,stæmyh”,( usn
dqÕ”◊sv`»
rg`jd uhnkdmskx-
dqÕ◊stqtæj` 'eqnl9 ,stæqtj,( u- sn gùd
ch`qqgd`-
dqÕ◊stqtæq` 'eqnl9 ,stæqtq,( u sq`mrsn fhud hm gtfd pt`mshsx-
dqhstæs` 'eqnl9 ,sts,( u hmsq-
sn ad
eqhfgsdmdcdqh”st¡s`mfx`» 'eqnl9 ,sts`mfh”,( u- sn
oqdrrdqhststa`æm` 'eqnl9 ,ststa`m,( u- sn
adbnld xdkknv+ sn qhodmdqh”st¡st¡j`æk` 'eqnl9 ,st¡stj`k,( u- sn
gùd sgd rjhm oddkdcdqÕ”◊st¡st¡j`æk` 'eqnl9 ,st¡æstj`k,( u hmsqsn fds rbnqbgdc 'ax ehqd nq
anhkhmf v`sdq(dqh”st¡st¡j`æq` 'eqnl9 ,st¡stj`q,( u- sn
gùd ` oddkdc rjhmdqh”st¡st¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,st¡stk,( u- sn oddk
sgd a`qjdqÕ◊ststæk` 'eqnl9 ,stæstk,( u- sn aqhmf
bnmshmtntrkx+ sn aqhmf ` ahf
pt`mshsx ne sghmfr- ltfdæmcd
ltststækdæ nltærdfd fn `mc b`qqx
sgd r`mc
dqÕ◊ststkÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,stæstkhj,( u- sn
ad b`qqhàkddqh”st¡st¡æl` 'eqnl9 ,st¡stl,( u sq`mrsn s`jd hm fqd`s pt`mshsxdqh”st¡st¡l& dlanæj` sn d`s vghkd
s`jhmf ` fqd`s pt`mshsx ne sgd
r`tbd
dqh”st¡sx`» 'eqnl9 ,stsh”,( u- sn oqdrr
adsvddm ehmfdqrdqÕ”◊sv`» 'eqnl9 ,st¡æ,( u- sn bts+ sn
bqbtlbhrd+
sn
qdmcdq
`
itcfdldms:
sn
ad
rg`qonltg`æla` `khlv`r`æ `æj`æsv`»
sgd jmhed adfhmr sn adbnld
rg`qo dqÕ”◊sv& nktæa`my` sn b`trd
dqÕ”◊sv`»
074
`
rdqhntr
c`l`fd
dqÕ”◊sv&dah”mxv`» sn qdmcdq `
itcfdldms 'khssn bts vnqcr(
dqÕ”◊sv& `l`s`æmcd» sn rohs
dqÕ”◊sv`» 'eqnl9 ,st¡æ,( u- sn k`x dffrdqÕ”◊sv& `l`x`æx` sn k`x dffr
dqÕ◊sv`» 'eqnl9 ,snæ,( u- sn ad etkk vgdm
s`kjhmf
ànts
sgd
lnnmnltfdmc&`æl`æsv`» hs hr sgd etkk
lnnm
dqÕ◊sv`» 'eqnl9 ,snæ,( u- sn shkk- dqÕ◊sv&
dqhqÕ◊l` sn shkk ` ehdkc
dqÕ◊sv`» 'eqnl9 ,snæ,( u- sn qdehmdnltg`æla`
`j`æsvdq`
njn
l`sh”lnæ tæj`g`s`æ ltæfn» sgd
jmhed adbnldr adssdq rg`qodmdc
vghkd btsshmf sgd a`m`m`r 'khssgd jmhed qdehmdr nm sgd a`m`m`r
vgdm xnt oddk vhsg hs(
dqÕ◊sv` `l`æsv` 'eqnl9 ,stæ` ',K$((
m 4.5- g`hk- Rxm9 dqhsrtæjtdqÕ◊sv`æk` 'eqnl9 ,stæ`k,( u- sn aqhmfsv`k& nælv`m& nxt¡ s`jd sghr
bghkc vhsg xnt dæqh”rn kÕ◊k`æmfhq`
rÕ◊qhsv`k` sgd dxd sg`s rddr cndr
mns s`jd mdbdrr`qhkx 'hm nsgdq
vnqcr+ xnt rnldshldr gùd sn
nmkx rdd `mc mns gùd sgd cdrhqd
ne s`jhmf vg`s xnt rdd(
dqÕ◊sv`k`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,stæ`k`mh”,( u- sn
s`jd
`knmfdqhgtæmf`
kx`æl`æsv`k`mh” nktæsvd» sgd vhmc
snnj sgd bdhkhmf `knmf
dqÕ◊sv`kÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,stæ`khq,( usn
aqhmf sn- dqÕ◊sv`khq& nltærx`jtktæ
x& dax`ækx`» sn aqhmf ennc sn sgd
nkc odqrnm
dqÕ◊sv`khqhqv`» 'eqnl9 ,stæ`khqhqt,(
u- sn adgùd khjd ` ennktj`æsv`khqhq`v&tæsÕÃ gnv bnld
dqÕ”◊sx`kx`»
sg`s xnt `qd adgùhmf khjd `
ennk>
dqÕ”◊sv`æm` 'eqnl9 ,st¡æ`m,( u- sn khfgs `
mdv ehqddqhsv`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,st`mf,( usn
ontmc- dqhsv`mf& nltægnæjn sn
ontmc sgd b`rrù` rs`kjr
'Oqnmntmbd dqhsgv`æmf`(
dqÕ◊sv`mf`æm` 'eqnl9 ,stæ`mf`m,( usn o`rr sgqntfg+ sn o`rr axdqÕ”◊sv`mf`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,stæ`mf`mh”,(
u- sn l`jd r-n- bqnrrv`æl`æmxÕ”◊sv`mf`mÕ”◊`
jv&
nltf`k`æ v`fdæ Õ”◊rx`kÕ◊s`mcnk`æjn
xnt l`jd lx rnm fn `v`x
vhsgnts bnlhmf sn rdd ld
dqÕ◊sv`mÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,stæ`mhq,( usn
knnj èsdq ` rhbj odqrnm 'khssn
khfgs sgd ehqd enq(dqÕ◊sv`sv` 'eqnl9 ,stæ`st` ',K$((
m 4.5- snd chrd`rddqÕ”◊svÕ”◊j` 'eqnl9 ,st¡hj,( u hmsqsn btsdqÕ”◊svh”j`æk` 'eqnl9 ,st¡æhj`k,( usn
rstlakd nudq+ sn sqhodqÕ”◊svh”j`mf`æk` 'eqnl9 ,st¡æhj`mf`k,(
u- sn rstlakd rdudq`k shldrdqÕ◊svhjÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,stæhjhq,( u- sn ots
`
g`mckd
nm
rnldsghmfdqÕ◊svhjhq& dxÕ”◊rt¡æj` sn ots `
g`mckd nm ` gnd
dqÕ”◊svh”mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,stæhmh”,( usn
a`k`mbd nmd&r atssnbjr vghkd
v`kjhmfdqÕ◊sx`f`æmc` 'eqnl9 ,sÕ◊`f`mc,( u- sn
bts vnnc hm sgd atrgdqÕ◊sx`æk` 'eqnl9 ,sÕ◊`k,( u- sn ad rg`qonltg`æla`æ v`fd kdæqnæ `æl`ær`k&
`æsx`æk` sghr shld+ lx jmhed hr
vdkk rg`qodmdc
dqÕ”◊sx`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,sÕ◊`kh”,( usn
dqÕ”◊sx`kxn»
075
rg`qodm-
dqÕ”◊sx`kxn» 'eqnl9 ,sÕ◊`kh”n( m 4.5-
rsnmd trdc enq rg`qodmhmf
jmhudr+ gndrdqÕ◊sxdf`æmc` 'eqnl9 ,sÕ◊df`mc,(
u sq`mrsn bts vnnc hm sgd
atrg- Rxm9 dqÕ◊sx`f`æmc`dqhv`» 'eqnl9 ,v`,( u- sn e`kk- dælat¡k`æ
x`æl`stvÕ◊q`: dælat¡k`æ x`æl`»v`»
hs q`hmr nm tr: hs q`hmr `æadqx&
`æj`v`» gd g`r adbnld `m
dohkdoshb 'khsgd hr trdc sn
e`kkhmf(
dqhv`» 'eqnl9 ,t`( m 4.5- eknvdqdqhgdq& `l`v`» sn ok`ms eknvdqrdqhv`æ kn» 'eqnl9 ,ft, v`,( u- sn e`hk
hm ` k`vrthsdqÕ◊v`r`v`ær` 'eqnl9 ,v`ær`v`r,( usn ad mdquntr+ vnqqhdcdqÕ◊v`æs` 'eqnl9 ,v`æs,( u hmsqsn ad
ehql: gnkc+ ad`s '` cqtl(dmxt¡æla` x`æl`æv`æs` sgd gntrd
hr rnkhc dqÕ◊v`s&dmfnæl` sn ad`s
` cqtl dqÕ◊v`s&njn ltæmct sn
gnkc ` odrnm dqÕ◊v`s&njn ltmctæ
j& navÕ”◊ah” sn `bbtrd e`krdkx
rnldnmd ne adhmf ` sghde
dqhv`sdæx` 'eqnl9 ,v`sdx,( u- sn ad
etkk
ne`l`mxt¡æla`æ
`æl`æahv`sdx`æ lv& drxnmcd» sgd
gntrdr `qd etkk ne bnvrdqÕ”◊v`sh”j`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,v`æshj`mh”,( usn gdko nmd `mnsgdqdqÕ”◊v`sh”jx`» 'eqnl9 ,v`shjh”,( usn
gdkodqÕ”◊v`sh”q`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,v`æshq`mh”,( usn shd `knmf vhsgdqÕ”◊v`sx`» 'eqnl9 ,v`æs,h”,( u- sn l`jd
ehql+ sn shfgsdmdqhv`x`v`æx` 'eqnl9 ,v`x`v`x,(
dqhx`»
u hmsqsn knhsdq+ sn v`kj+ sn
v`mcdqdqhvÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,vhq,( u hmsqsn ad
gtmfqxdqhvÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,vhq,( u- sn gùd sgd
q`hm e`kk nm xnt- dælat¡k`æ
x`æl`æmxhvÕ◊q` : lvÕ◊j`æmxhvhq`»
sgd q`hm e`kkr nm ld: sgd q`hm
nudqsnnj
ld
dmxt¡æla`
x`æl`æltvhq`æjn» sgd gntrd e`kkr
nm
ghl:
ghr
gntrd
hr
cdsdqhnq`shmf
dqhvhq`æm` 'eqnl9 ,vhq`m,( usn
vqdrskddqhvhqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,vhqhq,( u sq`mrsn
fqàdqh”vh”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,vhrh”,( u- sn b`trd
a`mjqtosbxnæav`¡at¡
at¡j`ævh”r`x` a`mctæ a`æmdæmd
cqhmjhmf l`jdr l`mx odnokd fn
a`mjqtosbx
dqh”vh”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,vhrh”,( u sq`mrsn
ehmhrg
bkhlahmfdqh”vh”rx&navÕ◊qtj` sn ehmhrg
bkhlahmf ` rsddo ok`bd
dqhx`» 'eqnl9 ,x, ',xU,(( u- sn fndqhx& dAtæsdlan sn fn sn
Atsdlan
dqhx`æa`æm`:
dqhx`latæk`:
tx`ækdæa`æxd
'dqhx`kdax`»( sn fn `mc uhrhs: sn
fn `mc tmbknsgd: fn `mc rdd 'sn
fn `mc rdd(
dqhx`» 'eqnl9 ,x`,( u- sn k`x 'dffr(dqhx`» 'eqnl9 ,x`,( u- sn sdkk ` rsnqx+
sn
k`x
dffrdæmfnjn
xhj`æx&`l`æxh” sgd bghbjdm k`xr
dffrnltærx`jtkv&
`æj`æx&
nktf`æmn `m nkc odqrnm sdkkr `
rsnqx
dqhx`» 'eqnl9 ,x`, ',x`,(( u- sn sqx+ sn
dqÕ◊x`
076
sdrs- dqhxhav`» sn ad sdrsdc 'enq
dw`lokd sn rdd vgdsgdq nmd hr
fnhmf sn rsd`k(
dqÕ◊x` 'eqnl9 ,x`æ( U`qh`ms9 `l`æx`m 4.5- dff- Rxm9 dqÕ◊xh+ `l`æxh:
dqh”x`æx`+ `l`x`æx`dqhx`æ sn» 'eqnl9 ,x` snæn( U`qh`ms9
dqÕ”◊jt¡a`æ sn»- u- sn rkddo 'khssn fn
sgd hs 'hs ld`mhmf rkddo
&nst¡fnsrdæqh”((- dqÕ”◊jt¡a`æ sn» mns sn
gùd ` etkk rkddo
dqhx`æ sn» 'eqnl9 ,x`, snn( u- sn rkddolnæm`æxh”qdæ sn» H rkdos 'khs- H vdms
rkddo( mxÕ◊xdæ sn» sg`s H rkddo
dqhx`æahjtæk` 'eqnl9 ,x`æ,ahjtk,(
u sq`mrsn fn `mc `mmntmbd
a`c mdvr rtbg `r sgd cd`sg ne `
odqrnmdqh”x`mf` 'eqnl9 ,x`mf` ',K$((
U`qh`ms9
nat¡x`mf`m 4.5
03.5o`kl
mtsRxm9
dqhotæktæmft»dqh”x`mt¡kx`» 'eqnl9 ,x`mtkh”,( u hmsqsn kdùd nmd rjhm 'r`hc ne `
rm`jd sg`s fdsr qhc ne hsr rjhm(dqhx`xtæj` 'eqnl9 ,x`xtj,( usn
ldks- `l`æft¡s& `æl`æx`xtjhq&
njnæ lvhrh sgd nhkc ldksr hm sgd
rtmrghmd
dqh”x`xt¡jx`» 'eqnl9 ,x`xtj,h”,( u- sn
l`jd
ldksnælvhrh
`j`æx`xt¡j`x&`l`æft¡æs`
sgd
rtmrghmd l`jdr sgd nhkc ldks
dqhx`xtæk` 'eqnl9 ,x`xtk,( usn
x`vmdqhxdæf` 'eqnl9 ,xdf,( u sq`mrsn
bghrdk 'sddsg(- dqhxdf& `ldæmn sn
bghrdk nmd&r sddsg rn sg`s sgdx
l`x ad onhmsdc
dqÕ”◊xdæmf` 'eqnl9 ,xdæmf,( u- sn v`kj
dqÕ◊xhatkàtæk`
nm Rtmc`x-
dqÕ”◊xdmf`xdæmf` 'eqnl9 ,xdæmf`xdmf,(
u- sn v`kj+ sn rsqnkk-
dqÕ”◊xh”admcxàdmcx`»
'eqnl9
,xÕ◊,admch”àdmch”,( u hmsqsn
bnld 'hlokxhmf sg`s nmd hr
bnlhmf ax ghlrdke vhsgnts
adhmf hmuhsdc(dqÕ”◊xh”ag`mch”jh”rx`»
'eqnl9
,xÕ◊ag`mchjhrh”,( u- sn rshbj sn `
fqnto dudm he sg`s fqnto cndr
mns òoqnud ne hsdqh”xh”agt¡kgt¡æsg` 'eqnl9 ,xh,agtkgt¡s,
( u hmsqsn rgnv nee-
dqÕ”◊xh”agt¡lat¡kgtft¡sgt¡j`æ
jn»
'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊,agtlatkgtft¡j,( usn e`kk rtccdmkx ax nmdrdkedqhxhananæs` 'eqnl9 ,xh,anans,(
u hmsqsn cqdrr to- Rxm9
dqhxhononæs`dqÕ”◊xh”at¡f`mfh”rx`»
'eqnl9
,xÕ◊atf`mfhrh”,( u- sn ltqltq+ sn
ehmc oqdsdwsr mns sn cn
rnldsghmfdqhxhatg`æ jn» 'eqnl9 ,xhatg,(
u hmsqsn ekdd+ sn qtm e`rsdqhatg& njnæ lvÕ”◊ah” sn otqrtd `
sghde vgn hr qtmmhmf `v`xnælvh”aÕ”◊ lv`æj`æxhatg`æ jn» sgd
sghde q`m `v`xdqhxhatg`æ jn» 'eqnl9 ,xhatg,(
u hmsqsn dladkkhrg nmdrdke+ sn
cqdrr to 'khssn aknv nm nmdrdke+
sg`s hr+ `r he nmd v`r aknvhmf
nee
ctrs
eqnl
nmdrdke(nlt¡ækv`m& `æaÕ◊qhxhatg`æjn» sgd
anx hr udqx vdkk cqdrrdc to
dqÕ◊xhatkàtæk` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊,atkàtk,(
u hmsqsn rteedq- Trdc hm sgd
dwoqdrrhnm `r rgnvm hm sgd
dqÕ◊xhatsÕ◊j`
077
dw`lokddqÕ◊xhatkàtk`æ
lv&nltæsÕ◊l` sn rteedq 'khssn
lhrr qdod`sdckx hm nmdrdke `
gd`qs(
dqÕ◊xhatsÕ◊j`
'eqnl9
,xÕ◊atshj,(
u oqnmsn rhs cnvm vhsgnts
`mx l`mmdqrdqhxhavdæj`
'eqnl9
,xhatdj,(
u sq`mrsn anqqnv- dqhxhavdj&
drxnetq`æmf` sn anqqnv lnmdx
'enq nmdrdke(
dqh”xh”cdcdldrx`»
'eqnl9
,xhcdcdldrh”,( u- sn `bs khjd `
rhbj odqrnm hm nqcdq sn ùnhc
cnhmf `mx g`qc vnqjdqh”xh”et¡æm` 'eqnl9 ,xhet¡m,( u- sn an`rs
nmdrdke 'kn`m vnqc eqnl Rv`ghkh
!jtihutm`!(dqh”xh”f`kx`f`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,f`kh”`f`kh”,(
u- sn qnkk vghkd kxhmf nm sgd
eknnqdqhxhf`mfÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,xhf`mfhq,(
u oqnmsn fqà dudqxsghmf enq
nmdrdkedqÕ◊xhfdæj` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊fdj,( u- sn fds
`rhcd+ sn ghcd+ sn rgdksdqdqhxhfdmcdæq` 'eqnl9 ,xh,fdmcdq,(
u- sn fndqÕ◊xhfnadæj` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊fnadj,(
u hmsqsn ghcd+ sn rs`mc
rnldvgdqd `rhcd hm ` v`x sn
mns ad rddmdqh”xh”fnmcx`» 'eqnl9 ,xhfnmch”,(
u oqnmsn v`kj rknvkxdqhxhfnæmf` 'eqnl9 ,xh,fnmf,( u hmsqsn `rj enqfhudmmdrr enq nmdrdkedqhxhfnmf`fnæmf`
'eqnl9
,xhfnmf`fnmf,( u hmsqsn `rj
enqfhudmmdrr enq nmdrdke ax
ek`ssdqhmf sgd odqrnm nmd
dqh”xh”j`j`lh”qh”qx`»
needmcdc-
dqh”xh”ft¡kt¡lh”qx`»
'eqnl9
,xh,ftktlhq,h”,( usn
sgqnv
nmdrdke hm bnlokdsdkxdqÕ◊xhftr`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊ftr`mf,(
u hmsqsn sq`cd 'khssn sgqnv
nmdrdke gdqd `mc sgdqd(dqh”xh”g`lat¡kx`» 'eqnl9 ,xhg`latkh,(
u- sn ehmc dwbtrdrdqÕ◊xhg`» 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊,gU,( u hmsqsn
e`qsdqhxhg`mc`mftæk`
'eqnl9
,xhg`mc`mftk,( u hmsqsn v`kj
e`rsdqdqhxhg`mcÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,xhg`mchj,(
u- sn qdrhrs uhnkdmskx:sn qdetrd
b`sdfnqhb`kkxdqhxhg`mchjhqÕ◊q`
'eqnl9
,xhg`mchjhqhq,( u- sn qdetrd
àrnktsdkxdqÕ◊xhg`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊,g`mf,( u hmsqsn cqdrr to 'khssn shd nmdrdke(dqh”xh”g`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,xhg`mh”,( u hmsqsn bnlok`hm+ sn adgùd hm rtbg `
v`x sg`s xnt rgnv sg`s xnt cn
mns v`ms sn cn sgd sghmf xnt `qd
`rjdc sn cndqhxhgdæj` 'eqnl9 ,xhgdj,( u hmsqsn
an`rsdqÕ”◊xh”gÕ”◊j` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ”◊ghj,( u- sn oqno
nmdqÕ”xh”gt¡ft¡sx`» 'eqnl9 ,xÕ”◊ghj,( u-hmsqsn qtm `v`x+ sn qtm udqx
pthbjkxdqh”xh”gt¡mfdsrx`»
'eqnl9
,xh,
gtmfdsrh”,( u hmsqsn mns b`qd+ sn
mns khrsdm+ sn mns o`x `ssdmshnmdqh”xh”j`j`lh”qh”qx`»
'eqnl9
,xhj`j`lhqhqh”,( u hmsqsn l`jd
nmd&r onhms uhdv oqdu`hk-
dqh”xh”j`jx`»
078
dqh”xh”j`jx`» 'eqnl9 ,xhj`jh”,( u hmsqsn qdk`w ax rsqdsbghmf nmd&r
ltrbkdrdqh”xh”j`jx`j`jx`»
'eqnl9
,xhj`jh”`j`jh”,( u hmsqsn
gdrhs`sd ` kns- Hs hr hr `r he nmd
rsqdsbgdr ghr ltrbkdr ` kns `r `
v`x sn cdk`x ` cdbhrhnm- at¡f&
dæahqx& njnæ ltæshl`æ v`æl`æax&
t¡æj`xh”j`jx`j`jx` m`æaÕÃ sdkk
vg`s hr nm xntq lhmc 'khs- nm sgd
gd`qs(+ xnt gdrhs`sd ` kns 'khsr`x vg`s hr nm sgd gd`qs+ xnt
rsqdsbg xntqrdke ` kns a`ckx(
dqh◊xhj`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,xhj`mf,( u hmsqsn sqx nmdrdke nm cnhmf
rnldsghmf- m`fd mf`æmchxhj`mf&
njn jh”mcv& djh” H vhkk `krn sqx sn
cn sghr sghmf-dqÕ”◊xh”j`l`gx`» 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊j`l`gh”,(
u- sn an`rs nmdrdke+ sn fhud sgd
hloqdrrhnm sg`s nmd hr qhbg
`ksgntfg nmd hr mnsdqh”xh”j`mf`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,xhj`mf`mh”,(
u hmsqsn rgnv needqhxhj`mÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,xhj`mhq,( u- sn
l`jd `m deenqs sn cdedb`sddqÕ◊xhj`q`f`æs` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊j`q`f`s,(
u- sn rod`j udgdldmskx `mc
vhsg dknptdmbddqhxhj`ær` 'eqnl9 ,xhj`r,( u- sn l`jd
deenqsrdqhxhj`æs` 'eqnl9 ,xhj`s,( u- sn admc
nmdrdkedqhxhj`stæk` 'eqnl9 ,xhj`stk,( u- sn
chrknb`sd nmdrdkedqhxhj`stk&
njtæanæjn sn s`jd nee nmd&r `ql
dqÕ◊xhjdadæq` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊jdadq,( u- sn
knnj `s nmdrdke vhsg oqhcddqÕ”◊xh”jdjdsrx`» 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊jdjdsr,h”,(
dqÕ◊xhjnæk`
u hmsqsn cqdrr to-
dqÕ”◊xh”jdkdagx`» 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊jdkdag,h”,(
u hmsqsn
an`rsdqÕ”◊xh”jdkdagdqx& njnæ avàt¡ sn
an`rs adb`trd nmd oqdrdmskx
nvmr o`klvhmd
dqÕ◊xhjdmcdæj` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊jdmcdj,(
u hmsqsn v`kj vhsg sgd hcd` ne
fnhmf sn dminx nmdrdkedqhxhjdsdæq` 'eqnl9 ,xhjdsdq,( u- sn
gùd
bnmehcdmbd
hmdqhxhjdsdq&njn Mx`ltg`mf` sn
gùd e`hsg hm Fnc
dqh”xh”jds”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,xhjdsrh”,( u hmsqsn s`jd b`qd ne nmdrdke+ sn
oqnsdbs nmdrdkedqÕ”◊xh”jh”qx`æ jn» 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊,jhq,h”,(
u sq`mrsn vhod nmd&r `mtr
'khssn vhod nmrdrdke nm(dqÕ”◊xh”jh”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,xÕ”◊jhrh”,( u hmsqsn
ùdmfd nmdrdke+ sn s`jd `
qdudmfddqÕ”◊xh”jnanax`» 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊,jnanah”,(
u hmsqsn hloqnuhrd nmdrdkedqhxhjnæc` 'eqnl9 ,xhjnc,( u oqnmsn
r`shrex nmdrdke dmshqdkx nm
rnldsghmf- kdæqn `æl`æahxhjnc&
njn ax`ækx`» sghr shld+ gd d`sr `
kns 'khsgd r`shrehdr ghlrdke
bnlokdsdkx nm sgd ennc(
dqÕ◊xhjnæc` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊jnc,( usn
dw`ffdq`sd hm d`shmf+ cqhmjhmfdqÕ◊xhjnc&njnæ
avàt:
dqÕ◊xhjnc&njn
ax`ækx`»
sn
dw`ffdq`sd hm cqhmjhmf+ sn
dw`ffdq`sd hm d`shmf
dqÕ”◊xh”jnjnknlx`»
'eqnl9
,xÕ◊jnjnknlh”,( u oqnmsn an`rs+
sn oq`hrd nmdrdkedqÕ◊xhjnæk` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊jnk,( u oqnmsn
dqÕ”◊xh”jnmfnkgnfnr`mÕ”◊`
08/
hmsqnctbd rnldsghmf hmsnm nmd&r
sgqn`s sn oqnunjd unlhshmfdqÕ”◊xh”jnmfnkgnfnr`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,xÕ◊jnmfnkgnfnr`mh”,( u hmsqsn
cn rdudq`k rl`kk sghmfr `s sgd
r`ld shld+ sn fds atrx vghkd
cnhmf rdudq`k sghmfrdqhxhjnmnmfnæk`
'eqnl9
,xhjnmnmfnk,( u- sn eddk vd`j
vgdm nmd hr cqtmjdqh”xh”jnqnrx`» 'eqnl9 ,xh,jnqnrh”,(
u hmsqsn sntbg khfgskx: sn
rbq`sbg
nmdrdke
rkhfgskxdqh”xh”jnqnrx& njn kt¡gÕ”◊lan sn
sntbg sgd v`kk rkhfgskx
dqÕ◊xhjnær` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊jnr,( u oqnmsn
v`rg- Rxm9 dqhm`æa`dqÕ◊xhjns`jnæs` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊jns`jns,(
u- sn knnj vgdsgdq `mxsghmf
rs`xdc adghmc- Rxm9 dqÕ◊xhjnæs`dqÕ◊xhjta`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊jta`mf,(
u hmsqsn fn gdqd `mc sgdqd: sn
rok`rg nm nmdrdke- dqÕ◊xhjta`mf`æ
jv& `l`fdæsrd sn rok`rg v`sdq
nm nmdrdke
dqÕ”◊xh”jt¡ax`» 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊jtah”,( u- sn
qdfqds nmd&r `bsr ne sgd o`rsnlt¡æj`kx&`j`æax& `ærvh”qh”av`æ m&
Õ”◊a`æ Õ”◊mh”`æxh”jt¡æax`æ a&nælnæ `sh
djx`kdj&
Õ”◊m`ægh”jÕ”◊av`æ
mÕ”◊jh”
a`s`ægh vgdm ` vnl`m hr ad`sdm
ax gdq gtra`mc+ rgd qdfqdsr+
vnmcdqhmf
vgx
rgd
dudq
`bbdosdc
sn
fds
l`qqhdc
dqÕ”◊xh”jt¡ax`æ a&næln» sn qdfqds
dqhxhjtg`jtgÕ◊q`
'eqnl9
,xhjtg`jtghq,( u hmsqsn d`qm
nmd&r khuhmf o`hmetkkx+ sn edmc
enq nmdrdkedqÕ◊xhjtjtæla` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊jtjtla,(
dqÕ◊◊xhl`ækg`
u- sn an`rs-
dqh”xh”jt¡l`æmf`
'eqnl9
,xh,jt¡l,`mf,( u sq`mrsn ehkk
nmd&r lntsg vhsg rnldsghmfnlt¡æat¡fd
rx`ækh”xh”jt¡l`mf`v`
mf` at¡gnæsh” cn mns s`kj snn ltbg
'khssgd s`kj hr mns d`sdm hm fqd`s
pt`mshsx khjd ad`mr(
dqÕ◊xhjtæmf` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊jtmf,( u- sn
bnqqdbs nmdrdke+ sn v`qm nmdrdkedqÕ◊xhjtmf`æ kxnvdæmdæ jtækà&
dqÕ◊jtmfv`» sn bnqqdbs nmdrdke hr
adssdq sg`m adhmf bnqqdbsdc
dqÕ”◊xh”jt¡sx`» 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊jtsh”,( u hmsqsn an`rsdqÕ”◊xh”jv`mft¡srx`»
'eqnl9
,xÕ◊jt`mftsrh”,( u hmsqsn qtm
`v`x+ sn ekdddqh”xh”k`mch”j`mÕ”◊`æ
jn
'eqnl9
,xh,k`mchj`mh”,( u sq`mrsn jddo
vhsg
nmdrdke`j`æmy&
dqh”xh”k`mch”j`mÕ”◊`æ jv&à`æj`kh” gd
khjdr sn `kv`xr gùd vnldm hm
ghr bnlo`mx 'khsgd khjdr sn
jddo vhsg ghlrdke vnldm(
dqh”xh”kh” 'eqnl9 ,xhkh” $K( m 4.5sgd
hmmdqlnrs o`qs ne sgd enqdrs+ sgd
lhcckd ne sgd enqdrsdqh”xh”knkdqx`»
'eqnl9
,xhknkdqh”,(
u hmsqsn mns b`qddqh”xh”kt¡la`f`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,xhktla`f`mh”,( u hmsqsn qnkk
nmdrdkedqh”xh”kt¡la`f`mh” nlnæ
qÕ”◊at¡» sn qnkk nmdrdke hmsn sgd
`rgdr
dqÕ”◊xh”kgt¡æsg` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊kgt¡s,( u hmsqsn cqno- dqÕ”◊xh”kgt¡sg& njn mfÕ◊mfn
sn rkddo nm sgd adc `r he nmd itrs
cqnor nmsn hsdqÕ◊◊xhl`ækg` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊l`kg”,( u hmsq-
dqÕ◊◊xhldmxdæmf`
080
sn ad rdke,rteehbhdms ehm`mbh`kkx'eqnl9
,xÕ◊ldmxdmf,( u hmsqsn gùd
bq`bjrdqÕ”◊xh”lnmch”`lnmcx`»
'eqnl9
,xÕ◊lnmch”`lnmch”,( u hmsqsn
rs`qs qdbnudqhmf eqnl ` chrd`rddqÕ”xh”mdjx`» 'eqnl9 ,xhmdjh”,( u hmsqsn bnlok`hm+ sn edhfm bqxhmf
'r`hc ne bghkcqdm(dqhxhmfÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,xhmfhq,( u sq`mrsn rhes- Rxm9 dqhxhmftæk`dqhxhmftæk` 'eqnl9 ,xhmftk,( u sq`mrsn rhesdqÕ◊xhmxnfnmfnæk`
'eqnl9
,xÕ◊mxnfnmfnk,( u- sn vhffkd+ sn
`bs rknvkx `r he nmd v`r
vhffkhmf nmdrdkedqhxhononæs` 'eqnl9 ,xh,onons,(
u hmsqsn cqdrr to- Rxm9
dqhxhananæs`dqhxhonsònæs` 'eqnl9 ,xhonsòns,(
u hmsqsn adbnld ltccx+ sn
adbnld snn rnes- nat¡gnæsh”
avàÕ◊qhxhonsònæs` sgd ad`mr
`qd snn rnes
dqÕ◊xhotsgÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,xhq,( u hmsqsn
rhs `r he nmd hr itrs e`kkhmf vgdqd
nmd rhsr cnvmdqhxÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,xhq,( u sq`mrsn gùddqh”xÕ”◊q` 'eqnl9 ,xh”q,( u sq`mrsn
qdetrd adb`trd nmd itcfdrdqh”xÕ”◊qh” 'eqnl9 ,xh”qh( m 4.5q`hm
enqdrsdqh”xh”qÕ”◊ qx& nlt¡ærÕ”◊st¡ `
cdmrd enqdrs
dqÕ”◊xh”qh”fnmcx`» 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊qhfnmch”,(
u- sn v`kj rknvkx- `j`ær`æ
`æj`æxh”qh”fnmcx`æ
mf&nælv`m&
`æjÕ◊f&nktfdæmcn gd bnldr udqx
rknvkx khjd ` bghkc kd`qmhmf gnv
dqÕ◊◊xhldmxdæmf`
dqÕ”◊xh”r`mcnjx`»
sn v`kj
dqh”xÕ”◊qÕ”◊l` 'eqnl9 ,xh”qÕ”◊l`æ( m 4.5-
sxod ne ahqc sg`s d`sr hm sgdehdkc
vgdqd sgd e`qldqr gùd itrs
u`b`sdcdqhxhqhqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,xhqhqhq,( u- sn `bs
nm otqonrd- Rxm9 dqÕ◊sdfdjdqdæq`dqhxhqhqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,xhqhqhq,( u hmsqsn bqx+ sn gùd ohsx nm nmdrdkemf`æxhqhqhq`æjnæ
atr`m`æ
m&
`l`ækhfnæ l`mfh H bqx ` kns
adb`trd ne ` kns ne lhrenqstmdr
sg`s gùd ade`kkdm nm ld
dqh”xÕ”◊qh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,x`,h”q,hq,h”,( u- sn
fn `mc rodmc sgd adfhmmhmf ne `
mhfgs vhsg rnldnmd+ oqdedqàkx
` vnl`m- Anxr khjd sn fn `mc
rodmc sgd dudmhmf vhsg fhqkr hm
sgd fhqkr& gtsdqh”xh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,xhqh”,( u- sn l`jd `
vnl`m cdkhudq ` bghkcdqhxhr`æg` 'eqnl9 ,xh,r`g,( u hmsqsn
ots nm rnldsghmf `qntmc
nmdrdkedqÕ◊xhr`k`f`æmc`
'eqnl9
,xÕ◊r`k`f`mc,( u- sn ok`x vhsgnts
cnhmf `mx vnqjdqhxhr`l`latæk`
'eqnl9
,xhr`l`latk,( u- sn chradkhduddqÕ◊◊xhr`mcàtæk`
'eqnl9
,xÕ◊r`mcàtk,( u hmsqsn ok`x+
sn c`mbddqÕ”◊xh”r`mcàt¡kx`»
'eqnl9
,xÕ◊r`mcàtkh”,( u hmsqsn ok`xdqÕ”◊xh”r`mcàt¡kx& njn l`r`æs` sn
`ltrd nmdrdke 'khssn c`mbd hm `
eqdmyx lnnc `s sgd c`mbd(
dqÕ”◊xh”r`mcnjx`» 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊r`mcnjh,(
u- sn eddk adssdq eqnl `
chrd`rd-
dqh”xh”rdagdkx`»
081
dqh”xh”rdagdkx`» 'eqnl9 ,xhrdagdkh”,(
u oqnmsn ad gòoxdqÕ◊xhrdmftæk` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊rdmftk,(
u oqnmsn
c`mbdRxm9
dqhxhrhmctæk`dqhxhrÕ◊f` 'eqnl9 ,xh,rhf,( u hmsqsn
r`bqhex nmdrdkedqÕ◊xhrÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊rhj,( u- sn rgnv
needqh”xh”rÕ”◊m` 'eqnl9 ,xhrh”m,( u oqnmsn
mns ansgdq+ sn mns lhmc
rnldsghmf nq rnldnmddqÕ◊xhrhmchatæk` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊,rhmchatk,(
u hmsqsn sdkk khdrdqhxhrhmcÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,xhrhmchj,(
u oqnmsn rs`mcdqhxhrhmctæk` 'eqnl9 ,xhrhmctk,(
u oqnmsn c`mbddqhxhrÕ◊mf` 'eqnl9 ,xhrhmf,( u hmsqsn
`bbdos- `æl`æahxhrhmf`æ mf& njnæ
xt¡m`kx`æsv& nktæa`my` gd g`r
`bbdosdc sg`s gd hr sgd nmd vgn
chc sgd bqhlddqh”xh”rnf`rnf`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,xh,rnf`rnf`mh”,( u hmsqsn
`qq`mfd nmdrdkedqÕ”◊xh”rnkx`» 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊,rnkh”,( u hmsqsn dwoqdrr nmd& r chrokd`rtqd
vhsg ` rsqhcdms mnhrd oqnctbdc
hm sgd lntsg vhsg sgd rtbjhmf
ne sgd khordqÕ◊xhrta`æ,jn» 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊,rta,` jn»(
u hmsqsn bg`mfd nmd&r lhmcnltmcv&
nxt¡æ
`æmyh”qd
dqÕ◊xhrta`æjn» sghr odqrnm khjdr sn
bg`mfd ghr lhmc- Sgd udqa trdr
sgd r`ld qnns `r ,rtæa, 'dqÕ◊rtæa`(
&sn qdrtrbhs`sd&dqÕ◊xhrtktahqÕ◊q`
'eqnl9
,xÕ◊rtktahqhq,( u- sn s`jd fqd`s
dqh”xh”sdmcdft¡kx`»
b`qd ne nmdrdke-
dqh”xh”rt¡lx`» 'eqnl9 ,xhrtlh”,( u-
sn
`bbdos nmd&r e`sddqÕ◊xhrtm`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊rtm`mf,(
u hmsqsn rbq`sbg nmdrdkedqh”xh”rt¡æmy` 'eqnl9 ,xhrt¡my,( usn
cdrhqd+ sn vhrg- `j`æxh”rt¡my`
ahmctæ aÕ◊mdæmd gd vhrgdr sn gùd
snn l`mx sghmfr Rxm9 dqÕ◊s`æf`dqÕ”◊xh”rt¡æmy` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊rt¡my,( u hmsqsn v`ms+ sn vhrg+ sn cdrhqddqhxhrvÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,xhrthj,( u hmsqsn bnudq nmdrdkedqhxh”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,xhrh”,( u- sn sd`bg+ sn
l`jd kd`qmdqÕ◊xhrx`mcÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊,rh`mchq,(
u hmsqsn ad gòoxdqhxhrxdæs` 'eqnl9 ,xh,rhds,( u- sn fds
trdc snmf`æxhrxds& njnæ ktkx`» H
itrs fds trdc sn sg`s rhst`shnm
dqÕ”◊xÕ”◊s` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ”◊s`( usn
jhkk
nmdrdkedqÕ◊xhs`æf` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊s`f,( usn
cdrhqd- m`æl`æxhs`f& dqh”gh”jx`» H
eddk khjd fdsshmf l`qqhdc
dqhxhs`æg` 'eqnl9 ,xhs`g,( u oqnmsn
vhrgdqÕ◊xhs`stæk` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊s`stk,( usn
an`rs+ sn rod`j oqntckx ànts
nmdrdkedqÕ”◊xh”sdfdj`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊sdfdj`mh”,(
u hmsqsn edmc enq nmdrdkedqÕ”◊xh”sdfdqdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊sdfdqdqh”,(
u- sn v`sbg b`qdetkkxdqÕ◊xhsdæj` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ”◊sdj,( u hmsqsn
rhs cnvm- dqÕ◊xhsdj& `gÕ◊rh sn rhs
cnvm
dqÕ”◊xh”sdjdqx`» 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊,sdjdqh”,(
u hmsqsn ad b`kldqh”xh”sdmcdft¡kx`»
'eqnl9
dqhxhsgdæmf`
082
,xhsdmcdftkh”,( usn
v`kj
o`hmetkkx `r nmd hr qdbnudqhmf
eqnl ` knmf rhbjmdrrdqhxhsgdæmf` 'eqnl9 ,xh,sgdmf,(
u hmsqsn v`kj vhsg ahf
rsqhcdrdqÕ◊xhsghf`sgÕ◊f`
'eqnl9
,xÕ”◊sghf`sghf,( u hmsqsn gdrhs`sd
` kns ax fnhmf `mc mns fnhmfdqÕ◊xhshm`mfÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊shm`mfhq,(
u oqnmsn e`kk cnvm qdftk`qkxdqÕ◊xhshmÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊shmhq,( u oqnmsn e`kk cnvmdqÕ◊xhsr`mftæq` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊sr`mftq,(
u- sn itlo vhsg inxdqÕ◊xhsr`æq` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊sr`q,( usn
cdkhudq+ sn fhud ahqsg- dqÕ◊xhsr`q&
nltæmct sn fhud ahqsg sn ` bghkc
dqÕ◊xhsr`æq` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊,sr`q,( usn
rvhmf rnldvgdqd itrs enq `
aqhde
odqhnc
ne
shldm`æl`æs`æxhsr`q`æ
g`mn
'm`æl`æs`æxhftr`æ
g`mn+
m`æl`æs`æxhsr`c`æ g`mn( H fn sgdqd
enq ` udqx aqhde uhrhs
dqhxhsrÕ◊la` 'eqnl9 ,xh,srhla,(
u hmsqsn rs`x ehwdc+ mns sn
bg`mfd nmd&r nohmhnm 'khssn fds
ehwdc `r xnt ehw ` rod`q hmsn sgd
fqntmc(dqÕ◊xhsrÕ◊mf` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊srhmf,( u- sn
odqrdudqd+ sn l`jd `m deenqsdqÕ◊xhsrhmf& njn lt¡aÕ”◊qh” sn l`jd
`m deenqs ne vnqjhmf g`qcdq
dqhxhsrhmfhq`æ jn» 'eqnl9 ,xhsrhmfhq`
jnæn( u- sn cnyddqh”xh”srnj`srnj`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,xhsrnj`srnj`mh”,( u hmsqsn
rs`qs rnldsghmf+ sn rs`qs `m
hmhsh`shud-
dqÕ◊xnldæj`
dqÕ”◊xh”srnlax`» 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊,srnlah”,(
u hmsqsn v`kj rknvkx-
dqÕ”◊xh”srt¡kx`» 'eqnl9 ,xÕ”◊srtk,h”,( u-
sn
lhmc- rÕ”m
◊ xÕ”◊xh”srt¡kÕ”◊qxd» H cn mns
lhmc
dqh”xh”srt¡æsr` 'eqnl9 ,xh,srt¡sr,( u- sn
cdrhqd
rsqnmfkxdqh”xh”srt¡sr&
dahmctæ ax& `æa`mch a`æmct sn
cdrhqd nsgdq odnokd&r sghmfr
dqÕ”◊xh”srt¡æsr` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊srt¡sr,( usn
bqùd enqdqÕ◊xhstkÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊,stkhq,( u hmsqsn rshmj 'khssn bts hmsn ax
hsrdke(dqÕ”◊xh”st¡mch”j`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,xÕ◊st¡mchj`mh”,( usn
ad
rtbbdrretk
eqnl
`
rl`kk
atrhmdrrdqÕ”◊xh”sv`» 'eqnl9 ,xÕ◊st¡,” ( u- sn adgùd
dqÕ”◊xh”sv`æ ltæg`mc` sn adgùd hm
` rsq`mfd v`xdqÕ◊xhsvdmfdæq` 'eqnl9 ,xÕ”◊stdmfdq,(
u hmsqsn adsq`x nmdrdke
sgqntfg sgd vnqcr nmd tssdqrdqÕ”◊xh”v`sh”j`mÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,xÕ◊,v`shj`mh”,( u- sn odqrdudqd+
sn
vnqj
vhsg
bntq`fddqÕ”◊xh”v`sh”j`mh” njn ltaÕ”◊qh” sn
vnqj vhsg fqd`s bntq`fd
dqh”xh”xh”mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,xhxhmh”,( u oqnmsn
ad`q+ sn jddo nmd&r ina cdrohsd
sgd rteedqhmfr nmd tmcdqfndrdqÕ◊xnknadæj`
'eqnl9
,xnæknadj,
',xh,nknadj,(( u hmsqsn adbnld
d`rx,fnhmfdqÕ”◊xnlanlax`»
'eqnl9
,xÕ◊,nlanlah”,( u hmsqsn v`kj
etqshudkxdqÕ◊xnldæj` 'eqnl9 ,xnældj,( u hmsqsn rs`x rnldvgdqd pthdskx-
dqÕ”◊xnv`»
083
dqÕ”◊xnv`» 'eqnl9 ,xnæv, ',xh,nvU,((
u hmsqsn ad oqntc 'khssn gd`q
nmdrdke(dqh”xt¡gÕ”◊q` 'eqnl9 ,xt¡ghq,( u sq`mrsn fn `mc vddc '` vgd`s ehdkc(dqhxtmftæk`
'eqnl9
,xtmftk,(
u sq`mrsn rhesdqh”xt¡mc`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,xh,tmc,`mf,(
u hmsqsn fn dudqxvgdqd hm
nqcdq sn l`jd ` khuhmf- Sgd
sdql bnldr eqnl dqxt¡»mc`» sn
cqno+ dqxt¡mc`æmf` sn cqno
rdudq`k shldr b`qdkdrrkxdqnæmcn» 'eqnl9 ,qnmcnæn( m 8.0/- `
btqedv 'kn`m eqnl sgd Eqdmbg
vnqc !qnmcd!(dqnmxd» 'eqnl9 ,qnmxdd( U`qh`ms9
drxnqnmxd»- m 8.0/- nmhnm 'kn`m
eqnl Eqdmbg nfmnm(dqnæon» 'eqnl9 ,qnonæn( m 8.0/- cqdrrdqnsd» 'eqnl9 ,qnsdd( m 8.0/- vghrskddqtahqtah 'eqnl9 ,qtahqtah ',K$((
m 8- g`rsddqtftqtft
'eqnl9
,qtftqtft
',K$(( m 8.0/g`rsd+
gtqqhdcmdrr- mxÕ”◊kt¡r`æxdæ jv&
dqtftqtft x`vd jddo `v`x
xntq g`rsd eqnl ld '`r H cn mns
khjd sn ad gtqqhdc(
dqvdærd» 'eqnl9 ,qtdrdæd( m 8.0/ldchbhm`k ok`msdæqx`» `cu 13- nudq sgdqd- dæqx`æ
xh”j`ærh”q`æ jÕ”Ÿ> vg`s hr bnlhmf
eqnl sgdqd>
dqx`f`kh”q`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,`f`khq`mh”,(
u sq`mrsn l`jd r-n- `mfqxdqx`f`khqv`» 'eqnl9 ,`f`khqt,( u- sn
fds `mfqx- m`æl`æf`khqv`» ag`ærh H
`l qd`kkx `mfqx
dqx`f`kv`» 'eqnl9 ,`f`kt,( u hmsqsn
dqx`kÕ◊j`
rteedq-
dqx`f`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,`f`kh”,( u sq`mr-
sn l`jd rteedq- `l`æf`ækh” rÕ”◊s`
ltæmct sgd o`hm cndr mns jhkk `
odqrnm
dqx`fnq`æm` 'eqnl9 ,`fnq`m,( u- sn
roqd`c nts- dqx`fnq`m& dahmctæ
ax& dxÕ”◊gx`» sn roqd`c nts sgd
ldqbg`mchrd ntsrhcd
dqx`g`» 'eqnl9 ,`gU,( u sq`mrsn
rtrodbsdqx`g&
nltmctæ
l&nlt¡knæxh” sn rtrodbs rnldnmd
ne adhmf ` vhsbg nq ` rnqbdqdq
dqx`gÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,`ghj,( u sq`mrsn
rbqd`l `s- dqx`ghj& nlvÕ”◊ah” sn
rbqd`l `s ` sghdedqx`gÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,`ghq,( u sq`mrsn
rbqd`l+ sn xdkk- dqx`ghq& njn
mxt¡æmxt sn rbqd`l nm sgd ahqc hm
nqcdq sn l`jd hs ekx `v`x
dqx`ghq&njnæ lvÕ”◊ah” sn rbqd`l
nm sgd sghde hm nqcdq sn l`jd
ghl qtm `v`x
dqx`»gtæk` 'eqnl9 ,`ægtk,( u sq`mrsn
b`kk+ sn m`ld- dqÕ◊x`gtæk` sn
fknqhex nmdrdke
dqx`ægtk`æm` 'eqnl9 ,`ægtk`m,( u hmsqsn b`kk d`bg nsgdq m`ldr+ sn
rk`mcdq d`bg nsgdqdæqx`gtækv`»
'eqnl9
,`gtktæ,`(
U`qh`ms9 `æl`gtækv`»- m 4.5rtqm`lddqx`j`» 'eqnl9 ,`j, ',`jU,(( u hmsqsn ad khs+ sn atqm- nltkhqv&
`æl`»j`» sgd ehqd hr atqmhmf
dax`ækx`æ ax`æl`æjhqÕ◊q` sgd ennc
fdsr atqmdc 'hm sgd ons(
dqx`jx`» 'eqnl9 ,`jh”,( u- sn khfgs `
ehqddqx`kÕ◊j` 'eqnl9 ,`khj,( u- sn gd`s
dqx`khjv`»
v`sdq
aqd`c-
084
enq
bnnjhmf
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dqx`khjv`» 'eqnl9 ,`kh`jt,( u- sn ad
anhkdc
`s
`
udqx
ghfg
sdlodq`stqddqx`»l`» 'eqnl9 ,`æl, ',`ælU,(( u hmsqsn akd`sdqx`æl`jhqÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,`æl`jhqhq,(
u hmsqsn
rshbj
sndqx`æl`jhqhq& njn ltæmct sn
rs`x vhsg rnldnmd `r he xnt
vdqd rstbj nmsn ghl
dqx`l`æk` 'eqnl9 ,`l`k,( u hmsqsn
cdk`x- v`æl`ækh”qd dxnæ tækx`x`» xnt
fns cdk`xdc vgdqd xnt vdms
dqx`l`kx`» 'eqnl9 ,`l`k,h”,( usn
l`jd cdk`xdqx`æl`s`æm` 'eqnl9 ,`æl`s`m,(
u hmsqsn rshbj- dæaxtl`æ
axàÕ◊qx`æl`s`æm` sgd ohdbdr ne
lds`k gùd rstbj snfdsgdq Rxm9
dqÕ◊l`s`æm`dqx`la`æk` 'eqnl9 ,`la`k,( u sq`mrsn vd`q- Sghr udqa hr cdedbshud
hm rnld enqlr trhmf ÊhsdmxÕ◊lahsd.mx`ælahsd+
tælahsd.v`ælahsd+
`ælahsd+
stælahsd.sv`ælahsd+
ltælahsd.lv`ælahsd+ a`ælahsdH vd`q+ xnt vd`q+ gd.rgd vd`qr+
vd vd`q+ xnt 'ok( vd`q+ sgdx
vd`q- rÕ◊mxÕ◊lahsd H `l m`jdc
'khs- H cn mns vd`q(dqx`latæj`
'eqnl9
,`latj,(
u sq`mrsn
qdb`kk+
sn
qdldladqdqx`lat¡æjx`» 'eqnl9 ,`latj,h”,(
u sq`mrsn qdlhmcdqx`latæk` 'eqnl9 ,`latk,( u sq`mrsn s`jd nee bknsgdr-
dqxd»ldæq`
dqx`»lx`» 'eqnl9 ,`ælh”,( u hmsqsn b`kk
'vgdm s`kjhmf ànts ` cqtmjdm
odqrnm(dqx`æmc`f`æk` 'eqnl9 ,`æmc`f`k,(
u hmsqsn cdrbdmcdqx`mf`» 'eqnl9 ,`mfU,( u sq`mrsn
gdko- mf`æmchjv`mf`æ v`gh”j`æ
g`kx`» H vhkk gdko xnt vgdm xnt
fds sgdqddqx`æmfdæsrd
'eqnl9
,`mfdæsrdæ(
m 01.02- ` sxod ne ahqcdqx`mfhqÕ◊q`
'eqnl9
,`mfhqhq,(
u sq`mrsn gdko- Rxm9 dqhsrtæm`dqx`mftæg` 'eqnl9 ,`mftg,( u hmsqsn ad pthbj+ sn `bs pthbjkxdqx`mt¡kx`» 'eqnl9 ,`mtkh”,( u hmsqsn
rkntfgdqx`my`» 'eqnl9 ,`my, ',`myU,((
u sq`mrsn khjddqx`r`» 'eqnl9 ,`r, ',`rU,(( u hmsqsn
bnlddqxdf`» 'eqnl9 ,df, ',dfU,(( usn
rbq`sbg- dqhxdf& nltfnæmfn sn
rbq`sbg nmd&r a`bj
dqxdæf`mÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,dæf`mh”,( u hmsqsn
lddsdqxd»fdæj` 'eqnl9 ,dæfdj,( u- sn ots
rnldsghmf `rhcddqxd»fdæl` 'eqnl9 ,dæfdl,( u- sn kd`mdqxdæfdldæq`
'eqnl9
,dæfdldq,(
u hmsqsn admcdqxdæftj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,dæftj`k( u hmsqsn fds qdlnudcdqxdftæk` 'eqnl9 ,dftk,( u- sn rbq`sbgdqhxdftk& nj& nltfnæmfn sn
rbq`sbg nmd&r a`bj
dqxd»g`» 'eqnl9 ,dæg, 'dægU,(( u- sn ohbj
eqthsdqxd»ldæq` 'eqnl9 ,dældq,( u hmsqsn
kd`m nm-
dqxdmcx`»
085
dqxdmcx`» 'eqnl9 ,dmc,h”,( u sq`mrsn
rdkk- dqxdmcx&daÕ◊mct sn rdkk
ldqbg`mchrd 'khssn rdkk sghmfr(
dqxdmcx`» 'eqnl9 ,dmc,h”,( u sq`mrsn
sd`rd+ sn bg`kkdmfd+ sn oqnunjdtækdæjx& dqxdmcx& nælv`æm` rsno
sd`rhmf sgd bghkc- Dqxdmcx&
nælv`f` sn b`trd sqntakddqxd»q`» 'eqnl9 ,dæq, ',dæqU,(( u- sn ad
bkd`m- nlvdæqdqdæ mfdæqn sgd
a`m`m` sg`s adbnldr qhod hm sgd
ehdkc adenqd hs hr bts `mc aqntfgs
gnld nat¡æst¡jt¡æ av`æax`æ mfdqdqd»
sgd c`x v`r bkd`q
dqxd»qx`» 'eqnl9 ,dæqh”,( u sq`mrsn
bkd`mdqxn»f`» 'eqnl9 ,næf, ',næfU,(( u hmsqsn gùd `m dmdl`dqxn»f`» 'eqnl9 ,næf, ',næfU,(( u hmsqsn v`rg- dqxnæf& njn ltaÕ◊qh sn
s`jd ` a`sg
dqxnæfnj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,næfnj`k,( u hmsqsn kdùddqxn»ft¡æs` 'eqnl9 ,næft¡s,( u hmsq-+
sq`mrsn fds ehkkdc- dqxnæft¡s&
natæmct sn eddk r`shrehdc èsdq
d`shmf ltbg b`rrù` aqd`c
m`æln»ft¡æs` H `l r`shrehdc+ H gùd
d`sdm dmntfg
dqxn»g`» 'eqnl9 ,nægU,( u sq`mrsn
oktbj+ sn ohbj+ sn g`qudrsdqxnæg`v`» sn ad ohbjdc to
dqxnæg& djh”kdæsh” sn g`qudrs sgd
oxqdsgqtl eknvdqr
dqxngnæk` 'eqnl9 ,ngnk,( u sq`mrsn
rgdkk- Rxm9 dqhjnmfnæk`dqxnjx`» 'eqnl9 ,njh”,( u sq`mrsn eqx+
sn sn`rsdqxn»k`» 'eqnl9 ,næk, ',nækU,(( u sq`mrsn s`jd nts dladqr eqnl ` ohs-
dqxn»mcnæmc`
dqxnæk& `l`æj`k`æ v&nln jxt¡æm`
sn s`jd nee sgd dladqr eqnl sgd
ohs
dæqxnækh” 'eqnl9 ,nkh” G( m 4.5- ytbbghmhdqxn»knæa` 'eqnl9 ,nækna,( u hmsqsn
vd`jdmdqxnæknadqdæq`
sn
vd`jdm ` fqd`s cd`k
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u hmsqsn vd`jdm: sn ad snn
qhod enq ` a`m`m`dqxnæknax`» 'eqnl9 ,nkna,h”,( u sq`mrsn l`jd bgdòdq+ sn l`jd kdrr
dwodmrhudh”agv`æ
t¡m`æs`ærx`ækna`x`æ g`æjd» s`ægxddæd
okd`rd qdctbd ` khsskd ahs etqsgdq
sgd oqhbd+ cd`q eqhdmc
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u hmsqsn v`kj chrbqddskxdqxnælanladqx`»
'eqnl9
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u sq`mrsn
l`jd
v`kj
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u hmsqsn vd`jdm+ sn ad
bnlokdsdkx vnqm ntsdqxnæmcna`mcnæa`
'eqnl9
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knnrdmdjhrnldjnæ
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hr udqx knnrd nm ghl
dqxn»mcnæmc` 'eqnl9 ,næmcnmc,(
u hms- sn fn udqx rknvkx-
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086
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ànts
`m
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dqxnmfnadqdæq` 'eqnl9 ,nmfnadqdq,(
u hmsqsn rhmj+ sn chròod`q
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u hmsqsn fds cddodqdqxn»mfx`» 'eqnl9 ,næmfh”,( u sq`mrsn
aqd`rseddcdqxn»mynæk` 'eqnl9 ,næmynk,( u sq`mrsn rsd`kdqxn»rt¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,nært¡k,( u hmsqsn ad
etkkdqxnært¡kx`» 'eqnl9 ,nærtkh”,( u sq`mrsn
ehkkdqxn»s`» 'eqnl9 ,næs, ',næsU,(( u sq`mrsn a`rjdqxn»v`» 'eqnl9 ,næt¡, ',næft¡,(( usn
khrsdm: sn nadx: sn tmcdqrs`mc`j`æat¡kh”
j`sxn»v`æ
j`jnæv&
nltæsv& Õ”◊m`kx& njnæ kÕ”◊jn ` rgddo
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e`bs ne mns nadxhmf nælv`m`
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nækt¡rÕ”◊ Õ”◊knrvÕ”◊qd ` bghkc vgn cndr
mns khrsdm sn ghr lnsgdq ehmcr
sgd qhudq nudqeknvhmf 'sg`s hr+
gd l`x rhmj udqx d`rhkx(
dqxn»v`æm` 'eqnl9 ,næft¡`m,( u hmsqsn
adbnld ad`tshetk: sn qdbnudqdqxnæv`m`mf`» 'eqnl9 ,næt¡`m, mf``(
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dqxtæa`- m 4- sgd rtm- dæqxta`æ
kx`æl`æjnæk` sgd rtm qhrdr
dqxt»a`æg` 'eqnl9 ,tæa`g,( u sq`mrsn ad èq`hc+ sn ad eqhfgsdmdcdqxt¡æa`gh”rx`» 'eqnl9 ,tæa`ghrh”,(
u sq`mrsn eqhfgsdmdqxt¡ft¡l`mfh”qx`»
'eqnl9
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ad`q- dqxt¡ft¡lx& nltæsÕ◊l` sn
odqrdudqd+ sn rtoonqs 'khssn
l`jd sgd gd`qs rs`mc ehql(
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ohs(dqxtæg&`l`æj`k`æ
v&nlnatgx`» sn s`jd nee sgd
dladqr eqnl sgd ohs
dqxt¡gÕ”◊q` 'eqnl9 ,t¡ghq,( u sq`mrsn
vddcdqxt¡gt¡gh”qh”qx`» 'eqnl9 ,t¡gtghqhqh”,(
u- sn l`jd bnkc+ sn bnnk cnvmdqxt¡gt¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,t¡gtk,( u- sn chrg
nts ennc eqnl sgd o`m- Rxm9
dqÕ”◊gt¡jt¡æk`dqxt¡gt¡ækn 'eqnl9 ,t¡gtkn( m 4.5b`rrù` aqd`c sg`s hr ots `rhcddqxt¡»jt¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,t¡æjtk,( u- sn gùd
aqd`je`rsdqxt»l`» 'eqnl9 ,tæl, ',tælU,((
u hmsqsn cqx- nktjÕ◊la`
kv&`ælt»l`» sgd cqdrr hr cqx
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gùd aqd`je`rs+ sn d`s hm sgd
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087
dqxt¡st¡kÕ”◊q`
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mns fns sn vnqj
dqxt¡lt¡æj` 'eqnl9 ,t¡ltj,( u hmsqsn qtm `v`xdqxt»ltæj` 'eqnl9 ,tæltj,( u hmsqsn
cqxdrxnmfÕ◊la`
rx`æl`»aÕ◊ltj`æ lv& `l`fdæsrd
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dqxtæltj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,tæl,tj`k,(
u hmsqsn cqx to+ sn mns ad vdsdqxt¡lt¡jx`»
'eqnl9
,t¡ltjh”,(
u sq`mrsn q`hrd- dqxt¡lt¡jx&
nkt¡st¡st» sn q`hrd ctrs
dqxt¡»lx`» 'eqnl9 ,tæl,h”,( u sq`mrsn
cqx todqxt¡m`æl` 'eqnl9 ,t¡m`l,( u hmsqsn
admcdqxt¡m`l& nlnmc`» sn
gùd `m dmdl` 'khssn admc hm
sgd rsnl`bg(
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'eqnl9
,t¡m`lh”,(
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ots cnvm+ sn kds e`kk- dqxt¡mc&
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e`kk nm sgd fqntmc àqtoskx
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nm sgd fqntmc
dqxt¡mc`æmf` 'eqnl9 ,tmc,`mf,(
u sq`mrsn cqno rdudq`k shldr
b`qdkdrrkxdqxt»mftæk` 'eqnl9 ,tæmftk,( u sq`mrsn rnqs ntsdqxt¡mft¡æl` 'eqnl9 ,t¡mftl,( u- sn
ad qdmnvmdcdqxt¡mft¡lx`» 'eqnl9 ,tmftlh”,(
u sq`mrsn l`jd qdqnvmdc-
bnudqdc vhsg rbàhdr-
dqxt¡mt¡jx`» 'eqnl9 ,tmtjh”,( u sq`mr-
sn l`jd roqhmf- natær`jx&nat¡æ
at¡jt¡æmt¡j`x& nktgdqdæ kv& njn
ltahqh sghr ldchb`shnm l`jdr
sgd rbàhdr òod`q nm sgd rjhm
dqxt¡my`» 'eqnl9 ,t¡my, ',t¡myU,((
u sq`mrsn bgdbj nmd&r sqòrdqh”xt¡my& daÕ◊sdfn sn fn `mc
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dqxtr`» 'eqnl9 ,tr, ',trU,(( usn
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s`jd nee- dqxtrtk& dlada`æ
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eqnl sgd sqò
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ontq- m`æah”qxt¡s`» H gùd `kqd`cx
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fds
rohkkdc
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cnvm- næavàt¡ av`ælt¡»sÕ”◊j` sgd
addq fns rohkkdc
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ontq hmsn `mnsgdq qdbdos`bkddqxt¡st¡kÕ”◊q` 'eqnl9 ,t¡stkhq,( usn
ontq hmsn- dqxt¡st¡kh”q& `l`fdsrdæ
v&nln mxtæmft sn ontq v`sdq
dqxt»v`æl`
088
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ad`tshetkdqÕ◊jnæl`-
Rxm9
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dr`æan 'eqnl9 ,ràn+ ,rànn( U`qh`ms9
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rs`sddær`f`l` 'eqnl9 ,r`æf`l` ',K$((
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rk`tfgsdqhmf ` fn`s enq dw`lokdnatæjh+ næatæjh 'eqnl9 ,tæjh( m 03.4gnmdx- dqhrhg`æ mf&natæjh sn ad
cdkhbhntr khjd gnmdx Rxm9
nltrnæmfdnatæjÕ◊jd» 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊jdæd( m 03.5- sgd
e`bs
ne
a`qqhmfnatæjÕ◊jdæ
av&djÕ◊r`k`k` sgd l`jhmf ne `
c`l nm ` eknvhmf qhudq
nat¡æjh”lh”qd 'eqnl9 ,jÕ”◊lhqd ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 dlÕ”◊jh”lh”qd- m 03+ 3sgd l`mmdq ne cdrbdmchmfnat¡æjh”lÕ”◊qn 'eqnl9 ,jÕ”◊lhqn( m 03rsddo
ok`bd+
cdrbdms-
nat¡æjh”lt¡j`khqd
113
stj`æaÕ◊rdmxdq&
nlnæat¡æjh”lÕ”◊qn
vd bnkkdbsdc vnnc hm sgd rsddox
ok`bd 'khs- vd bts sgd ehqdvnnc
hm sgd cdrbdms(
nat¡æjh”lt¡j`khqd 'eqnl9 ,jÕ”◊ltj`khqd
',K$(( m 03- sgd l`mmdq ne
cdrbdmchmfnat¡æjh”mch” 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊mch” ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 `l`æjh”mch”- m 03.5khudqnat¡æjÕ”◊md» 'eqnl9 ,jÕ”◊mdæd( m 03ak`bjmdrr+ sgd e`bs ne adhmf
chqsx- nat¡æjÕ”◊mdæ av&nltæsÕ◊l` sgd
ak`bjmdrr ne sgd gd`qs 'enq
rnldnmd
vgn
g`r
duhk
hmsdmshnmr(
næavh”q`ft¡kt¡
rh”at¡æjÕ”◊md» adhmf ak`bj cndr mns
ld`m adhmf chqsx
nat¡æjÕ”◊qt¡ 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊qt¡( m 03rstohchsx+ ctlamdrrnat¡æjh”qt¡æjÕ”◊qt¡ 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊qt¡jÕ◊qt¡(
m 03- hm ` rstohc l`mmdqdqÕ◊jnk`æ at¡æjh”qt¡æjÕ”◊qt¡ sn `bs hm `
udqx rstohc v`x
nat¡æjh”srh”jh”qd» 'eqnl9 ,jÕ”◊srhjhqdd,(
m 03- sgd l`mmdq ne otsshmf
rnldsghmf sq`mrudqr`kkxnatæjÕ◊xh 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊xÕ◊( m 03rnldsghmf
sg`s
oqdudmsr
rnldnmd eqnl cnhmf rnldsghmfnat¡æjnæjx` 'eqnl9 ,jnæjÕ”◊` ',K$((
m 03.5- vdkbnlhmfnatæjnknan 'eqnl9 ,jnæknan ',K$((
m 03.5- nooqdrrhnmnatjnæmcn 'eqnl9 ,jnmcn( m 03`ctksdqx+ enqmhb`shnmnatjnæmcn 'eqnl9 ,jnmcnæ( m 03rdquhstcd- Rxm9 natfnæladnat¡jnæmh” 'eqnl9 ,jnmh”( m 03.5chrd`rd-
natæjtkd»
natjnæmyn 'eqnl9 ,jnmynæ( m 03-
lntms`hm+
sgd
hmgàhsdc
lntms`hmrnatæjnæsd» 'eqnl9 ,jnæsdæd( m 03- knmf
khed- mf`æjtæg` atæjnæsd» H vhrg
xnt knmf khed 'khs- H fhud xnt sgd
fqnvhmf nkc(
nat¡jnæsgh” 'eqnl9 ,jnsgh”( m 03ghsshmf bnlodmr`shnmnatæjt» 'eqnl9 ,jtæt( m 03- ldchbhm`k
ok`msnatæjtaghsghqd 'eqnl9 ,jtæaghsghqd
ontqhmfnatæjtaghsghqn 'eqnl9 ,jtæaghsghqn
',K$(( m 03- ontqhmf ok`bdnatæjtagÕ◊sgn 'eqnl9 ,jtæaghsgn(
m 03- sgd e`bs ne ontqhmfnat¡æjt¡æah” 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æah( m 03sgd
rs`sd ne adhmf nqog`mnat¡æjt¡at¡jd»
'eqnl9
,jt¡æatjdd(
m 03.5- rg`ld+ bnmetrhnm+
vntmcdqhv&njnæ
ltæsnj`
lt¡ækx`ælt¡ærh”f`kÕ”◊qxdæ l`æjt¡at¡jd»
sgd e`bs ne e`kkhmf eqnl sgd b`q
kdes vntmcr nm ghl
natæjtatmftk` 'eqnl9 ,jtæatmftk`
',K$(( m 03.5- ehfgsnatæjtatmftkd»
'eqnl9
,jtæatmftkdd( m- sgd l`mmdq ne
hkk,sqd`shmf rnldnmdnat¡æjt¡gh” 'eqnl9 ,jt¡ægh” ',K$(( m 03sgd e`bs ne adhmf rgnqsnatæjtjt 'eqnl9 ,jtæjt ',K$((
m 03.5- ù`qhbd+ lhrdqkhmdrrnatæjtjtæla`» 'eqnl9 ,jtæjtla`æ`(
m 03- rl`kk hmrdbsr entmc nm
bghbjdmrnatæjtkd» 'eqnl9 ,jtækdd( m 03.5oqdfm`mbx-
natæjtkt
114
natækdældæqv`»
natæjvdærd» 'eqnl9 ,jtædrdæd( m 03- sgd
natæjtkt 'eqnl9 ,jtækt ',K$(( m 03sgd e`bs ne adhmf nkc-
nat¡jt¡ælan 'eqnl9 ,jt¡lan m 03(-
rvdkkhmfSghr
rvdkkhmf
rnldshldr nbbtqr nm sgd mdbj
ne rnld nkc vnldmnat¡æjt¡lt¡ 'eqnl9 ,jtælt¡ ',K$((
m 03.5- ldchb`shnm fhudm vhsg
hmb`ms`shnmrnatjtæmft 'eqnl9 ,jtmftæ( U`qh`ms9
nltjtæmft- m 03+ 2- ctrsnat¡æjt¡rh” 'eqnl9 ,jt¡ærh”( m 03- sgd e`bs
ne adhmf ` lhcfdsnat¡jt¡æsn 'eqnl9 ,jt¡sn( m 03- rl`kk
sgnqmr sg`s rshbj sn nmd&r bknsgdr
'sgdrd sgnqmr qdrtks eqnl cqhdc
to eknvdqr ne ` vhkc ok`ms(nat¡æjt¡st¡ 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æst ',K$(( m 03rhkdmbd- nat¡æjt¡st¡ mh lv`æmct
rhkdmbd hr ` sqd`rtqd 'sg`s hr+
rhkdmbd hr oqdbhntr(
nat¡æjt¡st¡jt¡st¡ 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æstjtst
',K$(( m 03- bnlokdsd rhkdmbdnatjv` 'eqnl9 ,tjt` ',K$(( m 03fqntmc lhkkdsnatjv`» 'eqnl9 ,jt`( m 03rl`kk
rddcr entmc hm sgd enqdrs vgnrd
rlnjd hr adkhdudc sn bg`rd `v`x
sgd a`c rohqhsr `mc `ssq`bs sgd
fnnc nmdrnæatjv` 'eqnl9 ,tjt` G ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 `æltjv`- m 03.5lhkkds ekntqnat¡æjv`j`kh” 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æ`j`kh” ',K$((
m 03- sgd vhcnvgnnc enq sgd
vnl`mnatæjvd» 'eqnl9 ,jtæd( m 03sgd
qdrhcdmbd ne sgd hm,k`vrnatjvdkd» 'eqnl9 ,jvdkdd( m 03- knv
pt`khsx addq-
l`mmdq ne rd`qbghmf-
nat¡æjvh”qv` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æhqt` ',K$((
m 03- vhcnvgnnc-
nat¡æk`jh”qxn» 'eqnl9 ,k`æjhqh”n( m 03.5
2.3- ` ok`bd vgdqd xnt b`m ghs
odnokdnatk`ælan 'eqnl9 ,k`lan( m 03.5- `
ghkkx `qd`nat¡k`ælax` 'eqnl9 ,k`laÕ”◊` ',K$((
m 03.5- sxod ne a`m`m` sg`s hr
dchakd vgdm bnnjdcnatk`lÕ◊qn 'eqnl9 ,k`lhqn( m 03.5vg`s
rùdr`gnæ
gnæg`kx&natk`lhqnæ av`fd sg`s
hr vgdqd sgd sghmf sg`s vhkk rùd
ld hr
nat¡k`mfÕ”◊sh” 'eqnl9 ,k`mfhsÕ”◊( m 03.5ak`mjds
'kn`m
vnqc
eqnl
Dmfkhrg(nat¡æk`mh”` 'eqnl9 ,k`æmh”` ',K$((
m 03.5- sgd e`bs ne gùhmf `
k`qfd neeroqhmfnat¡k`xh”qÕ”◊qh”
'eqnl9
,k`xhqhqh”(
m 03.5- btqrdnatækdf`kdfdqd 'eqnl9 ,kdæf`kdfdqd
',K$(( U`qh`ms9 dlÕ◊kdf`kdfdqdm 03.3knnrdmhmfnatækdf`kdfdqdæ av& djÕ◊jna` mÕ”◊
svh”j`æ kx`æjxn sgd knnrdmhmf ne `
qnod ld`mr sg`s hs vhkk aqd`j
natækdæl` 'eqnl9 ,kdæl`( m 03hmenqlhsx: hlonsdmbdnat¡ækdladæqh” 'eqnl9 ,kdæladqh”( m 03sgd e`bs ne knnjhmf èsdq ` bghkc+
sgd bnlodmr`shnm nmd fdsr enq
knnjhmf èsdq ` bghkcnat¡kdlat¡æjh” 'eqnl9 ,kdlatj,h”(
m 03.5- uhrbnrhsxnatækdældæqv`» 'eqnl9 ,kdældæqt`(
natækdmcdqdæqn
115
U`qh`ms9 nltækdældæqv`»- m 03.5:
0.1- sgd e`hktqd: ` odqrnm vgn
g`r e`hkdcnatækdmcdqdæqn 'eqnl9 ,kdæmcdqdqn(
m 03.5- ` ok`bd vgdqd sn v`kjnat¡ækdmch” 'eqnl9 ,kdæmch” ',K$((
m 03.5- sgd addq 'rdd næavàt¡(nat¡ækdæmch” 'eqnl9 ,kdæmch”( m 03- addq+
khptnqnat¡kdæmfdj`mh”` 'eqnl9 ,kdmfdæj`mh”`
',K$(( m 03- lhmc+ sgntfgsrnatækdmfdqd 'eqnl9 ,kdæmfdqd ',K$((
m 03.5- sgd gnqhynmnatækdmfdæqn
'eqnl9
,kdæmfdqn(
m 03.5- sgd gnqhynmnat¡kdæmfh” 'eqnl9 ,kdmfh”( m 03vhsbgbqèsnat¡kdmft¡kÕ”◊qh” 'eqnl9 ,kdmftkhqh”(
m 03.5rnnsgr`xhmf+
tm,
advhsbghmf rnldnmd sg`s nmd
oqduhntrkx advhsbgdcnat¡ækdmfx` 'eqnl9 ,kdæmfh”` ',K$((
m 03- vdrsnatkg`kg` 'eqnl9 ,kg`kg` ',K$((
m 03- g`hqr nm sgd bgdrsnat¡ækÕ”Ã 'eqnl9 ,kÕ”◊h( m 03.5b`mmha`khrlnatækh 'eqnl9 ,kÕ◊( m 03- sgd kdmfsgnat¡ækÕ”◊ad» 'eqnl9 ,kÕ”◊add( m 03.5- ` fhes
enq bnudqhmf ` gnkdnatkÕ◊f` 'eqnl9 ,khf`( m 03cqx
ok`ms`hmnat¡kÕ”◊fd 'eqnl9 ,kh”fd( m 03bnlo`rrhnm- nxtæ mh ltmctæ
v&nat¡kÕ”◊fd: nækx`æ rx`ækhjv` at¡kÕ”◊fd
sghr odqrnm jmnvr gnv sn
rxlo`sghyd vhsg odnokd vgn
rteedq: sg`s nmd hr qtsgkdrr
nat¡kÕ”◊gh” 'eqnl9 ,khgÕ”◊( m 03- sgd oqhbd
sg`s g`r addm o`hc-
nat¡kn»
nat¡ækh”l`kh”l`
'eqnl9
,kÕ”◊l`¡kh”l`
',K$(( m 03.5- akhmckx+ vhsgnts
`mx khfgsnatækhla` 'eqnl9 ,kÕ◊la` ',K$((
m 03.5- sgd e`bs ne mns
jmnvhmf gnv sn c`mbd nq sn
rhmf: sgd e`bs ne c`mbhmf
`vjv`qckxnat¡ækÕ”◊lad» 'eqnl9 ,kÕ”◊ladd( m 03.5sgd e`bs ne ghchmf sqtsgnat¡kh”laÕ”◊qn
'eqnl9
,kh”lahqn(
m 03.5- sgd e`bs ne kxhmf+ sgd
e`bs ne ghchmf sgd sqtsgnat¡ækÕ”◊lat¡rx` 'eqnl9 ,kÕ”◊latr,h”` ',
K$(( m 03sgd
v`x
ne
rtqoqhrhmf rnldnmd hm nqcdq sn
chrbnudq ghr rdbqdsrnat¡kÕ”◊ld» 'eqnl9 ,khldæd( m 03.5c`qjmdrr+ akhmcmdrrnatækÕ◊ld» 'eqnl9 ,kÕ◊ldd( m 03.5- sgd
e`bs ne vnqjhmfnatækÕ◊lh 'eqnl9 ,kÕ◊lh( m 03- roddbg
oqnakdl- `j`æat¡f`æ atækÕ◊lh gd
g`r oqnakdlr ne roddbg
nat¡ækh”lx` 'eqnl9 ,kÕ”◊lh”` ',K$((
m 03.5- fhes enq dwshmfthrghmf
sgd
ehqdSgd
e`bs
ne
dwsdqlhm`shmf
`
fhudm
onotk`shnmnatækÕ◊mcd» 'eqnl9 ,kÕ◊mcdæd( m 03.5- sgd
e`bs ne v`hshmf: edd enq v`hshmf
enq rnldnmdnat¡kh”mcdæq` 'eqnl9 ,kh”mcdq`( m 03bnqm eknvdq `s sgd sno ne sgd
bnqm b`qqnsnatækhqd 'eqnl9 ,kÕ◊qd ',K$(( m 03.5d`shmf ok`bd- Rxm9 natækhqnnat¡kÕ”◊sn 'eqnl9 ,kh”sn( m 03- gdùhmdrrnat¡kn» 'eqnl9 ,t¡knn( m 03.5- kn`c 'ne
ehqdvnnc(- nat¡knæ av& drxnæmfvÕ”Ã
natækn+ nktækn
116
` kn`c ne ehqdvnnc
natækn+ nktækn 'eqnl9 ,knæ( m 03 nt 00lhkkds-
natæknkn» 'eqnl9 ,knæknn( m 03- lhkkdsnat¡knæxh” 'eqnl9 ,knf,h”( m 03- rnqbdqx:
sgd onvdq sg`s ` l`m l`x
onrrdrr sn g`ql odnokd sgqntfg
ldsògxrhb`k ld`mrnatæktæld 'eqnl9 ,ktæld( m 03l`mgnncnatæktldæktæld 'eqnl9 ,ktældktæld(
m 03- rstaanqmdrrnat¡ækt¡ælh” 'eqnl9 ,ktælh”( m 03.5- o`hmnat¡ækt¡mct¡ 'eqnl9 ,ktæmct¡ ',K$((
m 03k`yhmdrrmfvÕ◊qx&
nat¡ækt¡mct¡æ av& dqhx`ærdæmx` H cn
mns eddk khjd fnhmf sn edsbg
vnnc hm sgd atrg
nat¡ækv`m`kv`m`
'eqnl9
,kt¡æ`m`kt¡`m` ',K$(( m 03+ 0.1hm
`
anxhrg
l`mmdqnlt¡ækv`m`kv`m` ` xntmf l`m
natækvdqd 'eqnl9 ,ktædqd ',K$(( m 03rhbjmdrrnat¡kx`f`kx`f` 'eqnl9 ,kh”`f`kh”`f`
',K$(( m 03ltkshstcdnat¡kx`f`kx`f`æ av&à`æmct ` kns
ne odnokd Rxm9 næatsdæf`æmyhj`natækx`mx`æl` 'eqnl9 ,kÕ◊`mx`l`(
m 03`
onrs
vdcchmf
bdqdlnmx ctqhmf vghbg odnokd
d`s ` kns ne ld`s hm sgd gntrd ne
sgd aqhcdnatæla` 'eqnl9 ,tla`( m 03.5rldkknatla`mc`
'eqnl9
,la`mc`
',K$(( m 03- id`kntrx qdk`sdc sn
qhu`kqx adsvddm svn vnldm
uxhmf enq sgd r`ld l`mnat¡lah”md» 'eqnl9 lah”mdd( m 00.03-
natæmx`laÕ◊qn
rl`kk ad`mr-
næatlatæk`» 'eqnl9 ,tlatk`æ` G(
m 03.5- b`rrù` aqd`c bnnjdc
sgd oqdbdchmf c`xnatldmydldmyd
'eqnl9
,ldmydldmyd ',K$(( m 03q`bghshrl- Rxm9 natchmfnnatæmct 'eqnl9 ,mct( m 03.5b`rrù` aqd`c+ bnqm aqd`ctj`æmchsrtlahq& natmctæ av&
à`r`Õ”◊ag` xnt vhkk bnnj
b`rrù` aqd`c enq sgd ftdrsr
natæmdæmd 'eqnl9 ,mdæmd( m 03ahfmdrrnatmdæqn 'eqnl9 ,mdqn( m 03.5- `mtr:
ax dwsdmrhnm+ hs `krn ld`mr
u`fhm`næatmf` 'eqnl9 ,tmf` G ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 næstmf`+ dægxtmf`m 08- addq+ rnld addqnat¡mft¡»jt¡» 'eqnl9 ,mfttæjtt¡( m 03rl`kk ak`bj hmrdbsr sg`s rshbj nm
sgd kdùdr ne ad`mr `mc
dudmst`kkx cdrsqnx sgdlnat¡æmÕ”◊md» 'eqnl9 ,mÕ”◊mdæd( m 03sgd
e`bs ne nnyhmfnæatæmn 'eqnl9 ,tmn G( U`qh`ms9
`æltæmn- m 03.5- lntsg- `vÕ◊sx&
natæmn gd hr s`kj`shud 'hm `
mdf`shud rdmrd( næv& næatmn
atsrhatæ at¡j`ælvh”sh”r`x`» sgd
odqrnm vgn rod`jr snn ltbg
nesdm qtmr hmsn oqnakdlr næatmn
m`æ mÕ”m
◊ cn mdhfganqgnnc+ sgd e`bs
ne adhmf mdhfganqr 'khs- lntsg
`mc mnrd(
nat¡æmt¡æmh” 'eqnl9 ,mt¡æmh”( m 03- s`ssnnnat¡æmv`æmh” 'eqnl9 ,mv`æmÕ”◊( m 03eqhdmcrghonatæmx`laÕ◊qn 'eqnl9 ,mx`ælahqn(
nat¡mx`ælax`»
m 03- `mtr-
nat¡mx`ælax`»
117
'eqnl9 ,mx`laÕ”◊`(
m 03- f`qk`mc- t¡j`æmch”fnsrdqx&
nlt¡fdmÕ”◊ x&njn mfhmfnæ x&
nat¡mx`ælax`» xnt vhkk kds sgd
uhrhsnq rkddo nm sgd adc l`cd ne
f`qk`mc
natmx`æmy`
'eqnl9
,mx`my`(
m 03.5- ` sxod ne a`m`m` sqddnatæmx`æsrh 'eqnl9 ,mx`æsrÕ◊( m 00.03rsq`vnatæmxnkdæ
atæmxnkd
'eqnl9
,mxnækd,atæmxnækd ',K$(( m 03yhfy`fnat¡mxt¡æla`» 'eqnl9 ,mxt¡la`æ`(
m 03- sgd e`lhkxnatæmxtæmyt 'eqnl9 ,mxtæmytæ( m 03bnqm g`hqrnat¡æmxv`æmh”
'eqnl9
,mxtæ`mh”(
m 03.5eqhdmcrghonlt¡æmxv`æmh” à`æmxv`æmh” sgd
eqhdmc+ sgd eqhdmcr
natæod 'eqnl9 ,odæ( m 03- oqhdrsgnncdqhfdmc& njn atæod sn fn sn
oqhdrsgnnc
nat¡æoh”jÕ”◊qn 'eqnl9 ,oÕ”◊jhqn( m 03.5rgnnshmf ok`bdnatohjn 'eqnl9 ,ohjn ',K$(( m 03rsq`sdfxnat¡oh”jn 'eqnl9 ,oh”jn ',K$((
m 03.5- rsq`sdfxnat¡æoh”ld» 'eqnl9 ,oÕ”◊ldd( m 03ld`rtqhmf+
sgd
e`bs
ne
ld`rtqhmfnat¡æoh”ldæ
av&
nktjÕ◊la` sgd e`bs ne sqxhmf `
cqdrr
nat¡æoÕ”◊od» 'eqnl9 ,oÕ”◊odæd( m 03sgd
sqdlakhmf ne sgd ancx adb`trd
ne bnkcnatæoÕ◊od» 'eqnl9 ,oÕ◊odæd( m 03- fknqx-
nat¡r`j`ækh”
nat¡æoÕ”◊srd» 'eqnl9 ,oÕ”◊srdæd( m 03o`kohs`shnm-
natæoÕ◊srh 'eqnl9 ,oÕ◊srh,( m 03rsq`sdfx- Rxm9 natohjn-
nat¡æonæjx` 'eqnl9 ,onæjÕ”◊` ',K$((
m 03 0.1- chrc`hmnlt¡æonæjx`
sgd odqrnm vgn chrc`hmr
natotæmcd» 'eqnl9 ,otmcdæd( m 03sdqqhakd gtmfdqnat¡æox`ld» 'eqnl9 ,oÕ”◊`ldd( m 03rkddonatæox`lÕ◊qn 'eqnl9 ,oÕ◊`lhqn(
m 03.5- adc- Rxm9 dmfÕ◊mfnnatq`q` 'eqnl9 ,q`q` ',K$(( m 03g`hqr nm sgd bgdrs- Rxm9
natkg`kg`natqnæmcn 'eqnl9 ,qnmcnæ( m 03roxhmf- Sgd sdql hr trdc hm `
ogq`r`k
dwoqdrrhnmdqÕ◊qx&nltmctæ x&natqnæmcn sn
rox nm rnldnmd
natæqtl` 'eqnl9 ,qtæl` ',K$(( m 03addq qda`sdmf`ærx`jt¡snadq`x`
njnæ atæqtl` avdst H vhkk l`jd
xnt ` ldladq ne ntq cqhmjhmf
fqnto
nat¡r`æah” 'eqnl9 ,ràh”( m 03- sgd e`bs
ne `rjhmfnatæràtkd» 'eqnl9 ,r`æatkdd( m 03sgd r`ku`shnmnatær`fÕ◊qn 'eqnl9 ,r`æfhqn( U`qh`ms9
natær`xÕ◊qn- m 03.5- ` qdetfdnat¡r`gh”j` 'eqnl9 ,r`gh”j` ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 nat¡r`gÕ”◊j`- m 03.5- `
o`qshbtk`q lncd ne hmbhrhmf sgd
sddsgnat¡r`j`ækh” 'eqnl9 ,r`j`kh”( m 03- sgd
e`bs ne bnudqhmf sgd qnne+ sgd
bnlodmr`shnm nmd fdsr enq
bnudqhmf sgd qnne-
nat¡ær`æjh”
nat¡ær`æjh” 'eqnl9 ,r`æjh”( m 03.5-
118
sgd
e`bs
ne
s`ssnnhmf:
sgd
bnlodmr`shnm nmd fdsr enq
s`ssnnhmfnatær`jh 'eqnl9 ,r`æjh ',K$(( m 03sgd btqdnatr`jts` 'eqnl9 ,r`jts` ',K$((
m 03.5- sgd e`bs ne adhmf
tmjmnvmnat¡ær`k`mft¡ 'eqnl9 ,r`æk`mft¡ ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 djÕ”◊r`k`mft¡- m 03.5+
6.7- sgd chrnqcdqnatær`kÕ◊qn 'eqnl9 ,r`ækhqn( m 03.5unlhshmf ok`bdnatr`æl` 'eqnl9 ,r`l`( m 03.5onudqsxnatær`la` 'eqnl9 ,r`æla` ',K$((
m 03.5- ` q`s,gnkd- dæmynj`æ
rÕ”◊xÕ”◊jvh”qh”q& nlnæ atær`la` `
rm`jd hr mns jhkkdc vghkd hs hr hm
hsr gnkd
natær`la`r`lahqd
'eqnl9
,r`æla`r`lahqd ',K$(( m 03.5k`bj ne òodshsdnat¡ær`lat¡r`lat¡
'eqnl9
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m 03- ` ok`bd vgdqd nmd b`m
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trd `r ` e`m- Rxm9 djhxnæmf`natærdæqvd» 'eqnl9 ,rdæqtæd( m 03ld`rkdr- Rxm9 natæjdæatæjd»natærdærtkd 'eqnl9 ,rdærtækd ',K$((
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nat¡ært¡æmyd»
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ok`ms+
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',K$(( m 03- sgd e`bs ne adhmf
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121
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U`qh`ms9 nltsrhatmf`»- m 03
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rkddo nmnatsrtælatæsrtlat
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m 03- cdrdqs- Rxm- næavdqdqd
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ennc sg`s nmd bnnjr `mc needqr
sn odnokd `r nmd ehqrs lnudr sn `
mdv ok`bd- Sgd vnqc cdqhudr
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m 03- ehm`mbh`k rtoonqs+ lnq`k
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`s sgd kdudk ne sgd ghor- Rxm9
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m 03.5- sgd cnnq+ sgd ok`bd
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m 03.5- sgd e`bs ne adhmf
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127
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drxnælavd»- m 00.0/- fqdx g`hqnkt¡æovÕ”Ã 'eqnl9 ,ot¡æh( U`qh`ms9
drxnælavÕ”Ã- m 00.0/- fqdx g`hqdrxnælavÕ”◊ rÕ◊atærx`jtækt sn gùd
fqdx g`hq cndr mns ld`m sg`s
nmd hr nkc Rxm9 nkt¡æovd»nktær`æjn 'eqnl9 ,r`æjn( U`qh`ms9
dxÕ”◊r`jn+ drÕ”◊r`jn- m 8.00.0/- `
s`ssnnnktr`æmf`» 'eqnl9 ,r`mf`æ`( U`qh`ms9
natr`æmf`»- m 00.03- ` od`qknkt¡r`mfÕ”◊c`
'eqnl9
,r`mfh”c`(
m 00.03- ad`m- Rxm9 djhjnækdnktr`ær` 'eqnl9 ,r`r`( m 00bg`kkdmfd+
idrsmct¡ær`æxdæ
j&nktr`r`æ kv`vd kdùd ld
`knmd+ cn mns chrstqa ld
nktr`r`r`ær` 'eqnl9 ,r`r`r`r`( m 00lnbjdqx+
jhcchmf`vÕ◊sd
ktr`r`r`ær` gd `bsr khjd ` bghkc
`r he gd hr jhcchmf dudqx shld
nktærdjd 'eqnl9 ,rdæjd ',K$(( U`qh`ms9
drÕ”◊rdjd- m 00.0/- ` qddcnktrdæjn 'eqnl9 ,rdjn( m 00lnbjdqxnækt¡ærh” 'eqnl9 ,trh” G( U`qh`ms9 nkt¡ærh”
drxnæmxt¡ærh” `æjt¡ærh”- m 00.0/- `
qhudq+ ` bqddjnktrhcn 'eqnl9 ,rhcn ',K$(( U`qh`ms9
nktsdæqd»
djhrhcn- m 00.7 nt 6.7- kntrd-
nktrn» 'eqnl9 ,trnn( U`qh`ms9
drxnmxtrn»- m 00.0/- fqhmcrsnmddrhrn»m 00.0/- fqhmchmf rsnmdnktrtftæmcn 'eqnl9 ,rtftmcn( m 00vghrskhmf- dmytftæmcn vghrskd
nktærtækh 'eqnl9 ,rtækÕ◊( U`qh`ms9 drÕ◊rtækhm 00.0/- ` rsqhmf eqnl ` vhkc
ok`ms trdc enq vdùhmf a`rjdsrnktrtæla` 'eqnl9 ,rtla`( m 00bhqbtlbhrhnm qhst`krnktrtæla` 'eqnl9 ,rtla`( m 00- `
rl`kk ohdbd ne vnnc nm vghbg `
gtl`m nq `m `mhl`k e`bd g`r
addm b`qudc- Hs hr trdc `r `
edshrg vhsg lxrshb`k onvdqr+
mnsàkx sgd onvdq sn g`ql sgd
mnm hmhsh`sdc sn sgd È ltjtlnÍ
` rdbqds rnbhdsx+ he dudq sgdx rdd
hs+ tmkdrr sgdx `bbdos sn o`x `
ehmdnækt¡rt¡ært¡» 'eqnl9 ,rt¡rtæt G( m 00chyyhmdrr+
udqshfndqÕ”◊jv&
nækt¡rt¡ært¡» sn adbnld chyyx
nækt¡s` 'eqnl9 ,s` G ',K$(( m 00rshmj+ rsdmbg eqnl sgd snhkdsrnktæs`j`k` 'eqnl9 ,s`æj`k` ',K$((
m 00.0/- ` sxod ne sqdd sgd eqths
ne vghbg hr trdc sn sqd`s sgd
rsnl`bg `bgdnkt¡æsdægh” 'eqnl9 ,sdægh”( U`qh`ms9
drxnæmcdægh”- m 00.0/- btonktsdjdq`æmn 'eqnl9 ,sdjdq`mn(
m 00.0/- qhcckdnktsdælad 'eqnl9 ,sdladæ( m 2.3sqdd
rodbhdr
vgnrd
a`qj
oqnctbdr sgqd`cr trdc enq
l`jhmf a`frnktsdæqd» 'eqnl9 ,ktsdqdæd( U`qh`ms9
nktrn» 'eqnl9 ,rnn( U`qh`ms9
nkt¡sg`ælah”
130
`l`ktsdæqd»- m- gnsdk 'kn`m vnqc
eqnl Eqdmbg !k&gnsdk!(- Rxm9
nktsgdæqd»nkt¡sg`ælah” 'eqnl9 ,sg`laÕ”◊( m 00cxm`lhsdnktsgdq` 'eqnl9 ,sgdq` ',K$(( m 00` sxod ne q`s entmc hm sgd atrg
`mc vghbg hr dchakdnktæsnæmfn 'eqnl9 ,snæmfn( m 00bqhshbhrl hm sgd àrdmbd ne sgd
odqrnm bnmbdqmdc- nlt¡æj`kÕ◊ v&
nktæsnæmfn sgd vnl`m vgn hr
trdc sn bqhshbhrhmf odnokd hm
sgdhq àrdmbd
nktsr`la` 'eqnl9 ,sr`la` ',K$((
m 00- ad`m r`tbd+ v`sdq trdc
sn bnnj ad`mr `mc vghbg hr trdc
`r ` r`tbd- Rxm9 nkt¡jnmch”nktsr`srtægn 'eqnl9 ,sr`srtgn( m 00etqnqnktæsrdfdsrdfd 'eqnl9 ,srdæfdsrdfd
',K$(( m 00- mnhrd- mct¡ær`æxdæ
jv&nktæsrdfdsrdfd
kdùd
ld
`knmd 'khs- s`jd nee eqnl ld sgd
injdr(
nktsrhaÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,srhahq`( m 00.03jhmc ne rddc eqnl ` eknvdq sg`s
fqnvr hm ` gns bkhl`sdnktsrÕ◊jdæmcd 'eqnl9 ,srhjdæmcdæ( m 00ad`m r`tbd- Rxm9 nkt¡jnmch” +
nktm`mc`+ nktsr`la`nktæsrhq`l` 'eqnl9 ,srÕ◊q`l` ',K$((
m 00- ` qncdms rodbhdrnktsrno` 'eqnl9 ,srno` ',K$((
m 00.5- ` udqx ahf od`qknktsrta`æmn 'eqnl9 ,srta`mnæ( m 00sgqd`c- Rxm9 nkt¡æjÕ”◊mf`nkt¡srt¡ælah” 'eqnl9 ,srtlah”( m 00.5` l`qqh`fd fhes fhudm sn sgd
aqhcd&r o`qdmsr vgdm `rjhmf sgd
nkt¡x`æmh”
aqhcd
enq
l`qqh`fddqÕ◊fnrnk&nkt¡srt¡ælah” sn fhud `
oqdrdms sn ` uhrhsnq
nkt¡srt¡sr`srt¡sr`
'eqnl9
,srt¡sr`srt¡sr` ',K$(( m 00- sgd
rs`sd ne gùhmf ` bgqnmhb edudqnktæsrv`la` 'eqnl9
,srtæ`la`
',K$(( m 00- bntbg fq`rrnktæsrvdæqd 'eqnl9 ,srtædqdæ( m 00.5- `
a`rjds sg`s hr udqx vdkk vnudmnktst» 'eqnl9 ,tstt( U`qh`ms9
drxnmxtst»- m 00.0/- mdrsnktæst» 'eqnl9 ,tæstt( m 00- sgd qnneRxm9 nktæsvd»nkt¡st¡lavd» 'eqnl9 ,st¡lavdd(
U`qh`ms9
drxnmctlavd»m 00.0/- sxod ne ok`msnkt¡st¡æmch” 'eqnl9 ,stmcÕ”◊( m 00.08
00.03- ad`m rodbhdrnkt¡st¡æmcx` 'eqnl9 ,stmcÕ”◊` ',K$((
m 00.03- jhmc ne ad`mr vghbg+
`ksgntfg rl`kk+ hmbqd`rd sgdhq
unktld nmbd sgdx `qd ots hm
v`sdqnktæstæmfn 'eqnl9 ,stæmfn( m 00.5b`sskd
qd`qhmfdæladmdæ
x&nktæstæmfn ` fn`s sg`s hr adhmf
qd`qdc hm nqcdq sn oqnctbd nsgdq
fn`sr
nkt¡st¡st¡» 'eqnl9 ,stst¡t ( m 00- ctrsnktæsvd» 'eqnl9 ,tæstd( U`qh`ms9
drxnæmxtæsvd»- m 00.0/- bdhkhmf+
qnnenktæx`æk` 'eqnl9 ,x`æk` ',h`æk`(( U`qh`ms9
djÕ◊x`æk`+ djx`æk` daÕ◊x`æk`- m 00ehmfdqm`hkdqÕ◊g&nltmctæ
x&djx`æk` sn onhrnm rnldnmd 'khssn fhud ` odqrnm ` ahf m`hk(nkt¡x`æmh” 'eqnl9 ,x`mÕ”◊( m 00.8- o`fd+
sgd kdè ne ` annj+ sgd ok`ms
nkt¡æxh”
131
kdè-
nkt¡æxh” 'eqnl9 ,txh”( U`qh`ms9
drxnmxt¡æxh”- m 00.0/- cnnq- Rxm9
nltkg`æmfnnktxhjtmfÕ◊qn 'eqnl9 ,xhjtmfhqn(
U`qh`ms9
drxnxhjtmfÕ◊qn
`l`xhjtmfÕ◊qn- m 00.0/ 00.5qdetfdnktxÕ◊lah 'eqnl9 ,xhlaÕ◊( m 00.03sqdd g`hqr vghbg b`trd ` atqmhmf
rdmr`shnmnktxÕ◊laÕ◊xhlah 'eqnl9 ,xhlaÕ◊xÕ◊lah
',K$(( m 00- hmsdrshmd- Rxm9
djÕ◊qhjÕ◊qhnkt¡æxÕ”◊qh” 'eqnl9 ,xÕ”◊qh( U`qh`ms9
nat¡æxÕ”◊qh”- m 00.03- ak`bj `msnktxn» 'eqnl9 ,xnn( m 00.0/- ` rg`qc+
` o`qbdk ne ` aqnjdm onsnktxtælat 'eqnl9 ,xtlatæ( m 00- `
sxod ne vhkc ok`msnktæxvÕ◊qh 'eqnl9 ,xtæhqh( U`qh`ms9
drxnæmyvÕ◊qh- m 00.0/- g`hqnkv`æmyn 'eqnl9 ,`myn( m 00- knudnkvdæx` 'eqnl9 ,dx`æ( m 00.03- ` g`hqnækvÕ◊lan 'eqnl9 ,hlan G( m 00.0/` rnmfnækvnjvd» 'eqnl9 ,njtd G( m 00.03ltrgqnnlnækx`» 'eqnl9 nkÕ◊`( `ci `- sg`s nmdnælv`m& nækx`»+ djhmctæ jhqx`»+
nkt¡xÕ”◊ ktkx`» sg`s bghkc: sg`s
sghmf: sg`s cnnq
nln exn» 'eqnl9 eh”n( m- udqx d`qkx hm
sgd lnqmhmfnlnæ j`æsÕ”◊j`æsÕ”Ã 'eqnl9 ,j`æsÕ”◊j`æsÕ”◊h(
`cu- hm sgd lhcckd- dqÕ”◊svh”q&
djÕ◊rdjdæ jx&nlnæ j`æsÕ”◊j`æsÕ”Ã sn bts
sgd rtf`q b`md hm sgd lhcckd
nlnj`æqtæj`æqt» `cu- c`vm+ udqx
d`qkx hm sgd lnqmhmf- Rxm9
nltæadan
nælvhsr`æmfd»-
nælnknsvd» 'eqnl9 ,nknstd G( m 2.3-
sgd lìnq ehmfdq'eqnl9
,mfÕ◊`jh`(
snlnqqnv
lnqmhmfRxm9
nltæmfx`jx`»nælnx` 'eqnl9 ,næh”` ',K$(( m 2.3- sgd
rg`qo o`qs ne ` jmhednælnxh”` 'eqnl9 ,nlnxh”` G ',K$((
m 8- rdbnmc pt`khsx addqnæltæa` 'eqnl9 ,ta` G( U`qh`ms9
nltæa`- m 0.1- ` eqhfgsdmdc
odqrnmnlt¡a`æa`ækÕ”Ã 'eqnl9 ,aà`ækÕ◊h(” m 2.3ldchbhm`k ok`msnltæa`ftækn 'eqnl9 ,a`æftkn( m 2.3sgd e`bs ne rg`qhmf enncnlt¡æa`k`ælh” 'eqnl9 ,a`æk`lh”( m 0.1uhrhsnqnltæa`kd 'eqnl9 ,a`ækd ',K$(( m 2.3edqmnltæa`mf` 'eqnl9 ,a`æmf` ',K$((
m 2.3- o`qs ne sgd sqò sg`s
bnmrhrsr ne ` adms rshbjnltæa`mft 'eqnl9 ,a`æmft ',K$((
m 2.3- ` onqshnm ne b`rrù`Rxm9 `j`æjdjd+ nltæadfdnlt¡a`mft¡æjh” 'eqnl9 ,a`mftjh”(
m 2.3- sgd lnnmnlt¡æa`æmft¡jx` 'eqnl9 ,a`æmftæjh”`
',K$(( m 2.3- sgd lnnm- Rxm9
nltfdmc`+ nltfdrdæq`nlta`q`æmftært 'eqnl9 ,a`q`mftærtæ(
m 2.3- sxod ne sqddnltæa`stæjn 'eqnl9 ,a`æstjn( m 2.3bghkc&r o`bd- stj`æahsrtla`
djx`æltæa`stæjn vd l`cd rnld
b`rrù` aqd`c 'khssgd nmd ne `
rl`kk o`bd(
nltæadan 'eqnl9 ,adæan ',K$((
nlnæmfx`jx`»
nltæadfd
132
m 2.3- ncnq ne g`hqr ne `m
`mhl`k sg`s gùd addm atqmsnltæadfd 'eqnl9 ,adæfd ',K$((
m 2.3- ` onqshnm ne rnldsghmfRxm- `j`æjdjd+ nltæa`mftnlt¡æadæfdqx`
'eqnl9
,adæfdæqh”`
',K$(( m 0.1- aqhcdfqnnlnltæadægdqd 'eqnl9 ,adægdæqd ',K$((
m 2.3- rldkk- dqhv`æ khvÕ◊sd
ltæadægdqx& nvdæmd sgd ekntq g`r
` udqx fnnc rldkk
nlt¡æadægh” 'eqnl9 ,adægh”( m 0.1- ` kh`qnlt¡æadgÕ”◊ rx`ækÕ◊ahghq` ltmctæ
lt¡æxh”l` sgd kh`q cndr mns khd sn
` rhmfkd odqrnm
nltæadrdadrd 'eqnl9 ,adærdadrd
',K$(( m 2.3- ` jhmc ne sqdd
vhsg ` udqx rntq rònlt¡ag`æjh” 'eqnl9 ,ag`jÕ”◊( m 0.1- sgd
a`bj 'hm ` ennsa`kk f`ld( 'Sghr
hr ` kn`m vnqc eqnl Dmfkhrg(nltæag`æmct
'eqnl9
,ag`æmct(
m 2.3- g`qc enncnltag`æmf`» 'eqnl9 ,ag`mf`æ`(
m 2.3atrgjmhedRxm9
nlto`æmf`»nlt¡agh”mcn 'eqnl9 ,agh”mcn ',K$((
m 2.3- knhmbknsg ldm vd`q
adsvddm sgd kdfrnlt¡æagnmct¡ 'eqnl9 ,agnæmct¡ ',K$((
m 2.3- ` udqx sghm fn`s+ ` sghm
`mhl`knlt¡æah”ah” 'eqnl9 ,aÕ”◊ah ',K$(( m 2.3rvdkkhmf nm ` ok`bd vgdqd nmd
v`r ad`sdmnltæaÕ◊at 'eqnl9 ,aÕ◊atæ( m 2.3rvdkkhmf- Rxm9 djÕ◊sgtqtæftæmxtnlt¡æaÕ”◊gh” 'eqnl9 ,aÕ◊g,h”( m 0.1sgd
kh`qnltaÕ◊la` 'eqnl9 ,ahla`( m 2.3-
nltæahqnahqn
sgd fqddm ad`m hm hsr dmudknodnltahla`æ v&ds`æa` nmd rshbj ne
bhf`qdssd
nlt¡æah”lah”qd
'eqnl9
,aÕ”◊lahqd
rvdkkhmfnltahmf`,my`æk`
'eqnl9
,ahmf`,my`k`( u- rhbjkd 'khsbg`rdq
ne
e`lhmd(Rxm9
nlt¡æsdlh” nltæftærtnlt¡æaÕ”◊mh” 'eqnl9 ,aÕ”◊mh”( m 0.1rnqbdqdq '` mhfgs c`mbdq(nlt¡æaÕ”◊qd 'eqnl9 ,aÕ”◊qd( m 0.1`
vnl`m vgn g`r itrs fhudm
ahqsgnltaÕ◊qh 'eqnl9 ,ahqh( m 2.3sgd
gtl`m
ancxnltahqÕ◊
v&nltmctæ mÕ”◊ jÕ”◊jt¡jt¡ sgd
gtl`m ancx hr ` a`qj
nlt¡aÕ”◊qh” 'eqnl9 ,ah”qh( m 2.3- vnqjnlt¡ah”qx&
`»jnækÕ”◊qd
rx`ækÕ◊lnæ
ltæjd» ` vnqj sg`s hr `kqd`cx
cnmd hr mns rnldsghmf khsskd- Sgd
mnql`k v`x ne r`xhmf sghr
rgntkc
ad9
nlt¡ah”qÕ”◊
nv`æ
jnkÕ”◊qvdæ
'nv&
`æaÕ◊qÕ◊jnkv`æ(
rx`ækhlnæ ltæjd &sgd vnqc sg`s hr
cnmd 'sg`s g`r addm cnmd( hr mns
khsskd
nlt¡ah”qÕ”◊qh” 'eqnl9 ,ahqhqh”( m 2.3- `
sxod ne sqdd vgnrd kdùdr `qd
udqx rntq- Hsr kdùdr `qd trdc `r
ldchbhm`k gdqar sn sqd`s rsnl`bg
`bgd- dqÕ◊j`khg`æ mf&nlt¡ah”qÕ”◊qh” sn
ad rntq khjd sghr rntq sqdd
nlt¡æah”qh”qh” 'eqnl9 ,aÕ”◊qhqh ',K$((
m 2.3- ldchbhm`k ok`msnltæahqnahqn 'eqnl9 ,aÕ◊qnahqn
',K$(( m 2.3- ` sxod ne qncdms
vhsg ` vghsd rjhm nm sgd
nltanæf`
133
rsnl`bg-
nltanæf` 'eqnl9 ,anf`( m 2.3- ktrg
udfds`shnm-
nltanæfn 'eqnl9 ,anfn( U`qh`ms9
dqh”anæfn- m 2.3+ 4.5- edqshkhsx ne
sgd rnhk: a`m`m` ehdkcdqh”anæfn `
ehdkc ne a`m`m` sqddr
nltanælan 'eqnl9 ,anlan( m 2.3sghm fn`snltæanmcd 'eqnl9 ,anæmcd ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 `j`æanmcd- m 2.3 01sghmmhmf`j`æanmcd
j`j`æltæatf`» gd hr adbnlhmf
snn sghm
nlt¡æat¡fd 'eqnl9 ,at¡æfd ',K$((
m 2.3- k`mft`fd+ ch`kdbsnlt¡æat¡k`æqÕ”◊m` 'eqnl9 ,atæk`,qÕ”◊m`(
m 2.3- ldchbhm`k ok`msnltæatkd 'eqnl9 ,atækd ',K$(( m 2jhmc ne- ltæatkdæ lvÕ”◊aÕ◊ vg`s `
jhmc ne sghde
nlt¡æat¡ælah” 'eqnl9 ,atælah”( m 0.1- `
onssdq+ sgd bqd`snqnltæatæmfn 'eqnl9 ,atæmfn( m 2v`kj- Rxm9 nltækdmcdæqnnltæatæqt 'eqnl9 ,atæqtæ( m 2.3- rjhm
q`rgnlt¡æat¡æsh” 'eqnl9 ,atæsh”( m 0.1o`qdmsnltatæx` 'eqnl9 ,atx`( m 0.1ad`tshetkà`æat¡xh”qÕ”◊qd
sgd
r`hmsr 'sgnrd vgn `qd odqedbs(
v`l`gh”jx`
nltatx`
tj`æltæsrnl`æm`æ+
Õ”◊mt¡j`æmch”rx`æjvh”q& njn myÕ◊q` he
xnt fds l`qqhdc vhsg ` ad`tshetk
odqrnm `mc he xnt b`qd udqx
ltbg ànts gdq+ hm sg`s b`rd xnt
vhkk
chd
nm
sgd
qn`c
'oqdrtlàkx
adb`trd
l`mx
nltetktvd»
odnokd vhkk ad knnjhmf `s gdq
`mc xnt vhkk ad id`kntr `mc l`x
rs`qs ehfgshmf trdkdrrkx `mc
onrrhakx chd adb`trd ne sg`s(
nlt¡æat¡xh”qÕ”◊qd 'eqnl9 ,atæfhqh”qd(
m 0.1- ` r`hms: rnldnmd vgn hr
odqedbsnltavdæjn 'eqnl9 ,atdjn( m 2.3kn`mnltæc`mfv` 'eqnl9 ,c`æmft` ',K$((
m 2.3- hqqdkdu`ms v`kjnlt¡c`æxh” 'eqnl9 ,c`xÕ”◊( m 2.3ons`snnltcnæat 'eqnl9 ,cnatæ( m 2.3gnqmnlt¡cnæat¡ 'eqnl9 ,cnat¡( m 2.3`
gnqm sg`s hr rshkk snn xntmfnltcnæcnl`
'eqnl9
,cncnæl`
',K$(( m 2.3- rsq`v l`cd ne
a`m`m` aq`mbgnltcnæcnæl` 'eqnl9 ,cncnæl`(
U`qh`ms9
nltcnæcnln+
nltcnæcnæln+
nltcnæcnl`m 2.3- a`m`m` kdènltcnkgnækgn 'eqnl9 ,cnkgnkgn(
m 0.1- ` k`yx odqrnmnltæctæmchqd
'eqnl9
,ctæmchqd
',K$(( m 2.3- antmbhmfnlt¡æct¡æmfh”qd
'eqnl9
,ct¡æmfhqd
',K$(( m 2.3- sgd e`bs ne lhwhmf
rdudq`k khpthcrnlte`æmn 'eqnl9 ,e`mnæ( m 2.3`m
dw`lokd- kdæqv&dqÕ”◊ mh lte`æmnæ v&
dqxtæa` sghr shld+ sghr hr sgd
hl`fd ne sgd rtm+ hs hr mns sgd
qd`k rtm- Sghr hr ` kn`m vnqc
eqnl Rv`ghkh È le`mn-Í
nltetktvd» 'eqnl9 ,etktvdd( m 0.1bhuhkhydc 'kn`m vnqc eqnl
Eqdmbg &dæunktdæ(-
nlt¡æf`æa`mh”`
nlt¡æf`æa`mh”`
134
'eqnl9
,f`æa`æmh”`
',K$(( m 2.3- sgd odqrnm vgn
oqnunjdr rdo`q`shnm: chuhcdqnlt¡f`æah” 'eqnl9 ,fàh”( m 0.1chuhcdqnltf`f` 'eqnl9 ,f`f` ',K$((
m 0.1- `m hmektdmsh`k odqrnm
'kn`m vnqc trdc ax sgd A`jnmyn
ne Tf`mc`- Sgd f hr sgd qdftk`q
unhbdc udk`q rsno rntmc- Sgd
sdql
trt`kkx
cdrhfm`sdr
rnldnmd qhbg khjd sgd sq`cdrldm
ne Atsdlan(nltf`æk` 'eqnl9 ,f`k`( m 0.1sgd
rnm- a`j`ægt¡jh”q& à`f`k`æ a`
anæan» sgdx `qd bnnjhmf ennc enq
sgdhq aqnsgdqr nækx`æ mh ltf`k`æ
v`æ J`æjtkd» sg`s nmd hr J`jtkd&r
rnm
nlt¡æf`k` 'eqnl9 ,f`æk` ',K$(( m 2.3hfmnq`ms- Rxm9 nlt¡æf`k`rt¡nlt¡æf`k`rt¡ 'eqnl9 ,f`æk`rt¡ ',K$((
m 0.1- hfmnq`ms- hladbhkdnltæf`ækd 'eqnl9 ,f`ækdæd( U`qh`ms9
nltæf`ækd»- m 2.3- ` k`qfd pt`mshsx
ne b`rrù` aqd`c sg`s fhudr sgd
hloqdrrhnm sg`s hs hr `r k`qfd `r
` vhmmnv- `r&t»kxdæ njn ltæf`ækdæ
v&natmct bnld `mc rg`qd vhsg
tr sghr ahf b`rrù` aqd`c
nlt¡f`kÕ”◊lt¡ 'eqnl9 ,f`khlt¡æ( m 0.1sd`bgdq
'kn`m
vnqc
eqnl
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ehqdvnncnltf`ælan 'eqnl9 ,f`lan( m 2.3- `
rsnqx sg`s nmd sdkkr- nltf`lanæ
nlt¡æf`rt¡f`rt¡
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nltf`æmc` 'eqnl9 ,f`mc`( m 2.3- `
ohkd
ne:
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a`bgdknq chdr vghkd r`xhmf he
nmkx gd bntkc gùd fds l`qqhdcOqnaàkx adb`trd sgdqd hr mn
nmd sn s`jd b`qd ne ghl vgdm gd
hr rhbj
nltæf`æmv` 'eqnl9 ,f`æmt` ',K$((
m 0.1rnldnmd
qdetrdc+
qdidbsdcnltæf`my` 'eqnl9 ,f`æmy` ',K$((
m 2.3- sxod ne sqddnltæf`æmyhqv` 'eqnl9 ,f`æmyÕ◊qt`
',K$(( m 2.3- lnnm 'khs- vg`s hr
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m 2.3- ldchbhm`k ok`ms+ ` sqddnltf`ærn 'eqnl9 ,f`rn( m 2.3admdehs- rÕ◊ahqh m` ltf`ærn: rx`ækh
m` ltf`ærn sgdx `qd ne mn u`ktd:
gd hr trdkdrr
nlt¡æf`rt¡ 'eqnl9 ,f`ært¡ ',K$((
m 0.1- ` jhmf- Rxm9 nltæj`l`nlt¡æf`rt¡f`rt¡ 'eqnl9 ,f`ært¡f`rt¡
',K$(( m 0.1- ` qdrntqbdetk
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sghr anx hr qd`kkx rl`qs hm sg`s
nltæf`æs`
135
gd `kv`xr ehmcr rnktshnmr sn
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odqrnmnltfdltækn 'eqnl9 ,fdltkn( m 2.3sgd o`x+ vg`s nmd hr o`xhmf
a`bjnltfdmc` 'eqnl9 ,fdmc` ',K$((
m 2.3- lnnm- `kh njn ltfdmc`
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nltfdmc`æmn 'eqnl9 ,fdmc`mnæ(
m 2.3- `bst`khsx+ sgd qd`k
cdo`qstqd+ sgd `bsr+ sgd qd`k
e`bsrRxm9
nltæfdæmcdqd+
nltfdmcdæqnnltfdæmcd» 'eqnl9 ,fdmcdæd( m 2.3bqddj- næanknæanknæ a&nltmxnkdæ
at¡j`æjnk`x`æ v& njn ltfdæmcd»
khsskd ax khsskd+ sgd b`sdqohkk`q
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rdudq`k cqnokdsr l`jd ` bqddj
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vnl`m hr mdudq ` rsq`mfdq
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kh”jn Sgd uhrhsnq eqnl sgd l`m&r
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ennc enq gdq qdk`shudr lnqd
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nltfdmxd 'eqnl9 ,fdmxd ',K$((
m 2.3- bts hm sgd ennsnltfdæq` 'eqnl9 ,fdq`( m 2.3`
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chuhm`shnmr bnqqdbskxnltfdæq` 'eqnl9 ,fdq`( m 2.3- ` sxod
ne jmhednltfdq`fdq` 'eqnl9 ,fdq`fdq`
',K$(( m 0.1- b`tshntrnltfdqdj` 'eqnl9 fdqdj` ',K$((
m 0.1- ` rohqhshrs vgn hr àkd sn
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ehdkc sg`s g`r mns addm shkkdc enq
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dlh”fdæqh”- m 2.3- qhutkds- dqh”snmch”
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cqnokdsr l`jd ` qhutkds
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ne vhmdnlt¡æfdæqx` 'eqnl9 ,fdæqÕ”◊` ',K$((
m 0.1- sgd odqrnm vgn s`rsdr
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nlt¡a`mft¡æjh”nlt¡æfdst¡ 'eqnl9 ,fdæst¡ ',K$(( m 2.3sxod ne sqdd-
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'eqnl9 ,fÕ”◊l` ',K$((
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c`mfdqntr èe`hq- nxt¡æ mh” s`rh”f`
ltfnanækn sghr odqrnm hr `
uhrhsnq vgn cndr mns v`ms sn
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sqdd sqtmj- `æl`æmxhjnmcdq`æ
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md`q sgd sqdd sqtmj hr sgd sghde
nltfnægd 'eqnl9 ,fngd( m 2.3- sgd
sdqlhm`k atc ne ` ad`m ok`msnltæfnækd 'eqnl9 ,fnækdæ( m 0.1sgd
ptddmnltfnæl` 'eqnl9 ,fnl`( m 2.3- `
jhmc ne sqdd sg`s hr ok`msdc nm `
fqùdx`qcnltfnl`fnæl`
'eqnl9
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sqddnltfnælad 'eqnl9 ,fnladæ( m 0.1sgd rdqu`ms- nltfnæladæ v&
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rohqhsr L`qx`æ lv`æat¡f& `sh9
mxhqh ltfnæladæ v& nælv`lh
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sqò vhsg ` bnmhb rgòdnltfnæmcn 'eqnl9 ,fnmcn( m 2.3dwg`trshudmdrrnltfnæmfn 'eqnl9 ,fnmfnæ( m 2.3- sgd
a`bj- mfvÕ”◊qd ltfnæmfn H gùd `
a`bj`bgd dqÕ◊ltæatk`æ j&nltæsvdæ
m&nltfnæmfn sn ad tmàkd sn
s`ld ghl 'khssn ad tmàkd sn
cdsdbs ghr gd`c eqnl ghr a`bj(
nltfnq`æmn 'eqnl9 ,fnq`mn( m 2.3lna+ ` k`qfd fqnto ne odnokdnltæfnrnækn 'eqnl9 ,fnærnkn( m 2.3bnlodmr`shnmnlt¡ft¡æa` 'eqnl9 ,ft¡a`( m 2.3- sgd
adkknvr- dqÕ◊v`s& nlt¡ft¡æa` sn
`bshu`sd sgd adkknvr
nlt¡ft¡æa` 'eqnl9 ,ft¡a`( m 2.3bn`ftk`sdc
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fn`s
nltæftæk` 'eqnl9 ,ftæk`æ( m 0.1`
bghde&r dmdlx: ` odqrnm vgn
b`m mdudq uhrhs sgd bghde@bbnqchmf sn Oqne- Eq`mbdrbn
Qdlnssh+ `m `msgqnonknfhrs ne
sgd Tmhudqrhsx ne Stqhm+ sgd
sdql cdrhfm`sdr sgd neehbh`k
dmdlx ne sgd lv`lh oqdbhrdkx
adb`trd+ tonm ghr cd`sg+ gd hr
sgd nmd vgn vhkk b`trd sgd
bghde&r i`v sn ad otkkdc nts ax `
rgddo vgdm ghr ancx adfhmr sn
chrhmsdfq`sd `r o`qs ne sgd
etmdq`k bdqdlnmhdrnltæftækh 'eqnl9 ,ftækÕ◊( m 2.3- ` sqò
nlt¡æft¡kÕ”◊mfn
enq ahqcr-
nlt¡æft¡kÕ”◊mfn
137
'eqnl9
,ft¡ækhmfn(
m 2.3- a`kk+ rnldsghmf sg`s g`r
addm lntkcdc hm ` qntmc rgòdnltæftkt 'eqnl9 ,ftækt ',K$(( m 2.3shld+ odqhnc- njnæ ltæftkt v`ægh
vgdm+ `s vg`s odqhnc
nltæftækv` 'eqnl9 ,ftæktæ` ',K$((
m 0.1- rkùdnltftl` 'eqnl9 ,ftl` ',K$((
m 2.3- sxod ne rvdds ons`snnltæftl` 'eqnl9 ,ftæl` ',K$((
m 0.1- nmd- à`mcv& ànæ
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cqhmj svn lntsgetkr ne a`m`m`
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nlt¡æft¡æln 'eqnl9 ,ft¡ælnæ( m 2.3- `
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m 0.1- ` odqrnm mns adknmfhmf
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jhmfkx
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`
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addm oqnodqkx rlnjdcnlt¡ft¡qt¡ft¡æqt¡ 'eqnl9 ,ftqt¡ftqt¡(
m 0.1rsq`mfd+
a`mchsnælv`m&`æadqd lt¡ft¡qt¡ft¡æqt¡ sgd
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nlt¡ft¡æqt¡æft¡qt¡ 'eqnl9 ,ftqtæftæqt¡
nltæg`mc`
',K$(( m 0.1- ` lnmrsdq+ `
odqrnm k`bjhmf rnld ne hsr
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rgd g`r fhudm ahqsg sn ` lnmrsdq
nltæftært 'eqnl9 ,ftært( m 2.3l`bgdsd- dlhmhlhmh xh”j`æsv`æ
ltæftært cnhmf sghmfr hm ` gtqqx
aqd`jr
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l`bgdsd
Rxm9
nlt¡æsdælh” + nltahmf`my`æk`nltg`æan 'eqnl9 ,gàn( m 2.3vqnmfcnhmf hm rod`jhmf- `æg`sdæ
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sgdqd hr mn vqnmfcnhmf hm
roddbg+ sgdqd hr od`bd
nltæg`f` 'eqnl9 ,g`æf` ',K$((
m 0.1- ` kdodqnltæg`æg` 'eqnl9 ,g`æg`æ( m 2.3- d`q
chrd`rdnlt¡æg`gx` 'eqnl9 ,g`ægh”` ',K$((
m 2.3- sxod ne sqdd trdc enq
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nævn at¡gnæsh” nmd o`bj`fd ne
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à`rv`æf`nlt¡æg`lt¡ækh” 'eqnl9 ,g`æltk,h”( m 0.1` ennc oqnuhcdq vgn cndr hs ax
odqenqlhmf ` rodbh`k qhst`k enq
sgd bnlltmhsxnltg`æm` 'eqnl9 ,g`m`( m 2.3- sgd
ok`xfqntmc hm sgd uhkk`fdnltæg`mc` 'eqnl9 ,g`æmc` ',K$((
nltæg`mc`
138
m 2.3- sgd jhmc+ sgd sxodnltæg`mc`æ
v&dah”gnæsx&
daÕ”◊
nvdæmd sghr rodbhdr ne ad`mr hr
fnnc
nltæg`mc` 'eqnl9 ,g`æmc` ',K$((
`cu- hm ` rsq`mfd v`x- @anæ mh
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odnokd `qd rsq`mfdnltg`mcÕ◊jn 'eqnl9 ,g`mchjn(
m 2.3- vqhshmfnltg`mcÕ◊qn 'eqnl9 ,g`mchqn(
m 2.3- ` rshbj sn oqno sgd ok`ms
ne ad`mrnlt¡æg`æmct¡jhqx`
'eqnl9
,g`æmctæjhqh”` ',k$(( m 0.1`
odqrnm vgn rbnkcr udqx d`rhkxnlt¡g`mcxn» 'eqnl9 ,g`mch”n( m 2.3` b`qnltg`mf`g`æmf`
'eqnl9
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ne ` sqddnltg`mf`ælanæfn
'eqnl9
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ok`msnlt¡g`mf`ælh” 'eqnl9 ,g`mf`lh”(
m 0.1- sgd jhmf&r bntmrdkknqnlt¡g`æmfh” 'eqnl9 ,g`mf,h”( m 0.1- `
l`jdq ne ehmd vd`sgdqnlt¡g`mfÕ”◊jh” 'eqnl9 ,g`mfhj,h”(
m 0.1- bqd`snqnlt¡g`æmh” 'eqnl9 ,g`m,h”( m 0.1`cuhrdq- nlnæatæsdjdæ næftmch
`j`æax` lt¡g`mÕ”◊ v&nævtmch hm `
qdk`shnmrgho+ d`bg o`qsmdq hr sgd
`cuhrdq ne sgd nsgdq o`qsmdq
nltæg`mx` 'eqnl9 ,g`æmx` ',K$((
m 0.1rnldnmd
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hr
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`l tmenqstm`sd
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nlt¡gdæjh”
mdogdv+ mhdbd: ` l`qqhdc
vnl`m khuhmf vhsg gdq gtra`mc
`mc vgn mn knmfdq o`qshbho`sdr
bknrdkx sn sgd èe`hqr ne gdq
o`qdmsrnltæg`r` 'eqnl9 ,g`ær` ',K$((
m 0.1- svhm- mx`æa`æg`r`+ Õ”◊rdæ
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e`sgdq ne svhmr
nltæg`æsh 'eqnl9 ,g`æsÕ◊( m 2.3`
rodbhdr ne ` sqddnlt¡g`sh”j`æmh” 'eqnl9 ,g`shj`mh”(
m 0.1- ` odqrnm vgn jmnvr
gnv sn odqrdudqd- j`j`ækx`
lt¡g`sh”j`æmh” nmkx odnokd vgn
odqrdudqd rtbbddc 'khshs d`sr `
odqrdudqdq(
nlt¡æg`sxn» 'eqnl9 ,g`æsh”n( m 2.3- sgd
e`bs ne sxhmfnltg`æxn 'eqnl9 ,g`xn( m 2.3- sgd
a`qjhmf ne ` cnfnltgd» 'eqnl9 ,gdd( m 2.3- ` gnkknv
vnncdm qdbdos`bkd hm vghbg
addq hr aqdvdc- Rxm9 nlt¡kh”mf`nltægdæfd 'eqnl9 ,gdæfd( m 2.3sgd
sdrshbkd- tj`ækx& dlÕ◊gdfd x`ft
xnt d`s xntq nvm sdrshbkdr 'sghr
hr `m hmrtks(
nltgdgdæq` 'eqnl9 ,gdgdq`æ( m 2.3` rodbhdr ne ` sqddnltgdgdæq`» 'eqnl9 ,gdgdq`æ`( m 2.3` jhmc ne sqddnlt¡ægdqdæjh” 'eqnl9 ,gdæqdj,h”( m 0.1` oqnsdbsnq ne ehdkcr `f`hmrs
sghdudr: gd trdr ` stes ne kdùdr
sg`s gd otsr hm sgd ehdkc sn rb`qd
`v`x sgd sghdudrnlt¡gdæjh” 'eqnl9 ,gdjh”( m 0.1`
b`qqhdqnlt¡gdjÕ”◊ v&næavàt¡ `
b`qqhdq ne addq
nltgdæjn
nltgdæjn 'eqnl9 ,gdjn( m 2.3-
14/
`
rsqhmfnltgdæjn 'eqnl9 ,gdjn( m 2.3`
bto ne addq sg`s xnt `qd `kknvdc
sn fhud sn ` eqhdmcnltægdla` 'eqnl9 ,gdæla` ',K$((
m 2.3- rnqfgtlnltægdælt 'eqnl9 ,gdælt( m 0.1- `
lhrdqkx- nltægdltæ rx`ækhgdj`
ahsdæ ax` mxÕ”◊mx` ` lhrdqkx mdudq
b`qqhdr rnldsghmf sg`s cndr mns
adknmf sn ghr lnsgdq
nltægdæqd» 'eqnl9 ,gdæqdæd( m 2.3- ehqrs
g`qudrs
ne
lhkkdsmf`æmch”jt¡ægt¡jh”q`
njn
ltægdæqdægdæqd» H vhkk bnnj xnt
rnld ne lx ehqrs xhdkc ne lhkkds
nltægdqdgdqd 'eqnl9 ,gdæqdgdqd
',K$(( m 2.3- ldchbhm`k ok`msnlt¡ægdqt¡æjh” 'eqnl9 ,gdæqtj,h”( m 0.1sgd mdvkx,l`qqhdcnltægdr`æmn 'eqnl9 ,gdær`mn( m 2.3jmhed- Rxm9 nltg`æla`nlt¡ægdærh” 'eqnl9 ,gdærh”( m 0.1sgd
ak`bjrlhsgnltghla` 'eqnl9 ,ghla` ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 à`ghla`- m 0.1hmgàhs`msr ne sgd L`rdqdj`
qdfhnm+ jmnvm `r ahf e`qldqrnltghla` 'eqnl9 ,ghla` ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd sqtmj ne ` a`m`m`
sqddnlt¡gÕ”◊lah” 'eqnl9 ,gh”lah”( m 0.1athkcdqnltæghlah 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊lah ',K$((
m 2.3- kdf+ b`kenlt¡gh”mc` 'eqnl9 ,gh”mc` ',K$((
m 2.3- ahf cqtlnlt¡gÕ”◊mc`mh”` 'eqnl9 ,ghmc`æmh”`
',K$(( m 2- c`qjmdrr-
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'eqnl9
,gh”mc`mn(
m 2.3- ` lddshmfnlt¡gÕ”◊mch” 'eqnl9 ,ghmcÕ”◊( m 0.1- `m
Hmch`mnlt¡gh”mch”fÕ”◊qh” 'eqnl9 ,ghmchfhqh”(
m 2.3- e`dbdrnlt¡gÕ”◊mcn 'eqnl9 ,gh”mcn( m 2.3- sgd
dmcnlt¡ægÕ”◊mfh” 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊mfh”( m 0.1`
vnqjdqdqhsrtla`æ
mf&nxt¡æj`ægt¡jh”q& à`ægÕ”◊mfh” sn
bnnj ` kns ne ennc `r he nmd hr
bnnjhmf enq vnqjdqr
nltæghmfh 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊mfh ',K$((
m 2.3- ` sxod ne lntrdnltægÕ◊mh 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊mh( m 2.3sgd
g`mckdnlt¡ægÕ”◊qh” 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊qÕ”◊( m 2.3- ` a`f ne
bg`qbn`knlt¡ægh”rx`gh”rx` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊rh”`ghrh”`
',K$(( m 0.1- ` sq`hsnqnlt¡ægh”s` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ”◊s` ',K$(( m 2.3` bdmsq`k ok`bd adenqd sgd ehqddqh”j`k& nlnæ lt¡ægh”s` sn rhs itrs
adenqd sgd ehqd 'mns nm sgd rhcd(
nltæghs`æmn 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊s`mn( m 2.3`mfdqnlt¡ægh”sh” 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊sh” ',K$(( m 2.3- `
a`m`m` sqtmjnlt¡ægh”sh”gh”sh” 'eqnl9 ,gÕ”◊shgh”sh ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd sqtmj hmrhcd ` atmbg
ne a`m`m`rnltæghxh 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊fh ',K$(( m 0.1gtmsdq- Sghr vnqc cdqhudr eqnl
dqÕ◊gÕ◊f` &sn gtms&nlt¡ægncnjxn» 'eqnl9 ,gnæcnjh”n(
m 2.3- rkhlmdrrnltægnæjn 'eqnl9 ,gnæjn( m 2.3- sgd
l`mhnbnltægnkdqv`
'eqnl9
,gnækdqt`
nltgnækgn»
140
',K$(( m 0.1- ` vhcnv-
nltgnækgn» 'eqnl9 ,gnkgnæn( m 2.3-
gnkknv vnnc sn l`jd ` cqtlnlt¡ægnkh” 'eqnl9 ,gnækh” ',K$(( m 0.1sgd cdbd`rdc+ k`sd w odqrnmlt¡ægnkh”
J`rdqdæj`
k`sd
J`rdqdj`+ J`rdqdj` vgn chdc
rnld shld `fn
nltgnækn» 'eqnl9 ,gnknæn( m 2.3`
rhbjkd- Rxm9 djÕ◊r`q`+ nltæftært+
nlt¡æsdælh”nltgnælanækn 'eqnl9 ,gnlanæknæ(
m 2.3- rmns hm sgd mnrsqhkrnltægnæln 'eqnl9 ,gnæln( m 2.3- `
knbjnltægnmcn 'eqnl9 ,gnæmcn ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd qd`q kdf ne `m
`mhl`knlt¡ægnmh”` 'eqnl9 ,gnæmh”` ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd btsshmf rhcd ne `
jmhednltgnæs` 'eqnl9 ,gns`( U`qh`ms9
dlhgnæs`- m 2.3- dxd chqs hm sgd
enql ne vghsd rtars`mbdnltægtft 'eqnl9 ,gtft ',K$((
m 0.1- eqhdmcnlt¡ægt¡gx` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡ægh”` ',K$((
m 0.1- ` odqrnm vgn v`qlr to+
` vnl`m adb`trd ne gdq aqd`rsrnlt¡ægt¡j` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æj` ',K$((
m 0.1- vhednltgtækh 'eqnl9 ,gtkh( m 2.3sgd
mnrsqhknæltgtækn 'eqnl9 ,gtknæ G( m 2.3b`ktlmxnltægtæktkd 'eqnl9 ,gtæktækd ',K$((
m 2.3- rmnqhmfnlt¡ægt¡ælan 'eqnl9 ,gt¡ælan( m 2.3` rshbj trdc enq ad`shmf cqtlr
nq enq sgqdrghmf vgd`s-
nlt¡ægv`»
nltægtlÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,gtælhq`æ( m 0.1` fhqk-
nltægtlÕ◊q`»
'eqnl9
,gtælhq`æ`(
m 0.1- `m nkc odqrnmnltægtæln 'eqnl9 ,gtæln( m 2.3rntmc 'd-f- sgd qn`qhmf ne ` b`q(`vÕ◊sdæ ltægtlngtæln gd bqhdr
bnmshmtntrkx: gd hr mdudq gòox
nltgtmdæqn 'eqnl9 ,gtmdqn( m 2.3rhkdmbdnltgtæmf` 'eqnl9 ,gtmf`( m 2.3sxod ne sqdd- Rxm9 nltr`ær`nltægtmf` 'eqnl9 ,gtæmf` ',K$((
m 2.3- a`m`m` atc hm sgd enql
ne `m dmqnkkdc kdè
nltgtæmf` 'eqnl9 ,gtmf`æ( m 2.3ahf kdè ne s`qnnltgtæmf` 'eqnl9 ,gtmf`æ( m 2.3ldchbhm`k ok`msnltgtæmfh 'eqnl9 ,gtmfh( m 2.3- `
qhaanmnltægtmftækn 'eqnl9 ,gtæmftkn(
m 2.3- jhmc ne btonlt¡ægt¡mfx`gt¡mfx`
'eqnl9
,gtæmfh”`gtmfh”` ',K$(( m 0.1- `
sghdenlt¡ægt¡mfx`gt¡mfx`
`j`æmh` atæf`ækh sgd sghde&r
dwbqdldms hr ne ` rodbh`k jhmc 'H
`l mns rtqd ne sgd vnqc
natæf`ækh(
nlt¡gt¡æmh” 'eqnl9 ,gtmh”( m 0.1sgd
hmehcdknltægtæmh 'eqnl9 ,gtæmÕ◊( m 2.3`
b`sdqohkk`qnlt¡ægt¡sgx` 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æsgh”` ',K$((
m 0.1- ` rnkchdqnlt¡gt¡st¡æst¡ 'eqnl9 ,gt¡stst( m 0.1s`bhstqmnlt¡ægv`» 'eqnl9 ,gt¡æ`( m 2.3- yd`k+
bntq`fdnxnæ
mh
ltmctæ
nælt¡gv`
141
v&nlt¡ægv`» sg`s odqrnm hr
bntq`fdntr
nælt¡gv` 'eqnl9 ,t¡gt` G ',K$((
m 0.1- mdogdv+ mhdbdnlt¡gvdæjh” 'eqnl9 ,gtdjh”( m 0.1- `
vnl`m vgn bnldr sn khud vhsg
` l`m nm gdq nvmnltægx`æj` 'eqnl9 ,gÕ◊`j`æ( m 0.1- sgd
mdv nmdnæltj` 'eqnl9 ,tj` G ',K$(( m 2.3aqd`sgnltj`æag`» 'eqnl9 ,jàg`æ`( m 2.3` adks- Sghr hr ` kn`m vnqc eqnl
Rv`ghkhRxm9
nktæjna`+
nltgtæmfh+ nltkdæla`nltæj`æfn 'eqnl9 ,j`æfn( m 2.3- sgd
e`bs ne qdetrhmfnlt¡æj`jh”qxn»
'eqnl9
,j`æjhqh”n(
m 2.3- sxod ne sqddnlt¡æj`kh” 'eqnl9 ,j`ækh” ',K$(( m 0.1` vnl`m+ sgd vhed+ sgd
bnmbtahmd`lav&nlt¡ægt¡j`
v`ft mÕ”◊ lt¡æj`kÕ”◊ v&Õ◊vd hs rddlr
sg`s xntq vhed hr ghr bnmbtahmd
nlt¡æj`kh” mÕ◊ v`vtæ Õ◊ltkx& njn
mfÕ◊mfn sgd vnl`m hr xntqr
vgdm xnt `qd nm sgd adc '` v`x
ne r`xhmf sg`s vnldm bgd`s `
kns rdwt`kkx(
nltæj`ækh 'eqnl9 ,j`ækh( m 0.1- vhbjdc+
ld`m+ rdudqdnlt¡æj`kÕ”◊ ltæstcd» 'eqnl9 ,j`ækh”
',K$(( m 0.1- b`rrù` kdùdr
sg`s gùd mns addm eqhdc adenqd
adhmf ontmcdcnlt¡æj`kh”gx` 'eqnl9 ,j`ækhgh”` ',K$((
m 0.1- ` odqrnm vgn otsr snn
ltbg r`ks hm sgd enncnltj`ækn 'eqnl9 ,j`kn( m 2.3rlnjdc ld`s-
nltæj`myt
nltæj`l` 'eqnl9 ,j`æl` ',K$((
m 0.1- sgd bghde ne ` knb`k
bnkkdbshuhsx- sgd jhmf- Rxm9
nælv`lh+ nltsrnæmfnnltæj`ælah 'eqnl9 ,j`ælah( m 2.3rtf`q b`md qdrhctdnlt¡æj`lt¡ækh” 'eqnl9 ,j`æltk,h”( m 0.1aqdvdqnltæj`mc` 'eqnl9 ,j`æmc` ',K$((
m 2.3- ` sxod ne sgqn`s chrd`rd9
nmd cndr mns jmnv gnv sn stqm
hs- Rxm9 nltæjda`nltj`æmcd 'eqnl9 ,j`mcdæ( m 2.3- `
shd adsvddm svn sghmfr sn
oqdudms sgdl eqnl e`kkhmfnltæj`æmd 'eqnl9 ,j`æmd( m 2.3`
qnodnlt¡j`mfh” 'eqnl9 ,j`mfh” ',K$((
m 2.3- ` a`qqhdqnlt¡æj`æmfh”qh”qx`
'eqnl9
,j`æmfhqhq,h”,` ',K$(( m 0.1- `
sd`bgdq+ `m hmrsqtbsnq- Rxm9
nlvÕ”◊fh”rx`nlt¡æj`æmh”` 'eqnl9 ,j`æmÕ”◊` ',K$((
m 2.3- ` s`kjnltæj`æmhqd 'eqnl9 ,j`æmhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd v`x ne shfgsdmhmfnltæj`æmtjhqd 'eqnl9 ,j`æmtæjhqd
',K$(( m 2.3- sgd e`bs ne cxhmf
rtccdmkxnltj`æmxn 'eqnl9 ,j`mxn( m 2.3hmbqd`rd- rÕ◊g`kÕ◊ g`æax` ltj`mxnæ
v& `æa`æmct sgdqd `qd mns l`mx
odnokd xds
nltæj`æmxn 'eqnl9 ,j`æmxn( m 2.3- `
rl`kk pt`mshsx ne b`rrù` aqd`c
nmd d`sr vhsgnts r`tbdnltæj`myt 'eqnl9 ,j`æmyt ',K$((
m 2.3- nkc bknsg+ rtf`q b`md
qdrhctd+ g`qc ld`s cheehbtks sn
nltæj`æmyt
142
rv`kknv-
nltæj`æmyt 'eqnl9 ,j`æmyt( m 2.3-
snqm nts bknsg'eqnl9 ,j`æq` ',K$((
m 0.1- ` oqhdrsnltæj`æq` 'eqnl9 ,j`æq`æ( m 0.1oqhdrs ne sgd fnccdrr Mxàhmfhnltj`q`j`æq` 'eqnl9 ,j`q`j`q`(
m 2.3- ldchbhm`k ok`msnltj`æqn 'eqnl9 ,j`qn( m 2.3uhnkdmbdnltjd» 'eqnl9 ,jdd( m 0.1- gdkodqnltæjda` 'eqnl9 ,jdæa` ',K$((
m 2.3- ` jhmc ne sgqn`s chrd`rd
sg`s oqdudmsr nmd eqnl stqmhmf
sgd sgqn`s `qntmcnltæjdadqv` 'eqnl9 ,jdæadqt`
',K$(( m 0.1- sgd oqdedqqdc
vnl`mnltjdæfn 'eqnl9 ,jdfnæ( m 2.3`
bnms`hmdq- Rxm9 nltjdæv`nltæjdgdqd 'eqnl9 ,jdægdqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd e`bs ne adbnlhmf
rkdmcdqnltæjdæj`» 'eqnl9 ,jdæj``( m 2.3- `
l`s- dqhktj&nltæjdæj` sn vdùd
`
l`s
dqh”gdjx&
nltmctæ
x&nltæjdæj`æ v&Õ◊vd sn l`jd
rnldnmd b`qqx ghr l`s+ sg`s hr
sn dwbktcd ghl
nltjdjdæmd 'eqnl9 ,jdjdmd( m 2.3sgd bq`bjhmfnltjdæjdmxd 'eqnl9 ,jdjdæmxd
',K$(( m 2.3- sgd fqddm ad`m nq
sgd fqddm od` vhsg hsr dmudknodnltæjdjdæq`» 'eqnl9 ,jdæjdq`æ`( m 2.3knf+ sqdd sqtmj- nxt¡æ mÕ◊
ltæjdjdæq`æ v`æmch vgn hr sghr
sqdd sqtmj enq 'ldm trd sghr
dwoqdrrhnm hm sgd ldm&r gts sn
nltæj`q`
nltæjdq`
ld`m9 vgn hr sghr odqrnm rhsshmf
`lnmf tr>(
nlt¡jdjdæsh” 'eqnl9 ,jdjdsh”( m 2.3- `
rg`kknv ok`bd hm ` qhudq vgdqd
nmd b`m bqnrr nm ennsnltæjdjtkt 'eqnl9 ,jdæjtkt ',K$((
m 0.1- `m nkc vnl`mnltæjdkdjdkd 'eqnl9 ,jdækdjdkd
',K$(( m 2.3- ldchbhm`k ok`msnlt¡æjdmcdqxn» 'eqnl9 ,jdæmcdqh”n(
m 2.3- chrstqa`mbdnltjdæmd 'eqnl9 ,jdmd( m 2.3- sgd
àtmc`mbd
ne
enncv`æats`v&nln ltjdæmd xnt
vdqd anqm ctqhmf sgd odqhnc ne
àtmc`mbd
nltjdæmfd 'eqnl9 ,jdmfdæ( m 2.3- `
adkk- dqÕ◊v`s&nln ltjdæmfd+
dqÕ◊v`s&nltjdæmfd sn qhmf ` adkk
nlt¡æjdmfdkx` 'eqnl9 ,jdæmfdkh”`
',K$(( m 2.3- ` qnv ne sddsgnltæjdmfdsdqd» 'eqnl9 ,jdæmfdsdqdd(
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq rnldsghmf
g`r addm btsnltæjdmydmfdqd
'eqnl9
,jdæmydmfdqd ',K$(( m 2.3- sgd
l`mmdq ne btsshmfnltæjdmydqd
'eqnl9
,jdæmydqd
btsshmfnltjdq` 'eqnl9 ,jdq` ',K$((
m 2.3- lnmsg+ ldmrsqt`shnm+
lnnm- dqÕ◊ax&njn ltjdq` sn
gùd
ldmrdr
g`æl`æs`ækà`
lhjdq& Õ”◊ah”qh” hs hr `kqd`cx svn
lnmsgr o`rs Rxm9 fdmc` ',K$(
nltfdmc`nltæjdq` 'eqnl9 ,jdæq` ',K$((
m 2.3- lnnm+ lnmsg- Sgdrd `qd
m`ldr ne sgd lnmsg hm sgd
nltjdqdq`
143
M`mcd.Jnmyn
b`kdmc`q9
JÕ◊gdlatækn
'I`mt`qx(+
L`ægtæktkd 'Edaqt`qx(+ Jhgdæqn
'L`qbg(+
Atæsdmcd
'@oqhk(+
J`g`sà`æmyd 'L`x(+ AvÕ◊rdfdær`»
'Itmd(+ Atfnæl` 'Itkx(+ Lt¡æst¡æs`
'@tftrs(+
Lt¡æsngdqxn»
'Rdosdlaqd(+ Jhj`ægn 'Nbsnaqd(+
Lt¡ærxdmdmd
'Mnudlaqd(+
JÕ”◊qdqdlaxn» 'Cdbdlaqd(- Sgd
c`xr
ne
sgd
vddj
`qd9
Mx`ælvhmfhq` 'Lnmc`x+ khssgd
nmd vgn dmsdqr(+ Sv`æsnfdqd
'Stdrc`x+ khs- vd gùd e`kkdm(+
KhmfÕ◊khmfh 'Vdcmdrc`x+ khs- vd
cn mns jmnv vg`s sn cn(+
RÕ◊sv`ælÕ◊mx` 'Sgtqrc`x+ khs- vd
vntkc
mns
jmnv(+
Ax`ækdæmfdj`æmÕ”◊` 'Eqhc`x+ khssgdx
sgntfgs(+ Ax`ærnæmfx`» 'R`stqc`x+
khssgdx
f`sgdqdc(+
StkÕ◊qdæg`æftl` 'Rtmc`x+ khs- vd
d`s snfdsgdq(-
nltjdqdq` 'eqnl9 ,jdqdq` ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd lnnm-
nltjdærd 'eqnl9 ,jdrd( m 2.3-
sgd
i`v-
nltjds` 'eqnl9 ,jds` ',K$(( m 2.3-
`m needmrd sgqntfg vnqcrrÕ◊stkhsnj` dqhjds` djÕ”◊mxv`æ jÕ◊vd
vd b`mmns f`hmr`x vg`s gd r`xr
nltjdæv` 'eqnl9 ,jdv`æ( m 2.3rl`kk bnms`hmdq- Rxm9 nltjdæfnnlt¡æjÕ”Ã 'eqnl9 ,jÕ”◊h( m 2.3- sgd udhm+
sgd ltrbkd- dqÕ◊jv& dlÕ”◊jÕ”Ã sn
gùd qgdtl`shrl
nælt¡æjh” 'eqnl9 ,tjh” G( m 2.3- rlnjdnlt¡jh”fh”s` 'eqnl9 ,jh”fhs` ',K$((
m 2.3- vùd- Rxm9 nlt¡æjh”jh”s`-
nltæjÕ◊q`
nltæjhjh 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊jh ',K$(( m 2.3-
anqcdq- nlnæ ltæjhjÕ◊ v&nkt¡ærh” nm
sgd anqcdq ne sgd qhudq
nlt¡æjh”jh”s` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ”◊jhs` ',K$((
m 2.3+ 6.7- vùd- dqhgtæmf`
khj`æxhq`æ lnæ lÕ”◊jh”jh”s` sgd vhmc
bqd`sdr vùdr Rxm9 nlt¡jh”fh”s`nlt¡jh”kh”x`» 'eqnl9 ,jh”khx``( m 0.1btrsnldq 'kn`m vnqc eqnl
Eqdmbg !bkhdms!(nltjhla` 'eqnl9 ,jhla` ',K$((
m 2.3- fhes hm sgd enql ne ennc
fhudm sn ` rnqbdqdq nq sn `
sq`chshnm`k cnbsnq rn sg`s gd l`x
enqdrdd nmd&r etstqdnltjÕ◊la` 'eqnl9 ,jhla`æ( m 2.3- `
rodbhdr ne ` sqdd vgnrd a`qj hr
trdc sn l`jd cqdrrdr- Rxm9
nltjÕ◊la`jÕ◊la`nltjÕ◊la`jÕ◊la`
'eqnl9
,jhla`æjhla`æ( m 2.3sqdd
rodbhdr vgnrd a`qj hr trdc sn
l`jd cqdrrdr- Rxm9 nltjÕ◊la`nltjÕ◊mfh 'eqnl9 ,jhmfÕ◊( m 2.3anqcdqnltæjÕ◊mfhqd 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊mfÕ◊qd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd v`x ne bknrhmf `
cnnqnltjhmfÕ◊qn
'eqnl9
,jhmfhqn(
m 03.5- a`m`m` enq l`jhmf
addqnlt¡æjÕ”◊q` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ”◊q`( m 0.1- nmd ne
sgd M`mcd rta,dsgmhb fqntorÕ◊rd v` Lts`j`æ mÕ◊ lt¡æjÕ”◊q` + srdæ
jnæxnæ
vÕ◊vd
mh
ltrv`æf`
Lts`j`&r e`sgdq hr ` Ltjhq` ats
ghr lnsgdq hr Ltrv`f`
nltæjÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊q`( m 2.3sgd
s`hk- `j`æjhq`æjÕ◊q` ` shmx s`hk sg`s
hr knmf
nltæjhq`qnmcn
144
nltæjnækn
nltæjhq`qnmcn 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊q`qnmcn nltjnæfnæsn 'eqnl9 ,jnfnæsnæ( m 2.3',K$(( m 2.3- ` fn`s vhsgnts `
s`hk vghbg hr cdchb`sdc sn
Mx`ltg`mf`+ sgd bqd`snqnlt¡æjh”qt¡æjÕ”◊qt¡ 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊qt¡jÕ◊qt¡(
m 0.1- hchns+ ` odqrnm vgn hr
udqx rstohcnlt¡æjh”qxn» 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊qh”n( m 2.3`
ok`bd sg`s rgntkc ad bqnrrdc
vhsgnts sq`lokhmf nm hs kdrs
rnld lhrenqstmd vhkk ade`kk nm
xntnlt¡æjh”rx` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊rh”` ',K$((
m 0.1- ` qdudmfdq- Ltæladæqd
v`fd xnm`æ lt¡æjh”rx` v`fd Lx
dkcdrs rnm 'Ltæladæqd( hr lx
udqx qdudmfdq
nltæjÕ◊sn 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊sn( m 2.3qdadkkhnm+
sq`mrfqdrrhnm+
odqehcxnlt¡æjh”xh”rxn» 'eqnl9 ,jÕ”◊xhrh”n( m 2.3chqs eqnl ` gtl`m ancxnlt¡jh”xh”s` 'eqnl9 ,jh”xhs` ',K$((
m 2.3- ` shmx qnnl vhsghm `
gntrdnlt¡æjn 'eqnl9 ,t¡jn( U`qh`ms9
dlxt¡æjn- m 2.3- ro`stk`nltjnad» 'eqnl9 ,jnadd( U`qh`ms9
natjnad»- m 0.1+ 03- ` rdqu`ms:
rdquhstcd- nltæj`l` mh ltjnadæ
v&à`æktæld sgd bghde hr sgd
rdqu`ms ne ldm
nltæjnagn 'eqnl9 ,jnæagn ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 nltæjnæagn- m 2.3v`kjhmf vhsgnts `mx oqdbhrd
`hlnltjnat 'eqnl9 ,jnat ',K$((
m 2.3- ` ehrg rodbhdrnlt¡jnæcnægdæqx`» 'eqnl9 ,jncnægdæqÕ”◊`(
m 0.1- ` k`yx odqrnm-
` sxod ne sqdd-
nltæjngv` 'eqnl9 ,jnægt` ',K$((
m 2.3- ` sxod ne sqdd vgnrd
a`qj hr trdc sn l`jd bnqjrnlt¡æjnægx` 'eqnl9 ,jnægÕ”◊` ',K$((
m 2.3- ` sxod ne sqdd sgd a`qj
ne vghbg hr trdc sn l`jd qnodrnltæjnæjnkdqd 'eqnl9 ,jnæjnækdqd
',K$(( U`qh`ms9 natæjnæjnkdqdm 0.1+ 03- ` odqrnm vgn
dw`ffdq`sdr+ dwbdrrnltjnjnqn 'eqnl9 ,jnjnqn ',K$((
m 2.3- a`mj ne ` qhudq+ ad`bgnlt¡æjnæjx` 'eqnl9 ,jnæjÕ”◊` ',K$((
m 0.1: 2.3- sgd gnrs+ sgd odqrnm
vgn vdkbnldr nsgdq odnokd: sgd
unhbd enq b`kkhmf ` gnrs eqnl
`mnsgdq ghkk: sgd vdkbnlhmf
hsrdkenltæjnk`æmn 'eqnl9 ,jnæk`mn( m 2.3sgd `bs: sgd vnqj- nltæjnk`mnæ
vn»xn» mhbd vnqj sg`s xnt `qd
cnhmf sgdqd
nltjnkd 'eqnl9 ,jnkd ',K$(( m 2.3` sqdd rodbhdrnltæjnkdqd 'eqnl9 ,jnækdqd ',K$((
m 2.3- gàhs+ sgd l`mmdq ne
`bshmfrx`ævÕ◊sdæ
lÕ◊jnkdqd
xnvdæmd gd cndr mns gùd fnnc
gàhsr
nltæjnkgnkgn 'eqnl9 jnækgnkgn
',K$(( m 2.3- ` khmd ne+ ` rds ne`j`æjnkgnkgnæ j& dlÕ”◊rxdmdmd `
khmd ne fq`rrgnoodqr rstbj nm `
sqdd
nlt¡æjnækh” 'eqnl9 ,jnækh”( m 0.1`
bntq`fdntr vnqjdqnltæjnækn 'eqnl9 ,jnæknæ( m 2.3- cqhdc
ehrg 'ehrg cqhdc nm sgd ehqd(-
nltæjnækv`
145
nltæjnækv` 'eqnl9 ,jnæktæ` ',K$((
m 2.3- ` sxod ne ahf ehrgnltæjnæln 'eqnl9 ,jnæln( m 2.3- `
ohdbd ne vnnc nq ` ohdbd ne `m
dkdog`ms&r strjnltæjnlnækn 'eqnl9 ,jnælnkn( m 2.3sgd `bs ne qdotch`shmf nmd&r
vhednlt¡jnæmch” 'eqnl9 ,jnmc,h”( m 0.1- `
vnncbtssdqnltjnæmcn 'eqnl9 ,jnmcnæ( m 2.3qdrhcdmbdnltjnæmcn 'eqnl9 ,jnmcnæ( m 0.1sgd rdqu`ms- nltjnæmcnæ v&
nælv`lh sgd bghde&r rdqu`ms
nlt¡æjnmcnjt 'eqnl9 ,jnæmcnjt¡
',K$(( U`qh`ms9 nlt¡jnæmcnæjt¡m 0.1 2.3- ` otmxnltæjnmfn 'eqnl9 ,jnæmfn ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd rsdl ne ` sqdd+
drodbh`kkx sgd rsdl ne ` bnqm
ok`msnltjnæmfnæanjd»
'eqnl9
,jnmfnæanjdd( m 2.3- ` gnd sg`s
mn knmfdq g`r ` g`mckdnlt¡jnæmfnækh”jn» 'eqnl9 ,jnmfnækÕ”◊jnn(
m 2.3- ` sxod ne ahqcnltjnæmfnæl` 'eqnl9 ,jnmfnæl`æ(
m 2.3- sgd a`m`m` rsdl `s sgd
a`bj ne ` a`m`m` kdè- Rxm9
nltjnæmfnælnnltjnæmfnæln 'eqnl9 ,jnmfnælnæ(
m 2.3- sgd sghbj g`qc o`qs ne
sgd
a`m`m`
kdèRxm9
nltjnæmfnæl`nltæjnmfnlnjd»
'eqnl9
,jnæmfnlnjdd( m 2.3- ` kntc
bqxnltæjnmfnsdqd 'eqnl9 ,jnæmfnsdqd
nltæjnæsgdqd
jmnbjhmf-
nltæjnmfnsn
'eqnl9
,jnæmfnsn
',K$(( m 2.3`m
dlosx
qdbdos`bkd rtbg `r `m dlosx
ansskd+ `m dlosx a`rjdsnlt¡jnæmh” 'eqnl9 ,jnmh”( m 0.1sgd
rhbj odqrnmnltæjnæmn 'eqnl9 ,jnæmn( m 2.3- sgd
g`mc+ sgd kdf ne `m `mhl`k+
g`mckd- nltæjnmnæ v&dæladmd sgd
enqd kdf ne ` fn`s tæg`æla&
dmxtæmftæ x& njnæ lÕ◊jnæmn gnkc
sgd ons nm sgd g`mckdr
nltæjnmnmfnkd 'eqnl9 ,jnæmnmfnkd
',K$(( m 2.3vd`jmdrr+
mnmbg`k`mbd- nltmctæ rx`ækÕ◊jnk`æ
m&nltæjnmnmfnkd hs hr mns fnnc
sn vnqj vhsg mnmbg`k`mbd
nltjnæmyd 'eqnl9 ,jnmydæ( m 2.3- `
sxod ne sqdd+ o`mc`mtrnltjnæmyn 'eqnl9 ,jnmynæ( m 0.1m`ld fhudm sn sgd M`mcd
lntms`hm odnokd hmgàhshmf md`q
Lntms Qtvdmynqhnlt¡jnoh” 'eqnl9 ,jnoh” ',K$(( m 2.3rnkhc ennc hmrhcd ` rntonltjnq` 'eqnl9 ,jnq` ',K$((
m 2.3- jhmc ne q`snlt¡æjnqnat¡x` 'eqnl9 ,jnæqnat¡x`
',K$(( m- khnm- Rxm9 drÕ”l
◊ a`»nlt¡jnæqnæqh” 'eqnl9 ,jnqnæqÕ”◊( m 2.3l`qjr nm sgd ancx: l`qjr hm `
sdws l`cd vhsg ` odmbhknlt¡jnærh” 'eqnl9 ,jnrÕ”◊( m 2.3- a`c
ktbj- 'Kn`m eqnl Rv`ghkh(
t¡æmct¡r`æxdæ j& nlt¡jnærh” v`vt
qdlnud eqnl ld xntq hkk ktbjnltjnsg` 'eqnl9 ,jnsg` ',K$((
m 0.1- ` ghssdqnltæjnæsgdqd 'eqnl9 ,jnæsgdæqd ',K$((
nltjnæsn
146
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne ghsshmf-
nltjnæsn 'eqnl9 ,jnsn( m 2.3-
dwhrsdmbd- njn ltjnsnæ vdsv&
nmnæ+ jtælax& Õ”◊sv`kx`æ avh”q`mc`
ctqhmf sghr dwhrsdmbd ne ntqr+
vd rgntkc khud hm od`bd
nltæjnsnkdqd 'eqnl9 ,jnæsnkdqd
oktbjhmfnlt¡æjt¡» 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æ( m 0.1sgd
cdbd`rdc- mf`ækhq&nlt¡æjt¡æ v`fd H
`l lntqmhmf lx cdbd`rdc
odqrnm
nlt¡æjt¡ad» 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æadd( m 0.1- `
ltk`ssn: sgd naidbs mns bnnjdc
dmntfgnlt¡æjt¡adgn 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æadgn ',K$((
m 0.1- rdmrhshud sn bnkcnlt¡æjt¡adæjt¡ad» 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æadjt¡æadd(
m 2.3- ` sxod ne ahqcnltæjtah 'eqnl9 ,jtæah ',K$((
m 2.3- rnto: ok`ms sg`s hr `krn
b`kkdc nltjvdqdjvdæqd- dqhrnl&
nltæjtaÕ◊
atr`m`æ
m&
nltkgnlad sn cqhmj 'd`s( sgd
rnto adb`trd ne sgd tmd`rhmdrr
b`trdc ax sgd e`bs ne gùhmf
cqtmj snn ltbg addq
nltæjtæah 'eqnl9 ,jtæah( m 2.3- r`tbdnltjtaÕ◊qh 'eqnl9 ,jtahqh( m 0.1udqx onnqnlt¡æjt¡anæjt¡æan 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æanjt¡æan(
m 2.3- ldchbhm`k ok`msnltjtæfn 'eqnl9 ,jtfn( m 2.3id`kntrxnltæjtg`jtg`md
'eqnl9
,jtæg`jtg`md ',K$(( m 2.3- hkk,
sqd`sldmsnlt¡æjt¡g`jt¡g`mh”`
'eqnl9
,jtæg`jtg`mh”` ',K$(( m 0.1-
nltæjtkt
sgd odqrnm vgn hkk,sqd`sr nsgdqr`
ahqc qdrdlakhmf sgd o`qsqhcfdnlt¡æjt¡gdæjt¡gd» 'eqnl9 ,jt¡ægdjt¡ægdd(
m 2.3- ` sxod ne ahqcnltjtæjn 'eqnl9 ,jtjnæ( m 2.3aq`mbg ne ` o`kl sqddnltæjtjt 'eqnl9 ,jtæjt ',K$((
m 0.1- ` lhrdqnltjtæjtæktad» 'eqnl9 ,jtjtæktæadd(
m 2.3cqx
l`mhnb`r`æ
t¡st¡mct¡ækdæ
dlhjtæjtæktadæ
sv`mf`æsrtæla` jh”rx`mn bnld
`mc ontmc sgd l`mhnb+ vd
rgntkc oqdo`qd b`rrù` aqd`c
nlt¡jt¡jt¡ln 'eqnl9 ,jtjt¡ln
',K$(( m 2.3- sgd oqdfm`mbx ne
` xntmf tml`qqhdc vnl`mnltæjtkd» 'eqnl9 ,jtækdd( m 0.1`
oqdfm`ms
vnl`mRxm9
nlt¡kdqdælh”nlt¡æjt¡ækn 'eqnl9 ,jt¡ækn( m 2.3- rsqònlt¡æjt¡knæ v&drxnmfdmcdæqn sgd
k`bd ne sgd rgndr
nlt¡jt¡ækn 'eqnl9 ,jt¡kn( m 2.3odqrhrsdmbdrx`ækÕ”◊svh”j`æ
l&
nlt¡jt¡ækn gd mdudq fhudr to hm
sgd rdmrd ne otqrthmf sn cn
rnldsghmf vqnmfnltæjtkt 'eqnl9 ,jtækt ',K$((
m 0.1- sgd fh`ms+ sgd nkc l`m+
sgd `mbhdms- Sghr sdql `krn
cdrhfm`sdr sgd rohqhst`k bghde ne
` bk`m- Gd hr sgd cdrbdmc`ms ne
sgd dkcdrs rnm ne sgd `mbdrsnq
vgdqd`r sgd È nlv`lhÍ+ sgd
rnbh`k bghde+ hr sgd cdrbdmc`ms
ne sgd Ltlan+ sg`s hr+ sgd
vnl`m fhudm sn sgd bghde
ctqhmf ghr dmsgqnmdldms+ nq sgd
nltjtægd 'eqnl9 ,jtgd( m 2.3-
nltjtktækn
147
rdbnmc rnm ne ` cdbd`rdc bghde-
nltjtktækn 'eqnl9 ,jtktkn( m 2.3bg`hm-
nltjtktækn 'eqnl9 ,jtktkn( m 2.3-
bg`mbd+ ktbj ne `ssq`bshmf fnnc
sghmfr- nltækv`m&nxt¡æ `vÕ◊sx&
nltjtktknæ v&dqhxhq& daÕ◊mct
sghr anx g`r sgd bg`mbd ne
nas`hmhmf sghmfr
nltæjtktl` 'eqnl9 ,jtæktl` ',K$((
m 2.3mnbstqm`k
c`mbd
odqenqldc ax vhsbgcnbsnqr sn
hmunjd rohqhsrnltjtlah 'eqnl9 ,jtlah ',K$((
m 2.3- ` sxod ne q`snltjtælaÕ◊q`» 'eqnl9 ,jtlaÕ◊q`æ`(
m 0.1`m
ntsb`rsRxm9
nltjtælaÕ◊qv`»nlt¡jt¡ln 'eqnl9 ,jt¡ln ',K$((
m 2.3- c`mbd sg`s hr cnmd
dwbktrhudkx ax hmhsh`sdc ldmMnm hmhsh`sdc odnokd rtbg `r
bghkcqdm
`mc
vnldm
`qd
rsqnmfkx `cuhrdc sn ghcd vgdm
ldm odqenql rtbg ` c`mbd vhsg
cqtlr- @ rdbqds l`kd rdbs ne
vghbg
nmkx
hsr
hmhsh`sdc
ldladqr
jmnv
gnv
hs
etmbshnmrnlt¡æjt¡lt¡ 'eqnl9 ,jtælt¡ ',K$((
m 0.1`
vhsbgcnbsnqnlt¡æjt¡lt¡j`kh”
`
edl`kd
vhsbgcnbsnq
nlt¡æjt¡lt¡j`kh” 'eqnl9 ,jt¡ælt¡ j`kh”
',K$(( m 0.1`
edl`kd
vhsbgcnbsnqnltjtæmch 'eqnl9 ,jtmch( m 2.3mùdk+ adkkx,atssnmnlt¡æjt¡mcÕ”◊qx` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æmchqÕ”◊`(
m 0.1- cqtmj odqrnm-
nlt¡æjv`j`kh”
nltjtæmctærdadqd
'eqnl9
,jtmctærdæadqd ',K$(( m 2.3sxod ne sqdd trdc `r ` ldchbhm`k
ok`ms: hs hr `krn trdc sn l`jd sgd
qdbdos`bkd enq aqdvhmf addqnlt¡jt¡mft¡ækgt¡ 'eqnl9 ,jtmftkgt¡æ(
m 01.08- l`k`qh`nlt¡jt¡æmh” 'eqnl9 ,jt¡mh”( m 0.1sgd
odqrnm vgn otrgdr 'ctqhmf sgd
bnknmh`k odqhnc+ sgdqd vdqd rtbg
odnokd dloknxdc enq otrghmf
sqdd sqtmjr enq dw`lokd vgdm
athkchmf aqhcfdr(nlt¡æjt¡æmxn 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æmxn( m 2.3enkcnlt¡æjt¡æmyn 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æmyn( m 2.3- `
o`c sg`s hr hmrdqsdc hm sgd bknsg
sg`s b`qqhdr ` bghkc nm sgd a`bjdqÕ”◊gh”q& nlt¡æjt¡mynæ v& nln
mynlad» sn ots sgd o`c hm sgd
bknsg sg`s b`qqhdr ` bghkc nm sgd
a`bj
nltjtæqn 'eqnl9 ,jtæqn( m 2.3rbq`sbgnltæjtqtmft 'eqnl9 ,jtæqtmft
',K$(( m 0.1`
sghdenatæjtqtmft rÕ◊ avÕ”◊ah” sgdes hr
mns rsd`khmf
nlt¡æjt¡ærh” 'eqnl9 ,jt¡ærh( m 0.1`
lhcfdsnlt¡jt¡æsn 'eqnl9 ,jt¡sn( m 2.3sgd
rtllhs ne ` gtsnlt¡jt¡æsn 'eqnl9 ,jt¡sn( m 2.3- chqs nm
sgd ancx ne rnldnmd vgn cndr
mns v`rgnltæjtæxt 'eqnl9 ,jtæxtæ( m 2.3`
sxod ne ok`msnlt¡æjv`j`kh”
'eqnl9
,jt¡æ`j`kh”
',K$(( m 0.1- vhcnv- rnjtkt
lv`ægnk&
Õ◊mhmfhqÕ◊
lv`æm`+
nlt¡æjv`ktld
148
mf`m`æa&
Õ”◊mÕ”◊lh”qx&
njnæ
a`æjv`j`kh” lx fq`mce`sgdq chdc
vghkd H v`r rshkk xntmf+
nsgdqvhrd H vntkc gùd l`qqhdc
nmd ne sgd vhcnvr
nlt¡æjv`ktld 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æ`ktld
',K$(( m 0.1- vhcnvdq+ l`kd
vhcnvnlt¡æjv`ælh” 'eqnl9 ,jtæ`lh”( m 0.1- `
enkknvdq+ ` chrbhokdnlt¡jv`æq`æqh” 'eqnl9 ,jt`q`æqÕ”◊(
m 2.3- ` khmdnltæjvd» 'eqnl9 ,jtæd( m 0.1- sgd rnm,
hm,k`v- nltæjv& t¡æonæmÕ”◊qvdæ xn
av`ækhqv& nlt¡æjh” sgd rnm,hm,k`v
vgn hr mns vdkbnld hr b`kkdc !
vg`s jhmc ne r`tbd vhkk fn vhsg
sgd ennc>!'khssgd rnm,hm,k`v
vgn hr mns khjdc hr Èhs vhkk ad
d`sdm hm vg`sÍ(
nltjvdj` 'eqnl9 ,jtdj` ',K$((
m 0.1`m
tmbhqbtlbhrdc
odqrnm- nltjvdj` rx`ækÕ◊kns`
ktrtæla`
`m
tmbhqbtlbhrdc
odqrnm cndr mns cqd`l ànts
bhqbtlbhrhnm nxnæ mh ltjvdj`
sg`s nmd hr ` qd`k bnmmnhrrdtq
nltjvdmc` 'eqnl9 ,jtdmc` ',K$((
m 0.1ldrrdmfdqRxm9
nltjvdq`nltjvdq` 'eqnl9 ,jtdq` ',K$((
m 0.1- ldrrdmfdq- nltjvdq`æ
v`fd xn»xn» sg`s nmd hr lx
ldrrdmfdq Rxm9 nltjvdmc`nltjvdqdjvdæqd
'eqnl9
,jtdqdjtdqd( m 2.3dchakd
ok`ms trdc `r udfdsàkdr- Rxm9
nltæjtahnlt¡æjvhqv` 'eqnl9 ,jt¡æhqt` ',K$((
m 0.1- vhcnv+ vhcnvdq-
nltæk`kh
nltjx` 'eqnl9 ,jh` G ',K$((
m 2.3- ` qhcckd+ ` s`kd vhsgnts
rnmfrnltjx` 'eqnl9 ,jh` ',K$(( m 2.3mdvrnæltjx` 'eqnl9 ,jh` G ',K$((
m 2.3- s`kdnltjx`jx`» 'eqnl9 ,jh`jh`( m 2.3` sxod ne sqddnltæjxnæq` 'eqnl9 ,jÕ◊nq`æ( m 2.3- `
sxod ne sqddnltjxn»qn» 'eqnl9 ,jhnæqnn( m 2.3- `
sqdd rodbhdrnltækà`k`æan 'eqnl9 ,k`æa`kàn(
m 2- sq`cd+ sgd e`bs ne o`rrhmf
rdudq`k shldr hm nqcdq sn cn
atrhmdrrnltækàhqd 'eqnl9 ,k`æahqd ',K$((
m 2.3- ` bqnrrhmf ok`bdmf`æqnmc& nltækàhqd H `l
knnjhmf enq ` ok`bd sn bqnrr
nlt¡ækàh”qh”qxn» 'eqnl9 ,k`æahqhqh”n(
m 2.3- sgd a`c gàhs ne `kv`xr
v`mshmf sn ad ehqrs hm cnhmf
rnldsghmf`vÕ◊sx&
nltækàh”qh”qxn» gd g`r sgd a`c
gàhs ne `kv`xr sqxhmf sn ad ehqrs
'khs- ne o`rrhmf(
nltæk`æfd» 'eqnl9 ,k`æfdæd( m 2.3sgd
fqddshmf vgdm cdo`qshmfnlt¡k`ft¡ækh” 'eqnl9 ,k`ftkh”( m 0.1- sgd
rddqnltk`gÕ◊qn 'eqnl9 ,k`ghqn( U`qh`ms9
`l`k`gÕ◊qn- m 2.5- n`sgnltæk`jhqd 'eqnl9 ,k`æjhqd ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 dlÕ◊k`jhqd- m 2.3- sgd
l`mmdq ne rbqd`lhmfnltk`æk` 'eqnl9 ,k`k`( m 2.3- khmd ne `
bnqmnltæk`kh 'eqnl9 ,k`ækh ',K$(( U`qh`ms9
nltk`khj`
15/
`l`æk`kh- m 2.5- `m dxd g`mchbòRxm9 dqÕ”◊jdmfdnltk`khj` 'eqnl9 ,k`khj` ',K$((
m 2.3- ldchbhm`k ok`msnlt¡æk`ækx` 'eqnl9 ,k`ækÕ”◊` ',K$((
m 2.3- eqdrg vnnc sg`s nmd btsr
`mc fndr sn edsbg vgdm hs hr
`kqd`cx cqxnltk`æla` 'eqnl9 ,k`la`æ( m 2.3a`m`m` vhmd sg`s g`r adbnld
rntqnltk`lahjÕ◊q` 'eqnl9 ,k`lahjhq`(
m 2.3- `m naidbs sg`s hr
rsqdsbgdc rnldvgdqdnltk`lÕ◊qn 'eqnl9 ,k`lhqn( U`qh`ms9
djhk`lÕ◊qn- m 2.3 6.7- r`ku`shnmnltæk`ælt 'eqnl9 ,k`ælt( m 0.1rhrsdq,hm,k`v+ sgd rhrsdq ne sgd
vnl`mnlt¡æk`ælx` 'eqnl9 ,k`ælÕ”◊` ',K$((
m 0.1- cnbsnq:`m nbb`rhnm`k
gd`kdq
'sgd
oqnedrrhnm`k
sq`chshnm`k cnbsnq hr nlt¡æjt¡lt¡nltæk`æmchqd 'eqnl9 ,k`æmcÕ◊qd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd rdvhmfnltk`æmcn 'eqnl9 ,k`mcn( m 2.3- sgd
rons sg`s g`r addm rdvmnltk`æmf`æk` 'eqnl9 ,k`mf`æk`æ( m 2.3` sqdd rodbhdr: ` s`kk l`mnltk`æmfn 'eqnl9 ,k`mfn( m 2.3cnnqnltæk`rtj`kd» 'eqnl9 ,k`ærtj`kdd(
m 2.3- rtccdm cd`sgnltæk`rtjd» 'eqnl9 ,k`ærtjdd( m 2.3bqxnltæk`æxhqhqd 'eqnl9 ,k`æxÕ◊qhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- btqrd: bnll`mcldmstjv`æl&d»lÕ◊k`æxhqhqd x`fd enkknv
lx qdbnlldmc`shnmr
nlt¡ækdæadqdqx` 'eqnl9 ,kdæadæqdqh”`
nltkdæmfd
',K$(( m 0.1- sgd nardqudq+ sgd
odqrnm vgn hr btqhntrnlt¡ækdæjdqx` 'eqnl9 ,kdæjdæqh”` ',K$((
m 0.1- q`hmv`sdq bnkkdbsnqnltkdæla` 'eqnl9 ,kdla`æ( m 2.3- `
qhaanm sg`s nmd vd`qr `qntmc
sgd v`hrs vgdm nmd hr shqdc- Rxm9
nltj`æag`»+
nltæjna`+
nltgtæmfh”nltækdlad» 'eqnl9 ,kdæladd( m 2.3b`qdrrhmf
`mc
sqd`shmf
cdkhb`sdkxnltækdladqd» 'eqnl9 ,kdæladqdd(
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne q`hrhmf `
bghkcnlt¡ækdladæqh”
'eqnl9
,kdæladqh”(
m 0.1- ` m`mmx+ rnldnmd vgn
knnjr èsdq ` bghkcnlt¡ækdælat¡jx` 'eqnl9 ,kdælatæjh”`
',K$(( m 0.1- `mx oqnctbs sg`s
gdhfgsdmr sgd uhrbnrhsx ne `
khpthcnlt¡kdælax` 'eqnl9 ,kdlaÕ”◊` ',K$((
m 0.1- ` chrbhokdnltkdæmc` 'eqnl9 ,kdmc`( m 2.3q`x+ ancx l`qjrnltækdmcdqdqv`
'eqnl9
,kdæmcdqdqt` ',K$(( m 2.3: 0.1sgd rjhkk sg`s rnldnmd g`r hm
`ssq`bshmf uhrhsnqr sn ghl: `krn
sgd odqrnm vgn hr uhrhsdcnlt¡ækdmcdæqh” 'eqnl9 ,kdæmcdqh”( m 0.1` v`kjdqnltækdmcdæqn
'eqnl9
,kdæmcdqn(
m 2.3`
v`kj`mdæ
nlnæltækdmcdqnæ vÕ◊vd gd hr rshkk
v`kjhmf
nltkdæmfd 'eqnl9 ,kdmfdæ( m 2.3- sgd
kdf- nltkdmfdæ v&dæladmd x`fd
`svÕ”◊jÕ”◊qd sgd kdf ne lx fn`s
nltækdmfd
150
aqnjd cnvm
nltækdmfd 'eqnl9 ,kdæmfd ',K$((
m 2.3- unhbdnltækdmfdjd» 'eqnl9 ,kdæmfdjdd(
m 2.3- qhod a`m`m`nlt¡ækdæmfdjdæmÕ”◊`
'eqnl9
,kdæmfdæjdmh”`( m 2.3- sgd v`x ne
sghmjhmf ànts rnldsghmfnltkdmfdkdæmfd 'eqnl9 ,kdmfdkdmfd(
m 2.3- ` etmmdk l`cd ne
b`kà`rgnltækdmfdqd 'eqnl9 ,kdæmfdqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq sn advhsbgnltækdmfdqd» 'eqnl9 ,kdæmfdqdd(
m 2.3- sgd qhod a`m`m`nltækdæmfdqd 'eqnl9 ,kdæmfdæqd ',K$((
m 2.3- ld`rtqd+ vhsbgbqèsnltækdæmfdqdqd 'eqnl9 ,kdæmfdqdqd
',K$(( m 2.3 03.5- sgd e`bs ne
enqdrddhmf dw`bskxnlt¡kdæmfh” 'eqnl9 ,kdmfh”( m 0.1ld`rtqdqnltkdæmfn 'eqnl9 ,kdmfn( m 2.3ld`rtqdnltækdmftkhqd 'eqnl9 ,kdæmftkhqd ',
K$(( m 2.3- gd`khmf nodq`sdc
ax ` rnqbdqdqnltækdq` 'eqnl9 ,kdæq` ',K$(( m 2.3khmdr+ rsqd`jr- nktsgdq` ktj`æxhq&
dlÕ◊kdq` sgd rsqh`sdc q`s g`r
rsqd`jr
nltkdæqd 'eqnl9 ,kdqd( m 0.1- xntmfnxnæ mh ltkdqdæ v`fd sg`s nmd hr
lx xntmfdq aqnsgdq nq rhrsdq
nltækdqdæladæq`»
'eqnl9
,kdæqdladæq`æ`( m 0.1aqhcdfqnnlnltækdqdladqd 'eqnl9 ,kdæqdladqd
',K$(( m 2.3- sgd e`bs ne adhmf
g`mfdc-
nltækh
nlt¡kdqdælh” 'eqnl9 ,kdqdlh”( m 0.1oqdfm`ms vnl`m-
nltækdqdsdqd 'eqnl9 ,kdæqdsdqd ',
K$(( m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne
ekn`shmf+ ne roxhmfnlt¡ækdqdæsh” 'eqnl9 ,kdæqdsh”( m 0.1`
ekn`sdqnlt¡kdæqt¡ 'eqnl9 ,kdqt¡( m 2.3- m`r`k
g`dlnqqg`fd- dqÕ”◊svh”j&nlt¡kdæqt¡
sn gùd ` m`r`k g`dlnqqg`fd
nltækdsdqd 'eqnl9 ,kdæsdqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne aqhmfhmf
rnldsghmfnltkg`æmfn 'eqnl9 ,kg`mfnæ( m 2.3cnnq- Rxm9 nkt¡æxh”nltkgnlad 'eqnl9 ,kgnlad ',K$((
m 2- tmd`rhmdrr b`trdc ax sgd
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`m
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rohqhs- Hs hr sghr rohqhs sg`s l`jdr
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`qd rdudq`k rohqhsr sg`s lhfgs
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m .1- ` chrgnmdrs odqrnmnlt¡kh”mf` 'eqnl9 ,kh”mf` ',K$((
m 2.3- ` vnncdm qdbdos`bkd
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152
dmyhatæ m& dmxnækn sgd nmd vgn hr
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jmnvr sgd cheehbtks nmd `mc sgd
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m 0.1+ 03- xntmfdq aqnsgdqnatæktltæm` sgd qdk`shnmrgho ne
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'eqnl9
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vghbg sgd wxknognmd 'dæmc`q`( hr
l`cdnælt¡kt¡æmft¡ækt¡ 'eqnl9 ,kt¡mftæktæ G(
nltækx`æmytæjh
m 2.3- jhmc ne fq`rrgnoodq sg`s
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m 0.1- sgd rhbj+ sgd odqrnm vgn
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153
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m 2.3- bnqm vgnrd rddcr `qd
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khudr sgdqd nltladr`æ t¡snæv`
jx` mxh”mx`æ `j`æfdmc`æ m&
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khrsdm sn gdq lnsgdq fdsr
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rsdlnltlan 'eqnl9 ,lan ',K$(( m 0.1sgd lnsgdq ne sgd bghde nq ne `
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`m dsgmhb fqnto khuhmf hm sgd
ok`hm ne Rdlkhjh adsvddm Admh
`mc Ltsv`mf`nltlatæla` 'eqnl9 ,latla`æ(
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odqrnm adknmfhmf sn sgd M`mcd
dsgmhb fqnto- Rxm9 nltmc`æmcdnltæm`mh 'eqnl9 ,m`æmh ',K$(( m 2dhfgs- nltæm`mh vn»xn» sgdqd hr
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adsvddm o`qdmsr ne ` l`qqhdc
bntokd- Sgtr lx o`qdmsr b`kk
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154
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m 2.3- `m nu`k ohdbd ne vnnc
trdc sn rlnnsg sgd ntsrhcd `mc
hmrhcd ne ` eqdrgkx l`cd ons- Hs
`krn ld`mr ` sxod ne ltf l`cd
ne ` aqnjdm b`kà`rg vhsg `
g`mckd+ bnllnmkx trdc sn rg`qd
addqnlt¡mc`ækh” 'eqnl9 ,mc`kÕ”◊( m 2.3ldc`k 'kn`m vnqc eqnl Eqdmbg
!ldæc`hkkd!(nltmc`æmcd 'eqnl9 ,mc`mcdæ( m 0.1` odqrnm adknmfhmf sn sgd M`mcd
sqhadnlt¡æmcd 'eqnl9 ,mcdæ( m 2- sxod ne
c`mbdnltæmct 'eqnl9 ,mct( m 0.1sgd
odqrnm- nltmctæ rx`ækhlhmx`æ
dæjhj`æmchrx`æltækx`» nmd mdudq
jmnvr vg`s vhkk jhkk ghl 'khs- `
odqrnm cndr mns jmnv vg`s vhkk
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m 0.1- ldchb`k cnbsnq 'kn`m
vnqc eqnl Rv`ghkh(- Sgd sdql hr
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ldcdbhmd
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k`ccdqnlt¡mf`ærh” 'eqnl9 ,mf`rÕ”◊( m 2.3- sghr
sdql cdrhfm`sdr sgd hmsdqm`k
khlhsr hm ` ehdkc- Sgdrd khlhsr
knnj khjd k`ccdqr adb`trd+ sn fds
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sg`s khlhs- Sgdrd ehdkc anqcdqr
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`qd entmc hm sgd ghkkx `qd`r ne
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sxod ne sqdd vhsg vghbg sgd
wxknognmd 'dæmc`q`( hr l`cdnltmfn»jvd» 'eqnl9 ,mfnænjtd(
m 2.3- ` sqdd rodbhdrnlt¡mfnækgnæagt¡ 'eqnl9 ,mfnkgnæagt¡æ(
m 0.1- ` rsq`mfdq- `æfgdæmch”qdæ m&
nlt¡mfnækgnæagt¡ rgd g`r fns
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g`r fnmd vhsg ` rsq`mfdq( Rxm9
nlv`r`nltmfnrn 'eqnl9 ,mfnrn ',K$((
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U`qh`ms9
dælxtmft- m 2.3ytbbghmhnælt¡mft¡ægd 'eqnl9 ,tmft¡gdæ G(
m 2.3- rntq kdùdr sg`s qàahsr
d`snlt¡mft¡qt¡æln 'eqnl9 ,mftqt¡lnæ(
m 2.3qn`qhmfnxnæ
vnæ
lt¡mft¡qt¡ælnæ v& dqh”rt¡» sg`s hr sgd
qn`qhmf ne `m `hqbqèsnltæmfx`» 'eqnl9 ,mfÕ◊`( m 2snlnqqnvdæmfx`jx`»
sgd
enkknvhmf c`x
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snlnqqnv lnqmhmf- nltæmfx`æ
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lnæ
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snlnqqnv vgdm hs hr c`xkhfgs hr
snlnqqnv
lnqmhmf
Rxm9
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155
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`fqnmnlhrs neehbh`k 'kn`m vnqc
eqnl Eqdmbg !lnmhsdtq!(nltmnmd 'eqnl9 ,mnmd ',K$((
m 2.3- bk`xnltæmnæmn 'eqnl9 ,mnæmnæ( m 2.3`mhl`k kdfnltmsgnælad 'eqnl9 ,msgnladæ(
m 0.1- bkdqj+ ` rs`sd neehbh`knltmtæan 'eqnl9 ,mtan( m 2.3rteedqhmf- Sghr hr ` cdqhudc
mntm eqnl dqhmtæa` &sn rteedq&nlt¡mt¡mct¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,mtmct¡k`(
m 2.3- ` sxod ne sqdd sgd a`qj
ne vghbg hr trdc sn l`jd qnodrnlt¡mt¡mct¡k`æ v&nat¡æj`kh” ` sxod
ne ok`ms vhsg k`qfd kdùdr
nlt¡æmv`æmh” 'eqnl9 ,mtæ`mÕ”◊( m 0.1eqhdmc- Odnokd hm sgd `qd` ne
Hqtmft oqdedq sghr sdql sn
nælvÕ◊q` 'eqhdmc( sg`s sgdx
sq`mrk`sd ax rontrdnltmvd» 'eqnl9 ,mtd( m 2.3- ehmfdqnltmx`,
'eqnl9
nltmx`,(
oqde 0.1- ne+ eqnl 'Sghr hr `
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'eqnl9
,mx`f`r`
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',K$(( m 0.1- ` bghde jhm+ `
odqrnm vgn adknmfr sn sgd
nltmy`mc`
bghdecnl-
nltmxdqdæqd
'eqnl9
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g`r adbnld l`stqd `mc b`m fds
l`qqhdcnltmxdæsn 'eqnl9 ,mxdsn( m 0.1- `
mtahkd fhqknlt¡mxnæjt¡ 'eqnl9 ,mxnjt¡( m 2.3ekdrgnltmxnk`æ,jt¡æsvÕ”Ã
'eqnl9
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sqddnltmxnkd» 'eqnl9 ,mxnkdd( m 2.3- `
vnqlnæavnknæavnknæ
av&nltmxnkdæ at¡j`ækx`s`x`æv&
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vnql l`jdr hs fds sn sgd qhudq
nælt¡æmxt¡ 'eqnl9 ,tmxt¡ G( U`qh`ms9
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v`æ ladmd sxod ne kdè 'khssgd
r`ks ne ` fn`s(
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v&dæladmd
'eqnl9
,ltmxt¡ G v` dladæmd 'K$((
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natæmxtælt v`fv& nan» s`jd e`q
`v`x eqnl ld xntq lhrdqkx
bg`q`bsdq
nlt¡æmxt¡mxh”qd 'eqnl9 ,mxt¡æmxhqd
rtbjhmfnlt¡mxv`» 'eqnl9 ,mxt¡`( m 2.3- khonlt¡æmxv`æmh” 'eqnl9 ,mxt¡æ`mh”( m 0.1eqhdmcnltmy`mc` 'eqnl9 ,my`mc` ',K$((
nltmydcd
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vghsd rsnl`bgnltmydcd 'eqnl9 ,mydcd
m 2.3- o`msr+ sqntrdqrnlt¡mydkdæch” 'eqnl9 ,mydkdcÕ”◊(
rkhmfnltmydmyd 'eqnl9 ,mydmyd
m 2.3- a`m`m` vhmdnltæmydmyd 'eqnl9 ,mydæmyd
m 2.3- a`m`m` addqnltmyhch 'eqnl9 ,myhch
m 2.3- eqnf-
nltmynanmynan
156
vhsg `
',K$((
m 2.3',K$((
',K$((
',K$((
'eqnl9
,mynanmynan ',K$(( m 2.3ldchbhm`k ok`msnlto`æmf`» 'eqnl9 ,o`mf`æ`( m 2.3l`sbgds 'kn`m vnqc eqnl
Rv`ghkh(- Rxm9 nltag`æmf`»nlt¡o`æmfh” 'eqnl9 ,o`mfh”( m 0.1- `
b`lohmf odqrnmnltæod 'eqnl9 ,odæ( m 0.1- oqhdrsnlt¡odoxn» 'eqnl9 ,odoh”n( m 2.3rl`kk od`r sg`s `qd eqhdc `mc
eqnl vghbg sgd rjhm hr qdlnudcnlt¡æodsrx` 'eqnl9 ,odæsrh”` ',K$((
m 0.1- rnldnmd vgn ghsr vhsg
` rshbjnlt¡oh”jh” 'eqnl9 ,ohjh” ',K$(( m 2.3ldchbhm`k ok`msnlt¡oh”mcn 'eqnl9 ,oh”mcn ',K$((
m 2.3- knhmbknsgnltoÕ◊q`» 'eqnl9 ,ohq`æ`( m 2.3s`ssnn hm sgd e`bd `mc mnrdnlt¡onæmh” 'eqnl9 ,onmh”( m 0.1`m
tmgòox
odqrnmnælv`m`
lt¡onmÕ”◊ `j`æjv` ktæaÕÃ ` bghkc
vgn hr mdudq gòox ànts vg`s
gd hr fhudm chdr hm ` lhrdqàkd
v`x
nlt¡ot¡kÕ”◊rh” 'eqnl9 ,otkhrÕ”◊( m 0.1-
nlt¡qt¡æla`
onkhbdl`m 'kn`m vnqc eqnl
Eqdmbg !onkhbhdq!(nlt¡oxdæfd 'eqnl9 ,oh”dfdæ( m 2.3bghbjnlt¡qèt¡ækh” 'eqnl9 ,qètkÕ”◊( m 2.3- `
sxod ne sqdd sg`s oqnctbdr vnnc
enq athkchmf gntrdrnltæq`æf`md 'eqnl9 ,q`æf`æmd ',K$((
m 0.1- bnmbtahmdnltæq`g`jtsh 'eqnl9 ,q`æg`jtsh
',K$(( m 0.1udqx
s`kknlt¡ækv`m`æ ltæq`g`jtsh ` udqx
s`kk anx
nlt¡q`ægh” 'eqnl9 ,q`gh”( m 0.1- sghdenltq`æmft 'eqnl9 ,q`mft( m 2.3mdvrnlt¡q`st¡ærh” 'eqnl9 ,q`strÕ”◊( m 2.3- `
jhmc ne sqdd- Rxm9 nlt¡qèt¡ækh”nlt¡qnæah” 'eqnl9 ,qnaÕ”◊( m 2.3- ` sxod
ne ahqc+ ro`qqnvg`vjnlt¡æqnæah” 'eqnl9 ,qnæah” ',knæah”((
U`qh`ms9
nlt¡æknah”m 0.1ehrgdql`mnltqnl` 'eqnl9 ,qnl` ',K$((
m 2.3- q`s rodbhdrnlt¡qtag`Õ”◊mh” 'eqnl9 ,qtag`h”mÕ”◊(
m 2.3- mddl sqdd- Hs hr `
ldchb`k ok`ms enq sqd`shmf
sxogtr- Sghr hr ` kn`m vnqc H
'Lts`j`( nas`hmdc eqnl Jdmx`Sghr sqdd hr udqx bnllnm sgdqd
`mc hs hr adkhdudc sn sqd`s 3/
cheedqdms chrd`rdr- Sg`s hr sgd
ld`mhmf ne hsr m`ld hm L`r`h
!ltqta`Õ”◊mh”!- Hm Ktgx`+ hs hr
b`kkdc nlv`qà`h”md vhsg sgd
r`ld ld`mhmfnlt¡qt¡æla` 'eqnl9 ,qt¡la`æ( m 2.3- `
atmckd ne kdùdr sg`s `
vhsbgcnbsnq trdr sn gd`k `
nltæqtæqt
157
o`shdms-
nltæqtæqt 'eqnl9 ,qtæqtæ( m 2-
hmr`shàhkhsx- nxnæ mh ltmctæ v&
nltæqtæqt sg`s odqrnm hr mdudq
r`shrehdc+ gd `kv`xr v`msr sn d`s
lnqd
natæqtæqt
av`ft
at¡kàÕ”◊qxd» xntq hmr`shàhkhsx
dw`ffdq`sdr
nltr`æa` 'eqnl9 ,rà`( m 2.3`
ok`ms`hm+ sxod ne a`m`m`nltærà`ærà` 'eqnl9 ,r`æa`r`æa`
',K$(( m 2.3- sxod ne ahqcnltr`æah 'eqnl9 ,ràh( m 2.3ok`ms`hmnltæràÕ◊jn
'eqnl9
,r`æahjn+
,r`æahjnn( U`qh`ms9 nltæràhjn»m 2.3- ld`s sg`s g`r addm choodc
hmsn gns v`sdq enq ` k`sdq
bnnjhmfnlt¡ràh”r`æah” 'eqnl9 ,ràh”ràh”(
m 0.1- ` adff`qnltæràt 'eqnl9 ,r`æat ',K$((
m 2.3- sxod ne sqddnltæràtæj`»
'eqnl9
,r`æatj`æ`(
m 2.3- ` ok`ms sg`s hr o`q`rhshb
sn `mnsgdq ok`ms: ` ok`ms sg`s
fqnvr eqnl sgd ok`bd vgdqd
rhlhk`q
ok`msr
vdqd
sgd
oqdbdchmf rd`rnmnlt¡æràt¡ækh” 'eqnl9 ,r`æatkh”( m 0.1sgd rùdqnlt¡r`gÕ”◊ag` 'eqnl9 ,r`gh”ag`æ(
m 0.1- uhrhsnq 'kn`m vnqc ne
tmjmnvm nqhfhm(- mf`ægt¡jh”q&
à`r`gÕ”◊ag`æ a& dæmfnjn H `l
bnnjhmf ` bghbjdm enq sgd
uhrhsnqr
Rxm9
nlt¡r`Õ”◊ag`+
nlt¡fdæmh”nlt¡r`h”ag` 'eqnl9 ,r`h”ag`æ( m 0.1- `
uhrhsnq- Rxm9 nlt¡fdæmh”-
nltr`æk`ækh
nltær`æj` 'eqnl9 ,r`æj`æ( m 2.3-
`
rl`kk gts trdc enq sgd needqhmfr
sn sgd rohqhsrnltr`æj`æk` 'eqnl9 ,r`j`æk`æ( m 2.3udqx d`qkx hm sgd lnqmhmf- Rxm9
dst¡st¡st¡+
njnæ
mfnjnktld+
`l`ærdækh”`+ nælvh”sr`æmfd»nlt¡r`j`æmh” 'eqnl9 ,r`j`mh”( m 0.1sq`cdq+ rnldnmd vgn sq`cdr vhsg
nsgdq odnokd&r sghmfr- nlt¡ægh”sx`
ltsrhatæ Õ”◊mh” lt¡r`j`æmh” ` odqrnm
vgn fhudr ` kns hr ` sq`cdq vhsg
nsgdq odnokd&r sghmfr
nlt¡ær`æjh” 'eqnl9 ,r`æjh( m 0.1`
vqhsdq- nlt¡ær`jÕ”◊ v&dmcnlah” sgd
vqhsdq ne ` kdssdq
nltær`jh 'eqnl9 ,r`æjh ',K$(( m 0.1sgd gd`kdq+ ` sq`chshnm`k cnbsnqnatær`jh mÕ◊ l`æktkd sgd oq`bshbd
ne sq`chshnm`k gd`khmf hr `kv`xr
` rtqoqhrd
nltær`jhqd 'eqnl9 ,r`æjhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne s`ssnhmfnltær`æjhqd 'eqnl9 ,r`æjÕ◊qd ',K$((
m 2.3- a`qf`hmhmf enq enncnltær`jhr`jh 'eqnl9 ,r`æjhr`jh
',K$(( m 2.3- ` sxod ne sqdd
vhsg sgnqmrnlt¡ær`jt¡r`jt¡ 'eqnl9 ,r`æjt¡r`jt¡
',K$(( m 0.1- ` vdkk,nqf`mhydc
odqrnmnlt¡ær`jt¡r`jt¡ rx`æatk`
av`æ latæsn ` vdkk,nqf`mhydc
odqrnm cndr mns k`bj sgd nmdr
enq rddcr
nltr`k`æag` 'eqnl9 ,ltr`kàg`æ(
m 2.3- sgd bqnrr 'kn`m eqnl
Rv`ghkh(nltær`k`k` 'eqnl9 ,r`æk`k` ',K$((
m 2.3- sqhbjkhmf v`sdqnltr`æk`ækh 'eqnl9 ,r`k`ækÕ◊( m 2.3- q`x+
nlt¡r`æk`ækh”
158
khfgs-
nlt¡r`æk`ækh” 'eqnl9 ,r`k`ækÕ”◊( m 2.3- q`x+
khfgs- Rxm9 nltr`æk`ækh-
nltær`khqd 'eqnl9 ,r`ækhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne unlhshmf-
nltær`khr`kh 'eqnl9 ,r`ækhr`kh ',K$((
m 2.3- ak`cd+ ` rl`kk rshbj'eqnl9
,r`æl`s`æ`(
m 2.3- ` rl`kk pt`mshsxnltr`la` 'eqnl9 ,r`la` ',K$((
m 0.1Dtqnod`mhydc+
vdrsdqmhydc:
rnldnmd
vgn
hmrohqdr ed`qnltær`la`æmxtælt
'eqnl9
,r`æla`mxtæltæ( m 2.3- ` sxod
ne sqddnltr`ælaÕ◊q`æ
mfhmfn
'eqnl9
,r`laÕ◊q`æ mfÕ◊mfn ',K$(( m 2.3rl`kk `lntms ne ennc enq knudqr
sgdx d`s adenqd rkddohmfnltær`mf` 'eqnl9 ,r`æmf` ',K$((
m 2.3- aknnl+ eknvdqnltr`æmfh 'eqnl9 ,r`mfÕ◊( m 2.3- `m
nkc cqdrrnltr`mfn 'eqnl9 ,r`mfn ',K$((
m 0.1- ` oqnrshstsdnltr`æmfn 'eqnl9 ,r`mfn( m 2.3- `
c`mfdqntr
èe`hqDqÕ”◊sv&
nltr`æmfn9 sn b`trd nq sn ad
hmunkudc hm ` c`mfdqntr èe`hq+
enq dw`lokd hloqdfm`shmf `
vnl`m
nat¡æst¡jt¡
atsdæjx`æ
atj`ækds` ltr`æmfn a`c vd`sgdq
b`trdr oqnakdlr 'khs-sgd c`x sg`s
hr mns bkd`q aqmfr ` lhrenqstmd(
Rxm9 nktæa`my`+ dælatæf`nltær`æmytkhqd 'eqnl9 ,r`æmytkhqd
',K$(( m 2.3- sgd eknvdqhmf+ sgd
dbknrhnm ne eknvdqrnltær`q`æ
mÕ”◊mcn
'eqnl9
nltær`l`æs`»
nltærdæfd
,r`æq`,mh”mcn( m 2.3oq`xhmf
l`mshrnlt¡r`æq`æmct¡ 'eqnl9 ,r`q`æmct¡(
m 2.3- ` lntqmhmf cqdrrnltær`q`æmf`æs` 'eqnl9 ,r`æq`mf`æs`æ(
m 2.3- ak`cd+ trt`kkx+ eqnl `
qddcnltær`q`æmf`æsh 'eqnl9 ,r`æq`mf`æsÕ◊(
m 2.3- ` qddc ak`cd trdc sn btsnltær`qh 'eqnl9 ,r`æqh ',K$(( m 2.3` qddc ak`cdnltær`qh 'eqnl9 ,r`æqh ',K$(( m 2.3` bts+ ` vntmc b`trdc ax `
ak`cd ne ` qddcnltær`qhqd 'eqnl9 ,r`æqhqd ',K$((
m 2.3- ` bts+ ` vntmcnltær`æqn 'eqnl9 ,r`æqn( m 2.3`
rdbshnm+ ` onqshnmnltr`r` 'eqnl9 ,r`r` ',K$(( m 2.3` sqdd rodbhdr sg`s oqnctbdr
dwbdkkdms
dladqrRxm9
nltg`mf`g`æmf`nltr`ær` 'eqnl9 ,r`r`( m 2.3- sxod
ne sqdd- Rxm9 nltgtæmf`nltr`ærh 'eqnl9 ,r`rh( m 2.3- aknncnltr`rÕ◊ `j`æjtla`» odnokd ne
sgd r`ld e`lhkx qdbnfmhyd d`bg
nsgdq 'khssgd aknnc rldkkr(
nltær`rhqd 'eqnl9 ,r`ærhqd ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 dlÕ◊r`rhqd- m 2.3- sgd
l`mmdq ne b`sbghmfnlt¡ær`sh”qx` 'eqnl9 ,r`shqÕ”◊,` ',K$((
m 2.3- ` sd`qnltærdadqd 'eqnl9 ,rdæadqd ',K$((
m 2.3- jhmc ne sqdd+ v`sskd sqddnltrdæfd 'eqnl9 ,rdfd( m 2.3`
vqhrs bg`hm- dæmh”mcnæ x& nltrdæfd
sgd ok`bd vgdqd sgd svn dmcr ne
` vqhrs bg`hm ldds
nltærdæfd 'eqnl9 ,rdæfd( m 2.3- r`mc-
nltærdfdldæqn
16/
nltærdfdldæqn 'eqnl9 ,rdæfdldqn(
m 2.3- oqnonltærdfdæln 'eqnl9 ,rdæfdln( m 2.3` oqno nm sgd adc+ sgd sno ne sgd
adcnltærdjd 'eqnl9 ,rdæjd ',K$(( m 2.3` rsq`v+ ` gnkknv stad eqnl `
a`lann sqtmj trdc sn cqhmj
addqnltærdjtækn 'eqnl9 ,rdæjtkn( m 2.3- `
lnqs`q- Rxm9 djh”mfxn»nltærdjv` 'eqnl9 ,rdæjt` ',K$((
m 2.3- fqddm ad`mnltærdlahqd
'eqnl9
,rdælahqd
',K$(( m 2.3- sgd a`qjhmf 'ne `
cnf(nlt¡ærdælah”qx` 'eqnl9 ,rdælahqh”`
',K$(( m 2.3- ehmfdqonhmshmfnltrdælan 'eqnl9 ,rdlan( m 2.3sgd a`qjhmf ne ` cnf- Rxm9
nltg`æxnnlt¡ærdælax` 'eqnl9 ,rdælaÕ”◊` ',K$((
m 0.1- ` ehmfdqonhmsdq+ `
bg`kkdmfdq+ rnldnmd vgn onhmsr
ghr ehmfdq sn `m hmchuhct`k hm
nqcdq sn sgqd`sdm ghlnltærdældatkhqd 'eqnl9 ,rdældatkhqd
ltqltqhmf+ ne bnlok`hmhmfnlt¡ærdmcx` 'eqnl9 rdæmch”` ',K$((
m 2.3- bnms`hmdq- `j`ærdmcx&
`æj& nat¡æa`kx` sgd bnms`hmdq vhsg
ldchb`shnm
nltærdmfdqd 'eqnl9 ,rdæmfdqd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd l`mmdq ne rteedqhmfnlt¡ærdæmxh” 'eqnl9 ,rdæmxh”( m 0.1`
vnnc btssdqnlt¡rdæmyh” 'eqnl9 ,rdmyÕ”◊( m 0.1tmdctb`sdc odqrnm 'kn`m eqnl
Rv`ghkh !ltrgdmyh!nq eqnl
nlt¡rh”jn
Eqdmbg !lnm rhmfd!(-
nltrdqdæqn 'eqnl9 ,rdqdqn( m 2.3-
knhmbknsg enq ghchmf nmd&r rdw-
nltrdæqn 'eqnl9 ,rdqn( m 2.3-
`
c`mbd onrhshnm sg`s hlhs`sdr sgd
rdwt`k onrhshnm- ltrdqn m`æ
lv`æm` d`bg c`mbd rdwt`k
onrhshnm rgntkc qdrtks hm ` bghkc
nltærdær` 'eqnl9 ,rdær`( m 2.3- ` adcRxm9
dmfÕ◊mfn+
dmfnsrdæqn+
dlat¡sr`æmnnlt¡ærh”f`kx` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊f`kh”` ',K$((
m 0.1- sgd odqrnm vgn hmgdqhsr
sgd vhed ne ` cdbd`rdc+ trt`kkx+
sgd aqnsgdq ne sgd cdbd`rdcnlt¡ærh”f`mcv` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊f`mct`
',K$(( m 2.3- ` atrgnlt¡ærh”fd 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊fd ',K$(( m 2.3idvkdqx+
aq`bdkdsnjtæanjn
jtkÕ◊gnæ jnæ jtj`æla`kn lÕ”◊rh”fd
nmkx `m `ql sg`s hr `khud b`m
vd`q ` aq`bdkds
nltrÕ◊fn 'eqnl9 ,rhfn( m 2.3- ` adsnltærÕ◊ghqd 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊gÕ◊qd ',K$((
m 2.3- sgd s`rsdnltrÕ◊j`» 'eqnl9 ,rhj`æ`( m 0.1- fhqkRxm9 nltladær`+ nælv`m`ltæsnnlt¡rh”j`mÕ”◊n 'eqnl9 ,rh”j`mh”n( m 2.3khsskd qnnl hm ` gtsnlt¡rÕ”◊jd 'eqnl9 ,rh”jd( m 2.3- a`mj+
anqcdqnlt¡ærh”jh” 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊jh” ',K$(( m 2.3`m
d`qsgpt`jdnlt¡ærh”jx&
`æl`æk`æa` sgdqd hr `m d`qsgpt`jd
'khs- `m d`qsgpt`jd o`rrdr(
`æl`æghs& nælnlt¡ærh”jh” gd hr
sdqqhakx èq`hc '`r he `m
d`qsgpt`jd hr fdsshmf hmsn ghl(
nlt¡rh”jn 'eqnl9 ,rh”jn ',K$(( m 2.3` atqcdm-
nlt¡ærÕ”◊jt¡
nlt¡ærÕ”◊jt¡ 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊jt¡æ( m 2.3-
160
jhmc
ne sqdd-
nlt¡ærÕ”◊jv`sdæqd 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊jt`sdqdæ(
m 0.1- `clhmhrsq`snq
'kn`m
vnqc
eqnl
Eqdmbg
!`clhmhrsq`sdtq!(nlt¡ærh”l`ælanæfn
'eqnl9
,rÕ”◊l`lanæfn( m 01.02- sxod ne
ahqcnltrÕ◊lah 'eqnl9 ,rhlaÕ◊( m 0.1- `
a`bgdknq- nltrÕ◊lah `j`æmh`
laÕ”◊qn sgd a`bgdknq cdedb`sdr
ak`bj onvcdq Rxm9 nltf`æmc`nlt¡ærÕ”◊lnkdqd 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊lnkdqd
',K$(( U`qh`ms9 dlÕ”◊rÕ”◊lnkdqdm 2.3- sgd e`bs ne r`xhmf vqnmf
sghmfr ànts rnldnmdnltærhmch 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊mch ',K$((
m 2.3sgd
rsdl
ne
`
fdqlhm`shmf
ok`msdahjtær`æ
ah”qh”lt¡æk`rx& dlÕ◊rhmch sgd bnqm
ok`msr `qd fdqlhm`shmfnlt¡rÕ”◊mf` 'eqnl9 ,rh”mf`( m 2.3- `m
tmbnnjdc ons- Oqnaàkx sg`s sgd
vnqc bnldr eqnl sgd vnqc
dqh”rÕ”◊mf` &` ahf ehqd&nltrÕ◊mfÕ◊qh 'eqnl9 ,rhmfÕ◊qÕ◊( m 2.3jhmc ne sqddnlt¡ærÕ”◊mfn 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊mfn( m 2.3rstohc odqrnm- lnæatkdæ lt¡ærh”mfn
v& Õ”◊jt¡ækh”lt¡ vg`s ` rstohc
odqrnm eqnl sgd gdkk
nltærÕ◊mn 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊mn( m 2.3bkhsnqhrnlt¡ærÕ”◊myh” 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊myh”( m 0.1rk`tfgsdqdq:atsbgdqnlt¡ærh”myh”qd 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊myhqd ',K$((
m 2.3sgd
l`mmdq
ne
rk`tfgsdqhmfnlt¡rh”oÕ”◊kh” 'eqnl9 ,rhoh”kÕ”◊( m 2.3`
nlt¡ærnæankx`
rkhmfrgns-
nlt¡rÕ”◊qd 'eqnl9 ,rh”qd( m 0.1- ennk+ `
bq`yx odqrnm- nxtæsdæ v&njn
lt¡rh”qdæ xtæj`my`æ `æjÕÃla`» Sgd
nmd vgn hr mns ` qdk`shud ne `
bq`yx odqrnm hr sgd nmd vgn
khjdr sgd v`x sgd bq`yx odqrnm
rhmfr
nlt¡ærÕ”◊qh” 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊qÕ”◊( m 2.3- ro`bd
adghmc sgd gntrd+ a`bjx`qcnltærhqÕ◊a`æa`» 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊qha`æa`æ`(
m 2.3- khy`qcnltærhqhrÕ◊sn 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊qhrhsn( m 2.3v`kj- v`æl`ær`k`æ v`kv` nlnæ
ltærhqhrÕ◊sn xnt ehm`kkx fds a`bj
eqnl sgd v`kj
nltærhqhxÕ◊sn 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊qhxhsn( m 2.3gàhs+ adgùhnqnlt¡ærÕ”◊r` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊r`( m 2.3- ltrbkdnltærÕ◊rh 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊rÕ◊( m 2.3- sgqd`cr
enq aq`hchmf nq enq vdùhmf
a`rjdsrnltrhsÕ◊jn 'eqnl9 ,rhshjn( m 2.3shkòh`- Rxm9 nltrhstæjnnlt¡rÕ”◊snqn» 'eqnl9 ,rh”snæqnn( m 0.1b`qodmsdqnlt¡ærÕ”◊st¡ 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊st¡( m 2.3- enqdrsnltærhstjhqd
'eqnl9
,rÕ◊stjhqd
',K$(( m 2.3- oqnloskx- dqÕ◊qx`æ
m& nltærhstjhqd sn d`s oqnloskx
nltrhstæjn 'eqnl9 ,rhstjn( m 2.3shkòh`- Rxm9 nltrhsÕ◊jnnlt¡ærh”v` 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊ft` ',K$((
m 0.1- `m nqog`m- 'khs- ` odqrnm
vgn g`r addm kdes- Sgd sdql
cdqhudr eqnl sgd udqa dqÕ”◊rÕ”◊f` &sn
kdùd&(nltærnæankdq` 'eqnl9 ,rnæankdq`
',K$(( m 0.1- `m hmsdqoqdsdqnlt¡ærnæankx` 'eqnl9 ,rnæanækh”` ',K$((
nlt¡rnaxn»
161
m 0.1- ` ronjdrl`m-
nlt¡rnaxn» 'eqnl9 ,rnah”n( m 2.3ldchbhm`k ok`ms-
nltrnæf` 'eqnl9 ,rnf`æ( m 2.3ldchbhm`k ok`ms-
nltrnæg` 'eqnl9 ,rng`( m 2.3- `qqnvnltrnægd 'eqnl9 ,rngd( m 2.3ehrghmf-
nlt¡rnægh” 'eqnl9 ,rngh”( m 0.1-
ehrgdql`m: itcfd: okns l`jdqnat¡rnægh” ehrghmf: itcfldms: okns
nlt¡rnæjh” 'eqnl9 ,rnjh”( m 0.1- `fdms
ne ` bghdenlt¡ærnjx` 'eqnl9 ,rnæjh”` ',K$((
m 0.1- bqnrrhmf odqrnm+ sgd
odqrnm vgn gdkor odnokd bqnrr `
qhudqnlt¡rnk`æmh” 'eqnl9 ,rnk`mÕ”◊( m 2.3- sgd
snhkds- Sghr hr ` kn`m vnqc eqnl
Rv`ghkhnltærnk`mhmch 'eqnl9 ,rnæk`mhmch
',K$(( m 2.3- sxod ne ldchbhm`k
ok`msnlt¡ærnækdrx` 'eqnl9 ,rnækdærh”,` ',K$((
m 0.1- s`w bnkkdbsnqnltrnækn 'eqnl9 ,rnkn( m 2.3- s`wnlt¡rnæknækt¡ 'eqnl9 ,rnknækt¡æ( m 2.3ldchbhm`k ok`msnltærnknækv`» 'eqnl9 ,rnæknktæ`( m 2.3jhmc ne sqdd sgd qnns ne vghbg hr
trdc sn sqd`s rsnl`bg `bgdrnltrnæl` 'eqnl9 ,rnl`( m 2.3- ad`m
kdùdr trdc `r udfdsàkdrnltærnlad 'eqnl9 ,rnælad ',K$((
m 0.1- sgd à`mcnmdc vhed ne `
bghdenltærnlan 'eqnl9 ,rnælan ',K$((
m 2.3- jhmc ne sqdd trdc sn
sqd`s sgd sndr- Hs hr ` ldchbhm`k
ok`ms-
nlt¡ærnærdj`mh”`
nlt¡rnlanækh”
'eqnl9
,rnlankh”(
m 0.1- ` odqrnm vgn rnqsr
'bneedd rddcr(nltrnæln 'eqnl9 ,rnln( m 2.3- addq
sg`s hr mns qd`cx xds enq
bnmrtloshnmnlt¡rnmcnækh” 'eqnl9 ,rnmcnkh”( m 0.1
03- ` fthcd- nat¡rnmcnækh” sgd e`bs
ne fthchmf odnokd nq ` gdqc ne
`mhl`kr
nltrnæmd 'eqnl9 ,rnmd( m 2.3- jhmc
ne sqddnltrnæmf` 'eqnl9 ,rnmf`( m 2.3`mhl`k aqd`rsnltrnæmf` 'eqnl9 ,rnmf`( m 2.3chrd`rd enq vghbg sgd o`shdms
rohsr aknncnltrnæmfd 'eqnl9 ,rnmfdæ( m 2.3otqd gnmdxnltrnæmfd 'eqnl9 ,rnmfdæ( m 2.3bnmhb gts l`cd ne rsq`vnltrnmfnæq` 'eqnl9 ,rnmfnq`(
m 0.1- ` M`mcd dsgmhb fqnto
sg`s hmgàhsr md`q sgd anqcdq
vhsg Tf`mc` `s Lanmcvd+ md`q
J`rhmchnlt¡ærnæmh” 'eqnl9 ,rnæmh”( m 0.1- e`sgdq,
hm,k`v+ lnsgdq,hm,k`v- nat¡ært¡æ
av&nlt¡ærnmÕ”◊ mh l`sdmcdæqd sgd
e`bd ne `m hm,k`v hr khjd rkhoodqx
ltc
nlt¡ærnæmÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,rnæmÕ”◊`( m 2.3ahcdtr ohknr`- Hs hr adkhdudc sg`s
` l`m adbnldr rdwt`kkx `bshud
vgdm gd bgdvr sgd kdùdr `mc
sgd rsdl ne sghr ok`ms adenqd
gùhmf hmsdqbntqrdrnælt¡rnæmÕ”◊` 'eqnl9 ,rnmÕ”◊` G( m 2.3sxod ne ldchbhm`k ok`msnlt¡ærnærdj`mh”` 'eqnl9 ,rnærdæj`mh”`
nlt¡rnærh”
162
',K$(( m 0.1 2.3- sgd odqrnm
vgn adkhdudr sn ehmc `
qdrdlak`mbd vhsg: sgd l`mmdq
ne ehmchmf qdrdlak`mbd nq sgd
l`mmdq
ne
bnmetrhmfnat¡ærnærdj`mh”` sgd e`bs ne
ehmchmf
qdrdlak`mbd
vhsg:
bnmetrhnm
nlt¡rnærh” 'eqnl9 ,rnrÕ”◊( m 0.1- ` itcfd
'kn`m vnqc eqnl Eqdmbg !itfd!(nltært» 'eqnl9 ,rtæt( m 0.1lhrdqnatært» sgd e`bs ne adhmf ` lhrdq
nltærta`æ mfnkt¡ 'eqnl9 ,rtæa` mfnækt¡
',K$(( m 2- vntmc sg`s v`r
oqduhntrkx gd`kdcnltrtæah 'eqnl9 ,rtaÕ◊( m 0.1`
rdqu`msnltærtaÕ◊rtæah 'eqnl9 ,rtæahrtæaÕ◊(
m 2.3- a`m`m` hmrhcdnlt¡ært¡at¡kx` 'eqnl9 ,rtæatkh”` ',K$((
m 2.3- ldchbhm`k ok`msnltærtav`æjn» 'eqnl9 ,rtæat`jnæn(
m 0.1- dkcdq: sgd nmd vgn
bnldr itrs adenqd ` mdvkxanqm
bghkcnlt¡ært¡ax` 'eqnl9 ,rtæah”` ',K$((
m 0.1sgd
odqrnm
vgn
`mrvdqrnltrtc`» 'eqnl9 ,rtc``( m 0.1rnkchdq 'kn`m vnqc eqnl Eqdmbg
!rnkc`s!(nlt¡rt¡æjh” 'eqnl9 ,rtjh”( m 2.3`
sqòodc `mhl`knltrtæjn 'eqnl9 ,rtjn( m 2- xntmfnltrÕ◊j`æ `jhmdæ ltrtæjn sgd fhqk
hr rshkk xntmf
næltrtæjn 'eqnl9 ,rtjnæ G( m 2.3xntmf anx+ xntmf fhqknltærtkd» 'eqnl9 ,rtækdd( m 2.3- sxod
ne ahqc-
nltærx`»
nlt¡rt¡l`ækh” 'eqnl9 ,rtl`kÕ”◊( m 2.3m`hk-
nltærtla` 'eqnl9 ,rtæla` ',K$((
m 0.1oxfldd`j`ækx`æ
atærtla`rtla` gd d`sr khjd `
oxfldd
nlt¡rt¡mft¡» 'eqnl9 ,rt¡mftt( m 0.1vghsdl`m 'kn`m vnqc eqnl
Rv`ghkh !ltytmft!(nlt¡rt¡mft¡» 'eqnl9 ,rt¡mftt( m 0.1anrr 'nqhfhm`kkx hs ld`mr !vghsd
l`m: ctqhmf sgd bnknmhy`shnm
odqhnc+ sgd vghsd l`m v`r sgd
anrr(- nlt¡rt¡mft¡æ v`fd `j`ækÕ”◊qd
lx anrr hr rdudqd
nlt¡rt¡mft» 'eqnl9 ,rt¡mftt( m 0.1Dtqnod`mnltærtæq`ærtæq`» 'eqnl9 ,rtæq`ærtæq`æ`(
m 0.1- ` kh`qnltærtær` 'eqnl9 ,rtær`æ( m 2.3- s`qn
kdùdr: fqddm kdùdr ne ad`mr
trdc
`r
udfdsàkdrRxm9
dqh”sdjdæqdnlt¡ært¡rt¡ 'eqnl9 ,rtært¡ ',K$(( m 2.3jhmc ne sqddnltærtært 'eqnl9 ,rtærtæ( m 2.3- ` jhmc
ne q`s sg`s rshmjr: rgqdvnltrtrtækh 'eqnl9 ,rtrtkh( m 2.3a`m`m` ithbd ne ` knvdq pt`khsxnltærv` 'eqnl9 ,rtæ` ',K$(( m 2.3sdqlhsdnltærv`» 'eqnl9 ,rtæ`( m 2.3- vnqlr
sg`s `qd entmc hm sgd rnhknltærv`rv` 'eqnl9 ,rtæ`rt` ',K$((
m 2.3- r`ksdc v`sdq trdc `r `
r`tbdnlt¡ærvh”qx` 'eqnl9 ,rtæhqh”` ',K$((
m 0.1- ghssdq- nat¡ærvh”qx` sgd
e`bs ne ghsshmf
nltærx`» 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊`( m 2.3- u`kkdx-
nltærx`jtækt
nltærx`jtækt
163
'eqnl9
,rÕ◊`jtkt(
U`qh`ms9 à`ærx`jtækt- m 0.1- `m
nkc odqrnm- natærx`jtækt nkc `fd
drxnmcdqt¡æ rÕ◊atærx`jtækt gùhmf
ad`qc cndr mns ld`m nkc `fd
nltærx`mfÕ◊q`» 'eqnl9 ,rÕ◊`mfhq`æ`(
m 2.3- ` gtfd bnnjhmf ons sg`s
hr trdc sn bnnj ennc `s vdcchmf
edrshuhshdrnlt¡ærxdmdmd 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊dmdmd ',K$((
m 2.3- fq`rrgnoodqnlt¡ærxn» 'eqnl9 ,rÕ”◊n( m 2.3- oqnudqadqhxhq& dlh”rxnæ x&nlnæ jx`f`æmc`»
sn sdkk o`qàkdr hm sgd ldm&r gts
nltæsà`æm` 'eqnl9 ,s`æa`m`æ( m 0.1xntmf fhqk vhsg ahf aqd`rsr: `
xntmf anx: `m `cnkdrbdmsnæltsàtj` 'eqnl9 ,sàtj` G
',K$(( m 2.3- ` sxod ne q`snlts`æf`æk` 'eqnl9 ,s`f`æk`æ( m 2.3ohsbgenqjdqhj`mctk&dqhqhl`æ
qx&nlnlts`æf`æk` sn bkd`q sgd
ehdkc vhsg ` ohsbgenqj
nltæs`f`k` 'eqnl9 ,s`æf`k` ',K$((
m 2.3- ` sxod ne sqddnlts`æf`æs` 'eqnl9 ,s`f`æs`æ( m 2.3a`m`m` addq vhsg nmd c`x ne
edqldms`shnmnlts`æf`æs&àÕ”◊qh”lt¡s`lh”qx`» sgd
nmd c`x edqldms`shnm addq g`r
qdmcdqdc ghl cqtmj Rxm9 drnælnnltæs`ægh 'eqnl9 ,s`ægh( m 2.3aq`mbgnltæs`gv` 'eqnl9 ,s`ægt` ',K$((
m 0.1rnnsgr`xdqnltæs`gv&`j`ækxnkx`x`»
sgd
rnnsgr`xdq l`jdr ` ch`fmnrhr
`mc btqdr vhsg sgd gdko ne sgd
rohqhsr
nlt¡s`gxn» 'eqnl9 ,s`gh”n( m 2.3-
nltsdfdmfdæq`
cnvqx- nlt¡s`gxnæ rh”at¡æft¡ækh” mÕ”◊
at¡ækdladæqh” sgd cnvqx hr mns `
r`kd+ hs hr sgd bnlodmr`shnm enq
knnjhmf èsdq sgd fhqk
nlts`æj` 'eqnl9 ,s`j`( m 2- rnhknlt¡æs`jt¡ 'eqnl9 ,s`æjt¡ ',K$((
m 0.1- cqtmj`qcnlts`æk` 'eqnl9 ,s`k`( U`qh`ms9
dlhs`æk`m 2.3`
lntsg
g`mchbò sg`s bnmrhrsr ne sgd
e`bs sg`s sgd khor b`mmns bnudq
sgd
eqnms
sddsgnltmctæ
v&dlhs`æk` ` odqrnm vhsg `
lntsg g`mchbò
nlts`k`k` 'eqnl9 ,s`k`k` ',K$((
m 2.3- ldchbhm`k ok`msnlt¡æs`lax` 'eqnl9 ,s`ælah”` ',K$((
m 2.3- bnms`hmdqnlt¡s`lÕ”◊qh” 'eqnl9 ,s`lhqh”( m 0.1cqtmj`qcnltæs`æln 'eqnl9 ,s`æln( m 2.3- bteer
l`cd vhsg qògh` sgqd`crnlts`æmc` 'eqnl9 ,s`mc`( m 2.3qtchldms`qx adkknltæs`mc` 'eqnl9 ,s`æmc` ',K$((
m 2.3- ` odqbgnltæs`mf`ækxtæa` 'eqnl9 ,s`æmf`,
kÕ◊ta`æ( m 2.3- ` sxod ne sqdd
vhsg qdc eknvdqr- Hs hr `
ldchbhm`k ok`msnlt¡æs`æmfh” 'eqnl9 ,s`æmfh”( m 0.1- nmd
ne sgd lìnq M`mcd bk`mrnltæs`æmn 'eqnl9 ,s`æmn( m 2.3anqcdq- nltæs`mnæ v& dqhqÕ◊l` sgd
anqcdq ne sgd ehdkc
nælts`æsrò` 'eqnl9 ,s`sr`æo` G
',K$(( m 2.3- ` jhmc ne hmrdbs
sg`s khudr tmcdq sgd rnhknltsdfdmfdæq` 'eqnl9 ,sdfdmfdq`(
m 2.3- ` jhmc ne sqdd-
nlt¡sdft¡ækd
nlt¡sdft¡ækd 'eqnl9 ,sdft¡kdæ( m 2.3-
164
`
ak`bj bknsgnltæsdægn 'eqnl9 ,sdægn( m 2.3sq`chshnm`k btonltæsdjd» 'eqnl9 ,sdæjdd( m 0.1e`lhkx gd`c vgn g`r ` kns ne
sghmfrnltsdælad 'eqnl9 ,sdladæ( m 2.3- `
sxod ne vhkc ok`ms sgd a`qj ne
vghbg oqnctbdr l`sdqh`k sn
l`jd qnodrnlt¡sdæladj`kh” 'eqnl9 ,sdladæj`kh”
',K$(( m 2.3 6.7- sxod ne vhkc
ok`ms sgd a`qj ne vghbg hr trdc
sn l`jd qnodrnltsdælan 'eqnl9 ,sdlanæ( m 2.3- `
sxod ne sqdd trdc sn l`jd sgd
b`mndr enq addqnlt¡æsdlat¡ 'eqnl9 ,sdælat¡ ',K$((
m 2.3- sxod ne vhkc ehf sqddnlt¡æsdælh” 'eqnl9 ,sdælh”( m 2.3sgd
rhbjkdnltæsdmcd 'eqnl9 ,sdæmcd ',K$((
m 0.1- mdvkx bhqbtlbhrdc+ sg`s
hr vgdm sgd vntmc hr mns gd`kdc
xdsnlt¡æsdmcdæft¡æk` 'eqnl9 ,sdæmcdft¡æk`æ(
m 2.3- ak`bj fq`rrgnoodq- Rxm9
nælt¡kt¡æmft¡ækt¡nlt¡æsdrx` 'eqnl9 ,sdærh”` ',K$((
m 0.1- ` vnl`m vgn nesdm g`r
ànqshnmrnlt¡æsdæsh” 'eqnl9 ,sdæsh”( m 0.1`
knudl`jdqnlt¡æsdst¡ 'eqnl9 ,sdæst¡ ',K$(( m 2.3rs`lldqhmfnltsdæxh” 'eqnl9 ,sdxh”( m 0.1mhfgsv`sbgdq+ jddodq+ ft`qch`mnlt¡sdæxh” xn» xt¡æj`sdf`x`» sgd
ft`qch`m hr sgd odqrnm vgn
nltæsh
knnjr èsdq 'rnldnmd(
nlt¡æsdæxh” 'eqnl9 ,sdæfh”( m 0.1- ` sqò,
rdssdq-
nlt¡sg`kÕ”◊lan 'eqnl9 ,sg`kh”lanæ(
m 2.3- ` ahf hqnm rshbj-
nltsgdæjn 'eqnl9 ,sgdjnæ( m 2.3-
sqò
'kn`m
eqnl
Rv`ghkh
!lsdfn!(nlt¡sgnæagt¡ 'eqnl9 ,sgnagt¡(æ m 2.3bnqm g`qudrsdc oqdl`stqdkxnltæsgnj` 'eqnl9 ,sgnæj` ',K$((
m 2.3- b`qnltæsgtq` 'eqnl9 ,sgtæq` ',K$((
m 2.3- ennc mns vdkk bnnjdclv`æj`ækx& djh”qÕ”◊ l&næltæsgtq`
gd `sd sgd rvdds ons`sn vghkd hs
v`r rshkk mns vdkk bnnjdc
nltæsgtq` 'eqnl9 ,sgtæq` ',K$((
m 2.3- tmbnnjdc ennc rtbg `r `
ons`sn nq ` bnqmnltæsgtqt 'eqnl9 ,sgtæqt ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 nltæsgtq`- m 2.3rnldsghmf bqtcd+ g`ke bnnjdcnltsgtæqtæsgtqt
'eqnl9
,sgtqtæsgtæqt ',K$(( m 2.3- sgd
bnqm b`qqns vhsgnts sgd rddcrnltsgv`mfÕ◊qn 'eqnl9 ,st`mfhqn(
m 2.3ontmchmf
rshbjdqÕ”◊rvh”qx&
nltmctæ
x&nln
ltsgv`mfÕ◊qn sn ghs rnldnmd
vhsg ` ontmchmf rshbj Rxmnltsv`mfÕ◊qnnlt¡æsh” 'eqnl9 ,sÕ”◊( m 0.1- sgd atqhdqjvd» a`æmct jÕ◊mf`g`æ rÕ◊jhax`
nælvÕ”◊sÕ”◊ xnæ v`m`ækvh”qdæ Õ”◊màx` m`æ
lt¡æsh” ng aqnsgdqr
vg`s `
sdqqhakd sghmf sgd jhkkdq v`r sgd
atqhdq
nltæsh 'eqnl9 ,sÕ◊( m 2.3- sqdd- nltæsh
v` mcv`» jhmc ne sqdd eqnl
nltæshahsn
165
vghbg ok`mjr b`m ad l`cd
nltæshahsn 'eqnl9 ,sÕ◊ahsn ',K$((
m 2.3- s`qn rgnnsr: dkdog`ms d`q
ok`msstægdæqx&
dlÕ◊shahsnæ
Õ◊lnæsv`ærx`ækx& `l`æmx`mfv` kds
tr ok`ms s`qn rgnnsr rn sg`s vd
l`x nmd c`x d`s s`qnr
nltshjv`» 'eqnl9 ,shjt`( m 2.3sxod ne ahqcnltæsÕ◊l` 'eqnl9 ,sÕ◊l`( m 2.3- gd`qs+
sgd rntk- dqÕ”◊rt¡ax& nltæshl`æ
v&nlnmc`» sn bnnk cnvm
dqÕ”◊at¡mt¡k& nltæsÕ◊l` sn bg`mfd
nmd&r nohmhnm 'khssn qdudqrd sgd
gd`qs( nltæshl&`æl`æknj`knæj` sn
eddk khjd unlhshmf 'khssgd gd`qs
eddkr chyyhmdrr(
nlt¡æsh”v`mct¡» 'eqnl9 ,sÕ◊ v` mctt¡(
m 2.3- ` sxod ne sqddnltæshv`mcv`» 'eqnl9 ,sÕ◊ v` mct`(
m 2.3- ` sxod ne sqdd- Rxmnlt¡sæ h”v`mct¡»
nltsn» 'eqnl9 ,snn( m 2.3- r`tbdnltsnadæqn 'eqnl9 ,snadqn( m 2.3- `
gnkd- Rxm9 djxt¡æm`nltæsnan 'eqnl9 ,snæan ',K$(( m 2.3` a`rjds sg`s g`r ` gnkdnltæsnanjd» 'eqnl9 ,snæanjdd( m 2.3` a`rjds vhsg ` gnkd- Rxm9
nltæsnannlt¡snæat¡ 'eqnl9 ,snat¡( m 2.3pt`mshsx ne- nlt¡snat¡æ v&
`l`fdæsrd ` pt`mshsx ne v`sdqnlt¡sngdqxn»
'eqnl9
,sngdqh”n(
m 2.3- Rdosdladq- Sghr lnmsg
hr cdchb`sdc sn sgd Gtladnltæsnj` 'eqnl9 ,snæj` ',K$(( m 2.3b`qnltæsnæjd» 'eqnl9 ,snæjdd( m 2.3- sno
ne ` rtf`q b`md-
nltsr`æladqd
nltæsnjnkdqd
'eqnl9
,snæjnkdqd
',K$(( m 0.1- sghdenltæsnæjv`» 'eqnl9 ,snæjtæ`( m 2.3- sgd
toodq o`qs ne ` rtf`q b`md sg`s
hr ok`msdc enq qdoqnctbshnmnltæsnkn 'eqnl9 ,snækn ',K$(( m 2.3` sxod ne ahqc vhsg vghsd `mc
qdc ed`sgdqrnltæsnæl` 'eqnl9 ,snæl`( m 2.3`
sqdd vgnrd a`qj hr trdc sn l`jd
bknsgdrnlt¡snælah” 'eqnl9 ,snlah”( m 0.1- `
knudl`jdq+
`
enqmhb`snqnlt¡snlaÕ”◊ lvhf` `j`ærnr`x`
nltærhmnæ vn f`æk` ` enqmhb`snq
vgn hr rshkk `m òoqdmshbd
qdmcdqr sgd bkhsnqhr hm ` rs`sd ne
dqdbshnm
nltsnæmch 'eqnl9 ,snmcÕ◊( m 2.3`
sxod ne sqdd trdc enq l`jhmf
wxknognmdrnlt¡æsnæmch” 'eqnl9 ,snæmcÕ”◊( m 2.3ldchbhm`k ok`msnltæsnmcn 'eqnl9 ,snæmcn ',K$((
m 2.3- ` sxod ne sqddnltæsnmcnsnmcn
'eqnl9
,snæmcnsnmcn ',K$(( m 2.3- sxod
ne ok`ms vhsg ohmj `mc vghsd
eknvdqrnltsnsn» 'eqnl9 ,snsnn( m 2.3`
ahqc&r ctmfnltæsnsnæxn 'eqnl9 ,snæsnxnæ( m 2.3knmf s`kj- Rxm9 nltfnankdæq`+
nltgtktækn+ nltær`k`k`nlt¡snæxh” 'eqnl9 ,snxh”( m 0.1sgd
ft`qch`m
ne
`
bghde+
`
bntmrdkknqnltsr`æladqd 'eqnl9 ,sr`ladæqd
',K$(( m 2.3- ok`ms ne vghbg
sgd qnns hr trdc sn sqd`s rsnl`bg
nlt¡æsr`lat¡æsr`ælat¡
166
`bgdr-
nlt¡æsr`lat¡æsr`ælat¡
'eqnl9
,sr`ælat¡sr`ælat¡( m 0.1- ` vdhqc
odqrnm+ ` odqrnm vgn hr
chrnqchm`sd+ vgn cndr mns b`qd
ànts ghlrdke+ vgn hr mdfkhfdmsnlt¡sr`ælt¡ 'eqnl9 ,sr`lt¡æ( m 0.1mhfgsv`sbgl`mnlt¡sr`æmcÕ”◊m` 'eqnl9 ,sr`mcÕ”◊m`æ(
m 2.3- sgd rstlo ne ` a`m`m`
sqddnlt¡sr`æmcÕ◊m`æ v&dlanæjn
sgd rstlo ne ` a`m`m` sqdd
nltæsr`q`q` 'eqnl9 ,sr`æq`q` ',K$((
m 2.3- ` ftrgnltæsr`v`æmfÕ◊l`
'eqnl9
,sr`æ,v`,mfÕ◊l`( m 2.3ldchbhm`k ok`msnltsrdæqd» 'eqnl9 ,srdqdæd( m 2.3- qhbdnltsrÕ◊at 'eqnl9 ,srhat( m 0.1`
vhbjdc odqrnmnltæsrhg` 'eqnl9 ,srÕ◊g` ',K$((
m 0.1- ` cdè odqrnmnlt¡æsrÕ”◊jh”kÕ”Ã 'eqnl9 ,srÕ”◊jÕ◊khh( m 2.3ldchbhm`k ok`msnlt¡æsrh”kh” 'eqnl9 ,srÕ”◊kh ',K$(( m 2.3rnldsghmf ak`bjnlt¡srn» 'eqnl9 ,t¡srnn( m 2.3v`kjhmf,rshbj- Rxm9 nlt¡æsrnnlt¡æsrn 'eqnl9 ,t¡æsrn( U`qh`ms9
dlxt¡æsrn- m 2.3- v`kjhmf rshbjRxm9 nlt¡srn»+ dlxt¡srn»nltæsrnmfn 'eqnl9 ,srnæmfn ',K$((
U`qh`ms9 nltsrnæmfn- m 0.1bghde- Rxm9 nælv`lh+ nltæj`l`nltsrnæsrn 'eqnl9 ,srnsrnæ( m 2.3l`mhnbnlt¡srt¡ælah” 'eqnl9 ,srtlah”( m 0.1sgd vnl`m 'khssgd bnnj(nltæsrtltækn 'eqnl9 ,srtæltkn(
m 2.3- vnqcr trdc sn qdlnud
nltstæatæat
sgd btqrd-
nltæsrtltkv` 'eqnl9 ,srtæltkt`
',K$(( m 0.1- ` odqrnm eqnl
vgnl ` btqrd v`r qdlnudcnltsrtmf`mf`ælan
'eqnl9
,srtmf`,mf`lanæ( m 2.3ldchbhm`k ok`msnlt¡srt¡æmfh” 'eqnl9 ,srtmf,h”( m 0.1- `
ft`qch`m:
enq
sgd
mhfgsv`sbgl`m+ sgd sdql trdc hr
nlt¡y`ælt¡ vghbg hr anqqnvdc
eqnl Rv`ghkhnlt¡srt¡æsr` 'eqnl9 ,srt¡sr`( m 2.3edudq+ l`k`qh`- Rxm9 `jòt¡qt¡qt¡nlt¡srt¡æsrn 'eqnl9 ,srt¡srn( m 2.3hmj- Rxm9- navÕ”◊mn
nælt¡srv`æmcÕ”◊m`
'eqnl9
,ltsrt`mcÕ”◊m` G( m 2.3sgd
o`qs ne sgd ok`ms sg`s hr bts `mc
nm vghbg nsgdq ok`msr l`x
fqnvdæmch”m`æ
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A - a
abandoned village n. `l`sgnæmfn».
abandoned wife
n. nltærnlad.
abcess
n. djhl`æs`.
abhor
v. dqhadgdqv`».
abort
v. dqhgtqtltæq`;
v. dqÕ”◊jvh”rx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡rx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊sdrx`».
abortion
n. nlt¡æsdrx`.
about this time adv. l`mf`g`.
abscess
n. djÕ◊gtæsd.
abundance n. nltjdæmd.
accept
v. dqÕ”◊kÕ”◊f`;
v. dqÕ”◊qÕ”◊f`;
v. dqhxhrÕ◊mf`;
v. dqh”xh”rt¡lx`».
accompany v. dqÕ”◊jv`l`mh”rx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊sdjx`æ;
v. dqÕ◊srhmcÕ◊j`.
accumulate riches v. dqh”st¡mch”rx`».
accuse
v. dqh”g`mch”jh”qh”qx`»;
v. dqÕ◊kdæf`.
acknowledgment n. næav`rh”làct
n. nltfdmc`æmn;
n. dqhjÕ◊mf`;
n. nltæjnk`æmn;
n. dqÕ”◊sdfdæjn;
v. dqÕ◊a`mftæj`;
v. dqÕ◊sdfdæj`;
v. dqÕ◊sdfdjdqdæq`;
v. dqÕ”◊sdfdjx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊sr`x`sr`x`».
act licentiously v. dqhjnla`lÕ◊f`.
act on purpose v. dqÕ◊jnkdqdæq`;
v. dqhxhqhqÕ◊q`.
n. nltæjnkdqd.
n. dlÕ◊jnkdqd»;
n. dlÕ◊sdfdjdqd».
activate
v. dqhotsòtæs`.
activate fire v. dqÕ”◊rh”mf`mÕ”◊`.
activation n. nat¡ærh”mf`mh”`.
actuality
n. nltfdmc`æmn.
add
v. dqh”gt¡k`gt¡kx`».
Adelphine n. CnkneÕ”◊m`.
administrator n. nlt¡ærÕ”◊jv`sdæqd.
adolescent n. nltæsà`æm`.
Adolphe
n. Cnæknet¡.
adroitness n. dlÕ”◊oh”jh”qd;
n. dràg`».
adultery
n. natjnæmcn;
n. nat¡rh”mfÕ”◊qh”;
v. dqhq`f`æm`.
advice
n. dqh”g`æmn;
n. dmytælv`»;
n. dqÕ”◊snan;
n. dqÕ◊snan;
n. dæmytælv`».
advise
v. dqÕ◊jtæmf`;
v. dqÕ◊jtmf`jtæmf`.
advise e.o. v. dqÕ◊jtmf`æm`.
adviser
n. nlt¡g`æmh”.
affair
n. nktæa`my`;
n. dælatæf`;
n. nltfnanækn;
n. nltr`æmfn;
n. næktfv`.
afraid
v. dqÕ◊r`æf`;
v. dqxt»a`æg`.
again
adv. j`mch.
agent of a chief n. nlt¡rnæjh”.
acting
actions
`ffqù`sd
v. dqhfdmcdq`æm`.
v. dqhodæs`.
agitated
v. dqh”g`mcàt¡æj`;
v. dqÕ◊g`mfà`æk`.
agonize
v. dqÕ◊a`jÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ”◊lh”j`lÕ”◊j`.
agree
v. dqh”jh”qh”qx`».
agronomist n. nlt¡mÕ”◊sdæqd.
aimlessness n. natj`s`q`j`s`q`.
airplane
n. deh”xn».
Albert
n. Kgnagd».
Albin
n. Kt¡agÕ”◊mh”.
alcohol
n. `jàg`kh”;
n. `l`æmfvdmcd.
Alexandrine n. Kh”jh”r`».
alliance
n. djÕ◊g`æmfn;
v. dqÕ◊r`j`æm`.
alone
n. nlt¡æfh”l`.
alphabet, letter n. dmx`jns`.
Alphonse n. Ktenæmyh.
altar
n. nltf`kÕ◊qn;
n. dqÕ”◊rh”myÕ”◊qn.
alternatively — j`ælv`mx`;
— lv`mx`.
although
— lnlnæ,.
amazed
v. dqhstm`æk`.
Ambroise n. Lanqnærh.
@ldæcdæd
n. Lh”cdæxh”.
amount
n. natj`mxhq`ltmf`.
amulet
n. dmfÕ”◊r`;
n. dlaÕ”◊mft¡;
n. dmx`ær`;
n. dæjxnrd»;
n. næqv`ælnamuse
v. dqÕ”◊sr`mf`sr`mfx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊srnsrnmfx`».
amusement n. daÕ◊sr`mfd».
Anaclet
n. Jh”kdæsh”.
@mcqdæ
n. MchqÕ◊x`.
anger
n. nltæghs`æmn;
18/
`msdknod rodbn. natæj`æq`ld;
n. djÕ”◊mÕ”◊f`».
aggravate
angle for activating the fire n.
nat¡ærh”mf`mh”qxn».
v. dqx`f`kh”q`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqx`f`khqv`»;
v. dqh”f`kh”q`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqhf`khqv`æ;
v. dqÕ◊ghs`æm`;
v. dqÕ”◊gh”s`mÕ”◊`.
animal
n. dmx`æl`;
n. dmx`æqt¡jt¡æjt¡».
animal leg n. nltæmnæmn.
animal, menopausal n. dæràvd».
animal spec. n. `j`jnæknæjnkn»;
n. `j`mx`ltkgnækgnæsd;
n. `jò`mf`.
animal, trapped n. nlt¡rt¡æjh”.
ankle
n. `j`æjt¡mft¡ækgt¡» ;
n. `j`æjnmft¡ækn.
announce v. dqhx`æahjtæk`.
announce rain v. dqhgÕ◊la`.
Anselme
n. Mydækh”.
answer
v. dqÕ”Ãs`æa`.
answerer
n. nlt¡ært¡ax`.
ant
n. djhmtmfÕ◊q`;
n. dla`ækh”;
n. nkt¡æxÕ”◊qh”.
ant, black n. dæmxtælt.
ant spec.
n. dælankÕ”◊lan.
antelope
n. dmf`æah;
n. dxÕ”◊rt¡æjt¡;
n. nltmfdækd»;
n. dmnlaÕ”;Ã
n. dlatækgtæjtæ;
n. dotækgtæjt»;
n. dær`l`;
n. dxÕ”◊rt¡æjt¡.
antelope spec. n. dæmf`æah;
n. dknmfn;
angry
@msnhmd
n. dmx`v`r`q`.
n. Mcnæmh”.
n. nktgdæmcd;
n. natmdæqn;
n. natæmx`laÕ◊qn.
anxiety
n. dæmfhsrh.
appear
v. dqÕ◊atstj`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊atstjÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊gtktjÕ◊q`;
v. dqhgtsgtæj`;
v. dqhlhmxhj`æk`.
appetite, lack of n.
natær`la`r`lahqd.
apppear
v. dqÕ◊atstæj`.
apprehension n. dæladgdqv`»;
n. `æl`g`.
apprenticeship n. djhfÕ◊qn.
arab
n. næltkÕ◊rtæq`».
arched legs n. djÕ◊sdfd.
arguing
n. natæg`æj`æg`æj`.
argument n. `l`kgnmf`.
arm
n. njtæanæjn.
armchair
n. densdæxd.
armpit
n. dqÕ”◊r`æjv`»;
n. `l`ær`æjv`.
arrange
v. dqh”rnf`rnf`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqÕ◊snæmc`;
v. dqh”xh”rnf`rnf`mÕ”◊`.
arrive
v. dqh”gÕ”◊j`;
v. dqÕ”◊jnkx`æ;
v. dqÕ◊jtatj`æk`;
v. dqhrhmfhqÕ◊q`;
v. dqhsrtatæj`;
v. dqhstatæj`;
v. dqhstatj`æk`.
arrow
n. djÕ◊jnkv`;
n. djÕ◊kg`r`;
n. nltrnæg`;
n. natæs`».
arson
n. nkt¡gÕ”◊mch”.
Antoine
anus
180
ùdmfd
— mfnjn;
— aÕ◊mf`g`;
— ltæq`g`.
ascend
v. dqhgdstæj`;
v. dqhghstæj`;
v. dqhqtæj`;
v. dqÕ◊r`æla`.
ascending n. dlÕ◊r`lahqd.
ascent
n. navÕ◊qtj`.
ash
n. dqÕ”◊at¡».
ashamed
n. nltstælatækv`»;
v. dqhgdltæj`.
ask
v. dqÕ”◊at¡kx`»;
v. dqhr`æa`;
v. dqhràhqÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ”◊rnrnsx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊st¡gx`».
asking
n. nat¡r`æah”.
assemble
v. dqh”rnmf`rnmfdqx`».
astonish
v. dqÕ◊l`æj`;
v. dqhrvdæj`.
astonished v. dqÕ◊g`r`æl`;
v. dqÕ◊jtjta`æk`;
v. dqhr`mf`æk`;
v. dqh”rt¡rt¡l`æm`;
v. dqhats`s`æk`.
at home
n. `l`æj`».
at one gulp adv. `j`kgnkgn».
Athanase
n. Sg`m`ærh.
attach
v. dqÕ◊l`jhqÕ◊q`.
attention
v. dqÕ◊jdqdatæk`.
Augustin
n. Mfnrh”.
aunt
n. rnæmf`kh”.
authority
n. dj`ft¡j`ft¡;
n. dj`srtj`srt.
authorize
v. dqÕ◊g`ltæk`;
v. dqÕ◊g`ltkÕ◊q`.
avarice
n. natæjtjt.
avaricious n. nælvÕ”◊lh”.
avenge
v. dqÕ”◊xh”jh”rx`».
as
ùnb`cn
avocado
awake
181
n. denj`»;
n. detj`».
— o`j`q`;
v. dqÕ◊jdqdqdæq`;
v. dqÕ”◊jdqdqdx`».
a`m`m`
awkwardly n. jtækgdladkgdlad;
axe
n. jhsr`æqtsr`æqt.
n. dæla`æsrn;
n. dæla`ær`.
B - b
n. nktældjdjd;
n. djÕ◊v`s`æa`æktæld.
baby-sit
v. dqÕ◊kdladæq`.
bachelor
n. nltf`æmc`;
n. nltrÕ◊lah.
back
n. nlt¡ag`æjh”;
n. nltfnæmfn.
backyard
n. dj`æmxt¡æl`».
n. nlt¡ærÕ”◊qh”
n. djÕ◊aÕÃ;
bad
n. djhsrÕ◊at.
bad advice n. dqÕ”◊snan;
n. dqÕ◊snan.
bad luck
n. djhgÕ◊mn.
n. nlt¡jnærh”.
bad smell — srt srt srt.
badly
— m`æaÕÃ.
badness
n. natæaÕÃ.
bag
n. dqh”agÕ”◊kÕ”Ã;
n. dmftmy`;
n. djhj`la`;
n. dqh”jngn»;
n. djh”jt¡mÕ”◊g`;
n. dxÕ”◊r`ægn;
n. dr`æjh”;
n. dmctæah.
bag of charcoal n. nlt¡ægÕ”◊qh”.
Bahamwiti n. A`g`ælvÕ”s◊ h”.
Bahwere
n. A`ægvdqd;
n. A`gvdqd.
bait
n. djx`ælan;
baby
Bakira
balance
baldness
ball
bamboo
banana
n. daÕ”◊sdjdqxn».
n. nlt¡æjÕ”◊q`.
v. dqhkdfdqdæq`;
v. dqÕ”◊kdfdqdqx`»;
v. dqh”rh”mfh”qh”qx`».
n. nktæg`k`.
n. nlt¡æft¡kÕ”◊mfn.
n. nltknæmfd;
n. djÕ”◊kt¡lat¡;
n. djÕ”◊rnækt¡.
n. dqh”cdÕ”Ã;
n. nlt¡ægh”sh”;
n. djhgtæm`;
n. dqÕ”◊j`l`æs`;
n. natæj`l`æs`;
n. dqÕ”◊j`æmyh”;
n. nltjhmfÕ◊qn;
n. djh”jnsgÕ”◊m`;
n. dqhjtqtlatæsrh;
n. nltækdmfdjd»;
n. nltækdmfdqd»;
n. `j`knækd;
n. djh”mf`kt¡;»
n. dæmf`l`s`xÕ◊qh;
n. dmx`fdmfd;
n. djhmx`lanæf`;
n. dmx`latæqtæqt;
n. djh”mx`ælt¡æmxt¡;
n. dqh”mx`my`;
n. dmx`æmy`;
n. dlhmxtæqtæqt;
a`m`m` addq
n. djÕ”◊qh”rh”qx`;
n. dqh”rdærd;
n. dmc`kÕ◊jn;
n. dlh”s`æmfh”;
n. natsdælad;
n. djh”sgÕ”◊j`;
n. dqh”sÕ”◊ln;
n. dqh”sÕ”◊ln;
n. dqh”snjd»;
n. djÕ”◊sr`ælah”;
n. dqh”srh”o`;
n. dqh”srh”o`;
n. djhsrhq`,la`kà`æk`;
n. dstæmct.
banana beer n. nltæmydmyd.
banana bud n. nltgtmf`.
banana bunch n. natæatft.
banana flower n. dla`kà`æk`.
banana, geminate n. dæjx`la`sÕ◊sÕÃ.
banana inside n. nltærtaÕ◊rtæah.
banana juice
n. `l`ækdmfdmdjt¡;
n. dxÕ”◊r`mcd»;
n. `j`rÕ”◊jh”rh”;
n. drnæln;
n. nltrtrtækh.
banana leaf n. nkt¡a`ælah”;
n. nltcnæcnæl`;
n. nktftæa`;
n. nktæfta`;
n. dqhftæmf`;
n. nktæjnæl`;
n. nltjnæmfnæln;
n. djhqdqdæ+ nktkdqdæ.
banana leaf, dry n. nktkdqd»;
n. drxnmcdqd».
banana leaves n. `l`æfta`.
banana meal
n. dqh”sgt¡æl`».
banana paste n. `jèt¡kt¡».
banana prop n. dæmydæfn;
n. dæmydftkÕ◊qn.
182
a`qjhmf
banana, ripe n. dækxdæqt.
n. dæmyt¡jv`ælt¡æsdælh”.
n. dæmyt¡jv`æltæftært.
banana spec. n. nat¡k`ælax`;
n. dæmc`v`q`;
n. dqh”mx`ælt¡æmxt¡;
n. `j`rÕ◊knæmfn.
banana stem n. nltjnæmfnæl`.
banana tree n. dælanæjn;
n. natmx`æmy`;
n. nat¡srh”o`.
banana trunk n. nlt¡ægh”sh”gh”sh”.
banana, twin n. dæjx`la`s`m`.
banana wine
n. nltmydmyd;
n. dmyÕ”◊mct¡jx`.
bandit
n. nlt¡ft¡qt¡ft¡æqt¡.
bang
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡æsg`.
bank
n. dag`æmfh”;
n. nltjnjnqn;
n. nlt¡rÕ”◊jd.
bankruptcy v. dqÕ◊fnæla`;
v. dqh”vh”rx`».
baptism
n. natx`l`æq`.
bar
v. dqÕ◊jÕ◊f`;
v. dqhjhjhj`æm`;
v. dqÕ◊jvÕ◊j`.
bar river
v. dqÕ◊jÕ◊j`.
bargaining for food n. nltær`æjhqd.
bark
n. djÕ◊jnæmfnkdæq`»;
n. djh”jt¡æjt¡;
n. djÕ◊rdfdærdæfd;
n. djh”rÕ”◊j`;
n. djÕ◊rtft;
v. dqhg`æx`;
v. dqhg`x`g`æx`;
v. dqhrdæla`;
v. dqh”st¡st¡æk`.
bark, strips of n. dlhsdælad.
barking
n. nltg`æxn;
n. nat¡rdælah”;
a`qkdx
n. nltærdlahqd;
n. nltrdælan.
barley
n. djhrtært.
barred
v. dqÕ◊jhjÕ◊j`;
v. dqÕ◊jhj`æm`.
barrel
n. dæcdad.
barren
n. nltftæla`;
n. nltftæla`»;
v. dqhftla`æg`;
v. dqhftla`æm`;
v. dqhràtæg`.
barrier
n. djÕ”◊j`jh”qxn»;
n. nlt¡j`mfh”.
barring
n. natæjÕ◊jd»;
n. dlÕ◊jvhjhqd.
base
n. `j`æatæmn;
n. dæmcÕ”◊m`.
basin
n. dmy`khmy`ækh;
n. `j`q`æxh”;
n. dqh”qnad»;
n. dqÕ”◊st¡æa`.
bask
v. dqxn»s`».
basket
n. djh”g`æmh”;
n. djÕ◊ghmfÕ◊qn;
n. dæjÕ”◊an;
n. dæmxnmyn;
n. djhsÕ◊qh;
n. nltæsnanjd»;
n. dæmcnfna`;
n. nktæsrvdæqd;
n. dqhstæa`;
n. djhsgtæmf`:
n. djÕ◊stækt.
basket for chicken n. dqÕ”◊snmf`.
basket with a hole n. nltæsnan.
Basongora n. nltrnmfnæq`.
bat
n. djhjnæjnælad;
n. `j`æjnqnjnælad;
n. `j`æjnqnjnælad»;
n. nltækhl`ækÕ◊l`.
183
ad`s
n. nlt¡æs`æmfh”.
n. dmcvÕ◊qn.
v. dqÕ◊ax`».
v. mxh”jh”rÕ”◊x`»;
v. dqÕ”◊rÕ”◊f`.
be heavy
v. dqh”qh”snæg`.
be like
v. dqhkhmfhqhq`æm`.
be safe
v. dqhknanæj`.
bead
n. nktæfnæsrd.
beads
n. natr`æmf`».
bean
n. nltaÕ◊la`;
n. nkt¡gnæsh”;
n. djhjnækd;
n. djÕ”◊jt¡»;
n. dmx`æltæjtqt;
n. nkt¡r`mfÕ”◊c`;
n. djh”r`mfÕ”c
◊ `;
n. nltærdjv`;
n. nkt¡st¡æmcx`.
bean leaves n. djhrnæl`;
n. nltrnæl`.
bean sauce n. nktsr`la`;
n. nktsrÕ◊jdæmcd.
bean spec. n. `j`la`xh”kg`;
n. nat¡lah”md»;
n. nkt¡st¡æmch”;
n. djt¡æmcd.
bean water n. nkt¡jnmch”.
beans
n. nat¡gnæsh”.
bean-soup n. djhgdælad.
bear
v. dqÕ”◊ft¡æl`;
v. dqh”ft¡lx`»;
v. dqxt¡ft¡lx`»;
v. dqh”xh”xh”mÕ”◊`.
beard
n. nkt¡kdæqt¡.
beat
v. dqÕ”◊cdt¡æl`;
v. dqÕ◊cdt¡æl`;
v. dqhfnlnæq`;
v. dqhg`ftæj`;
v. dqÕ”◊gvdsrx`æ;
Batangi
battlefield
be
be about
ad`shmf
v. dqh”gt¡j`gt¡æj`;
v. dqhgtl`æmf`;
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡la`æmf`;
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡lat¡æk`;
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡æmy`;
v. dqÕ◊lhmtæk`;
v. dqÕ”◊mx`srx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊rh”mc`xhq`;
v. dqhsgtæc`;
v. dqhsgtæsg`;
v. dqhsrtæc`;
v. dqÕ◊stm`xÕ◊q`.
beating
n. nkt¡ægt¡æmyn.
beautiful
n. djÕ◊a`mda`md;
n. nltatæx`;
n. dmf`kh”mf`kh”;
v. dqÕ◊f`æla`;
v. dqÕ◊jnæl`;
v. dqÕ◊jnldqdæq`;
v. dqxn»v`æm`;
v. dqxnæv`m`mf`»;
v. dqxn»v`æm`;
v. dqxt¡»v`æm`;
v. dqxt¡æv`m` mf`».
beautiful thing n. dæla`mda`md.
beautify
v. dqxnæv`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqhrhsÕ◊j`.
beauty
n. natatæx`;
n. nat¡æj`mfÕ”q◊ x`.
because
— atr`m`;
adv. jtmch;
n. jtr`mfv`».
become night v. dqhgtladæq`.
bed
n. djx`ækh;
n. dmfnsrdæqn;
n. dmfÕ◊mfn;
n. natæox`lÕ◊qn;
n. dlat¡sr`æmn;
n. nltærdær`.
n. dxh”rdærn.
184
adgùd khjd ennk
n. dlÕ◊rdærdqd.
n. djÕ”◊jh”qh”qxn».
n. djÕ◊jhmfh.
n. djÕ◊s`mc`.
n. dlat¡gh”qÕ”◊qh”;
n. dælat¡xÕ”◊qÕ”◊qÕ”Ã.
beer
n. næavàt¡;
n. nltgdæjn;
n. `l`jv`mftq`;
n. natjvdkd»;
n. nat¡ækdæmch”;
n. nat¡ækdmch”;
n. `j`æktæln;
n. `l`mc`q`jv`»;
n. dmstæqtæqt;
n. `j`mxàtkdlan;
n. nltæmydmyd;
n. nælnxh”`;
n. do`s`;
n. natæqtl`;
n. nlts`æf`æs`;
n. dægxtmf`;
v. dqÕ”◊kt¡æla`.
beer, remainders n. daÕ”◊mxÕ”◊mxh”.
beer seeker n. nlt¡ækt¡ælah”.
beer signal n. djÕ◊ladælad.
befall
v. dqhv`æ kn».
beg
v. dqÕ”◊gdagdqdqx`»;
v. dqhgdæl`.
v. dqh”r`l`kh”qx`».
beg food
v. dqÕ◊gnæa`.
beget
v. dqh”jt¡æmc`.
beggar
n. nlt¡ràh”r`æah”.
begin
v. dqhg`ær`;
v. dqÕ”◊srt¡æj`.
begin trip v. dqÕ◊gnmfnæj`.
beginner
n. Ltæg`ærn.
beginning n. dæmyt¡æjn.
behave
v. dqÕ”◊xh”sv`».
behave like fool v. dqÕ◊sv`khqhqv`».
bed, doing
bed frame
bed prop
bedstead
bee
adgùhnq
behavior
behind
beliefs
bell
bellows
belly
beloved
belt
bend
bending
benefit
Benoit
Bernard
Berthe
besieged
bet
betray
betrothals
better
better to
185
n. dlÕ◊fdæmcdqd;
n. dlÕ◊fdæmcdqn.
n. dmxt¡æl`.
n. dahg`mhqÕ◊qn.
n. nltjdæmfd;
n. dæjdmfdækdæ;
n. dqÕ”◊qt¡æfn;
n. nlts`æmc`;
n. dæmynæf`.
n. nlt¡ft¡æa`;
v. dqh”srt¡gx`».
n. nktæats`.
n. nlv`æmyd.
n. nltj`æag`»;
n. djhk`».
v. dqxdæfdldæq`;
v. dqhfnknæk`;
v. dqhfnknknæj`;
v. dqÕ◊gdmfdæl`;
v. dqhj`sÕ◊j`;
v. dqhjnmcnæl`;
v. dqh”jnmcnlx`»;
v. dqh”jt¡ct¡æl`;
v. dqxt¡m`æl`;
v. dqxt¡m`lx`»;
v. dqhxhj`æs`.
n. natæj`shj`md».
n. nltf`ærn;
n. dmct¡æmch”.
n. Agdmv`».
n. Aghqhm`».
n. AgÕ◊qhsg`.
v. dqhstmtæj`.
n. nltrÕ◊fn;
v. dqhrÕ◊f`.
v. dqÕ◊shrx`»;
v. dqÕ◊xhsvdmfdæq`.
n. nat¡ært¡æmfh”.
v. dqhstmtj`æk`.
— jhsrhf`.
ahqc rodb— lnæmyn.
v. dqhkdæmf`;
v. dqÕ◊qx`»;
v. dqhknæf`;
v. dqh”srnjnlx`».
bewitching n. nltækdmfdqd.
bicycle
n. djÕ”◊mf`»;
n. dsrt¡æjt¡ct¡.
big
n. nkt¡ægt¡mc`.
big as
— aÕ◊mf`g`.
big fire
n. dærdjdmtkd.
bigness
n. natæmdæmd.
bike
n. dsgt¡jt¡sgt¡æjt¡.
bile
n. dmctækt.
bind
v. dqÕ◊srnæsr`.
Bindu
n. AÕ◊mct.
Bira
n. AÕ”◊q`.
bird
n. dmf`æmyàÕ”◊rÕ”◊jh”;
n. dmxnæmxt¡;
n. `j`mxt¡æmxt¡.
bird spec. n. dqx`æmfdæsrd;
n. dæctvdæctvd»;
n. `j`gnmfdq`;
n. djhgtktæk`;
n. dxÕ”◊rnvdærnvd»;
n. `j`æjnk`æl`æsvÕ”;Ã
n. nlt¡jnæmfnækh”jn»;
n. nlt¡æjt¡adæjt¡ad»;
n. nlt¡æjt¡gdæjt¡gd»;
n. `j`ækx`l`snækt¡;
n. `j`ækh”rx`mcd»;
n. dmcdæfdæx`»;
n. dæmcdjdæq`»;
n. dæmch”sÕ”◊qÕ”;Ã
n. dæmctftk`;
n. dæmfnmfnæsdæq`»;
n. dæmftj`;
n. dæmftm`ælÕ◊q`;
n. dæmftqtadæad»;
n. `j`æmnælah”;
beware
bewitch
ahqc rodb
n. `j`mx`æl`ækdlad;
n. `j`mx`æl`ækdlad;
n. djhmx`æl`æsvdsvd»;
n. `j`mx`lhgnæs`;
n. `j`mx`æmcnæsn;
n. `j`mx`æmfd»;
n. dmx`qt¡st¡st¡»;
n. `j`mxÕ”◊at¡»;
n. dæjh”mxÕ”◊at¡»;
n. dæmyhmcàtækÕ◊ld»;
n. dmyvdæad»;
n. djÕ”◊oÕ”◊oh”;
n. dotæktæmft»;
n. `j`q`qxn»;
n. nlt¡qnæah”;
n. `j`æqnæah”;
n. nltærà`ærà`;
n. djÕ◊r`mcd»;
n. djÕ◊r`mcdæ,mf`kh”j`;
n. `j`ær`q`l`f`æmc`;
n. `j`rdmydæq`;
n. dqÕ”◊rÕ”◊agh”;
n. nlt¡ærh”l`ælanæfn;
n. `j`ærhmÕ◊laÕ◊q`»;
n. dqÕ”◊rnækd;
n. dkÕ”◊rnækd;
n. dqÕ”◊rnkd;
n. djÕ◊rvÕ◊qh;
n. djÕ”◊rt¡j`ækh”;
n. nltærtkd».
bird spec
n. djÕ◊rtækh.
bird spec. n. `j`rt¡æmch”;
n. djÕ”◊sdmfx`;
n. nltshjv`»;
n. nltæsnkn;
n. `j`srx`»;
n. `j`srxd»srxd»;
n. dqh”xÕ”◊qÕ”◊l`.
birth prematurely v. dqhgtqtltæq`.
bit
— g`æjd».
186
aknbj
v. dqÕ◊ktæl`;
v. dqÕ◊ktl`æmf`.
biting
n. dlÕ◊ktl`mfhqd;
n. dlÕ◊ktlhqd.
blabbering n. datqtatqt.
black
n. nlvh”mòh”;
n. nælvh”q`ft¡kt¡;
n. djÕ”◊qh”l`;
n. djh”qh”oh”;
n. nlt¡æsrh”kh”;
v. dqh”jÕ”◊m`.
black ant
n. dæmxtælt;
n. nkt¡æxÕ”◊qh”.
black cloth n. `l`kdj`æmh”;
n. nlt¡sdft¡ækd.
black goat n. drh”md.
blackness n. næavh”q`ft¡kt¡;
n. nat¡æjÕ”◊md».
blacksmith n. nktægdrdæqn;
n. nlt¡ægdærh”;
n. dmct¡ft¡æsn.
bladder
n. djhrta`kÕ◊qn.
blade
n. nltær`khr`kh;
n. nltær`q`æmf`æs`.
blame
v. dqh”adgdjdqdqx`».
blanket
n. nat¡k`mfÕ”◊sh”.
bleat
v. dqx`»l`».
blemish
n. dæmyà`.
blessing
n. nlt¡xÕ”◊r`.
blind
n. dæmch”ldsÕ”◊ld»;
v. dqÕ”◊sh”l`sÕ”◊l`.
blindened v. dqÕ”◊kh”l`kÕ”◊l`.
blindly
adv. gt¡lvdægt¡lvd»;
n. nat¡ækh”l`kh”l`;
n. djÕ”◊st¡qh”st¡æqh.
blindness n. nat¡kÕ”◊ld».
blink
v. dqÕ”◊aà`kx`».
block
v. dqÕ”◊g`sh”qx`»;
v. dqÕ◊gtl`æm`;
bite
aknnc
187
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡l`mÕ◊`; v.
dqÕ”◊gt¡l`mÕ◊`.
v. dqÕ◊sÕ◊m`.
n. nlt¡ft¡æa`;
n. nltr`ærh.
blood, in a wound n. dær`f`l`.
bloom
n. nltær`mf`;
v. dqÕ”◊rnfx`»;
v. dqhrngnæk`;
v. dqh”rnx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊rnx`».
blow
n. dmft¡æld;
n. dmft¡ældæ;
n. djh”jt¡æmch”;
n. djhsgàgh;
v. dqhatæg`;
v. dqhatghqÕ◊q`.
blow nose v. dqh”lÕ”◊q`.
blow of a buffalo n. djhftæan.
blunt
v. dqh”gÕ”◊g`;
v. dqh”gh”gx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊gnmnmfx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊st¡æg`;
v. dqÕ”◊st¡g`mfx`».
boar
n. dxÕ”◊rdmfd.
boast
v. dqÕ”◊g`kh”rx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊j`l`gx`»;
v. dqh”jnjnknlx`»;
v. dqh”xh”et¡æm`;
v. dqhxhgdæj`;
v. dqÕ”◊xh”j`l`gx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊xh”jdkdagx`»;
v. dqÕ◊xhjtjtæla`;
v. dqÕ◊xhs`stæk`;
v. dqÕ”◊xh”jnjnknlx`»:
v. dqÕ”◊xh”jtsx`»boat
n. næav`æsn.
body
n. nltaÕ◊qh.
body marks n. dlh”st¡æs`.
blood
aq`bdkds
v. dqhadæq`;
v. dqh”adqx`»;
v. dqhkÕ◊j`;
v. dqhs`æj`;
v. dqhsgnjnæl`;
v. dqhsgnjnæsg`.
boil water v. dqh”kÕ”◊j`.
boiled
v. dqx`khjv`».
boiled, water n. nlv`ækhjhqd.
bone
n. dqÕ”◊jÕ”◊my`;
n. dqÕ”◊jt¡æg`;
n. dmxtæmyt;
n. dqh”s`j`.
bones
n. `l`æf`æk`;
n. dqÕ”◊s`q`x`.
book
n. djhs`æan;
n. djhs`æat;
n. djhsg`æagt.
border
n. nltæjhjh;
n. nltjÕ◊mfh;
n. nltæs`æmn.
borrow
v. dqhxhavdæj`.
boss
n. nlt¡rt¡mft¡».
bother
v. dqh”xh”rÕ”◊m`.
bottle
n. dmfnæmf`;
n. `jòtækdmcd;
n. dsrt¡æo`».
bottom part of a bed n. djh”k`lah”qxn».
bounce
v. dqÕ◊c`ækg`;
v. dqhctæmc`.
bouncing
n. natæctæmcd»;
n. nltæctæmchqd.
bowl
n. dqh”qnad».
box
n. dr`mct¡æjt¡;
n. dqh”r`mct¡æjt¡.
boy
n. nlt¡ækv`m`.
boyish
n. nat¡ækv`m`kv`m`.
bracelet
n. nktf`æf`;
n. djhftkÕ◊qn;
n. djhjnæln.
boil
aq`bdkdsr
n. `l`gh”mc`.
n. nanæmfn;
n. navnæmfn.
branch
n. djhjÕ◊mcn;
n. djh”jÕ◊mcn;
n. djÕ◊r`my`;
n. dqÕ”◊r`my`;
n. nltæs`ægh.
branches
n. djh”gh”s` dah”gÕ”◊s`.
break
v. dqÕ◊ag`gtæj`;
v. dqÕ◊ag`gtækg`;
v. dqÕ◊ag`kgtæj`;
v. dqÕ”◊agt¡æm`;
v. dqÕ”◊agt¡mÕ”◊j`;
v. dqÕ◊gdmdmftæj`;
v. dqhj`mxtj`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊ldmxdmftæj`;
v. dqÕ”◊svÕ”◊j`;
v. dqÕ◊stk`mfÕ◊j`.
breakfast
v. dqxt¡»jtæk`;
v. dqxt»latæk`.
breast
n. dqÕ”◊adæqd;
n. natæg`æjn;
n. nltrnæmf`;
n. djhrtæm`;
v. dqÕ◊rtæm`.
breastfeed n. nælvnmfx`;
v. dqxn»mf`»;
v. dqxn»mfx`».
breath
n. næltj`.
breathe
v. dqÕ◊gtltæk`;
v. dqh”rh”rh”j`æm`.
brew
v. dqÕ◊j`æl`.
brewer
n. nlt¡æj`lt¡ækh”.
brewing
n. nat¡æj`lt¡ækh”.
brick
n. dlah”qÕ”◊jh”.
bride
n. nltkgtmf`bridegroom n. nlt¡æadæfdqx`;
n. nltækdqdæladæq`».
bridge
n. djhk`ækn.
bracelets
brain
188
atmckd ne cqx kdùdr
n. Agh”qh”rÕ”◊s`.
adv. mctkhmctkh.
v. dqÕ◊kdæs`;
v. dqÕ◊sv`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊sv`kÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊ststæk`.
bring back v. dqÕ”◊at¡mt¡kx`».
bring home v. dqÕ”◊jt¡kt¡jx`».
bring home v. dqÕ”◊jt¡kt¡jx`».
bring in the forefront v. dqÕ”◊rdqdadsx`».
bringing
n. nltækdsdqd.
brink
— stldlad.
bronchitis n. dqÕ”◊adjt¡æadæjt¡.
broom
n. nkt¡æah”qxn»;
n. djÕ”◊ah”qxn»;
n. dæmfnqnjnsrx`.
brotherhood n. natx`l`æq`.
brow
n. nktægnæg`;
n. dmfnægd;
n. djÕ”◊jngdqxn».
bucket
n. `j`cdæad;
n. `j`sgdæagd».
bud
n. nltfnægd.
bud of a bean n. djhjnmcnæk`.
buffalo
n. dlanæfn;
n. dælanæfn;
n. dmfàtl`;
n. dæmf`mc`;
n. dr`l`k`;
n. dmy`ækd;
n. dmy`ækh.
bug
n. dmxt¡æl`.
build
v. dqh”gÕ”◊la`.
builder
n. nlt¡gÕ”◊lah”.
building
n. dqh”g`la`.
building place n. djÕ◊a`my`.
buildings
n. `l`g`la`.
bump
n. djÕ”◊rt¡rt¡.
bundle
n. dqÕ”◊gdqdæjn.
bundle of dry leaves n. djh”gt¡ægt¡».
Bridget
brim
bring
atmckd ne kdùdr
2//
bundle of leaves n. nltqt¡æla`.
bundle to scare away v. dqÕ◊gdqdæj`.
burden
n. nlt¡rh”jn.
burier
n. nlt¡æsh”.
burn
v. dqÕ◊adatj`æk`;
v. dqhftktlhjÕ◊q`;
v. dqhftktlhqÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊gx`æ;
v. dqÕ”◊gh”rx`»;
v. dqhk`l`æs`.
v. dqÕ◊adæa`.
v. dqh”sh”lx`».
burn hairs
burn off
burning, wound caused by a burn
natægxd».
bury
v. dqhgtmcÕ◊q`;
v. dqhjtæmc`;
v. dqh”jt¡æmc`;
v. dqÕ◊s`»;
v. dqhs`æa`;
v. dqh”sà`kx`».
burying place n. dmc`æan.
bus
n. dagÕ”◊rh”.
bush
n. dqh”ankh”;
n. djhjnæm`;
n. djÕ◊r`æj`;
n.
b`kl
n. djÕ◊r`jhr`jh;
n. nlt¡ærh”f`mcv`;
n. djÕ◊rtjh.
bush of reeds n. nktaÕ◊mft.
bushknife n. nltag`æmf`».
busy
n. dagt¡æmàgt¡æm`;
n. dghkhghkh.
but
— m`ægn;
— mxÕ”◊qh”mfxd».
butter
n. `l`sgdæj`».
butterfly
n. djÕ◊ftqtæftæmyt;
n. djÕ◊ftqtæmxtæmyt;
n. djÕ◊mxtqtæftæmyt.
buttock
n. dmfvÕ◊mÕ◊mÕÃ;
n. dqÕ”◊s`æjn.
buttock, balancing v. dqÕ”◊svh”mÕ”◊`.
buttock-moving n. dlÕ◊ctæmchqd.
buttocks
n. næavÕ◊m`.
buy
v. dqhftæk`;
v. dqÕ◊q`mftæq`.
buy for
v. dqhftkÕ◊q`.
Bwambale n. Av`æla`kd.
Byalengerera n. Ax`kdmfdqdæq`.
C - c
cabbage
cackle
cactus
cajole
calabash
calendar
calf
n. drt¡eæ t¡kdæqd».
v. dqÕ◊sdsdæq`.
n. djhj`mx`;
n. djhx`la`.
v. dqÕ◊cdæla`.
n. dæmf`g`;
n. djhrx`»;
n. dmyt¡æjd.
n. `j`k`mc`æqh.
n. dælat¡mc`;
n. dæmx`m`.
v. dqx`»gtæk`;
v. dqx`ægtk`æm`;
v. dqx`»lx`»;
v. dqÕ◊ahqhjÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊jnmfnlnæj`;
v. dqh”jt¡mfx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡mfx`»;
v. dqh”jt¡mfh”qx`».
callousness n. dqÕ”◊a`kd;
n. dqÕ”◊a`kxn».
calm
v. dqÕ”◊jh”qx`»;
call
b`ktlmx
v. dqÕ”◊xh”sdjdqx`».
n. næltgtækn;
n. nlt¡ærÕ”◊lnkdqd;
n. nat¡rhlnækh”.
Camille
n. J`lÕ”◊kh”.
camp
n. dj`ælah”;
v. dqho`æmf`.
camper
n. nlt¡o`æmfh”.
camping
n. dlÕ◊o`æmfhqd.
cancer
n. `j`ærnvdærnvd».
cannnibalism n. nat¡ækÕ”.Ã
capsize
v. dqÕ◊kdmftæj`.
car
n. de`sgÕ”◊qh”;
n. dev`sgÕ”◊qh”;
n. nlt¡g`mcxn»;
n. nltæsgnj`;
n. nltæsnj`.
carcase
n. dmftqtæftæst.
care
v. dqh”rt¡æf`;
v. dqÕ◊rtktahqÕ◊q`;
v. dqh”sdxÕ”◊`;
v. dqh”xh”knkdqx`»;
v. dqÕ◊xhrtktahqÕ◊q`.
v. dqh”xh”jdsrx`».
care for
v. dqÕ◊srnl`æm`.
carelessly — l`ærtkd;
adv. Õ”◊q`mf`q`mf`.
carelessness n. natsrtælatæsrtlat.
caress
v. dqÕ◊kdæla`.
caressing
n. nltækdlad».
carpenter
n. nlt¡rÕ”◊snqn».
carriable
v. dqÕ◊ststkÕ◊j`.
carrier
n. nlt¡gdæjh”.
carrot
n. `j`qnæsgh”.
carry
v. dqÕ◊a`f`kÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ”◊at¡mcàt¡mcx`»;
v. dqÕ◊g`f`æs`;
v. dqÕ”◊g`f`sx`»;
v. dqhgdæj`;
v. dqh”jt¡jt¡æl`.
calumny
2/0
b`tshntrkx
n. `j`q`sgn».
n. dæjx`mf`;
n. dmft¡kgt¡æmft¡kgt¡;
n. dqxt¡gt¡ækn.
cassava bread n. dælaÕ◊f`»;
n. nltæf`ækd;
n. dæjhgtæla`q`;
n. natæmct;
n. næatlatæk`».
cassava, cut v. dqÕ◊adæf`.
cassava leaves n. nlt¡æj`kÕ”◊ ltæstcd»;
n. drnælad.
cassava leftovers n. natæagdrd:
n. natsnsnækn.
cassock
n. dj`æmyt.
castor beans n. nktæanæmn.
castor oil
n. dsgnæmcn.
castrate
v. dqÕ◊a`qtæq`.
cat
n. nktæatmct;
n. `jòt¡ært¡;
n. `jòt¡rt¡ot¡ært¡;
n. dot¡rt¡ot¡ært¡.
cat spec.
n. `j`mx`lt¡knæk`æsh”.
catarrh
n. djhgÕ◊myh.
catch
n. nltær`rhqd;
v. dqÕ◊ag`æj`;
v. dqhg`æla`;
v. dqh”srt¡lat¡j`mÕ”◊`.
catchy saying n. `j`ærÕ”◊ln.
caterpillar n. djÕ◊gnlanæfnækn;
n. nltægtæmh;
n. djh”lah”ch;
n. `j`lanrn;
n. dæmynjnælah”.
B`sgdæqhmd n. J`sg`qÕ”◊m`.
cattle
n. nktæg`mfhqv`.
cause
v. dqhkdæj`;
v. dqÕ◊stæl`.
cautious
n. nltfdq`fdq`.
cautiously — jÕ”◊at¡sd at¡sx`.
carton
cassava
bd`rd
v. dqh”gt¡lax`»;
v. dqhkdæj`;
v. dqh”srh”qh”rx`»;
v. dqxt¡»lax`».
Bdæbhkd
n. Rdrdkx`».
ceiling
n. nagtkèn»;
n. nktæsvd».
center
— cnlh”cnlh”;
n. dcnlh”cnlh”.
centipede n. `j`lanrn»;
n. djhmxàtxÕ◊lah;
n. djhmx`mfnæmfnækn.
chain
n. natgtktæk`;
n. nltjtktækn.
chair
n. djdæjdækd»;
n. djÕ”◊st¡lah”.
chalk
n. dæmftk`;
n. dsr`æjh”.
challenge n. nktr`ær`;
v. dqÕ◊etqtjtæs`.
chameleon n. `j`mx`kt¡æmft¡.
change
n. `l`æahmctkd»;
v. dqÕ”◊at¡mt¡æk`;
v. dqhghmctæj`;
v. dqhghmctæk`;
v. dqh”x`mt¡kx`»;
v. dqÕ◊xhrta`æ,jn».
channel
n. djh”qÕ”◊jncharcoal
n. nlt¡ægÕ”◊qh”.
chase
v. dqh”ah”mf`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqÕ”◊gh”f`gh”f`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqÕ”◊gh”rx`»;
v. dqh”odox`»;
v. dqh”q`x`»;
v. dqh”s`qx`»;
v. dqhsr`æsr`.
chase away v. dqÕ”◊sà`sà`mÕ”◊`.
chase game v. dqÕ”◊sdmfx`æ.
chat
v. dqh”j`mh”qx`mÕ”◊`.
cheap
v. dqxnæknax`».
cease
2/1
bgnjhmf
check traps v. dqxt¡my`».
cheek
n. dqÕ”◊sdæl`;
n. nltæsv`l`.
chest
n. djÕ”◊jt¡æa`.
chest hairs n. natkg`kg`;
n. natq`q`.
v. dqÕ”◊s`jt¡æmx`.
n. djÕ”◊s`jt¡æmxn.
n. nlt¡oxdæfd;
n. `jòxdæfd».
chickenpox n. daÕ◊snækd.
chief
n. nltæj`l`;
n. nltæsrnmfn.
chief kin
n. nltmx`ælv`lh.
chief's enemy n. nltæftæk`.
chief, spiritual n. nltæjtkt.
chieftancy n. næav`lh;
n. nat¡æf`rt¡;
n. natæj`l`.
child
n. nælv`æm`;
n. nælv`r` m` mxÕ”◊mx`;
n. næltrtæjn;
n. djxtær`.
childhood n. næav`æm`.
childishness n. næav`m`æm`».
chimpanzee n. djh”r`kgt¡;»
n. djhr`kt¡».
chin
n. `j`ækdft¡ækn.
chip
v. dqhg`mctæk`.
chisel
n. nltæsvdæqn;
v. dqha`æsr`;
v. dqhxdæf`.
chisel teeth v. dqha`æmf`.
chiseling
n. dlÕ◊a`æmfhqd.
chock
n. `j`kd».
choke
v. dqhj`ær`;
v. dqh”mÕ”◊f`;
v. dqÕ◊r`ær`;
v. dqÕ◊rdrdæq`.
choking
n. dlÕ”◊mÕ”◊fh”qd.
chew
chewed
chick
bgnnrd
v. dqhrnlanæk`;
v. dqÕ◊sgnæq`.
chop
v. dqh”k`kx`».
chop wood v. dqÕ◊rdæmx`.
circumcise v. dqÕ◊a`æm`.
circumcised n. nltæsdmcd.
circumcision n. nktrtæla`;
n. natæsdmcd.
circumcision leader n. djh”oÕ”◊sd.
circumcision place n. dlahmc`.
civet
n. djhsdæmcd.
civilized
n. djh”rt¡mft¡rt¡mft¡».
n. nltetktvd»;
n. nlt¡æxÕ”◊q`.
Claire
n. Jhk`æq`.
clan
n. djÕ◊g`mc`;
n. djÕ”◊st¡mf`.
clarify
v. dqh”rnankx`æ.
class 12 prefix — `j`.
Claudine
n. JnkncÕ”◊m`.
clay
n. dqÕ◊atla`;
n. nltmnmd.
clean
v. dqxd»q`»;
v. dqxd»qx`»;
v. dqhj`mctj`æk`;
v. dqhj`mctæk`;
v. dqhjnqnæq`;
v. dqhsg`j`æsg`:
v. dqhstjtæq`.
clean intestines v. dqh”gÕ”◊m`.
clear
v. dqÕ◊jhjtj`æk`.
clear path v. dqÕ◊sgtæq`.
cleared bush
n. djÕ◊sdld».
clerk
n. nltmsgnælad.
climb
v. dqÕ◊s`mc`xÕ◊q`.
clink
v. dqÕ”◊o`kò`kx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊o`kh”qx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊oò`kx`».
clink (eyes) v. dqÕ”◊o`kx`».
clinking
n. dlÕ”◊o`kh”qxn».
choose
2/2
bnbjbgèdq
— rÕ◊, ,rh.
n. nltærÕ◊mn.
n. djÕ◊srtkd».
v. dqhfdqdæq`;
v. dqÕ◊gnæl`;
v. dqhjÕ◊mf`;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡mÕ”◊mf`;
v. dqÕ◊ltæl`.
closing
n. nltæjÕ◊mfhqd;
n. dlÕ◊ltlhqd.
cloth
n. nælvdmc`;
n. nlvdmc`;
n. dladæjh”;
n. nltæj`æmyt;
n. nltæj`myt;
n. djh”jvdælad;
n. djhmx`æatægt»:
n. nlt¡kgt¡l
æ a`»;
n. dmynlad»;
n. dononkÕ”◊m`;
n. djhr`latkdæqd;
n. djh”r`æq`æmft¡st¡.
cloth, black n. nlt¡sdft¡ækd.
clothe, take off v. dqx`latæk`;
v. dqx`latæk`.
Clotilda
n. Jnknjd».
cloud
n. djh”st¡.»
cluster
n. djÕ◊r`æjh.
cluster of bananas n. dæmfnjnæk`»;
n. djÕ◊jnjnkdqd».
n. djÕ◊r`æjh.
coagulate v. dqhj`mc`æl`.
coagulated n. djÕ”◊jnlt¡.
coat
n. dqh”jnæsh”.
coax
v. dqhcdæla`.
cobweb
n. natj`æmf`;
n. natæj`æmf`;
n. djÕ◊s`g`æs`æg`.
cockchafer n. djh”qt¡æmch”;
n. dqh”qt¡æmch”.
clitic
clitoris
clod
close
bnbjbqnvhmf
cockcrowing n. dlÕ◊ahjhqd.
cockroach n. dæmxdmyd.
coffee grain n. djÕ◊k`k`.
cohabit
v. dqhgvdæj`.
cold
n. dæladægn;
n. jÕ◊gtla`k`;
n. nat¡ægt¡»;
n. nlt¡æjt¡adgn;
n. djhmx`ltghla`;
n. dqhsrtæjt;
v. dqÕ◊gnknæj`;
v. dqh”gt¡gh”qÕ”◊q`;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡mft¡l`æm`;
v. dqÕ”◊rt¡ær`;
v. dqxt¡gt¡gh”qh”qx`».
cold (exclamation) — srt¡t¡t.¡
Colette
n. Jtkdæsg`.
collapse
v. dqhav`æf`;
v. dqÕ”◊jnjnknlt¡æj`;
v. dqÕ”◊jv`mft¡j`æq`;
v. dqhkdjtæk`;
v. dqh”oÕ”◊sr`;
v. dqh”snax`».
collapsing n. dlÕ◊kdæjtkhqd;
n. dlÕ”◊oh”srh”qd.
collar
n. djhftkÕ◊qn.
collect
v. dqh”rnmf`rnmfx`»;
v. dqh”rnmfx`».
collect rainwater n. nlt¡kæ dæjdqx`;
v. dqÕ◊kdjdæq`.
colocase
n. dæmcnæjvd».
color
n. dq`æmfh”.
colostrum n. `l`æagt¡mct¡æft¡ækgt¡.
comatose n. dsrt¡kh”srt¡kh”.
comb
n. djhsr`mtækn;
v. dqhsr`mtæk`.
comb of a rooster n. nqtr`jÕÃ.
come
v. dqx`r`»;
v. dqÕ◊jtatj`æk`;
v. dqÕ”◊xh”admcxàdmcx`».
2/3
bnmetrdc
come back v. dqÕ”◊at¡mt¡j`æk`.
commandment n. djhk`xÕ◊qn.
commissionner n. j`ltsrdæqd».
commoner n. nltæftmc`.
company
n. nat¡ærÕ”◊ahjx`;
v. dqh”rh”ah”jx`».
compassion n. nat¡kÕ”◊fd.
compensate v. dqÕ◊gdæla`.
compensation n. nltæfnrnækn;
n. djÕ◊gdælan;
n. nat¡æj`lt¡ækh”;
n. nat¡jnæsgh”;
n. dælat¡kt¡kt¡jx`;
n. dxÕ◊rdftæk`.
compensation for hair cut
n.
nat¡fdælah”.
compensation of goat n. nat¡ærdæft¡khqx`.
competition n. `l`æs`la`;
n. `l`æs`mfv`.
complain
v. dqÕ◊gtæl`;
v. dqhqtsv`»;
v. dqh”xh”g`mÕ”◊`.
v. dqh”xh”mdjx`».
complaining adv. kgt¡æmft¡ækgt¡mft¡.
complete
v. dqh”gh”j`gh”j`æm`.
completely adv. jnsnjnsn.
compound n. nkto`æmfn.
con
v. dqÕ”◊kh”lx`».
concubine n. nltæq`æf`md.
condemn
v. dqÕ”◊gh”mf`mÕ”◊`.
confess
v. dqÕ◊ahjtæk`;
v. dqhftmf`æl`.
confidence v. dqhxhjdsdæq`.
confiscate v. dqÕ◊onkgnonæmx`.
confuse
v. dqÕ”◊eè`mh”rx`»;
v. dqÕ◊kdmfdldqdqv`»;
v. dqÕ”◊sà`sà`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqÕ”◊sg`kh”mf`æm`;
v. dqÕ”◊sgh”kh”mf`mÕ”◊`.
confused
v. dqÕ”◊kh”a`s`mf`æm`;
bnmetrhnm
2/4
v. dqÕ”◊sgh”kh”mf`æm`.
confusion n. nat¡æjt¡at¡jd».
constipation n. dæla`st;
n. dlaÕ◊gh.
v. dqÕ”◊jnlanfnqnsx`».
v. dqh”ft¡kt¡lh”qh”qh”av`».
n. djÕ◊ahmch;
n. nltjdæfn;
n. nltjdæv`;
n. nlt¡ærdmcx`;
n. nlt¡æs`lax`;
n. `j`æsdmcd.
contaminate v. dqÕ”◊rh”f`kh”qx`».
contempt
n. `j`fnmdæqn.
contusion n. natæstatjd».
convince
v. dqh”fnmfx`».
cook
v. dqÕ”◊ah”mh”qx`»;
v. dqh”cdjx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡æj`;
v. dqhgt¡laÕ”◊j`;
v. dqh”ot¡æj`;
v. dqhsrtæla`;
v. dqÕ◊srtlÕ◊j`.
cook pot
v. dqÕ◊jnlnæk`.
cooked
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡a`æ.
cooking
n. dlatla`».
cooking pot n. nltærx`mfÕ◊q`»;
n. djhsrtlaÕ◊qn.
cookledoodledo — jnjnkÕ◊qÕ◊jnjn.
cool down v. dqÕ◊gnk`æm`;
v. dqÕ”◊gnknjx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊jh”q`æm`;
v. dqÕ”◊jh”q`mx`»;
v. dqh”onkdrx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊st¡kdqx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊st¡kh”q`æm`;
v. dqÕ”◊st¡kh”q`mÕ”◊`.
copper
n. nltækhmf`.
cork
n. djÕ”◊jt¡mÕ”◊mfn.
cork tree
n. nltæjngv`.
bnudq
corn
consume
consumed
container
corn beer
corn cake
corn carrot
corn drink
corn, dry
corn flower
corn hairs
corn meal
corner
corpse
correct
cost
cotton
couch grass
cough
counsel
counsel e.o.
counsellor
count
countable
counting
courage
court
cover
n. djhjtær`æ;
n. nltla`mfv`»;
n. dladqdæmfh”;
n. dmx`æmfv`æmfh”;
n. djh”rnkh”;
n. djh”rnkt¡;
n. nlt¡sgnæagt¡.
n. `l`mc`q`jv`».
n. dqÕ”◊sr`æÕ◊c
” nmfn.
n. nltsgtæqtæsgtqt.
n. `l`msg`q`jv`».
n. danæan.
n. nat¡kh”mcdæq`.
n. natæmxtæmyt.
n. dagtm`».
n. dmfnæmcd;
n. dæla`kd.
n. dæjÕ”◊mc`.
v. dqhgàtæk`;
v. dqÕ◊xhjtæmf`.
n. nat¡kÕ”◊gh”.
n. do`æla`».
n. nktjnqnæsrn;
n. nktæsrv`la`.
n. djÕ◊jngn;
n. djÕ◊jngnækn;
v. dqÕ◊jngnæk`.
v. dqhg`æm`;
v. dqhg`m`æm`.
v. dqhg`m`mf`æm`.
n. nlt¡g`mf`ælh”.
v. dqhf`æmy`.
v. dqhf`myÕ◊j`.
n. nltf`æmyn.
n. nlt¡ægv`».
v. dqhrhlnæk`.
n. djhanla`æmn;
n. djh”kh”aÕ”◊qn;
n. dmyvhj`æmn;
v. dqha`æla`;
bnudq sgd qnne
v. dqhanæla`;
v. dqÕ◊atxÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊jtatkÕ◊q`;
v. dqhjtgÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡mh”mfÕ”◊q`;
v. dqh”kÕ”◊a`;
v. dqhrvÕ◊j`;
v. dqhxhrvÕ◊j`.
cover the roof v. dqhr`j`æk`.
cover with soil v. dqhjtmfÕ◊q`.
covering
n. nat¡ækÕ”◊ad»;
n. nlt¡ækÕ”◊ah”qd.
cow
n. dæmft¡st¡;
n. dlatmf`;
n. dmx`æm`;
n. dmcd»;
n. dæmct¡fà`lh.
cowshed
n. natæsg`q`.
crab
n. dqÕ◊ghqh.
crab spec. n. dqh”gnæmcn.
crack
n. djhf`»;
v. dqÕ”◊agnagnmfnkx`»;
v. dqhagnæsg`;
v. dqÕ◊fdmx`mftj`æk`;
v. dqhjdjdæm`;
v. dqhjdæm`;
v. dqh”jdmx`»;
v. dqhsrdjdl`æm`.
v. dqÕ◊xhldmxdæmf`.
cracking
n. nltjdjdæmd.
cracking noise — jt¡ jt¡ jt¡.
crackle
v. dqÕ◊ag`kg`mftæj`;
v. dqÕ◊agnkgnmfnæj`;
v. dqÕ◊atktmftæj`;
v. dqÕ◊onknmfnæj`.
cradle
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡mft¡srh”qh”qx`æ;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡myh”jh”qÕ”◊q`;
v. dqÕ”◊snsdqdqx`».
cradling
n. dlÕ”◊jt¡mft¡srh”qh”qd;
n. dlÕ”◊jt¡myh”jh”qh”qd.
2/5
bqno
v. dqÕ◊j`mc`xÕ◊q`.
v. dqhototj`æk`.
v. dqÕ”◊xh”srt¡æsr`.
n. nlvdæqt¡;
n. `ældæqt¡;
n. `l`æm`jt;
n. dæmftlat;
n. `l`rt¡æk`.
craving for food n. `ldæqt¡;
n. dqÕ◊m`jt.
craving for smoking n. dæjx`j`.
crawl
v. dqhjtktktæj`;
v. dqh”jt¡kt¡kt¡jx`»;
v. dqh”jt¡æl`;
v. dqhk`mc`k`æmc`.
crazy
v. dqÕ”◊at¡fàt¡æf`;
v. dqhftmctæj`;
v. dqhftæmf`.
crease
v. dqhstæm`.
create
v. dqÕ◊atæla`;
v. dqhg`mfÕ◊j`.
create rain or sunshine v. dqÕ”Ãm`».
create weather v. dqhg`æmf`.
created
v. dqhg`mfhjv`».
creation
n. nat¡g`mfÕ”◊jh”.
creator
n. nlt¡g`mfÕ”◊jh”.
creature
n. djhg`æmfv`.
creek
n. nltfdæmcd».
creeper
n. nktæa`æjn.
creepers
n. drÕ◊rtækh.
cricket
n. dmfh”jd;
n. djÕ◊rÕ◊rh.
cripple
n. djÕ”◊agt¡md»;
n. djÕ◊qdæl`;
v. dqÕ◊kdgdæl`.
criticism
n. nktæsnæmfn.
criticize
v. dqÕ◊sr`æla`.
crocodile
n. `l`æla`.
crooked
adv. atærdmfdqdld.
crop
n. djÕ◊snkdæqn.
crave
crave food
crave for
craving
bqnrr
n. nltr`k`æag`;
v. dqhgtæq`;
v. dqÕ”◊jh”qt¡j`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqÕ”◊jh”qt¡jx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊jh”s`mx`»;
v. dqÕ◊rnæj`;
v. dqÕ◊s`latæj`;
v. dqÕ”◊sv`mf`mÕ”◊`.
cross-examine v. dqÕ”◊rh”rx`».
crossing
n. nltækàhqd;
n. dlÕ◊rnjdqd;
n. nlt¡ærnjx`.
crossroad n. `æl`gv`.
crossroads n. dsvh”jh”qnjn.
crouch
v. dqÕ◊agtæmc`;
v. dqÕ◊atæmc`;
v. dqÕ◊atmc`æl`;
v. dqÕ◊atmc`lÕ◊q`;
v. dqhrtm`æl`;
v. dqhstm`æl`.
crouching n. dlÕ◊rtæm`lhqd.
crow
n. dælatmft;
n. djhjnæqnæqn;
v. dqÕ◊aÕ◊j`;
v. dqhg`ær`;
v. dqÕ◊jnjnaÕ◊j`.
crowd
n. djÕ◊jtltæk`».
crown
n. dlaÕ”◊s`;
n. dælah”s`;
n. `j`jÕ”◊q`.
crown of the chief n. `j`æsdgv`.
crude
n. nltæsgtqt.
crumble
v. dqÕ”◊at¡myt¡æk`;
v. dqÕ”◊at¡myt¡mft¡j`æk`;
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡lt¡j`æk`;
v. dqÕ”◊jh”myt¡j`æk`;
v. dqÕ”◊jv`mft¡j`æq`;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡st¡mft¡æj`;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡st¡mft¡j`æk`.
crunch
v. dqÕ”◊agnagnkx`»;
2/6
btqrd
cross
crunching
crush
crushing
crust
cry
cuffs
cup
cupboard
cure
curfew
curse
v. dqÕ”◊ononkx`».
n. dlÕ◊agnagnkdqd.
v. dqhfnæf`;
v. dqÕ”◊ft¡rt¡j`kx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊ft¡rt¡j`kh”qx`»;
v. dqh”gh”mnmfnæk`;
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡lt¡k`;
v. dqÕ◊mnfnæmf`;
v. dqhonæs`;
v. dqhonæsg`;
v. dqÕ”◊st¡mct¡æk`.
n. dlÕ◊onæsdqd.
n. djh”jnjxn»;
n. nktjnæjn;
n. djh”jnjnkxn».
n. nltæjnmfnlnjd»;
n. nltæk`rtjd»;
v. dqhgÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊k`rtæj`;
v. dqhkÕ◊q`;
v. dqhqÕ◊q`;
v. dqhxhqhqÕ◊q`.
n. nltæs`æln.
n. amanyotha.
n. dqh”g`mc`;
n. nltægtmftækn;
n. djhjnælad;
n. djnæon»;
n. nkt¡æsdægh”;
n. nltæsdægn;
n. dx`æk` drxnx`æk`.
n. dl`kgtl`ækgt.
n. natær`jh.
n. dqnæmcn».
n. nltæk`æxhqhqd;
n. nat¡k`xh”qÕ”◊qh”;
n. djÕ”◊srt¡ælh”;
n. nltæsrtltækn;
v. dqhk`xhqÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊srtæl`;
btqrdc
cursed
customer
cut
2/7
v. dqÕ◊srtlv`»;
v. dqÕ◊srtltæk`.
n. nltæsrtltkv`.
n. nlt¡jh”kh”x`».
n. dæmfdjd;
n. dælat¡md»;
n. nltær`qh;
n. nltær`qhqd;
v. dqÕ◊a`æmc`;
v. dqÕ◊a`mc`æmf`;
v. dqhfdav`»;
v. dqhfdlav`»;
v. dqÕ◊jàtæq`;
v. dqÕ◊jdæj`;
v. dqh”jdjx`»;
v. dqÕ◊jdmfdæs`;
v. dqÕ◊jdæmy`;
v. dqÕ◊jdmydæmf`;
v. dqh”jh”myt¡æk`;
v. dqÕ”◊r`myàt¡kx`»;
v. dqÕ◊r`æq`;
v. dqÕ◊r`qÕ◊j`;
v. dqÕ”◊r`s`mfx`»;
v. dqhr`sÕ◊j`;
v. dqÕ◊rnjnæc`;
v. dqÕ◊sdæl`;
v. dqÕ”◊sdldjx`»;
c`mbd
v. dqÕ◊sdæs`;
v. dqÕ”◊sdsdmf`kx`»;
v. dqÕ◊sdsdmftæk`;
v. dqÕ”◊sv`»;
v. dqÕ”◊svÕ”◊j`;
v. dqÕ”◊st¡mft¡æk`.
cut cassava v. dqÕ◊adæf`.
cut hair
v. dqÕ”◊rÕ”◊r`.
cut in foot n. nltfdmxd.
cut leaves n. daÕ◊jdmydæq`»;
n. daÕ◊jdsrdæq`»;
v. dqÕ◊snjnæk`.
cut pieces v. dqÕ◊j`sr`æmf`.
cut the border v. dqÕ”◊jxdjx`».
cut wood
v. dqÕ◊sx`f`æmc`;
v. dqÕ◊sxdf`æmc`;
v. dqÕ◊shf`æmc`.
cutlass
n. nlt¡x`kh”.
cuttable
v. dqÕ◊sdldæj`.
cutting
n. nltæjdmfdsdqd»;
n. nltæjdmydmfdqd;
n. nltæjdmydqd;
n. dlÕ◊rdmxdqd.
cutting side of knife n. nltægnmh`.
cypress
n. djh”k`ft¡».
Cyprian
n. Rh”oh”qh”.
D - d
daily work n. do`æk`rt¡æqt¡.
damage
v. dqÕ◊ag`mctj`æk`;
damp
dance
v. dqÕ◊ag`mctæk`;
v. dqh”fnankdqx`».
v. dqhanæa`;
v. dqhgnæg`.
n. dqh”agv`x`;
n. `l`æaÕ”◊m`;
n. `l`æahqnmcn;
n. dqh”fdæmfdækdæfdmfdkd;
n. dqÕ”◊gnsnkd»;
n. dqÕ”◊ct¡æjt¡;
n. `l`ægnsnækn;
n. nltæjtktl`;
n. nlt¡jt¡ln;
n. `l`kdælan;
n. nlt¡æmcd;
n. djÕ”◊lat¡my`æmfd»;
c`mbd+ `vjv`qcmdrr ne
2/8
n. djh”mydæjt¡ld»;
n. `l`r`æs`;
n. nltrdæqn;
n. `l`shsÕ◊qn;
v. dqÕ”◊aÕ”◊m`;
v. dqÕ”◊gdct¡æj`;
v. dqÕ◊gnsnæk`;
v. dqhjnæa`;
v. dqh”oh”odqdæq`;
v. dqhr`æs`;
v. dqhshsÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊snmfnæk`;
v. dqÕ◊xhrdmftæk`;
v. dqhxhrhmctæk`.
dance, awkwardness of n. natækhla`.
dance for the deceased n.
`l`rh”mct¡æj`.
dance, kind of n. `l`fdæmfdækdæfdmfdkd.
dancer
n. nltækhla`.
dancing
n. dlÕ”◊ah”mh”qd;
n. dlÕ◊r`æshqd.
danger
n. navÕ”◊jn.
dangerous v. dqÕ◊g`æsg`.
darkness
n. nlt¡gÕ”◊mc`mh”`;
n. nælvh”qÕ◊l`»;
n. djhj`q`æ;
n. nat¡kÕ”◊ld».
daughter
n. nlv`ækh.
daughter-in-law n. nælv`kx`m`.
dawn
adv. nlnj`æqtæj`æqt»;
adv. nælvhsr`æmfd»;
n. `l`cdæcdæmct¡;
n. nælvh”sr`æmfd»;
n. nltr`æj`æk`;
n. `l`ærdækx`.
day
n. djÕ◊qn»;
n. nat¡æst¡æjt¡.
daylight
n. dqhstæmfh.
deaf
n. djÕ◊srhg`;
n. nltæsrhg`.
cdkhudq
deafness
n. dæaÕ◊srghg`.
dear
— ld» vd».
dear (exclamation) n. a`s`ælh”.
dear friend — s`ægh.
dear friends n. a`s`ægh.
death
n. nktægnækn;
n. nltæk`rtj`kd».
n. dcdæmÕ”;Ã
n. nælvÕ”◊mc`.
decant
v. dqÕ◊atmftæk`;
v. dqÕ◊sdgtkÕ◊q`.
deceased
n. nlt¡ægnkh”;
n. nlt¡æjt¡».
deceive
v. dqÕ”◊kdmfdldqx`»;
v. dqh”kÕ”◊la`;
v. dqh”sdax`»;
v. dqhsÕ◊l`.
December n. djÕ”◊qdqdlaxn».
declaration n. dlÕ◊rtælahqd.
declare
v. dqhrtlaÕ◊q`.
decorate
v. dqÕ◊cdær`.
dedicated to Nyamuhanga n.
nltæjhq`qnmcn.
defeat
v. dqh”fnmcx`».
defecate
v. dqhmÕ◊`;
v. dqhxhj`mÕ◊q`.
defecating n. dlÕ◊mdqd.
defecator
n. nlt¡mÕ”Ã.
deflate
v. dqÕ◊gnsnæj`.
defy
v. dqÕ◊jdl`jdldæq`.
delay
v. dqx`l`æk`;
v. dqx`l`kx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊jdqdadqdqx`»;
v. dqh”rh”ax`»;
v. dqÕ”◊srt¡lx`».
delete
v. dqÕ◊r`jtæk`.
delicious
v. dqhrÕ◊g`;
v. dqhrhghqÕ◊q`.
deliciousness n. natærÕ◊gd».
deliver
v. dqh”xh”qx`»;
debt
cdktfd
v. dqÕ◊xhsr`æq`.
n. djhftæmfn.
v. dqh”gh”lat¡k`.
v. dqÕ◊rdæg`.
v. dqhsrnmfdæq`;
v. dqÕ”◊st¡kt¡j`kx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊st¡kt¡j`kh”qx`».
deprave
v. dqÕ”◊sr`q`f`mÕ”◊`.
depressed v. dqh”gt¡gt¡l`æm`.
depressed adv. lelele.
depth
n. næavnmfnadqd.
descend
v. dqx`æmc`f`æk`;
v. dqhf`k`ltj`æk`;
v. dqÕ”◊jÕ”◊l`;
v. dqÕ”◊jh”lx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊jh”lt¡j`æk`.
descent
n. næav`mc`f`k`;
n. nat¡æjh”lh”qd;
n. nat¡æjh”lÕ”◊qn;
n. nat¡æjh”lt¡j`khqd.
desert
n. dælav`q`q`;
n. dælavdqdqd;
n. næavdqdqd;
n. nktæjvdrdrd.
desire
n. dqÕ”◊mt¡ax`;
n. dlÕ◊rnæmcdqd;
n. nat¡ært¡æmyd»;
v. dqÕ”◊gnmÕ”◊`;
v. dqÕ◊j`mc`xÕ◊q`;
v. dqh”xh”rt¡æmy`;
v. dqÕ◊xhs`æf`;
v. dqh”xh”srt¡æsr`.
despair
v. dqh”ft¡kt¡lt¡æj`.
destiny
n. `j`vhq`.
destiny, casting lot n. djtæq`».
destroy
v. dqhagnsgàgnæsg`;
v. dqhagnsgnj`æk`;
v. dqÕ”◊st¡gt¡æk`.
destroyed v. dqh”gh”lat¡j`æk`.
detach
v. dqÕ◊gnlnkdæq`;
20/
cheedqdms
deluge
demolish
denigrate
denounce
detached
detaching
detector
devalue
dew
diarrhea
die
different
v. dqÕ◊jdmxtæj`;
v. dqÕ◊jdmxtæk`;
v. dqhjnjnj`æk`;
v. dqhjnjnæk`;
v. dqÕ◊jnmnj`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊jnmnæk`;
v. dqÕ◊jnmnmfnæk`;
v. dqÕ◊l`ltæk`;
v. dqÕ◊l`stæj`;
v. dqÕ◊l`stæk`;
v. dqhm`gtj`æk`;
v. dqhm`gtæk`;
v. dqhrngnæk`;
v. dqhrnrnkdæj`;
v. dqhrtmtæk`;
v. dqÕ◊s`g`mftæk`;
v. dqÕ◊s`gtæj`;
v. dqÕ◊s`gtæk`.
n. djÕ◊jnmnkd»;
v. dqÕ◊jnsnj`æk`.
n. natæjdmxtkhqd»;
n. dlÕ◊rnægnkdqd;
n. dlÕ◊rtæmtkhqd.
n. nlt¡ælÕ”◊mxh”j`kx`.
v. dqÕ”◊agdmcdjx`»;
v. dqÕ◊j`æla`.
n. djhlÕÃ.
n. nktægÕ◊sn;
v. dqÕ◊g`ækg`;
v. dqÕ◊g`æq`;
v. dqÕ◊gÕ◊s`;
v. dqÕ◊stqtæj`.
v. dqhanqnæf`;
v. dqÕ”◊ct¡ær`;
v. dqhfdæmc`;
v. dqÕ◊gnæk`;
v. dqhj`mtæj`;
v. dqÕ”◊jv`»;
v. dqÕ◊k`rtj`æk`.
— laÕ◊qÕ◊qhlaÕ◊qÕ◊qh;
cheehbtks
— laÕ◊qÕ◊qhlaÕ◊qÕ◊qÕÃ.
— h”jngn;
n. dæjh”j`ækÕ”◊qd;
v. dqÕ◊s`mc`æk`.
difficult character n. J`g`æmf`.
dig
v. dqhsàtj`æk`.
dig up
v. dqhsàtæk`.
diminish
v. dqÕ◊jdæg`;
v. dqÕ◊jdg`jdæg`;
v. dqÕ”◊jdgx`»;
v. dqÕ◊jdj`æm`;
v. dqÕ”◊jdjdgx`».
diminishing n. natæjdgd».
dip
v. dqÕ◊ràÕ◊j`;
v. dqÕ◊sdæg`.
dip into
v. dqÕ◊sdgtæk`.
diploma
n. dqh”onknæld.
dipping
n. dlÕ◊ràhjÕ◊qn.
dirt
n. nlt¡æjh”xh”rxn»;
n. djh”jt¡æjt;
n. nlt¡jt¡æsn;
n. dmft¡æjt¡.
dirty
— srh” srh”srh”srh”;
v. dqh”jh”mÕ”◊`;
v. dqhjt¡j
æ `;
v. dqh”jt¡æj`;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡qt¡ft¡æs`;
v. dqÕ”◊srh”kx`»;
v. dqhstæmc`;
v. dqhstmc`stæmc`;
v. dqh”st¡mc`st¡mcx`»;
v. dqh”st¡mcx`».
dirty, very black — srh” srh” srh”.
dirty, very dirty — ph”oh”oh”.
dirty water n. dlÕ”◊st¡mc`st¡mcÕ”◊qx`.
disappear v. dqÕ◊atkhq`æm`;
v. dqÕ◊kdæmf`.
disbelief
n. nkt¡æjà`jàxn».
disbelieve v. dqhxhr`l`latæk`.
disciple
n. nlt¡kdælax`.
difficult
200
chrd`rd
v. dqh”kh”at¡æk`.
v. dqhf`srtæj`.
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡mt¡mft¡æk`;
v. dqh”lh”mxh”j`kx`».
discriminate v. dqÕ◊rnæla`.
discuss
v. dqÕ◊jtæa`.
discussion n. natæg`æj`;
n. nktæj`mc`.
disdain
n. drxnæmxd»;
n. nat¡æonæjx`;
v. dqÕ”◊onjx`æ.
disease
n. `làgdsgn;
n. dah”k`kh”rxnærh”;
n. `jàtæmc`»;
n. natchmfn;
n. djhf`»+ dahf`»;
n. dqÕ”◊fnærh”;
n. nltæg`æg`;
n. dgnæl`»;
n. `j`ægtqt;
n. nltæj`mc`;
n. nltæjda`;
n. nktjdqdæqd;
n. dahjdærd;
n. dlÕ”◊jÕ”Ã;
n. nat¡jnæmh”;
n. dælahgh;
n. natldmydldmyd;
n. nltmfdkdærd;
n. dmsgdkdag`;
n. djÕ◊mxnæq`;
n. djhmxnq`;
n. `j`æmxnæs`;
n. dodærd»;
n. dodæs`»;
n. drh”j`qÕ”◊rh”;
n. dqh”rÕ”◊qd;
n. drneÕ”◊rh”;
n. nltrnæmf`;
n. djÕ”◊rt¡ækh”;
disclose
discolor
discover
chrd`rd ne aqd`rseddchmf
n. `l`sgnqh”;
n. `l`sgnqÕ”Ã;
n. `l`sgt¡mft¡ækgt¡;
n. natsgtæsgtæqt;
n. dsrdjd»;
n. daÕ”◊srt¡æsr`.
n. nktæa`æjn.
disease of breastfeeding n. dæqxtrd».
disease of eye n. dqÕ”◊rnmfn.
disease of feet n. drxnmy`æmcn.
disease of muscles n. `l`æjnmnmfn.
disease of skin n. dqÕ”◊fnærh”;
n. dæmydqvd».
disease of toe n. dqÕ◊sv`sv`;
n. dqÕ◊st».
disequilibrium v. dqÕ◊ftmf`ftæmf`.
dish
n. nktjdq`.
dish out
v. dqxt¡gt¡æk`.
dishonest n. nlvdæq`;
n. nælvdæq`;
n. nlt¡ækh”lx`.
dishonesty n. næavdq`.
dishonor
v. dqhgdltæk`;
v. dqÕ◊rhmhmftæk`.
dislike
v. dqhk`æs`.
dislocate
v. dqhxhj`stæk`.
disobedience n. dqhftæmct.
disorder
— aÕ◊r`k`mfnmsn;
— jhsx`»;
n. dat¡æsrt¡æat¡srt¡;
n. djÕ◊r`k`mfnsn;
n. nat¡ær`k`mft¡;
v. dqh”at¡æsr`;
v. dqh”ot¡æsr`.
xh”qh”xh”qh”
displace
v. dqh”gdqdax`».
displeasure v. dqÕ”◊rnkx`».
v. dqÕ”◊xh”rnkx`».
dissolve
v. dqÕ”◊jnqnmfx`».
distribute v. dqhsdæmf`.
201
cnvm
v. dqÕ◊jdmcdæq`;
v. dqÕ”◊jdmcdqx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊jnqnfnr`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqÕ”◊kx`lax`».
disturbance n. nlt¡æjdmcdqxn».
ditch
n. djh”qÕ”◊jndivide
v. dqÕ◊fdftæk`;
v. dqÕ◊jàgtæk`:
v. dqhj`stæk`.
divider
n. nltæf`æa`mh”`;
n. nlt¡f`æah”.
divorce
n. natæj`s`md».
dizziness
n. nækt¡rt¡ært¡;»
n. dæaxtktækt».
dizzy
v. dqÕ◊srtmftæq`.
do the bed v. dqhrdær`.
do well
v. dqhfdmcdæj`.
docility
n. næanækn.
doctor
n. nlt¡æk`ælx`;
n. nltæmf`mf`.
dodge
v. dqÕ◊rdrdæq`.
dodging
n. dlÕ◊rdrdqd».
dog
n. dælav`»;
n. `j`æav`m`;
n. dæmcdfdsdfd.
dog's food n. nltæsvdæqn.
domain
n. djhg`æqn.
donkey
n. dotæmc`».
donut
n. djhsgtlatæq`.
door
n. næavhmfhqÕ◊qn;
n. nkt¡æjxnæ;
n. nltk`æmfn;
n. nltkg`æmfn;
n. dqh”qh”lan;
n. nkt¡æxh”.
door of a fold n. djÕ◊jhq`æf`».
doubt
v. dqÕ”◊jdqdat¡kx`».
dove
n. `æj`kÕ”◊jt¡jt¡.
down
— `gÕ”◊jv`;
— `gÕ◊rh;
disturb
cnvqx
— stmctkt;
adv. `gnæmcÕ”◊m`.
dowry
n. nlt¡s`gxn».
doze
v. dqhxhsrhmfhq`æ jn».
drain
v. dqhgtgtæk`.
dream
n. dmynækh”;
v. dqÕ◊knæs`.
dregs
n. daÕ◊c`mc`;
n. daÕ”◊c`mcàt¡;
n. dæmfncnjn;
n. dæmfncnjvd».
dress
n. nlvdæmc`;
n. nktjÕ◊la`;
n. djhkgtmftkg`;
n. dqnæon»;
n. nltr`æmfh;
v. dqÕ”◊g`lx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊j`mf`lx`».
dress, mourning n. nlt¡r`æq`æmct¡.
dress up
v. dqhrtgtj`æk`;
v. dqhxhananæs`;
v. dqhxhononæs`.
v. dqÕ◊xhg`æmf`.
v. dqÕ”◊xh”jdjdsrx`»drink
n. djÕ◊agtkdmfd;
n. djh”mcÕ”◊mfÕ”Ã;
n. næatmf`;
n. nltrnæln;
n. dqÕ”◊s`æjn;
v. dqh”agnkx`»;
v. dqhagtkx`»;
v. dqÕ◊j`mf`lÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ”◊mxv`æ;
v. dqÕ”◊mxvh”rx`»;
v. dqhrnæl`.
drinking
n. djÕ”◊kt¡laÕ”◊qn;
n. dlÕ”◊mxvh”qd.
drive in
v. dqhrnær`.
drop
— srÕ”◊agh”.
drop, let fall v. dqxt¡mc`æmf`;
202
cqx to
v. dqÕ”◊xh”kgt¡æsg`.
n. dqh”snæmch”.
n. djhag`kÕ◊x`;
n. dmfnæl`;
n. dqh”fnla`;
n. nlt¡gh”mc`;
n. `j`jdækdæx`;
n. dmfv`jh”;
n. dmynanækh”;
n. dæmfv`s`æmn;
n. dæmfv`sÕ◊qn.
n. dmyt¡lah”qx`.
drum noise — myh”.
drum player n. à`fnl`.
drum sound n. djhmynmyn.
drunk
n. nlt¡æjt¡mcÕ”◊qx`;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡æmc`;
v. dqhs`lÕ◊q`.
drunkard
n. nlt¡æs`jt¡;
n. nlt¡s`lÕ”◊qh”.
drunkenness n. ds`lÕ◊qn.
dry
v. dqÕ◊j`j`l`æm`;
v. dqÕ◊j`kgàg`ær`;
v. dqÕ◊j`ltæj`;
v. dqÕ◊jhmfhqhs`æm`;
v. dqhs`khjhqÕ◊q`;
v. dqxt»l`»;
v. dqxt»ltæj`;
v. dqxtæltj`æk`.
dry corn
n. danæan.
dry food
n. `jàgnkgnkgn.
dry food of manioc n. djv`æmf`».
dry plantain n. natkÕ◊f`.
dry season n. dj`my`r`j`;
n. djÕ◊ov`;
n. nlt¡æst¡æs`.
dry up
v. dqÕ◊a`jà`æj`;
v. dqhgnæmf`;
v. dqh”gnmfx`»;
v. dqÕ◊j`k`xÕ◊q`;
droplet
drum
cqx vhsg rlnjd
v. dqÕ◊j`ltj`æk`;
v. dqxt¡»lx`».
dry with smoke v. dqhj`æk`.
duck
n. djhla`s`;
n. djhla`sg`;
n. dqh”lav`sg`.
dull
v. dqh”srh”ft¡æj`.
dumb
n. djÕ”◊jÕ”◊qt¡;
n. djÕ”◊jh”qt¡;
n. dælt¡lt¡;
n. dæjxnmcnækn.
dumbness n. nat¡æjÕ”◊qt¡.
dumpster
n. djÕ◊atæsrh.
dung
n. daÕ◊rd»;
203
deenqsr
dust
dusting
dying
dynamite
dysentery
n. dlhsnsn»;
n. nltsnsn».
n. natjtæmft;
n. nkgt¡lan;
n. dlatælatækh;
n. nkt¡st¡st¡»;
n. nkt¡ælat¡;
n. nækt¡lat¡ælat¡».
n. dlÕ◊jtmftshqd.
n. dlÕ◊gnkdqd;
n. nltæj`æmtjhqd.
n. nkt¡sg`ælah”.
n. `j`ærhmhmhmh.
E - e
— jÕ◊qdæad.
n. da`fà`f`.
n. dqh”r`la`;
n. dqh”r`la`.
ear
n. njt¡æst».
ear disease n. `l`rdæmf`.
ear hair
n. dla`mnv`.
ear ring
n. dqhmhmfhs`.
ear sickness n. dmsgdkgdag`.
early
— dst¡st¡st¡.
early morning adv. jnæknæadæq`».
earn a living v. dqhxhjtg`jtgÕ◊q`.
ear-ring
n. dqhmhmf`mÕ◊mf`;
n. dqhmhmfhsg`.
earth
n. djhs`æj`.
earth lump n. djhmnæmfvd».
earthenware n. `j`lat¡mft¡;
n. djÕ”◊lt¡æf`;
n. nltæm`f`.
earthquake n. nlt¡ærh”jh”.
earthworm n. djh”mfdkh”.
easy
n. dæjxnækn.
each
eagerness
eagle
easy-going v. dqÕ◊xnknadæj`.
eat
n. `j`kgngn»;
v. dqÕ”◊ag`rx`»;
v. dqhf`sr`f`æsr`;
v. dqÕ◊j`æmx`;
v. dqÕ”◊j`my`ft¡kx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊j`my`j`myx`»;
v. dqÕ◊qx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊kh”jx`»;
v. dqÕ◊khq`æ ltæsrnæoh”;
v. dqÕ◊mdæm`;
v. dqÕ”◊onrnfnkx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊rdrt¡kh”qx`».
eater
n. nlt¡ækÕ”Ã;
n. djhldq`.
eating
n. natækhqd;
n. dlÕ◊khqd.
Edgard
n. Chj`æqh.
Edmond
n. Chln».
effort
n. dft¡ærh”jh”.
effortlessly — srhxhsrhxh.
efforts
v. dqhxhj`ær`.
dff
n. dqh”aÕ”◊q`æstft;
n. dqÕ◊x`;
n. dqÕ◊x`.
eight
n. nltæm`mh.
either
— jtæsrd.
eject
v. dqhk`gtæj`.
ejecting
n. dlÕ◊k`ægtjhqd.
elbow
n. dæmfnjnæk`».
elder
n. nltærtav`æjn».
election
n. dv`æmyh”qdæmch.
elephant
n. `j`fdrd;
n. dgtæk`»;
n. dgtq`;
n. dmynæft¡;
n. dæsàhmctj`;
n. dsgdælan;
n. dsx`mf`;
n. dst¡ot¡.
elephantiasis n. dælah”qh”mfh”sh”.
Elizabeth n. KÕ”r◊ `.
else
— g`mch.
embace
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡la`æs`.
embellish v. dqÕ◊o`æla`;
v. dqhxhatg`æ jn».
ember
n. dqÕ”◊j`æk`.
embrace
v. dqÕ◊jtla`æs`;
v. dqÕ◊jtla`sÕ◊q`.
embracing n. dlÕ◊jtla`shqd.
Emilie
n. Xh”lh”kÕ”◊x`.
empty
v. dqÕ◊jtmftltæk`.
empty receptacle n. nltæjnmfnsn.
empty-handed adv. j`æo`.
empty-wise adv. mfnmfnsd».
enclosure n. nktæftst;
n. nktæg`æmfn;
n. næktgt.
encourage v. dqÕ”◊srt¡ft¡lh”rx`».
end
n. nlt¡gÕ”◊mcn;
n. drtæj`;
n. dæmct¡kx`.
egg
204
drbòd
enema
v. dqxn»f`».
enema performer n. nælvnfx`.
enema tube n. nltækÕ◊at.
enemy
n. nltæftæk`;
n. dmyÕ”◊ft¡.
v. dqÕ”◊j`mf`lt¡jx`».
— aÕ◊mf`gn»: ,,ag`ærh
v. dqÕ”◊st¡mfh”rx`».
v. dqÕÃmfÕ◊q`;
v. dqh”rt¡lÕ◊q`.
enthronement n. nat¡ærÕ”◊mfh”.
enthroning n. dlÕ◊rhmfhqd.
enthusiastic v. dqÕ◊sr`mf`sr`æmf`.
entire
n. nlt¡æfh”l`.
entrails
n. nktk`»;
n. nktækdæod;
n. djÕ◊ot».
entrance, village n. dæjx`rv`.
enumerate v. dqÕ◊snmcnfnæk`.
envelop dugout canoe v. dqÕ◊g`jÕ◊q`.
envelope
n. djÕ”◊jt¡ækt¡;
n. djhkgnæod.
environment n. nktæjdæmyn.
envy
n. dqÕ◊srtæqn;
v. dqÕ◊srtæq`.
epidemic
n. djÕ”◊gt¡æmyn.
epilepsy
n. daÕ”◊st¡æsr`.
epileptic
n. nlt¡æst¡æsr`.
equal force n. dælxtld».
equalize
v. dqh”kh”mf`mÕ”◊`.
erect
v. dqÕ◊g`f`k`æk`;
v. dqÕ”◊j`mf`lx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊jnjnknlx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊jnrx`»;
v. dqhrhmfÕ◊j`.
erected
v. dqÕ◊s`f`k`æk`.
erection
v. dqÕ◊jnær`.
error
n. dæmfnqnrx`.
escape
v. dqÕ”◊a`kx`»;
v. dqh”ot¡qÕ”◊j`;
energetic
enough
enrich
enter
dsgmhb fqnto
v. dqÕ”◊r`x`»;
v. dqh”sh”ah”sx`»;
v. dqÕ◊srv`»;
v. dqÕ”◊srvdrx`»;
v. dqhstlatj`æq`.
ethnic group
n. nltæg`ælan.
euphemism n. djÕ◊srÕ◊mcn;
v. dqÕ◊srÕ◊mc`.
Europe
n. dft¡k`æx`.
European n. nlt¡rt¡mft».
Europeanized n. nltr`la`.
even though — mfhmf`.
evening
n. dqh”fnækn;
n. dqh”fnknfnækn;
n. nlvh”fnknfnækn;
v. dqhfnq`fnæq`.
everywhere n. `ægnrÕ”Ã;
v. dqÕ◊srtmf`æm`.
evil
n. dm`æaÕÃ;
n. dahsrÕ◊at.
exaggerate v. dqhsdmcdqdæq`;
v. dqÕ◊xhjnæc`.
exaggerate with wives
v.
dqh”g`kh”j`mÕ”◊`.
examine
v. dqh”knmcx`».
example
n. nlte`æmn.
exams
n. `l`rh”mc`æmn.
excess
n. nltæjnæjnkdqd.
excessively — on on on.
exchange v. dqhgÕ◊mf`;
v. dqh”gh”mf`æmÕ”`
◊ .
excited
v. dqÕ”◊k`mfx`»;
v. dqÕ◊r`r`xÕ◊q`.
exclamation — `æl`kh;
— `æxn»;
— j`;
— s`ælh”;
— s`ælh;
— v`æmfdad.
exclamation of surprise — jn».
205
dwsq`
n. `l`æaÕ”Ã;
n. djh”gh”mch”xÕ”◊qh”;
n. dqÕ”◊rd»;
n. djÕ◊sdæjn.
excuse
v. dqh”xh”g`lat¡kx`».
execute
v. dqÕ◊gtgtæk`;
v. dqhjx`latkÕ◊j`.
exercise-book n. dqh”agt¡æjt¡.
exhausted v. dqhfnæmc`;
v. dqÕ◊rdæmf`;
v. dqhsdldæj`.
exhaustiveness n. nltfnæmcn;
n. dlat¡cd.
existence
n. nltjnæsn.
exonerate v. dqhghmftæk`.
expand
v. dqh”gt¡gt¡æl`.
expansion n. dlÕ◊r`æmyhqd.
expert
n. nltmx`f`r`;
n. `j`q`mc`.
explain
v. dqhgtahjhqÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ”◊r`lah”rx`»;
v. dqh”rnankdqx`».
explode
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡sg`æmf`;
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡sg`mfÕ◊j`.
extend
v. dqh”k`lax`»;
v. dqhm`mtæj`;
v. dqhm`mtj`æk`.
exterminate v. dqÕ”◊jt¡st¡jx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊kÕ”◊l`;
v. dqhq`f`ær`;
v. dqÕ”◊sÕ”◊mc`;
v. dqhsnfnæs`.
extinguish v. dqhgtladæq`;
v. dqh”gt¡ladqx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊kÕ”◊l`;
v. dqÕ”◊kh”lx`».
extinguished log n. djÕ”◊qh”l`s`.
extinguishing n. nat¡ækh”lx`.
extra
v. dqÕ◊f`æla`;
v. dqÕ◊f`lav`».
excrement
dwsq`bs
extract
extremely
exude
eye
206
v. dqÕ◊snsnæk`.
— jt¡mct¡.
v. dqh”mt¡æm`.
n. dqÕ”◊rn `ældærn;
n. dæqÕ”◊rn;
n. dqÕ”◊jdmfd.
e`lhmd
eye handicap n. nltæk`kh.
eye pupil
n. `æj`k`æmfhq`.
eye sickness n. `j`gv`».
eye s.o.
v. dqhagnæmf`.
eyebrow
n. nkt¡æjÕ”◊f`;
eye dirt in the form of white substance
n. nltgnæs`.
eye disease n. dqÕ”◊rnmfn.
eyelash
n. djh”jh”fd;
n. djÕ”◊jngdqx`».
n. nkt¡æanæah”.
F - f
face
fade
faeces
fail
failure
faint
fake
falcon
fall
n. dælat¡æln;
n. djhr`r`lÕ◊q`;
n. nat¡ært¡».
v. dqh”et¡ag`ækg`”.
n. nlt¡gh”mch”fÕ”◊qh”.
v. dqhgÕ◊m`;
v. dqhkdæl`;
v. dqhkdlv`»;
v. dqhodæs`;
v. dqÕ◊s`ktæj`;
v. dqÕ◊s`ktj`æm`;
v. dqÕ◊s`mc`kv`».
n. natækdældæqv`».
v. dqhkdladæq`.
n. djÕ◊a`kd;
n. daÕ”◊j`mfÕ”◊qÕ”◊qx`».
n. `j`jnqnsrxn».
v. dqÕ”◊jh”f`jÕ”◊f`;
v. dqh”jh”myt¡j`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊jnanæk`;
v. dqÕ◊jtmtj`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊jtmtmftæj`;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡st¡j`æk`;
v. dqhk`f`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊kdfdqdæq`;
v. dqÕ”◊ot¡lat¡st¡æj`;
v. dqÕ◊rnmnmnæj`;
v. dqhrvdæj`;
v. dqh”rt¡lh”qx`»;
v. dqh”s`k`lt¡æj`;
v. dqhsdæq`;
v. dqh”sdqx`»;
v. dqÕ◊snæf`;
v. dqÕ◊snfdæq`;
v. dqÕ◊snfnj`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊snfnæmf`;
v. dqhv`»;
v. dqhvÕ◊q`.
fall down v. dqÕ”◊gt¡lat¡kÕ◊q`;
v. dqxt¡sÕ”◊j`;
v. dqÕ◊xhshm`mfÕ◊q`.
v.
dqÕ”◊xh”agt¡lat¡kgt¡ft¡sgt¡j`æ
jn»
v. dqÕ◊xhshmÕ◊q`.
falling
n. dlÕ◊rnmnmnjdqd.
false news n. nltsrx`».
fame
n. dmftq`æln;
v. dqÕ◊jtl`xÕ◊q`.
family
n. nat¡mxt¡æla`»;
n. natæsdjd».
family head n. nltæsdjd».
famine
n. `j`x`æmfd;
n. djh”x`mfd.
e`m
n. nat¡rdæqt¡.
— dxÕ◊q`g`jtsh;
adv. `g`ækh;
n. `g`æq`g`jtsh.
farm
n. djÕ◊ahad.
fart
n. djÕ◊mx`ælan;
n. djÕ◊xhg`;
v. dqÕ◊xhg`»:
v. dqÕ◊mx`æla`.
farting
n. dlÕ◊mx`lahqd.
fasting
— fnfnmn;
n. atfnfnæmn;
n. avÕ”◊g`;
n. næavh”g`.
fat
n. dqÕ”◊cnæcn;
n. djhjdqdæmfd;
n. djhjnqnæmfn;
n. djhjnsrn;
n. `l`æmt¡æmh”`;
n. djÕ”◊ràt¡;
v. dqÕ◊ràtæj`.
fat in an animal n. `l`æmt¡æm`.
father
n. Õ◊rd;
n. hxnæ rn»;
n. s`s`».
fatten
v. dqÕ◊mdmdæg`;
v. dqhqtæmc`;
v. dqhsrtftæl`.
fear
n. dæladgdqv`;
n. dæmfhsrh;
n. dr`j`r`j`;
n. næatæa`;
v. dqÕ◊r`fv`».
feather
n. djxdæx`.
February
n. `l`ægtktkd.
fed up
v. dqÕ◊s`lv`».
fecal lab exam n. djho`æmcd.
feed
v. dqÕ”◊kh”rx`».
feed fire
v. dqÕ”◊st¡æmc`.
feel better v. dqÕ”◊xh”r`mcnjx`».
fan
far
207
ehfgs
v. dqhghlaÕ◊j`.
n. dlaÕ”◊mf`.
n. EdkÕ”◊rh”.
v. dqhjnæmc`.
n. dlÕ◊jnæmcdqd.
n. nltx`l`æq`.
v. dqÕ”◊xh”sdfdj`mÕ”◊`.
n. Edqd.
n. nltæa`kd;
n. djhrdælad.
fertility of soil n. nltanæfn.
fetish
n. djx`æan;
n. dqh”qnæfn;
n. djÕ◊r`ælan:
n. nktrtæla`.
fetishes, treat with v. dqha`mcv`».
fever
n. djhgnæmyn;
n. nlt¡srt¡æsr`;
n. nkt¡srt¡sr`srt¡sr`.
field
n. djÕ◊a`mc`;
n. nltæfdæqdæq`;
n. dæmfdqn;
n. dmfv`khl`;
n. djÕ◊jv`mfvÕ”◊qx`»;
n. djÕ◊jv`mftæq`»;
n. dqhqÕ◊l`;
n. `l`ækÕ◊qn;
n. dæmfdqt;
n. djhmx`mc`ækn;
n. dkhqÕ◊mfh;
n. djh”rt¡l`æmn.
field border n. nlt¡mf`ærh”.
field, infertile n. nktjtæqtæsrt.
field protector n. nlt¡ægdqdæjh”.
field spot n. dqhgx`».
fifty
n. djdæmd.
fig tree
n. nlt¡æsdlat¡.
fight
n. dqhftæmcvd»;
n. natæjtatmftk`;
n. `l`kv`»;
feel sick
feelings
Felix
fell
felling
fellow
fend
Ferdinand
fern
ehfgsdq
v. dqÕ◊ag`j`æm`;
v. dqh”aÕ”◊f`;
v. dqhftmchq`æm`;
v. dqÕ◊g`jà`æm`;
v. dqhkv`»;
v. dqh”odo`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqh”ot¡sr`æm`.
fighter
n. nlt¡kvÕ”Ã.
fill
v. dqxn»ft¡æs`;
v. dqxnært¡kx`»;
v. dqhqtlaÕ◊j`;
v. dqh”srt¡lh”sh”qh”qx`».
fill mouth v. dqh”ft¡l`æs`;
v. dqh”xh”jt¡l`æmf`.
fill with food v. dqh”agt¡agt¡sgx`».
filling
n. nælvnrt¡kx`.
filter
v. dqhfdfdmtæk`;
v. dqÕ”◊rnmfnj`kx`»;
v. dqh”rnmfnkx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊srt¡x`».
filtered water n. `l`ærnæmfnkx`.
find
v. dqÕ◊a`æm`;
v. dqÕ◊a`mÕ◊j`;
v. dqÕ◊atstæk`;
v. dqÕ◊rtæmf`;
v. dqÕ◊rtmfÕ◊j`.
finding
n. dlÕ◊rtmfhqd.
fine
n. dla`mt¡ækh”;
n. dla`mtækn;
n. dæmfvh”q`ltr`æmfn;
n. dmcÕ”◊gh”;
v. dqÕ◊srvdæq`.
finger
n. dqh”jnækgn»;
n. dæmfnmnjvd»;
n. nltmvd»;
n. nælnknsvd»;
n. `æj`r`æmv`»;
n. `æj`r`æmvd».
finger excrescence n. `j`æs`æst.
finger noise n. dæmfnmnæjvd».
208
ehqdvnnc
finger, skin of n. `j`mx`ældæqt¡.
fingernail n. nktæmx`æk`;
n. nktæx`æk`.
fingerpoint v. dqh”rdlax`æ.
finger-pointer n. nlt¡ærdælax`.
fingerpointing n. nlt¡ræ dælah”qx`.
finish
v. dqÕ◊atæf`;
v. dqÕ◊atfhqÕ◊q`;
v. dqh”ft¡æmy`;
v. dqÕ◊gv`æ;
v. dqÕ◊gvdqdæq`;
v. dqÕ◊j`q`f`ær`.
finish climbing v. dqh”vh”rx`».
fire
n. nlt¡ægh”s`;
n. dxhmcha`shq`;
n. dmfdæjn;
n. dæmfdæjn;
n. nltkÕ◊qn;
n. djÕ”◊qÕ”◊jn;
n. dærdjdmtkd;
n. drdjdrdjd;
n. dqh”rÕ”◊mf`;
n. nat¡ærh”mf`mh”`;
n. nat¡ærh”mf`mh”qxn»;
n. dqh”rÕ”◊mfn;
n. nat¡rÕ”◊mfn;
v. dqhftktlÕ◊q`.
fire, activate v. dqÕ”◊rh”mf`mÕ”◊`.
fire, light
v. dqx`jx`».
fire stone n. dqÕ”◊gÕ”◊f`.
firelog
n. djÕ”◊rh”mf`æmÕ”◊jx`».
fireplace
n. dqÕ”◊jn;
n. dæqÕ”◊jn;
n. dæla`kd.
firewood
n. `jàvhq`;
n. nkt¡æjvÕ”Ã;
n. `j`k`l`æs`;
n. djÕ”◊kh”l`s`;
n. dgh”lat¡qt¡lat¡qt¡;
n. dmx`jh”qh”qxn»;
ehql
n. dgÕ”◊r`g`æk`æmft¡»;
n. djÕ”◊r`mf`mÕ”◊jx`»;
n. natærdmxdqd.
n. nltf`æla`».
firm
v. dqh”rÕ”◊j`;
v. dqÕ◊v`æs`.
fish
n. dqÕ”◊gdæqd;
n. dxÕ”◊rnlah”;
n. nltjnat;
n. nltæjnækn;
n. nltm`æl`;
v. dqÕ◊kgnæag`;
v. dqÕ◊qnæa`;
v. dqhrnæg`.
fish head
n. djÕ◊srvd».
fish spec. n. dqÕ”◊fnækd;
n. dqÕ◊gdæqd»;
n. djÕ◊gdæsd;
n. dgnmcvd»;
n. dqh”jnjd»;
n. nltæjnækv`;
n. dlanmcvd»;
n. dlatmfd;
n. dmc`j`æk`;
n. dæmcnæsrh;
n. dmx`æltæstst;
n. dæmytmftkd;
n. `j`æsnækh”;
n. `j`æsnæsrh;
n. nltstm`.
fisherman n. nlt¡æqnæah”;
n. nlt¡rnægh”.
fishery
n. nælv`kn.
fishing
n. nltrnægd.
fishing manner n. dlÕ◊rnægdqd.
fish-trap
n. dmf`æm`.
fit
v. dqh”gh”j`æm`;
v. dqÕ◊jtag`æm`;
v. dqhsnkdæq`;
v. dqhsnkdq`æm`.
21/
enf
n. dæahs`æmn;
n. dæahs`æmt.
fix price
v. dqÕ◊j`ctæk`.
flabbergasted v. dqhstmcta`æk`.
flame
n. djÕ◊qÕ◊lh.
flask
n. dæmfnæmf`.
flatter
v. dqÕ◊gdladqdæq`;
v. dqÕ”◊kdladr`mÕ”◊`.
flattery
n. djÕ”◊rdgx`.
flee
v. dqÕ◊gtæg`;
v. dqh”lt¡æj`;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡st¡æj`;
v. dqh”oh”mt¡æj`;
v. dqhqv`qtæj`;
v. dqhxhatg`æ jn».
flesh
n. nlt¡mxnæjt¡.
float
v. dqÕ◊kdqdæs`.
floater
n. nlt¡kæ dqdæsh”.
floating
n. nltækdqdsdqd.
Floribert
n. Kh”adæqh”.
flour
n. dæmftmftæs`»;
n. dxh”rx`æmn.
flower
n. dla`kà`æk`;
n. nltær`mf`.
n. dqhv`».
flower spec. n. dah”kdæsh”;
n. dæmytmtæmt».
flowering n. nltær`æmytkhqd.
flute
n. dlaÕ”◊mft¡;
n. dmx`æltækdq`;
n. dmx`æltækdqd.
fly
n. dxh”ag`j`;
n. dxÕ”◊rt¡æjh”;
n. dæmytæjh;
v. dqhftktæj`;
v. dqh”ot¡qt¡qt¡æj`.
flying
n. dlÕ”◊ot¡æqt¡qt¡jh”qd.
foam
n. dqÕ”◊gt¡ækn.
fog
n. djÕ”◊gh”gh”;
n. djÕ◊gnægd;
five
enkc
n. djh”kt¡ælah”;
n. nlt¡kt¡ælah”;
n. nat¡sÕ”◊sh”.
fold
n. djh”agt¡æjt¡;
n. nlt¡æjt¡æmxn;
n. næktæfn;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡æmx`;
v. dqÕ”◊kÕ”◊mf`;
v. dqÕ”◊kÕ◊mf`.
folding
n. dlÕ”◊jt¡mxh”qd.
follow
v. dqÕ◊jv`æl`;
v. dqÕ◊rtatæj`;
v. dqÕ”◊rt¡at¡j`mÕ”◊`.
follower
n. nlt¡æjv`ælh”.
food
n. dax`ækx`»;
n. nltæag`æmct;
n. daÕ”◊ag`rh”qxn»;
n. dahrhahrÕÃ ;
n. `jàgnkgnkgn;
n. nltæj`æmxn;
n. dæmfdqdæfdærd»;
n. nlt¡jnoh”;
n. navÕ◊jvhj`æ;
n. dæmftjtad»;
n. `j`ækxn»;
n. nltæm`f`;
n. djhodæmcn;
n. donærn;
n. djÕ”◊qh”rh”q`mh”n;
n. djÕ◊qtl`;
n. nltr`ælaÕ◊q`æ mfhmfn;
n. nltæsvdæqn.
food, cooked n. nat¡rh”s`.
food for spirits n. `l`æsnkdæqn.
food for workers n. nat¡ægÕ”◊mfh”.
food gift
n. nltjhla`.
food half-cooked n. dlÕ”◊jt¡aÕ”◊qx`.
food, not well cooked n. nltæsgtq`.
food, provoke v. dqÕ◊g`ltæk`.
food, provoker n. nlt¡æg`lt¡ækh”.
210
enqmhb`sd
food, share n. dqh”gt¡ækn.
fool
n. nlt¡rÕ”◊qd.
foolishly
adv. sgàgt¡æsgàt¡».
adv. `l`ægdmdgdmd.
foolishness n. dqh”rÕ◊qd.
foot
n. djhr`æmcn.
footprints n. natæf`ækh.
forbid to eat v. dqhrhlaÕ◊q`.
forbidden passage n. nlt¡æjh”qxn».
force
v. dqh”g`sh”j`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqhmxtmf`mxtæmf`;
v. dqhsrtmfÕ◊q`;
v. dqhstæm`.
v. dqh”jt¡æj`.
ford
n. djÕ◊rnjdæqn.
foresee
v. dqhkdmfdqdæq`.
foreseeing n. nltækdæmfdqdqd.
forest
n. dqh”q`ægh”;
n. nlt¡ærÕ”◊st¡.
n. dqh”xh”kh”.
forge
n. djÕ◊gdrdæqn;
v. dqÕ◊gdær`.
forget
v. dqhahqhqv`æ;
v. dqÕ◊s`f`k`mv`»;
v. dqÕ◊s`f`kv`»;
v. dqÕ◊s`f`mf`kv`».
forgetfulness — avhax`.
forgetting n. nlvÕ◊ahqhqv`.
forgive
v. dqhf`mxÕ◊q`;
v. dqhr`rÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊r`rÕ◊q`;
v. dqhxhfnæmf`;
v. dqhxhfnmf`fnæmf`.
forgotten
n. djÕ◊f`q`lavd.
fork
n. dj`æmx`».
forked stick n. dqh”g`æmfn.
form
adv. j`gt¡ækgt¡.»
fornicate
v. dqÕ◊cvÕ◊j`;
v. dqh”jt¡æc`;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡æc`;
enqmhb`shnm
v. dqhrhmfÕ◊q`;
v. dqh”rh”mfÕ”◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊sdæs`.
fornication n. natæsdsdæqn.
fornicator n. nlt¡snælah”.
fortunately — g`æjhqh.
forward
n. dladæqd.
four
— Õ”◊mh” dagÕ◊mh;
n. dagÕ◊mh.
fox
n. `j`æatmct;
n. nltmxdqdæqd.
fox spec.
n. `j`mx`ælÕ◊qdmfd.
frame
v. dqho`q`æsr`.
Francãois n. Etq`rv`».
free
n. dovÕ◊srh.
freedom
n. næavh”q`mc`.
freely
n. dgtqtqt.
freeze
v. dqÕ”◊jdmfdqds`mx`».
frenziness n. dlÕ”◊kt¡ælh”qx`.
fresh
n. djÕ◊aÕ◊rh.
fresh wood n. nlt¡æk`ækx`.
fried meat n. `j`æjnsrxn».
friend
— s`ægh;
n. nltægtft;
n. nælvÕ”◊q`;
n. nlt¡æmv`æmh”;
n. nlt¡æmxv`æmh”.
friendship n. natægtft;
n. natj`»:
n. næavÕ”◊q`;
n. nat¡æmxv`æmh”;
n. nat¡æmv`æmh”.
frighten
v. dqh”f`srx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊r`fÕ◊rx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊r`xh”rx`»;
v. dqh”rh”rÕ◊q`;
v. dqh”rh”rh”qx`»;
v. dqÕ◊sÕ◊mf`;
v. dqxt¡æa`gh”rx`».
frightened n. næltæa`;
211
etkk
v. dqhstæs`.
frightening n. djÕ”◊r`xh”rxn»;
n. djÕ”◊r`fh”rxn».
n. djÕ◊jdqd;
n. nltmyhch;
n. dsgàg`;
n. `j`sgàg`;
n. dæmcnkdæqn;
n. dæmcvnkdæqn.
from
pref. nltmx`,.
fruit
n. djÕ”◊ft¡æl`;
n. dqÕ”◊jdqdæqd»;
n. dælatotæqt»;
n. dlatæqtæqt;
n. dæmcdgd;
n. dqÕ◊stft;
n. dmctæftæs`;
n. dqhstæmc`»;
n. dæmctært.
fruit spec. n. dæmc`j`k`.
fruit unripe n. dqh”jt¡æjd.
fruit, unripe n. dqh”jt¡æjt¡kgt¡.»
fruit, wild n. dæjx`la`.
fry
v. dqÕ◊a`k`mftæk`;
v. dqÕ◊adadqdæq`;
v. dqÕ◊adatæk`;
v. dqÕ◊j`k`æmf`;
v. dqÕ”◊jnsrx`»;
v. dqxnjx`æ;
v. dqÕ◊rtær`.
frying
n. nat¡æj`k`æmfh”;
n. dlÕ◊j`k`mfhqd.
full
— gt¡kt¡gt¡kt¡;
v. dqÕ◊adkdfdæmc`;
v. dqÕ◊agÕ◊mc`;
v. dqhfnlnæj`;
v. dqhfnmdæq`;
v. dqh”fnmdqx`»;
v. dqxn»rt¡æk`;
frog
etmdq`k
v. dqÕ◊sv`»;
v. dqhv`sdæx`.
funeral
n. djxt¡ærh”;
n. dæjxt¡ærh”.
funeral dance n. nat¡ærh”mfÕ”◊qh”.
funnel
n. nltkdmfdkdæmfd;
n. djÕ◊stst;
n. nltæstst;
n. djÕ◊stst.
n. dæmfdæqn.
212
fds `v`x
fur
furious
furor
fuse
n. djhs`mf`s`æmf`;
n. djhsr`mf`qnsr`mf`æqn.
n. nlv`æf`ækhqv`;
v. dqhsgtkgtl`æm`;
v. dqh”sgt¡kgt¡l`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqhsr`æsr`.
n. nktsr`srtægn.
n. nqt¡sg`ælah”.
G - g
n. Mfàgt¡kxdæqh”.
n. dj`q`æl`;
n. nat¡ærh”mf`md;
v. dqhstæmc`.
gainsay
v. dqhjdæs`
game
n. nktæadrd;
n. dagdmyt¡»;
n. nktæagdrd;
n. `j`æah”r`æln;
n. djxdr`;
n. navdr`;
n. natæj`mf`;
n. djt¡æqt¡st¡;
n. nlt¡ækgt¡ad»;
n. nltækx`ladæa`;
n. dmcdæjt¡;
n. `l`mf`»;
n. `l`æmftæk`;
n. `l`æmftækg`»;
n. dmsgdag`.
game child's game n. `j`æsh”sÕ”◊qx`».
game, kind of game n. natæj`æmf`.
ganglion
n. `j`mÕ”◊fn.
gap
n. dæla`s`s`mh”`.
garbage
n. djx`æat¡;
n. dqhjhqn.
Gabriel
gain
n. navÕ◊lan;
n. nat¡mx`ælax`».
garlands
n. natæsrnjn.
garlic
n. `j`st¡mft¡kgt¡rt¡ælt¡.
gather
v. dqhjnmfnæk`;
v. dqÕ◊jtæl`;
v. dqÕ◊jtl`jtæl`;
v. dqÕ◊jtl`jtlÕ◊q`.
gathering n. dlÕ◊jtlhqd.
gecko
n. `j`jtst.
geminate banana n. dæjx`la`sÕ◊sÕÃ.
n. dæjx`la`m`.
generation n. nktæats`æmn.
generosity n. næavdæmfd.
generous
n. nælvdæmfd.
genitals
n. daÕ◊aÕÃ.
Georges
n. Rnæqnrh”.
Germanie n. Xnqn.
germinating n. dlÕ◊k`rhqd.
Gertrude
n. Rh”ch”qÕ”◊c`.
gestation
v. dqhrdæmf`.
get
v. dqÕ◊jnæk`.
get angry v. dqhf`khqv`æ.
get aside
v. dqhrdfdæq`;
v. dqÕ◊xhfdæj`.
get away
v. dqhrtmtj`æk`.
garland
fds cddodq
v. dqxnæmfnadqdæq`.
v. dqh”j`».
v. dqhs`æg`.
v. dqÕ◊gtktæj`;
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡kt¡jx`»;
v. dqÕ◊jàtj`æk`;
v. dqhrnrnj`æk`;
v. dqhrnrnæk`;
v. dqhstatatæj`;
v. dqhstatæk`.
giant
n. nltæjtkt.
gift
n. nktægàv`;
n. dla`jtg`;
n. dla`jtgdqd.
gift for frying n. nat¡æj`k`æmfh”.
girl
n. nælv`m`ltæsn;
n. nltægtlÕ◊q`;
n. nltladær`;
n. nltmxdæsn;
n. nltrÕ◊j`».
give
v. dqÕ◊fnrnæk`;
v. dqÕ◊g`»;
v. dqÕ◊gàv`»;
v. dqÕ”◊gdqdqx`æ;
v. dqÕ”◊gh”sx`»;
v. dqÕ◊r`æa`;
v. dqÕ◊sdæj`;
v. dqÕ◊stqtæq`.
give a jump v. dqh”rh”st¡æj`;
v. dqh”rh”st¡æk`.
give birth v. dqÕ◊avàtæk`;
v. dqÕ”◊at¡sx`».
give gift
v. dqhfnæmf`.
give present v. dqhrdftæk`.
give up
v. dqÕ◊r`rÕ◊q`.
gizzard
n. djÕ”◊r`ækh”.
glasses
n. djh”k`mfÕ”◊qh”.
glean
v. dqhgtæla`.
glide
v. dqhrdmydæq`.
glorify
v. dqhoÕ◊o`;
get deeper
get down
get home
get out
213
fn`s
v. dqÕ◊rÕ◊j`.
n. dlÕ◊oÕ◊ohqd.
n. natæoÕ◊od»;
n. nat¡ærÕ”◊jd».
gluttonous n. dmc`ærÕ”◊rh”l`.
gnaw
v. dqÕ◊jdqdfdæs`;
v. dqÕ”◊onrnfnkx`».
gnaw (at) v. dqÕ◊jdæsr`.
go
v. dqhfdæmc`;
v. dqÕ”◊gnmfnjx`»;
v. dqh”gt¡kt¡lt¡æj`;
v. dqhgtmftj`æk`;
v. dqÕ”◊kà`mf`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqhknæk`;
v. dqhx`»;
v. dqhxhfdmcdæq`;
v. dqÕ◊xhjta`æmf`;
v. dqÕ◊xhsr`æq`.
go around v. dqh”sÕ”◊la`.
go aside
v. dqhghftj`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊jÕ◊s`.
go before dawn v. dqÕ◊gdæmc`.
go home
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡kt¡æj`;
v. dqÕ”◊ktlat¡æj`.
go in the moring morning
v.
dqhsrhmctæj`.
go out
v. dqÕ◊srnæq`.
go through v. dqÕ◊gtqtmf`æm`.
go to field v. dqÕ◊gÕ◊mf`;
v. dqÕ◊ghmfÕ◊q`.
goat
adv. ktæg`æx`æg`æx`;
n. nltanælan;
n. dæatftæl`»;
n. dæladmd;
n. dæladmdgdmd;
n. nltæjhq`qnmcn;
n. drtgdæmd;
n. drt¡gdæmd;
n. djhs`æmf`;
n. djh”st¡ladmh”d;
glorifying
glory
fn`s+ ak`bj
n. djÕ”◊xh”agt¡æmfx`».
n. drh”md.
n. nlt¡æagnmct¡.
n. nktæg`æx`æg`æx`».
n. G`æmfh;
n. Mx`ltg`mf`.
goiter
n. dqh”agdkgt¡».
gonorrhea n. dmyhjn.
good luck n. djhsrhf`.
goodbye
n. nltæk`æfd».
good-for-nothing n. nltæsrvdj`.
goodness
n. navdæmfd.
gooseflesh n. natæxtæxt.
gorilla
n. dmf`xh”;
n. djhrhjn.
gossip
n. dqh”rnkgn».
gown
n. djhj`æmyt.
grab
v. dqÕ◊a`ftæk`;
v. dqhvhqÕ◊q`;
v. dqhxhf`mfÕ◊q`.
grace
n. nktæjnfn.
grain
n. djÕ◊k`k`.
grains
n. `l`ærÕ◊fn.
granary
n. djhfnæm`.
grandfather n. rnjtkt.
grandma
n. ltæj`j`».
grandpa
n. Õ”◊rdjtkt.
grass
n. djÕ”◊jnlanækh”.
grass spec. n. dmctktstækt.
grasshopper n. nælt¡kt¡æmft¡ækt¡;
n. dæmx`l`kdqd;
n. nlt¡ærxdmdmd;
n. `j`ærÕ◊rh;
n. nlt¡æsdmcdæft¡æk`.
grasshoppers n. `l`ft¡æqt¡j`æmÕ”◊`;
n. `j`æjnjnkn.
grave
n. `l`ægdæqn.
graveyard n. dqÕ”◊gdæqn;
n. dxhrÕ◊mc`.
greediness n. nltkx`»kx`».
goat, black
goat, thin
goat-like
God
214
fthcd
green bean n. nltjdæjdmxd;
n. nltærdjv`.
v. dqÕ”◊at¡jx`æ;
v. dqhk`æf`;
v. dqh”q`lt¡jx`æ.
greetings
— v`ægh.
Fqdæfnhqd n. Mfdqh”jnæqh”.
Gregory
n. Mfnqh”jnæqh”.
grey hair
n. dælavÕ”Ã.
grill
n. dladatk`;
v. dqÕ◊ototæq`.
grind
v. dqhf`fÕ◊q`;
v. dqhrv`».
grinding
n. dlÕ◊rvdqd.
grinding stone n. dæmf`rÕ”◊qx`»;
n. djhfnfdæqn;
n. nktrn».
grindstone n. nktrnæ.
groan
v. dqÕ”◊rÕ”◊la`.
ground
adv. `gÕ◊rÕ◊rÕ◊rh.
grow
v. dqh”ah”fàÕ”◊f`;
v. dqhanæf`;
v. dqhatqtqtæj`;
v. dqh”jnsx`»;
v. dqÕ◊jtæk`;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡kx`»;
v. dqÕ◊rtlatæj`;
v. dqhstlatqtqtæj`.
growing
n. dlÕ◊atæqtqtjhqd.
gruel
n. djhahmc`;
n. natr`æq`.
grumble
v. dqhqtqtæl`.
guard
v. dqhq`æmf`;
v. dqh”sdfx`».
guardian
n. nlt¡snæxh”;
n. nlt¡srt¡æmfh”.
guardian of the sick n. nltæsv`mhq`.
guffaw
n. dqÕ”◊jvdæjvd.
guide
n. nlt¡rnmcnækh”;
v. dqh”rnmcnkx`».
greet
fthchmf
n. nat¡ærnæmcnkx`;
v. dlÕ◊rnæmcnkdqd.
guilty
v. dqÕ◊ghmf`æm`.
guinea-fowl n. dmf`æmf`.
guinea-pig n. djt¡æqt¡æqt¡».
guitar
n. djh”c`ækh”;
215
gòox
guiding
gulp
gums
gun
gush
n. dæmfta`jta`.
adv. `j`kgnkgn».
n. djÕ”◊sh”mÕ”◊mÕ”Ã.
n. dlatæmct.
n. nltæsr`q`q`.
H - h
n. dlÕ◊adqd;
n. nltærhqhxÕ◊sn;
n. `j`æs`æqn;
n. nltæsrxd»;
v. dqhsdmcdqdæq`.
habits
n. natæf`æf`.
hail
n. dqh”s`æmc`;
n. dqhsrtæjt;
n. dqÕ◊sv` `l`æsv`;
n. `l`æsvd»;
n. dqÕ◊st»;
n. `l`æst».
hair
n. nkvdæx`;
n. nat¡fdælah”;
n. dlnmfh”lnmfh”;
n. dmx`jtqhla`;
n. nkt¡æovÕ”Ã;
n. drxnælavÕ”Ã;
n. dah”qdlavd»;
n. nktæxvÕ◊qh.
hair cutting n. dlÕ◊fdæladqd;
n. dlÕ”◊rh”rh”qd.
hair, gray n. nkt¡æovd».
hair style
n. `l`lansn.
n. dlÕ◊sv`m`.
hair tuft
n. dqhrtæmyt.
haircut
n. `j`æsrt¡sr`.
hairs
n. navdæx`.
half
adv. jÕ◊srvd jx` mc`»;
n. dlaÕ◊mch.
habit
half cooked n. nltæsgtqt.
hammer
n. næqv`r`æl`»;
n. djÕ◊fnælan;
n. dg`æl`»;
n. djhgnmcvd»;
n. dmxnæmcn;
n. dlatækn.
hammer, small n. næqv`r`æj`».
hand
n. dæax`æk`;
n. djhf`æmy`;
n. nltæjnæmn.
handful
n. dqÕ◊srtæmcn.
handicap of mouth n. nlts`æk`.
handicapped legs n. dlÕ◊s`lah.
handle
n. dæla`æsrh;
n. nltægÕ◊mh;
n. nltæjnæmn;
n. djhqÕ◊mch;
v. dqÕ◊jnmfnanæk`;
v. dqÕ◊jnmfnlnæk`;
v. dqÕ◊svhjÕ◊q`.
hang
v. dqhg`mÕ◊j`;
v. dqÕ”◊kdkdæla`;
v. dqÕ”◊kdkdlax`»;
v. dqÕ”◊qdqdlax`».
hanging
n. nltækdqdladqd.
happiness n. dæmcdjd»;
n. natæsrdld».
happy
v. dqh”at¡x`gh”rx`»;
g`q`rr
v. dqÕ◊j`mf`ltæj`;
v. dqÕ◊sr`mf`q`æq`;
v. dqÕ”◊sr`mf`q`qx`»;
v. dqÕ◊srdæl`;
v. dqÕ”◊srdldrx`»;
v. dqÕ◊xhrx`mcÕ◊q`;
v. dqh”xh”rdagdkx`».
harass
v. dqhstgÕ◊j`.
harassment n. nltstgÕ◊jn.
hard
— on.
harden
v. dqÕ◊a`ær`;
v. dqÕ◊ag`kg`f`ær`;
v. dqhm`æm`;
v. dqÕ◊mx`f`k`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊mx`f`r`k`æk`.
hardly
adv. ah”qvh”qvÕ”Ã.
harmattan n. nlt¡æst¡æs`.
harvest
v. dqhfdær`;
v. dqhgtktæk`;
v. dqÕ◊jv`mftæq`;
v. dqhrnæk`;
v. dqhrnknæl`.
harvesting n. dlÕ◊rnæknldqd.
haste
n. dqtahqtah;
n. dqtftqtft.
hat
n. dròvd».
hatch
v. dqÕ◊k`kÕ◊q`.
hatching
n. dlÕ◊k`khqd.
have
v. mxhvÕ◊sd;
v. dqhxÕ◊q`.
hawk
n. `j`jnqnsrxn».
head
n. `j`æft¡kÕ”◊ft¡ækh”;
n. dqh”srdmft¡;»
n. nltæsvd».
head-dress n. djhag`g`ær`;
n. djhsg`la`æk`;
n. djhsg`la`æq`.
head-pad
n. dæmf`æs`.
heal
v. dqÕ◊a`æk`;
v. dqhkdmftkÕ◊q`;
216
gdqd
healer
healing
healthy
heart
hearth
heat
heat water
heaven
heaviness
heavy
heel
he-goat
height
hell
help
helper
hemp
hen
Henry
herb
herd
here
v. dqÕ”◊kxnkx`».
n. nltær`jh;
n. nltæxdad.
n. nltækdmftkhqd.
v. dqÕ◊atqtftæmx`.
n. nlvdæxn;
n. nltæsÕ◊l`.
n. dqÕ”◊gh”j`.
n. nktj`mx`xhq`;
n. djhstæst;
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡gx`».
v. dqx`kÕ◊j`.
n. nktæatæk`;
n. dælax`mh”.
n. nat¡kÕ”◊sn.
adj. djh”kÕ”◊sn;
v. dqh”kh”snæg`;
v. dqh”qh”snæg`.
n. `j`ærh”myÕ”◊qn.
n. dæla`æx`.
n. nktav`»;
n. nktat».
n. djt¡ækh”lt¡.
v. dqx`mfhqÕ◊q`;
v. dqx`mf`»;
v. dqhsrtæm`;
v. dqÕ”◊v`sh”j`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqÕ”◊v`sh”jx`».
n. nltjd»;
n. nlt¡æv`sh”jx`.
n. dag`æmfh”;
n. dkgngn.
n. dqÕ”◊at¡æsh”;
n. dæmfnjn.
n. G`qx`».
n. dqÕ”◊ansrxn».
n. dæav`q`q`;
n. dqh”gh”mfngÕ”◊mfn;
n. nat¡ægxn».
— `g`;
gdqd `s gnld
— dmn»;
— g`mn.
here at home — dmnæj`».
Hermann
n. Gdqdl`æmh”.
heron
n. dlnmfn;
n. `j`lnmfn.
hers
pron. djÕ◊vd.
hesitate
v. dqÕ”◊rÕ”◊s`;
v. dqhshj`sÕ◊j`;
v. dqh”xh”j`jx`j`jx`»;
v. dqÕ◊xhsghf`sgÕ◊f`.
v. dqÕ◊ax& nlnv`rh”v`ærh”
hiccough
n. dæladæjt¡.
hiccoughs n. dæmfnla`lt¡æjn.
hide
v. dqÕ”◊aÕ”◊r`;
v. dqÕ”◊ah”r`æl`;
v. dqÕ”◊ah”rdltj`æk`;
v. dqhanladæj`;
v. dqhfnadæj`;
v. dqh”gt¡mft¡j`kx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡æs`;
v. dqhjtsÕ◊q`;
v. dqhkÕ”◊la`;
v. dqxn»ldæj`;
v. dqÕ◊xhfnadæj`.
hiding
n. dlÕ”◊jt¡sh”qd;
n. dlÕ”◊ah”rh”qd.
hiding place n. djÕ◊ahjÕ◊qn.
hill
n. djhs`s`;
n. djhsv`»;
n. djhstæsh.
hilly area n. natk`ælan.
him
— hxd».
hip
n. dlaÕ◊mch.
hippopotamus n. djhagnæjn;
n. dxÕ”◊rdqd;
n. dxÕ”◊rdqd».
hips
n. dqÕ”◊sr`æqn;
n. dæmctmft.
his
pron. djÕ◊vd.
217
gnd
n. Õ◊rd.
v. dqÕ◊a`mc`æmf`;
v. dqÕ◊agdæsg`;
v. dqÕ◊gdmdæq`;
v. dqÕ◊gnanæk`;
v. dqhgtæl`;
v. dqhgtlÕ◊q`;
v. dqhj`qàtæq`;
v. dqÕ◊jnæj`;
v. dqÕ◊jnæmf`;
v. dqÕ◊jnæsg`;
v. dqÕ”◊k`jx`»;
v. dqÕ◊l`m`mftæk`;
v. dqÕ◊l`mftæk`;
v. dqÕ”◊mx`lax`»;
v. dqÕ◊mx`mxÕ◊j`;
v. dqÕ”◊odsrx`»;
v. dqÕ◊otæl`;
v. dqÕ◊otæo`;
v. dqÕ”◊rvh”qx`»;
v. dqÕ◊sgdæq`;
v. dqh”sgt¡æsg`.
hitter
n. nltjnsg`;
n. nlt¡æodsrx`;
n. nlt¡ærvh”qx`.
hitting
n. nltæjnæsgdqd;
n. nat¡jnæsgh”;
n. nat¡æk`jh”qxn»;
n. dlÕ◊otohqd;
n. dlÕ”◊rvh”qh”qd.
hive
n. djÕ◊ax`»;
n. djhgdælan;
n. djÕ◊gdælan;
n. djh”jt¡ælad;
n. djÕ◊kv`».
hive, of red ants n. dæjx`kt¡la`.
hobble along v. dqÕ”◊srt¡jt¡cx`».
hoe
n. djhchl`;
n. djhchl`»;
n. djhfdælad;
his father
hit
gnf
n. djhfdælad»;
n. djÕ◊jdad;
n. nltjnæmfnæanjd»;
n. djh”jt¡mft¡;
n. dmchl`æmn;
n. `jòtæmh;
n. `jòtæmÕÃ;
n. `j`æqnan;
n. dxÕ”◊rt¡æj`.
hog
n. dæmf`q`x`.
hold
v. dqhg`æla`;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡æla`;
v. dqhrhlahqÕ◊q`.
hold back v. dqhrhmyhlÕ◊q`.
hole
n. djhg`æmf`;
n. natgx`»;
n. djÕ”◊gt¡æm`;
n. djÕ◊gtmct;
n. dæjh”kgt¡æmft¡»;
n. dlatæqtmct;
n. djhsàÕ◊qn;
n. dmcÕ◊mcn;
n. nltsnadæqn;
n. djÕ◊snan;
n. djxt¡æm`;
v. dqÕ◊snanæj`;
v. dqÕ◊snanmfnæk`.
hole, in a potato n. dælatqtmct.
hole, to get a hole v. dqÕ◊snanj`æk`.
holiday
n. djnmyd».
hollow
n. nltgd».
hollow in abdomen, make v.
dqÕ”◊gncnjx`».
hollow wood n. nltgnækgn».
home
— dævdst;
n. navh”j`ækn;
n. `l`æj`»;
n. dæj`»;
n. natxn»;
pron. dv`æan.
218
gtlhkh`sd
n. l`srh”m`».
v. dqhfdq`fdæq`;
v. fdq`fdæq`.
honey
n. nltrnæmfd;
n. natæjh+ næatæjh.
honey sponge n. djÕ◊rdærd.
hoof
n. djÕ◊fdæqd.
hook
v. dqhfnæa`.
horizon
n. natækdmfdqd;
n. natækdmfdæqn;
n. dæmct¡kxn».
horn
n. nlt¡cnæat¡;
n. nltcnæat;
n. dqÕ”◊gdlad;
n. dæmftæmf`;
n. dæmftkgàg`.
horn whistle n. dmftæah.
horse
n. dærà`xÕ”◊qh.
hose
n. nltstæatæat.
host
n. nlt¡æjnæjx`.
hot
v. dqhrdqtæj`;
v. dqhstmfts`æm`.
hot season n. nltstmfts`æmn.
hot water n. næav`khjd».
hotel
n. nktsdæqd».
hotness
n. dmf`q`xÕ”◊ x&nælvhrh.
house
n. `jàg`ækg`æx`;
n. `jàg`kg`x`;
n. dlah”la`æmn;
n. djÕ”◊gt¡l`;
n. nlvÕ◊rÕ◊qx`»;
n. dmxt¡æla`.
hover above v. dqhkdæq`.
how
— `æsh.
how much — aÕ◊mf`ægh.
huge
n. nkt¡ægt¡mc`.
hum
v. dqh”qt¡qt¡lx`».
humble
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡s`jt¡sx`».
humidify
v. dqÕ”◊gngx`».
humiliate v. dqhstlatæk`.
homonym
honest
gtlhkhsx
22/
humility
n. nat¡æxh”jdgxn».
hump
n. dqÕ”◊jt¡jt¡.
hundred
n. dqh”f`æm`.
hundred thousand n. dk`æjgh”.
hunger
n. dladæsx`;
n. natotæmcd»;
n. dmy`æk`.
hungry
v. dqÕ◊m`lÕ◊q`;
v. dqhotæmc`;
v. dqhsrtæg`;
v. dqhvÕ◊q`.
hunt
v. dqÕ◊gÕ◊f`.
hunter
n. nltæghxh;
n. nltæghxh.
hurriedly
adv. lhmhlhmh;
n. `æl`gÕ◊q`»;
n. do`f`qò`f`q`;
n. do`jto`jt.
hurriedness n. dg`f`g`f`.
hurry
v. dqÕ◊ghqhqhj`æm`;
v. dqh”gt¡gt¡æj`;
v. dqÕ◊sà`f`æm`;
v. dqhsgtæm`;
v. dqhstæf`.
hladbhkd
v. dqÕ◊adadqdæq`;
v. dqÕ◊gts`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊ktæl`;
v. dqÕ”◊rÕ”◊la`;
v. dqh”rh”lnkdæq`;
v. dqÕ”◊snmÕ”◊j`;
v. dqÕ”◊snmh”j`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊stm`xÕ◊q`.
husband of n. Õ”◊a`.
hut
n. dæjx`f`æmc`»;
n. nlv`kÕ◊qn;
n. djh”qh”la`;
n. nltær`æj`;
n. nltrnæmfd;
n. nqt¡rv`lh”;
n. djh”sdæsdæx`;
n. nltæsx`æm`.
hyena
n. dælah”sh”;
n. deÕ”◊rh”.
hyperhemia n. dqÕ”◊j`mc`.
hypocrisy n. dqh”s`la`æsrh”.
hypocrite n. `j`æktlÕ◊q`æ gàhqh.
hurt
I - i
I do not know — rÕ”◊mx`ærh”.
I say that ... — hmch.
idiot
n. nlt¡æjh”qt¡æjÕ”◊qt¡;
Ignace
ignorant
illtreat
n. dmfÕ◊sh;
n. djh”odsrdft¡kd.
n. Mx`ærh”.
n. nlt¡æf`k`;
n. nlt¡æf`k`rt¡.
v. dqhg`kÕ◊j`;
v. dqh”g`mcàt¡jx`»;
v. dqh”sg`q`mfx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊sg`q`mfx`».
n. nkt¡æjà`jàxn»;
n. nlt¡æjt¡g`jt¡g`mh”`;
v. dqh”ft¡l`mfh”qx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡f`jt¡f`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqÕ◊jtg`jtg`æm`;
v. dqxt¡ft¡l`mfh”qx`».
ill-treating n. natæjtatmftkd».
ill-treatment n. nltæjtg`jtg`md.
illuminate v. dqÕ”◊odmÕ”◊`.
image
n. djhrnr`æmn.
imbecile
n. nlt¡æf`k`rt¡;
n. dl`mchsrÕÃ.
ill-treat
hlhs`sd
v. dqh”fdqdqdqx`»;
v. dqh”fdqdqx`»;
v. dqh”s`sx`æ.
immediately — c`qdc`æqd;
— r`mftr`mft;
— rdærdmd;
adv. la`æghla`ægh;
adv. mdqxnæ mdqxn.
immemorial adv. m`æghm`ægh.
impolite
adj. jh”st¡lat¡ln.
important v. dqh”cdcdldrx`».
impossible v. dqÕ◊s`ktj`æm`.
impotent
n. djhjnæmn.
impregnate v. dqÕ◊g`æj`;
v. dqÕ”◊g`jx`».
improve
v. dqhstmtæj`;
v. dqhstmtj`æk`.
improvise v. dqÕ”◊xh”jnanax`».
in a village n. nltg`æm`.
in the air
n. nækt¡lat¡ælat¡».
inactive
v. dqh”fh”fh”l`æm`.
in-between n. djhfnækv`.
incise
v. dqÕ”◊jdmf`kx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊jdmfdkx`».
incisives
n. dahg`ær`.
incorrigible n. s`jtæmfv`».
increase
n. djÕ”◊j`æmxh”`;
n. nltj`æmxn;
v. dqhj`æmx`;
v. dqhj`mx`xÕ◊q`;
v. dqh”st¡mcx`».
increasing n. djÕ”◊j`mxÕ”◊qx`.
independence n. dkh”o`mc`».
Indian
n. nlt¡gÕ”◊mch”.
indigestion n. `j`gÕ◊knæghkn.
infidel
n. nlt¡gt¡æmh”.
infix of perfective — aÕ◊qh + avÕ◊qh.
inflate
v. dqh”sgt¡gt¡lx`».
influence
v. dqÕ”◊kdmcx`».
influential person n. nltf`f`.
imitate
220
hmrsqtldms+ ltrhb`k
n. natækdæl`.
v. dqhgtktkÕ◊q`.
n. nltftæmc`»;
n. nlt¡kxnjn.
inhabitant of Masereka n.
nltghla`.
inherit woman v. dqÕ”◊rh”f`kx`».
inheritance n. nælv`mct.
inheritor
n. dæmft¡k`;
n. nlt¡ærh”f`kx`.
ink
n. navÕ”◊mn.
in-law
n. agnæmcd»;
n. nlt¡ærnæmh”.
in-laws (relationship) n. natagnæmcd».
in-laws' residence n. natæjvdæ.
innumerable n. næats`æf`æmyhj`;
n. dmct¡æmct¡ækh.
insatiability n. nltæqtæqt.
insect
n. djÕ◊gtæj`;
n. `j`ægtæj`;
n. `j`kt¡æmch”;
n. dæmc`la`ækt¡ærh”;
n. djÕ◊stæs`.
insect spec. n. dæla`q`æjt¡æjt¡»;
n. djh”gt¡k`;
n. `j`æktlÕ◊q`æ gàhqh;
n. djhmx`ltsrdæqd»;
n. nælts`æsrò`.
n. al`jnmf`.
insects
n. natæjtjtæla`».
insects on beans n. nat¡mft¡»jt¡».
insensitive v. dqÕ◊j`mf`æl`.
insert
v. dqÕ”◊rdrdqx`».
inside
adv. dj`æsÕ”.Ã
insist
v. dqÕ◊j`mc`xhqÕ◊q`.
insistence marker — s`.
instrument n. djhf`ærn.
instrument, musical n. `j`cÕ”◊mfÕ”◊ch”;
n. dcÕ”◊mfÕ”◊cÕ”Ã;
n. dqh”jdlad;
informity
ingest
inhabitant
hmrtks
221
n. dæmfdqdæfdærd;
n. djdsdjdsd;
n. dmydæmyd»;
n. `j`rtla`rtæla`;
n. `j`ærtla`rtla`.
insult
— mx`æm`.
insults
n. dax`æf`;
n. dqÕ”◊j`jt¡;
n. `l`æj`jt¡.
intelligence n. `ældæmfd;
n. natæfdæqd;
n. dqh”jt¡æjn;
n. dqÕ◊ktkd.
intercept
v. dqÕ◊a`jtæk`;
v. dqÕ◊a`jtkhqv`».
intercepting n. dlÕ◊a`jtkhqd.
interjection — `æl`kd;
— d.
interjection (of hurt) adv. lan»lan».
interpreter n. nltærnæankdq`.
interweave v. dqhfna`fna`æm`.
inxetk
n. djhk`»;
n. djÕ◊qhjÕ◊qh;
n. `æj`s`ægÕ”◊mh”j`;
n. nktxÕ◊laÕ◊xhlah.
invent
v. dqÕ◊sgtæmf`.
invite
v. dqÕ◊snmfnæk`.
iron ore
n. dqÕ”◊a`kd;
n. dqÕ”◊s`ækd.
iron stick n. nlt¡sg`kÕ”◊lan.
ironize
v. dqhrhmhmftæk`.
iron-sheet n. dqh”my`my`.
irresponsible words n. nltæstatft.
irritate
v. dqhj`j`æk`.
island
n. djhr`mf`;
n. djhsrhq`.
isolate
v. dqÕ◊jdqdadqdæq`.
itch
v. dqÕ◊rdær`.
itching
n. djÕ”◊rdærh”.
it's
v. mh.
itself
n. djÕ”◊jxdmd.
intestine
J - j
Jacqueline
January
jar
jaw
jealous
jealousy
n. Srdjd.
n. dqh”gdlat¡ækn.
n. nltfdæqn.
n. dæjx`r`ær`»;
n. nltjdærd;
n. dxÕ”◊rdæf`;
n. nltæsv`l`.
n. djÕ”◊srt¡æqh;
v. dqÕ◊gnæs`.
n. nælvh”rxn;
n. nltjtæfn;
n. natla`mc`;
n. natært»;
n. dqÕ◊srtæqn;
n. næat¡gv`;
jewlery
jigger
join
joint
joke
Joseph
joy
joyful
n. nlt¡æxh”srt¡æsrn.
n. nlt¡ærh”fd.
n. djÕ”◊rÕ”◊lh”.
v. dqh”a`mc`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqhktæmf`.
n. dæmft¡mxÕ”◊qn.
n. dqh”agdæmcd»;
n. nat¡ær`lat¡r`lat¡;
n. djÕ◊r`mc`;
v. dqÕ◊jdkdag`;
v. dqÕ◊sdæmx`.
n. Xnrdæet¡.
n. dsrdæld»;
n. djÕ◊srdldæsrdld».
v. dqÕ◊sr`mf`ltæj`.
itcfd
222
n. nlt¡rnærh”;
n. nlt¡sæ rvdæqh”;
v. dqhknæmc`;
v. dqh”knmcx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊r`lah”rx`».
juggling
n. `l`la`qÕ”Ã.
juice
n. djÕ”◊c`mcàt¡;
n. `l`ækdmfdmdjt¡;
n. dmx`ld»;
n. dxÕ”◊r`mcd»;
n. `j`rÕ”◊jh”rh”;
n. drnæln;
n. nltrtrtækh.
juice banana
n. dqh”j`ch”.
judge
J`snkn
juice of banana n. natæstæsrh.
Jules
n. Xt¡ækh”.
July
n. natfnæl`.
jump
v. dqhftktjÕ◊q`;
jump over
jump-rope
June
v. dqh”g`ft¡jx`»;
v. dqh”rh”st¡æj`;
v. dqh”rh”st¡æk`;
v. dqhs`mftæj`;
v. dqÕ◊xhsr`mftæq`.
v. dqÕ◊jhqtæj`.
n. nlt¡ækgt¡ad».
n. navh”rdfdr`.
K - k
Kabugo
n. Jàt¡æfn.
Kabuke
n. J`æatæjd».
Kabunga
n. J`æatmf`.
Kabuyaya n. J`æat¡æx`gx`.
Kadegu
n. J`cdft¡».
Kageni
n. J`fdmh”.
Kahalwire n. J`g`kvÕ”◊qd.
Kahambu n. J`g`ælat¡.
Kahandukya n. J`g`æmct¡jx`.
Kahanga
n. J`g`æmf`.
Kahanya
n. J`æg`mx`.
Kahesi
n. J`ægdærh”.
Kahindo
n. J`gÕ◊mcn.
Kahongya n. J`gnmfx`.
Kakitsi
n. J`æjhsrh.
Kakule
n. J`æjtkd»;
Kalibanda
Kaligo
Kalimbwi
Kalira
Kalisya
n. Jt¡ækd.
n. J`kh”a`mc`».
n. J`ækhfn.
n. J`kÕ”◊lavÕÃ.
n. J`ækÕ◊q`.
n. J`kÕ”◊rx`.
Kalumbi
Kalungero
Kamabu
Kamate
Kambale
Kambere
Kamuha
Kandara
Kanyere
Kanzala
Kanzira
Kasayi
Kasereka
Kasigwa
Kasonia
Kasoya
Kasuabene
Kaswera
Kataliko
Katembo
Katende
Katolo
n. J`kt¡ælah”.
n. J`ktæmfdqn.
n. J`ælàt¡.
n. J`æl`sd».
n. J`æla`kd.
n. J`æladæqd.
n. J`æltæg`.
n. J`æmc`q`.
n. J`mxdqd».
n. J`my`æk`.
n. J`myÕ◊q`.
n. J`r`æxh”.
n. J`rdqdæj`.
n. J`rÕ”◊fv`».
n. J`rnæmÕ”◊`.
n. J`rnæx`.
n. J`ært¡àdmd.
n. J`rvdq`.
n. J`s`kÕ◊jn.
n. J`æsdælan.
n. J`æsdmcd.
n. J`æsnækn.
J`snmc`
223
Katonda
n. J`snmc`.
Katsira-bwenge
n. J`srhq`æ,avdæmfd.
Katsongeri n. J`srnmfdæqh”.
Katsumbano n. J`srtla`æmn.
Kaàtsuva
n. J`æsrta`.
Katulamo n. J`æstk`æln.
Katungu
n. J`stæmft.
Kavira
n. J`æahq`»+ AÕ◊q`.
Kavusa
n. J`æat¡ær`.
Kavutirwaki n. Jàt¡sÕ◊qv`æjh.
Kawalina n. J`v`ækÕ”◊m`.
Kayenga
n. J`xdæmf`».
keep
v. dqh”xh”k`mch”j`mÕ”◊`æ jn.
keeper
n. nltsdæxh”.
key
n. nktetmftæq`.
Kibiriryo
n. JÕ”◊ah”qh”qxn».
kick
n. djhag`jdæmfd;
n. djhag`jdæmfd».
n. nktmdæfd;
n. nktr`r`r`ær`;
n. ds`k`l`.
kidney
n. dælah”jn.
Kigiro
n. JhxÕ◊qn.
Kikumu
n. JÕ”◊jt¡lt¡.
kill
n. natægnmfnkd»;
v. dqÕ”◊gnkx`»;
v. dqÕ”Ãs`»;
v. dqh”k`lat¡j`kx`»;
v. dqÕ◊k`mftæk`;
v. dqÕ”◊xÕ”◊s`.
killing
n. nælvh”sh”qd.
Kinani
n. JÕ◊m`mh.
kind
n. nltæg`mc`.
kind of
— lnæatkdæ;
— ltæatkh;
n. nltæatkd.
kind of game n. `j`æah”r`æln.
king
n. nælv`lh;
n. nlt¡æf`rt¡;
n. nltæj`l`.
kidding
Jxàhqn
n. nat¡æf`rt¡;
n. natæj`l`.
Kiro
n. JÕ◊qn».
Kiserume n. djÕ◊rdqtld.
Kitahire
n. Jh”s`gÕ”◊qd».
Kitara
n. Jhsg`q`.
kitchen
n. nkt¡ægh”s`.
Kitsa
n. JÕ◊sr`.
Kiyiro
n. JhxÕ◊qn.
knead
v. dqÕ◊srtæmc`.
knee
n. dqÕ”◊qvÕ”Ã;
n. dqÕ”◊qt¡».
knee sickness n. `l`æst».
kneel down v. dqÕ”◊jt¡j`æl`.
kneeling
n. dlÕ”◊jt¡j`lhqd.
knife
n. nltfdæq`;
n. nltg`æla`;
n. nltægdr`æmn;
n. dæmftkd»;
n. djh”jt¡mft¡».
n. dqh”st¡lan.
knock
v. dqÕ◊jnmfnæs`.
knock down v. dqÕ”◊jÕ”◊mc`;
v. dqÕ◊sdftæk`;
v. dqÕ◊shm`mfÕ◊q`.
knocking
n. nltæjnmfnsdqd.
know
— mx`rh”;
— rÕ”◊mx`ærh”;
interj. sv`ærh;
v. `rh”;
v. dqhf`mx`f`æmx`;
v. dqÕ◊f`mx`f`æmx`;
v. dqhlÕ◊mx`;
v. dqhlhmxdqdæq`.
ko
— jn+ njn;
— jn».
Kombi
— Jnælah”.
Konjo
n. nltjnæmyn.
Kule
n. Jt¡ækd.
Kyabiro
n. JxàÕ◊qn.
kingdom
Jxàt
224
Kyabu
n. Jx`æat¡.
Kyabulikira n. jxàt¡kh”jÕ”◊q`.
Kyamakya n. Jx`æl`æjx`».
kdùd
Kyamoloba n. Jx`æln»knæa`.
Kyasonda n. Jx`rnmc`.
L - l
lack of partner v. dqÕ◊q`æs`.
lack respect v. dqha`æf`.
ladder
n. nlt¡mf`ærh”;
laid down
lake
Lambert
lamp
land
language
last
last time
late
laugh
laughing
laughter
lay
lay along
lay down
n. djÕ◊r`laÕ◊qn.
v. dqhf`khjv`».
n. dmfdæsrd.
n. K`lad».
n. dj`mfx` s`ækg`»;
n. djÕ”◊jnkdqxn».
n. djhg`æqn;
n. djÕ◊gtæfn;
v. dqh”jÕ”◊q`.
n. nlt¡æat¡fd.
v. dqÕ◊atkÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊stæk`.
— j`srÕ◊qn.
— mc`mf`kÕ”◊qh”;
u- dqÕ◊srdkdv`».
adv. Õ”◊rh”f`.
v. dqhrdæj`;
v. dqh”rdjx`».
n. dlÕ◊rdæjdqd.
n. `l`rdæj`.
v. dqh”anladqx`æ;
v. dqhr`æmy`;
v. dqhrdær`.
v. dqÕ”◊srh”srh”f`kx`»;
v. dqh”srh”srh”j`kx`».
v. dqh”f`kx`f`kx`»;
v. dqhf`khjhqÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊f`khjhqÕ◊q`;
v. dqhk`la`æl`;
v. dqhk`laÕ◊j`.
lay down the bush v. dqÕ◊jnæm`.
lay (eggs) v. dqÕ◊kdjdæq`.
lay eggs
v. dqÕ”◊sv`»;
v. dqhx`»;
v. dqhx`».
lay on the back v. dqhf`kÕ◊j`.
layer
n. dæmfdqdæjn;
n. dmfdqdæjn.
laziness
n. natæf`æs`;
n. nat¡ækt¡mct¡.
n. nltæxhr`k`f`æmcn.
lazy
n. nltcnkgnækgn;
n. nltæf`æs`;
n. nlt¡jnæcnægdæqx`»;
v. dqÕ◊f`æs`;
v. dqÕ◊f`s`æg`.
leaf
n. djÕ◊aàh;
n. djÕ◊a`x`;
n. nltgtæmf`;
n. djÕ◊jnæl`;
n. dkgt¡ækgt¡»;
n. `l`lat¡æla`;
n. djÕ◊sh;
n. djha`æs`æl`.
n. nkt¡x`æmh”.
leaf of banana n. dqhftæmf`.
leak
v. dqh”kv`».
lean
v. dqxd»fdæl`.
lean on
v. dqxd»ldæq`.
learn
v. dqÕÃf`».
learner
n. nælvhf`.
learning
n. næavhfhqd.
leave
v. dqÕ◊a`ftj`æk`;
kdùdr
v. dqÕ◊c`tj`æk`;
v. dqh”fdfdqx`»;
v. dqhfdæmc`;
v. dqhg`mctj`æk`;
v. dqhgtmftj`æk`;
v. dqh”kv`»;
v. dqÕ◊m`ftj`æk`;
v. dqxnæfnj`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊r`æj`;
v. dqÕ”◊r`jx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊rÕ”◊f`;
v. dqÕ◊srv`».
leaves
n. nktlÕ◊lah;
n. `l`mftmft;
n. nltrnæl`;
n. drnælad;
n. nælt¡mft¡ægd.
n. elÕ◊gdqdgdqd.
left
n. njtækdlad;
n. `l`ækdlad.
left out
v. dqÕ◊f`æmf`.
leftover of wheat, millet n.
djÕ◊svdsvd».
leftovers
n. nlt¡kx`mfd;
n. daÕ”◊r`j`r`jÕ”◊qx`»;
n. daÕ”◊r`jÕ”◊qx`»;
n. daÕ”◊rh”f`kh”qxn».
leg
n. dqÕ”◊fn;
n. njtftækt;
n. nltæghlah;
n. nltægnmcn;
n. nltæjnæmn;
n. nltkdæmfd;
n. nltæmnæmn;
n. dqÕ”◊mnæmn».
leg of a pig n. djhfdæqd.
legs
n. dlÕ◊s`lah.
legs of mice n. drxnæagt¡m`mft¡kx`».
lend
v. dqhavdæj`;
v. dqÕ”◊gdqdjx`».
225
khes
n. dlÕ◊avdjdqd.
n. natækh.
n. dæang`;
n. dmfvd»;
n. drnqn.
leopard man n. djhgnæjngnæjn.
leopard-man
n. djhmxns`;
n. djhmxnsg`.
leper
n. daÕ◊g`f`;
n. natæg`f`;
n. nltæg`f`;
n. djÕ◊g`f`.
let go
v. dqh”kvÕ”◊j`.
letter
n. dmcnlah”;
n. dqhqta`;
n. dæmy`j`æmn.
letter of the alphabet n. dmx`jns`.
liar
n. nlt¡æadægh”;
n. nlt¡æaÕ”◊gh”;
n. nltærtæq`ærtæq`».
lick
v. dqÕ”◊jnladqdqx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊jnlax`æ;
v. dqhjnæsr`;
v. dqhkx`æsr`;
v. dqhkx`srÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊qx`æsr`;
v. dqÕ◊qx`srÕ◊q`.
lie
n. dqÕ◊la`;
v. dqÕ◊aÕ◊g`;
v. dqÕ◊ahghqv`»;
v. dqhsdæa`;
v. dqh”sdadqdqx`»;
v. dqhsgtagÕ◊j`;
v. dqÕ◊xhrhmchatæk`.
lie down
v. dqhf`k`æl`.
lies
n. `l`æadægh”.
life
n. dæmfdad;
n. `l`Õ”◊r`;
n. natxÕ◊mfn.
lift
v. dqh”jt¡jt¡æl`;
lending
length
leopard
khes sgd bnudq
v. dqÕ◊jtjtæla`;
v. dqÕ◊kgtkgtæla`;
v. dqÕ◊qtqtæla`;
v. dqh”rt¡jx`»;
v. dqÕ◊rtæla`;
v. dqÕ◊sdktæk`;
v. dqÕ◊sdsdæla`.
lift the cover v. dqÕ”◊jt¡mt¡mft¡æk`.
lifting
n. dlÕ◊jtjtlahqd;
n. dlÕ◊rtlahqd.
light
n. dæjx`j`j`k`;
n. dæmft¡kt¡l`mh”`;
v. dqx`j`»;
v. dqh”k`l`sx`»;
v. dqhldæj`;
v. dqhldj`ldæj`;
v. dqhmdæj`;
v. dqÕ”◊sv`æm`.
light fire
v. dqx`jx`».
lighted
n. djÕ◊rnrnlnkd».
lightning
n. `j`æqàxn».
v. dqÕ”◊qàx`».
like
— mf`;
— jÕ◊mf`m`;
— ltæq`g`;
n. nktav`»;
v. dqx`my`»;
v. dqÕ◊gnkdæq`;
v. dqhkhmfhqhq`æm`;
v. dqÕ◊srdældæq`.
like that
— `æsx`æsx`æsx`».
limb
n. djÕ◊s`ælan;
n. djÕ”◊srt¡æjn.
lime
n. dæladæla`.
limit
n. nktæaÕ◊ah;
n. dæla`jtla`jt;
n. dæmct¡kx`.
limp
v. dqÕ”◊srt¡jt¡æc`.
limpid
adv. djÕ”◊c`mcàt¡.
Lina
n. Kh”m`kx`æatæs`.
226
knf
n. nltæjnkgnkgn;
n. nlt¡jv`æq`æqh”;
n. nltknæmcn.
line of corn n. nltk`æk`.
lines
n. nltækdq`;
n. dlÕ◊r`qnælÕ◊r`æqn.
lion
n. nlt¡æjnqnat¡x`;
n. dæmc`kd;
n. dmx`mftært;
n. djhmx`mftært;
n. dmc`ækd;
n. dæmc`ækd;
n. dmc`ækh.
lip
n. nlt¡mxv`».
listen
v. dqÕ◊avhqÕ◊j`;
v. dqÕ◊gtkhjhqÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊j`mf`ltæk`;
v. dqxn»v`».
little
adj. djÕ◊jd»;
adv. `g`æjd»;
n. `g`æmxngnmxngn;
n. doÕ◊rhoÕ◊rh.
live
v. dqÕ”◊sdsdlx`æ 'm&
nlt¡æj`kh”(.
lively
v. dqh”kt¡æl`.
liver
n. nkt¡æjh”mch”;
n. nat¡æjh”mch”;
n. `l`æjh”mch”;
n. `l`Õ”◊mh”;
n. dmc`æa`ækh”rx`.
lizard
n. djÕ◊g`mf`k`;
n. nltærhqÕ◊a`æa`».
load
n. nat¡kn».
loan
n. nltavdæjn;
n. nlt¡æst¡ægn.
n. nltxhavdæjn.
lock
n. djh”et¡ækh;
n. nltægnæln;
n. nkt¡jh”mft¡ækh”.
log
n. nltæjdjdæq`».
line
knhmbknsg
227
n. nktæadsd;
n. nlt¡agh”mcn;
n. nlt¡kgt¡la`;
n. nkgt¡lan;
n. nlt¡oh”mcn;
n. nltrdqdæqn;
n. djhrto`.
loiter
v. dqhv`x`v`æx`.
loneliness n. dlavdæq`;
n. dæmct¡kgt¡kgt¡l`.
long ago
adv. m`æghm`ægh.
long
n. nltækh.
long life
n. natæjnæsd».
look
n. djÕ◊srtkd;
n. djÕ◊srtkd»;
v. dqh”gt¡agdkdkx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡s`gt¡æs`;
v. dqÕ◊jdæa`;
v. dqÕ◊jdadæq`;
v. dqÕ”◊jdat¡kh”qx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊jdct¡æk`;
v. dqÕ◊jdmfdldqdæq`;
v. dqÕ”◊jdmfdldqdqx`»;
v. dqhknæk`;
v. dqh”o`la`kÕ”◊l`;
v. dqhr`l`kÕ◊q`;
v. dqhstatmftæq` '`ldærn(;
v. dqhstmfdqdæq`;
v. dqÕ◊xhjdadæq`;
v. dqÕ◊xhjns`jnæs`.
look after v. dqÕ”◊sdx`»;
v. dqhsrtæmf`.
look after sick v. dqÕ◊sv`mÕ◊q`.
look down in shame v. dqh”gnlax`æ
'`ldærn(.
look for
v. dqhjtæg`;
v. dqÕ◊l`s`l`æs`;
v. dqÕ”◊lt¡f`lt¡æf`;
v. dqh”qnmcx`».
look for fire v. dqhr`æj`.
loincloth
Ktcnuhb
look for food v. dqhr`æj`.
look like
v. dqh”rnrx`».
look upward
v. dqÕ◊k`k`æl`.
look with evil eyes v. dqÕ◊jdæc`.
looking after n. nat¡ækdladæqh”.
looking upward n. dlÕ◊k`k`lhqd.
loosen
v. dqhkdf`kdæf`;
v. dqh”kdf`kdxÕ”◊`;
v. dqhæmcna`mcnæa`.
v. dqxnæmcna`mcnæa`.
loosening n. natækdf`kdfdqd.
lose
v. dqÕ”◊gdqx`æ;
v. dqh”kÕ”◊j`;
v. dqÕ◊s`æk`;
v. dqÕ”◊s`kx`æ;
v. dqh”snfnsx`»;
v. dqhsrÕ◊j`;
v. dqh”srh”jx`».
lose a layer, scab v. dqÕ◊gnmnj`æk`.
lose baby teeth v. dqÕ”◊jt¡jx`».
lose sharpness v. dqÕ◊gnmnmfnæj`.
lost
v. dqÕ◊gdæq`.
lot of
n. natæj`æmxhq`æltmf`.
lottery
n. dsgnlank`».
louse
n. dæmftg`;
n. nktrhcn;
n. djhrhcn;
n. djhrhsn;
n. dæmc`.
love
n. nkv`æmyn;
n. nktæjnfn.
lovemaker n. nlt¡æsdæsh”.
low quality drink n. `j`mxàtkdlan.
luck
n. dg`æmfh;
n. nltjtktækn;
n. dqÕ”◊sdfn;
n. djhsrhf`.
Lucrece
n. Kt¡jdqdærh”.
Lucy
n. Kt¡rx`».
Ludovic
n. CneÕ”◊jn.
Ktetmftk`
n. Ktetmftæk`.
n. Ktfdæmcn.
n. Ktægh.
n. dmfv`æmc`»;
n. djhqnæmfvd»;
n. djÕ”◊snat¡;
n. djÕ◊snækd.
lump in cassava bread n. dæmyt¡rt¡.
lumps
n. dah”mct¡mft¡mct¡æmft¡.
Lufungula
Lugendo
Luhi
lump
228
l`s
n. djhg`æg`;
n. djÕ◊g`æg`.
lungs
n. `l`gtæg`.
Lusenge
n. Ktærdmfd.
lying
n. dlÕ◊ahghqd;
n. nlt¡ækÕ”◊lahqd;
n. nat¡kh”laÕ”◊qn.
lying down n. dlÕ◊k`ælahjhqd.
lung
M - m
machete
n. nltæftært.
machine
n. `l`rÕ”◊mÕ”Ã.
mad
v. dqhsrtqtæl`.
Madeleine n. L`mf`s`.
Magulu
n. L`ftækt.
major finger n. nælnknsvd».
make
v. dqÕ”◊jnjnsx`æ.
make a hole v. dqÕ◊snanæj`.
make love v. dqÕ◊cvÕ◊j`.
malaria
n. nlt¡jt¡mft¡ækgt¡;
n. `jòt¡qt¡qt¡;
n. nlt¡srt¡æsr`.
Malengera n. L`kdmfdæq`.
man
n. nltæktæld.
mango-tree n. dgdælad».
manhood
n. natæktæld.
manioc
n. nltægnæjn;
n. djv`æmf`»;
n. nltjtæjtæktad»;
n. nltsrnæsrn.
manner of adv. lv`mx`æ mc`æ.
manners
n. natæf`æf`.
Manuel
n. L`mvÕ◊kh.
manure
n. dlankdæv`;
n. dr`æan.
Marc
n. L`æqhjn.
March
n. djhgdæqn.
L`qftdæqhsd n. L`mf`qÕ”◊s`.
L`qhd,Sgdæqd∆rd n. L`kÕ”◊sd.
mark
n. nlt¡kt¡æan.
market
n. `j`æs`ækd;
n. djhstmcÕ◊qn.
marks
n. dlh”jnæqnælah”.
marks on the body n. nlt¡jnæqnæqh”.
marriage
n. nkt¡gh”jxn».
marriage gift n. nkt¡srt¡ælah”.
marriage wish n. dla`m`s`gx`».
marrow
n. nltmfnrn;
n. nltmfnrn».
v. dqÕ”◊g`khj`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqÕ◊gdqtæj`;
v. dqh”gh”jx`»;
v. dqhkgtæmf`;
v. dqh”s`gx`æ.
marsh
n. djhsgnsg`;
n. djhsns`.
marshy
n. natæshla`.
Marthe
n. L`æq`s`.
martyr
n. dqÕ”◊j`æsrh”.
martyrdom n. nat¡æj`æsrh”.
Masika
n. L`ærhj`».
mass
n. dlÕ”◊r`.
massage
v. dqh”gh”l`æs`.
mat
n. nltæjdæj`»;
marry
l`sbgds
23/
n. djhq`fn.
matchet
n. nlto`æmf`».
Mate
n. L`æsd.
mattress
n. `l`sg`kg`».
mature
v. dqhjnæs`.
mature child
n. nlt¡mxdæsh”.
maturity
n. dæmfts`.
May
n. `j`g`sà`æmyd.
maybe
— ag`ælt¡ægv`»;
— jv`æ ltægv`æ;
— lavÕ◊mn;
adv. jvnælt¡ægv`»;
adv. laÕ◊mn.
Mbambu
n. La`lat¡».
Mbindule n. LaÕ◊mctkd.
Mbolu
n. Lanækt¡.
Mbuba
n. nltælatæa`.
Mbusa
n. Lat¡ær`.
me
— h”mfxd».
mean
v. dqhj`q`æl`.
measles
n. natæjdæatæjd»;
n. natærdæqvd».
measure
n. nltækdæmfdqd;
n. djhqdæmfn;
n. nltkdæmfn;
n. `j`æsdægn;
n. nktat»;
v. dqhkdæmf`;
v. dqÕ”◊oÕ”◊l`.
measurer
n. nlt¡kdæmfh”.
measuring n. nat¡æoh”ld»;
n. dlÕ”◊oh”lh”qd.
measuring cup n. dmcdæmfh”.
meat
n. dqh”j`ær`;
n. `j`æjnjnkn;
n. djh”lnqh”;
n. dxÕ”◊rvÕÃ.
meat dipped in water n. nltæràÕ◊jn.
meat on stick n. `j`jnæknækn.
meat, ready for n. `l`rt¡æk`.
ldchbhm`k ok`ms
medal
n. nlt¡mc`ækh”.
medication n. nat¡æa`kx`;
n. natæa`æsrh;
n. nat¡æjt¡lt¡.
medicinal n. dqÕ”◊ansrxn»;
n. natæjt»;
n. drto`.
medicinal herb n. dqÕ”◊gnsrxn».
medicinal plant n. dæjx`mftæktækt.
medicinal, plant n. nlt¡a`æa`ækÕ”Ã;
n. `j`æa`mx`ælav`».
medicinal plant n. nktæa`æst;
n. nlt¡æah”qh”qh”;
n. nlt¡æat¡k`æqÕ”◊m`;
n. nltf`q`æla`;
n. djhg`la`æmfÕ◊l`;
n. nltg`mf`ælanæfn;
n. djhg`æmfn;
n. nltægdqdgdqd;
n. djhgnæjnækn;
n. nltgtæmf`;
n. `j`j`ækg`ært¡;
n. nltj`q`j`æq`;
n. nltæjdkdjdkd;
n. `j`æjhmc`æ a`æktæld;
n. dqÕ”◊jt¡ax`;
n. nlt¡æjt¡anæjt¡æan;
n. nltk`khj`;
n. djhk`mf` ats`æk`;
n. nltækÕ◊a`æg`r`;
n. dmcdmfvd;
n. dæmcv`æfn;
n. dæmcts`;
n. dæmf`j`;
n. dæmfnsd;
n. dmfvdæmxd;
n. dæmftæk`;
n. nlt¡mÕ”◊la`;
n. dmxànjxn»;
n. `j`mx`l`rx`æmn;
ldds
n. `j`mx`æl`æsd»;
n. `j`mx`mftla`æmh;
n. nltmynanmynan;
n. daxnaxnqn;
n. djho`my`;
n. nlt¡oh”jh”;
n. dqvdærd»;
n. `æl`r`j`kd»;
n. djÕ◊r`la`æmxtælt;
n. `l`rdæj`;
n. nlt¡rnaxn»;
n. nltrnæf`;
n. nlt¡rnæknækt¡;
n. nltærnlan;
n. nlt¡ærnæmÕ”◊`;
n. `j`ærnrnæmÕ”◊`;
n. nlt¡ært¡at¡kx`;
n. nat¡ært¡ært¡;
n. djhs`gtq`;
n. nlts`k`k`;
n. nltæs`mf`ækxtæa`;
n. djÕ◊sdmdmcd;
n. djÕ”◊sgt¡kg`mf`;
n. nlt¡æsnæmch”;
n. nltæsr`v`æmfÕ◊l`;
n. `j`æsrh”anqn;
n. nlt¡æsrÕ”◊jh”kÕ”;Ã
n. nltsrtmf`mf`ælan;
n. daÕ”◊srt¡æsrh”;
n. `j`xtlatxtlat.
meet
v. dqha`mc`æm`;
v. dqxdæf`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqh”gh”mc`æm`;
v. dqhr`mf`æm`.
meet a ghost v. dqÕ◊shmfv`».
meeting
n. dla`mc`æmn;
n. nlt¡gh”mc`æmn.
Ldæk`mhd
n. L`k`mÕ”◊`.
mellow
v. dqhgdgdæq`.
melt
v. dqhx`xtæj`;
230
lhmc
v. dqh”x`xt¡jx`».
n. nltk`æmcn;
v. dqÕ◊fnlanæk`.
menopausal animal n. dæràvd».
menopause v. dqÕ◊ràtæg`.
men's hut n. dæjx`f`æmc`».
menstruation n. nltjdq`.
mercy
n. nat¡f`mxÕ”q◊ h”.
message
n. dmx`æv`ækhfn.
messages n. `l`f`lat¡ækh”.
messenger n. nltjvdmc`;
n. nltjvdq`;
n. nltæstlv`.
metal
n. dæjxtæl`.
metal piece n. djha`æmcd.
middle
adv. nlnæ j`æsÕ”◊j`æsÕ”.Ã
midget
n. nlt¡æjt¡ærh”;
n. nat¡æjt¡rh”;
n. `j`æjt¡ærh”;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡ær`.
midwife
n. nlt¡xÕ”◊qx`.
milk
n. dqÕ”◊adæqd;
n. `l`æat¡æx`gx`;
n. `l`gnæmcn;
n. dqÕ”◊jt¡adqd;
n. `l`æràt¡;
n. `l`æsd»;
n. `l`srÕ◊xhqv`;
v. dqÕ”◊j`lt¡srx`».
milk, lack of n. dqh”at¡srxn».
millet
n. nltægdæqd»;
n. `l`kgt¡»;
n. natækn+ nktækn;
n. natæknkn».
millet flour n. næatjv`.
millet, ground n. natjv`.
mind
n. nat¡kdæmfdj`mh”`;
v. dqÕ◊mÕ◊f`;
v. dqÕ◊xhrta`æ,jn»;
v. dqÕ”◊xh”srt¡kx`».
mend
lhmchmf
n. dlÕ◊odæmdgdqd.
— nælv`fd;
pron. dæjx`fd.
minister, religious n. dr`la`.
mirage
n. djÕ◊shmf` a`fdæmch”.
mirror
n. djhsr`sr`lÕ◊qn.
miser
n. nltæjtjt;
n. nltæmxtælt;
n. nltært»;
n. ds`æjnæjnk`;
n. ds`æjt¡æmh”j`.
miserably adv. natæg`mx`g`mx`.
miserly
n. nltægdælt.
misery
n. nat¡æg`rh”.
misfortune n. dqÕ”◊a`æk`;
n. natæg`mx`;
n. nat¡æg`rxn»;
n. dsnæxn;
v. dqhg`latæk`.
miss
v. dqÕ◊atæk`.
mistake
v. dqÕ”◊cdkx`»;
v. dqhfnanæk`.
mix
v. dqÕ”◊agt¡kgt¡mf`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqÕ”◊at¡kt¡mf`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqh”ct¡æmf`;
v. dqh”rt¡jx`»;
v. dqÕ◊srv`mf`kÕ◊j`;
v. dqÕ”◊srv`mf`kh”j`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqÕ”◊srtmf`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqh”st¡kt¡kt¡mf`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqÕ”◊st¡kt¡mf`mÕ”◊`.
mix up
v. dqÕ”◊sà`mft¡æk`.
mixing
n. nlt¡æct¡æmfh”qd.
mob
n. nltfnq`æmn.
mock
v. dqÕ◊jdkdæl`;
v. dqh”rdjdqdqx`»;
v. ,dqÕ”◊s`sx`»;
v. dqh”srnlx`».
mockery
n. nktr`r`r`ær`;
n. nktrdæjn.
minding
mine
231
lnqmhmf
n. djhxÕ◊fn.
n. djÕ”◊mfÕ”◊qh”.
n. dmx`ær`.
n. nktetq`æmf`»;
n. nkt¡lat¡j`;
n. dxhrÕ◊lah.
Monique
n. Ltæmhj`.
monkey
n. dmfnsrh;
n. dqh”jdæcd»;
n. dæmfÕ◊l`;
n. dlat¡lah”;
n. dqÕ”◊sr`æjv`.
monkey spec. n. dmfnæsrx`;
n. dmx`mf`j`.
monkey spec n. dmy`sr`.
monkey spec. n. djh”odsrt¡;
n. dot¡æk`».
monkey spec n. dvdsr`.
monster
n. nlt¡ft¡æqt¡æft¡qt¡;
n. djÕ◊g`qtæsrh;
n. dqh”jngn»;
n. djh”mx`vt¡»;
n. djÕ◊mxnæq`;
n. djÕ”◊qÕ”◊lt¡;
n. djhsÕ◊jnæshjn;
n. dqhsÕ◊mfh.
month
n. nltjdq`.
moon
n. djha`la`mfnæl`;
n. djha`mc`fnæl`;
n. djha`mc`mfnæl`;
n. nlt¡a`mft¡æjh”;
n. nlt¡æa`æmft¡jx`;
n. nltæf`æmyhqv`;
n. nltfdmc`;
n. nltfdrdæq`;
n. nltjdq`;
n. nltæjdq`;
n. nltjdqdq`.
moonlight n. `l`f`k`lÕ◊q`.
morning
— dst¡st¡st¡;
molar
mole
mollusc
money
lnqs`q
n. nln exn»;
n. dæmfx`jx`».
mortar
n. djh”mfxn»;
n. nltærdjtækn;
n. djÕ”◊st¡mct¡kÕ”◊qn.
mosquito spec. n. dxh”rngdæq`.
moss
n. dlat¡gt¡æl`;
n. dmcdæmcdæqt¡.
mother
n. jnæxn»;
n. l`l`»;
n. mxnæjn.
mother of — mx`.
mother of chief n. nltlan.
mother tongue n. djÕ”◊xÕ”◊q`.
mother-in-law n. làx`k`.
mould
n. dqh”gÕ”;Ã
n. dælat¡j`æj`»;
n. `j`ælt¡ælt¡;
n. dælatgt.
moulded
n. dlÕ◊mnfdqd.
mound
n. djhjtæmftækh;
n. djhstæmctækh.
mountain n. natjnæmyn;
n. djhsv`».
mourning n. dlat¡ækt¡ækh”;
n. djhqÕ◊qn.
mourning dress n. doÕ”◊qÕ”;Ã
n. nlt¡r`æq`æmct¡.
mouse
n. dlat¡jt¡ækh”;
n. dælatkd;
n. nltæghmfh;
n. djhmdmdlavd»;
n. `j`ærvdadad.
mouse legs n. drxnæagt¡m`mft¡kx`».
mouth
n. næatæmn.
mouthful
n. nlt¡ft¡æla`.
move
v. dqh”ah”mf`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡æl`;
v. dqh”o`srx`»;
v. dqh”o`srxò`srx`»;
232
ltrbkd
v. dqh”r`ft¡kh”qx`»;
v. dqh”rdf`mÕ”◊`.
move forward v. dqhaÕ◊mf`.
much
— jÕ◊mf`g`;
— aÕ◊mf`màÕÃ;
adj. mf`m`æaÕÃ;
adj. daÕ◊mf`m`æaÕÃ;
adj. dæahmfh;
adv. dmyh”xÕ”◊ m&dmyh”xh”;
adv. j`s`mf`ærh;
n. djÕ◊mf`g`.
mud
n. nknæmcn;
n. djxnæmcn.
muddy
v. dqhxhonsònæs`.
Muhaso
n. Ltg`ærn.
Muhesi
n. Lt¡ægdærh”.
Muhima
n. LtægÕ◊l`.
Muhindo
n. LtgÕ◊mcn.
Muhongya n. Lt¡gnmfx`.
Mukandirwa n. Ltæj`æmchqv`.
Mukira
n. nlt¡æjÕ”◊q`.
Mukumu
n. Lt¡æjt¡lt¡.
Mulakirwa n. Ltæk`jhqv`.
mulatto
n. nlt¡æjt¡adæ.
Mulekya
n. Lt¡ækdæjx`.
Mulemberi n. Lt¡ækdladæqh”.
multitude n. nat¡kx`f`kx`f`;
n. næatsdæf`æmyhj`;
n. dsr`j`sr`j`.
Mumbere n. Ltæladæqd.
murmur
n. nltærdældatkhqd;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡kgt¡æl`;
v. dqhrdldatæk`;
v. dqÕ”◊xh”at¡f`mfh”rx`».
murmuring n. nat¡rdldat¡ækh”.
Musabuli n. Lt¡æràt¡ækh”.
Musayi
n. Lt¡ær`æxh”.
muscle
n. nlt¡æjÕ”Ã;
n. dlÕ”◊rÕ”◊r`;
n. nlt¡ærÕ”◊r`.
ltrbkdr
233
mdogdv
muscles
n. dlÕ◊j`æj`».
mushroom n. natcn;
n. dmfnælnælt¡;
n. dmfnælt¡ælt¡;
n. næknjvd»;
n. nækvnjvd»;
n. natærv`;
n. djÕ◊sgnr`;
n. djhxÕ◊m`.
mushroom spec. n. dmfnælnælat¡;
n. djÕ◊srdfd.
musical instrument
n. djÕ◊agtkdmfd;
n. `j`cÕ”◊mfÕ”◊ch”;
n. dcÕ”◊mfÕ”◊cÕ”Ã;
n. dqh”jdlad;
Musoki
Musubaho
mustache
Muteti
Mutsuba
my wife
myself
mystery
n. djdsdjdsd;
n. dæm`mf`;
n. dmydæmyd»;
n. `j`rtla`rtæla`;
n. `j`ærtla`rtla`.
n. Lt¡rnæjh”.
n. Ltærta`ægn».
n. `l`rtækgtæag`.
n. Lt¡æsdæsh”.
n. Ltæsrta`.
n. nævnælv`fd.
pron. h”mfxnævdmd.
n. dqhetælat.
N - n
n. dæctct.
n. nktl`æla`;
n. nlt¡rt¡l`ækh”;
v. dqÕ◊jnldqdæq`;
v. dqÕ◊jnlnfnæk`;
v. dqÕ◊jnmfnldæq`;
v. dqÕ◊jnmfnldqdæq`.
naked
— mct¡ælat¡»;
adv. Õ”◊q`mf`q`mf`.
nakedness n. næat¡rt¡md».
name
n. dæqÕ”◊m`.
Nande
n. nltm`æmcd;
n. djhm`æmcd;
n. nltmc`æmcd;
n. djhmc`æmcd.
Nande language n. djhm`æmcd;
n. djhmc`æmcd.
nanny
n. nlt¡ækdladæqh”.
narrow
n. natæg`s`s`md»;
v. dqÕ”◊g`s`s`mÕ”◊`.
nasal haemorrhage n. nlt¡kdæqt¡.
nail
nausea
navel
Ndibito
Ndungo
near
neck
needle
negate
neglect
neighbor
neighbors
nephew
n. djhmtmftæk`;
v. dqÕ◊sr`la`sr`æla`.
n. nltjtæmch.
n. MchaÕ◊sn.
n. Mct¡æmfn.
adv. `g`æjt¡gh”jt¡gh”;
n. g`æjt¡gh”;
n. `g`æjt¡gh”.
n. dmfnæsn;
n. daÕ”◊jx`.
n. dlaÕ”◊mcv`.
v. dqÕ”◊jàgh”rx`».
v. dqhf`q`æla`;
v. dqhf`æx`;
v. dqhfnmdæq`;
v. dqÕ”◊kdmyx`kdmyx`»;
v. dqh”onjx`».
v. dqh”xh”gt¡mfdsrx`».
n. nlt¡ækÕ”◊jxdst.
v. dqÕ”◊gdqdq`mÕ”◊`.
n. nltæg`æq`;
mdquntr
n. nælt¡gv`.
v. dqÕ◊v`r`v`ær`.
n. nktst».
n. natsgÕ◊la`.
n. dæjx`srhmfd;
n. dah”mx`æmydærh”;
n. `j`rnærnæmh”.
nettles
n. natxÕ◊lah.
new
adj. djÕ◊gx`jÕ◊gx`;
n. nltægx`æj`.
new dress v. dqÕ◊j`æsg`.
newly-married n. nlt¡ægdqt¡æjh”.
news
n. nlv`æsrh;
n. nltjx`;
n. dqÕ◊jtqt;
n. dæmftkt;
n. nltq`æmft.
next house n. nlvÕ◊rÕ◊qx`».
nickname n. dæqhg`ækv`».
nicotine
n. `j`ækt¡la`.
niece
n. nltæg`æq`.
night
n. dqÕ◊stlah;
v. dqÕ”qÃ `».
nightwatchman n. nlt¡sr`ælt¡.
nine
n. nlvdæmc`.
nipple
n. dæmxnmfdæqn.
no
— `æjxd dæ;
— dxÕ◊gh” dxdægd;
— g`»`æ;
— hxdægd;
— jnæjn;
— v`æoh”;
adv. dxdægd.
no dear
— jvd» s`ælh.
node
n. dqÕ”◊jt¡æmcn;
n. dmft¡æmct¡jÕ”◊qn.
noise
n. dft¡qt¡ft¡qt¡;
n. dæmfnmnjvd»;
n. dæjxnæfn;
n. djÕ◊r`m`æm`æ;
nervous
nest
net
nettle
234
mts
n. dsgnjn;
n. nktæsrdfdsrdfd;
n. dsrtftqtsrtftqt;
n. dv`g`v`g`;
v. dqÕ”◊agtmfx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊at¡x`»;
v. dqÕ◊gtæg`;
v. dqÕ◊gtæl`.
noise of a drop — srÕ”◊agh”.
Norbert
n. Mnqn.
nose
n. dæmÕ”◊mcn;
v. dqh”lÕ”◊q`.
nose about v. dqÕ◊gta`gtæa`.
nose mucus n. dlh”lÕ”◊q`.
nostalgia
n. nktj`æmcn;
n. dælavdæq`;
v. dqhj`mcÕ◊q`.
nostril
n. nltgtækh.
not really — t¡vd»r`.
nothing
— atr`»;
— jh”;
adv. oòÕÃ;
n. dæjnqnsn;
n. doòÕÃ;
n. atxÕ◊q`.
now
— atsx`»;
— khmn»;
adv. g`sx`»;
adv. g`sx`æg`sx`».
Ntonde
n. Msnæmcd.
nudge
n. dqh”jnækgn»;
v. dqÕ◊jnkgnæag`.
numbness n. djÕ◊f`mxd;
n. djh”sÕ”◊mfÕ”◊qh”;
n. dæjh”sÕ”◊mfÕ”◊qh”.
numerous v. dqh”srt¡lh”jx`».
nut
n. dqhatæktæmft»;
n. dqh”mf`»;
n. dmfnmfnkxn»;
n. dæmct¡æln;
mts+ o`kl
nut, palm
Nyabatende
Nyabingi
Nzama
235
n. dqh”x`mf`.
n. dqhotæktæmft».
n. Mx`æa`æsdmcd.
n. Mx`æahmfh.
n. My`æl`.
nmd
My`myt
Nzereka
Nzuba
Nzyabake
n. My`æmyt.
n. Mydqdæj`.
n. Mytæa`».
n. Myxà`jd».
O - o
n. nltk`gÕ◊qn;
v. dqhk`gÕ◊q`.
oath-taking n. dlÕ◊k`æghqd.
obedience n. nktæjdmfdqn.
obeying
n. næavnv`.
object marker — jh+ jh”.
oblige
v. dqhj`æq`;
v. dqh”s`mcx`».
observe
v. dqh”kdax`æ;
v. dqh”srÕ”◊o`;
v. dqÕ”◊srnonkx`».
observer
n. nlt¡ækdæadqdqx`.
obstruct
v. dqhgtæmc`;
v. dqh”kh”a`æm`;
v. dqÕ”◊s`mf`s`mf`mÕ”◊`.
obtain the required number v.
dqh”gh”mc`mÕ”◊`.
October
n. djhg`æqn.
odor
n. nltæadan.
odour
n. `j`mx`ltknæknæsd.
offense
n. nltjds`.
office
n. dagh”qn».
offspring
n. nktæatæsn;
n. dæmftk`;
n. dæmft¡æk`;
n. nat¡æk`mh”`.
often
— dlaÕ◊qÕ◊qh;
— m`ælt¡ægv`».
ogle
v. dqÕ”◊jngdqdqdqx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊jngdqdqx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊jngdqdqh”av`»;
oath
v. dqÕ”◊jngdqx`».
n. `l`æanmyn;
n. dqÕ◊cnæcn;
n. dqÕ”◊ft¡æs`;
n. `l`æft¡æs`;
n. djhjdqdæmfd».
oil exuding n. dlÕ”◊mt¡æmh”qd.
oily dirt
n. dahjdqdæmfd.
OK
— dæmfnnæ.
okapi
n. djdmfd.
old
n. dgt¡ældægt¡ld;
n. nltæj`myt;
n. natæjtkt;
n. nltæjtkt;
v. dqh”ft¡æmc`;
v. dqÕ◊jdjdktæg`;
v. dqÕ”◊jdjdkt¡gx`»;
v. dqÕ◊jtktkÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊rx`jtktæg`;
v. dqÕ◊rxdjdktæg`.
old age
n. dlÕ◊rxdjdktghqd.
old cloth
n. nltr`æmfh.
old person n. nltægtlÕ◊q`»;
n. nltærx`jtækt;
n. dvdvd».
old woman n. nltæjdjtkt.
oldness
n. dæmfts`.
Olivier
n. KÕ”◊ed.
on
— njn.
one
— avdækd»;
n. djÕ”◊fh”l`;
oil
nmd rgntkc
n. djÕ◊ftl`;
n. nltæftl`.
one should — kÕ◊snækdqd.
onion
n. donqn»;
n. dqh”q`æmf`»;
n. dqnmxd»;
n. dqh”sgt¡mft¡ækgt¡;
n. dqh”st¡mft¡ækt¡.
onion, wild n. dqh”q`æmf`»;
n. dqh”q`æmf`».
only
adj. atr`»+ jhr`»;
n. ltr`».
ooze
v. dqh”mÕ”◊m`.
oozing
n. nat¡æmÕ”◊md»;
n. dlÕ”◊mÕ”◊mh”qd.
open
v. dqh”gh”mct¡æk`;
v. dqhjhmftj`æk`;
v. dqhjhmftæk`;
v. dqho`mytj`æk`;
v. dqhq`æmf`;
v. dqh”qh”at¡æk`;
v. dqh”qh”at¡mft¡æk`;
v. dqhr`mytj`æk`;
v. dqhr`mytæk`;
v. dqhrdmftæk`;
v. dqhs`æmc`;
v. dqhs`mc`ltæk`;
v. dqhs`mctæk`;
v. dqhs`mftæq`;
v. dqhstatmftæk`.
open eye
v. dqhf`sr`mftæk`.
open eyes v. dqhg`q`mftæq`;
v. dqÕ◊jà`mftæq`.
open eyes widely v. dqÕ”◊jà`mftqx`».
open violently v. dqhsg`qtæq`.
opening
n. dlÕ◊o`æmytj`khqd;
n. dlÕ◊rdæmftkhqd.
236
nvm
n. natæjnknan.
— jtæsrd.
n. djÕ◊adæat.
v. dqÕ◊srv`».
n. nlt¡ær`jt¡r`jt¡.
n. nat¡æjt¡æah”;
n. dæmft¡æah”;
n. nlt¡ærh”v`.
oscillate
v. dqhcÕ◊mf`.
other
adj. næftmch;
n. `æg`mch.
otherwise adv. atæsdæatsx`».
ouch!
— Õ◊xnnæn.
ours
pron. dæjxdst.
outcast
n. nltjtælaÕ◊q`».
outdated
n. dmfnmcd».
outgoing
v. dqÕ”◊j`mf`lt¡jx`».
outgrow
v. dqÕ◊kàtjÕ◊q`.
outmoded v. dqhrtæg`.
outpass
v. dqÕ◊k`æa`;
v. dqÕ◊kdæmf`.
outpassing n. nlt¡ækàh”qh”qxn».
outside
n. dlnækÕ”;Ã
n. dxÕ”◊gx`».
overactive n. natæsr`mf`qdqd.
overactivity n. da`f`q`.
overfill
v. dqhsrv`æf`;
v. dqÕ◊srv`æf`.
overwhelm v. dqh”st¡mt¡j`kx`»;
v. dqh”st¡mt¡jx`».
overwhelmed v. dqhstmtj`æk`.
overwork v. dqhsr`æg`.
ovulation v. dqÕ”◊gh”rx`».
owl
n. djÕ”◊at¡jt¡ækt¡.
own
v. dqÕ◊gÕ◊mf`.
oppression
or
ordeal, fire
order
organizer
orphan
P - p
n. nltæa`stæjn;
n. djhj`».
pack
v. dqhrdæmf`.
package
n. nltæg`ælan;
n. dqÕ”◊rnqnmxnmcn;
n. djhst».
packing
n. dlÕ◊rdæmfdqd.
pad
n. djh”gdjdqxn»;
n. nlt¡æjt¡æmyn.
pain
n. nat¡æf`ækh”;
n. `l`æjt¡at¡jd»;
n. dqh”kx`æsrh”;
n. nat¡ækt¡ælh”.
pain bearer n. nlt¡æxÕ”◊xh”mh”`.
paint
v. dqÕ◊g`j`g`æj`.
pale
v. dqh”gÕ”◊g`.
palm nut
n. dqhatæktæmft»;
n. dqhotæktæmft»;
n. dqh”x`mf`;
n. nat¡x`mf`.
palm tree n. dqh”anæmcn;
n. natanæmcn;
n. nltjtæjn.
palm wine n. dqh”agnæmcn;
n. dmynmfnækh”;
n. `l`stæmft.
palpitate
v. dqh”g`ftæj`;
v. dqh”g`gt¡jx`»;
v. dqh”oòt¡æj`;
v. dqh”oh”jòÕ”◊j`;
v. dqhsrtatmftæj`.
palpitation n. dlÕ”◊oÕ”◊jòh”jh”qd;
n. nat¡æoÕ”◊srd».
Paluku
n. O`ktæjt.
pan
n. dr`rn.
panic
n. `j`g`la`æqn.
pace
v. dqÕ◊gtl`xhq`.
n. nltlatmc`;
n. nltmydcd.
paper
n. `j`q`sg`ærh.
parasitic plant n. nltæràtæj`».
parent
n. nlt¡æat¡æsh”.
parental relationship n. natæg`æq`.
parrot
n. dæmfnmfnæsdæq`»;
n. dæmfnmfnæsdæq`;
n. `j`rtæjt.
part
n. `j`gÕ◊mch.
particle
— jn+ njn.
particle, designating — hxnæ.
parting
n. natæf`æa`md.
partridge
n. dmfv`ækh.
partridge spec. n. nltjtægd.
parturition n. djhatæmc`».
pass
n. nkt¡æah”j`;
v. dqÕ◊sv`mf`æm`.
passage
n. nlvdg`».
passage of rat n. nlvdæg`.
past
— jdq`;
adv. jdq`æjdq`.
paste
n. djÕ◊l`sÕ◊jn;
v. dqÕ”◊l`s`æm`;
v. dqÕ”◊l`s`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqÕ◊l`sÕ◊j`.
patch
n. djhag`mcÕ◊jn.
n. daÕ◊gdq`æaÕ◊gdq`.
path
n. `j`cnæcn.
patio
n. nat¡rdæjt¡.
Paul
n. Onækn.
Pauline
n. OnkÕ”◊m`.
pay
n. nltfdltækn;
v. dqhfdltæk`;
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡lat¡æk`;
pant
pants
o`x ` cdas
v. dqhjds`æ xnlnæ xhmch;
v. dqhkÕ◊g`;
v. dqh”kh”gh”jx`»;
v. dqh”kh”lt¡æk`;
v. dqhqÕ◊g`.
pay a debt v. dqÕ”◊st¡æg`.
pay a fine v. dqhg`mtæk`;
v. dqh”kh”at¡æk`.
pay back
v. dqh”qh”lt¡æk`.
pay taxes v. dqhrnæk`.
pay the dowry v. dqÕ”◊sÕ”◊s`.
paying
n. nltækÕ◊ghqd.
payment
n. nltæg`æjn;
n. natsrtæq`.
payment in club n. do`mcd».
peace
— lhqdlad;
adv. lankdqd;
n. nat¡g`mf`ælh”;
n. natægnkn;
n. natæsdj`md.
peanut
n. djhjdæmfd;
n. `æj`kg`æmf`»;
n. `j`mxnæan;
n. `æj`mxnæan.
n. dahsgtsg`.
pearl
n. dæmfv`æmfh”;
n. nktr`æmf`»;
n. nktsrno`.
peas
n. nlt¡odoxn»;
n. djh”sr`kh”.
peck
v. dqÕ◊rnjnæk`;
v. dqÕ◊rnjnmfnæk`.
pecking
n. dlÕ◊rnjnkdqd;
n. dlÕ◊rnjnmfnkdqd.
pee
v. dqhjnxnæk`.
peel
n. djÕ◊jnæmfnkdæq`»;
n. djÕ”◊sh”lÕ”◊qx`»;
v. dqhg`æs`;
v. dqhjnmfnæk`;
v. dqhs`æmf`;
238
ogd`r`ms
v. dqh”sÕ”◊l`;
v. dqÕ”◊snmfnkx`»;
v. dqh”st¡st¡æk`.
peel off
v. dqhjnjnkdæj`.
peeled
v. dqhjnmfnkv`».
peeled skin v. dqh”st¡at¡j`æq`;
v. dqh”st¡st¡j`æk`;
v. dqh”st¡st¡j`æq`.
Odæk`fhd
n. Agdkdmyx`».
pencil
n. djh”qh”xn».
pendant
n. djhsvhf`.
penis
n. nat¡ærnæmh”;
n. drtækt.
pepper
n. `j`ælt¡q`kx`;
n. doh”kh”oÕ”◊kh”;
n. doh”qh”oÕ”◊qh”.
perch
n. `j`æs`ækhjhqhq`;
n. nltæs`mc`.
perfect
— fdqdfdqd;
v. dqÕ◊atxhqÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊fdmf`fdæmf`;
v. dqÕ”◊jnqnjnsrx`»;
v. dqhktxhqÕ◊q`;
v. dqhktxhqhq`æm`.
perfectly
— od.
perfume
n. dahq`ær`.
permit
v. dqÕ◊g`ltæk`.
persevere v. dqhg`shj`æm`;
v. dqÕ◊xhsrÕ◊mf`;
v. dqÕ”◊xh”v`sh”j`mÕ”◊`.
perseverer n. nlt¡g`sh”j`æmh”.
persistence n. nlt¡jt¡ækn.
person
n. nltæmct.
personality n. nlt¡kÕ”◊sn.
pervert
v. dqh”srvdjdqdqx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊srvdjx`».
perverted v. dqÕ◊srvdjdqdæq`.
Peter
n. Odæsdqd.
phantom
n. djh”sr`kgt¡.»
pheasant
n. dæmftj`.
ognsn
photo
n. densgn».
photograph v. dqÕ◊e`stæq`;
v. dqÕ◊exdsgtæq`;
v. dqÕ◊ev`sgtæq`.
pick
v. dqÕ◊anæs`;
v. dqxd»g`»;
v. dqÕ◊jtæj`;
v. dqxn»g`».
pick up
v. dqÕ◊atftæk`;
v. dqÕ◊snæk`.
piece
n. djhg`æmcd;
n. djhgÕ◊mch;
n. `j`æjdjd;
n. djÕ◊srvd».
piece of wood n. nltæjnæln;
n. næltmc`.
pierce
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡qt¡mf`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqhrnæmf`;
v. dqÕ◊srhlÕ◊s`.
pierce a hole v. dqÕ◊snanæk`.
pig
n. dmftktæad;
n. dxh”rdæmfd;
n. djvàg`;
n. djt¡mh”g`;
n. dmsg`jt¡æqh.
pig spec.
n. dæmfÕ◊kh.
pigeon
n. `æj`kÕ”◊jt¡jt¡;
n. doh”srn».
pineapple n. dqh”m`m`ærh”.
pile
n. dæjha`;
n. djÕ◊axd»;
n. djh”f`ægh”`;
n. nltf`æmc`;
n. djÕ◊ktæmcn;
n. djÕ◊qtæmcn;
v. dqÕ◊qtæmc`.
pile of firewood n. `jàvhq`.
pile of leaves n. `j`gÕ”◊mf`.
pile of stones n. djÕ”◊gh”mf`.
pillar
n. dmftært;
24/
ok`ms
n. dæmct¡xh”.
n. dodæmyh”.
n. djÕ◊rtæmn;
v. dqÕ”◊l`sh”qx`æ;
v. dqÕ◊mxnæs`;
v. dqÕ◊mxnsnmfnæk`;
v. dqÕ◊rtæm`;
v. dqhrtæq`.
pinching
n. dlÕ◊rtmhqd.
pipe
n. djÕ”◊jn;
n. dæm`f`.
pitchfork
n. nlts`æf`æk`.
place
n. djÕ◊atsd;
n. `g`æmct;
v. dqÕ◊snmcdæj`;
v. dqÕ”◊srh”srÕ”◊j`.
place before the fire n. nlt¡ægh”s`.
placenta
n. djÕ◊sh;
n. djÕ◊srÕ◊ln.
plain
n. dqh”a`æmc`;
n. djh”adæsx`»;
n. dqh”agdsxn»;
n. dqhqtæmft.
plant
n. nktæanæmn;
n. dælavdqdæqd»;
n. dælatgdæqdæqd;
n. dælatgdæqdæqd»;
n. nktæatm`mf`;
n. nltfnlavd»;
n. dmf`æshj`shj`»;
n. djhjnj`;
n. nltjvdqdjvdæqd;
n. natæjt»;
n. dkdmf`kdæmf`;
n. nktxtælat;
n. nltækx`æmytæjh;
n. nltkx`shq` mynæft¡;
n. dla`mftæk`»;
n. dlankgnfn;
n. nælt¡mxt¡æ v&dæladmd;
pincers
pinch
ok`ms kdesnudq
n. drxnmxdfdæqd;
n. dmytlat;
n. nltæràtæj`»;
n. dqÕ”◊r`j`kd;
n. dqÕ”◊rdær`;
n. dqÕ”◊rdær`;
n. nltærnk`mhmch;
n. nælt¡rnæmÕ”◊`;
n. djÕ”◊rt¡lat¡;
n. drto`;
n. dæjh”s`rh”la`;
n. djÕ”◊sÕ”◊m`;
n. nltæsnmcnsnmcn;
n. nltsr`æladqd;
n. nkt¡st¡lavd»;
n. nltæxhk`ærÕ◊q`»;
v. dqhg`æmc`;
v. dqhsrÕ◊la`.
plant leftover n. nælt¡srv`æmcÕ”◊m`.
plant, medicinal n. dæjx`mftæktækt;
n. nlt¡a`æa`ækÕ”Ã;
n. `j`æa`mx`ælav`»;
n. nktæa`æst;
n. nlt¡æah”qh”qh”;
n. nlt¡æat¡k`æqÕ”◊m`;
n. nltf`q`æla`;
n. djhg`la`æmfÕ◊l`;
n. nltg`mf`ælanæfn;
n. djhg`æmfn;
n. nltægdqdgdqd;
n. djhgnæjnækn;
n. nltgtæmf`;
n. `j`j`ækg`ært¡;
n. nltj`q`j`æq`;
n. nltæjdkdjdkd;
n. `j`æjhmc`æ a`æktæld;
n. dqÕ”◊jt¡ax`;
n. nlt¡æjt¡anæjt¡æan;
n. nltk`khj`;
n. djhk`mf` ats`æk`;
240
ok`ms+ ldchbhm`k
n. nltækÕ◊a`æg`r`;
n. dmcdmfvd;
n. dæmcv`æfn;
n. dæmcts`;
n. dæmf`j`;
n. dæmfnsd;
n. dmfvdæmxd;
n. dæmftæk`;
n. nlt¡mÕ”◊la`;
n. dmxànjxn»;
n. `j`mx`l`rx`æmn;
n. `j`mx`mftla`æmh;
n. nltmynanmynan;
n. daxnaxnqn;
n. djho`my`;
n. nlt¡oh”jh”;
n. dqvdærd»;
n. `æl`r`j`kd»;
n. djÕ◊r`la`æmxtælt;
n. `l`rdæj`;
n. nlt¡rnaxn»;
n. nltrnæf`;
n. nlt¡rnæknækt¡;
n. nltærnlan;
n. nlt¡ærnæmÕ”◊`;
n. `j`ærnrnæmÕ”◊`;
n. nlt¡ært¡at¡kx`;
n. nat¡ært¡ært¡;
n. djhs`gtq`;
n. nlts`k`k`;
n. nltæs`mf`ækxtæa`;
n. djÕ◊sdmdmcd;
n. djÕ”◊sgt¡kg`mf`;
n. nlt¡æsnæmch”;
n. nltæsr`v`æmfÕ◊l`;
n. `j`æsrh”anqn;
n. nlt¡æsrÕ”◊jh”kÕ”;Ã
n. nltsrtmf`mf`ælan;
n. daÕ”◊srt¡æsrh”;
ok`ms rodbn. `j`xtlatxtlat.
plant spec. n. `j`æagt¡mvd»;
n. natæanæmn;
n. djh”g`mc`jt¡ækgt¡»;
n. djhj`æmx`»;
n. dqÕ”◊jt¡adad;
n. djh”jt¡ælan;
n. djhjtæxt;
n. nltæjtæxt;
n. `j`k`mc`k`æmc`;
n. `j`kÕ”◊fd;
n. `j`khmchg`æla`.
n. dmcdæsr`.
n. dæmftqtæftært;
n. `j`mx`ltjtæmcd;
n. `j`mx`mftæl`mx`;
n. `j`æqnæfnmxd»;
n. djÕ”◊rh”q`gn;
n. `j`ærnrnæmh”;
n. nltsdælad.
plant spec.. n. dlt¡sdæladj`kh”.
plant spec. n. djh”sdæladj`kh”;
n. djh”sdæladj`kx`;
n. `l`sdmfdæq`;
n. dmcdæsrd;
n. dæmcdæsrd;
n. dæjxtmftæktækt.
plant, thorny n. dmct¡kt¡st¡ækt¡.
plantain
n. dqÕ◊atft;
n. djhgtælad»;
n. natkÕ◊f`;
n. djh”mf`kt¡;
n. nltr`æa`;
n. nltr`æah.
plants
n. nælv`æj`.
plaster
v. dqÕ◊gnæl`.
plate
n. djh”ag`jt¡ækh”;
n. dr`g`æmh”.
platform
n. natæs`q`.
241
onkhrg
v. dqÕ”◊lh”mt¡jx`»;
v. dqh”r`s`r`sx`»;
v. dqÕ◊sr`æmf`;
v. dqÕ”◊xh”r`mcàt¡kx`».
v. dqÕ◊xhr`mcàtæk`.
v. dqÕ◊xhr`k`f`æmc`.
play flute v. dqÕ◊gnjnlnæk`.
play musical instrument v.
dqhgtststæk`.
player
n. à`fnl`.
playground n. djÕ◊atæf`;
n. nktæatf`æatæf`;
n. nktæg`ækn;
n. nltg`æm`;
n. djhr`sÕ◊qn;
n. nats`æk`.
plead
v. dqÕ◊r`æla`;
v. dqÕ◊snæmc`;
v. dqÕ”◊snmcdrx`».
pleading
n. dlÕ◊r`lahqd.
please
— jÕ”◊rh”.
pleased
v. dqhatx`æg`.
pleasure
n. djÕ◊srdldrxn».
plot
n. dælah”s`.
pluck
v. dqÕ◊jnsnæk`;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡st¡æk`;
v. dqxn»g`».
plucking
n. nltæjnsnkdqd;
v. dqÕ”◊st¡mft¡æk`.
plucking fruit n. dlÕ”◊jt¡st¡kh”qd.
plunge
v. dqh”ct¡ct¡æl`.
pointed
v. dqhsrnæmf`.
pointed end n. natrnmfdæq`.
poison
n. næavdæmc`;
n. `j`qtgn;
n. natæsh.
poison test n. navdæmc`.
policeman n. nlt¡ot¡kÕ”◊rh”.
polish
v. dqÕ◊g`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊g`ktæk`;
play
onkhrghmf
v. dqÕ”◊g`kt¡kh”jx`»;
v. dqh”jnlx`æ.
polishing
n. `j`æg`ktækn.
polishing tool n. dæmxnqn.
polyomyelitis n. dqÕ”◊gdmdmfd;
n. `l`ægdmdmfd.
pond
n. dqh”qÕ”◊a`;
n. djh”st¡kgt¡».
poor
n. nlv`æf`;
n. dfnæfnqn;
n. nltjtaÕ◊qh;
n. nlt¡æm`jt¡;
n. dmx`lòxdæjd;
n. dmy`æl`.
porcupine n. dxh”rdæmfh”;
n. dmch”jn;
n. dæmch”jn;
n. dæsrh”sr`.
portion
n. nltær`æqn;
n. djh”sÕ”◊mft¡;
n. `j`æsr`æqt.
portion of cassava n. nltæa`mft.
possess
v. dqÕ◊anknfnæmc`.
possession n. nktæg`mfhqv`.
post-wedding ceremony n.
natækx`mx`æl`.
pot
n. dæmft¡lad»;
n. dqÕ◊gtmft;
n. dqÕ”◊kdf`;
n. djÕ◊latmft;
n. dmxtæmft;
n. dqÕ”◊qdf`;
n. djh”r`g`æmh”;
n. nlt¡rÕ”◊mf`;
n. `j`srnonkn;
n. djh”srt¡ælah”.
pot, hard
n. dæmf`qvd».
potato
n. dqh”agnqn;
n. dqh”agnqnsg`ærh;
n. nlt¡c`æxh”;
242
ontq hm
n. djh”c`xh”;
n. djhcdjtq`;
n. nltftl`;
n. djhg`mfà`ækd;
n. dæmfnq`æjnæq`»;
n. dmfnæmcnldæqx`»;
n. dæmfvdsgdrd;
n. dla`k`lx`»;
n. dæmf`k`f`æmcÕ◊q`»;
n. dmx`æaÕ◊qdmfd;
n. djh”mxh”a`kg`;
n. dot¡qÕ”◊j`;
n. djÕ◊qhav`;
n. djh”qÕ”;Ã
n. drdæmyh”;
n. djÕ◊rvà`;
n. djÕ◊rv`f`k`;
n. dqhmcÕ◊v`;
n. djhsrtmft;
n. djh”st¡ærh”;
n. djÕ”◊xÕ”◊q`.
potato plants n. `l`r`ær`.
potato spec. n. dgt¡qt¡æl`;
n. djhqtæmc`;
n. dmyt¡æm`lÕ”◊qx`».
potato, sweet n. dlÕ”◊qÕ”◊jh”.
potter
n. nlt¡æat¡ælah”.
pound
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡lt¡æk`;
v. dqhsgtæc`;
v. dqhsv`æmf`.
pounding n. nlt¡st¡mct¡ækh”.
pounding stick n. nltsv`mfÕ◊qn.
pour
v. dqÕ◊jtagÕ◊sg`;
v. dqÕ”◊srh”mfÕ”◊sr`;
v. dqÕ”◊srh”mfh”srx`»;
v. dqxt¡s`»;
v. dqxt¡s`æmf`;
v. dqxt¡st¡æk`;
v. dqxt¡st¡kÕ”◊q`.
pour in
v. dqhfnq`æm`.
ontqhmf
n. natæjtaghsghqd;
n. natæjtaghsghqn;
n. natæjtagÕ◊sgn.
poverty
n. natr`æl`.
power
n. nat¡snæjh”.
powerful
n. dlÕ◊j`æj`».
praise
v. dqh”cdlax`»;
v. dqÕ◊g`k`æla`;
v. dqÕ◊sdmcdæq`.
pray
v. dqÕ◊fnæla`;
v. dqÕ◊r`æa`;
v. dqhrnæl`.
prayer
n. dlÕ◊r`æad»;
n. dlÕ◊ràhqd;
n. dr`æk`».
prayers
n. dlÕ◊ràd».
praying mantis n. nltær`q`æ mÕ”◊mcn.
precede
v. dqÕ◊s`æmf`;
v. dqÕ◊s`mfhqÕ◊q`.
precipice
n. dæmfv`mfv`.
precipitate v. dqhr`gtjÕ◊q`.
predestinated v. dqhg`mfv`».
predestination n. natg`æmfv`.
preferred
n. djÕ◊ldæld;
n. djÕ◊s`æf`.
preferred woman n. nltæjdadqv`.
prefix
— `j`;
— djh,;
pref. dæ.
prefix bu- — nat,.
prefix of direction — d.
pregnancy n. nlt¡jt¡jt¡ln;
n. natæjtkd».
pregnant
n. nælv`k`k`;
n. nltæjtkd»;
n. nlt¡kdqdælh”.
premature child n. nlt¡kv`mc`».
premonition v. dqÕ◊shmfhq`mv`æ.
present
n. nltfdæq`.
press
v. dqÕ”◊gh”qh”qh”j`mÕ”◊`;
pouring
243
oqno
v. dqÕ◊jnæl`;
v. dqhrnæj`;
v. dqh”st¡s`mfx`»;
v. dqh”st¡sx`».
pressing
n. dlÕ◊jnldqd.
pressure
n. `jòdoxn».
prevail
v. dqh”xh”j`j`lh”qh”qx`».
prevent
v. dqÕ◊jh”jh”qh”qx`».
prevention n. natæjÕ◊xh.
prey
— ltærtæmd.
priest
n. nltæj`æq`;
n. nltæj`q`;
n. nltæod.
priesthood n. natæod.
prison
n. `j`rn»;
n. nlt¡ækÕ”◊jh”.
procedure for succeeding n.
natæfdæmcdqn.
proclitic
— s`.
procrastinate v. dqÕ◊fdkdfdæmf`procreate
v. dqÕ◊atæs`;
v. dqÕ”◊at¡sx`»;
v. dqÕ◊atststæk`.
produce
v. dqÕ◊jvÕ◊j`.
produce fruit v. dqhgdæs`.
promise
n. dlÕ◊k`æf`mhqd;
n. `l`k`f`æmn;
v. dqhk`f`æm`.
promote
v. dqÕ”◊rdmydadsx`».
promptly
n. nltærhstjhqd.
prop
n. dæladqdjdqdqxn»;
n. dælah”qh”jh”qh”qxn»;
n. nltærdfdldæqn;
n. nltærdfdæln;
n. djh”rhlah”qh”qxn»;
n. dæmydæfn;
n. dæmydftkÕ◊qn;
v. dqhg`mcÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊g`mfÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊g`xÕ◊j`;
oqno nm
prop on
prophecy
prostitute
Protais
protect
proud
proudly
proverb
provision
provoke
prune
pub
pubic hair
pull
244
v. dqÕ”◊gdqdjdqdqx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊gh”qh”jh”qÕ”◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊jh”jh”qh”qx`»;
v. dqÕ◊rdfdæl`;
v. dqÕ◊rdfdldæq`;
v. dqÕ”◊xh”gÕ”◊j`.
v. dqh”rh”lah”qh”qx`».
n. dxh”r`laxn».
n. djh”l`q`æxh”;
n. nltla`kg`æj`;
n. nltr`mfn.
n. Onqnsn».
v. dqÕ”◊j`jh”qx`».
v. dqhjnmfnæl`;
v. dqhsgtæg`;
v. dqhstghq`æm`;
v. dqÕ”◊xnv`».
n. `l`æf`ækÕ”◊f`ækÕÃ;
n. l`æf`ækÕ◊f`ækh.
n. `j`ærÕ”◊ln;
n. natærhmch;
n. nlt¡ærxn».
n. dlah”jxn»;
n. dmc`æmc`.
v. dqxdmcx`»;
v. dqÕ◊sdmftæk`;
v. dqh”srnsrnldqdqx`»;
v. dqhsrnsrnlx`».
v. dqhjnkdæq`;
v. dqÕ◊jnæo`.
n. djhagdmcd;
n. djÕ◊q`æan.
n. drxnmcxn».
v. dqhgtqta`æm`;
v. dqhjàtæq`;
v. dqh”j`jx`»;
v. dqhj`æs`;
v. dqhjtktæk`;
v. dqhjtæq`;
v. dqhjtqta`æm`;
ots `rhcd
v. dqhm`mtæk`;
v. dqhrtæq`.
pull out
v. dqÕ◊jtæk`;
v. dqÕ◊jtk`æmf`;
v. dqhknæk`;
v. dqh”ot¡æsr`;
v. dqhsrhlatæk`;
v. dqhsrhlatmf`æk`.
pull out feathers v. dqh”srt¡æo`.
pulling
n. dlÕ◊jtkhqd;
n. dlÕ◊m`æmtkhqd.
pumice
n. dqÕ”◊sx`kxn».
punish
v. dqÕ◊j`mf`æsr`;
v. dqhrtxÕ◊q`.
puny
n. nlt¡æjnmcnjt.
pure
n. dæmfvh”qh”jvh”qh”;
v. dqhstjtæq`.
purify
v. dqÕ◊rnmfnj`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊s`laÕ◊q`.
pursue
v. dqÕ◊k`mc`lhqÕ◊q`;
v. dqhs`æmc`.
pus
n. dqÕ”◊gh”q`;
n. `l`ægh”q`.
push
v. dqh”ft¡lh”qx`»;
v. dqh”jt¡æm`;
v. dqxt¡ft¡lh”qx`».
pusher
n. nlt¡jt¡æmh”.
put
v. dqÕ◊a`kÕ◊j`;
v. dqÕ”◊gÕ”◊q`;
v. dqÕ”◊jh”myÕ”◊j`;
v. dqÕ”◊jh”srÕ”◊j`;
v. dqÕ”◊kdfdldqdqx`æ;
v. dqhlnkdæj`;
v. dqÕ◊sdæj`.
put aside
v. dqÕ◊aÕ◊j`;
v. dqxd»fdæj`;
v. dqhgdftæk`;
v. dqÕ◊gdmfdæj`;
v. dqhgtmftæk`;
v. dqÕ◊snæl`.
ots a`bj
put back
put beer
put down
put food
put holes
245
v. dqÕ”◊rt¡ax`».
v. dqÕ◊gnmfnæk`.
v. dqh”jx`»;
v. dqh”jh”qx`»;
v. dqxt¡»mc`».
v. dqhsnsnæk`.
v. dqÕ◊snanmfnæk`.
q`qdkx
put on
v. dqhxhr`æg`.
put on knees v. dqÕ◊s`laÕ◊j`.
put on top v. dqhrtkÕ◊j`.
pygmee
n. nltærtla`.
pyrethrum n. djh”kdæsgh”.
python
n. dæmyhq`ælÕ◊q`».
Q - q
n. dlaÕ◊f`»;
n. djhgtæmyd»;
n. nltær`l`æs`».
n. nlt¡snæat¡.
quarrel
v. dqÕ◊mdfdæm`;
v. dqÕ”◊mdfdmÕ”◊`.
queen
n. nltæfnækd.
question marker — jh+ jh”.
quick
v. dqx`mftæg`.
quickly
— kt¡æa`;
adv. c`æqdc`æqd.
quantity
quickness
quiet
quieten
quietness
n. nav`æmft.
n. dlat¡st¡st¡;
v. dqhanmcdæq`;
v. dqhgtæm`;
v. dqÕ◊sdæj`;
v. dqÕ◊sdj`æm`.
v. dqhanmcdqdæq`;
v. dqh”anmcdqx`».
n. dælanmcdæj`».
R - r
n. drtmftæq`;
n. dmyx`srx`».
rabbit house n. `j`kòh”xd».
radio
n. djÕ◊mhla`;
n. dq`ch”xn».
rain
n. dælaÕ”◊f`»;
n. dælat¡æk`.
rain forest n. dqh”xÕ”◊qh”.
rain maker n. nlvÕ”◊mh””.
rain water n. dqÕ”◊jdæq`æ lat¡æk`.
rainbow
n. djÕ◊g`æq`;
n. djÕ◊l`;
n. dæjÕ”◊l`.
rainwater n. dqÕ”◊kdæj`;
rabbit
n. `l`ækdjdæqn.
rainwater, collector n. nlt¡kæ dæjdqx`.
rainy
n. navhrdfdrd.
rainy season n. nlt¡st¡s`.
raise
v. dqÕ”◊g`f`lx`»;
v. dqh”jnmfnlx`»;
v. dqÕ◊rhstæj`;
v. dqÕ◊stæmf`;
v. dqxt¡lt¡jx`».
raise liquid v. dqhfdqdæj`.
raising child n. nltækdladqd».
ram
n. dæla`mf`kd.
rarely
— jv`æmft;
adv. srh”srh”lx`».
q`rg
n. nltæatæqt.
n. dladæa`;
n. nlvdg`»;
n. djÕ”◊mfÕ”◊qh”;
n. dqh”r`æj`.
rat spec.
n. dælada`gdmd;
n. dælatsvd»;
n. djÕ◊f`æmh;
n. dmfnsrh”;
n. dqh”gvdæmxd»;
n. djdæmx`;
n. nltjnq`;
n. nltjtlah;
n. `j`ækx`ælanæmn;
n. dæmfnæsrh;
n. djhmx`æavdqdqd;
n. nltmy`mc`;
n. nltqnl`;
n. dqh”r`æj`;
n. dqÕ”◊r`æj`;
n. djÕ”◊rt¡k`;
n. dqhrtæmft;
n. dqhrtæmft;
n. nltærtært;
n. næltsàtj`;
n. `j`sgdq`;
n. dmcnækn;
n. dæmcnkn;
n. dxÕ”◊srh”sr`;
n. djÕ◊sv`æltær`æmyh;
n. `j`æxdfd;
n. `j`xnqh”.
rat species n. nktsgdq`.
rat-hole
n. natær`la`.
ray
n. nltkdæmc`;
n. nlt¡r`æk`ækh”;
n. nltr`æk`ækh.
rays
n. `l`kdæmc`.
razor
n. nktfdælad.
razor blade n. djh”sgÕ”◊agn.
rash
rat
246
qdetfd
v. dqhrnæl`.
— jvdæ s`ælh.
— m`æjv`æ;
adv. jvdmdmd.
rear leg
n. nltægnmcn.
rearing
n. nktæstæmfn.
reason
— djx`kdj`;
n. djÕ◊qdæj`.
rebel
v. dqhsrtatmftæq`.
rebellion
n. nltæjÕ◊sn.
recall
v. dqx`latæj`;
v. dqhatæj`;
v. dqÕ”◊sdmfx`æ.
receive
v. dqhonjdæq`.
receive a visitor v. dqh”gàt¡jx`».
receive visitors v. dqh”gh”jx`».
receptacle, wooden n. nlt¡kh”mf`.
recover
v. dqhf`mtæk`;
v. dqhgdlatæj`;
v. dqhk`æl`;
v. dqÕ◊kv`ktæj`;
v. dqÕ◊rtæa`;
v. dqÕ”◊xh”lnmch”`lnmcx`».
recovering n. dlÕ◊k`ælhqd.
red
n. dæmfvdmcdrd.
red ant
n. nælvh”mnmfn.
red substance n. dæmftæk`.
redress
v. dqÕ”◊g`mf`mÕ”◊`.
reduce in splendor v. dqÕ”◊eh”eÕ”◊x`.
reed
n. nktærdjd;
n. djhsdsd».
reed blade n. nltær`q`æmf`æsh;
n. nltær`qh.
reeds
n. nktaÕ◊mft;
n. dlahsÕ◊q`»;
n. dqÕ”◊sÕ”◊m`.
refine
v. dqÕ◊sv`».
reflexive marker — xh.
refrain
n. djh”jh”qh”qxn».
refuge
n. natær`fÕ◊qn;
read
really!
really
qdetr`k
n. nktxhjtmfÕ◊qn.
n. nltæj`æfn.
v. dqhf`æm`;
v. dqhf`mÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ”Ãl`»;
v. dqÕ◊j`æf`;
v. dqÕ◊jtæl`;
v. dqhodmdæg`;
v. dqhsrtatmftæq`;
v. dqhxhg`mchjhqÕ◊q`;
v. dqh”xÕ”◊q`.
refused
n. nltæf`æmv`.
Qdæfhmd
n. QnsrÕ”◊m`.
regret
v. dqhsàtæj`;
v. dqÕ”◊xh”jt¡ax`».
reign
v. dqÕ◊rÕ◊mf`;
v. dqhsà`æk`.
reimburse v. dqÕ”◊stæg`.
reimbursement v. dqÕ”◊st¡gx`».
relationship n. natæg`æq`.
relative
n. à`æst¡mf`.
n. nlt¡æm`æmt».
relax
v. dqh”xh”j`jx`».
remain
v. dqÕ”◊rh”f`æk`.
remains, of a banana tree n.
djÕ◊srdlan.
remembering n. nlvÕ◊atjhqd.
remind
v. dqh”at¡jx`».
v. dqx`lat¡jx`».
removal
n. `l`kt¡rxn».
remove
v. dqxdæftj`æk`;
v. dqhghftæk`;
v. dqhghgtæk`;
v. dqhmxnlnæk`;
v. dqhqnanæq`;
v. dqh”sgt¡lat¡æq`;
v. dqÕ◊snmcnæk`;
v. dqÕ◊rnknmfnæs`.
remove a chief v. dqhrhmftæk`.
remove a layer v. dqÕ◊gnmnæk`.
refusal
refuse
247
qdronmc
remove scales v. dqhjnæq`.
remove skin v. dqhmxtlatæq`.
renown
v. dqxt¡mft¡lx`».
renowned v. dqxt¡mft¡æl`.
repeat
v. dqÕ◊rtæa`.
repent
v. dqhsrÕ◊q`.
reprimand v. dqÕ”◊jà`jàx`».
repudiate
v. dqÕ◊jnlnæk`.
repudiating n. nltæjnlnækn.
required
n. `j`srxdæqdæqd».
rescue
v. dqhgàtæj`.
resemble
v. dqhe`m`æm`;
v. dqhkhmf`æm`;
v. dqhrnær`;
v. dqhrnr`æm`;
v. dqh”rnrdj`mÕ”◊`.
resembling n. dlÕ◊rnær`mhqd;
n. nlt¡ærnærdj`mh”`;
v. dlÕ”◊rnærdj`mh”qx`.
qdærdqunhq n. dkh”rdæqdet¡;
n. dkh”rdqh”e`ækh”.
residence n. djh”j`ækh”;
n. djhj`ækh;
n. nltjnæmcn.
residence of in-laws n. natæjvdæ.
residue of sorghum n. dæmf`my`.
resist
v. dqhg`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊j`k`j`æk`;
v. dqhxhg`mcÕ◊j`.
resistance n. natæj`khj`ækh.
resourceful n. nlt¡æf`rt¡f`rt¡respect
n. natæjdmfd»;
n. nktæjdmfdqv`;
n. næats`jdmf`;
v. dqÕ◊jdæmf`;
v. dqh”rh”jx`».
respect, lack of v. dqha`æf`.
respite
n. næatstær`.
respond
v. dqÕ”Ãs`æa`;
v. dqÕÃs`æa`;
qdrrtrbhs`shmf
v. dqÕ”◊rt¡ax`»;
v. dqÕ”◊rt¡ah”qx`».
ressuscitating n. dlÕ◊rtahqd.
rest
n. dqh”jvds`;
v. dqhatlata`æm`;
v. dqhktgtæj`;
v. dqÕ◊rx`k`f`æmc`.
resting
n. dlÕ◊rx`k`f`mchqd.
resuscitate v. dqh”kt¡at¡æj`.
retirement n. do`rxn».
retrieve
v. dqÕ◊knonæk`.
return
v. dqÕ◊rtatæk`.
returning
n. dlÕ◊rtatkhqd.
reveal
v. dqÕ◊etlatæk`;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡lat¡æk`;
v. dqÕ”◊rnmnjx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊snmnjx`æ.
revealing
n. dlÕ”◊rnmnjdqxn».
revelation n. dlÕ”◊jt¡lat¡kh”qd.
revenge
v. dqÕ”◊jh”rx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊st¡gt¡kx`».
revenger
n. nlt¡æjh”rx`.
revulsion
n. nlt¡æmx`ækh”.
rhubarb
n. djhsrtjtqt.
rib
n. nktj`æmf`.
ribbon
n. nltgtæmfh;
n. nltkdæla`.
rice
n. nltsrdæqd».
riches, accumulate v. dqh”st¡mch”rx`».
riddle
n. nltjx`;
n. nktsdjdq`æmn.
ridicule
v. dqhgdmdmtæk`;
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡s`gt¡sx`».
ridiculous n. nltstælatækv`».
rifle
n. djh”sgt¡ækh”.
right arm
n. njtækh;
n. `l`ækh.
rigid
v. dqÕ◊j`mf`f`s`æm`.
ring
n. dlat¡æj`;
n. dlat¡j`.
248
qnnl
n. dqh”rdæmfn.
n. natæsdæf`.
rinse
v. dqhrtftær`.
ripe banana n. dækxdæqt;
n. nltækdmfdjd»;
n. nltækdmfdqd».
ripen
v. dqÕ◊stk`f`æm`;
v. dqhstktf`æm`;
v. dqhststa`æm`.
ripen bananas v. dqhs`kÕ◊j`.
ripening place n. dmc`kÕ◊jn.
rise
v. dqh”kt¡at¡æj`.
rival
n. næatg`;
n. dla`mc`.
river
n. dltæsdægn;
n. nækt¡ærh”.
river, beach n. nltjnjnqn.
river, shallow n. nlt¡jdjdæsh”.
rivulet
n. nlt¡fdæqh”.
road
n. dla`ækt;
n. dæla`ækt;
n. djÕ◊s`lah;
n. dmyÕ◊q`.
roam
v. dqÕ◊kxdæq`.
roaring, car n. nlt¡mft¡qt¡æln.
rock
n. djÕ◊sdmcdqd.
rocky
n. nktjtæj`.
rod
n. nlvÕ”◊fn;
n. dmfvÕ◊mch.
rodent
n. nltæahqnahqn;
n. dkh”r`jv`»;
n. djhx`æsgtqvd».
rodent spec. n. nktæsrhq`l`.
roll
v. dqh”f`kx`f`kx`»;
v. dqh”xh”f`kx`f`kx`»;
v. dqh”xh”kt¡la`f`mÕ”◊`.
roof
n. nktæst».
roof-covering n. nat¡r`j`ækh”.
room
n. nktæa`æjn;
ringlet
rings
qnnrsdq
25/
n. nlt¡jh”xh”s`;
n. nlt¡rh”j`mÕ”◊n;
n. djxtæla`.
rooster
n. dæmfnjnktld;
n. djnknæmfn;
n. dmfnmc`æat¡æst¡æjt¡.
root
n. djhg`æmc`;
n. dqh”g`æmf`;
n. nlt¡ækÕ”◊gh”;
n. nlt¡kÕ”◊gh”.
root, edible n. natjdjdæq`.
root of a straw n. dmfnæsn.
rope
n. dladæjh”;
n. nltæj`æmd;
n. djÕ◊jna`;
n. nlt¡ækÕ”◊jh”;
n. dlÕ”◊qÕ”◊jh”;
n. dladjxn»;
n. djÕ◊rt».
Rosalie
n. Ktsr`qÕ◊x`.
rotten
n. djÕ◊rv`;
v. dqhanæk`;
v. dqhgnæmc`;
v. dqh”gnmcx`»;
v. dqÕ◊rv`æf`;
r`ks
v. dqÕ◊rv`xÕ◊q`.
n. djÕ”◊gnmcdæqx`»;
n. djhgnæmcn.
rough
v. dqÕ◊j`q`f`æs`;
v. dqÕ◊j`q`rtæj`;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡qt¡ft¡ær`;
v. dqhjtqtlatæj`.
round
v. dqÕ”◊ft¡kÕ”◊mf`.
row of teeth n. nlt¡æjdmfdkx`.
rowdy
v. dqÕ◊j`mf`q`æq`.
rub
v. dqÕ◊rtftrtæk`.
ruin.
v. dqÕ”◊at¡kt¡mft¡æs`.
rumble
v. dqhgÕ◊q`.
run
v. dqÕ”◊g`k`kt¡æj`;
v. dqhgtftæs`;
v. dqh”s`mf`mxt¡æj`;
v. dqhg`q`æs`.
v. dqhshaÕ◊s`.
run away
v. dqxt¡lt¡æj`;
v. dqÕ”◊xh”jv`mft¡srx`».
v. dqÕ”xh”gt¡ft¡sx`».
running
n. dmchaÕ◊sn.
rush
n. dl`f`l`f`;
v. dqh”g`ft¡jÕ◊q`.
rottenness
S - s
sacrifice
sacrify
sacrilege
sad
n. natægdqd»;
n. dgnmfn;
v. dqÕ◊gdqdæq`.
v. dqhadladæq`;
v. dqÕ◊gdæq`;
v. dqhxhrÕ◊f`.
n. dqh”f`æmf`;
n. djÕ”◊g`ækx`;
v. dqh”g`kx`æ.
v. dqh”jt¡mft¡l`æm`;
v. dqh”sh”mfh”s`æm`.
v. dqh”gÕ”◊m`.
n. djdærd»;
v. dqhknanæj`;
v. dqhsrhatæg`.
safety pin n. djtk`æon.
saliva
n. `l`s`æmcd»;
n. dqh”srt¡j`.
saliva mark n. djhjnld».
salt
n. djhftmstq`;
n. nælt¡æmxt¡;
n. `j`vhmh;
sad face
safe
r`ks lhmd
v. dqhktæmf`.
n. djÕ”◊gn daÕ”◊gn.
n. nltærv`rv`.
n. nlt¡æj`kh”gx`.
n. dlÕ◊ktæmfhqd.
n. djÕ”◊srv`mh”qx`.
n. nltk`lÕ◊qn;
n. natæràtkd».
same
n. nlt¡æfh”ldqdqd.
same person n. nlt¡fæ hldqdq`.
Samuel
n. R`ælvdkh”.
sand
n. nltærdæfd.
sap
n. dqh”j`æj`æl`;
n. dæmfnæmn;
n. dmÕ”◊la`;
n. `l`ær`r`;
n. dqÕ◊srhsrh;
n. `l`æsrhsrh.
satisfied
n. næavnft¡sd»;
v. dqÕ◊gtlv`»;
v. dqh”rÕ”◊l`;
v. dqÕ◊sg`lv`».
satisfy
v. dqhxhjnæc`.
Saturday
n. donærn.
sauce
n. daghmc`;
n. nkt¡jnmch”;
n. nltæjtæah;
n. dlanæj`;
n. `j`ærdadqd;
n. djhsgnmcnæqn;
n. nltsn»;
n. nktsrÕ◊jdæmcd.
saucy
v. dqhmnæj`.
save
n. natk`lÕ◊qn;
v. dqÕ◊a`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊ràtj`æk`;
v. dqh”srh”at¡gx`».
save water v. dqÕ◊ràtæk`.
saved
v. dqÕ◊ràtæj`.
saver
n. nlt¡æràt¡ækh”.
salt mine
salted water
salt-giver
salting
saltless
salvation
250
rbnkc
v. dqhfdæf`.
— hmch;
v. dqhf`ær`;
v. dqhg`ltæk`;
v. dqxnælanladqx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊rnmnj`kx`».
say wrong thing v. dqh”gàx`»;
v. dqhgàÕ◊q`.
scabies
n. natgdæqd;
n. nktgdqdgdæqd;
n. nktjdqdæad;
v. dqxt¡mt¡æj`.
scale
n. djhjnæq`;
n. dæmf`j`.
scales
n. natj`æf`æsh.
scar
n. dæmfnkt¡;
n. dæmfnkt¡æjn;
n. dæmft¡jt¡;
v. dqÕ”◊jnkt¡æj`.
scatter
v. dqÕ◊atfàtf`æm`;
v. dqhfdq`fdq`æm`;
v. dqÕ◊ftr`æmf`;
v. dqho`æmy`;
v. dqhq`æg`;
v. dqÕ”◊r`la`f`k`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqh”r`la`kh”rx`»;
v. dqÕ◊sr`sr`æmf`;
v. dqÕ”◊srnsr`mfx`».
school
n. næavh”xh”rx`;
n. `j`kg`ærh.
scold
v. dqÕ”◊at¡f`æm`;
v. dqÕ◊avhqhqÕ◊q`;
v. dqh”g`mct¡jx`»;
v. dqhg`xÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊jtatæk`;
v. dqh”knmfnkx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊ldsx`ldsx`»;
v. dqhm`mÕ◊j`;
v. dqÕ”◊s`cx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊snmnmfnkx`»;
saw
say
rbnkchmf
scolding
scorch
scorched
scorn
scrape off
scratch
scratcher
scream
screaming
scrub
scrubbing
search
searching
251
v. dqÕ◊srtl`æmf`.
n. nlt¡æg`æmct¡jhqx`;
n. dlÕ◊jtmfhqd.
v. dqh”sh”lnæk`.
v. dqhmxtatj`æq`;
v. dqÕ”◊st¡st¡j`æk`.
v. dqÕ◊rtm`æs`.
v. dqÕ”◊jnqnlansx`».
n. dmfnqnsrxn»;
n. nltjtæqn;
v. dqxdf`»;
v. dqxdftæk`;
v. dqÕ◊g`qtæq`;
v. dqh”g`qt¡srx`»;
v. dqhgnqnæq`;
v. dqhjnjnæk`;
v. dqÕ◊jnqnfnæs`;
v. dqh”jnqnqx`æ;
v. dqÕ◊xhrtm`æmf`.
n. djÕ”◊g`qt¡æsrh”.
v. dqx`gÕ◊q`;
v. dqx`gÕ◊j`;
v. dqhgtaÕ◊j`;
v. dqhgtahjhqÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊k`æj`;
v. dqÕ◊lnknknæj`;
v. dqhotæq`;
v. dqhotqÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ”◊rxdæq`.
n. nltæk`jhqd.
v. dqhjtqtftæs`;
v. dqhjtqtæs`;
v. dqhsrhfÕ◊sr`.
n. dlÕ◊jtæqtftshqd.
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡lt¡mft¡æk`;
v. dqhjvdær`;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡l`jt¡æl`;
v. dqhsr`æj`.
n. natæjvdærd»;
n. dlÕ◊jvdærdqd.
rdo`q`sd
season
n. djhqÕ◊ln.
season, hot n. nltstmfts`æmn.
Rdæa`rshdm n. Rdag`.
secluded place n. `j`ækt¡jvdækt¡jvd».
secretly
n. nat¡æah”rnæaÕ”◊rn.
section
n. nltær`æqn.
see!
— s`»m`.
see
v. dqhk`mfÕ◊q`.
seed
n. dælatæsn;
n. dæmft¡æl`;
n. djÕ”◊ft¡æl`;
n. nktsrhaÕ◊q`;
n. natsrhaÕ◊q`.
seeds
n. natjv`»;
n. navnæknjt¡.
seek beer v. dqÕ”◊kt¡æla`.
seem
v. dqÕ◊adqv`».
seer
n. nlt¡k`ft¡ækh”;
n. dlÕ◊k`æftkhqd.
seize
v. dqÕ”◊agdrx`»;
v. dqhftmcÕ◊q`;
v. dqhg`æla`;
v. dqÕ◊mx`ftæk`;
v. dqhmxdftæk`;
v. dqhsrÕ◊la`;
v. dqÕ◊srtæmc`;
v. dqhsrtmc`lÕ◊q`.
self-sufficient v. dqÕ◊xhl`ækg`;
sell
v. dqxd»mcx`»;
v. dqh”ft¡kx`».
seller
n. nælvdmcx`.
selling price n. nat¡æft¡ækh”;
n. nat¡æft¡ækx`.
send
v. dqhk`xÕ◊q`;
v. dqhkdadæj`;
v. dqÕ◊stæl`.
senseless words n. dahstqtstæqt.
sensitize
v. dqhfdfdæq`.
separate
v. dqhj`s`æm`;
v. dqhj`stk`æm`;
rdo`q`shnm
v. dqh”kdjx`»;
v. dqÕ◊l`stj`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊l`stk`æm`;
v. dqho`mytæk`.
separation n. dlÕ◊f`æa`mhqd;
n. natæj`s`md»;
n. natæj`stkd».
separator
n. nlt¡æf`æa`mh”`.
September n. nlt¡sngdqxn».
servant
n. nltfnælad;
n. nltjnad»;
n. nltjnæmcn;
n. djÕ”◊rh”la`;
n. nltrtæah.
serve food v. dqÕ”◊gt¡jt¡æk`.
servitude
n. natjnæmcn.
seven
n. dqhqÕ◊mc`.
several
— j`mfh.
several turns — dlaÕ◊qÕ◊qh.
severe
v. dqhsr`srtæg`.
severity
n. natæj`kd».
sew
v. dqh”ft¡mc`ft¡mcx`»;
v. dqhk`æmc`.
sewing
n. nltæk`æmchqd.
sexual act n. dlÕ”◊jt¡æch”qd.
sexual intercourse v. dqÕ◊j`jtk`æm`.
sexually aroused v. dqÕ”◊k`mfx`».
shackles
n. dæj`æmf`.
shade
n. dæjh”srt¡æsrt¡».
shadow
n. dæjh”st¡æst¡».
shake
v. dqÕ◊jtmfts`;
v. dqh”sh”sh”l`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqhsrÕ◊mf`;
v. dqhsrhmf`srÕ◊mf`;
v. dqh”srh”mf`srh”mfx`»;
v. dqh”srh”mfx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊st¡myx`».
shallow river n. nlt¡jdjdæsh”.
shame
n. nat¡æjt¡at¡jd»;
n. nstæjtmyt;
252
rghdkc
n. drÕ”◊rnæmh”;
n. natærtægd».
shard
n. djÕ◊fnælan;
n. djhg`ær`;
n. djÕ◊jdjd;
n. nktxn».
share
n. `jàvÕ”◊q`;
n. nat¡f`æah”;
n. dqh”f`æan;
n. djÕ◊r`»;
v. dqha`æf`;
v. dqÕ◊adftæk`;
v. dqhf`æa`;
v. dqhfà`æm`.
share land n. dmfàÕ◊qn.
sharing
n. dlÕ◊a`æfhqd;
n. nltæa`ftækn;
n. dlÕ◊f`æahqd.
sharp
v. dqÕ◊ag`mf`kg`ækg`;
v. dqÕ◊sx`æk`.
sharp side n. nælnx`.
sharpen
v. dqÕ◊ftrtmftæk`;
v. dqÕ”◊s`kx`æ;
v. dqÕ”◊sx`kx`».
shave
v. dqhfdæla`;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡at¡æk`.
shaved
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡at¡j`æk`.
shaved head n. dæmft¡at¡.
sheath
n. næktan.
shed
n. djÕ◊atæmfn;
n. djhjtæmc`».
sheep
n. dælat¡ækh”.
shell
n. djÕ”◊jt¡ækn;
v. dqhgngnæk`;
v. dqxngnæk`.
shellfish
n. dxh”rÕ”◊lah”;
n. dxhrÕ◊lah.
shelter
v. dqxt»v`æl`.
shepherd
n. nlt¡ækh”rx`.
shield
n. dmf`æan.
rghmd
v. dqhcdcdæl`;
v. dqÕ◊j`æmf`;
v. dqÕ”◊j`mfà`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqÕ”◊j`mfà`r`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqÕ◊j`mf`k`l`æk`;
v. dqhj`mx`xÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊j`mx`xÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊jnæk`;
v. dqÕ”◊jnkdqx`»;
v. dqÕ◊jnæl`;
v. dqhmxdmxdæs`;
v. dqhmxdæs`.
shining
n. dlÕ◊mxdæmxdsdqd.
shirt
n. drh”lÕ”◊rh”;
n. djhrnldæjn.
shoe
n. dmfdmcdæqn;
n. dmfdæsd;
n. djhqx`æsn.
shoot
v. dqÕ”◊oÕ”◊j`.
shooting
n. nat¡æoh”jÕ”◊qn.
shop
n. dct¡æj`».
short
n. djÕ”◊jt¡gh”;
n. djÕ◊qh.
shortcut
n. `j`sgh”qÕ”◊r`shorten
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡gx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡jdgx`».
shortness
n. nat¡æjt¡gh”.
shorts
n. dmyt¡ct¡ækgt¡.
should
— kÕ◊snækdqd.
shoulder
n. djÕ◊sÕ◊fn.
shoulder blade n. dmfdælad.
show
v. dqh”j`mf`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqh”j`mfx`æ;
v. dqhj`mfhqÕ◊q`;
v. dqh”jnmfnmx`».
show off
v. dqh”xh”j`mf`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqÕ◊xhrÕ◊j`.
v. dqh”xh”agt¡kgt¡æsg`.
show teeth v. dqh”rh”mh”jx`»;
v. dqh”s`kh”jx`»;
shine
253
rhmfdq
v. dqh”sh”mh”jx`»;
v. dqh”sh”mh”mÕ”◊`.
showing teeth n. dlÕ”◊rÕ”◊mh”jh”qx`.
shred
n. djÕ◊rhlahqh.
shreds
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡mft¡st¡æj`.
shut
v. dqhjÕ◊mf`.
sick
— dlnmcdlnmcd;
n. nlt¡jnæmh”;
n. nltækvdqd;
v. dqÕ◊kv`æk`;
v. dqhsnæg`;
v. dqh”xh”cdcdldrx`».
sick person n. dæmxtmyt.
sickle
n. nltgnækn»;
n. dæmfno`;
n. nltkhlÕ◊q`;
n. djÕ◊r`q`;
n. nlt¡æsdælh”;
v. nltahmf`,my`æk`.
sickness
n. natækvdqd.
side
n. nktg`æmcd;
n. dæmc`lah.
sideways
adv. dæmynsn.
sieve
n. `j`xhmftækn.
sift
v. dqhfdfdæm`;
v. dqh”ft¡kt¡jx`»;
v. dqÕ◊rdmydfdæs`;
v. dqhxhmfÕ◊q`;
v. dqhxhmftæk`;
v. dqhxtmftæk`.
sign
n. djhlhmxhj`ækn.
signal
n. djhlhmxdqdæqn.
silence
n. nat¡fÕ”◊kÕ”◊fh”kh”;
n. nltgtmdæqn;
n. nat¡æjt¡st¡;
n. nat¡æjt¡st¡jt¡st¡.
adv. agÕ”◊kh”agh”kh”.
sin
n. dqh”knækn.
sing
v. dqÕÃla`».
singer
n. nælvÕ”◊lah”.
rhmfdq+ rnkhrs
singer, solist n. nælvh”lah”qÕ”◊qh”.
single
n. nltf`æmc`;
n. nltrÕ◊lah.
singlehood n. natf`æmc`;
n. natrÕ◊lah.
sink
v. dqh”gt¡ct¡ct¡æj`;
v. dqh”gt¡ct¡ct¡j`æk`;
v. dqxnmfnadqdæq`;
v. dqÕ◊rdæmc`;
v. dqÕ”◊rdmcx`»;
v. dqhsnadæq`;
v. dqhsnadqdæq`.
sink in
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡ct¡ctæj`;
v. dqhsnæa`;
v. dqh”snadqx`æ.
sister-in-law n. nltæk`ælt;
n. l`Õ◊m`.
sit awkwardly v. dqÕ◊jtm`æl`;
v. dqÕ◊jtm`lÕ◊q`.
sit down
v. dqh”j`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊xhsdæj`.
v. dqÕ◊xhatsÕ◊j`.
v. dqÕ◊xhotsgÕ◊j`.
six
n. dæmc`st.
size
n. dmcdæmfn.
skim
v. dqhatqtæq`;
v. dqhatqtqÕ◊q`;
v. dqhfdktæk`.
skin
n. dæmfna`;
n. dmfnæah”;
n. nkt¡æft¡a`;
n. nktægt»;
n. djÕ◊gt»;
n. dmfnæa`;
n. nktægn»;
v. dqh”x`mt¡kx`».
skin an animal v. dqhgnmfnæk`.
skin disease n. dæmydqvd».
skin off
v. dqhanmfnæk`.
skin particle n. `j`mx`ldæqt¡.
254
rkhlmdrr
skin, peeled v. dqh”st¡at¡j`æq`.
skirt
n. dcnmfh”.
slam
v. dqh”gÕ”◊mc`;
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡æsg`;
v. dqh”s`qt¡jx`».
slant eye
n. dqÕ”◊jdmfd.
slap
n. djh”gxn»;
n. dqh”jnæeh”;
n. djhla`sgÕÃ;
v. dqÕ◊l`s`mftæk`.
slaughter
v. dqÕ◊a`æf`;
v. dqhjdæq`;
v. dqÕ”◊rÕ”◊my`.
slaughterer n. nlt¡ærÕ”◊myh”.
slaughtering n. nlt¡ærh”myh”qd.
slaughtering compensation n.
natæjdæqd».
slave
n. nltæftækv`.
slavery
n. natfnælad;
n. natæsr`m`.
sleep
n. nst¡fnsrdæqh”;
n. dghfnæsrn;
n. nstæknæ;
n. nst¡æknknæsh”;
n. nat¡æox`ld»;
v. dqhfnsrdæq`;
v. dqhgtæmc`;
v. dqÕ”◊jdrx`æ;
v. dqÕ”◊ox`æl`;
v. dqhx`æ sn»;
v. dqhx`æ sn».
slender
n. nltæjdgdqd;
n. `j`ældmydældæmyd;
n. dæmy`kh”l`.
slim
v. dqÕ”◊rncx`».
slime
n. nktjnæmc`.
slimness
n. `j`æanmcd»;
n. nlt¡ægncnjxn»;
n. navÕ◊m`;
n. natjdæmcd.
rkhmf
sling
n. nlt¡mydkdæch”.
slingshot
n. nlt¡rh”oÕ”◊kh”.
slip
v. dqhsdmcdæq`.
slippery place n. `l`sdmcdæqd.
slope
n. dmc`j`æk`.
slough
v. dqx`mt¡kx`».
small
— `j`æmxngnmxngn;
adj. djÕ◊jd»;
n. `j`ækxnsn;
n. `j`æmxnsnmxnsn.
n. `j`æmxnsnmxnsn.
n. djhstkdæfd.
small finger n. `æj`r`æmv`»;
n. `æj`r`æmvd».
small pot
n. `j`srnonkn.
small things n. dgh”jt¡ækgt¡æmft¡st¡.
smallness n. natæjdæatæjd»;
n. natæjd».
smallpox
n. natsgtæsgtæqt.
smart
n. nlt¡æf`rt¡f`rt¡.
smartness n. `l`xdækd».
smear
v. dqÕ◊g`æj`;
v. dqÕ◊g`j`æa`;
v. dqÕ”◊g`jàx`»;
v. dqÕ◊g`jÕ◊q`;
v. dqh”rh”qÕ”◊o`.
smearing
n. dlÕ◊g`jàhqd.
smell
— srt srt srt;
n. nltæadægdqd;
n. djhadægn;
n. djhjtælan;
n. natæla`;
v. dqhadæg`;
v. dqhjtæla`;
v. dqh”jt¡lax`»;
v. dqhjtlaÕ◊q`.
smelting fire n. dmct¡ft¡æsn.
smile
v. dqÕ”◊mxdfdrx`».
smoke
n. nælt¡æjh”;
v. dqÕ”◊agt¡æj`;
255
rnes
v. dqxnælnsx`»;
v. dqh”st¡æla`.
smoke the pipe v. dqÕ”◊lnsx`».
smoked meat n. nltj`ækn.
smoking
n. dlÕ”◊agt¡jh”qd.
smooth
v. dqh”mxnqnrx`».
snail
n. djhjnld».
snake
n. dmx`ldæqh”;
n. dmcxnj`;
n. nlt¡æxh”qh”l`;
n. dæmynæj`.
snake spec. n. dæjx`myd»;
n. natæctvd»;
n. djdkh”;
n. djhmàhq` a`æfnækd;
n. dæmx`qtæmx`æsrh;
n. dæmy`h”r`xh”;
n. djÕ◊qx`,l`æxh;
n. djhqhlhq`,a`æfnækd;
n. djh”rnægh”.
snake tail n. natrnkn.
snatch
v. dqh”mxdft¡kx`»;
v. dqh”ot¡æq`;
v. dqhr`ftæk`.
sneezing
n. dæsrh”gx`».
snore
v. dqhgtktæk`;
v. dqhgtqtæs`;
v. dqh”gt¡qt¡sx`».
snoring
n. nltægtæktkd.
snot
n. nltgnælanækn.
snow
n. dæmytqtqt.
so that
— jtælad.
soak
v. dqÕ◊kgnagdæj`;
v. dqh”kt¡aÕ”◊j`;
v. dqhsrncnæg`.
soap
n. dla`jà`æmn.
sob
v. dqÕ”◊rÕ”◊la`.
sobbing
n. dlÕ”◊rh”lah”qd.
sobbing animal n. dvànkdq`.
soft
v. dqhgtæmc`.
rnesdm
v. dqh”agt¡æag`;
v. dqhcnæmf`.
softly
— anknæanækn.
soil
n. `l`gx`»;
n. nlts`æj`.
soil layer
n. djhrnkgnæag`.
soil the water v. dqÕ”◊sàt¡æk`.
soiled
v. dqÕ”◊sàt¡æj`;
v. dqhsàt¡æj`æk`.
solace
v. dqÕ”◊jÕ”◊q`mÕ”◊`.
soldier
n. nlt¡ægt¡sgx`;
n. nltrtc`».
solitude
n. natæxhrnfdqd.
some
n. djÕ◊qdæad.
someone
n. hxdæmxnæmch.
n. ldæad.
son
n. nltf`æk`.
Sondabyo n. Rnmc`æaxn».
song
n. nækvÕ◊lan.
song verse n. djhg`».
son-in-law n. nltæjvdæ.
soot
n. dælaÕ”◊qn;
n. nltxdæxd;
n. nltxdxd».
soothe
v. dqÕ”◊jÕ”◊q`mÕ”◊`.
soothsayer n. nltæs`gv`;
v. dqhk`ftæk`.
soothsaying n. nat¡kdmft¡kÕ”◊qh”.
sorcerer
n. nlt¡æaÕ”◊mh”;
n. jtmctkàhqdæmfd;
n. nlt¡knæfh”;
n. nlt¡knæxh”;
n. nltæktld,jàhqh.
sorcery
n. nat¡knæxh”sore throat n. `j`mÕ”◊f`.
sorghum
n. nltægdla`.
sorry
— g`æl`kd.
sort
v. dqÕ◊fdqdæj`;
v. dqhrnknæk`;
v. dqÕ◊sr`latæk`.
soften
256
ro`qqnvg`vj
v. dqxt»mftæk`.
n. dlÕ◊rnæknkdqd;
n. dlÕ◊rnælankdqd.
sorting person n. nlt¡rnlanækh”.
sound
n. nltægtæln.
soup
n. djngnæjngn»;
n. nlt¡jnoh”;
n. nltæjtah;
n. djhr`q`r`æq`;
n. drt¡æot¡.
sour
n. drxnæmxÕ”◊mxh”;
v. dqÕ◊j`kÕ◊g`;
v. dqÕ”◊j`kh”gx`»;
v. dqho`j`æk`;
v. dqh”o`j`kx`».
sour food v. dqh”f`fh”qx`».
sour leaves n. nælt¡mft¡ægd.
sour vegetables n. drÕ”◊rnfn.
sourness
n. natæj`khgd»;
n. nat¡æj`kh”gx`.
sow
v. dqÕ◊aÕ◊a`;
v. dqhgdæq`;
v. dqh”jt¡æj`;
v. dqho`æmf`;
v. dqÕ◊rÕ◊f`:
v. dqÕ◊rhxÕ◊q`.
space
n. nælv`mx`.
space between n. dla`æmfd.
spark
n. dmftktjÕ◊q`;
n. dmftktjÕ◊qn;
n. dlatæktækh.
sparrow
n. `æj`kÕ”◊mcxdsxd»;
n. djh”rt¡;æ
n. djÕ”◊rt¡»;
n. dmyhq`æltjhmcd.
sparrowhawk n. djÕ◊gtmft;
n. `j`jnæanæat¡;
n. djnækh”;
n. `j`ær`q`;
n. `j`æsdkt¡ækh”.
sort out
sorting
ro`stk`
257
n. nlt¡j
æ n.
v. dqÕ◊agàg`xÕ◊j`;
v. dqÕ”◊at¡æf`;
v. dqÕ◊f`fÕ◊q`;
v. dqhg`æa`;
v. dqhg`g`ltæj`;
v. dqÕ”◊jdkdagx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡jt¡laÕ”◊q`;
v. dqh”kh”la`¡kÕ”◊la`;
v. dqh”rdgx`»;
v. dqh”rh”lnæk`;
v. dqhs`jtæj`;
v. dqhstatj`æm`;
v. dqÕ◊xhj`q`f`æs`:
v. dqÕ”◊lh”j`lÕ”◊j`speak ill
v. dqÕ◊snæmf`.
speak precipitatively v. dqhgnqnlnæj`.
spear
n. dqÕ”◊st¡æln.
special way adv. ktmcÕ◊ktmch.
speech problem n. natækÕ◊lh.
spend night v. dqÕ”◊qh”qx`».
v. dqh”xÕ”◊qh”qx`».
spend time v. dqhrÕ◊a`;
v. dqhrhaÕ◊q`.
spider
n. djÕ◊rdmftæk`».
spill
v. dqÕ”◊adsx`»;
v. dqhav`æf`;
v. dqh”srv`xh`»;
v. dqxt¡s`mfÕ◊j`.
spin
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡mfx`».
spine
n. dc`mfÕ◊c`kg`.
spirit
n. nltækx`æmxdmyd;
n. nlt¡ækÕ”◊lt¡;
n. nlt¡ækÕ”◊lt;
n. `jòÕ◊oÕÃ;
n. djÕ”◊qh”lt¡;
n. nltx`æf`.
spirit male n. dr`la`.
spiritist
n. dla`æmcv`;
n. nltfdqdj`.
spatula
speak
roqd`chmf nts
n. natægÕ◊l`.
n. daÕ◊fnæk`.
n. dæmch”jn.
v. dqÕ◊agdækg`;
v. dqÕ◊fdmxdmftæj`;
v. dqÕ◊gdmdmftæk`;
v. dqÕ◊jdmxdftæj`;
v. dqÕ◊jdmxdmftj`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊ldmxdmftj`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊s`g`mftæj`;
v. dqÕ◊snsnkdæj`;
v. dqÕ”◊srt¡sr`æmf`.
spoil
v. dqÕ”◊ah”gx`»;
v. dqhf`æf`;
v. dqÕ”◊g`kx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊gnmÕ”◊`;
v. dqh”kgt¡æs`;
v. dqhktla`f`æm`;
v. dqhktæmc`;
v. dqh”kt¡mcx`»;
v. dqÕ◊sr`æmc`;
v. dqÕ”◊sr`mcx`».
v. dqh◊sr`æsr`.
spokesman n. nlt¡ærnæankx`.
sponge
n. dlat¡gt¡æl`;
n. dlat¡gt¡æln;
n. djÕ◊srnlnmfnæan.
spoon
n. nkto`æfn.
spot
n. `j`ækdladæqh”;
n. djhsr`mf`æqn.
spot for praying n. nltæsv`mfÕ◊mfn.
spots on skin n. dqh”qdæla`.
sprain
n. nat¡æagt¡md»;
n. nat¡æagt¡mh”jh”qd.
spread
v. dqx`fnq`æm`;
v. dqh”av`x`»;
v. dqhmx`æf`.
spread flour v. dqhktjÕ◊q`.
spread out v. dqha`la`æl`.
spreading out n. natæa`ælad».
spirits' hut
spittle
spleen
split
roqhmf
n. dmft¡mt¡mt¡æjn;
n. dæmft¡mt¡mt¡æjn;
n. dæmt¡mf`;
n. djÕ◊sdgdæqn;
v. dqh”jt¡mt¡mt¡æj`;
v. dqÕ◊r`mc`j`æk`;
v. dqxt¡mt¡jx`».
sprinkle
v. dqh”gdgdqx`».
sprout
v. dqÕ◊k`ær`.
spurt
v. dqÕ◊r`k`ktæj`;
v. dqÕ◊sr`q`æq`.
spy
v. dqÕ”◊agdkdkdrx`»;
v. dqhk`æla`;
v. dqh”kh”lax`»;
v. dqÕ”◊qnqnsrx`»;
v. dqh”sdxÕ”◊`.
spying
n. nltækdqdsdqd;
n. natqnæmcn.
squat
v. dqÕ◊ats`æl`.
squeeze
v. dqÕ◊g`s`s`æm`;
v. dqÕ◊gnl`gnl`æm`;
v. dqÕ◊gtl`s`mf`æm`;
v. dqÕ◊j`ltæk`;
v. dqhmxhfÕ◊sr`.
v. dqhsrhxÕ◊sr`.
squinting eyes n. `l`æk`kh.
squirrel
n. djÕ◊rhmch;
n. `j`ærhmcÕ◊a`».
squirrel spec. n. `j`ærh”la`;
n. `j`statmftq`;
n. `j`statmftqtæq`.
stagnate
v. dqÕ◊kdæj`.
stain
n. `j`æaÕ◊at.
stammer
v. dqÕ”◊sdsdlt¡æj`;
v. dqÕ◊shshlaÕ◊q`.
stammering n. nlt¡æsdst¡.
stamp
v. dqhkx`æs`.
stand
v. dqÕ◊g`f`æl`;
v. dqhxhrhmcÕ◊j`.
stand aside v. dqhghmftj`æk`.
spring
258
rshbj
v. dqh”g`mf`lx`»;
v. dqÕ◊g`mf`æm`;
v. dqÕ◊j`mf`k`l`æm`;
v. dqÕ◊jnjnknæl`;
v. dqÕ◊sdkdkdjv`».
stand up straight v. dqhg`mf`æl`.
Stanislas
n. Rhs`mh.
star
n. dæmft¡mt¡æmt¡».
stare
v. dqÕ”◊fnrx`»;
v. dqh”kdadqdqx`».
start
v. dqÕ◊ftær`;
v. dqhrnmcnæk`;
v. dqÕ◊s`mcÕ◊j`;
v. dqh”xh”srnj`srnj`mÕ”◊`.
statements n. dlÕ◊g`æahqd;
n. dsrnsrn.
stay
v. dqhrhmf`æl`.
stay fixed v. dqhxhsrÕ◊la`.
stay quiet v. dqÕ◊xnldæj`.
steal
v. dqÕ”◊a`mc`mft¡srx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊ag`mcx`»;
v. dqÕ”a
Ã `»;
v. dqxn»mynæk`.
stealing
n. næavh”aÕ”◊qn.
steam
n. dæjxtj`.
steep
n. djÕ◊jv`mf`.
stem of a tree n. nltæjnmfn.
stem of a plant n. nltærhmch.
step
n. djÕ”◊jÕ”◊mcn.
sterile
v. dqh”ftla`gx`»;
v. dqh”ràt¡gx`».
sterile female animal n. djhr`æan.
stick
n. dmfnæmcn;
n. dmÕ◊mch;
n. nltg`mcÕ◊qn;
n. nlt¡ægt¡ælan;
n. nælvh”fn;
n. dmfnæln;
n. dæmfnæln;
n. dqh”jnæmfn»;
stand up
rshbjhmf
n. dmfnmh”;
n. nltkhlÕ◊qn;
n. drxnl`ælan;
n. nktl`ælan;
n. djhrnjnækn;
n. djÕ◊srhsrh;
n. dmynmcn;
n. nlt¡st¡mct¡ækh”;
n. nlt¡srn»;
v. dqx`æl`jhqÕ◊q`;
v. dqx`æl`s`æm`;
v. dqÕ◊ag`sÕ◊j`;
v. dqÕ◊j`l`sgÕ◊j`;
v. dqÕ◊j`q`f`sÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊l`s`æm`;
v. dqÕ◊l`sÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ”◊xh”ag`mch”jh”rx`».
sticking
n. nlt¡æl`sh”qx`.
sticks
n. dlhkgdqdæln;
n. dla`la`kxn»;
n. dlhqdqdæln.
sticky
v. dqÕ◊l`æl`.
still
— g`jh”rÕ”◊x`».
stilt
n. dæmfnækd;
n. dmx`æmfnækd.
stinginess n. natægdælt.
stink
n. nækt¡s`;
v. dqÕ◊xhstkÕ◊q`.
stock
v. dqÕ◊ktæmc`;
v. dqÕ◊ktmcÕ◊j`.
stomach
n. dqhatæmc`»;
n. `j`æatmcd;
n. djÕ”◊gt¡»;
n. dmc`»;
n. dmc`»;
v. dqÕ”◊gdqdat¡jx`».
stomach, empty
v. dqÕ”◊gdqdat¡æj`.
stone
n. dqh”avd»;
n. dmfnæf`;
n. dmfnfdæqn;
26/
rsq`sdfx
n. djÕ◊fnsnkdæqn;
n. dæmft¡kÕ”◊mfn;
n. dqÕ”◊gÕ”◊f`;
n. dæmcnmcnkdæqn;
n. JÕ◊g`æq`.
stone for sharpening n. dqÕ”◊sx`kxn».
stool
n. djÕ◊adsd.
stop
v. dqÕ”Ãl`æm`;
v. dqÕ◊sr`f`lÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊srhqÕ◊j`;
v. dqxtr`».
stopover
n. djh”jxnæ.
storage
n. dæmcdæjn.
storing place n. natghftkÕ◊qn.
storm
n. dqhftæmc`;
n. nlt¡st¡æmyh”.
story
n. nltf`ælan.
stove
n. dqh”eÕ”◊j`».
straight
n. dlÕ◊g`mf`lhqd;
v. dqÕ”◊g`f`k`kx`»;
v. dqÕ◊stmf`m`æm`.
straighten v. dqhfnknknj`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊fnsnæk`;
v. dqÕ◊gdmfdltæk`;
v. dqhktmftæk`.
v. dqhktmftj`æk`.
v. dqh”kt¡xh”qh”q`mÕ”`
◊ .
strange
n. nat¡ft¡qt¡ft¡æqt¡;
n. nlt¡ft¡qt¡ft¡æqt¡.
adv. ltæg`mc`.
stranger
n. nlt¡fdæmh”;
n. nlv`r`;
n. nlt¡mfnækgnæagt¡.
strangle
v. dqÕ◊f`rtj`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊j`ltæk`;
v. dqhj`ær`.
strap
n. nlt¡æjt¡ækn.
strategy
n. dxh”sdæmcd;
n. natohjn;
n. nat¡oh”jn;
rsq`v
n. natæoÕ◊srh.
n. dahaÕ◊mft;
n. drxnælatæa`;
n. nltcnæcnl`;
n. nktæmx`æsrh;
n. natæmx`æsrh;
n. dæjhr`r`j`k`;
n. nltærdjd.
straw for sucking n. djÕ”◊mxt¡æmxn.
strawberry n. dqh”jdæqdæqd»;
n. dodæqdrd.
stray
n. dqh”kdæla`.
streaks
n. nltækdq`.
strength
n. `j`æf`æk`;
n. `l`j`»;
n. natæj`kd»;
n. natæj`ækh;
v. natæj`k`j`khqd».
strengthen v. dqÕ”◊j`k`j`kx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊j`kx`».
stretched
n. nltk`lahjÕ◊q`.
string
n. dælangdæqdæq`»;
n. nltgdæjn;
n. nktærtækh.
strip
v. dqhmxdæf`.
stripping
n. dlÕ◊mxdæfdqd.
strong
n. `j`g`æmf`;
v. dqÕ◊j`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊j`k`j`æk`.
strongly
— jtsrÕ◊at.
strut about v. dqÕ”◊ldmx`ldmx`.
stubborness n. natæktldæktæld;
n. donæmn;
n. nlt¡æxh”jt¡sxn».
stuck
v. dqhf`mhqÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊g`sÕ◊q`.
stumble
v. dqh”jv`kgt¡æj`;
v. dqÕ”◊svh”j`æk`;
v. dqÕ”◊svh”j`mf`æk`.
straw
260
rteedq
stumbling block n. dæmcvh”j`k`.
stumbling stone n. djÕ”◊svh”j`kÕ◊qn.
stump
n. djhg`æmc`;
n. djÕ◊jnmcn;
n. djÕ◊s`la`k`;
n. djÕ”◊sh”mfÕ”◊sÕ”◊mfh”;
n. dæmcnæjvd»;
n. nlt¡sr`æmcÕ”◊m`.
stump of reed n. dqÕ”◊sÕ”◊m`.
stupid
n. djÕ”◊jh”qt¡;
n. nlt¡ærÕ”◊mfn;
n. nlt¡æsvdmfd.
v. dqÕ◊jhmfhqhfhs`æm`.
stupidity
n. nat¡æjÕ”◊qt¡.
stupidly
n. nat¡æjh”qt¡æjÕ”◊qt¡.
subjecthood n. natftæmc`».
substitute v. dqÕ◊jnlanæk`.
succeed
v. dqhsnæj`;
v. dqh”snjdrx`».
successful v. dqÕ”◊xh”st¡æmch”j`mÕ”◊`.
succession v. dqÕ”◊gvh”qh”qh”j`mÕ”◊`.
suck
v. dqÕ◊mtæm`;
v. dqÕ◊mxtmftsÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ”◊mxt¡æmx`.
sucker
n. djÕ◊mtæmn.
sucking
n. nlt¡æmxt¡mxh”qd.
suffer
v. dqx`f`kx`»;
v. dqx`f`kv`»;
v. dqÕ”◊cdft¡æl`;
v. dqhf`kv`»;
v. dqh”jnqnl`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqÕ”◊jv`»;
v. dqhmdjdæq`;
v. dqh”mdjdqx`»;
v. dqhmtæa`;
v. dqh”mt¡ax`»;
v. dqhmtatj`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊r`la`f`k`æm`;
v. dqÕ◊rdæmf`;
v. dqhs`jtæj`;
rteedqhmf
v. dqÕ◊xhatkàtæk`.
n. nat¡æf`ækh”;
n. `l`ækhfn;
n. `ldæmh”;
n. nltmtæan;
n. nltærdmfdqd;
n. `l`æsr`mcd».
sugar
n. drt¡j`æqh”.
sugar cane n. nltæsnæjd»;
n. nltæsnæjv`».
n. djhfnæv`.
n. djÕ◊rdjd.
sugar cane residue n. nltæj`ælah.
suit
v. dqhsnkdq`æm`.
suitcase
n. de`kÕ”◊rh”;
n. dev`kÕ”◊rh”.
sulk
v. dqh”kgt¡kgt¡l`æm`;
v. dqh”kgt¡kgt¡l`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqhrtæmy`;
v. dqhsgtæl`;
v. dqhstæg`;
v. dqhstkgtl`æm`.
sulking
n. dlÕ◊rtæmyhqd.
summit
n. `j`æft¡kÕ”◊ft¡ækh”;
n. drhmfh;
n. `j`ærvdrvd».
summit of a hut n. nlt¡jt¡æsn.
sun
n. dmf`q`xÕ”◊ x&nælvhrh;
n. dqxtæa`;
n. dæqxtæa`.
sun heat
n. dæmfnk`ælvhrh.
sun rays
n. `l`r`æk`ækh.
Sunday
n. dxdæmf`».
sunset
n. dqh”kdmfdæq`.
sunshine
n. nælvhrh.
superficially — hftktftækt;
adv. aÕ”◊rÕ”◊r`.
superpose v. dqÕ◊lnkdæj`;
v. dqÕ◊s`khj`;
v. dqÕ◊snldæj`;
suffering
261
rvdkk
v. dqÕ◊snldjdæq`;
v. dqÕ”◊snldmfdj`mÕ”◊`.
support
n. næavh”l`mÕ”◊qh”.
suppose
v. dqh”rt¡myh”j`mÕ”◊`.
surname
n. dæqx`gtækv`».
surprise
n. nat¡ækÕ”◊lat¡rx`;
n. nlt¡ækh”lat¡rh”qx`;
n. `l`æktkd;
v. dqÕ”◊at¡kh”jh”qh”q`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqÕ◊f`r`æl`;
v. dqh”kh”lat¡rx`».
surprised
v. dqÕ”◊at¡kh”jÕ”◊q`.
surprising n. dlÕ”◊at¡kh”jh”qh”q`mh”`.
suspect
v. dqx`g`»;
v. dqÕ◊qdæf`.
suspend
v. dqÕ◊kdæf`;
v. dqÕ”◊kgt¡kgt¡æla`;
v. dqhs`khjÕ◊q`.
suspended v. dqÕ◊kdqdæla`.
sustain
v. dqÕ”◊jh”jh”qx`»;
v. dqÕ◊jh”jh”qh”qx`».
startle
v. dqh”rh”rÕ”◊q`swallow
n. dæmc`laÕ◊q`»;
v. dqÕ”◊cnmfncx`»;
v. dqh”ft¡l`sx`»;
v. dqhldæq`;
v. dqhldqdæj`;
v. dqhsnldæq`;
v. dqhsnldqdæj`.
swamp
n. djhsgnsg`.
swarm
n. djÕ”◊jnlt¡;
n. djÕ”◊kt¡la`.
sweat
n. nækt¡my`.
sweater
n. dsgh”qh”jn».
sweep
v. dqÕ”◊ah”qx`æ;
v. dqÕ”◊gdgdkx`».
sweet potato
n. djhg`mfà`ækd;
n. dmfnmcnækd;
n. dlÕ”◊qÕ”◊jh”.
swell
v. dqhaÕ◊la`;
rvdkkhmf
swelling
262
v. dqÕ”◊aÕ”◊la`;
v. dqÕ◊lÕ◊m`;
v. dqhstmctæl`.
n. nlt¡æah”ah”;
n. nltæaÕ◊at;
n. nlt¡æah”lah”qd;
n. nat¡rÕ”◊mfn;
n. djÕ◊sgtqtæftæmxt;
n. dmynkgnæj`;
n. djÕ◊stqtæftæmxt.
s`qn kdè
swim
swing
swipe
Syaguswa
syphilis
n. nlt¡jt¡ælan.
v. dqhsrÕ◊f`;
v. dqhsrÕ◊g`.
v. dqh”ch”mfx`ch”mfx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡kgt¡kgt¡æla`.
v. dqh”gt¡æmf`.
n. Rx`æftærv`»;
n. Rx`»ftærv`».
n. `j`rvdæmcd».
T - t
n. dæmc`mc`khqd.
n. dsgàt¡kxdæqh”.
n. nlt¡gt¡st¡æst¡.
n. `j`ærhqhrÕ◊mcv`».
n. nltæjÕ◊q`;
n. nat¡rdæqt¡;
n. djhxnæmf`.
tail of banana, sweet potato n.
dmcnæmf`.
take
v. dqÕ◊agnkgnagnæmx`;
v. dqÕ◊ansnkdæq`;
v. dqh”gt¡æmf`;
v. dqÕ◊gtqtæla`;
v. dqÕ”Ãlx`»;
v. dqÕ◊sv`k`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqh”st¡st¡æl`.
take again v. dqÕ◊rtaÕ◊q`.
take away v. dqxn»lanæk`.
take by the mouth v. dqhr`rv`».
take care of v. dqÕ◊agÕ◊mf`.
take from v. dqhstgtæk`.
take off
v. dqÕ◊jnjnmfnæk`;
v. dqÕ◊jnmfnlnæk`;
v. dqhkt¡rx`»;
v. dqh”kt¡rx`»;
table
table-cloth
taciturn
tadpole
tail
v. dqh”sh”sx`»;
v. dqxtrtæk`.
take off handle v. dqÕ◊jnmfnanæk`.
take off seeds v. dqÕ”◊jt¡st¡mft¡æk`.
take out
v. dqxn»k`»;
v. dqxt»g`».
tale
n. nktf`æmn;
n. næltjx`.
talk
n. nltfnankdæqn;
n. nlt¡æj`æmx`;
n. nltæsnsnæxn;
v. dqhf`latæk`;
v. dqh”j`mÕ”◊`.
tall
n. nltkgnmynkgnmyn;
n. nltækh;
n. nltæq`g`jtsh.
tan
v. dqha`æla`.
tanning
n. dlÕ◊a`ælahqd.
taro
n. dqÕ”◊gt¡mt¡;
n. dqÕ”◊gt¡mt¡;
n. dqh”mx`mfv`;
n. dqÕ”◊mx`mfv`;
n. dqÕ”◊mx`mfv`;
n. dqh”mx`mfv`;
n. nltæshahsn.
taro leaf
n. dqh”sdjdæqd.
s`qn kdùdr
taro leaves n. djvdqdjvdæqd;
n. dqhlatc`;
n. nltærtær`;
n. dqh”sdjdæqd.
taro spec. n. djh”mx`æl`æsvÕ”Ã;
n. nltæstft.
taste
n. nltærÕ◊ghqd;
n. natrÕÃ;
v. dqh”fdqx`»;
v. dqÕ◊fnæmy`.
taste beer v. dqhrngnæq`.
tasting
n. dlÕ”◊fdæqx`»;
n. dlÕ”◊fdæqx`;
n. nlt¡f
æ dæqx`.
tasting compensation n. nat¡fæ dæqx`.
tattoo
n. nat¡æmt¡æmh”;
n. donon»;
n. nat¡ær`æjh”;
n. dqÕ◊r`jÕ◊q`»;
n. djÕ◊r`jÕ◊qn;
n. nktær`æjn;
n. dæmynkd;
v. dqÕ◊r`æj`.
tattooing
n. nltær`jhqd.
tattoo
n. nltoÕ◊q`».
tax
n. dæmfdælt;
n. nltrnækn.
tax collector n. nlt¡ærnækdrx`.
tax paying n. dlÕ◊rnækdqd.
tea
n. dsr`æxh”.
teach
v. dqÕ”◊fh”rx`»;
v. dqh”j`mfh”qh”qx`»;
v. dqhxh”rx`».
teacher
n. nlt¡f`kÕ”◊lt¡;
n. nælvh”fh”rx`;
n. nlt¡æj`æmfh”qh”qx`.
teaching
n. nat¡æj`æmfh”qh”qx`.
team
n. djÕ”◊ox`.
tear
n. nlt¡ær`sh”qx`;
v. dqÕ”◊r`s`r`sx`»;
263
sdrshbkd
v. dqÕ◊r`s`r`sÕ◊j`;
v. dqÕ”◊r`sx`æ;
v. dqÕ◊stæk`;
v. dqÕ◊stk`æmf`;
v. dqÕ◊stkÕ◊j`.
tearer
n. nlt¡æst¡ækh”.
tears
n. dælh”rnæmÕ”◊`;
n. daÕ”◊xh”qÕ”◊xÕ”◊qh”.
tease
v. dqxd»mcx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊rdagx`».
tease out
v. dqh”mxt¡ft¡rt¡æk`.
teasing
n. nælv`f`;
n. dexnæsgnexnæsgn.
teeth
n. dla`æmfd;
n. dlÕ”◊rÕ”◊mh”jh”qx`;
v. dqhfdfdæq`.
tell
v. dqÕ◊avÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊gdæmx`;
v. dqÕ◊rdæmx`;
v. dqÕ”◊st¡æk`;
v. dqhx`»;
`lavdd.
tell the naked truth v. dqh”gh”jdqdæq`.
Tembo
n. sgdælan.
temple for Nyabingi n. dæmfnæqvd».
ten
n. dqÕ”◊jt¡ælh”.
tend
v. dqÕ◊j`k`xÕ◊q`.
tender
v. dqh”sdat¡kx`»;
v. dqhsnæs`;
v. dqh”snsx`».
termite
n. nlt¡kt¡æmft¡ækt¡;
n. nltærv`.
n. drÕ”◊rdrdæjdæqd».
terrace
n. dsg`æq`rh.
terrace maker n. nlt¡æst¡ækh”.
terrible
n. nkt¡ægt¡mc`.
terrifying v. dqh”rt¡myt¡l`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqh”rt¡rt¡l`æm`;
v. dqh”rt¡rt¡l`æmÕ”◊`.
testicle
n. nltægdæfd.
sdrshbkdr
testicles
thank you
that
that one
that way
Sgd∆bkd
theft
theirs
them
then
there
thick
thicken
thief
264
n. dagÕ”◊jnrh”;
n. dlÕ◊gdæfd;
n. daÕ◊jtmct.
— v`rÕ”◊mfx`».
— jn;
— nxn;
— xn;
v. `sh+ tsh.
adj. nækx`»;
adj. nxn».
— tsx`».
n. Sgdæjdk`.
n. næavÕ”◊ah”.
pron. djx`æan.
— han».
— Õ”◊agv`»;
— Õ◊mn;
— jvdærh”;
— jvdægh”;
— mdqxn mdqxnæ ---;
— mÕ”◊agv`»;
— mÕ◊ax`»;
— mÕ”◊jv`».
— `gn»;
— gn»;
— jhqx`»;
adv. dæqx`»;
adv. dxn»;
adv. g`kx`».
— cdcdld;
adj. dæjhc`hldæmd;
adj. dcdcdld;
v. dqÕ◊j`l`sg`æm`.
v. dqÕ◊c`hl`m`;
v. dqhj`mc`æm`;
v. dqh”j`mc`mx`».
n. nlt¡ægt¡mfx`gt¡mfx`;
n. nælvÕ”◊ah”;
n. nlvÕ”◊ah”;
n. nltæjtqtmft;
sgqd`c
n. nlt¡q`ægh”;
n. nltæsnjnkdqd.
thigh
n. dqÕ”◊fn;
n. djÕ◊ghmf`.
thin
v. dqÕ◊anæmc`;
v. dqhanmcnæg`;
v. dqÕ”◊jnmcnkt¡æj`;
v. dqÕ”◊jnmfnsrx`».
thin animal n. nlt¡æagnmct¡.
thin out
v. dqÕ◊gvdqdjdqdæq`;
v. dqÕ”◊jnmfnkt¡æj`.
thing
n. `j`jÕ”◊q`;
n. djÕ◊mct;
n. `j`æsrxnsn.
things
n. dgh”jt¡ækgt¡æmft¡st¡.
think
v. dqh”f`mh”qx`»;
v. dqhg`ltæk`;
v. dqh”kdmfdj`mÕ”◊`.
thinning
n. nltæanmcd.
thirst
n. dæmxnæs`.
this much — jÕ◊mf`g`.
this one
adj. nmn;
adj. nxt¡.
this time
adv. kdæqn.
thorn
n. dqÕ◊gv`;
n. djÕ”◊rnldqx`»;
n. djÕ”◊rnmdæqx`»;
n. dqh”snækt¡.
thorns, sticking n. nat¡jt¡æsn.
thought
n. nat¡kdæmfdj`mx`»;
n. nlt¡ækdæmfdjdæmÕ”◊`.
thoughts
n. `l`f`mh”qxn».
thousand
n. djÕ◊fnæmxd»;
n. nækgtet.
thrash
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡la`;
v. dqÕ◊mnæf`;
v. dqÕ”◊sh”sh”at¡æk`.
thrashing
n. djÕ”◊gt¡laÕ”◊qn.
thread
n. dft¡ærh”;
n. nkt¡ægdæjt¡;
sgqd`c ne qògh`
n. dmfnægd;
n. nltærÕ◊rh;
n. nktsrta`æmn.
thread of raphia
n. nkt¡æjÕ”◊mf`.
threaten
v. dqÕ”◊r`lx`r`lx`».
three
n. dæahr`æst.
thresh
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡æla`.
throat
n. nltldæqn.
throat disease n. nltæj`mc`;
n. nltæjda`.
throw
n. dæs`ftærÕ◊j`;
v. dqÕ◊ftær`;
v. dqÕ◊ftr`æmf`;
v. dqhkdjdæq`;
v. dqÕ◊kdmfx`»;
v. dqÕ◊kg`ær`;
v. dqÕ”◊qt¡mfx`»;
v. dqhsrtæc`;
v. dqÕ”◊srvdmfdqx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊srt¡mfx`»;
v. dqh”xh”ft¡kt¡lh”qx`».
throwing
n. dlÕ◊kg`rhqd.
thumb
n. djÕ◊jtæln.
thunder
n. nlt¡kt¡æln.
thunderstorm, noise of n. dqh”st¡».
Thursday — rÕ◊sv`ælÕ◊mx`.
tick
n. dæjxnmcnmc`.
tickle
v. dqhmxhfÕ◊sr`.
tie
n. nltj`æmcd;
v. dqÕ◊anæg`;
v. dqÕ◊g`æmf`;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡mcÕ”◊j`;
v. dqÕ◊l`æs`;
v. dqhrdæmf`;
v. dqÕ”◊v`sh”q`mÕ”◊`.
tie dog
v. dqÕ◊jnæl` 'dælav`æ(.
tighten
v. dqÕ”◊j`lx`»;
v. dqhj`æm`;
v. dqhrdæf`;
v. dqÕ”◊v`sx`».
265
snnsg fò
n. nltæj`æmhqd.
n. dqh”jnjd»;
n. nltrhsÕ◊jn;
n. nltrhstæjn.
tile
n. djh”j`æxh”.
till
v. dqhs`jtæk`;
v. dqÕ◊sv`».
time
— mfdæmcn;
n. nltæftkt;
n. `j`sÕ”◊s`.
times
n. dmfdæmcn.
tipsy
v. dqÕ”◊kxà`kx`æa`.
tired
v. dqhagnmcnæg`;
v. dqhfnmfdæq`;
v. dqhgnmfdæq`;
v. dqhktæg`;
v. dqÕ”◊sdldjx`»;
v. dqhsdæx`.
tiredness
n. dmct¡ægh”.
to gather
v. dqÕ◊jtltæk`.
toad
n. `j`æjhqhjÕ◊mcv`».
tobacco
n. ds`æa`.
today
— lt¡m`æavÕ”◊qd.
toe
n. dqh”mn».
toe disease n. `l`æsv`sv`».
toe hair
n. dmx`jtqhla`.
together
adv. g`æftlhqhq`;
adv:tm. g`æftl`.
toilet
n. navÕ◊f`;
n. nlt¡rnk`æmh”.
tomb
n. dxhrÕ◊mc`.
tomorrow — nltæmfx`jx`»;
n. lv`ækhmch;
n. nltæmfx`».
tongue
n. nktækÕ◊lh.
tooth
n. dqÕ”◊gh”mf`;
n. dæqÕ”◊mn;
n. dxhrÕ◊lah.
tooth gap n. dla`æmfh;
n. dla`æmftkd»;
tightening
tilapia
snnsg hmbhrhmf
n. dæmfnankd»;
n. dæla`q`æa`ækh”lt¡.
tooth incising n. nat¡r`gh”j`.
tooth incision n. djÕ◊stæs`.
toothbrush n. djx`æjn.
top
— dmc`s`.
top of banana bunch n. dqh”rdrd».
torch
n. dj`mfx` s`ækg`».
tortoise
n. djt¡ækgt¡»;
n. djt¡ækt¡æ.
touch
v. dqÕ◊jnæk`;
v. dqÕ”◊jnk`jnkx`»;
v. dqÕ◊l`l`æs`;
v. dqÕ”◊st¡æk`;
v. dqh”xh”jnqnrx`».
towards
— dav`æmf`.
towels
n. djh”r`mft¡kh”qxnæ.
toy
n. dqh”mf`».
trace a line v. dqh”jnqnqx`».
track
n. nktæfnæad.
trade
n. nltækà`k`æan;
v. dqÕ◊xhftr`æmf`.
trader
n. nlt¡r`j`æmh”.
traitor
n. nlt¡ægh”rx`gh”rx`;
n. nlvÕ”◊sh”r`mh”`.
trample
v. dqh”gh”mnkdæq`;
v. dqhkx`sÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊rhmnæk`.
transfer
v. dqh”rdft¡kh”qx`æ.
transgression n. nltæjÕ◊sn.
transparent v. dqÕ”◊rdrdf`mÕ◊`.
transplant v. dqÕ◊rhftæk`.
transversally n. nat¡æjh”srh”jh”qd».
trap
n. nltæa`mf`;
n. nltfnæm`;
n. nltæftækh;
n. djxnæm`;
n. dæjh”qh”mch”jn;
n. djÕ◊sdfn;
n. nltsgdæjn;
266
sqdd rodbn. djÕ◊xhlax`;
v. dqÕ◊sdæf`.
trapped
v. dqÕ”◊rt¡æj`.
trap-setter n. nlt¡æsdæxh”.
trap-wise
adv. lt¡rt¡mh”.
traveller
n. nlt¡fdæmch”;
n. nlt¡fdmch”fdæmch”.
tray
n. djha`æla`ækh.
treacherous n. nltsrv`srv`æ;
n. natæsrvdj`;
v. dqÕ◊srv`srv`».
treachery
n. natsrv`srv`».
treat a sick person v. dqhgnmcdæq`.
treat with fetishes v. dqha`mcv`».
tree
n. nltgdgdæq`;
n. nltjnæfnæsn;
n. nltæjngv`;
n. natsdælad;
n. nltæsh;
n. dv`xtlhq`.
tree hairs
n. nktxÕ◊lah.
tree spec. n. nælv`la`;
n. dæla`ækt;
n. nlta`q`æmftært;
n. nltæadrdadrd;
n. dagdæm`;
n. nlt¡ah”qÕ”◊qh”;
n. dælanæmn;
n. djÕ”◊at¡kÕ”◊at¡ækh”;
n. djhf`æmfn;
n. nltæf`my`;
n. nlt¡æfdst¡;
n. nltfnæl`;
n. nltfnl`fnæl`;
n. djÕ◊fnæxd;
n. nlt¡æft¡æln;
n. nlt¡æg`gx`;
n. nltg`mf`g`æmf`;
n. nltæg`æsh;
n. nltgdgdæq`»;
sqdd rodb
267
n. djhgnæjnækn;
n. djhgnæmcn;
n. nltgtæmf`;
n. nlt¡æj`jh”qxn»;
n. nltjx`jx`»;
n. nltjÕ◊la`;
n. nltjÕ◊la`jÕ◊la`;
n. nltæjxnæq`;
n. nltjxn»qn»;
n. nlt¡æjnægx`;
n. nltjnkd;
n. nltjnæmyd;
n. djhjtanjtæan;
n. nkt¡æjt¡kgt¡lad»;
n. `j`æjt¡kgt¡ælad»;
n. nltjtæmctærdadqd;
n. `j`k`l`æs`;
n. djÕ◊kdmf`kdmf`;
n. nltækx`æmfns`;
n. nltækx`æmfnæsd;
n. `j`ækx`æmytæjh;
n. `j`khmcdæq`;
n. nltk`æmf`æk`;
n. nltkhmf`æsd;
n. nltkhqÕ◊q`;
n. nlt¡kt¡æmft¡ækt¡;
n. nlt¡ælaÕ”◊qh”;
n. nltlatæla`;
n. nltlnækd;
n. dæmctftmc`;
n. nltmfn;
n. nltmfn»jvd»;
n. nlt¡mt¡mct¡æk`;
n. djhmx`æav`mf`;
n. `j`mx`æatkdælan;
n. dmx`æatkdælan;
n. nltmxnk`æ,jt¡sæ vÕ”Ã;
n. næagvnrdækx`».
n. nlt¡qèt¡ækh”.
n. nlt¡q`st¡ærh”;
sqhbjkhmf v`sdq
n. nlt¡qtag`Õ”◊mh”;
n. nltæràt;
n. nltær`jhr`jh;
n. nltær`la`æmxtælt;
n. nltr`ær`;
n. nltr`r`;
n. nltærdadqd;
n. natrdæfdærd;
n. nlt¡ærÕ”◊jt¡;
n. nltrÕ◊mfÕ◊qh;
n. nltærnknækv`»;
n. nltærnlan;
n. nltrnæmd;
n. djh”rv`kx`».
tree spec
n. nlt¡ært¡rt¡.
n. djh”rt¡rt¡æsh”;
n. nltæs`f`k`;
n. nktæs`j`k`;
n. nltæs`mf`æ kxtæa`;
n. nltsdfdmfdæq`;
n. nktsdælad;
n. nltsdælan;
n. nlt¡æsh”v`mct¡;»
n. nltæsnæl`;
n. nltsnæmch;
n. nltæsnmcn;
n. nltæstax`;
n. `j`æstk`;
n. nltæstktkt;
n. nltæstært.
tree trunk n. nltfnæfn;
n. dqh”rh”mfÕ”◊sh”.
tremble
v. dqh”oÕ”◊o`;
v. dqhshmfhq`æm`;
v. dqÕ◊shmfhq`æm`;
v. dqhshshl`æm`.
trembling n. nat¡æoÕ”◊od».
trespass
v. dqÕ◊jnær`.
tribute
n. dæmfdælt.
trickling water n. nltær`k`k`.
sqhekd
268
n. dahla`æj`la`æj`;
n. dahsgtqtsgtæqt.
trigger
n. dmc`ækn;
v. dqÕ”◊jnrx`».
trigger off v. dqÕ◊jnær`.
trim
v. dqÕ”◊r`myàt¡kx`».
trip
n. nktfdæmcn.
trip down v. dqÕ”◊jÕ◊mc`;
v. dqÕ◊shmÕ◊q`.
triumph
n. nat¡ærÕ”◊mfd».
trivial
n. dr`latkgtl`.
troublemaker n. nlt¡æst¡mf`mh”`.
trousers
n. nltmydcd.
truck
n. djhgdj`;
n. `æj`xÕ”◊st¡k`.
trunk
n. djÕ”◊gh”qh”mfh”sh”;
n. nlt¡ægh”sh”;
n. djÕ”◊rÕ”◊jh”.
trunk of banana tree n. nltghla`.
truth
n. dæjvdmdmd.
truth-hiding n. nat¡ækÕ”◊lad».
try
v. dqhghqÕ◊j`;
v. dqÕ”◊o`la`kÕ”◊l`;
v. dqÕ◊ohlaÕ◊m`;
v. dqh”rnmcdj`mÕ”◊`;
v. dqhx`».
v. dqhxhj`æmf`.
Tsongo
— Srnæmfn.
Tsongolina — SrnmfnækÕ”◊m`.
tube
n. nltækÕ◊at;
n. dotkÕÃ.
Tuesday
— sv`æsnfdqd.
tumble down v. dqhjtla`f`æk`.
trifle
tmaknbj
n. Stæmft.
v. dqÕ”◊j`mf`q`qx`».
n. djhcn`cnæ`.
n. djÕ”◊st¡ækh”;
v. dqÕ◊ahmchmftæk`;
v. dqÕ◊ahmctæj`;
v. dqÕ”◊ah”mct¡jx`»;
v. dqÕ◊ahmctæk`;
v. dqÕ”◊ah”mct¡kh”j`mmÕ”◊`;
v. dqÕ◊atmctmftæk`;
v. dqhfnmcnæj`;
v. dqhfnmxnæj`;
v. dqÕ◊jtatmftæk`.
turn around v. dqÕ◊rtktrtæs`.
turn cassava bread v. dqh”cnjx`».
turn over lumps of soil v. dqÕ◊srtkÕ◊j`.
turn upside down v. dqÕ”◊st¡kÕ”◊j`.
turning
n. nqtjtæla`;
n. nat¡rÕ”◊mft¡.
tusk
n. navnæmfn.
Tutsi
n. nlt¡st¡æsrh”.
twin
n. nltæg`r`.
twins
n. à`æqnmfn.
twin banana n. dæjx`la`s`m`.
twist
v. dqhmxnæk`;
v. dqh”mxt¡æj`.
two
n. dæahahqh.
tying
n. nlt¡æg`sxn»;
n. dlÕ”◊jt¡mct¡jh”qd.
type
n. nltæg`mc`.
typographical error n. dæmfnqnrx`.
Tungu
turbulent
turkey
turn
U - u
n. dAtf`æmc`;
n. natf`æmc`.
umbilical cord n. dmftæmch.
Uganda
umbrella
unblock
n. dqh”lat¡ækg`».
v. dqhgtmctj`æk`;
v. dqhgtmctæk`.
tmb`qhmf
n. djÕ”◊k`mft¡;
n. næltsx`æltsx`».
uncircumcised n. nltjvdj`;
n. djh”srt¡kd.
uncle
n. mxnæjnæktæld;
n. rnæ ltæjtkt;
n. rn ltkdæqd.
unclean water n. dah”sr`mcàt¡.
unclear
— ah”rn ah”qnæqh”;
— jh”qnqh”.
un-clog
v. dqÕ◊jhjtæk`.
un-consume v. dqh”sgt¡ækg`.
uncooked potato n. nltæsgtq`.
uncover
v. dqhrtjtæk`;
v. dqÕ”◊st¡mt¡jt¡kx`».
uncovering n. dlÕ◊rtæjtkhqd.
un-cultivate v. dqh”fdqdqx`æ 'dqhqÕ◊l`(.
undecided v. dqÕ”◊g`mfx`g`mfx`»;
v. dqhjdq`jdqv`»;
v. dqÕ◊l`f`l`æf`.
undo
v. dqhgtmtmtj`æk`;
v. dqhjvdr`jvdær`;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡mct¡j`æk`;
v. dqhr`latj`æk`;
v. dqhr`latæk`.
undo bed
v. dqhrdrtæk`.
undoing the bed n. natærdærtkd.
undrunk
v. dqhs`lhqtæj`.
unearth
v. dqhjtmctæk`;
v. dqhrhmctæk`.
unearthing n. dlÕ◊rÕ◊mctkhqd.
uneasiness n. nltkgnlad.
uneasy
v. dqÕ”◊knknjx`»;
v. dqhr`f`khq`æm`.
uneducated n. nlt¡rdæmyh”.
uneven
n. dla`».
unfindable n. dæs`rtmfhj`.
unfold
v. dqÕ”◊kh”mfnj`æk`;
v. dqÕ”◊kh”mfnæk`.
unfortunate n. nltæg`mx`.
uncaring
27/
tssdq
un-hang
v. dqhg`mtæk`.
unhappiness n. dlÕ◊onæmdqd.
unhappy
n. nlt¡onæmh”;
v. dqhonæm`.
v. dqÕ”◊ah”rdltj`æk`;
v. dqÕ”◊ah”rt¡æk`.
union
n. natæftl`.
unique
n. dmfvdækd.
unknown
n. dr`jts`;
n. natr`jts`.
unmovable n. dqh”rÕ”◊mfh”.
unpaste
v. dqÕ◊gnlnj`æk`.
unripe fruit n. dqh”jt¡æjd;
n. dqh”jt¡æjt¡kgt¡;»
n. dqh”jt¡æjt¡kgt¡.»
unsalted food n. daÕ”◊srv`mÕ”◊qx`.
un-sew
v. dqhk`mctæk`.
un-sewing n. dlÕ◊k`æmctkhqd.
unsmear
v. dqÕ◊g`jtæk`.
untie
v. dqÕ◊angnæk`;
v. dqÕ◊g`mftæk`;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡mct¡æk`.
untying
n. dlÕ”◊jt¡mct¡kd».
up
adv. dxhftækt.
up there
adv. `gnmc`s`.
uproot
v. dqÕ◊jtmtæk`;
v. dqÕ◊jtmtmftæk`.
upside down adv. djÕ”◊f`ækÕ”◊f`ækÕ”Ã;
adv. `l`æf`ækÕ”◊f`ækÕ”Ã;
n. nat¡æst¡kh”;
v. dqÕ”◊st¡k`æl`.
urinate
v. dqhrta`æk`.
urinating
n. dlÕ◊rtæa`khqd.
urine
n. `l`rt».
us
pron. h”svd».
use first time v. dqÕ◊j`mftæk`.
used to,
v. dqhadfdæq`.
used to
v. dqhxhrxdæs`.
useless thing n. `j`jdsdjdsd.
utter
v. dqhrnanæk`;
un-hide
u`bbhmd
270
v`hs
v. dqhstatatæk`.
V - v
n. djhj`æsgn;
n. nat¡ærnæmh”;
n. dmyÕ◊mh.
U`kd∆qd
n. E`kdæqh”.
valley
n. nltærx`».
vegegables n. dlatcd.
vegetable n. drÕ”◊r`æf`».
vegetables n. dlanæj`;
n. drxnæmxÕ”◊mxh”.
vegetables, sour n. drÕ”◊rnfn.
vegetation n. nltanæf`.
vehemently — jnsrhjnsrh.
vein
n. nlt¡æjÕ”Ã.
vein of a palm leaf n. djÕ◊k`æk`».
venereal desease n. dsrdjd».
Veronica
n. EtqtmÕ◊j`.
very strong n. `j`g`æmf`.
victory
n. nat¡ærh”mf`md»;
n. nat¡ærÕ”◊mfh”;
n. nat¡ærÕ”◊mfn.
village
n. djÕ”◊l`;
n. nltkgnmfn;
n. `l`sgnæmfn»;
n. nlt¡xÕÃ.
village entrance
n. dæjx`rv`.
Vincent
n. Ah”mydæmch”.
violence
n. nltj`æqn.
violently
— djhmx`l`j`».
vaccine
vagina
viper
viscosity
viscous
visit
visiting
visitor
voice
volcanoes
vomit
vomiting
n. djhgÕ◊kÕÃ;
n. dlanæl`.
n. nat¡kdlat¡æjh”;
n. nlt¡ækdælat¡jx`;
n. dlÕ◊kgdælatjhqd.
n. daÕ◊r`m`æm`»;
v. dqhkdlatæj`.
v. dqÕ◊a`k`æl`;
v. dqÕ◊kdmcdqdæq`;
v. dqÕ”◊rt¡lat¡jx`»;
v. dqhsrhmctjÕ◊q`;
v. dqh”srt¡lat¡jx`».
n. nltækdmcdqdqv`.
n. nlt¡æa`k`ælh”;
n. nlt¡fdæmh”;
n. nlt¡r`gÕ”◊ag`;
n. nlt¡r`h”ag`.
n. nltækdmfd.
n. daÕ◊qtmf`.
n. nltær`khqd;
v. dqÕ◊knj`knæj`;
v. dqÕ◊lnæj`;
v. dqÕ◊r`æk`;
v. dqÕ◊xhjnæk`.
n. natær`kÕ◊qn;
n. djÕ◊r`ækn.
W - w
wailing
waist
n. nat¡xdmft¡.
n. mx`l`ghmch;
n. dmxtæmyt;
wait
n. `l`æsr`æqn.
— s`æstl`;
— tstæld»;
v`hshmf
v. dqhj`mÕ◊q`;
v. dqhkÕ◊mc`;
v. dqh”kh”mch”jx`»;
v. dqhkhmchqÕ◊q`;
v. dqhqÕ◊mc`.
waiting
n. natækÕ◊mcd»;
n. dlÕ◊kÕ◊mchqhqd.
Wakasimba n. V`æj`ærh”la`.
wake up
v. dqÕ◊atæj`;
v. dqh”rh”rh”lt¡æj`;
v. dqhsrtlatæj`.
Wakitende n. V`æjÕ◊sdmcd.
walk
n. nltæatæmfn;
n. nltæc`mfv`;
n. nltæjnagn;
n. nltækdmcdæqn;
n. nltærhqhrÕ◊sn;
v. dqÕ◊aà`xÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊a`mftæj`;
v. dqÕ◊a`r`mftæk`;
v. dqÕ◊a`rtæk`;
v. dqÕ◊a`s`mftæj`;
v. dqÕ◊a`stæj`;
v. dqÕ◊a`stæk`;
v. dqÕ◊adsàdæs`;
v. dqÕ◊agtkgtagtæs`;
v. dqÕ”◊agt¡sgàgt¡æsg`;
v. dqÕ◊aÕ◊mf`;
v. dqhav`qàv`æq`;
v. dqÕ◊atmcàtæmc`;
v. dqÕ◊atmc`xÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊atæmf`;
v. dqÕ◊atqtftæmc`;
v. dqÕ◊f`k`f`æmc`;
v. dqhfdmc`fdæmc`;
v. dqh”fdmcx`»;
v. dqhfnæx`;
v. dqÕ◊fnæx`;
v. dqÕ◊j`q`f`æs`;
v. dqÕ◊jhsÕ◊q`;
271
v`kjhmf
v. dqÕ◊jnæa`;
v. dqÕ◊jnæag`;
v. dqÕ◊jnag`jnæag`;
v. dqhjnjnæl`;
v. dqh”jv`qx`»;
v. dqÕ◊jvhm`jvÕ◊m`;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡kgt¡jt¡æl`;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡kt¡mft¡æsg`;
v. dqÕ◊kdmcdæq`;
v. dqÕ”◊kdmcdqx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊mnfnadqx`»;
v. dqÕ◊mxhm`mxÕ◊m`;
v. dqxn»lanæla`;
v. dqxnælanlax`»;
v. dqxn»mcnæmc`;
v. dqÕ◊rhqhrÕ◊s`;
v. dqÕ◊rhqhxÕ◊s`;
v. dqÕ◊rnmnfdæq`;
v. dqÕ◊s`f`s`æf`;
v. dqÕ”◊sdft¡æk`;
v. dqÕ◊s`æla`;
v. dqÕ◊s`laÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ”◊sdladrx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊xdæmf`;
v. dqÕ”◊xdmf`xdæmf`;
v. dqh”xh”fnmcx`»;
v. dqhxhg`mc`mftæk`;
v. dqÕ◊xhjdmcdæj`;
v. dqÕ”◊xnlanlax`»;
v. dqÕ”◊xh”qh”fnmcx`»;
v. dqh”xh”sdmcdft¡kx`»;
v. dqhxhsgdæmf`;
v. dqÕ”◊xh”srnlax`».
v. dqh”xt¡mc`æmf`.
walk like cripple v. dqhghmÕ◊q`.
walk on heels v. dqÕ◊rhmhlahqÕ◊q`.
walker
n. nlt¡ækdmcdæqh”.
walking
n. nktæatmfÕ◊qn;
n. `l`fdmcdæqn;
n. dlÕ◊kx`shqd.
v`kjhmf ok`bd
walking place n. natækdmcdqdæqn.
walking stick n. nlt¡æsrn.
wall
n. djhag`la`ærh;
n. djhcnæmfn»;
n. nkt¡gÕ”◊lan;
n. djh”gh”s`;
n. do`la`ærh;
n. djhrdæmfd;
n. dqÕ”◊srt¡x`;
n. djh”xh”s`.
wallet
n. donsnlnmxn».
wander
v. dqÕ◊f`mf`f`æmf`;
v. dqÕ”◊jt¡s`jt¡æs`;
v. dqÕ”◊kh”s`kÕ”◊s`;
v. dqÕ◊s`q`s`æq`;
v. dqÕ◊sg`mf`sg`æmf`.
want
v. dqhrnæmc`;
v. dqÕ”◊xh”rt¡æmy`.
wanting
— f`k`.
war
n. nktægh.
warm
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡æg`.
warming
n. dlÕ”◊gt¡gh”qd.
warming person n. nlt¡ægt¡gx`.
warming up n. næavnsdqd.
warmth
n. djÕ”◊gt¡g`æmÕ”◊`;
n. natæj`mfÕ◊q`».
wart
n. dmf`ælh.
wash
v. dqh”et¡ækg`;
v. dqÕ”◊jh”qx`»;
v. dqhj`q`æa`;
v. dqhm`æa`;
v. dqxn»f`»;
v. dqÕ◊xhjnær`.
washing
n. dlÕ◊m`æahqd.
washing place for cattle n. dqh”sgh”kÕ”Ã.
washroom n. djhmàÕ◊qn.
wasp
n. dælat¡xÕ”◊qÕ”◊qh”;
n. dmc`æmf`;
n. dæmcv`.
watch
n. dr`æg`»;
272
vd`jdmhmf
v. dqÕ◊jdadæq`;
v. dqÕ”◊xh”sdfdqdqx`».
watcher
n. djh”r`l`ækh”.
water
n. `l`fdæsrd;
n. nktfdæsrd;
n. dlÕ”◊k`æat¡;
n. `l`kÕ”◊a`;
n. `l`mc`f`ækh”;
n. dqh”mfdæk`»;
n. `l`æmÕ”◊m`»;
n. dlÕ”◊sàt¡;
n. `l`sh”aÕ”◊sh”;
n. djÕ”◊sr`mcàt¡;
n. dlhstæmcÕ◊q`»;
n. `l`xnf`;
v. dqÕ◊jta`æmf`.
water, hot n. næav`khjd».
water of a river n. `l`fdmc`æ ltærx`».
water remove v. dqh”mÕ”◊m`.
water, to heat v. dqx`kÕ◊j`.
water-barrier n. djÕ◊jÕ◊fn.
waterfall
n. djÕ◊r`k`k`.
watery
v. dqhcdcdl`æm`;
v. dqhm`æf`.
watery sauce n. dæjngnæjngn».
wave
n. nlt¡jh”fh”s`;
n. nlt¡æjh”jh”s`.
ways
n. dlaÕ◊qÕ◊qhlaÕ◊qÕ◊qh.
weak
n. nælvnækn;
v. dqhkgnlanæj`;
v. dqhxhjnmnmfnæk`.
weaken
v. dqh”eh”eh”`;
v. dqÕ”gvdcdkx`»;
v. dqÕ◊gvdqdjdqdæq`;
v. dqÕ◊jnmnmfnæj`;
v. dqxn»knæa`;
v. dqxnæknadqdæq`;
v. dqxn»mcna`æm`.
weakness n. næavnækn.
weakening n. djÕ◊jnmnmfn.
vd`jmdrr
n. nltæjnmnmfnkd.
n. dmctæmch.
v. dqx`la`æk`.
v. dqhg`æmf`;
v. dqÕ◊jx`».
weather maker n. nlt¡g`æmfh”weave
n. djhf`æf`;
v. dqhgtæmf`;
v. dqÕ◊jtxÕ◊q`;
v. dqhktæj`;
v. dqÕ◊srnæo`;
v. dqhsrnæsr`.
weaving
n. dlÕ◊o`æq`srhqd.
wedding
n. nat¡ægdqt¡æjh”;
n. dmcv`».
weed
v. dqÕ◊rdjdæq`;
v. dqxt¡gÕ”q◊ `;
v. dqh”xt¡gÕ”◊q`.
weeding
n. dlÕ◊rdjdqd.
weedy
v. dqÕ”◊rt¡æm`.
weird
n. nlt¡æsr`lat¡æsr`ælat¡.
welcome
n. j`kÕ”◊agn;
v. dqÕ”◊jnjdq`mÕ”◊,`;
v. dqÕ”◊jnjx`»;
v. dqhonjdæq`.
welcoming n. nat¡æjnæjx`.
well
— srd»;
adv. mcdjd.
well-behaved n. dqÕ◊atjt.
well-carved n. djÕ◊gdrdqdqd.
West
n. dat¡ækdmfx`.
west
n. nat¡ækdmfx`.
wet
v. dqh”anax`»;
v. dqhcncnl`æm`;
v. dqhsnæs`;
v. dqhsr`æo`;
v. dqh”sròx`».
what
— lad»
`lat¡æjh”wheat
n. dmf`æmn.
weakness
wealth
wear
weather
273
vhcnv
wheat leftovers n. djÕ◊svdsvd».
wheedle
v. dqhcdæla`.
wheel
n. dedkd»;
n. djÕ”◊qÕ”◊mfn.
wheelbarrow n. dqh”agt¡qdæsgd.
when
adv. dæmfhmf`.
where
— jtgh;
adv. g`xh.
n. dmc`ælah”.
n. `j`mx`æatmft.
n. deh”kÕ”◊lah”;
n. `jòÕ◊oh;
n. dqnsd»;
n. dmytftæmcn;
v. dqhrtftæmc`.
whistle, horn n. dmftæah.
whistling
n. nktrtftæmcn.
white
n. dæmydæqt;
n. nlt¡rt¡mft¡»;
v. dqÕ”◊gdmÕ”◊`;
v. dqhodjtæq`;
v. dqhstjtæq`.
white animal n. dæmydæqn.
white man n. nælvdæqt;
n. nltstjtqt.
whiteness n. næavdæqt.
who
— hxnæmch;
— mÕ◊mch;
— xt.
wick
n. dlat¡æla`;
n. nqt¡sg`ælah”.
wicked
n. dqÕ”◊a`æk`;
n. nltæj`ækh;
n. dæjdqdæfdæsd;
n. nltsrÕ◊at;
v. dqhg`ltæk`.
wicked power n. natsrhatmf`».
wickedly
n. ktsrhatsrÕ◊at.
widow
n. nltægnkdqv`;
n. nlt¡æjv`j`kh”;
while
whirlwind
whistle
vhcnvdq
274
n. nlt¡æjvhqv`;
v. dqÕ”◊jvhqv`».
widower
n. nlt¡æjv`ktld.
widowhood n. natægnkdqv`;
n. nat¡æjvh”qv`.
widowhood (woman) n. nat¡æjv`j`kh”.
wife
n. nlt¡gvdæjh”;
n. nlt¡ægt¡j`;
n. nævnælv`fd.
wife, abandoned n. nltærnlad.
wife of
n. ltæj`.
wiggle
v. dqÕ◊xhmxnfnmfnæk`.
wild flower n. dqh”q`æmf`».
wild fruit n. dæjx`la`.
wild onion n. dqh”q`æmf`».
wild pig
n. dxh”rdæmfd.
wilderness n. nktæjnqnsrn.
will
n. nat¡rnæmch”.
willow
n. dxÕ◊rtækh.
win
v. dqÕ”◊rÕ”◊mf`;
v. dqÕ”◊rh”mf`æm`.
wind
n. dqÕ”◊gh”s`;
n. dqhgtæmf`.
window
n. `jàdmfdqxn».
wine
n. dqh”agnæmcn;
n. `l`j`ch”;
n. nltk`æla`;
n. dmynmfnækh”;
n. dmyÕ”◊mct¡jx`.
wine of banana n. nltmydmyd.
wing
n. djÕ”◊ot¡æo`.
wink
v. dqÕ”◊jngx`».
winning
n. dlÕ”◊rh”mfh”qd.
winnow
n. nktæf`ækd»;
n. djÕ◊s`ækn.
winnow pan n. nkgtæmfn.
wipe
v. dqÕ◊gÕ◊f`;
v. dqÕ◊gÕ◊g`;
v. dqhr`mftæk`.
wipe anus v. dqh”jt¡mft¡mh”qx`».
vnqcr
v. dqh”jt¡mft¡mÕ”◊`.
v. dqÕ”◊xh”jh”qx`æ jn».
wiping cloth
n. djÕ◊gÕ◊fn.
wise
v. dqh”rh”qh”lt¡æj`.
wish
v. dqÕ◊gÕ◊f`;
v. dqhqnæmc`;
v. dqÕ◊s`æf`;
v. dqhxhs`æg`.
witchcraft n. nltækdæmfdqd;
n. nat¡kdæmfh”;
v. dqhk`ftæk`.
witchdoctor n. nltfdqdæj`;
n. nlt¡æjt¡lt¡j`kh”;
n. nlt¡æjt¡lt¡.
with
— m`.
with a hole n. nltæsnanjd».
without
— atæsrÕ◊q`;
adv. ats`.
without commitment adv. j`gt¡ækgt¡.»
without respite n. næatstær`.
without worrying — jhsx`æjhsx`».
witness
n. dm`æmcvdægn».
witty saying n. dælh”rxn».
woman
n. nlt¡æaÕ”◊qd;
n. nlt¡æj`kh”;
n. `j`rÕ”◊mf`;
n. nlt¡srt¡ælah”.
wood
n. djÕ◊a`æsrh;
n. dqh”jngn».
wood bicycle n. dsrt¡æjt¡ct¡.
wood cutter n. nlt¡ærdæmxh”.
wood dust n. dmtæmct.
wood field n. dæjh”kÕ”◊l`».
woodcutter n. nlt¡jnæmch”.
wooden basin n. dqÕ”◊st¡æa`.
wooden frame of house n. nktæf`æmfn.
wooden receptacle n. nltgd».
word
n. djh”mxv`».
words
n. nltæstatft;
n. dahstqtstæqt.
vnqj
275
n. nlt¡aÕ”◊qh”;
n. nltæjnk`æmn;
n. natækÕ◊ld»;
n. dlhmhlhmh;
v. dqÕ◊jnæk`;
v. dqhjnknanæj`;
v. dqÕ◊jtlaÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ◊jtlahqÕ◊q`;
v. dqhqÕ◊l`;
v. dqh”oòt¡æq`;
v. dqh”oh”oh”j`æm`;
v. dqhonæsr`;
v. dqhq`mc`lÕ◊q`;
v. dqhr`mfÕ◊q`;
v. dqhr`mfhqÕ◊q`;
v. dqÕ”◊sgt¡lÕ”◊j`;
v. dqh”sr`gx`»;
v. dqhsrv`æg`;
v. dqh”srv`gx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊srt¡ft¡l`s`».
v. dqÕ”◊xh”jnmfnkgnfnr`mÕ”◊`.
work carelessly v. dqÕ◊otmxòtæmx`.
worker
n. nlt¡ægÕ”◊mfh”;
n. nlt¡æjnækh”;
n. nlt¡kÕ”◊lh”.
worm
n. nlt¡æft¡æmt¡;
n. natægtk`;
n. `j`ægt¡la`ækt¡ærh”;
n. nlt¡ælanæch”;
n. nltmxnkd»;
work
wxknognmd
n. nltærv`».
v. dqhftmf`ftæmf`;
v. dqhstmctl`æm`;
v. dqh”st¡mct¡l`mÕ”◊`.
worry
n. dæqhmfÕ◊qhmfh;
v. dqÕ”◊g`mf`g`mfx`»;
v. dqÕ◊rtjv`rtjv`».
worship
v. dqh”q`lx`».
wound
n. natægx`;
n. djÕ◊gts`kd»;
n. djhqnæmc`;
n. nltærta`æ mfnkt¡;
v. dqÕ◊gnmnæj`;
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡s`kx`»;
v. dqÕ◊gts`mf`æk`;
v. dqÕ”◊gt¡s`mf`kx`».
wound caused by a burn n. natægxd».
wrestle
v. dqhvhq`æm`.
wrestling
n. djÕ◊r`la`.
wrist chain n. nltrdæfd.
write
v. dqhg`mcÕ◊j`;
v. dqhg`mchjÕ◊q`;
v. dqh”jv`q`qx`»;
v. dqÕ◊mxnæl`.
writer
n. nlt¡ær`æjh”.
writing
n. nltg`mcÕ◊jn.
wrong statement n. nktg`æan.
wrong statements n. dlÕ◊g`æahqd.
wrongdoing n. nltg`æan.
worried
X - x
xylophone
n. dæmc`q`.
Y - y
Yalala
yam
yawn
year
yellow
yellowish
yes
n. X`k`æk`.
n. djhg`æl`;
n. djÕ◊jdmd;
n. dæmfnækn;
n. nlt¡lanft¡»;
n. djÕ”◊rtlat¡;
n. dqÕ◊stft.
n. dælx`x`;
n. nælv`x`;
v. dqhx`xtæk`.
n. nælv`æj`.
n. djh”k`k`mxt¡æl`;
v. dqÕ”◊r`rt¡jx`»;
v. dqÕ”◊rdrt¡jx`»;
v. dqhststa`æm`.
v. dqÕ◊r`rtæj`;
v. dqÕ◊rdrtæj`.
— àgdæ;
— dd;
— df`»;
— hf`»+ hmf`»;
— x``æ;
adv. hmf`».
n. lv`ækhmch;
n. lt¡kh”fnækn.
yet
— `ækhxdæ.
yield
n. donæmnkx`;
v. dqÕ◊stæmf`.
you
— h”mxvd»;
— hvd»;
— tvd».
you too
— jvdæ m`vd.
young
n. dæmf`kh”;
n. nltkdæqd;
n. dmf`kh”mf`kh”;
n. nltrtæjn.
young dog n. `j`æav`m`.
younger brother n. nltæktltæm`.
youngest brother or sister n. dæmct¡æmfn.
your mother n. mxnæjn.
yours
n. nælv`ft;
pron. dæjx`ft.
yours (pl) pron. dæjxdmxt¡.
youth
n. nkt¡ækv`m`kv`m`.
yesterday
Z - z
zigzag
zucchini
n. natæmxnkdæ atæmxnkd.
n. djnkt¡jn;
n. djxnad»;
n. dæqxnækh”;
Total number of entries: 3503
n. dæmcnmcn;
n. næltmft.
389
Appendix 1
Phrasal expressions: dgÕ”◊rÕ”◊mo omo Kinánde
ágótseré másule : he sleeps while his hands are between his legs
áhekh”re obúkulé b’omt¡kt¡kt¡mo : she has become pregnant while she is still young
(obukóndo)
akágobek’ olúlími : he does not speak well
akagulú káguma oko ngíngo : the fact of marrying a woman and she leaves you or
she dies.
akáhambira omo kitíri : he gets a lot of money
akáhangala kámóngya bt¡gæ álÕ”Ã : the fight becomes very serious
akáht¡mba ebh”tsalh” : he is an epileptic
akáht¡ngaya olúlimí ng’enzóka : he eats a lot
akambwata kámályatáhô : you should give us more sauce because we are running
out of the sauce now.
akándisyáleta omo nyt¡m
æ bá m’óburwano: he will bring a terrible thing into the
house
akálaba omó lÕ”◊ko : he or she is an adulterer.
akálirá Mt¡tæ sóph” : when he eats cassava bread, he takes a big lump into the palm of
his hands
akásenya okó lúbisí n’okó lt¡m
æ Õ”◊re : he speaks about everything without any logic
akábt¡gá kÕ”◊rh”mt¡ ndwéko : he speaks without any concentration whatsoever.
akáyega omó menó ng’ émbene : he scratches himself because of his badness
akáyÕ”◊ht¡ngayá kw’ebyála : he is a thief
akáyÕ”◊ht¡ngayá kw’eyÕ”◊st¡k
æ a : he is a very courageous farmer
akáyÕ”◊rengayá kw’ ebítóle : he eats very quickly
akímir’émbwâ : as soon as he gets somewhere, he looks for a stool for himself
akót’ omúsegémo : he is very sick
akwÕ”◊ry’ éndwalá y’ekh”lalanyt¡m
æ a : he has some type of skin disease that manifests
itself by patches of the body losing their blackness. (énzerwê)
akwÕ”◊ry’éndwalá y’omútibito : he has gonorrhea (akaswende)
389
390
alimugendá lungóngô : he walks slowly as if hiding (erÕ”◊yombyâ)
alimútondéra : he begins to have grey hairs
álwh”ry’omo nyt¡m
æ ba, habíríbyá hatyâ : he is dead (lit. he has left the house, it is
now empty)
amanyangwa anó angalyákó úté wáhula nyÕ”◊nyálúme : only a person who does not
mind can eat these taros.
amáberé mwákâwâ : I was very astonished (lit. the breasts fell down)
ámáyilúma : he curses his son (lit. he bit himself)
ámesó alh”mt¡mt¡lwákô : he is no longer fine (lit. the eyes are leaving him)
ámesó abÕ”◊rÕ”◊ht¡ma okó mútwê : he is too slender (lit. the eyes have moved from the
head)
anéko erÕ”◊heréko : she is already betrothed.
ámbité múlinga wá bene : she is already betrothed (lit. she wears a ring that belongs
to someone else)
ánere omo mt¡lt¡bhó w’enzógt¡ : he moves very often
áberé mólo : she is pregnant (lit. she has become weak)
abéré ng’akátí k’omó lt¡sæ h” : he has one broken leg
abírigundúka : he is crazy
abíritibit’ okó lÕ”Ã : he is crazy
áhekh”ré sy’omó byála : he is crazy
abírígus’ okó lÕ”Ã : he is a crazy person
ábirihayirwá n’ émbwâ : he is a leper
nh”mt¡nya WÕ”◊tsâ : he is a leper (lit. he is from Oicha. This is a place in the Nande area
where there is a big camp of lepers.)
abÕ”◊rh”hh”ndt¡læ a : he has got a disease called “akásinini”
abíriya oko kyt¡n
æ a : he is sick, he has got a disease called ‘akásinini”
abíríkitira omó mbóko : he has got a skin disease called “énzerwe”
abíríbinduk’ okó lt¡k
æ wÕ”Ã : she has got her menses
abíríkíta : she has got her menses
abíriya oko mugeséra : she has got her menses
awíty’ akánánh”a : he is stingy
ni tákókola : he is stingy (lit. he is someone who does not take from cf. erikokóla)
390
391
awíté bwh”so buli ngá bwá mt¡sæ yenene: she is beautiful (lit. she has eyes like the
ones of a grasshopper)
ekítambi kikáluhira bath”bÕ”◊th” : it is a wicked person
embt¡kt¡lÕ”◊ mwíkátogá kúbô (obúndu): it was a big amount of cassava bread
émbwá yÕ”◊kere mt¡st¡n
æ h” : a person who is always busy, a person who hardly sits down
enzúki nzt¡manganh”a: a person who betrays other people
eriganzá ry’engíma: a person who knows a lot (omuranda)
erigotser’ omokigólwa: to stay with one’s bride-in-law for a while in order to make
her used to her house (omúlámu)
erigoboler’ omundú y’ erÕ”◊na : to give a name to a person (erigobóla)
erihanda omútíma: to not be afraid
erÕ”◊henh”a pe: to refuse categorically
erilyata ahísi : to refuse categorically
eríhita okó mwána: this is said of a man or a woman who makes love with a partner
while the baby is still too young
erihondera omwána : to give medication to a child
eríhororera ekirónda : to pay a small amount of money to the healer before he can
look for medication
erh”kalya omundú y’omó ndéko : to bring a person before other people for him to be
judged.
erÕ”◊kt¡ha risá ryórikágendâ : he is too slender
eríkúta omó ly’ekátÕ”Ã : to do a good turn to a person
eriganzirá by’ oko bwíga: to count them only with the mouth
erÕ”◊kwa akákongo: to have a big cough
erÕ”◊kwa ekÕ”◊kt¡bá kínéne : to get a cough that does not cure, to get tuberculosis
erÕ”◊kw’ ekh”tÕ”◊ngÕ”◊rh” : to feel uneasiness on the foot, as if there were small ants biting
you
erÕ”◊kwa endá mbísi : to have a type of stomach disease
erÕ”◊kwa erh”kohô :
to have a cough that does not cure
erílalira ebyálya bírébe :
to feel like eating a specific type of food
erilata oko byályâ : to not like the food
erh”lolyalolya oko mundú kw’ améso : to act as if you do not know someone
erÕ”◊maná ng’ omúti : to not beget, to be barren
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erinera omundú y’ emísalisali : to neglect someone. Hané ábaná bakábyá
bâbíkúlá íbakúnerá mísalisali : there are children, once they grow up, they
neglect yot- This is a complaint that certain women often have about their
difficult children.
erÕ”◊nh”ra ekindú ky’omt¡lt¡m
æ bh” : to not say something so that people no longer talk
about it
erÕ”◊nyegt¡lyá éngoko : to snatch a chicken from the grips of a fox or of a hawk
erírira nzúbê : to eat without leaving anything to other people
erírira omt¡bh”rÕ”◊ w’embt¡læ h” : to persevere so that you may finish the work
eririra ebÕ”◊kangÕ”◊rÕ”◊ryâ : to fake crying without getting tears dropping from your eyes
erÕ”◊lh”ng’ ákasánwê :
to not answer a question that was addressed to you
erirundá ng’obúbonó bw’ omó músyâ : to become very fat (erirúnda)
erísala esyóndalámírâ : to vomit the heart only, to vomit without getting anything
coming out from your mouth
erísumbira omundú y’erÕ”◊bére : to curse someone. Syn.: erh”kt¡ngt¡nh”rya omúndu
erh”kt¡ngt¡nh”rya omúndu : to curse someone.
erítagalalá ngá byumá by’ omongunza : to become impossible to each other
eritamirá Õ”◊rangaranga : to be very tipsy in such a way that you do not even find your
own place
erítaratará ng’ émbene itawíté mt¡læ wana : to go here and there
eritengá ngongotê : to introduce the beer cup into the beer pot in such a way that
people will think that the beer is finished and thus make them go away.
erítoga okó múti abaléga : to take a woman as your mate without being legally
married to her. (omúrágane)
erÕ”◊tt¡bwa mugondo : to become dead while you were still young. (omusúko)
erítwa olúgóbe : to pass at a place where a sorcerer passed while carrying a corpse
erÕ”◊twa omusónge : to vomit blood while you have pains in the chest (olukánga)
erÕ”◊bt¡ga butahota: to speak without hiding anything
eriyawa oko múndu : to go and visit a person who is allegedly sick
erh”yást¡mbt¡kya omúndu: to go and visit someone who just gave birth. You must go
there with a basket full of food to congratulate her.
eriyálya okó lÕ”◊ko : to go to the place where a relative got married. Syn.: eriya ebúlya
nyáma
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eríyikola engóngo : to do everything that one wanted to do (especially in terms of
making love)
eríyikola omondâ: to do something bad for oneself
erh”yh”ra ebyályâ : not to accept food because one is angry
eriya omundú yo mbt¡læ t¡læ h” : to go somewhere in order to judge a person
erírya eyÕ”◊st¡k
æ t¡æ ínunémuyisukuláyô : to do something and at the same time deny that
you did it
eríryá ng’ abáta Mh”gerh” : to eat very well (lit. to eat like those who buried chief
Migeri)
eríry’ omundú y’oburóndo : to spy on someone (erh”teyâ)
erírya omundú n’ amanô: to scold someone very harshly. (erÕ”◊metyametyâ)
eryakya ogo Kályámbh”ró akaya eManga : to become suddenly happy without
knowing (lit. to light what Eater of soot lit in Manga)
eryérya esyóndéhh” : to clean the shaven head of a bereaved person
eryt¡m
» yá ng’ abagóma : not to feel any shame
éngwh”ra musángo : a small fee one pays to recognize that one was wrong in an affair.
(lit. the “I die because of an affair”)
esyónzwirí syámálw’ okó mútwê : to be extremely afraid. Syn.: esyónzwirí
syámápt¡rÕ”◊ka : to be extremely afraid. (lit. the hairs get off from the head)
esyónzwirí syámápt¡rÕ”◊ka : to be terribly frightened (lit. the hairs get pulled off)
esyónzwirí sy’ebh”rembwê : hair that is very smooth
ebÕ”◊kya biri ngá bya mongo : a very long neck
ebh”rÕ”◊ bÕ”◊séngh”re umubúnyátsi : a pregnant woman not covering her stomach
ebyásaka okw’ Õ”◊beré byo byagula etába : the money that buys tobacco is wasted
money
eyÕ”◊st¡k
æ h” yámÕ”◊kh”ra omó lt¡tæ éhh” : there is no more drink in the cup
halyá húli : you are in danger
ínÕ”◊mt¡k
æ alÕ”◊ úsuba omw’ alwa : you can no longer do it (lit. otherwise it is a woman
who goes back to her house after she divorced)
íni lwéya : it is no longer possible (lit. otherwise it is a hair)
ínályats’okó byála : it is no longer possible (lit. otherwise, I will lick the hands)
irimwasá ákabalóyh” : there is a beginning of darkness outside
ingyé wa góngo : me a poor person, me an unfortunate person
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ísiwanzengeráko musom’ átahÕ”◊rê : do not put me in a trouble that I do not know
about; do not make me carry things I do not know
kíngahá síkyabya : this is a terrible event
kv`kÕ”◊qd endánda (olugéndo) : I no longer left. (lit. it has eaten the provision food)
lwalÕ”◊ry’ omt¡sæ okya : it has become a very serious affair.
lwámábh”ná kw’ ákalÕ”◊kt¡kt¡ : the affair becomes very serious (lit. a pigeon is playing
on it)
lwasendÕ”◊ry’ omt¡sæ okya : it has become a very serious affair
móngáyirá mútwê : I have been very lucky (lit. I have had a head)
móngáyira mbandáno : I have been very lucky
muliro múli : I wish that you never find something good in your life. This is
synonymous with síwás’ t¡sÕ”◊gê : may you only find misfortune in your life.
mwákáht¡mbang’ esyóngóhe : he was ashamed
mwákákurondá ng’ omuhámb’átere : he looked everywhere for you
mwákályats’ okó ngokólâ : he was frustrated, he did not know what to do
mwákâs’ ákáyisumbánga : when he came, he looked very happy
mwákâs’ ákayh”syéta : when he came, he looked very happy (erh”yh”syéta)
mwásal’ ásh”swá Õ”◊st¡kábt¡g’okó mbóho : it was difficult to make him accept to be
shaven
mwásal’ álw’ oko kibúndá Õ”◊twámabt¡g’ okó mboho syosÕ”Ã : the umbilical cord did
not dry up on time. It took so much time for the mother to leave the bed of
parturition.
Mambara mabúya : something good
nagéndh”re lt¡hÕ”◊re : I found what I was looking for.
nagéndh”re bigulú bya mbíndi : I did not find what I came for.
náhÕ”◊ndené n’omunyerére : I was unlucky (lit. I met a fox)
nakwÕ”◊re bt¡rórh” : I have not been able to sleep
námâsákw’ obúswa : I am afraid
námáht¡kw’ omútwê : I reflected very deeply
namásyást¡byákó kindi íni ngingó y’ embálh” : I will no longer answer. (lit. if I add
another, that would be a bed of ants)
námÕ”Ãkya nganatíníra: I was flabbergasted, I was astonished
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nabíríbyá gundi múndu : I have got my menstrual menses. Syn.: nyiry’ oko
mugenda
nyiri oko mugenda : I have my menstural menses
ndébh”nh”rá hanó Õ”◊nabÕ”◊nÕ”◊rá hi : I have arrived at a place where I am known.
ngágenderá símbémuke : I went just because I am obliged to.
ngáhumulira omo másákwa : I do not feel fine (lit. I am breathing through the
armpits)
ngákúha kt¡gendanÕ”◊a : if only I could get part of your luck
ngákúhá lúbúto : I wish you to give birth to a child so that you might see how painful
it is to have a child
ngákúhá bútekê : I wish that you have your own home so that you see how difficult it
is to manage one’s home
ngákútumirá bwaga : I send you because I do not find anyone else to send
ngándítwákó kíguma : I will just eat a little bit of this food
n’ h”kohô : he is a very wicked person
nh” kahh”ndá ká mbóno : he is a very short person. (amahh”nda)
ní kálumírá habiri : someone who betrays other people
ní nzúki ndt¡manganh”a : someone who betrays other people
ni kundula birénge: he is a sorcerer
nh” mt¡genh” t¡sh”kÕ”◊re : it is a visitor who carries something nice
nh” mt¡genÕ”◊ wa byobê : it is a visitor who is not carrying anything. (lit. it is a visitor
who carries zucchinh-)
nh” mt¡hanh”kÕ”◊ w’ obúhemba : he is very tall
ni mulyata hásómbwere : someone who has problems with his feet. Syn. : awíte
esyonzando
ní músurásúrâ: he is a liar
nyh”násy’ ákebo ngálirámô : I know how people should treat me
ngálirábyo ngéto : I eat them out of love
oluthera mólukámbera emúlíro : I was lucky
omuliró alimugenda okó naga : it is peaceful. Syn.: ní búholo, ní búrungi
ómwan’ álh”mt¡tæ w’olumímbi : the child is big enough to get married
obwéya bt¡lásÕ”◊re omó byála : he is a lazy person
oyó ní nguta : that is a generous person
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omt¡genÕ”◊ útakandirwá att¡tæ sÕ”◊ ndt¡kh”re : the rain that falls early in the morning
omúsyakulú ámáy’ embóko : the elderly person goes to urinate
omúsyakulú ámáyaramÕ”◊a : the elderly person goes to urinate
omúsyakulú ámáy’éwa múbí útágosolâ : the elderly person goes to defecate
óbwabt¡ bwabére táleta : the drink is bad. Syn. óbwabt¡ bwabére pata
oyó ní kíbí kitaya t¡mt¡b
æ wÕ”◊ra : that person is very bad
omonzirá mwabére búkíyi : there is something in the road that does not encourage
one to travel
síndí náye burwano : I do not have any problems with him. Syn. síndí náye kh”nywâ
síngwíté ndekwê : I do not have any force (éndekwâ)
síbiríko búli bw’isáho : these are statements that are known by everybody
síwáse t¡sÕ”◊gé ikátwera omo kinyamuhimba : the small sicknesses may make
someone become very sick (lit. the “do not leave me” becomes refined in the
bad cold one may have) (erítwéra ‘to be sharpened’)
tt¡l’ okó nh”ndo : you are sitting awkwardly, showing your penis or vagina (lit. touch
the nose)
tt¡lh”mt¡h
æ t¡ka embúto : we have nothing to cook (lit. we are starting to cook seeds)
tt¡nÕ”◊keré k’omúsombé kw’ ákáby’ ómwê : there is no food
tt¡nÕ”◊keré kw’abálumé bakÕ”◊kal’ ékyagándâ : there is no food
twámábisangul’ ebyála : we have just finished eating
twangant¡n
æ ama : we may fight (lit. we may bend)
twabt¡lÕ”◊re okó lt¡k
æ yô : we have not been satisfied (said by workers who have been
employed by a person and who are supposed to eat very well)
t¡gt¡sæ Õ”◊ré ko birása : you are cursed (lit. there is perfume thrown on you)
úhándy’ erÕ”◊no : persevere. Syn. : úhánde omútíma
úhánde omútíma : persevere
t¡ht¡m
æ Õ”◊ré kw’ améso : you do not see the thing they ask you to get
t¡ht¡m
æ Õ”◊ré kw’amátwÕ”Ã : you do not listen
t¡ht¡baht¡bÕ”◊ré ng’ éndegetege : you want to eat part of everything
ulh”mt¡tst¡ngh” mulángúla : you are a person who takes the things that they asked you
to keep or to send. (cf. erílangúla ‘to kill’, to make fall’)
ukágendá ht¡mwéht¡mwé ng’ ekh”tÕ”◊ngÕ”◊rh” : you walk without seeing what is ahead of
yot- (lit. you go blindly like a molehill)
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t¡káhandabt¡ká ngá wá mwÕ”◊nda : you do not know what to do (lit. you are in
disarray like a person who owes money)
ukáharangur’ ámeso nga kanyalt¡n
æ gt¡ kali kú lútakala : you open your eyes
widely as if you are afraid. (lit. you open your eyes widely like a chameleon
which is on a type of plant)
t¡káht¡ngaya olúlimí lo nga kiyónga : you eat too much (lit. you turn the tongue like
the hairy tail of a cow)
t¡káht¡taht¡tá ngá ngoko h”kátwa máyi : you do not know where to settle
ukálekera okó yikére : you remember things too late (lit. you try to obtain water from
rain that has already stopped falling)
ukályá ng’étabínduka : you eat too much (lit. you eat like an elephant)
ukálya omó kíró ng’ oluthera : you do not get satisfied very easily.
ukánahanika enô : do you eat this, or do you drink this? (Lit. do you hang this?)
t¡kándh”syákwa ngwalh”ma : you will die without any of your relatives being present.
You will not succeed to get a good harvest.
ukániganigá nga mbt¡kt¡lí Õ”◊hekh”ré múbhándu : you are a person who does not care
at all about what other people say.
ukányiyâ : you are asking me something that you know very well
ukátunungul’ ámesó nga mt¡nÕ”◊ w’oko nzíra : you look as if you are afraid (lit. you
open your eyes widely like a person who defecates by the street)
t¡kabt¡g’ ahÕ”◊kwá na higúlu : you say two different things; you speak illogically.
úmÕ”◊re ng’ olt¡k
æ wÕ”Ã : he is too slender
t¡n
æ t¡b
æ h”ré ng’ ebyála : you are too bad (erinúba ‘suffer a lot’; lit. you suffer a lot like
hands)
ulí mbirikira balÕ”◊rh” : you are a caller of mourners. Syn. : ulí mt¡æbh”kt¡læ h”
t¡káyombayá ng’ omunyerê : you go very slowly (lit. you walk on your heels like a
fox)
t¡sæ yást¡byáho wákíhinga : I am very happy
uwíté kyála : you are a sorcerer. Syn. ulí múlúme
ulí múlúme : you are a sorcerer (lit. you are a man)
báhÕ”◊mbh”ré buno ná nÕ”◊ ndo : they live close to each other (lit. they build mouth and
nose)
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bahalh”kanÕ”◊bwê : they go with the same man (they are not necessarily married
although they go with the same man).
bukéré ákaganz’ ebíbátsi : he did not sleep all night (lit. the day broke while he was
counting the pieces of wood )
bihwére omo nderê : let those things end here (lit. let them finish in the dry banana
leaves)
bwámánger’ eyÕ”◊hyâ : I had a diarrhea (lit. it became light for me outside)
wagenda wáyitwala : do not go (lit. you left you brought yourself)
wáherh”ré ng’ esyónzole : you have disappeared for a long time
wáholá kera : you do impossible things a normal person should not do
wámályata omómbátso: you have engaged a terrible affair (lit. you trample on the
wetting instrument of the blacksmith. It is forbidden to step on that
instrument)
wámáhh”sya omulhongo : sit decently (since you are showing your genital parts.) Syn:
wámákunamíra
wámáyítonger’ okw’ Õ”◊kála : you are telling a secret in the presence of a person who
will betray you (lit. you are telling a secret on the ember)
wakólÕ”◊re omó lw’ eBírunga : you arrive just when we finish eating (lit. you stayed in
the steep hill of Virunga (a volcano)).
wánere ngóhe : you took too much time defecating
wangast¡b
æ yá ngolt¡ : you unearth bad things people had already forgotten (lit. you
could resuscitate a wound that was already healed)
wanásyásenya mt¡ælálya : you risk to want something that has already an owner. For
example, a girl who hopes to get married to a man while that man already has
another fiancée.
wabÕ”◊rÕ”◊tw’okó mbt¡lÕ”◊ k’okt¡tæ t¡» : you have made a terrible mistake (lit. you have cut
the ear from a sheep)
wámâsá kw’ h”hÕ”Ã : you have not washed for a long time
wábyámô : you were lucky
wásyábt¡ga kyá mbene : you are saying taboo things (lit. you will say something of
the goat)
wanásÕ”◊ta kanyamá katalíbwâ : you will one day meet someone who will cause you
much trouble
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wálemwâ: you know the things you have been giving me
wámálola oko kyásh”gala : you have been suffering a lot
yámátwh”ká m’ omt¡kólt¡ : it cools down, it becomes silent
yámágendá búsengereme : it bends; it is not straight (obúsengereme ‘not straight’)
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Appendix 2
The personal names of the Nande 1
In the Nande culture, the name a child is given upon his birth is ordinal in that it
indicates the sex and the rank he occupies among the other children born from the
same womb; in other words, if it happens that the mother is a second wife, the first
wife’s children will have names similar to those of the second one, according to the
sex and the order of their birth among the children of their own mother. As will be
shown in a table below, some of the names are synonymous. This helps differentiate
children for example of a polygamous family.
However, if a woman is getting children from a second marriage, and if her
husband never got children before that, these children will bear names as if this was
her first marriage. In case her husband had children from a previous marriage, then the
children will bear names that respect the order of the children she will have given birth
to from a previous union, no matter whether she was married or not.
Apart from the name a child gets at his birth, he may also have other names,
for example a name he gives himself, a name given to him because of the
circumstances in which he was born, a spiritual name in that it bears the name of a
spirit (Kavutirwaki calls it “nom-dédicace”), and a proverbial name. The rest of the
paper will expatiate more on these different kinds of names.
Birth names
Birth names are also called chronological names because they tell about the order in
which a given child has been born in a family. Given the two criteria for assigning
1
Kavutirwaki intended these names to be part of the dictionary. According to his notes, his
main source of inspiration was an unpublished article entitled “Essai d’ anthroponymie
nande” by Tshopo Mbangala Machozi & Lufungula Kahindo. I have decided to publish this
article as part of the dictionary in the French version. The version of the article in this English
version is my (i.e. Mutaka’s) own translation of this paper. I doubt that Kavutirwaki was aware
of Kaligho’s Licence thesis at ISP/Bukavu who also wrote about personal names of the Nande
people. I would like to thank everyone who helped Kavutirwaki collect notes on these names.
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these names, that is, sex and order of birth, the following table presents a clear picture
of such names.
Chronological order
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
Boys
Múmbére, Kámbére
Kámúha
Kigíro
Muháso, Kaháso
Nzánzu
Balúku, Palúku
Bwámbale, Kámbale
Kómah” Kákómah”
Kámbart¡
Tsóngo,
Kátsóngo,
Mútsóngo
Kábt¡æyahya
Máte, Kámatê
Nzeréka, Kaseréka
Jt¡æle, Kákt¡lê
Témbo, Kátémbo
Mbt¡æsa, Kábt¡æsa
Girls
Lt¡rnæjh”+ J`rnæjh”
Kanyerê
Másikâ
AÕ”q◊ `+ J`æah”q`»
Katsirábwénge
Kabt¡ægo
Swera, Kaswera
Mbámbt¡+ Kahámbt¡
Túngu, Katúngu
Kyakímwa
Some comments about some of the names are in order here.
1. Múmbére (the first) from -Mbére (in the first place.
2. Kámúha (what he has given him) from eríhâ (to give). The eldest male child is the
best gift a woman can give to her husband.
3. Kigíro (the first finished product of an apprentice). The common noun is ékigíro
from erîgâ (to learn). The first-born child is the one through whom the wife learns
how to perform his maternal duties. It is also a confirmation of the accomplishment of
the couple’s duties towards the extended family and the clan, namely the need to
perpetuate the husband’s family.
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4. Muháso (the beginning) from erihása (to begin work). The eldest child is the one
through whom the mother starts begetting children.
5. Mt¡rnæjh”- Normally, omt¡rnæjh” is someone who leaves his clan and settles with a
different clan. He is given a plot of land to cultivate and he pays a tribute to the chief
of the clan, every year. Literally, the term means “the one who crosses” and it derives
from erísóka (to cross). As a name given to the first female child, Mt¡rnæjh” has two
different interpretations: (a) by analogy, a girl who is newly married leaves her family
and her clan in order to join her husband’s family and clan. The union of the couple is
a pact between their clans and their families. A girl born from such a union is thus the
consecration of such a pact.; (b) the day of her wedding, the young girl crosses one or
several rivers in order to reach the village of her husband.
6. Mbt¡æsa or Kábt¡æsa: “the last”. This name is an archaism which, according to
Kavutirwaki’s notes derives from the Proto Bantu noun Búchà (back) which can be
found in other Bantu languages.
7. Nzyábakê (I still have very few (children) to beget).
8. Ndt¡ængo (the end, the limit) from endt¡n
æ go (the end).
9. Kalh”bandâ (the one who closes the womb). The name comes from erh”kÕ”◊ba (to
obstruct) and the nominal form endâ (the womb). The child is supposed to put an end
to her mother’s fertility. She sort of obstructs her mother’s womb.
10. Baluku (or Paluku) and Masikâ : these two names are not in Kavutirwaki’s
original manuscript because, to him, they were borrowed from the Bira.
Perturbation of a sequence of homogeneous births
It may happen that a baby boy is born after one or several girls, or that a baby
girl is born after one or several boys. Such a child obviously disturbs the rigid order
of the names of a homogeneous sex. He introduces a change of sex in the family. This
is indicated by the name of Muhíndo, or its diminutive Kahíndo. Three names are
used to convey this change and both female and male children can bear such a name:
Muhíndo, Mbíndule or KagwálÕ”◊na.
(a) Muhíndo (change) from erihindúla (to change, to transform)
(b) Mbíndule (change me, put me upside down). This name literally means:
nyíbindule (transform me, turn me to a different direction).
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403
(c ) KagwálÕ”◊na (on whom a name falls). This name derives from the verb erigwâ (to
fall) and lÕ”◊na or erÕ”◊na (name). It is a euphemism for Muhíndo or Mbíndule. It is
given to a child who would have had the same name as his father or his grandfather.
Since in the Nande tradition it is a taboo for a woman to pronounce the name of his
father-in-law or of her husband, the child is given such a name in order not to violate
that taboo. KagwálÕ”◊na (or KawálÕ”◊na ) means that fate made it that the child bears the
same name as his father or one of his grandfathers.
The given names
This is an open category of names because people are born in different circumstances.
Such names include the nicknames, surnames, and pseudonyms. A given name is the
one which is added to the name a child gets upon his birth. It usually informs about
the character of the child or the circumstances in which that child was born. It is
different from a spiritual name or a proverbial name. Here are some examples of such
given names classified under different types of circumstances:
A. The place of birth.
1. Kanzíra (the one of the road). A name given to a child born during a trip, that is,
when the mother was on the road.
2. Kábunga (the traveler). A child born while one of his parents was traveling.
3. Kalúngero (he comes from the fields.). A child born when his parents were coming
from the fields.
B. The weather, the time.
1. Kalúmbh” (small fog). A child born when there was fog.
2. Kírô (night). A child born at night.
3. Malengéra (sunset). A boy born between 4PM and 6PM.
4. Kayéngâ (Sunday). A child born on Sunday.
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404
C. Physical characteristics
1. Kábúkê (the one of smallness). A very slender child upon his birth.
2. KahalwÕ”◊re (the shaved). A name given to a boy who was bald or who did not have
enough hair on his head.
3. Kasógyâ (the over-bloomed). A child whose hair is interspersed with gray hair.
4. KalÕ”◊lavÕ”Ã (the one who has gray hair)
5. Mwh”q`ft¡kt¡ (the black one). This name is given to a baby boy who was very black
at his birth.
D. State of health
1. Kadegt¡» (the one who suffers). A child whose health is precarious.
2. Kyámákyâ (it is daylight). It is daylight at last before the baby or a relative dies.
This name expresses some kind of relief as the parents were worried that someone
would die before daylight..
3. MbólÕ”◊re (I am dead). The child is so weak that he is virtually considered dead.
E. Difficulties of begetting the child.
1. Mt¡hongya (the one who makes people wait for a long time). The name is given to a
child who is born after a very difficult labor.
2. Kángitsi or Kákitsi (a subject of worry). The labor was so long that everybody was
worried that the mother or the child would die in parturition.
F. The gestation.
1. Katúlámô (he has been there for a long time). This name is given to a boy who is
born past due time. It is also given to a child born of a woman who was considered
barren. In case that child is a girl, she is given the name of Káswabene (she has
fermented).
2. Banémô (they (i.e. the children) are inside).This name is also given to a male child
whose mother was believed to be barren.
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405
3. Kh”s`gÕ”◊rê (the crude, the uncooked in its mother’s womb). This name is given to a
baby born prematurely.
G. Death in the family or in the village.
A name might also indicate whether the child was born after the death of a relative in
the family or in the village. The following are examples of such names.
1. Mútsuba or Nzúbâ or Músubáhô (the person who replaces, the one who comes
back). Somehow the Nande believe in reincarnation; someone who died may
resuscitate through the birth of his brother or sister. Nzúbâ means the resuscitated.
2. Kyábt¡ (garbage).
3. KÕ”◊ah”qh”ryô (the place where the garbage is thrown).
4. Yalála (garbage). This name is borrowed from Swahili. Kyábu, KÕ”◊ah”qh”ryô, and
Yalála may be given to a male or a female child born after two or three children who
died in the family. These dead children are buried in a banana field where the garbage
is also thrown. Because these children have been assimilated to the garbage, it is
believed that they would no longer cause any harm to their brother or sister who is a
garbage just like them.
5. Kyabíro (the thing that lasts some days only). This name translates the slim hope
that parents have in keeping such a child who is born after several other children who
died before him.
6. Syágúswâ (he should not be thrown away). This name is given to a female or a male
child born after several other dead children.
7. KasÕ”◊gwâ (the one who has been left). This name is given to a child born after the
death of his father or whose mother died during the labor or soon after he was born.
8. Káhanya (the miserable). This name is given to a child who was born while his
family was mourning the death of a relative. Another name conveying the same
information is Kasónia (tears), which is being replaced nowadays by Machozi (tears) a
loan-word from Swahili .
9. Kavutirwáki, more exactly Kabt¡sÕ”◊qv`æjh” (why is this child born again ? Is it not
enough that other children have died before him?)
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406
H. Social events
Some names convey information about the important events that were taking place
when the child was born. Examples of such names are the following :
1. Kándara (small xylophone). The word designates a musical instrument used for
dancing in honor of a dignitary or for putting an end to certain ritual ceremonies such
as circumcision, a sacrifice to God or to a Higher Spirit which lasts several days. A
child born during such a period is given the name of Kándara.
2. Kátende (newly circumcised). This name is given to a child born during the
circumcision ceremony during which adolescents of a certain age were assembled and
secluded in the bush to be initiated to adult life. In case the child is a girl, she is given
the name of Nyábátende (mother of the circumcised).
3. Ndibíto (fleeing). This name is given to a boy born while his parents were refugees
in another country or in another village because of war. An anthroponymic synonym
of this name is Lúhi (war).
4. Kanzála or Nzála (hunger, famine). The name is given to a child born during
scarcity or a general famine in the area..
5. Sokónh” (in the market) This is a loan-word from Swahili .
I. Socio-economic situations
1. Nzáma (the poor). This name is given to a male child born while his parents were
experiencing economic hardship.
2. Kabíndu (the one of abundance). The child is born during abundance. If it is a girl,
she is called Nyábingi (the mother of abundance). This name is different from
Nyábingi (which is the goddess of abundance).
3. Byalengeréra (the things targeted or the things that arrive at the right moment). This
name is given to a child born during a period of abundance which follows a period of
a general famine in the area..
J. The daily activities
406
407
Some names convey information about the profession of one of the ancestors.
1. Mt¡ægdærh” (the blacksmith)
2. KÕ”◊jt¡lt¡ (a big healer)
K. The individual habits.
Some names may convey information about certain habits, qualities or the bad
character of the child. Such characteristics are usually noticed while the child is still a
baby.
1. Kahándt¡ækya (the one who scolds openly). This name is given to a child who has the
habit of scolding people in public, without any restraint.
2. Kálíra (the one who cries).This name is given to a child who used to cry a lot when
he was a baby.
3. Kámabt¡ (a fan of beer). This name is given to a male child who seems to like beer
and whose father is a drunkard. It is also given to a child born while beer was being
brewed in the family.
4. Mt¡æsdæsh” (the adulterer, the fornicator) This name is given to a male child whose
parent or one of his grand parents liked to sleep with women a lot.
The proverbial names
These types of names are usually a shortening of a proverb or a catchy saying. They
are intended to give a warning to the mother or to the family of one of the parents.
They might also express gratitude towards the parents or to neighbors. Here are a few
examples of such names.
1. Magúlu (legs), from the proverb magulu mangú ni mabuy’ Õ”◊vÕ”◊sÕ”◊re (the quick legs
are a good thing if you catch something good; to be present at any event is good as
long as one benefits from it). This proverb is meant for a person who goes everywhere
where there is an important event. At times he might benefit from the fact of being
present at a given event, but there are also some other times where his presence might
turn out to be the beginning of his own misfortune. When given to a male child, the
name of Magúlu may translate the complaint of the mother who considers that she is
not respected by the family of her husband; it is a way of telling her in-laws that she
regrets having come to their family.
407
408
2. Kyasónda or Kyasonda (that is what he was looking for). This name has a double
interpretation: (a) the Nande people appreciate the male children without necessarily
disdaining the female children. As it may happen that a couple has children of the
same sex, and that parents are not very happy about it, if they get a child of a different
sex, they give him the name Kyasónda; (b) a woman may have married her husband
despite the opposition of her parents. In case her husband ill-treats her, she may give
this name to her child.
3. Sondyábyô (the one who looks for them). This name comes from the proverb
Sondya bibuyá syábíbana (the one who looks for the beautiful things rarely finds
them). It is a warning by one of the parents to his offspring against being too
materialistic.
4. BahámwÕ”◊sh” (they give to the killer). This name is given to a child as a way of
stigmatizing the lack of gratitude of some relatives of the husband or his neighbors.
The spiritual names
These types of names make reference to the magic world of spirits. In Kinande, they
are called “ámen’ ébuhángwa (the names of creation or names of predestination). It is
believed that these names link their bearers to the spiritual forces whose names they
belong to. They are usually given to children as a response to a message given to
parents by these spiritual forces. A child who bears the name of a spirit is put under
the protection of that spirit. Here are a few examples of such names:
1. Lúsenge (given to a boy) and Mbólt¡ (given to a girl). Lúsenge is believed to be
responsible for impregnating a woman who was considered barren. That is why, if
such a woman gives birth to a child, the name of Lusenge (for a boy) or Mbólt¡ (for a
girl) is then given to such a child.
2. Mt¡læ ékya (the pacifier), from erh”lekyâ (to reconcile those who are in conflict). A
conflict may cease when a couple gets a child. The reconciliation is then interpreted as
the work of a spirit called Mt¡læ ékya. That is why his name is given to such a male
child as a symbol of reconciliation.
408
409
3. Mt¡ækdladæqh” (the guardian of children), from erílembéra (to baby-sit). Mt¡ækdladæqh”
is a spirit who looks after small children in the absence of their mother. This name is
given to a child as a way of entrusting that child to the protection of the spirit called
Mt¡ækdladæqh”.
4. Mt¡æràt¡ækh” (the savior) from erísabúla (to save, to retrieve from water). Mt¡æràt¡ækh”
is a spirit who is invoked when the family experiences some difficulties or when a
man has escaped an imminent danger. This name is given to a male child in memory
of some benefit one believes to have obtained from the spirit Mt¡æràt¡ækh”5. KÕ”◊ma (the rainbow) comes from ekÕ”◊ma (rainbow) which is the symbol of the bad
spirit called Ndyoka, a spirit that lives in water and which manifests itself in the form
of a sheep. Since this sheep drinks most of the time at a creek, it is believed that a
rainbow hovers over it. Since Ndyoka is renowned for its evil deeds, any person who
might happen to be in the surroundings of the river where it drinks might become a
victim of Ndyoka’s evil deeds. If it is a woman and if she still gives birth to a child,
that child is called KÕ”◊ma
6. Nyábingi (the mother of abundance). In the world of Nande spirits, Nyábingi is the
goddess of abundance. A special cult is even devoted to her. A female child who
shows signs of being connected to her by acting as her medium, is given her name in
order to perpetuate her presence within the family. It might also happen that Nyábingi
communicates her desire to have a female child dedicated to her through a dream or a
medium. In that case, the parents are compelled to give her name to the first female
child that gets born after that.
About twins
Giving birth to twins usually necessitates a purification ritual during which the twins’
mother is obliged to eat grass after a rope has been tied around her neck. It is a way of
telling her that she desecrated the land because she gave birth to twins. In their
cultural tradition, the Nande believe that only a goat can give birth to twins, not a
human being. Special names are given to twins and also to the two children who are
born after twins.
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410
(a) The first-born among twins is called Ngúrû or Kakúrû , a name that comes from a
lexical archaism kúru (elder, big) and the second twin is called Ndobyâ or Katobyâ ;
(b) the child born after the twins is called Kítsa or Kakítsa and the one who is born
after Kitsa is called Kamála.
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411
Appendix 3: Medicinal plants
A. Terminology of medicinal herbs known by the Nande
Vernacular names
Arabica
Artisho
Bikyakya
bitsali (peas)
Bitsutsi
Bolio
Bubondo
bubono
Buhoti (beans)
Bukakati
Bukangwe
Bulindera
Bulo
Buma
Buntembura
Bunyanzaki
Bunyatsi
Busewe
Busili
Busobyo
Bususu
Butembe
Butsipa
Butsibira
Chai
Chaichai
Fuka (avocado)
Hai (garlic)
Scientific names
Coffea canephone var Arabica
Cynara cardunculus
Pavonia urens
Pisum sativum
Family
Rubiaceae
Astereceae
Malvaceae
Fabaceae
Raphia gilleti
Ricinus communis
Phaseolus vulgaris
Arecaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Fabaceae
Piper guineense
Panicum brevifolium
Eleusina corocana
Piperaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Imperata cylindrica
Capsicum frutescens
Caryophytaceae
Poaceae
Musa ensete
Musa sapientum
Canna indica
Camelia sinensis
Lavandula officinalis
Perseae americana
Allium sativum
Musaceae
Cannaceae
Theaceae
Lamiaceae
Lauraceae
411
412
Hembe (mango)
Kabaniambwa
Kabingande
Kagulu ka ngwali
Kahwehula
Kakutsele
Kalamata
Kalanga (groundnuts)
Kalasu
Kanungira
Kanyamakundo
Kanyamasyano
Kanyamate
Kanyamatsitsi (1)
Kanyamatsitsi (2)
Kanyangumbani
Karoti (carotte)
Kasosonia
Katangolo
Katenderya
Katongwe
Katsiboro
Katula
Kausa
Kayumbuyumbu
Kibulibuli
Kibunwe
Kihambangima
Kihango
Kihatambuli
Kihoko
Kihokolo
Kiholoholo
Kikanya
412
Mangifera indica
Anarcadiaceae
Conzoïdes sumatrensis
Polygonum nepalense
Spilanthes filicaulis
Asteraceae
Plygonaceae
Asteraceae
Galium --Arachis hypogaea
Lantana trifolia
Cymbogon cytratus
Leucas martinisensis
Rubiaceae
Fabaceae
Verbenaceae
Poaceae
Lamiaceae
Euphorbia hirta
Lactuca virosa
Euphorbiaceae
Daucus carota
Tragia tenuifolia
Datura suaveolens (arborea)
Triumfetta pilosa
Rauvolfia vomitora
Apiaceae
Eupthorbiaceae
Liliaceae
Apocynaceae
Synadenium grantü
Hyptis suaveolens
Euphorbiaceae
Tristenima incompletum
Melastomatoceae
Cyathula unculata
Manihot glaziovü
Phytolacca dodecandra
Eucalyptus saligna
Kalonchae pinnata (crenanta)
Amaranthaceae
Uphorbiaceae
Phytolaccaceae
Myrtaceae
crassulaceae
413
Kikanzu
Kikene (yam)
Kiki
Kikusa (corn)
Kilau (cypress)
Kilengalenga
Kileti (Pyrethrum)
Kilima
Kilumbu
Kina
Kingina (quinquinna)
Kinyamatsitsi
(Kisungu)
Kinyamatwi
Kinyambumba
Kinyangwa
Kipanza
(akapanzá Bálúme)
Kirangabutala
Kiribwa (sweet
potato)
Kirimyamuliro
Kirisaka
Kisambanyumu
Kiseke (sugar cane)
Kisembe
Kisondu
Kisubi
Kisulanindi,
omusulanindi
Kisumbu
Kiswali
Kitahura
Botryocline longipes
Dioscorea dumetorum
Asteraceae
Dioscoreaceae
Zea mays
Cupressus lusitanica
Rumex abyssinicus
Pirethrum cinerariifolium
Acacia mearnsü(decurrens)
Lobelia --Justicia flava
Cinchona succimbra
(ledgeriana)
Euphorbia trigona
Poaceae
Cupressaceae
Poligonaceae
Asteraceae
Mimosaceae
Asteraceae
Acanthaceae
Rubiceae
Centella asiatica
Apiaceae
Agrocharis incognita
Araceae
Apiaceae
Adenostemma pirotteti ?
Ipomea batatas
Asteraceae
Convolvulaceae
Crassocephalum bojeri?
Englerastrum schweinfurthüm
Asteraceae
Lamiaceae
Saccharum officinarum
Alsophia manniana
Solanum --Musa --Crassocephalum motuosum
Poaceae
Cyatheaceae
Solanaceae
Musaceae
Asteraceae
Dioscorea cayennensis
Dioscoreaceae
Euphorbiceae
413
414
Kitasimba
Kitembulelya
Kitife
Kitika
Kitulanga
Kiware
Kokoliko
Kolikobe
Kumbukumbu
Kyabusiko
Kyamba
Kyangululu
Kyatsinge
Kyobe (zucchini)
Lengalenga
Liboyo
Liherengete
Lilonga
Linzo
Lipe
Lobo
Longolongo
Lubaluba
Lubatama
Lubatu
Luberume
Lubunangwa
Luburandina
Luhoti (beans)
Lupapali
Lutswamba
Madami
Maedeni
Makerere 1
414
Boreria princeae
Triumfetta cordifolia
Rubiaceae
Tiliceae
Musa nana
Datura stramonium
Musa
Hemianthus annuus
Cucurbita
Musanga cecropioides
Cestrum nocturnum
Murianthius arborens
Mukia maderaspetana
Urtica dioica
Cucurbita
Amaranthus hybridus
Gilbertio dendron
Gloriosa superba
Galinsoga parviflora
Musaceae
Solanaceae
Musaceae
Asteraceae
Cucurbutaceae
Moraceae
Solanaceae
Moraceae
Cucurbitaceae
Urticaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Amaranthaceae
Lupinus crotalaria
Fabaceae
Plantago palmata
Plantaginaceae
Lactuca glandulifera (sativa)
Cassita filiformis
Phaseolus vulgaris
Ageratum conysoides
Digitaria sp
Terminalia suprba
Eucalyptus globulis
Rubus idaeus
Asteraceae
Lauraceae
Fabaceae
Asteraceae
Poaceae
Combretaceae
Myrtiraceae
Rosaceae
Liliaceae
Fabaceae
415
Makerere 2
Makulumbe
(akakalasu)
Makungu
Mambau
Mandarina
Marakutsa (maracuja)
Masakale
Maseghese
Maseka
Matako ya bibi
Matsambiri
Matughu
Matumbitumbi
Matundadamu
Mbangula
Mbina
Mbogha (Nyeghera)
Mbuherera
Mbupuru
Mchele ya watoto
Mubabali
Mubale
Mubiriri
Mubularina
Mubunja
Muchora
Mughanza
Mugharamba
Mughavabirumba
Mughumo
Muhangahanga
Muhate
Muhemba
Rubus pinnatus
Lantana Camara
Rosaceae
Verbinaceae
Thaumatoccus daniellii
Citrus riticulata
Passiflora edulis
Rutaceae
Passifloraceae
Tephrosia vogelii
Fabaceae
Portulaca oleraceae
Portulaceae
Discoreae lulifera
Piper capense
Gyphomandra betaceae
Drymaria cordata
Piperaceae
Solanaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Amaranthus viridis
Ipomea Sp.
Physalis peruviana
Amaranthaceae
Convolvulaceae
Solanaceae
Pteridium centrali-africanium
Vernonia amgdalina
Hypolepidaceae
Asteraceae
Cassia didymobotrya
Caesalpinaceae
Eucalyptus citriodora
Cyphostemma adenocaule
Ficus sp.
Maesa lanceolata
Diacoena fragrans
Sorghum bicolor
Myrtiraceae
Vitaceae
Moraceae
Myrsinaceae
Agavaceae
Poaceae
415
416
Muhoko (manioc)
Muhube
Mukarakara
Mukausa
Mukohwa
Mukonze
Mukubokubo
Mulibahasa
Mulonge (bamboo)
Mulyanzuki
Mumbiri
Mumbowu
Munduluma
Mungu
Munyuwambene
(Clover)
Munzobonzobo
Mupera
Mupiki
Muranda
Murubaini ou
mwarubaine (neem
tree)
Musabu
Musasa
Musebere
Musololu
Musombo
Musonia
Musubulia
Mutaghala
Mutalala
416
Manihot esculenta
Sansevieria trifasciata
Euphorbiaceae
Agavaceae
Erythrina abyssinicus
(tomentosa)
Dracaena arborea
Fabaceae
Agavaceae
Oxynanthera abyssinica
Poaceae
Leonotis nepatifolium Lamium Lamiaceae
album
Kigelia africana
Bignoniaceae
Xanthosoma sagittifolia
Arabeceae
Chenopodium abrosioides
Chenopodiaceae
Lagenaria vulgarius
Cucurbutaceae
Oxalius corniculata
Oxalidaceae
Psidium guayava
Myrtaceae
Solanum sp
Adzerkia india
Solanaceae
Meliaceae
Markhamia lutea
Bignoniaceae
Albisia gemmifera (ealaensis)
Mimosaceae
Bideus pilosa
Asteraceae
Senecio manii
Asteraceae
417
Mutangalyuba
Mutangambali
Mutolu
Mutondi
Mutondo
Mutondotondo
Mutsambere
Mutsawangima
Mutsere (riz)
Mutsikili
Mutsungakambi
Mutsungangambo
Mutubya
Mutundula
Mutundusu
Mutusu
Nanasi (pineapple)
Ndakala
Ndandakimu
Ndehe
Nderema
Ndetsa
Ndetsa y’omusasi
Ndimotamu
Ndimotsungu
Ndughunda
Ndwago
Ngaingai
Ngaka (kitenende)
Nganiahi
Ngano (wheat)
Ngasi (Palm tree)
Ngatikatika
Pentasgangibarica
Tagete minuta
Sibybum marianum
Rubiaceae
Asteraceae
Astaraceae
Impatiens sp
Rumex bequaerti
Balsaminaceae
Polygonaceae
Oryza sativa
Poaceae
Cassia floribunda
Cassia floribunda
Tetradenia riparia
Sida acuta
Eriobotrya japonica
Syzygium sp.
Ananas comosus
Solanum scalare
Casalpimiaceae
Casalpimiaceae
Lamiaceae
Malvaceae
Rosaceae
Myrtaceae
Bromeliaceae
Solanaceae
Aframomum sanguineum
Basella alba
Commelina diffusa (africana)
(commelina vulgaris)
Zebrina pendula
Citrus aurantium
Citrus lemon
Solanum aculeastrum
Zingiberaceae
Basellaceae
Commelinaceae
Commelinaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Solanaceae
Hibiscus cannabinus
Aloe vera
Clerodendrum
Triticum oestivum
Eleais guineensis
Platicerium angolense
Malvaceae
Liliaceae
Verbenaceae
Poaceae
Palmaceae
Polypodiaceae
417
418
Ngobanyolo
Ngobolu
Ngongolya
Ngoroghoso
Ngote
Ngula
Ngwenye
Nyabokyo
Nyanya
Nyarubanda
Nzumbu
Nzununu
Papai (papaya)
Perese (strawberry)
Pilipili (ordinary
pepper)
Pisa
Pisali
Pwaro (leek)
Riherengete
(Gloriole)
Rikanda
Rinyangwa (taro)
Risesa
Ritina (reed)
Robusta
Ronye (onion)
Rukuyu
Rwese
Ryoli (zucchini)
Safulere (cauliflower)
Sereli (celery)
Sisogho
Soya
418
Lindernia crustacea
Desmodium adscendes
Cola acuminata
Achyrantes aspera
Scrophulariaceae
Fabaceae
Sterculiaceae
Amarantaceae
Solanum melongena
Ranunculus multifidus
Momordica foetida
Crassocephalum crepidioides
Carica papaya
Fragaria vesca
Capsicum annuum
Solanaceae
Ranun Culaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Asteraceae
Caricaceae
Rosaceae
Solanaceae
Solanum americanum
Taraxacum officinale
Allium porrum
Gloriosa superba
Solanaceae
Asteraceae
Liliaceae
Pennisetum clandestenum
Colocasia antiquorum
Carex sp.
Pennicetum purpureum
Coffea canephona var robusta
Allium cepa
Ficus exasperata
Poaceae
Cucunis melo
Brassica oleracea botrytis
Apium graveolens
Solanum nigrum
Glycina max
Cyperaceae
Rubiaceae
Alliaceae
Moraceae
Cucurbutaceae
Brassicaceae
Apiaceae
Fabaceae
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Swa (cabbage)
Taba
Tamutamu
Tangausi
Tembwe
Tomate
Brassica oleracea capitata
Nicotina tabaccum
Oxalis acetosella
Zingiber officinale
Brassicaceae
Solanaceae
Oxalidaceae
Zingiberaceae
Lycopersicum esculentum
Solanaceae
(Source for the names in the above table: Mutaka Marcel (ms.). The term “murubaini
or mwarubaine” is a loan word that designates a type of tree known as the “neem tree”
and which is now grown in several areas in the Nande land because of its curative
qualities. The word literally means in Luhya or in Massai, languages spoken in Kenya,
“the tree that treats forty diseases”)
akálindihámba (akákindá
bálúme)
akapanzá bálúme
Ebyobyoro
Ekíbatama
Ekikanya
ekilanga butála
ekinyábwanga = éndugunda
Ekitémbekalya
ékyatsinge (nettle)
Elibhaha
Endéngwê
Enduta
erihí ly’oko kitáka
Eríkubya
Esupa
Óbuku
Olúsúli
omúhangámbógo
omúherehere
plantago palmata
Bryophyllum pinnatum
Dichrocephala integrifolia
Solanum oculeatrum
Triumfatla cordifolia
Urtica dioica
Asteraceae
Solanaceae
Tiliaceae
Urticaceae
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420
omuhúnga
omúkelekele
omukúndúsevere
omulalíka
omunímba
omunyolákútû
omusobyô
Omusoga
Omúsololwê
Omúsúku
Piptedeniastrum africanum
Mimosaceae
Cassia alata
Canarium schweinfurthii
Connaraceae
(Source for the above table: Kasilongo Mbusa Tasikimulya; and for the scientific
names: Dr. Kamabu Vasombolwa Valentin, Prof. at UCG (Université Catholique du
Graben) and ISEAV/Butembo.)
B. Classification of plants according to their medicinal use
(This is an excerpt from Mutaka Marcel’s manuscript entitled “Herboriste, te voilà
face à ton patient.” It gives an idea on how these medicinal plants are used.) 2
Plants are classified in different categories with respect to their medicinal use: the
analgesics, the “aperitives”, the anti-anemics, the antidotes, the antipaludics, the
antiscorbutics, the antispasmodics, the “antitussives”, the carminatives, the
“cholagogues,” the depuratives, the diuretics, the antipyretics, the “galactagogues,”
the haemostatic, etc.
2
Mutaka Marcel is a teacher at the “Centre Diocésain de Pastorale, Catéchèse et Liturgie”of
Butembo/Beni in DRC and a medical practitioner of CAMEN “Centre pour l’Amélioration de
la Médecine Traditionnelle”, P.O. Box 63 Butembo). We wish to express our gratitude to him
for allowing us to publish excerpts of his manuscript in this dictionary. The English translation
of the technical words may not be accurate as they are translated from French. I know Mutaka
Marcel had a Belgian French influence in the use of these terms. So, when in doubt, please use
the French equivalent of these medical terms.
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The analgesic plants are the ones that eliminate or lessen the sensations of pain. Such
plants are: ngobanyólo, marakutsa (the leaves), nzumbu (the leaves), búbóno (the oil
and the leaves), etc.
The “aperitive” plants are the ones that stimulate appetite. Plants which have that
property are: kanungíra, ndetsa y’omusási, ordinary ndetsa, celery, etc.
The antianemic plants: kina, matunda damu, muhóko (leaves), kihoko (leaves),
pineapple, papaya (fruit), lengalenga, ndimotsungu (fruit), cabbage (crude or semicooked), avocado (leaves), kíribwa (leaves), etc.
The antidote plants: kátongolo, ngaka, kisungu, kilau, kiki, etc. They eliminate
poison.
The antipaludic plants are the ones that treat malaria. Examples of such plants are:
mbina (bark), múkohwa (bark), kinginâ (bark), katenderya (leaves and stem),
munyuwambene (stem and leaves), etc.
The antiscorbutic plants are the ones which are rich in vitamin C. Such examples are:
ndimotsungu (fruits), mapera (fruit), lengalenga, matundadamu, mboga, pérese,
ngaingai, múbale (terminal bud), ndetsá y’omusási, ordinary ndetsa, kyátsinge,
papaya tree, mbúpúrû, nyánya, ronyê, pwarô, etc.
The antispasmodic plants are the ones which stop spasms and convulsions. Examples
of such plants are: kitulanga (seeds), munduluma (leaves), ngobányólo, nzumbu
(leaves, músúku, muranda, etc.
The “antitussive” plants are the ones that cure cough. Examples: kikanyo (leaves),
mbupuru (leaves), ndimotsungu (leaves + fruits), bunyanzaki, eucalyptus globulis
(leaves), múbale (terminal bud), kausa, musonia, másakale (leaves), etc.
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The depurative leaves are the ones which purify the organism by eliminating toxins.
Examples: katongolo (core), ngaka (leaves), kiki (bark), mupiki (bark), kihókólo
(roots), maségése (leaves and roots).
The diuretic plants are the ones which increase urine secretion. Examples of such
plants are the potato and the zucchini (fruit).
The emetic (or vomiting) plants are the ones which provoke vomiting. The ones that
we know are: mupiki (bark), katongolo (fruits), kihokolo (root), nyarubanda
(leaves), and the búbóno (castor oil).
The emollient plants are the ones that mollify or weaken the body. Examples of such
plants: kihokolo (roots), muhóko (cassava bread), papaya tree (leaves).
The expectorate plants are the ones that un-obstruct the respiratory tracks and the
bronchial tubes. That is why they are also called broncho-dilatatory plants. Such
plants are: kikanyo (leaves), mugarámba (leaves), maedéni (leaves), papaya tree
(cigarettes by means of leaves), bunyánzáki, citrus tree (leaves and fruits).
The febrifuge or antipyretic plants are the ones that combat fever. Examples of such
plants are: kanungira, múlyánzúki (stem and leaves), ngobányólo.
The “galactagogue” plants are the ones that increase the secretion of milk. It is for
example the ndetsa and the bubondo (wine).
The haemostatic plants are the ones that attenuate or stop hemorrhage. Examples are:
mukoko (leaves), kihoko (leaves), ndimotsúngu (fruit), kanyamasyáno (leaves).
The hypoglycemia plants are the ones that diminish the rate of glucose in the blood.
Examples of such plants are: kikusa (beard), ndugúnda (fruit), vinca roseae (flowers),
chamomile (leaves), mbina (bark).
The insecticide plants are the ones that kill insects. Examples: eucalyptus globulis,
kileti, and papaya tree (latex).
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The insectifuge plants are the ones that chase away insects. Examples: kanungira,
eucalyptus citriodora, mutangambáli, kilau, etc.
The laxative or cathartic plants are the ones that result in diarrhea. Examples are:
kátongolo, buhóti (crude seeds), búbóno (castor oil), kisungu (latex), nyabokyô
(roots), etc.
The refreshing or soothing plants are plants such as the citronella, the palm tree (oil),
búbóno (castor oil and leaves), eucalyptus citrodora (leaves).
The sedative plants are the ones that cause sleepiness. Examples of such plants are:
nzumbu (leaves), marakutsa (leaves).
The tonic plants are the ones that reinvigorate the body. Examples are: all the
energizing foods, kipanza, luburandina, etc.
The toxic plants are the ones that contain toxins. Examples of such plants are: mupiki,
katula, poisonous mushrooms, kitulanga, etc.
C. Terminology of diseases in Kinande
(Note: The source of the information in this section is Mutaka Marcel’s manuscript
on traditional medicine. We have simply retained the names of diseases that have an
equivalent in Kinande.).
ekíhutê :
abscess
amabheto:
sore throat, angina
akábabalyó k’oko kúli : appendicitis
esikarísi :
“ascaris”
akabúndâ:
belly swelling
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endúhi:
asthenia
ebhelibheri:
beriberi
ebhilalisyósi:
bilharzias
ékyanzali:
gonorrhoea
omúbúru:
skin eruptions, spots (boutons)
obúhyê:
burn
akábondé ákakatangási: cachexy
Epu:
cancer
akahwâ:
cataract (ák’omó líso)
enthelhebha:
ear infection, « cheloide »
ekolerâ:
cholera
ekohókohô:
whooping-cough
émbatu:
constipation
endége:
convulsion
akányóta:
diabetes
akáhuru:
diarrhea (eríhíta)
akaníga:
dysphagia
akasínínî:
dysentery
omukugúta:
dysmenorrhea
embíhi:
dyspepsia
olukérérê:
eczema
ebigâ:
crevasses ( syn. emigenye)
ebítsútsa:
epilepsy (eripítsa, epitsipatsa)
omuléru:
nose bleeding « epistaxis »
akábembere:
fever
etifoide:
typhus
erígósi:
filaria (ekísési, eríyihála)
ekísési:
filaria (erígósi)
erisíre:
craziness, foolishness
akamáta:
furuncle, boil
obuhére:
scabies
esitomâ:
gastritis (loan from French “estomac”)
ebikése:
gingivitis “gingivorragie”
eríhúme:
goiter (eríkuku)
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ekíhúnzo:
omusónga:
oluhénde:
énzoká y’obúlúme:
eribhínda:
akabúndâ:
ngámb’ibotsyô:
amatori:
oburori:
énzerwê:
ekitémbo:
ebíhaga:
ekisungumata:
omutsútsa:
éryusê:
omunekê:
amatungúlhu:
omuháha:
ákomomunwê:
amátwátwâ:
ekirónda:
ekíhóni:
akakánga:
amákonongo:
obúmenzemenze:
emíkî:
ehómâ:
obúsérwê:
obúkébúkê:
akalúndi:
esofísi:
ekísúli:
etényâ:
flu
hematemesis (vomiting blood)
haemorrhoids
hernia
hydrocele
hydropisia (endá mbísi)
hypogalaxia (to not have enough milk)
jaundice
insomnia (eríkubátô, eriganz’ebíbátsi)
kwashiorkor (óbwerú bw’obúhanya)
laryngitis
leprosy
lipoma (excess of fat on the area above the anus in women)
malaria, paludism (akapururu, omukongúlu, akatsikida)
rachitism
meningitis (omukanda)
mycosis (ebítangábítanga)
otitis
panaris (akalóyi, akákubyá túlo)
foot sore, athlete’s foot
wound
ulcerous wound (ékyamangâ)
rib sore “point de côté” (akambáfu)
poliomyelitis
rachitism (obuwéde, obúdingo)
rheumatism
catarrh
measles (obúkébúkê)
measles
AIDS (akátelúli, wángebe, akalemekereryô)
syphilis
ringworm (teigne tondante)
tenia
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éngohólo:
esyónguha:
ekíkubá kínéne:
ebítóle:
obuthúrúthuru:
engámi:
ólusúsû:
epese:
cough (ekohókohô)
trichomonases vaginalis
tuberculosis
chickenpox
smallpox (obumámbo)
wart
dizziness
shingles (omulémba)
D. Treatment of certain diseases with medicinal plants 3
Tooth decay:
a. éndugunda (wild aubergine)
Fry the fruit on the fire, collect the black ashes. It is more preferable to use a fruit that
has thorns. One should grind that fruit after having fried it, and then one sifts the ashes
that result from the frying; add some table salt (esérwê), mix the whole concoction and
keep it in a container. To administer it, take a pinch of that product with the fingers
and put it on the tooth during a week.
b. Éngaka (ekítenende) Aloe vera. The aloe vera is considered as a wide spectrum
antibiotics. Its sap is also used to treat teeth that move and which provoke wounds.
One should remove such a tooth and avoid infections on the ensuing wound. One
should thus gargle the mouth with water, then one gargles it with the sap of aloe vera
or one simply applies the leaf of aloe vera on the spot where the tooth has been
removed..
Poison
3
Sister Euphrasie Melonde of the “Compagnie de Petites Soeurs de la Présentation” of Vungi,
Butembo, is the source of most information in this section. We wish to express our gratitude to
her and also to Bishop Sikuli Paluku Melchisedech of the diocese of Butembo/Beni for having
facilitated our contact with her.
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a. Omutundúla or omunundúla, a type of plants local people make brooms with
(ekifagío). Take the leaves with the yellow seeds of the plant. Dry them inside the
house. While drying them cover them with a light cloth in order to avoid dirt that flies
could eventually deposit on them. Then, one should pound them and sift those dry
leaves, put the resulting powder into a box. Make sure you do not put that powder in a
crystal container to avoid humidity. To administer it, take a pinch of that powder with
three fingers, or take a small amount and swallow it with a little quantity of water. It is
highly recommended to keep that powder within reach whenever one suspects an
eventuality of being poisoned. One can pretend going to the toilets and take that
powder, and then, when one gets back from the appointment where one suspects to
have been poisoned, one should take some more. That powder is particularly an
effective antidote against a type of poison called “akaruho”.
b. olupapale (ageratum): Wash the leaves, masticate them and swallow the liquid from
them, and do that for a week..
c. One can also eat rice with a spoonful of honey during 5 to 10 days.
d. endimotsungu (citrus). Put the ndimotsungu in clean water, using a glass. It is
highly recommended to keep a citrus in one’s bag when you suspect that you will be
staying in a milieu where you might be poisoned.
Notice also that the ndimotsungu is used to treat a cough. To use it for that
purpose, one should be drinking its juice during five days. One should however avoid
to crush the fruit with one’s teeth since it contains acid. Before administering it to a
patient, make sure that he does not have a stomach ache caused by ulcers. This is a
very important precaution according to Sister Melonde, the source of this information.
e. olúbóno. One can also use it as an antidote. After pounding its leaves and
collecting the liquid from them, one should be drinking one glass per day during five
days. It is not necessary to add salt to this concoction.
Castor oil is also used to treat a person who has been poisoned. The formula
is: one egg + honey+ castor oil. According to Sister Melonde, this is a medication that
is highly effective against poison. For its preparation, break the egg, put the yellow
liquid of the egg on one side and the white liquid of the egg on the other side. Since
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poison primarily attacks the liver and the kidneys, one should first of all administer
the white liquid of the egg to the patient. Then, one should take the yellow liquid (one
spoonful) + one spoonful of honey + one spoonful of castor oil and then mix
everything by gently beating it during five minutes. The resulting product is the
antidote. As for the posology, one should take one spoonful in the morning before
eating, and then eat after 15 minutes. In the evening, one should also take some before
eating. Five yellow liquids of the eggs correspond to five days. According to Sister
Melonde, this medication is highly effective and it also treats gastritis and many more
diseases.
Since certain poisons are given inside gifts such as goats and chickens that a
false friend might offer you, it is highly recommended to kill such a goat or such a
chicken after three days. In case of poisoning, such an animal will die before three
days.
Complications in giving birth.
Nyegera, also known as emboka bhíbhi or matako bhíbhi. This plant used as vegetable
is highly recommended to the balimbasa (i.e. the girls in parturition and who will give
birth for the very first time) and also to women since it helps widen the cervix. This
renders it easy for the woman to give birth. According to Sister Melonde, this is a very
precious piece of advice since it helps avoid the traumatisms and the useless pains to
which numerous women sometimes confront when they are obliged to deliver their
babies by c-section.
Paralysis.
Amábóno. Prepare hot water and put some leaves of amábóno inside. One should
then administer a massage to the patient with those leaves and smear him with a
special ointment that has been prepared from several products such as: obuswe,
omusuku, omusumâ, amábóno, and akatungulhusúma (garlic). According to Sister
Soeur Melonde, this type of treatment also helps a child who does not walk.
Notice also that the leaves of the amabóno are used for the case of a woman
who does not produce milk for her new-born baby and about whom it is said “kandi ni
ribotsyô,” that is, she does not have milk. To treat this, take the very young leaves of
mábóno, just half a handful, pound them like when you pound cassava leaves, add
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some salt and then squeeze the liquid from them. It is this liquid that the woman
should be drinking three times a day. Usually, milk starts coming after three days or
one week. If the mother’s baby does not have enough milk, she can be taking 6
spoonfuls per day. As soon as she starts producing the milk, the treatment should be
stopped. According to Sr Melonde, this piece of advice is very important for baby’s
mothers, especially in a situation where there is no artificial milk.
Prurient otitis (type of ear infection)
Roots of the amábóno. For the prurient otitis called, omúháhâ, it can be treated by
using the liquid obtained from the roots of the castor oil tree (obúbóno) and be
dropping it in the ears.
An alternative treatment is to use the sap obtained from the leaves of the aloe vera and
be putting a few drops in the affected ear.
Panaris (ekíhutwé ky’oko munwê ou akásowésowê).
Take the leaves and the yellow seeds of munundúla, pound them and tie them around
the affected finger. Those leaves help mature the wound inside the finger.
Notice also that this concoction is also used to treat a woman’s breast. Tie it
onto the breast, and then, smear the breast with the sap of aloe vera.
In case of a serious infection, one should prepare one liter of that concoction as it
helps remove the pus from the body.
Wounds (and cancer).
Omusonía (Obukúto).
It is used to treat wounds and cancer. Alternatively, one can use aloe vera for treating
these two diseases.
In case of a patient with an acute jaundice, prepare two liters of this concoction from
the leaves and the stem of this plant. Then take half a glass of it in the morning and in
the evening. Depending upon how the patient feels, this medication can be
administered during 5 to 7 days.
Sexual virility
Omusónia (obukúto).
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The bark of this plant known as “bideus pilosa” is also used as a sexual aphrodisiac.
Following the information reported in “Wish I had known” by Mutaka & Bolima
(2004), men who intend to make love usually masticate its bark during the day. Its
leaves can also be pounded, together with the stem, and then one squeezes them to
collect the liquid. It is this liquid that one mixes with some water and drink before
making love.
Goiter.
For the treatment of goiter, see whether it hurts or not. The patient is advised to eat
avocadoes. However, as avocadoes contain much oil, which is not recommended to
such a patient, he can be eating avocadoes twice or three times per week.
It is also advised for such a patient to eat yams. His tension should also be determined
in order to know whether he can also take salt. There is another plant with yellow
flowers called “dent de lion” that is recommended to him and that he should be taking
as vegetables. It looks like kwedekwéde.
Take the young leaves of a papaya tree, make a concoction in a litre or half a litre of
water.
Prepare then an ointment from certain products, notably: obuswê, omúsúku,
omusumâ, amábóno, akathungulhusúma (garlic). After pounding these products
together, they are then cooked in a pan that will be plunged into boiling oil at least
during two hours. Then one sifts the product that is thus obtained, that is, the
ointment. This ointment is used to treat anti-rheumatismal pains as well as the goiter.
For treating the goiter, make a massage of the infected area (the swollen area) with the
leaves of the amabono (castor oil tree) after plunging them in hot water. Then, smear
the sap of aloe vera on the area and let it dry up. Then, rub down the area with the
ointment. Make sure that the patient also eats yams, avocadoes, and the “dent de lion.”
Also, make sure that the patient no longer eats cassava leaves (sombé), peanuts, and
cabbage.
If no improvement ensues after a few days and if the goiter hurts, one should advise
the patient to be using his own cup and see a medical doctor because such goiter is
then contagious.
Typhus.
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omurubaíni or omwarubaíne (Neem tree). Put 5 leaves in a litre of water, boil them
during 30 minutes. Take a glass of this water in the morning, at noon, and in the
evening during 6 days. According to Dr. Kamabu (personal communication), this
concoction is highly effective to treat typhus. Those leaves also treat malaria. I wish to
point out that the genuine name of this plant is unknown. It is a plant that has been
imported but which is being grown in several areas of the Nande land. The plant is
particularly known in Kenya (from where I obtained the term). From what an
informant of the Luhya ethnic group in Kenya told me, its name means “the plant that
treats 40 diseases.”
SIDA
éngaka ou ekítenende (aloe vera). Using aloe vera leaves that are four years old. Cut
them into small pieces after washing them carefully. Boil them in water. And be
taking half a cup three times a day. Also, twice a week, use a viscous liquid obtained
from the inside of the aloe vera after mixing it with a little water and be doing an
enema with that liquid. And the cure has to take three months. ((Source: Mutaka &
Bolima: 2004 in a book entitled “Wish I had known”)
Gastritis.
Following Mutaka Marcel (ms), when one has to deal with a case of gastritis (hypo
and hypergastralgy), the plants that one should have recourse to are: muhube,
Musonia, Ndetsa, Ngobanyolo, Kibunwe, Riherengete, Ngaka, Lubunangwa,
Kitasimba, Lubatama, Ngobolu, Kausa, Lupapali, and the Nzumbu. Take half a
handful of these leaves for each type of leaves, boil them in 2 liters of water until one
obtains one liter and a half of the concoction. After it has cooled, drink half a glass
three times per day. This product is also used in case the liver or the kidneys have
been affected. In case of hypergastralgy, the patient can associate the cure with the
intaking of 3 to 4 crude eggs per week. In case of hypogastralgy, the citrus tree (fruit)
has helped a number of patients.
Malaria
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Following Father Védaste Vitchomo’s advice (personal communication; he is the
superior of the trappist monastery in Goma), the “ekúnde”, that is, the small white
bean that looks like a soybean is an efficient medication against malaria. Take two
grains per week as a preventive measure, three grains in the morning and three grains
in the evening during six days if one knows that he has malaria.
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Appendix 4
A short overview of Kinande culture through a sample of pictures.
In this section, I will briefly comment on a number of pictures that are representative
of a Nande culture that is evanescent and which both the descendants of Nande
speakers and readers interested in the Nande culture should look at in order to have a
better picture of the roots of the Nande culture. The pictures are also published in the
English version of this Kinande dictionary on the Afranaph website (cf.
http://www.africananaphora.rutgers.edu/.
A. Cultural household implements
 a basket and a pot. The basket (ekitíri) is mostly used by women to carry
foodstuff. It can be considered an instrument for measuring food harvested
from a field. Thus, a woman would say that she harvested 5 baskets of wheat,
beans, millet, etc. Women carry the basket on their backs whereas men carry it
on the head.
The pot in this picture is called dqÕ”◊kdf`. It is a special pot with a small mouth
that is kept in the house to keep clean water for drinking. To get water from it,
one uses a cup such as the one that will be described in picture n° b4 below.
a1: basket (ekitíri) and pot 'dqÕ”◊kdf`(
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434
 small pots with a big mouth. The small pot with a big mouth is called
djÕ”◊lt¡æf`. It is mainly used for cooking. The hearth usually consists of three
stones placed as a triangle so as to fit the cooking pot on them. Firewood is
inserted though the gaps. Since it is the mother of the house who activates the
fire, her place is naturally at the front of the fire. Children will usually sit in
the corners so as to have access to the heat of the fire. Notice that many stories
are told around the fire in the house while food is being cooked in such a pot.
There are times other children would come from other houses and sit around
such a fire to exchange stories, tell tales, puns, etc.
a2: small pots with a big mouth (djÕ”◊lt¡æf`)
 a pot. Notice that pottery is a handicraft performed by women. The mouth is
usually embellished. Notice also that pottery relates the Nande culture to other
African cultures that produce similar pots, and one can relate pottery to
ancient Egypt if we take seriously the idea that Bantu people originated from
ancient Egypt (Oum Ndigi 2007).
a3: pot
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 small basket (djÕ”◊an). It is mainly used for serving cassava bread. When wheat
is harvested, men thrash it while women cook cassava bread that they will
present to these men when they have finished thrashing the wheat. It is their
sole reward. Cassava bread is accompanied by stew that is put in a small bowl.
All the men sit around the cassava bread and eat it by taking lumps and
dipping them in the stew generally made of beans.
a4: small basket (djÕ”◊an)
 winnow (olhúngo). The winnow is primarily used for sorting out wheat or
beans. It is a work performed by women as in this picture. Besides using the
winnow, one can put the wheat in a basket and then pour it on the floor, by
taking advantage of the blowing of the wind that will be sorting the wheat
from the chaff as shown in the picture behind the woman with the winnow.
a5: woman with winnow (olhúngo)
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 mortar (djh”mfn»). This is used for pounding mostly cassava. Children are
usually asked to pound cassava in a mortar, using a pounding stick
(omutwangíro) as one shown in the picture. The pounded cassava is passed
through a sieve to obtain cassava flour. As for millet or wheat, its flour is
obtained by grinding it on a stone. The mill consists of a flat stone and a small
roundish one that a woman uses to grind the millet or the wheat. The ground
flour is then sifted through the sieve.
a6: mortar (djh”mfn»)
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 middle-size basket (ekitúnga). This basket is used to carry mostly cooked
food that a woman may take with her as she goes to the field or visits one of
her friends. For a long distance visit, a woman is expected to carry the big
basket (ekitíri) and fill it with food that she will offer to her hosts. Upon her
return, some other kind of food will be put in the basket as a present to bring
to her family.
a7: middle-size basket (ekitúnga)
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 a mat (omúkékâ). The mat is usually woven by women as a hobby. In the
absence of modern mattresses, the Nande usually put dry banana leaves on
their beds, or dry garland, and the mat is then put on top of these dry leaves.
a8: mat (omúkékâ)
 a bag (engunza). This is an item that men usually carry with them to keep
their precious stuff, like food, tobacco, pipe, etc. Traditional healers keep
some of their herbal medicine in such a bag. It is also called dxÕ”◊r`ægn.
a9: bag (engunza)
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 a pipe (énaga). Men usually smoke using a pipe. It is often said that when
someone has nothing to say, he smokes his pipe. This is rendered in Kinande
as : omundú akánábula kyábt¡gá Õ”◊nanywa tába (literally : a person who
lacks what to say drinks his tobacco).
a10: man with pipe (énaga)
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 traditional cloth (nlt¡kgt¡æla`»). This type of cloth made from a bark of a tree
called omukímba has completely disappeared. In picture n° c7, I show a
couple whose parents wore this type of cloth. Not everybody had this kind of
cloth. It is difficult to imagine which kinds of clothes the common people
wore before the arrival of the white man. We know that a dry animal skin
(called dmfnæah”) was used to cover a baby. But this was soon replaced by the
white cloth called omúsohe. We also know that men usually wore a loincloth
(nkgt¡lan) between their legs to cover their genitals.
a11: traditional cloth (nlt¡kgt¡æla`»)
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B. Cultural entertainment
 The drum (engóma). The drum is at the center of traditional dances. Drums
are of different shapes. The big drum is called engomá néne (big drum), and
the small one akakéléya. Notice that the shape of the lower part of the
Kinande drum is rather thin unlike drums of other ethnic groups. Other
instruments for the dance are : the xylophone (éndara) that consists of a
number of sticks strung together that give different sounds ; the ekibulenge,
the guitar (djh”c`ækh” which is of foreign origin), the énanga, `j`r`æxh”, etc.
Speaking of endára, there is a proverb related to it, namely, endara síríkó
múlimba (literally, the xylophone has no ungifted dancer). For more
information on Nande music, see Facci (1996 :11-57).
b1A: drum (engóma)
b1B: drum
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 Dancers (à`r`æsh”). The dancers of a male dance called nlt¡æmcd are the ones
who feature in this picture. They tie tufts of green leaves on their shoulders
and usually have esyónzóga (small bells) attached on their ankles. The drum
directs the rhythm of their dance. It is a very exciting dance, as one sees the
way they shake their shoulders, and sometimes turn their arms rhythmically,
in a circular movement. There are times a dancer may come to dance before a
specific spectator if he wants to obtain a gift from him. Apart from the
nlt¡æmcd, there are other dances such as : amalémbo which is a popular
dance that any spectator can join in; the amatakio, performed by girls to
celebrate the wedding of one of their friends ; dqÕ”◊qdmfd, a type of dance
during which the performers use whistles made of bamboo sticks ;
`l`rh”mct¡æj`, a type of funeral dance performed by old people; nlt¡jt¡ln,
a secret dance performed by initiated men and that children and women are
forbidden to see; dqÕ”◊ct¡j
æ t¡, a type of dance that girls perform by bending very
low while dancing ; omukobô, a type of dance performed during funerals ;
akasáyh”, a type of dance for men that is less athletic than nlt¡æmcd. For a
description of nlt¡æmcd and the list of other Nande traditional dances, see
Pennacini (1996 :59-87).
b2: dancers (à`r`æsh”)
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 plank game (enthebha). This is one type of game mostly performed by men
but girls play it as well. It is played on a plank with seven pairs of holes on
one side and two pebbles or black nuts in each hole at the starting point.
Other kinds of games are : amangâ which is a game that a pair of players
perform on a green banana leaf that has been fit in the ground that has been
slightly curved to fit it ; dmcdjt¡» which is a game played by girls ;
nlt¡ækgt¡agd» which is a jump rope game that can be played by several people
or by a single person ; `j`æsh”sÕ”◊qx`» which is a game that consists of running in
a limited space and one person tries to touch another one ; `j`æah”r`æln which
is the game of hide and seek.
b3: plank game (enthebha)
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 A man drinking. Drinking is perhaps one of the favorite entertainments for
men. One way of greeting a person is to say : av`gÕ”◊re hi, that is, ‘where is it
cooked’, meaning ‘where can I find beer’ ? Cups made of dried cucumber as
in this picture are used to drink beer. As a custom, it is forbidden to give a cup
of beer to someone without sipping at it. This is a way to avoid poisoning.
However, it is known that some malevolent people do put poison in the nail of
the thumb and, as they finish drinking, they give the impression of cleaning
the cup while they are dropping the poison in the drink. Notice also that beer
is carried in calabashes (ekisyâ, ebisyâ), that are also made of large dried
cucumbers. Some calabashes are double in that they consist of two big dried
cucumbers that have been strung together.
b4: man drinking
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 canoe (omuhê). This canoe is used to brew banana juice. To do this, they use
special grass that two or three men crush the ripe bananas with inside the
canoe.
b5: canoe (omuhê)
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C. Pictures related to dwelling in the Kinande culture
 A village (omulhongo, nlt¡xÕ”Ã). The term omulhongo literally means
‘ rank’. It is the colonial masters who pushed people to be living in
villages. A typical Nande village is surrounded by banana trees as
shown in this picture. But this is not the case of the villages in the
mountainous area of Luotu and Masereka where there are no banana
trees.
c1: village (omulhongo, nlt¡xÕ”Ã)
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 house (dmxt¡æmba). There are usually two houses in a compound : the
circular hut that serves as the kitchen called djh”sdæsdæx`» and the house
for sleeping that is usually rectangular or square (dag`mc`ft¡ækh”).
Usually, there is a small rectangular house in which there is a pit for
the toilets. In case the family has big children, there will also be a
house for them called djh”qh”la`. It is in such a house that boys or
girls receive their friends of the opposite sex.
c2: house (dmxt¡æmba)
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 hut for men (ékyagándâ). This hut is usually built at the entrance of
the village. That is where men meet. Most of the time, they are
brought their food there so that they may share it with the other men
in the village. Men are expected to sometimes bring trunks to this hut
to serve as firewood. It is in this hut that conflicts are resolved as it
serves as the place for the tribunal in the village. Whereas the earlier
huts of men were made of leaves, the modern ones are regular circular
huts with two entrances as shown in the thatched hut in the picture.
c3A: hut for men (ékyagándâ)
c3B: hut for men
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 special hut for gods (næavÕ”◊qn). This term is not common in Kinande
because not many people know that the Nande had special huts of the
size of a men’s hut (ékyagánda) to make offerings to gods. A smaller
hut for gods that is more common is called obúhíma. It is usually
found in a secluded place, far away from the village.
c4: special hut for gods (næavÕ”◊qn)
 forest grave (amáhéro). In the past, when an important personality
died, he was buried at a place on the land that he owned. A tree called
nlt¡æft¡æln (a ficus species) is then planted above such a grave and
vegetation grows around it. This place becomes like a reserve on
which it is forbidden to cut trees. That is the amáhéro. Such places
have become vestiges of the fauna that was found in the area.
c5: forest grave (amáhéro)
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 pygmies (abásumba, abambútê). These are the first inhabitants of
the area inhabited by the Nande. They are found in the forest, mostly
between Beni and Oicha. To the Nande, they are viewed as mythical
people. They are short, brownish. It is believed that the Nande learned
the circumcision rites from them. That is why, circumcision is called
olusúmba. During the circumcision rites, a group of young people
used to be secluded from the society; they were to live in the forest
during a certain period of time. That is where they were circumcised
and learned the important traditional customs of the Nande. They
were also told secrets that they were to keep all their lives, otherwise,
if they revealed such secrets, instant death would ensue. Once a young
boy had undergone these circumcision rites, he was considered a full
man in the Nande society.
c6: pygmies (abásumba, abambútê)
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 a Nande couple. Katsuva Ambroise was born in 1923 and his wife,
Kaswera Angela was born in 1927. We present their pictures here in
order to give an idea to our readers the approximate age of people
who underwent the traditional customs. Katsuva did undergo the
circumcision rites and until today, he has never revealed the secrets he
was told, although, very early in his life, he embraced the Christian
religion. Kaswera informed us that it is her parents who usually
participated in the funeral rites where such dances as `l`rh”mct¡æj`,
omukóbo were performed. To embellish themselves, women of her
age used to have their teeth incised, and the generation of her parents
used to carry a collar called ekigulíro, and several chains
(`l`gh”mc`) on the ankle as a mark of beauty and wealth.
c7: Nande couple
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D. Blacksmith implements
Blacksmithing was a major activity that was performed by a few specialists.
Oral tradition relates the origin of blacksmithing to ancient Egypt. In the
following pictures, we present the implements found in a forge and some of
the products produced by blacksmiths.
 anvil and hammer (ekíheséro, ehámâ). Notice that ehámâ is a loan
from English and there is no specific word for anvil. The term
ekíheséro literally means the instrument on which one forges. This
translates the fact that the Nande must have imported blacksmithing.
As for hammers, there are several, with different names. One of them
is called órwasákâ. It is used to embellish hoes or knives produced in
the forge.
d1: anvil and hammer (ekíheséro, ehámâ)
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 bellows (nlt¡ft¡æa`) with the funnel (éngerwê). The funnel
(éngerwê) is placed at the mouth of the bellows to direct the air into
the hearth. In the forge, it is forbidden to step on the bellows as it is
also forbidden to look straight in the fires through the funnel.
d2: bellows (nlt¡ft¡æa`( with the funnel (éngerwê)
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 hoes (drÕ”◊rt¡æj`) and a knife (omuhámba). Notice that, as the Nande
are essentially agriculturalists, they attributed a high status to the
blacksmith because he is the one who provides them with the tools for
doing agriculture, notably the hoes, but also the other tools produced
in the forge such as knives (emihámba), sickle (nlt¡æsdælh”), and also
arrows (ebíkólwa) and spears (`l`æst¡æln).
d3: hoes (drÕ”◊rt¡æj`) and a knife (omuhámba)
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 sickle (nlt¡æsdælh”). The sickle is also called omubinga nzála
(literally, the chaser of famine). Men use it to clear thick bushes. It is
also used to fell trees. There is a second type of sickle used to cut the
leaves of a banana tree which is called ekísara (literally, the cutter).
d4: sickle (nlt¡æsdælh”)
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 cutlass (nltx`kh”). This is a type of knife for hunters. It is protected
by a sheath made of wood. Other tools that are produced in the forge
are : the spear (dqÕ”◊st¡æln), the arrow (ekikólwa), the axe (émbása),
the little bell for hunting dogs (dqÕ”◊qt¡æfn) . Although the Nande people
are not known as warriors, whenever there was a war, they were ready
to defend themselves. That is why, among the tools for war, one finds
the shield (engábo) that is carefully woven in such a way that a spear
cannot go through it.
d5: cutlass (nltx`kh”)
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 shield (engábo). The handle of a shield is forged by a blacksmith. It is
believed that the white man used the shield when he confronted the
Arab invaders in the Nande region. This is rendered by the line of a
song that reads: mulísúra n’omt¡rt¡mft¡æ b`æl`æmh”f`æm`, kwe bat`ælÕ”◊
n’omt¡rt¡mft¡æ mwápépyya engábo 'i.e., the Arab and the white man
choked each other, it is amazing that the white man knew how to
handle the shield with great dexterity”).
d6A: shield (engábo)
d6B: shield (engábo)
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References
Facci, Serena.1996. “I nande e la loro musica” in Buffa, Facci, Pennacini, Remotti
(eds.) Etnografia Nande III: Musica, danze, rituali. Torino : Il Segnalibro.
Mutaka, N. & K. Kavutirwaki. 2006. Kinande-English dictionary with an EnglishKinande index. Tervuren, Belgium: Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale. It
is already published on the website
<http://www.africananaphora.rutgers.edu/>.
Oum Ndigi, Pierre. 2007. L’égyptien ancien et les langues Bantu du Cameroun.
Ms. Talk presented at a departmental seminar of the University of
Yaounde 1, Cameroon.
Pennacini, Cecilia. 1996. “Danze nande” in Buffa, Facci, Pennacini, Remotti
(eds.) Etnografia Nande III: Musica, danze, rituali. Torino : Il Segnalibro.
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Appendix 5a
Notes on the Kinande dictionary from a Konzo perspective 4
By
Philip Mutaka, Stanley Baluku, and Syahuka Muhindo
University of Yaounde 1 and Makerere University, Uganda.
Concerning the practice of traditional medicine, we wish to add the following:
 Treating the “akaniga,” that is, a type of sore throat: one is advised to get a
grain of sorghum, put it on a whetstone (erítalyô) that is usually outdoors and
that men use to sharpen their cutlasses, and then take it with the mouth and
swallow it without chewing it.
 Treating a snake bite. We wish to point out that, because the treatment of
diseases is special knowledge, not all people have access to it. There are
treatments that certain individuals may have learned from other cultures and
that they practice at home. We wish to report a type of treatment that Mutaka
obtained from Carole Ngameka, his student in Cameroon of the Bulu ethnic
community. She told him that, as part of the Bulu tradition, if one is bitten by
a snake while one is in the bush or in the forest with no help around, one is
advised to drink one’s urine and put some on the bitten area. Urine thus serves
as an antidote against the venom from the snake. We are giving this report
here in a bid to make it available to Nande/Konzo speakers in case it might
prove useful if one is ever in such a difficult situation.
4
I wish to precise that I specifically asked Stanley Baluku and Dr. Syhahuka Muhindo
to go through the dictionary and jot notes that would be of interest to the
Nande/Konzo people and that we would then publish in the dictionary. This section
contains such notes that I wrote as an article.
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 When something gets into the eye: one is advised to not rub the eye, but to
spit instead after opening the eyes widely. If one is patient enough, the small
thing that got in the eye gets out more easily.
There are certain taboos among the Nande and Konzo we also wish to mention:
 It is forbidden to go round a chief. This is considered as lack of respect
 It is forbidden to hand something to the chief; one has to do it through one of
his assistants.
 In general, it is forbidden to have sexual relations with one’s partner on the
eve of any important event.
 It is forbidden for women to pronounce the name of one’s father-in-law, and
sometimes the name of one’s husband. It is equally a practice for men not to
use the names of their wives. That is why mothers are usually called by the
names of their children to which “nya-” is prefixed: e.g. nyaKambale
“Kambale’s mother.”
 It is forbidden to call people by their names at night presumably because bad
spirits which roam around may hear such a name and then use it to harm its
owner. In some families, it is even forbidden to use people’s names during
normal conversations because, if a passer-by were to hear his name, this could
create trouble. In normal conversations, such personal names are replaced by
other nicknames such as Munyatwamba, Munyisirya. If a visitor were to hear
such a name, he would not know that people were talking about him.
 It was a taboo for someone to cut his fingernails at night. It was believed that
cutting nails at night would cause death to one’s maternal uncle.
 It was a taboo for someone to talk of committing suicide. The belief was that
such a person would end up killing himself in the future.
 Mending one’s cloth while dressing was also considered taboo as it meant
inviting poverty to oneself.
 It was a taboo for women to whistle and for young people to whistle at night.
Whistling at night was believed to attract evil spirits.
The following are beliefs still prevalent among the Bakonzo and the Nande as reported
in Magezi et al (2004).
 Itching palms meant one was going to receive free things.
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



Itching at the base of a foot or a bee flying over someone or a child drumming
on a basket meant one would receive a visitor.
If one started a long journey and met a mongoose in the early morning, it
meant that the journey was not blessed and problems were ahead. The traveler
was forced to cancel the journey.
If one started a journey and a rat crossed one’s path, or better, if that type of
rat is olutera, and it runs a short distance in front of you, it meant one was
going to eat well where he or she was going.
If an owl or a wild cat cried near your home, it meant bad news especially the
death of a relative.
Concerning a recurring question from the Nande whether the Bakonzo are also
grouped into clans, Magezi et al (2004:42) say the following:
The Bayira (i.e. Nande and Konzo) are grouped in seven major clans. These
are the Abasu, Abaswagha, Abahira/Abaseru, Abakyira, Abathangi,
Abahamu, and Ababinga. The Abasu clan has other sub-clans under it. These
are the Abakunda, Abaghagyu, Abalegha, Abanyisanza, Abalhumba, and
Abahimba. Each clan has a specific totem omutsiro and an assumed fake
enemy clan known as ekyabise [….]
Totems include some specific animals and birds that a particular clan will
respect. The animal or bird is not to be killed or harmed in any way by a clan
member who has it as his or her totem. Examples of totems include: the
leopard for the Baswagha clan, the guinea fowl for the Abahira, the dog for
the Abathangi.
We also wish to make a few comments on traditional religion as this can help
understand better the Konzo/Nande culture.
Following Magezi et al. (2004) on which the remainder of this section is based, the
Bayira believed in superhuman spirits in the form of abalimu, ebirimu, ebitsokya,
and emirimu.
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Abalimu, or good spirits of the dead, are believed to have been people of special
qualities that they carried over into death. As ancestors, they were believed to protect
individuals and families. They were also believed to be intermediaries between man
and god. Every witch-doctor performed his work in constant reference to them as they
revealed ill-will and catastrophes and suggested solutions. In homes, a goat or hen
would be allocated to the Abalimu.
Ebirimu: these were believed to be the troublesome spirits of the dead. Such spirits or
ghosts were believed to operate on the family level or to concentrate in particular
places, mainly in the cemeteries. As said in Magezi et al. (2004), they had common
features including acting at night, crying, talking, and singing as though they were real
human beings. It was common to hear drums beaten, children crying, and voices of
old men as though at a beer party. Sparks of fire were a common feature in such
places.
Ebitsokya: these are spirits which are believed to appear in physical forms. They can
be sighted at nighttime, at dawn, when the sun is overhead, during storms, and after
heavy rains.
Emirimu: these are created spirits, most of them harmful to man; they were identified
as living in sacred trees, big caves, forests, water, valleys, and lonely places. All forms
of gods are categorized as emirimu. Nyamuhanga was believed to be the Supreme
Being who created all the Bakonzo and their wealth. He was believed to be a good and
benevolent being who, unless wronged, would not do harm to the people. Only the
village or clan heads, elderly men, and medicine men could mention his name. If the
children did mention his name, the family would all move from their homestead
fearing catastrophe. The Bakonzo believed that Nyamuhanga had other spirits in the
form of small gods who acted as his messengers. As mentioned in Magezi et al.
(2004), these could be categorized in good and bad spirits.
The good spirits include:
Kitasamba: a special spirit and important in the tradition of the Bakonzo because he is
responsible for the Rwenzori mountain.
Nyabingi: is believed to have had the power and blessing of multiplication of wealth.
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Mutundi: the god of trade and commerce.
Nyamikene: the spirit in charge of agriculture, crop, husbandry, and high yields.
Letego: the spirit that trappers consult during hunting expeditions.
Kalisya: the spirit responsible for both domestic and wild animals.
Mulemberi: the spirit responsible for taking care of babies and children.
Katulikanzira: the spirit responsible for journeys.
Mugobolya: the god of chance.
Muhima: the spirit in charge of defense and protection.
Nyabibuya: the spirit who has the divine power of giving all good blessings to people.
Mulondi: the spirit who acted as the advocate on behalf of the people.
Kasokya: the spirit in charge of crossing flooded rivers and lakes. This spirit could
make rivers overflow, so he would be appeased before crossing any deep
waters.
Mulekya: the spirit responsible for justice.
Kagole: the spirit in charge of marriage.
Kabumbi: the spirit responsible for pottery.
Mabula: the spirit responsible for rain.
Kaluka: the god in charge of handicrafts.
Lubunange/Mwoloberia: the spirit responsible for bringing people to a common
understanding and unity among the people in case of a conflict. He was
consulted by both men and women who sought to win someone of the
opposite sex for marriage or sexual relations.
The bad spirits include:
Mutwangwangwa: the spirit who causes landslides during rainy seasons.
Kalamata: the spirit that causes bush fires.
Muhumbuli and Katsinduli: these spirits are responsible for causing all types of
sickness or misfortunes to people, especially to children.
Kateluli: he was believed to be the devil and leader of other bad spirits.
Kihara: the spirit who had the powers of finding and arresting thieves. If anything was
stolen, people could perform sacrifices to this spirit, and if a person was found
with a nosebleed, he or she could be taken as the prime suspect for the stolen
items.
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Lusenge: a spirit that stayed in water. If a pregnant woman met him, she was obliged
to promise the spirit to name children after him.
Ndyoka: the spirit of the waters. He is believed to appear in various forms of a big
black snake or a sheep in the middle of a river or lake, or strong wind that is
harmful to human life.
Mwegha: the spirit responsible for physical disabilities.
Murogo: a spirit responsible for bewitching.
Bulinzole: this spirit is believed to have had two parts, one appearing like a woman
and another like a fish and surrounded by snakes. It is affiliated with Ndyoka
and is responsible for fertility in women.
Mutabali: this spirit is believed to be the soldier either harmless or harmful depending
on the situation.
Mutikura and Kihoni: these two spirits could cause wounds that could not be cured by
human medicine unless sacrifices were offered to them.
Musiki: the spirit believed to be responsible for causing earthquakes.
To these spirits, we wish to add the following, as mentioned in Lieven Bergmans
(1971):
Nyábáwire, also known as Nyabúgo or Nyabándu: this spirit is considered as the
mother of misfortune.
Músyandê: this is an evil spirit that is responsible for poisoning mushrooms.
Erítégo: the spirit of people who trap animals.
Nyabatúndi: this is the spirit of abundance, of harvests.
Múgóbolya: this is the spirit of dreams. This spirit almost invariably conveys
unpleasant omens and memories.
Kalirigúlu: this is an evil spirit that destroys the life of human beings. To assuage it, it
is offered food on branches of a tree. The term literally means “the one who
eats in the upper sphere”
Kapípi: this is an evil spirit that terrorizes women and children. It is believed that he is
a fierce young man who usually walks with a club. When he meets a woman,
he tears off her clothes. He also takes with him children who are alone and
that he meets in the street. Kapipi is one of the spirits associated to the
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“mukumo” a male secret society of which only initiated people know its
internal functioning.
References:
Bergmans, Lieven. 1971. Les Wanande. Tome II. Croyances et pratiques
traditionnelles. Butembo : Editions A.B.B.
Magezi, M.W., T.E. Nyakango, and M.K. Aganatia. 2004. The People of the
Rwenzoris: the Bayira (Bakonzo/Banande) and their Culture. Köln: Rüdiger
Köppe Verlag.
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Appendix 5b
THE BAKONZO TRADITIONAL BELIEFS IN MEDICAL AND
CURATIVE VALUES DERIVED FROM HERBS.
By Stanley Baluku.
E-mail [email protected]
Herbs and trees lie at the core of Bakonzo medicinal practices and beliefs. Living
close to both Mt. Rwenzori, the Albertine rift, and having their Banande kinsmen on
the Democratic Republic of the Congo side, the Bakonzo people have successfully
exploited the abundance of natural vegetation which has availed them and still
continues to avail them with natural medicinal remedies. At the extreme, some plants
(e.g. amaranga) are grown around homes; the medicine can be derived from the roots,
bark, stem or leaves of a tree or herb.
The subject of herbal research is becoming an explosive one in Uganda. Herbal
‘doctors’ and ‘researchers’ are as numerous as the villages in the country especially in
the wake of HIV\ AIDS. The quality of service and curative nature of the herbs plus
the talent (natural or artificial) are confronted by the commercialization of herbal
healing as well as the proliferation of Christianity, western drug stores, and curative
centers, thus transforming the Bakonzo traditional healing landscape.
The paper aims at highlighting the relationship between the herbal availability, the
mountain habitat, and the medicinal practices among the Bakonzo of western Uganda.
 Technical Knowledge.
The Bakonzo believed in both the natural and artificial (acquired) gift of
healing and called the healers by different names such as:
 Abasaki:- traditionally talented herbalists whose herbal expertise was
either spiritually endowed or passed from the parents.
 Abakumu:- referred to healers generally.
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 Abatahwa:- healers who were capable of administering intravenous
medicine through inoculation. Often, they used spiritual invocations
while healing.
 Abalhaghuli or Abaminyereri:- diviners, seers or soothsayers.
 Abahande:- naturally gifted medicine men who inherited their
capabilities.
 Ababandwa:- men and women capable of spiritual divination.
 Abalhunga:- persons talented in healing and repairing fractured bones.
2. Forms of traditional medicinal beliefs.
The Bakonzo believed expeditiously in the curative prowess of herb (ebithi or
emithi), obuthahwa (spiritual healing), obulhunga (bone repair) as well as ritual
healing as in the case of the sin of incest (erikiranulha).
3. Types of medicinal applications.
The Bakonzo applied herbal medicine through several methods such as:
 Vaccine or immunization against environmentally borne infections such as
snakebite.
 Curative, especially through obutahwa or obukumu to heal infections and
spells such as dysentery, cough, and other common diseases.
 Spiritual medicine, as in the case of Obuthambe (spell resulting from for
example crossing paths with spirit Ndioka or the sin of incest) or Emboho
(article such as a goat’s rope used to appease the spirits and settle the
unsettled spirits of a departed relative that has returned to harass a family
member).
 Ritual, as in the case of cleansing the mountain ridges and spurs to heal
society of an epidemic or famine or any impending trouble. This would heal
society; herbs formed special sweeping equipment called Emihambo used by
all participants, to which a chick was tied to cleanse the land.
 Awareness, as in the case of Erilhaghulhwa (divining), Erilhongolha (setting
things right) and Erilengulira (exorcising a bad spirit or a spell).
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 Examples of treatment or medicinal practices.
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If a Mukonzo suffered from Akanigha [type of sore throat], he was
asked to sit on a pumice stone (used to sharpen implements) and then
ordered to swallow seven grains of sorghum (omuhemba).
If a fish bone choked a person, he was made to carry the very
saucepan that cooked that particular fish and he then moved around
the house singing a particular song.
If someone suffered from Amabethe or Amasenga [type of ear
infection], he was asked to gather dry wooden twigs, bundle them and
then place them in the footpath junction close to home such that the
first person to see the bundle would carry the disease away from the
present sufferer.
Headache was treated using four methods:
 Pricking (erisaka), using a Bakonzo traditional razor.
 Sucking blood from the paining artery, using an antelope
horn (erinuna).
 Firing, using a hot stick (omwokyo).
 Herbal applications such as omuhokolho that is smeared on
the painful part.
Snake bite. Three methods were commonly used:
 Immunisation (eritsirika) against snakebite through erisakwa
enzoka (pricking)
 Tying a piece of cloth around the bitten part using a cloth that had
been used to cover mating snakes, i.e., got from a snake to cure a
snake bite.
 Herbal applications (oral, and tied to the bitten part).
 Pregnancy. This was taken as an illness. Delivering oneself was an act of
bravery on the part of the woman. A pregnant woman was therefore asked
to eat a maize with an Enzokombi (American bollworm), apply herbs such
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as Engoba nyolho (soft skin) (linderia crustacea) to make the vaginal
muscles elastic and flexible to allow natural and safe delivery and, in case
of prolonged labour, Eribikulha (a series of confessions about the lady’s
promiscuous pre-marital life thought to cause a spell that bars quick and
safe delivery).
 Toothache. Immunization against toothache involved gripping a live
snake using one’s teeth and then let go without killing it. Herbs were used
to stop toothache.
 Rheumatism (Emiiki): A fat of a lion was smeared onto the rheumatic
parts, or one was asked to go to the hot spring or spa such as Rwagimba.
 Measles (called Obuserwa, Obulho\millet, Obukebuke or Obw’abana).
Treatment involved smearing a solution of ground finger millet on the
body of the sufferer, feeding the sick person on mushroom, small type
(obuswa) soup or on excessive fat of a goat or pig, chicken soup.
 Impotence (Obukonwa). This was a very serious disease as it limited the
procreation and propagation of society. To guard against it, mothers
usually checked for erection signs immediately at birth or in the morning
hours or when urinating. In case impotence was detected in a young boy,
he would be subjected to a solution of roots such as from hot red pepper.
Girls considered impotent were referred to as Ebitendambaya (one that
dislikes the presence of a male). These would be treated using solutions
from barks of mountain trees such as Omubwanzini (‘of the vagina’ or
warbugia).
 Lack of lactation Eribotsyo (leaves from a specific tree to cause lactation).
 Wounds incurred during hunting;
- surgery – would be stitched using vines (emise).
- wounded bowels would be rejoined using the longer
end of a calabash.
- use of herbs (ebithambalha) or Omwisoni.
- use of a specific herb for a specific wound. e.g
Erilhalira for a penis wound got through circumcision.
 Esyombeku (hiccups). These were treated by using a piece of banana leaf or
any other leaf placed on the forehead.
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 Embuhu – sufferers are instructed to point the suffering part into a usable
latrine which he\she has never used. Herbal remedies are also applied to
lessen pain and to burst it early.
 Ekihuthi (abcess)\boil: a hot iron is used to prick its crest to remove pus.
 Omusumbi (lymphatic infection on the thigh). Spear grass (imperata
cyilindrica) was used, uprooted and its root end was used to prick the lymph
and then replanted in its position. This was called erihanda omusumbi.
 Death –herbs were used as names of persons to implore death not to return to
the family. Herbal names such as Kihokolho (phytolacca dodecandra), Kithi
(leaf), Kibaya (leaf), and Makoma (banana leaf), were given to children born
after the death of their siblings that they follow.
4. Examples of herbal plants from Rwenzori.
The Rwenzori Mountains are the home to the Bakonzo people on the Ugandan side
and their Banande kinsmen on the Democratic Republic of Congo side. It should be
noted that they share a common cultural heritage with a commonality in language and
herbal and curative practices among others. From the Rwenzori mountains, herbal
plants include the following. I start with the Lukonzo name, botanical name and its
life form, then what it treats.
 Embathama (plantago palmata)(herb) treats stomachache. It was also used to
prevent pregnancy from developing; and also when squeezed, the solution was
given to an eloped woman to prevent her from going back to her parents.
 Omuthoma ( ficus nataliensis) (tree) heals the family of the torture of the spirit
of the deceased by being planted on the grave. It is assumed to shelter and
bring back the spirit into the home.
 Ekibingo (pennisetum perpurum) (herb): its dry stem (olhuhitira) is used for
divining especially for pregnant women.
 Olhubono (ricinus communis) (herb): seeds yield castor oil; treats bruises and
is used in a variety of treatments.
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 Amatolhu (acanthus pubescens) (herb): boiled herbs treat diarrhea while dry
leaves treat scabies.
 Omuhokolho (phytolacca dodecandra) (herb) cures internal pains and boils
when leaves are boiled and pressed on the painful parts.
 (maesa lannceolata) (herb): seeds are used for treating scabies and cough.
 Omukuka (faurea saligna) (tree): roots pounded to treat wounds.
 Omuramura (dracaena afromontana) (shrub): used to treat ear infections and
for marking boundaries.
 Omusebere (albizzia gummifera) (tree): pounded bark used for brewing tea,
necessary for pregnant women; used for treating cholera and stomachache. It
is also used for making musical instruments: endara, omubilo, omukumu, etc.
 Omuthangaliuba (pentas zanzibarica) (herb): used for demon exorcism.
 Ekinyamakundu (leonotis nepetofolia) (herb): leaves are used for treating
stomach ache; they are also used for brewing tea.
 Ekitongolhuma (circim vulgare) (herb): roots used to treat snakebite and eye
problems. Whole plant used to exorcise demons and remove spells
(obuthambe bw’emusithu).
 Ekirimyamuliro (gyanura scandens) (herb) (which literally means ‘one that
puts out the fire’. Treats fever by squeezing the leaves and smearing them on
the body.
 Akalhamata (gallium ruwenssrensis) (herb): leaves rubbed on the body to
treat ringworms and skin rashes.
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 Omumbalumbalu (demodium repandum): flowers are rubbed on the feet to
make Bakonzo move faster on the hills.
 Ekihongohongo (hagenia abyssinica) (tree): dried leaves used to treat stomach
worms.
 Omughombwe (rumex abyssinica) (herb): leaves treat stomachache, skin
swellings and are mixed in dry bean pods before shriveling in the belief that
they will yield more beans.
 Omumbiri or Ekiberebere (sausage tree) (kigelia africana) (tree): hanging
fruits are believed to elongate men’s penises and also enlarge women’s breasts
when laid close.
 Obuthembe or Wild banana (ensete edulis): seeds are used as anti-biotic and
plants are planted in compounds and believed to bring good luck. A liquid
squeezed from the pseudo-stem is used to treat placenta related problems and
internal wounds.
 Ekibuha (lobelia sp.): leaves are used to dilate the birth canal. Dry stems are
used for making flutes to communicate to Kitasamba (the deity of the snows).
 Eritumbitumbi (piper capense) (herb): leaves are pocketed to bring luck while
gambling.
 Amakerere or blackberry (rubus stendraerii) (herb) is believed to cause
rainfall when the berries are eaten.
 Omubale or bracken (pteridium aquilinium) (herb): leaves used for cooking
and flavoring yams. It is also used as an insecticide, especially to get rid of
storage pests.
 Omunimba (symphonia globulifera) (tree): boiled bark used to treat
stomachache, dysentery, and cholera.
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 Eribily’akatsietsie or flame lily (gloriosa superba): roots are squeezed to
clean the ear canal.
 Eritumbitumbi (begonia meyeri-johannis): leaves are used to treat cough and
they are brewed into tea.
 Embayikoma (scadoxus cyrtanthiflorus) (herb): used for treating snakebite;
uprooted whole and used in cleansing people of evil spirits and spells such as
the consequence of incest or bestiality and after the ceremony, taken and
planted at the same spot.
 Akasusa or stinging nettle (herb): leaves are cooked alongside other herbs to
treat measles.
 Omutubya (herb): grown in people’s gardens and used to treat stomach worms
and in exorcism of demons.
 Ekisembe or tree fern (cyathea manii): stem and leaves boiled to treat evil
spirits.
 Ekibwebwe or Ekiberebere (acacia ssp.) (tree): bark is boiled to treat cough.
 Omulhonge or alpine bamboo (arundinaria alpina): The node was used for
birth control by inserting a kitchen knife and speaking certain words as
instructed by a traditional midwife.
 Paths of medicine.
Six principal paths for administering medicine were applied. They also
corresponded with the major entry points for most ailments.
 General stomach problems and body disorders like worms and
malaria (omutsutsa) had their medicine taken orally or through the
mouth.
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 Complicated disorders such as mental illness (erisire) and toothache
had their medicine taken through the nose, using engobwe, a funnel
like banana leaf with a squeeze of herbal mixtures.
 Through the anus, in case of internal ulcers or wounds.
 Through the vagina in the case of barrenness. Medicine was inserted
using the healer’s penis, which entailed sexual intercourse, to foster
healing. In case of placenta complications or failure to deliver early,
medicine was also inserted through the vagina.
 Most herbal applications were smeared on the body.
 The use of a razor (olhughembe) was not only limited to spiritual
healing. Erinuna would be carried out after pricking.
 However, some medicine such as love potions would be placed in
food, smeared in palms of hands of the victim or swung around the
body of the victim.
CONCLUSION
The generation, production, and administration of medicines depended on the
available environment and the intensity of the disease\infection or epidemic. Curative
\healing practice ranged from preventive to cure. Sometimes, it verged on superstition.
However, most was a result of natural talent, in some cases, knowledge coming to the
healer through dreams, captured by Ndioka or by inheriting the eyisaho or engunza or
emburubana, which was a traditional Bakonzo bag that often carried the healer’s
paraphernalia. It is not surprising that it worked as a matter of belief. The healer held
special status. Although he or she was paid after the service, he\she became a samba,
and enjoyed a special relationship with the family of the healed, often with occasions
of special homage paid to him or her.
Related sayings:
- Endwalha nyitsibu siyiribya yithalisubira (a
terrible disease will once upon a time re-occur).
- Wamatheba omukekulhu iwatsira engyingo (if
you lie to a midwife, cease your marital bed).
- Akalhayirire sikatha mbwa (fate cannot be
avoided. It is inevitable).
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-
Wamathambira oweribinda akatsukira okomukali
wawe (if you treat one with hernia, he starts
practice on your spouse).
Treatment brought the Bakonzo and their environment closer. It spun the spiritual
world in helping the survival of the living through the use of herbal or tree remedies.
The environment was manipulated to tackle environmentally generated problems.
Scientific research into medicinal values of some of the Rwenzori plants could be a
nice basis for the present generation in treating today’s problematic ailments. For
example, Engothe (prunus Africana), which grows naturally on Mount Ruwenzori, is
known as a standard remedy for diabetes. Rarely were there diseases that failed to
have environment remedies. Exceptional cases included leprosy, whose victim was
isolated to await his slow loss of body parts and consequently, death.
However, Christianity demonized these practices, regarding them as devilish. In
addition, the spread of western medicine, drugs and hospital care reinforced the
Christianity viewpoint and led to the abandonment or decline in traditional medicinal
knowledge. The institution and militarization of wildlife protection services, i.e., the
declaration of park status for areas that were sources of these plants has accelerated
the loss of traditional herbal curative knowledge. This accounts for the scanty
knowledge especially of the academic and application type. With a high adult
mortality rate and lack of proper research and documentation, even the scanty
available knowledge will disappear altogether. Our argument is that local medicinal
knowledge, especially of the herbal type, and western medicine, could act
synergistically in tackling diseases for which there is no standard treatment in
hospitals. This rich Bakonzo knowledge is therefore of paramount value and is
begging for extensive research, technical analysis, and documentation. It illustrates the
values that African communities attached to their environments and the manipulation
of what is available in search for self-preservation.
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Kinande case file - The Afranaph Project: Anaphora in the African

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